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2021-01-03T13:27:48Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Alsied, Saffana */

==Alsied, Saffana==
1.If we stop looking for “persons of superior morality” to put in power, there will be no more jealousies among the people. If we cease to set store by products that are hard to get, there will be no more thieves. If the people never see such things as excite desire, their hearts will remain placid and undisturbed.

如果我们不再寻找“道德高尚的人”上台，人民之间就不会再有嫉妒心了。如果我们停止使用难以获得的产品来存储，就不会有盗贼了。如果人们从未看到过激动的欲望，他们的内心将保持平静和不受干扰。--[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|SAFFANA ALSIED 2]] ([[User talk:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|talk]]) 13:27, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

2.Master You said, “Those who in private life behave well towards their parents and elder brothers, in public life seldom show a disposition to resist the authority of their superiors. And as for such men starting a revolution, no instance of it has ever occurred. It is upon the trunk that a gentleman works. When that is firmly set up, the Way grows. And surely proper behavior towards parents and elder brothers is the trunk of Goodness?”

尤大师说：“那些在私生活中对父母和哥哥表现良好的人，在公共生活中很少表现出抵抗上级权威的倾向。对于这类发动革命的人来说，从未发生过这种情况。绅士在树干上工作。牢固地建立起来之后，方式就会发展。当然，对父母和哥哥的正确行为是善良的躯干吗？--[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|SAFFANA ALSIED 2]] ([[User talk:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|talk]]) 13:27, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

3.As soon as he had written it, he left at once for his room; so nobody knew what he had done. In his room he again pondered: “When the Patriarch sees my stanza tomorrow and is pleased with it, I shall be ready for the Dharma; but if he says that it is badly done, it will mean that I am unfit for the Dharma, owing to the misdeeds in previous lives which thickly becloud my mind. It is difficult to know what the Patriarch will say about it!” In this vein he kept on thinking until dawn, as he could neither sleep nor sit at ease.

他一写完就立刻离开了房间。所以没人知道他做了什么。他再次在他的房间里思考：“当族长明天见到我的节并对它感到高兴时，我将为佛法做好准备。但是如果他说做得不好，那将意味着我不适合佛法，原因是前世的错误行为使我的思想蒙上了阴影。很难知道族长会怎么说！” 按照这种精神，他一直在思考直到天亮，因为他既无法入睡，也无法放松地坐着。--[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|SAFFANA ALSIED 2]] ([[User talk:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|talk]]) 13:27, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

4.In contrast with man’s original innocence and perfection, a new element was introduced to explain his present imperfection, and that is of course the Devil, working chiefly through the body, while his higher nature works through the soul. When the “soul” was invented in the history of Christian theology I am not aware, but this “soul” became a something rather than a function, an entity rather than a condition, and it sharply separated man from the animals, which have no soul worth saving.

与人的原始天真和完美形成对照的是，引入了一个新元素来解释他目前的不完美之处，这当然是魔鬼，他主要通过身体运作，而他的高级天性则通过灵魂运作。当“灵魂”在基督教神学的历史中被发明时，我还不知道，但是这个“灵魂”变成了某种东西，而不是一种功能，是一种实体，而不是一种条件，它使人与动物急剧地分离了，而动物却没有值得保存的灵魂。

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==
1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。

The Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history and has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 04:17, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》多为语录，但都辞约义富，有些语句、篇章形象生动。

The Analects are mostly discourses, but all of them are rich in diction and meaning, and some of them are vividly illustrated.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 04:17, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

The ideas of The Sutra played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism. This is the only Chinese Buddhist work to be honoured as a 'sutra'.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 04:17, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂将中国人旷怀达观，陶情遣兴的生活方式，和浪漫高雅的东方情调皆诉诸笔下，向西方人娓娓道出了一个可供仿效的“生活最高典型”的模式。

Lin Yutang's writing brings to life the Chinese way of life, with its open-mindedness and optimism, as well as the romantic elegance of the East, and presents to Westerners a model of the 'highest form of life' to be emulated.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 04:17, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Han 陈涵==

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

1.When people see some things as beautiful, other things become ugly. When people see some things as good, other things become bad.

当人们将某些事物视为美丽时，其他事物则变得丑陋。当人们将某些事情视为好事时，其他事情则变得不好。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.In China, the work has been by many attributed to Confucius himself, but the philological investigations to date do not allow to go back to a reliable source, partly because of the devastating book burning of 213 BC by the First Emperor Qin Shi Huang.

在中国，许多人把这本书归功于孔子本人，但迄今为止的语言研究还不能追溯到可靠的来源，部分原因是秦始皇秦始皇于公元前213年毁灭性地烧毁了这本书。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.One realizes it, while another is ignorant of it.

一个人意识到了这一点，而另一个人则一无所知。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

有人意识到了这一点，但另一个人却对此一无所知。--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:46, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4.Perhaps I don’t understand economics, but economics does not understand me, either.

也许我不了解经济学，但经济学却不了解也了解我.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

我或许不懂经济学，但经济学也不懂我。--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:46, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==
1. 道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。

The Tao that can be trodden is not the enduring and unchanging Tao.

The name that can be named is not the enduring and unchanging name.

2. 子曰：“学而时习之，不亦悦乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”

The Master said, To learn and at due times to repeat what one has learnt, is that not after all a pleasure? That friends should come to one from afar, is this not after all delightful? To remain unsound even though one's merits are unrecognized by others, is that not after all what is expected of a gentleman?

3. 菩提本无树，明镜亦非台。本来无一物，何处惹尘埃。

No such thing as the Budhi tree,

Nor a mirror stand that can be.

There is nothing in the first place,

Whereon can the dust and dirt creep?

4. 生之享受包括许多东西：我们本身的享受、家庭生活的享受，树木、花朵、云霞、溪流、瀑布，以及大自然的形形色色，都足以称为享受；此外又有诗歌、艺术、沉思、友情、谈天、读书等的享受，后者的这些都是心灵交流的不同表现。

The enjoyment of life covers many things: the enjoyment of ourselves, of home life, of trees, flowers, clouds, winding rivers and falling cataracts and the myriad things in Nature, and then the enjoyment of poetry, art, contemplation, friendship, conversation, and reading, which are all some form or other of the communion of spirits.
--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 04:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

The enjoyment of life includes many things: our own enjoyment, the enjoyment of family life, trees, flowers, clouds, streams, waterfalls, and all kinds of nature are enough to be called enjoyment; in addition, there are poetry, art, contemplation, the enjoyment of friendship, chatting, reading, etc., the latter are all different manifestations of spiritual communication.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 17:54, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1.老子曾做过周朝守藏史，后退隐，作《道德经》，其思想的核心是“道”。

Lao Zi once worked as an archivist in the imperial library of the Zhou Dynasty before he retired from public life. It is widely believed that he was the author of Tao Te Ching and the core of Lao Zi's thought is "Tao".--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:52, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

Lao Zi once worked as an archivist in the imperial library of the Zhou Dynasty before he lived in seclusion. It is widely believed that he was the author of Tao Te Ching and the core of his thoughts is "Tao".--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:05, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Lao Zi once worked as an archivist in the imperial library of the Zhou Dynasty before his retirement. Later he created the Tao Te Ching, of which the core thought is "Tao".--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 12:09, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》记录了孔子的言行。它涵盖了广泛的主题，从政治、哲学、文学和艺术到教育再到道德修养。

The Analects of Confucius records the words and deeds of Confucius. It covers a wide variety of subjects, ranging from politics, philosophy, literature and art to education to moral cultivation.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:52, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Analects of Confucius records the words and deeds of Confucius. It covers a wide variety of subjects, ranging from politics, philosophy, literature to art,and from education to moral cultivation.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:05, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

The Analects recorded Confucius' words and deeds. It covers a wide range of topics, from politics, philosophy, literature and art to education to moral cultivation.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 12:09, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.惠能禅学思想的主要特点是“识心见性”和“顿悟成佛”。

The main features of Hui Neng's Zen thoughts are "knowing the heart and seeing the nature" and "becoming Buddha by epiphany".--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:52, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

Hui Neng's Zen thoughts are characterized by "knowing the heart and seeing the nature" and "becoming Buddha by epiphany".--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:05, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是一本洗涤心灵的书籍，是一杯好茶，是一种良药。阅读此书能使我们被尘沙玷污的心灵洗涤，使我们能在嚣闹的城市中得到宁静。

The Importance of Living is a book for washing the soul, a good cup of tea and a good medicine. Reading this book can wash our hearts polluted by dust and sand, and make us get peace in the noisy city.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:52, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Importance of Living is a book for refreshing the soul, a good cup of tea and a good medicine. Reading this book can purify our hearts tarnished by dust and sand, and make us get peace in the noisy city.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:05, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

The Importance of Living is a book that cleanses the mind, a cup of good tea and a good medicine. Reading this book can wash our hearts stained with dust and allow us to find peace in noisy cities--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 12:09, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。

Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, which has a profound influence on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:13, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

As one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, Tao Te Ching has a profound influence on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:59, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

The Analects embodies the political ideas, ethical thought, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:13, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Analects embodies the political ideas, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:59, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《慧能经》主张世上一切事物空幻不实，即对于现实世界不应执著或留恋。

The Sutra of Hui-neng holds that everything in the world is empty and unreal, that is, it should not be persistent or nostalgic for the real world.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:13, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Sutra of Hui-neng holds that everything in the world is illusory, that is, it should not be persistent or nostalgic for the real world.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:59, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周。

The Importance of Living is Lin Yutang's first book, which was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the bestseller list for 52 weeks.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:13, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Importance of Living is Lin Yutang's first book after his study in the United States, which was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the bestseller list for 52 weeks.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:59, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==

==Grosheva, Anna==

1. Yet mystery and manifestations arise from the same source. This source is called darkness.

然而神秘和表现来自同一来源。这种来源称为黑暗。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2. Started during the Spring and Autumn Period, the work of collection and organization of Confucian teachings was probably completed during the Warring States Period, although the precise date of publication of the complete work is unknown.

春秋时期开始，儒家教义的收集和整理工作可能是在战国时期完成的，尽管确切的出版日期尚不清楚。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3. Through ten chapters, the Platform Sutra cites and explains a wide range of Mahayana Buddhist scriptures.

在十章中，《纲经》引用并解释了大乘佛教经文。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4. The ancient people who desired to have a clear moral harmony in the world would first order their national life.

希望在世界上建立清晰的道德和睦的远古民族首先会下定民族生活。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==

1.《论语》是儒家的经典著作之一，它是对孔子及其弟子的言行和对话的记录。众所周知，孔子是一位伟大的思想家和哲学家，他的思想被发展成了的儒家哲学体系。《论语》是儒家思想的代表作，数个世纪以来，《论语》一直极大地影响着中国人的哲学观和道德观，它也影响着其他亚洲国家人民的哲学观和道德观。

The Analects of Confucius is one of the Confucius classics and is a record of the words and acts of Confucius and his disciples,as well as the conversations they held.It's
well known that Confucius is agreat ideologist and philosopher,and his thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophyknownasConfucianism.The Analects ofConfucius
is a representative work of Confucianism.For centuries, it has been heavily influencing the philosophy and moral outlook of Chinese people and that of the people of other Asian countries as well.

2.慧能的两个核心理念成为了正统佛教的精髓要义，其一，“无论社会阶层，无论精神文化，一切众生皆有佛性”；其二，“醒觉并非依靠冥想渐悟，而是一种瞬间的顿悟。”

His two key ideas became the essence of orthodox Buddhism, namely that "all people,regardless of their social, culturalor spiritual condition, possess the Buddha nature" and that "awakening is not a meditation but a sudden, instantaneous process."

3.一次，学生子贡问孔子：“有一言而可以终身行之者乎？”子曰：“其恕乎。己所不欲，勿施于人。”

Once,Zi Gong, one of Confucius’ disciples, asked the philosopher: “Is there any one word that can guide one throughout his life?”Confucius answered:“
Maybe it’s magnanimity! What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.”

Once upon a time,Zi Gong, a student of Confucius, asked him, "Is there one word that can be acted upon for life?" Confucius replied, "Its forgiveness. Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire."--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:52, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继《吾国与吾民》之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，接连再版四十余次，并为十余种文字所翻译。

"The Art of Life" is the first book created by Lin Yutang in the United States, and it is also another English work that has achieved success after "My Country and My People". The book was published in the United States in 1937, reprinted more than forty times, and translated into more than ten languages.--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]]

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

1. Laozi in the Tao Te Ching explains that the Tao is not a "name" for a "thing" but the underlying natural order of the Universe whose ultimate essence is difficult to circumscribe due to it being non-conceptual yet evident in one's being of aliveness.

《道德经》中的老子解释道是不是“事物”的“名称”，而是宇宙的内在自然秩序，由于其非概念性但在生命力中很明显，其最终本质很难被限制。

2. Analects is the China’s sacred book, the representative work of Confucianism. A collection of answers of dialogues between Confucius and his disciples.

《论语》是中国的圣书，是儒家的代表作。孔子与门徒之间对话的答案的集合。

《论语》是中国的圣书，是儒家的代表作。孔子与门徒对话的答案集。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:38, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3. Lin Yutang was a Chinese inventor, linguist, novelist, philosopher, and translator. His informal but polished style in both Chinese and English made him one of the most influential writers of his generation, and his compilations and translations of classic Chinese texts into English were bestsellers in the West.

林语堂是中国发明家，语言学家，小说家，哲学家和翻译家。他的中英文不拘一格但又优美的风格使他成为这一代人中最有影响力的作家之一，他将经典的中国文字汇编和翻译成英文在西方是畅销书。--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 14:36, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Guo Lu 郭露==

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==

1. The reasonable attitude is, since we’ve got this human nature, let’s start with it. Besides, there is no escaping from it anyway.

合理的态度是，既然我们具有这种人性，那么我们就开始吧

2. The Chinese go so far as to assume that Heaven of God Himself is quite a reasonable being, that if you live reasonably, according to your best lights, you have nothing to fear, that peace of conscience is the greatest of all gifts, and that a man with a clear conscience need not be afraid even of ghosts.

中国人甚至认为神自己的天堂是一个相当合理的存在，如果您按照自己的最佳生活合理地生活，您就没什么可担心的，良心安宁是所有礼物中最大的，并且一个有明确良知的人甚至不必惧怕鬼魂。

3. Plato thought “ideas” were immortal, but individual souls were either base or noble, according as they loved justice, learning, temperance and beauty or not.

柏拉图认为“思想”是不朽的，但根据他们是否爱正义，学习，节制和美丽，个体灵魂要么基本要么高尚。--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 01:53, 31 December 2020 (UTC)

==He Changqi 何长琦==
1.张骞出使西域本为贯彻汉武帝联合大月氏抗击匈奴之战略意图，但出使西域后汉夷文化交往频繁，中原文明通过“丝绸之路”迅速向四周传播。

Zhang Qian's mission to the West was intended to implement Emperor Wu's strategic intent of uniting the Yuezhi to fight the Xiongnu, but after his mission to the West, there were frequent cultural exchanges between the Han and the Yi, and Chinese civilization spread rapidly in all directions through the Silk Road

2.郑和秉承“抚外夷以礼，导人向善”，的涉外原则，沿途将中国的历法文化、中国的衣冠礼仪等中华先进文化的传播，致使远夷之人仰慕中华文化，也使当地文明程度得以提升，由点到面地推动了人类社会的发展与文明的进程。

During his voyage, Zheng He adhered to the principle of "fostering foreigners with rituals and guiding them towards goodness" . He spread Chinese calendar culture, Chinese clothing and rituals, and other advanced Chinese culture along the way, which led to the admiration of foreigners for Chinese culture and the enhancement of local civilisation, contributing to the development of human society and the progress of civilisation.

3.洋务运动虽然在客观上刺激中国资本主义发展、并且在一定程度上抵制了外国资本主义的经济输入，但并没有使中国走上富强之路。

Although the foreign affairs movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and to a certain extent resisted foreign capitalist economic imports , it did not put China on the road to wealth and power.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 06:02, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==

1.陆上丝绸之路起源于西汉（前202年—8年）汉武帝派张骞出使西域开辟的以首都长安（今西安）为起点，经甘肃、新疆，到中亚、西亚，并连接地中海各国的陆上通道。

The land Silk Road originated from the Western Han Dynasty (202-8 BC) when Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the western regions to open up a land passage from Chang'an (today's Xi'an), the capital, to Central Asia and West Asia via Gansu and Xinjiang, and to connect Mediterranean countries.

2.海上丝绸之路形成于汉武帝时期。南海航线从中国出发，向西航行，是海上丝绸之路的主线。

The maritime silk road was formed in the time of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. The South China Sea route, which starts from China and sails westward, is the mainstream of the maritime silk road.

3.苏曼殊浪漫主义不是西学东渐的直接产物，而是固有文化生态发生结构变动之结果。

The formation of Su Manshu's romantic style was not the direct result of the eastward spread of Western learning but was the natural outcome of structural change in China's innate cultural ecosystem.

4.洋务派是中国近代最早的全面系统地接触近代科学技术的一个政治派别。

Advocates of the westernization movement was the first political school that touched modern science and technology comprehensively and systematically in China.

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==
1. 《道德经》简称老子，是中国的经典文本。根据传统，它是由公元前6世纪的圣人老子所写，老子是周朝的一位记录者，在中国广为人知。尽管最早出土的文字可以追溯到公元前4世纪晚期，但文字的真正作者和撰写或编纂日期仍有争议。

1. The Tao Te Ching simply referred to as the Laozi，is a Chinese classic text. According to tradition, it was written around 6th century BC by the sage Laozi, a record-keeper at the Zhou dynasty court, by whose name the text is known in China. The text's true authorship and date of composition or compilation are still debated, although the oldest excavated text dates back to the late 4th century BC.

2. 《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作之一，由孔子的弟子及其再传弟子编撰而成。它以语录体和对话文体为主，记录了孔子及其弟子言行，集中体现了孔子的政治主张、论理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

2. The Analects is one of the classical works of Confucianism, compiled by the disciples of Confucius and his disciples. It is mainly in the style of discourses and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, concentrating on Confucius' political ideas, theoretical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles.

3. 《慧能经》附有慧能对《金刚经》的逐条注释——这是它有史以来第一次出版的英文译本。他的谈话集也被称为《六祖坛经》，是唯一的禅宗记录，一般被尊称为经，或经文。

3. The Sutra of Hui-neng is here accompanied by Hui-neng's verse-by-verse commentary on the Diamond Sutra—in its very first published English translation ever.This collection of his talks, also known as the Platform or Altar Sutra, is the only Zen record of its kind to be generally honored with the appellation sutra, or scripture.

4. 《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周，且接连再版四十余次，并为十余种文字所翻译。

4. “The Art of Living” was Lin Yutang's first book after he had traveled to the U.S. and was another successful work in English. It was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the American bestseller list for 52 weeks the following year, and was reprinted more than forty times and translated into more than a dozen languages.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 07:31, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

"The Art of Living" was the first book created by Lin Yutang in the United States, and it is also another English work that has been successful since then. The book was published in the United States in 1937, and it ranked first in the United States bestseller list for 52 weeks in the following year,and has been republished more than forty times, and has been translated for more than ten languages.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 17:57, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继《吾国与吾民》之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周，且接连再版四十余次，并为十余种文字所翻译。

''The Art of Living'' was Lin Yutang's first book after he had traveled to the U.S. and was another successful English work after ''My Country and My People''. It was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the American bestseller list for 52 weeks at the following year. Besides, it was reprinted more than forty times and translated into more than a dozen languages.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 12:20, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==
1. 《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。、

Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, which has a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion. --[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 03:20, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》中保留了一些人们对孔子师徒的批评讽刺，有的作了辩驳，有的没有回答。

The Analects of Confucius retains some criticisms and ironies of Confucius' teachers and disciples, some of which have made refutation, while others have not.

The Analects of Confucius retains some criticism and satire of Confucius and his disciples, some of which are refuted, and some of which are not answered.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 04:51, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 慧能的禅法以定慧为本，认为觉性本有，烦恼本无。

Huineng's Zen method is based on determining wisdom, thinking that awareness is inherent, but troubles are not.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 03:20, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 《活着》是作家余华的代表作之一，讲述了在大时代背景下，随着内战、三反五反，大跃进，文化大革命等社会变革，徐福贵的人生和家庭不断经受着苦难，到了最后所有亲人都先后离他而去，仅剩下年老的他和一头老牛相依为命。

Living is one of Yu Hua's representative works, which tells how Xu Fugui's life and family are constantly suffering with the civil war, the three anti-five evils, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution and other social changes. In the end, all his relatives have left him one after another, leaving only an old cow.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 03:20, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==
1.《道德经》九九八十一章，可理解为《道经》（上篇）和《德经》（下篇）两个部分，言简意赅、博大精深。大至宇宙、小至微尘，大无其外，小无其内；有修身、用人、治国。

The eighty-one chapters of the Tao Te Ching, which can be understood as two parts, the Tao Te Ching (upper part) and the De Te Ching (lower part), are concise and profound. It is as big as the universe and as small as the dust; there is no outside of the big and no inside of the small; there is the cultivation of the body, the use of people and the governance of the country.

2.《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects, one of the classics of Confucianism, is mainly a collection of essays in the form of discourses and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, concentrating on the political, aesthetic, moral, ethical and utilitarian values of Confucius.

3.相传，有一位名叫慧能的砍柴夫，虽然目不识丁，却开创了佛教的南禅宗派，提出“人人皆有佛性”，进而确立“顿悟成佛”之学。

According to legend, an illiterate woodsman called Huineng founded the "Sudden Enlightenment" or the Southern Chan School of Buddhism and propounded the idea that everyone possesses "the Buddha nature."

4.生活是10%的经历，和90%的态度。我们无时无刻不在书写我们的生活经历，我们可以选择生活的台词。当下，我们可以放下自我怀疑、愤怒、沮丧。当下，我们可以选择幸福。

Life is 10% what happens to you and 90% how you interpret it and put it into perspective.Right now we're writing our life stories, and we can choose how the script will read. Right now we can put behind us self-doubt, anger, frustration. Right now, we can choose happiness.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 15:18, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Life is 10% experience and 90% attitude. Right now we're experiencing our life, and we can choose how to live. Right now we can put behind our self-doubt, anger, frustration. Right now, we can choose happiness.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 03:22, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==
1、丝绸之路被认为是连结亚欧大陆的古代东西方文明的交汇之路，而丝绸则是最具代表性的货物。数千年来，游牧民族或部落、商人、教徒、外交家、士兵和学术考察者沿着丝绸之路四处活动。

The Silk Road is considered to be the ancient crossroads of eastern and western civilizations linking Asia and Europe, with Silk being the most iconic cargo. For thousands of years, nomadic peoples or tribes, merchants, religious, diplomats, soldiers and academic researchers moved around along the Silk Road.

2、郑和七次奉旨率船队远航西洋，航线从西太平洋穿越印度洋，直达西亚和非洲东岸，途经30多个国家和地区。他的航行比哥伦布发现美洲大陆早87年，比达·伽马早92年，比麦哲伦早114年。在世界航海史上，他开辟了贯通太平洋西部与印度洋等大洋的直达航线。

Zheng He was ordered to lead seven voyages to the Atlantic Ocean, with routes from the western Pacific Ocean across the Indian Ocean to West Asia and the east coast of Africa, passing through more than 30 countries and regions. His voyage was 87 years before Columbus discovered the American continent, 92 years before Da Gama, and 114 years before Magellan. In the history of world navigation, he opened up a direct route through the western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean and other great oceans.

3、西学书籍的翻译和著述，是西学东渐相当重要的媒介，在当时出现了大量的由教士及士大夫合著合译的书籍，但这些书籍未能受到当时一般社会的重视，也未能打入晚明已十分发达的商业出版界，因此虽西学书籍有刻印出版，但主要仍仅流通于少数有兴趣的士大夫阶层。

The translation and writing of books on Western studies was an important medium for the gradual expansion of Western studies to the east. A large number of books co-authored and translated by clergy and scholars emerged at that time, but these books were not taken seriously by the general society at that time, nor did they penetrate into the commercial publishing world, which was already well developed in the late Ming Dynasty.

4、随着军事工业的创办，洋务派认识到，强大的国防基础在于整个国家经济的发展，要求能源、钢铁等工业与之配套。同时，为了维护民族利益，也必须发展民族经济，与洋人"商战"、"争利"。于是，他们提出了求富的口号，民用工业和新式交通运输业也发展起来了。

With the founding of the military industry, the School of Westernization realized that the basis of a strong national defense lay in the development of the entire national economy, requiring energy, steel and other industries to go along with it. At the same time, in order to safeguard national interests, it was also necessary to develop the national economy and to "negotiate" and "compete for profits" with the foreigners. Thus, they put forward the slogan of seeking wealth, and the civil industry and new transportation industry were developed.--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 14:10, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

==Li Lili 李丽丽==
1. 写于两千多年前的《道德经》是真正的精神文学经典之一。它是一个培养和平、宁静和同情的指南。
Written more than two thousand years ago, the Tao Te Ching is one of the true classics of spiritual literature. It is a guide to cultivating peace, serenity, and compassion.

The Tao Te Ching, written more than two thousand years ago, is one of the true spiritual literature classics. It is a guide to cultivate peace, tranquility and compassion.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:35, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》写于春秋战国时期（约公元前479年至公元前221年），被认为是儒家思想最具代表性的著作之一，至今仍对中国文化和东亚产生了重大影响。
Written during the Period of Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period (ca. 479 BC - 221 BC), the Analects are considered among the most representative works of Confucian thought, and still have a great influence on Chinese culture and East Asia.

3.慧能（638-713）也许是禅宗中最受人喜爱和尊敬的人物。他本是一个目不识丁的樵夫，却一下子获得了觉悟，成为中国禅宗的第六宗师，被誉为“顿悟派”的创始人。
Hui-neng (638–713) is perhaps the most beloved and respected figure in Zen Buddhism. An illiterate woodcutter who attained enlightenment in a flash, he became the Sixth Patriarch of Chinese Zen, and is regarded as the founder of the "Sudden Enlightenment" school.

4.生活的艺术是对现代世界令人眼花缭乱的节奏的一种讽刺、诙谐的解毒剂。
The Importance of Living is a wry, witty antidote to the dizzying pace of the modern world.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:35, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

The art of living is an ironic and witty antidote to the dazzling rhythm of the modern world.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:35, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==

1. 《道德经》是道家经典著作，在国内外影响巨大。这本书代表了世界轴心时代东方哲学的最高成就。上世纪，《道德经》大量翻译和出版，成为除《圣经》外翻译版本最多的著作。

As a classic of the Taoist, the Tao Te Ching exerts a significant influence both home and abroad. It represents the highest achievement of Eastern philosophy in the Axial Age of the world. In the last century, Tao Te Ching was translated and published successively, which makes it the most widely translated text except the Bible. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:40, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 孔子强调善良、责任和社会秩序的重要性。孔子的教育思想极大地丰富了人类的精神宝库。

Confucius stressed the importance of kindness, duty and order in society. Education thought of Confucius has greatly enriched the treasure house of the human spirit. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:40, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 慧能是禅宗南宗的创始人，南禅宗是中国佛教的典型代表。慧能在菩提树下曾作一首诗：“菩提本无树，明镜亦非台．本来无一物，何处惹尘埃。”

Huineng was the founder of the South-Zen, which was the model representative of Chinese Buddhism.Once upon a time, he made a poem under the bodhi tree:" there is no bodhi tree, mirror nor stand. Original none thing, where the dust alight."--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:40, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 在林语堂的散文理论中，“幽默”、“性灵”、“闲适”是其三个重要概念。林语堂是现代文学史上一位重要的理论家，他在翻译文本中建构着自己作为族裔散居者的跨文化身份。

In Lin Yutang's prose theory, "humor", "formal personality", "leisureliness and comfort" is its three important concepts. In modern literary history, Lin Yutang is an important theoretician and forms his cross-cultural identity as a diaspora in his translation text.--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:40, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。

As one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, ''Tao Te Ching'' has a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, and religion.

Tao Te Ching, as one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, has a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:16, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

2.孔子因材施教，对于不同的对象，考虑其不同的素质、优点和缺点、进德修业的具体情况，给予不同的教诲，表现了诲人不倦的可贵精神。

Confucius taught students in accordance with their aptitude. He gave different instructions to different students, taking into account their different qualities, strengths and weaknesses, and the specific circumstances of their advancement and cultivation, showing the valuable spirit of tireless teaching.

Confucius taught students in accordance with their aptitude. For different objects, he considered their different qualities, advantages and disadvantages, and the specific situation of moral education, and gave different instructions, which showed the valuable spirit of tireless teaching.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:16, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3.近年来，中国大多数学者都认为《坛经》的基本内容代表了慧能思想，同时其中也有后人增益的成分。

In recent years, most Chinese scholars believe that the basic content of the ''The Sutra of Huineng'' represents the thought of Huineng, while there are also some elements of later additions to it.

In recent years, most Chinese scholars believe that the basic content of Tanjing represents Huineng's thought, and it also contains the later additions.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:16, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继《吾国与吾民》之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周，且接连再版四十余次，被翻译为十余种文字全球发行。

''The Importance of Living'' was the first book after Lin Yutang had traveled to the United States and was another successful work in English after ''My Country and My People''. It was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the American bestseller list for 52 weeks the following year, and was republished more than forty times and translated into more than a dozen languages for global distribution.--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 07:14, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

''The Art of Life'' is the first book written by Lin Yutang after his trip to the United States. It is also another successful English work after ''My Country and My People''. The book was published in the United States in 1937. The following year, it ranked the top of the best seller list in the United States for 52 weeks. It has been reprinted for more than 40 times and has been translated into more than 10 languages for global distribution.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:16, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1、传统的丝绸之路，起自中国古代都城长安，经中亚国家、阿富汗、伊朗、伊拉克、叙利亚等而达地中海，以罗马为终点，全长6440公里。这条路被认为是连结亚欧大陆的古代东西方文明的交汇之路，而丝绸则是最具代表性的货物。

The traditional Silk Road, which started from Chang'an, the ancient capital of China, and reached the Mediterranean Sea via Central Asian countries, Afghanistan, Iran, and Syria, and ended in Rome, was 6,440 kilometers long. This road is considered to be the intersection of ancient eastern and western civilizations linking Asia and Europe, and silk is the most representative cargo. The road reached the Mediterranean Sea from Iraq, Syria, etc. and ended in Rome, with a total length of 6,440 kilometers. This road is considered to be the crossroads of ancient civilizations between East and West, linking Asia and Europe, and silk is the most representative cargo.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 12:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The traditional Silk Road started in the ancient Chinese capital of Chang'an, and reached the Mediterranean through Central Asian countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, etc., ending in Rome, with a total length of 6,440 kilometers. This road is considered to be the intersection of the ancient Eastern and Western civilizations connecting Asia and Europe, and silk is the most representative goods.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 17:59, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2、东海航线，也叫“东方海上丝路”。春秋战国时期，齐国在胶东半岛开辟了“循海岸水行”直通辽东半岛、朝鲜半岛、日本列岛直至东南亚的黄金通道。唐代，山东半岛和江浙沿海的中韩日海上贸易逐渐兴起。宋代，宁波成为中韩日海上贸易的主要港口。

The East Sea Route, also known as the "Eastern Sea Silk Road". During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the State of Qi opened up a golden route on the Jiaodong Peninsula, which led to the Liaodong Peninsula, the Korean Peninsula, the Japanese islands and Southeast Asia. During the Tang Dynasty, the maritime trade between China, Korea and Japan on the Shandong Peninsula and the coast of Jiangsu and Zhejiang gradually emerged. During the Song Dynasty, Ningbo became the main port for maritime trade between China, Korea and Japan.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 12:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3、东学西渐指的是一个和西学东渐互相补充的东西方文化交流过程。东学西渐有一千多年的历史，对世界文化的发展有十分深远的影响。

Eastern learning and Western learning refers to a process of cultural exchange between East and West that complements Western learning and Eastern learning. With a history of over a thousand years, East to West has had a profound impact on the development of world culture.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 12:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4、洋务运动虽然在客观上刺激中国资本主义发展、并且在一定程度上抵制了外国资本主义的经济输入，但并没有使中国走上富强之路。

Although the foreign affairs movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and to a certain extent resisted the economic import of foreign capitalism, it did not put China on the road to wealth and power.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 12:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Although the Westernization Movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and resisted the economic input of foreign capitalism to a certain extent, it did not make China prosperous and strong.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 07:52, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==
1 《道德经》是中国古代哲学著作。又称《老子》，被道教作为重要经典收入道藏。共81章，分上、下篇。此刻通行本上篇言道，下篇言德。其中有不少和生活有关的处世哲理。

Tao Te Ching is an ancient Chinese philosophical work.Also known as Laozi, Taoism as an important classic into the Collection of Taoism. A total of 81 chapters, divided into the first and second. At this moment, the first text of the passage, the next text of virtue.There are a lot of life related philosophy.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 15:17, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2 《论语》，是孔子弟子及再传弟子记录孔子及其弟子言行而编成的语录文集，成书于战国前期。全书共20篇492章，以语录体为主，叙事体为辅，较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations compiled by Confucius and his disciples to record their words and deeds. It was written in the early period of the Warring States Period. The book consists of 20 chapters, with quotations as the main body and narration as the auxiliary body, which mainly reflects the political propositions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and The Confucian school.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 15:17, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3 慧能俗姓卢，原籍河北范阳（今北京大兴）。他的父亲贬官到了岭南新州（今广东新兴），生下了慧能。慧能年轻时父亲去世，家境贫寒，靠打柴卖柴来养活母亲。

Hui Neng was born in Fanyang, Hebei province (now Daxing, Beijing).His father moved to New South Wales in the Lingnan region and gave birth to Huineng. When Huineng was young, her father died and her family was poor, so she sold firewood to support her mother.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 15:17, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4 林语堂早年留学美国、德国，获哈佛大学文学硕士，莱比锡大学语言学博士。回国后在清华大学、北京大学、厦门大学任教。1945年赴新加坡筹建南洋大学，任校长。曾任联合国教科文组织美术与文学主任、国际笔会副会长等职。

Lin Yutang studied in the United States and Germany in his early years. He received his MA from Harvard University and his PhD in Linguistics from the University of Leipzig.After returning to China, he taught in Tsinghua University, Peking University and Xiamen University. In 1945, he went to Singapore to establish Nanyang University and became its president.He has served as director of Fine Arts and Literature of UNESCO and vice President of the International Pen Association.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 15:17, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

1.《道德经》内容涵盖哲学、伦理学、政治学、军事学等诸多学科，被后人尊奉为治国、齐家、修身、为学的宝典。它对中国的哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深远的影响，体现了古代中国人的一种世界观和人生观。

Tao Te Ching covers philosophy, ethics, political science, military science and many other disciplines, and is respected as a treasure of governing the country, regulating the family, cultivating self-cultivation and learning. It has a profound influence on Chinese philosophy, science, politics and religion, and embodies a world outlook and outlook on life of ancient Chinese.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:40, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。早在春秋后期孔子设坛讲学时期，其主体内容就已初始创成。

The content of the Analects of Confucius involves politics, education, literature, philosophy and the truth of life. As early as the Late Spring and Autumn Period when Confucius set up a lecture platform, its main content had been initially created--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:40, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。根据“自性本清净”之说，宣扬“明心见性”“顿悟成佛”的基本思想。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。

The text mainly records Huineng's life story and teachings. According to the theory of "self nature is pure", it advocates the basic ideas of "find one’s ture self" and "insight into Buddhism". The thought of ''Tanjing'' played an important role in the development of Zen.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:40, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.本书是一种私人的供状，供认我自己的思想和生活所得的经验。我不想发表客观意见，也不想创立不朽真理。我实在瞧不起自许的客观哲学。

This book is a personal confession of my own thoughts and experiences. I don't want to be objective and create immortal truth because I really despise the objective philosophy of self promise.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:40, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

1.“道”作为《道德经》中最抽象的概念范畴，是天地万物生成的动力源。

The way, as the most abstract concept in Tao Te Ching, is the power source for the creation of all things.

As the most abstract conceptual category in Tao Te Ching, "Tao" is the source of power for the creation of heaven and earth.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:21, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.《论语》主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects of Confucius mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples in the form of quotations and dialogues, which embodies Confucius' political, aesthetic, moral and utilitarian values.

3.若欲修行，在家亦得，不由在寺。

If people are sincerely keen on the practice,it is no need for them to practise in the temple and they can be successful even at home.

If you want to practice, you can get it at home, so you can't help but stay at the temple.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:37, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂的翻译特点是通畅易懂，少用“行语”，中等文化的读者都能看懂。

The translation works of Lin Yutang are characterized by fluency and transparency since he hardly adopt jargons,so that his works can be understood by less-educated readers.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 12:11, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

The Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history and has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, and religion. According to UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most translated and published cultural masterpiece in foreign languages, except for the Bible.

2.《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。早在春秋后期孔子设坛讲学时期，其主体内容就已初始创成。

The Analects covers politics, education, literature, philosophy, and the principles of living in the world. The main content of the Analects was first created as early as the late Spring and Autumn Period when Confucius set up a forum to teach.

3.禅宗六祖惠能大师的思想不仅影响了整个中国，而且传播到世界各地。西方学术界把六祖惠能大师与孔子、老子并誉为“东方三大圣人”。

The ideas of the Sixth Patriarch of Zen Buddhism, Master Huineng, have not only influenced the whole of China, but have also spread throughout the world. Western scholars regard Master Huineng as one of the "Three Great Sages of the East" along with Confucius and Laozi.

4.生命的意义经常与哲学、宗教的存在、意识（自觉）、幸福等概念交集在一起，还会涉及到其他的一些领域，如象征符号、实体论、价值、目的、道德、善与恶、自由意志（自愿）、上帝观、神的存在、灵魂、来世等。

The meaning of life is often intertwined with philosophical and religious concepts of existence, consciousness (self-awareness), and happiness, and will involve other areas such as symbolism, substantivism, value, purpose, morality, good and evil, free will (voluntariness), the concept of God, the existence of God, the soul, the afterlife, etc.

==Phyo, Su Kyi==

1-道德经，也被称为老子或老子，是中国传统文字，传统上被认为是公元前6世纪的圣人老子。文章的作者，撰写日期和编辑日期受到争议。

The Tao Te Ching, also known as Lao Tzu or Laozi, is a Chinese classic text traditionally credited to the 6th-century BC sage Laozi. The text's authorship, date of composition and date of compilation are debated.

The ''Tao Te Ching'', also known as Laozi, is a Chinese classic text traditionally credited to the 6th-century BC sage Laozi. The text's authorship, date of composition and date of compilation are debated.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 11:08, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2-《论语》约写于公元前500年，传统上归功于孔子。这段文字是由他的学生们在他去世后三十到五十年的时间内写的。

The Analects, were written about 500 BC and are traditionally attributed to Confucius. The text was written by his students over a time period spanning the thirty to fifty years following his death.

''The Analects'', was written about 500 BC and was traditionally attributed to Confucius. The text was written by his disciples over a time period spanning the thirty to fifty years following his death.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 11:08, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

''The Analects'', was written in about 500 BC and was traditionally attributed to Confucius. The text was written by his disciples over a period of time spanning the thirty to fifty years following his death.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 11:35, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3-大建会能，又称禅宗第六祖或禅宗第六祖，是中国禅宗早期历史中的半传奇人物，但却是中心人物。根据传统，他是一个没有受过教育的外行，在听到《金刚经》后突然醒悟。

Dajian Huineng, also commonly known as the Sixth Patriarch or Sixth Ancestor of Chan, is a semi-legendary but central figure in the early history of Chinese Chan Buddhism. According to tradition he was an uneducated layman who suddenly attained awakening upon hearing the Diamond Sutra.

Dajian Huineng, also commonly known as the Sixth Patriarch or Sixth Ancestor of Zen, is a semi-legendary but central figure in the early history of Chinese Zen Buddhism. According to the tradition, he was an uneducated layman who suddenly awakened upon hearing the contents of ''Diamond Sutra''.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 11:08, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4-林语堂是中国发明家，语言学家，小说家，哲学家和翻译家。他的中英文不拘一格但又优美的风格使他成为这一代人中最有影响力的作家之一，他将经典的中国文字汇编和翻译成英文在西方是畅销书。

Lin Yutang was a Chinese inventor, linguist, novelist, philosopher, and translator. His informal but polished style in both Chinese and English made him one of the most influential writers of his generation, and his compilations and translations of classic Chinese texts into English were bestsellers in the West.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 07:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==
1、据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

According to UNESCO, ''the Tao Te Ching'' is the most widely translated cultural masterpiece in foreign languages after the ''Bible''.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 13:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2、孔子是当时社会上最博学者之一，在世时就被尊奉为“天纵之圣”“天之木铎”，更被后世统治者尊为孔圣人、至圣、至圣先师、大成至圣文宣王先师、万世师表。

Confucius was one of the most famous scholars in the society at that time. He was honored as "the sage of Heaven" and "the Wooden priest of Heaven" when he was alive. He was also honored as the sage of Confucius, the most holy, the most holy Teacher of Confucius, the most holy Master of Dacheng, the king of Wenxuan and the master of all ages by later rulers.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 13:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3、经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。根据“自性本清净”之说，宣扬“明心见性”“顿悟成佛”的基本思想。

The sutra mainly records Huineng's life story and his teachings. According to the theory of "self-nature is pure and pure", it advocates the basic idea of "seeing nature with clear heart" and "becoming Buddha with enlightenment".--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 13:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4、林语堂在书中谈论了庄子的淡泊，赞扬了陶渊明的闲适，诵读了《归去来兮辞》，讲解了《圣经》故事，以及中国人如何品茗，如何行酒令，如何观山，如何玩水，如何看云，如何鉴石，如何养花、蓄鸟、赏雪、听雨、吟风、弄月等等。

Lin yutang talked about in the book zhuangzi's indifferent, praised tao yuanming's leisurely, read the "I'm going home!", explained the bible stories, and how the Chinese tea, how do drinkers' wager game, how to view mountain, how to play water, how to look at the cloud, how to guide, how to grow flowers, birds, snow, rain, song of the wind, to month, and so on.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 13:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

1. Zhang Qian’s missions to the Western Regions led to the opening of the Silk Road.

张干对西部地区的访问导致了丝绸之路的开通。

2. They traded Chinese silk, porcelain and tea with local inhabitants in return for jewelry, spices and medicines.

他们与当地居民交换中国丝绸，瓷器和茶，以换取珠宝，香料和药品。

3. Matteo Ricci also drew many world maps, the most popular of which, “Great Universal Geographic Map”, was printed and published by Li Zhizao (1565-1630) in the 13th year of Emperor Wanli’s reign (1602).

利玛窦也绘制了许多世界地图，其中最流行的是“大通用地理地图”，由李治造（1565-1630）在万历三年（1602）出版并出版。

4. After the Second Opium War (1856-1860), Yi Xin (Prince Gong) and local officials realized that China had lagged far behind the West in weaponry and military technology, and advocated learning advanced production technology and troop training methods from the West so as to build a modern national defense.

第二次鸦片战争（1856-1860）之后，巩义王子和当地官员意识到中国在武器装备和军事技术方面远远落后于西方，并主张从西方学习先进的生产技术和部队训练方法，以便建立现代国防。--[[User:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10]] ([[User talk:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|talk]]) 04:51, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Seydou, Sagara==

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==
1.法律制度是治国者统治人民的工具，是统治者为了保障自身的利益与维持社会秩序建构的国家机器，所以老子极力反对这些措施与法令制度。

The legal system is the ruler's tool for ruling the people, and is the state machine constructed by the ruler to protect his own interests and maintain social order. Therefore, Laozi strongly opposed these measures and decrees.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》是中国读书人的基础语言，并影响着全社会的思维结构。中国文化是儒、道、佛三教的合流，但是，这三教在中国文化中的地位决不是三足鼎立的，儒家文化绝对是中国文化的主流，从汉代开始，它就是无可争议的主流意识形态。

The Analects is the basic language of Chinese scholars and influences the thinking structure of the whole society. Chinese culture is an amalgamation of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. However, these three religions are by no means a triumvirate in Chinese culture; Confucianism is definitely the mainstream of Chinese culture, and it has been the undisputed dominant ideology since the Han Dynasty.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.在我国佛教的发展历史上，惠能可以说是影响最大的高僧。南北朝初期达摩祖师入中土，开创禅宗。

In the history of Buddhism in China, the Huineng can be said to be the most influential monk. At the beginning of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Dharma entered China and started Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》一书，是汇集了许多中西思想家的思想, 再经过林语堂深思熟虑，书写自己的观念与真理的书。

''The Art of Living'' is a book that brings together the thoughts of many Chinese and Western thinkers, and then, after Lin Yutang's careful consideration, he writes his own concepts and truths.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Si Yu 司妤==

1.虽然丝绸之路是沿线各国共同促进经贸发展的产物，但很多人认为，中国的张骞两次通西域，开辟了中外交流的新纪元。从此，这条路线被作为“国道”踩了出来，各国使者、商人、传教士等沿着张骞开通的道路，来往络绎不绝。

The Silk Road is the product of joint economic and trade development of countries along the route, but many people think that Zhang Qian’s traveling to the West for two times launched a new era for China and foreign exchanges. Since then, this route was deemed as “international route” as envoys, merchants and missionaries came and went along the route opened by Zhang Qian.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.通过海上丝绸之路，中国还传播着民族工艺和儒道思想，对"海上丝路"沿线国家和地区以及欧洲各地产生不同程度的影响，甚至掀起了"中国热"。其中，瓷器和茶叶对世界有着很大的影响。

China spread its national craft, Confucianism and Taoism through the Maritime Silk Road, impacting countries along the route and European regions of varying degrees and even created “China fever”. Among them, porcelains and Tea have great influence upon the world.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.甲午战争以后，中国当时面临着国破家亡的命运，许多有识之士开始更积极全面地向西方学习，出现了梁启超、康有为、谭嗣同等一批思想家。他们向西方学习大量的自然科学和社会科学的知识，政治上也要求改革。

Because of the First Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese people faced the fate of losing their country and families. Thus many scholars started to learn from western countries more positively and comprehensively, and a number of thinkers emerged, such as Liang Qichao, Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong. They learned a great amount of knowledge of natural science and social science and asked political reforms.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.在洋务运动存续的35年里，文化出版事业的发展达到了一个前所未有的水平。京师同文馆、上海广方言馆以及江南制造局的译书馆，是当时翻译西方的中心。译书经历了由单纯的西方科技著作和书籍，向自然科学和社会科学，人文科学等著作并重，甚至后者略占上风的过程。

During the 35 years of The Westernization Movement, the development of culture and publishing reached an unprecedented level. The Tongwenguan in Beijing, the Guangfangyanguan in Shanghai and the Yishuguan of the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau were the center of translating western works. The translation of books has gone through a process from purely Western scientific and technical works and books to works on natural sciences and social sciences and humanities, with the latter even slightly prevailing.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

1.汉武帝刘彻即位时，张骞已在朝廷担任名为“郎”的侍从官。据史书记载，他“为人强力，宽大信人”。即具有坚韧不拔、心胸开阔，并能以信义待人的优良品质。建元三年，即公元前138年，张骞“以郎应募，使月氏”。“郎”，是皇帝的侍从官，没有固定职务，又随时可能被选授重任。

When Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty Liu Che assumed the throne, Zhang Qian was already working at the court as a retainer named "Lang". According to historical records, he was "a strong, generous and trustworthy". In other words, he was tough, open-minded, and could treat people with faith and justice. In the third year of Jian Yuan, that is, 138 B.C., Zhang Qian was recruited to make a mission to the Moon Dynasty. The "Lang", the emperor's retainer, has no fixed position, and may be chosen at any time to reappoint.

2.有观点认为，明初时海外威胁受到重视，故有郑和下西洋之事。然而，或许郑和过于成功了，“他的海军满载荣誉胜利归来，并确认帝国没有来自海上的威胁”，因此“郑和与他的随从也可以说失去了继续远航的意义。”

It has been argued that the overseas threat was taken seriously at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, hence Zheng He's voyage to the West. However, perhaps Zheng He was too successful, "his navy returned triumphantly laden with glory and confirmed that there was no threat to the empire from the sea", so "Zheng He and his entourage could be said to have lost the point of continuing their voyage".

3.甲午战争以后，由于中国当时面临着国破家亡的命运，许多有识之士开始更积极全面地向西方学习，出现了梁启超、康有为、谭嗣同等一批思想家。他们向西方学习大量的自然科学和社会科学的知识，政治上也要求改革。这一时期大量的西方知识传入中国，影响非常广泛。许多人以转译日本人所著的西学书籍来接受西学。进入民国时期，由于对政治的不满又进一步导致知识分子们提出全盘西化的主张，在五四时期这种思想造成了很大的影响。这一波的西学东渐，一直持续到当代而未止。

After the First Sino-Japanese War, as China was facing the fate of national ruin, many learned people began to learn more actively and comprehensively from the West, and a group of thinkers emerged, such as Liang Qichao, Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong. They learned a lot of natural and social science knowledge from the West, and also demanded reforms in politics. A great deal of Western knowledge was introduced into China during this period, and its influence was very widespread. Many people embraced Western learning by translating Western books written by the Japanese. In the Republican period, dissatisfaction with politics further led intellectuals to advocate wholesale Westernization, which had a great impact in the May Fourth period. This wave of Western learning continued into contemporary times.

4.洋务派前期创办的军事工业，经费由清政府调拨，产品分配给军队使用，管理方式是封建衙门式的。虽然这些企业采用机器生产，但本质上属于带有资本主义因素的封建官办企业。

The military industries founded by the foreign affairs faction in the early period were financed by the Qing government, and the products were allocated to the army for use, and managed in a feudal government office style. Although these enterprises adopted machine production, they were essentially feudal government-run enterprises with capitalist elements.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 10:23, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==
1.据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

According to UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most widely translated and published cultural masterpiece in foreign languages, except for the Bible.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 07:52, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects, one of the classics of Confucianism, is a collection of essays in the form of discourses and dialogues, which mainly record the words and actions of Confucius and his disciples, concentrating on Confucius' political, aesthetic, moral, ethical and utilitarian values.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 07:52, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3.慧能的禅法以定慧为本，认为觉性本有，烦恼本无。

Huineng's Zen method is based on the principle of determination and wisdom, which holds that consciousness is inherent and worries are not.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 07:52, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4.人类的智慧对宇宙开始在发出疑问，探索它的秘密，而寻觅它的意义。

Human wisdom began to question the universe, to explore its secrets, and to search for its meaning.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 07:52, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==
1.《道德经》内容涵盖哲学、伦理学、政治学、军事学等诸多学科，被后人尊奉为治国、齐家、修身、为学的宝典。它对中国的哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深远的影响，体现了古代中国人的一种世界观和人生观。

The Tao Te Ching covers philosophy, ethics, political science, military science and many other disciplines, and is revered by later generations as a treasured text for ruling the country, for the family, for cultivating oneself and for learning. It has had a profound influence on Chinese philosophy, science, politics and religion, and embodies a kind of worldview and outlook on life of ancient Chinese people.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:21, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

2.《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects, one of the classics of Confucianism, is a collection of prose in the form of discourses and dialogues, which mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, concentrating on the political, aesthetic, moral, ethical and utilitarian values of Confucius.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:21, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

3.《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

The ideas of the Tanjing played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism. This is the only Chinese Buddhist work that has been honored as a "sutra".--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:21, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继《吾国与吾民》之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周，且接连再版四十余次，被翻译为十余种文字全球发行。

The Importance of Living was Lin Yutang's first book after he had traveled to the United States to devote himself to writing, and it was also another successful work in English after Our Country and Our People. It was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the American bestseller list for 52 weeks the following year, and was reprinted more than forty times and translated into more than ten languages for worldwide distribution.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:21, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

==Wang Xuan 王轩==
1. 《道德经》主要论述“道”与“德”：“道”不仅是宇宙之道、自然之道，也是个体修行即修道的方法；“德”不是通常以为的道德或德行，而是修道者所应必备的特殊的世界观、方法论以及为人处世之方法。
Tao Te Ching mainly discusses "Tao" and "de": Tao is not only the way of the universe and nature, but also the way of individual practice, that is, the way of cultivating Tao; "de" is not usually thought of as morality or virtue, but a special world outlook, methodology and way of dealing with people.

The Tao Te Ching focuses on "Tao" and "De": "Tao" is not only the way of the universe and nature, but also the way of individual cultivation, i.e., monasticism. "Virtue" is not what is commonly thought of as morality or virtue, but rather the special worldview, methodology, and approach to the world that a monk should have.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:30, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

2. 《论语》是孔子及其弟子的语录结集，由孔子弟子及再传弟子编写而成。孔子开创了私人讲学的风气，相传他有弟子三千，贤弟子七十二人。孔子去世后，其弟子及再传弟子把孔子及其弟子的言行语录和思想记录下来，整理编成了儒家经典《论语》。
The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations from Confucius and his disciples, which was compiled by Confucius and his disciples. According to legend, Confucius had seventy-two disciples and created a private atmosphere of teaching. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and his disciples recorded the words, deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples and compiled them into the Confucian classic The Analects of Confucius.

The Analects is a collection of quotations from Confucius and his disciples, written by his disciples and re-disciples. Confucius started the culture of private lectures, and it is said that he had 3,000 disciples and 72 virtuous disciples. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and re-disciples recorded the quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled them into the Confucian classic "Analects".--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:30, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

3. 《道德经》主张世上一切事物空幻不实，“实相者则是非相”，认为应“离一切诸相”而“无所住”，即对于现实世界不应执著或留恋。
Tao Te Ching claims that all things in the world are illusory and unreal, and that those who are real are non real. He thinks that they should be "separated from all aspects" and "have no place to live", that is, they should not be persistent or nostalgic about the real world.

The Tao Te Ching advocates that all things in the world are empty and unreal, and that "those who are real are not real", and that one should be "free from all appearances" and "have no dwelling", i.e. one should not be attached to the real world.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:30, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

4. 科学家假设生命的意义是可决定的，透过了解宇宙运作的规则，人类是可能了解生命的意义，但不能解析生命潜在价值所在。科学的价值在于，一方面能够提供更多的工具与方法使得人类对问题有更深的了解；但另一方面，科学的发展与社会的进步、人类智慧的演化发展是不同步的，即客观存在与主观能动性永远存在差距。
Scientists assume that the meaning of life is determinable. By understanding the rules of the operation of the universe, it is possible for human beings to understand the meaning of life, but they cannot analyze the potential value of life. The value of science lies in that, on the one hand, it can provide more tools and methods to enable human beings to have a deeper understanding of problems; on the other hand, the development of science is not synchronized with the progress of society and the evolution and development of human wisdom, that is, there is always a gap between objective existence and subjective initiative.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:29, 28 December 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Scientists assume that the meaning of life is determinable, and through understanding the rules of the universe, it is possible for humans to understand the meaning of life, but not the potential value of life. The value of science is that, on the one hand, it can provide more tools and methods to enable human beings to have a deeper understanding of problems; but on the other hand, the development of science is not synchronized with the progress of society and the evolution of human intelligence, i.e., there is always a gap between objective existence and subjective initiative.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:30, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==
1. 《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

The Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history and has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, and religion. According to UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most translated and published cultural masterpiece into foreign languages, except for the Bible.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。早在春秋后期孔子设坛讲学时期，其主体内容就已初始创成。

The Analects covers politics, education, literature, philosophy, and the principles of living in the world. As early as the late Spring and Autumn period, when Confucius set up a forum to teach, the main content of the Analects was already in its infancy.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《六祖坛经》记载惠能一生得法传法的事迹及启导门徒的言教,内容丰富,文字通俗,是研究禅宗思想渊源的重要依据。

The Sutra of Hui-neng is a richly written account of Hui-neng's life and teachings of his disciples, also working as an important basis for studying the origins of Zen’s thought.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 读书使人得到一种优雅和风味，这就是读书的整个目的。读书并不是要“改进心智”，若是如此，一切读书的乐趣便丧失净尽了。

4. Reading gives one a grace and flavor, and that is the whole purpose of reading. Reading is not to "improve the mind"; if it were, all the pleasure of reading would be lost.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Reading gives people an elegance and flavor, which is the whole purpose of reading.Reading is not meant to " improve the mind "; if so, all the pleasure of reading is lost.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 13:37, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==
1.老子说：“上善若水”-—水具有最高的善。老子以水来作比喻，突出他的“不争”哲学思想，与恶意争斗的丛林法则相区别。

1.The highest good is like water, according to Laozi. By making a comparison with water, the ancient philosopher stressed the idea of “not to strive” which stands in stark contrast with the law of the jungle marked by malicious rivalry.

2.孔子修史书，编纂《春秋》，整理古代文献，在文化的继承和发扬上有着卓越的贡献。孔子去世后，弟子们将他的言论编成了《论语》一书。孔子修史书，编纂《春秋》，整理古代文献，在文化的继承和发扬上有着卓越的贡献。孔子去世后，弟子们将他的言论编成了《论语》一书。

2.Confucius revised history books, wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals, and organized ancient texts, which contributed to the development of the Chinese culture. After his death, his students collected his sayings into a book:''the Analects of Confucius''.

3. 道可道,非常道;名可名,非常名.

3.The way that can be told of is not an unvarying names;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.

4.林语堂(1894—1976)，原名玉堂，福建省龙溪县人。现代散文家、小说家，曾留学美国、德国，获哲学博士学位。1922年回国后，在北京大学、北京女子师范大学任教。曾是鲁迅主持的《语丝》撰稿人。

4.Lin Yutang (1894 -- 1976), formerly known as Yutang, was born in Longxi County, Fujian Province.He is a modern essayist, novelist, and has studied abroad in the United States, Germany, and a doctor in philosophy.After returning to China in 1922, he taught in Peking University and Beijing Women's Normal University.He used to be a writer of Threads hosted by Lu Xun.--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 16:39, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==
1.老子认为世界上的任何事物都是相比较而存在的。美丑、善恶、有无、难易、长短都是相互依存的，有此才有彼，有是才有非，有善才有恶。表面看来，正相反对的两个方面是相互对立的，而实际上又是相互包含、相互渗透的。

1.Laozi believes that everything in the world exists by comparison. Beauty and ugliness, good and evil, existence and existence, difficulty and difficulty, length and length are interdependent. There is one and there is another, there is yes and there is no, there is good and there is evil. On the surface, the two opposite aspects are opposite, but in fact they are mutually contained and permeated.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:16, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.《论语》既是语录体又是若干断片的篇章集合体。这些篇章的排列不一定有什么道理；就是前后两章间，也不一定有什么关联。而且这些断片的篇章绝不是一个人的手笔。

2.The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations and fragments. The arrangement of these chapters does not necessarily make sense; Even between the two chapters, there is not necessarily a connection. And these fragmentary passages are not the work of one man.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:16, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

3.毛泽东还谈到过惠能的思想在佛教史上的地位。他说，惠能主张佛性人人皆有，创顿悟成佛之学，一方面使繁琐的佛教简易化，一方面也使从印度传入的佛教中国化。因此，他被视为禅宗的真正创始人。

3.Mao Zedong also talked about the position of Huineng's thought in the history of Buddhism. He said that Huineng advocates that everyone has the Buddha nature and creates the theory of enlightenment to become a Buddha, which, on the one hand, simplifies the tedious Buddhism and, on the other hand, makes the Buddhism introduced from India Chinese. Therefore, he is regarded as the real founder of Zen.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:16, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

4.林语堂早年已立志发明“中文打字机”。当时科学严谨的汉字检索系统仍未建立起来；又由于汉字本身是符号文字而非字母文字，长期以来人们对制成中文打字机的可能性多持怀疑态度。

4.In his early years, Lin yutang aspired to invent the "Chinese typewriter". At that time, the scientific and rigorous Chinese character retrieval system had not yet been established. Because Chinese characters are symbolic characters rather than alphabetic characters, people have long been skeptical of the possibility of making Chinese typewriters.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:14, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==
1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

The Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history and has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, and religion . According to UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most popular translated and published cultural masterpiece in foreign languages, except for the Bible.

2.《论语》中的第一句话就是“学而时习之，不亦说乎？”可见，孔子狠强调学用结合、学以致用、言行相符。

The opening sentence of The Analects of Confucius says, “It is indeed a pleasure to acquire knowledge and, as you go on acquiring, to put into practice what you have acquired.” From here we see that Confucius emphasized the integration of learning with application and the consistence of words and actions.

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

The sutra mainly records Huineng's life story and his teachings. The ideas of the Tanjing played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism. This is the only Chinese Buddhist work that has been honored as a "sutra".

4.1939年，林语堂在美国纽约的世界笔会上发表了一篇《希特勒与魏忠贤》的演讲。他说，当今德国人有人把希特勒比为耶稣，由此他想起中国明朝有一位读书人倡议一说，称颂魏忠贤与孔夫子应当有同样的地位。

In 1939, Lin Yutang made a speech entitled “Hitler and Wei Zhongxian” at a PEN meeting held in New York City. reminded him of a Chinese scholar of the Ming Dynasty, who advocated that Wei Zhongxian, the then dictatorial chief palace eunuch, be ranked as equal of Confucius--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 12:29, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

==Xie Fan 解帆==
1.《道德经》的“道”不仅是宇宙之道、自然之道，也是个体修行的方法；“德”不是通常以为的道德或德行，而是修道者所应必备的特殊的世界观、方法论以及为人处世之方法。

According to Tao Te Ching, Tao is not merely the truth of the universe and nature, but of individual spiritual practice; "Te" is not morality or virtue which are usually thought of as, but a special world outlook, methodology and way of getting along with people and dealing with things.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:39, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

2.孔子去世以后，他的弟子和再传弟子对他的言论代代相传，并将这些口头语录记录下来，因此称为“论”；《论语》主要记载孔子及其弟子的言行，因此称为“语”。

After the death of Confucius, his disciples passed on his and their speech from generation to generation, and gradually recorded those oral quotations, that's why it is called "Lun"; the Analects mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, so it is called "Yu".--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:39, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

3.《慧能经》富含着丰富的教学艺术。如明喻、暗喻、诘问、解决以学习者为中心的问题策略等教学艺术对当代教学仍有重要的启示。

The Sutra of Hui-neng is rich in resources of teaching art.Such art of teaching as simile and metaphor,cross-examination and learner-centered problem solving tactics still hold important implication for the contemporary teaching.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:39, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

4.林语堂将中国人旷怀达观，陶情遣兴的生活方式和浪漫高雅的东方情调皆诉诸笔下，向西方人娓娓道出了一个可供仿效的完美生活方式的范本、快意人生的典型，展现出诗样人生、才情人生、幽默人生、智慧人生的别样风情。

Lin Yutang describes the Chinese people's broad-minded and optimistic life style and the romantic and elegant oriental sentiment in his works. He provides Westerners with a model of perfect life style and a typical happy life, showing a different style of poetry, talent, humor and wisdom.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:39, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

==Xu Jia 徐佳==

1.《道德经》主要论述“道”与“德”：“道”不仅是宇宙之道、自然之道，也是个体修行即修道的方法；“德”不是通常以为的道德或德行，而是修道者所应必备的特殊的世界观、方法论以及为人处世之方法。

Tao Te Ching mainly discusses "Dao" and "De" : "Dao" is not only the way of universe and nature, but also the method of individual cultivation; "De" is not the morality or virtue as commonly thought, but the special world view, methodology and way of dealing with people that a monastic should have.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 01:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

2.《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects, one of the Confucian classics，is a collection of quotations and essays, which records the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. It embodies Confucius' thoughts in politics, aesthetics, moral ethics and utilitarianism.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 01:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

3.《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

The Sutra of Huineng, the only one Buddist work that has been honored as "sutra", contributes a lot to the development of Zen.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 01:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

The Sutra of Hui-neng, the only Chinese Buddist work that has been honored as "sutra", played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂在书中谈论了庄子的淡泊，赞扬了陶渊明的闲适，诵读了《归去来辞》，还讲解了《圣经》故事，谈及中国人如何品茗，如何行酒令，如何观山，如何玩水，如何看云，如何鉴石，如何养花、蓄鸟、赏雪、听雨、吟风、弄月，等等。

In his book, Lin talked about the unworldliness of Chuang Tzu, praised the leusure of Tao Yuanming，and read one of Tao's prose named On Returning Home. He also explained the stories of the Bible, talked about how the Chinese people taste tea,play drinking games, watch mountains and waters, observe clouds and rocks, raise flowers and birds, enjoy the snow, listen to rain, and enjoy the air and the moon.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 01:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

In the book, Lin Yutang talks about Zhuangzi's indifference, praises Tao Yuanming's leisure, reads the song of returning home, and explains the story of the Bible. He talks about how Chinese people drink tea, how to drink, how to watch mountains, how to play with water, how to see clouds, how to learn from stones, how to raise flowers, keep birds, watch snow, listen to rain, recite wind, and play with the moon, and so on.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jing 许静==

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==

==Yang Hui 阳慧==
1.丝绸之路全程，从西安经安西、喀什噶尔、撒马尔罕和塞流西亚，直至推罗，直线距离是4200英里，如果加上沿途绕弯的地方，总共约有6000英里，相当于赤道的四分之一。

The Silk Road runs from Xi'an through Anxi, Kashgar, Samarkand and Seleucia to Tyre at a straight distance of 4200 miles, or about 6000 miles, or a quarter of the equator, if combined with the curving.

2.海上丝绸之路是指古代中国与世界其他地区进行经济文化交流交往的海上通道。2000 多年前，一条以中国徐闻港、合浦港等港口为起点的海上丝绸之路成就了世界性的贸易网络。

Maritime Silk Road refers to ancient China and the rest of the world for economic and cultural exchanges of the sea channel.More than 2000 years ago, a maritime Silk Road, which started with ports such as China's Xuwen Port and Hepu Port, became a worldwide trading network.

3.随着西学大举东来，国内知识分子的大力鼓吹，使得妇女问题开始受到社会的重视。

With the western learning coming to the east in a large scale, the domestic intellectuals advocated vigorously, so that women's issues began to receive social attention.

4.自全球化进程不断加快以来，中国教育已无可避免地成为世界教育的一部分。西学的存在,对我国教育界的认识论和理论体系，带来了什么挑战和启示呢?

Since the accelerating process of globalization, China's education has inevitably become a part of the world's education.What challenges and enlightenment does the existence of western learning bring to the epistemology and theoretical system of education in China?
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Yue 杨悦==

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==

==You Yuting 游雨婷==
1.唐代，因皇帝与老子同姓李氏，故大力提倡道教，设置崇玄学，令生徒论习《道德经》。

In the Tang Dynasty, the emperor and Lao Zi shared the same surname, Li, so he strongly advocated Taoism, set up the worship of metaphysics, and ordered students to study Tao Te Ching and Taoist scholars.

2.《论语》较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

The Analects of Confucius shows the political propositions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and The Confucian School.

''The Analects of Confucius'' shows the political propositions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and its School.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 16:42, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

3.慧能的禅法以定慧为本，认为觉性本有，烦恼本无。

Hui-neng's Zen method is based on meditation and wisdom, believing that there is awareness instead of worry.

Huineng's Zen attaches great importance of meditation and wisdom,holding views that one is born with awareness rather than worries.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:44, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

4.林语堂先生在该书中将旷怀达观，陶情遣兴的中国人的生活方式，向西方人娓娓道出了一个可供仿效的"生活最高典型"的模式，

In this book, Mr. Lin Yutang fully conveys the life style of the Chinese people, and describes to westerners a model of "the highest model of life" that can be followed.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 05:00, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yu Ni 余妮==
1.以“道”解释宇宙万物的演变，即“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物”，“道”乃“夫莫之命而常自然”，因而“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然”。

He used "Tao" to explain the evolution of all things in the universe, that is, "Tao generates one, two, two generates three, three generates all things", "Tao" is "Fu Mo's life is always natural", so "man follows earth, earth follows heaven, heaven follows Tao, Tao follows nature".--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。早在春秋后期孔子设坛讲学时期，其主体内容就已初始创成;孔子去世以后，他的弟子和再传弟子代代传授他的言论，并逐渐将这些口头记诵的语录言行记录下来。

The content of the Analects of Confucius involves politics, education, literature, philosophy and the truth of life. As early as the late spring and Autumn period when Confucius set up an altar to give lectures, its main content had been initially created; after Confucius died, his disciples and his disciples taught him his words from generation to generation, and gradually recorded these oral quotations, words and deeds.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.慧能的禅法以定慧为本，认为觉性本有，烦恼本无。直接契证觉性，便是顿悟。他说自心既不攀缘善恶，也不可沉空守寂，即须广学多闻，识自本心，达诸佛理。

Huineng's Zen is based on Dinghui. He thinks that consciousness is there and worry is not. The direct evidence of consciousness is epiphany. He said that the self mind should neither climb up to good and evil, nor sink into silence. That is to say, it is necessary to learn a lot, to know the self mind, and to reach all Buddhist principles.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.只有快乐的哲学，才是真正深湛的哲学；西方那些严肃的哲学理论，我想还不曾开始了解人生的真义哩。在我看来，哲学的唯一效用是叫我们对人生抱一种比一般人较轻松较快乐的态度。——林语堂《生活的艺术》

Only the philosophy of happiness is really profound philosophy; I don't think those serious western philosophical theories have begun to understand the true meaning of life. In my opinion, the only effect of philosophy is to make us have a more relaxed and happy attitude towards life than ordinary people. ——The Importance of Living by Lin Yutang--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

幽默大师林语堂以人生优游者的独特视角，诠释中国人“生活的艺术”，展现出诗样人生、才情人生、幽默人生、智慧人生的别样风情。

Humorist Lin Yutang interprets the "importance of life" of The Chinese people from a unique perspective of a good traveler in life, showing a unique style of poetic life, talented life, humorous life and intelligent life.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:40, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

慧能的禅法以定慧为本，认为觉性本有，烦恼本无。

Huineng's Zen method is based on meditation and wisdom, believing that there is awareness instead of worry.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:40, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。

The contents of ''The Analects of Confucius'' involves politics, education, literature, philosophy and the principles of life.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:40, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

《道德经》对中国的哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深远的影响，体现了古代中国人的一种世界观和人生观。

''Tao Te Ching'' has had a profound impact on Chinese philosophy, science, politics and religion, reflecting an ancient Chinese world view and outlook on life.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:40, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1.天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已；皆知善之为善，斯不善已。
It is because every one under Heaven recognizes beauty as beauty that the idea of ugliness exists. And equally if every one recognized virtue as virtue this would merely create fresh conceptions of wickedness.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.有朋自远方来，不亦说乎？
Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quaters?--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Isn't it your pleasure to welcome your friends coming far from you?--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 03:24, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。
The Sutra of Huineng mainly recorded life stories and teachings of Huineng. The thoughts in it played an important part in the development of Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂在书中谈论了庄子的淡泊，赞扬了陶渊明的闲适。
Ling Yutang talked about Zhuangzi’s indifference to fame and wealth, and spoke highly of Tao Yuanming’s leisure.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==

==Zhang Hui 张慧==

1.张骞出使西域,接触到西域各国的风土人情，是汉朝开始对西域各国有所了解，使汉朝与西域建立了友好关系，为后来西汉政府设置西域都护府，使西域正式归西汉政府管辖打下了基础。

Zhang Qian’s mission to the Western Regions brought in contact with the customs of the Western Regions. It was the Han dynasty that began to understand the Western Regions countries, which enabled the Han dynasty to establish friendly relations with the Western Regions. Later, the Western Han government set up the Western Regions Protectorate and made the Western Regions officially returned to the Western Han government. Jurisdiction laid the foundation.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions brought him into contact with the customs and traditions of the countries in the Western Regions, and enabled the Han Dynasty to establish friendly relations with the Western Regions, which later laid the foundation for the Western Han government to set up the Western Regions Capital Protection Office, making the Western Regions officially under the jurisdiction of the Western Han government.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 12:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

2.海上丝绸之路自秦汉时期开通以来，一直是沟通东西方经济文化交流的重要桥梁，而东南亚地区自古就是海上丝绸之路的重要枢纽和组成部分。

Since the opening of the Maritime Silk Road during the Qin and Han Dynasties, it has always been an important bridge for the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. Southeast Asia has been an important hub and part of the Maritime Silk Road since ancient times.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Since the opening of the Maritime Silk Road during the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been an important bridge to bridge the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and the Southeast Asian region has been an important hub and part of the Maritime Silk Road since ancient times.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 12:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3.西学东渐将西方近代各种学术上的新成果带入了中国，深深影响到各种学术的发展，而许多在传统中国不被重视甚至不存在的学科也在此影响下得到发展。

Western learning has brought various new academic achievements in modern Western modern times into China, deeply affecting the development of various academics, and many disciplines that are not valued or even existed in traditional China have also been developed under this influence.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The gradual expansion of Western learning brought various new achievements in modern Western scholarship into China, which deeply influenced the development of various academic disciplines, and many disciplines that were not valued or even did not exist in traditional China also developed under this influence.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 12:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4.洋务运动虽然在客观上刺激中国资本主义发展、并且在一定程度上抵制了外国资本主义的经济输入，但并没有使中国走上富强之路。

Although the Westernization Movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism, and to a certain extent resisted the economic import of foreign capitalism, it did not make China embark on a path of prosperity.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Although the foreign affairs movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and to a certain extent resisted the economic import of foreign capitalism, it did not put China on the road to wealth and power.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 12:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==
1.汉通西域，虽然起初是出于军事目的，但西域开通以后，它的影响，远远超出了军事范围。

Although Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Region was originally for military purposes, after the opening of the Western Region, its influence far exceeded the military scope.

2.海上丝绸之路，是古代中国与外国交通贸易和文化交往的海上通道，也称"海上陶瓷之路"和"海上香料之路"。

The Maritime Silk Road was a maritime passage for communication, trade and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries in ancient times. It was also called the "Maritime Ceramic Road" and the "Maritime Spice Road".

3.徐光启毕生致力于科学技术的研究，勤奋著述，是介绍和吸收欧洲科学技术的积极推动者，为17世纪中西文化交流作出了重要贡献。

Xu Guangqi devoted his life to the research of science and technology and wrote diligently. He was an active promoter of introducing and absorbing European science and technology, and made important contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and the West in the 17th century.

4.曾国藩治军把选将作为第一要务，他说，“行军之道，择将为先。”他的选将标准是德才兼备，智勇双全，而把德放在首位。

Zeng Guofan regards the election of generals as the first priority. He said, "The wisedom to march is to choose warriors first." His selection criteria is to have both ability and political integrity, wisdom and courage, and morality is the first priority.
--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 04:14, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.除了朴素的唯物主义观点，《道德经》一书中还包括大量朴素辩证法观点，如一切事物均具有正反两面。

In addition to the simple materialistic view, ''Tao Te Ching'' also includes a large number of simple dialectical views, such as all things have positive and negative sides.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 14:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Apart from the simple materialistic views, ''Tao Te Ching'' also includes a large number of simple dialectical views, for example, every coin has two sides.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:50, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

''The Analects'' embodies the political ideas, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and the Confucianism in a more concentrated manner.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 14:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

''The Analects'' embodies the political views, ethical thoughts, moral ideas and educational principles of Confucius and the Confucianism in a relatively concentrated manner.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:50, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。

The Sutra mainly records the life story and teachings of Hui-neng. ''The Sutra of Hui-neng'' played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 14:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The Sutra mainly recorded the life story and teachings of Hui-neng. The thought in ''The Sutra of Hui-neng'' played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:50, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂先生在《生活的艺术》中将中国人旷怀达观、陶情遣兴的生活方式和浪漫高雅的东方情调充分传达出来。

In ''The Importance of Living'', Lin Yutang fully conveys the Chinese way of life of being open-minded and broad-minded, and the romantic and elegant oriental sentiment.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 14:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

In ''The Importance of Living'', Lin Yutang fully conveys the Chinese lifestyle of open-mindedness and broad-mindedness, and the oriental sentiment of romance and elegance.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:50, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响.

"Tao De Jing" is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, which has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, religion, etc.

"Tao De Jing" is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, which has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion, etc.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:45, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》，是孔子弟子及再传弟子记录孔子及其弟子言行而编成的语录文集，较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

"The Analects of Confucius" is a collection of quotations compiled by Confucius and his disciples to record the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, which more concentratedly embodies the political views, ethics, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism.

''The Analects of Confucius''is a collection of quotations compiled byConfucius' disciples and their retransmitters to record the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, which more concentratedly embodies the political views, ethics, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:45, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《坛经》是禅宗的主要经典之一,主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教.

The Tantra is one of the main Zen classics, mainly recording the life deeds and teachings of Huineng.

The ''Tantra'' is one of the main classics of Zen , mainly recording the life deeds and teachings of Huineng.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:45, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂的翻译特点是通畅易懂，中等文化的读者都能看懂，这也是他探索的结果。

Lin Yutang's translation features are easy to understand and can be understood by readers of intermediate culture. This is also the result of his exploration.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 11:31, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Lin Yutang's translation is characterized by its fluency and comprehensiveness, which is also the result of his exploration.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:45, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

1. 《道德经》文本以哲学意义之“道德”为纲宗，论述修身、治国、用兵、养生之道，而多以政治为旨归，乃所谓“内圣外王”之学，文意深奥，包涵广博，被誉为万经之王。

The text of the Tao Te Ching is based on the philosophical meaning of "morality", and discusses the ways of cultivating oneself, ruling the country, using military force, and nurturing one's health, while mostly focusing on politics.

2. 《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects of Confucius, one of the classics of Confucianism, is a collection of essays mainly in the form of discourses and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, focusing on the political, aesthetic, moral, ethical and utilitarian values of Confucius.

3. 《坛经》是中国僧人撰写的著述中唯一被冠以“经”的一部佛教典籍，其核心思想是“即心即佛”、“顿悟成佛”。

The Tantras are the only Buddhist texts written by Chinese monks that are labeled as "sutras", and their core idea is "the mind is Buddha" and "enlightenment is Buddha".

4. 1965年底，林语堂就与香港中文大学校长李卓敏谈到他终生的抱负，即编纂一部适应现代需要的汉英词典。

By the end of 1965, Lin Yutang was talking with the president of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Li Zhuo Min, about his lifelong ambition to compile a Chinese-English dictionary adapted to modern needs.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 16:38, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==

1.先秦时期，连接中国东西方交流的通道已经存在，丝绸正式西传始于西汉通西域，丝绸之路真正形成始于西汉张骞凿空。

The pre-Qin period, connecting China's East and West exchange channel has existed, the official western transmission of silk began in the Western Han Dynasty through the Western Regions, the Silk Road really formed from the Western Han Dynasty Zhang Qian chiseling.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:53, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

In the pre-Qin period, a channel connecting China's east and west already existed. The official spread of silk to the west began in the Western Han Dynasty, and the real formation of the Silk Road began when Zhang Qian's hollowed out in the Western Han Dynasty.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

2.海上丝绸之路，是古代中国与外国交通贸易和文化交往的海上通道，也称"海上陶瓷之路"和“海上香料之路”，1913年由法国的东方学家沙畹首次提及。

The Maritime Silk Road, also known as the "Maritime Route of Ceramics" and the "Maritime Route of Spices", was first mentioned by the French orientalist Chavannes in 1913, and is a maritime route for traffic, trade and cultural exchanges between ancient China and foreign countries.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:53, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The Maritime Silk Road was an ancient maritime channel for communication and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. It was also called the "Sea Ceramic Road" and "Sea Spice Road". It was first mentioned in 1913 by the French orientalist Shawan.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3.明代万历年间，以利玛窦为代表的西书七千部传教士来华传教，同时带来西方科技、文化等。这对中国传统思想文化有所触动。

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the seven thousand missionaries of the Western Book, represented by Matteo Ricci, came to China to preach, and at the same time brought Western technology and culture. This has touched the traditional Chinese thought and culture.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:53, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, 7,000 missionaries represented by Matteo Ricci came to China to preach, and at the same time brought Western technology and culture. This has touched traditional Chinese thought and culture.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4.洋务运动，又称自强运动，是19世纪60年代到90年代晚清洋务派所进行的一场引进西方军事装备、机器生产和科学技术以挽救清朝统治的自救运动。

The Foreign Affairs Movement, also known as the Self-Strengthening Movement, was a self-help movement conducted by the Foreign Affairs faction of the late Qing Dynasty from the 1860s to the 1990s to introduce Western military equipment, machinery production and science and technology to save the Qing Dynasty.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:53, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The Westernization Movement, also known as the Self-Strengthening Movement, was a self-rescue movement carried out by the Westernization Movement from the 1860s to the late Qing Dynasty that introduced Western military equipment, machine production, and science and technology to save the Qing rule.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

1.老子生于春秋战国时期，当时的环境是周朝势微，各诸侯为了争夺霸主地位，战争不断。严酷的动乱与变迁，让老子目睹到民间疾苦，作为周朝的守藏史，于是他提出了治国安民的一系列主张。

Laozi was born in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. At that time, the Zhou Dynasty was in a weak state. As the official historian of Zhou Dynasty, Lao Zi put forward a series of propositions of governing the country and keeping the people safe.

2.作为儒家经典的《论语》，其内容博大精深，包罗万象，《论语》的思想主要有三个既各自独立又紧密相依的范畴：伦理道德范畴——仁，社会政治范畴——礼，认识方法论范畴——中庸。

As a Confucian classic, the Analects of Confucius has a broad and profound content and is all-embracing. The thoughts of the Analects of Confucius mainly consist of three independent and closely related categories: ethical and moral category -- benevolence, social and political category -- rites, and cognitive methodology category -- the doctrine of the mean.

3.慧能偈曰：
菩提本无树，明镜亦非台。
本来无一物，何处惹尘埃？

My stanza read:
There is no Bodhi-tree,
Nor there’s a mirror bright.
Since all is void in fact,
Say, where can dust alight?

4.幽默大师林语堂以人生优游者的独特视角，诠释中国人“生活的艺术”，展现出诗样人生、才情人生、幽默人生、智慧人生的别样风情。

Lin Yutang, a humorist, interprets the "art of life" of The Chinese people from the unique perspective of a good traveler in life, showing a unique style of poetic life, talented life, humorous life and intelligent life.
--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 11:29, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

1.《道德经》是中国古代先秦诸子分家前的一部著作，是道家哲学思想的重要来源。

1.The Tao Te Ching is a work before the division of pre-Qin scholars in ancient China, and is an important source of Taoist philosophy.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:07, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》以语录体为主，叙事体为辅，较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

2.The Analects is mainly based on the quotation style, supplemented by the narrative style, which more concentratedly reflects the political propositions, ethics, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:07, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。根据“自性本清净”之说，宣扬“明心见性”“顿悟成佛”的基本思想。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

3.The scriptures mainly record the life deeds and teachings of Huineng. According to the theory of "self-nature is pure", it promotes the basic idea of "understanding the mind and seeing the nature" and "understanding to become a Buddha". The idea of "Tan Sutra" played an important role in the development of Zen. This is the only one that is honored as the "Sutra" in Chinese Buddhist works.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:07, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂将中国人旷怀达观，陶情遣兴的生活方式和浪漫高雅的东方情调皆诉诸笔下，向西方人娓娓道出了一个可供仿效的完美生活方式的范本、快意人生的典型，展现出诗样人生、才情人生、幽默人生、智慧人生的别样风情。

4Lin Yutang appealed to the Chinese people's open mindedness, Tao Qingqianxing's lifestyle and romantic and elegant oriental sentiment, and he presented a model of perfect lifestyle and a model of happy life that can be imitated to Westerners. Shows the unique style of poetic life, talented life, humorous life, and wise life.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:07, 28 December 2020 (UTC).

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

《道德经》与中医渊源颇深, 其中许多论点与中医理论有相通之处。

Tao Te Ching is deeply connected with Traditional Chinese medicine, and many of its arguments have something in common with Chinese medicine theories.

《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行。

The Analects is one of the classic works of Confucianism. It is a collection of opinion records of prose writings, mainly in the form of quotations and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples.

《坛经》是佛学中国化、大众化最为成功的典型之一。

The Sutra of Hui-neng is one of the most successful representative of sinicization and popularization of Buddhism.

其实,生活于我无意义,快乐地过好每一天最为重要。应该说,这种感受得益于林语堂的《生活的艺术》一书。
In fact, while life is meaningless, what matters to me is leading a happy life everyday. This comprehension should be credited to the The Importance of Living written by Lin Yutang. --[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:34, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==
1.《道德经》不仅在中国影响深远而广泛，而且漂洋过海，传遍了世界五大洲，深受外围人的青眯，引起浓厚的学习兴趣和研究热情。他们赞誉《道德经》为“东方智慧的结晶”。当代西方流行广泛的一句话，就是老子是国际性的，目前研究老子思想已成为一种国际性的文化现象。

''The Tao Te Ching'' not only has a far-reaching influence in China, but also has spread all over the five continents of the world. They praised''the Tao te ching'' for the “crystallization of Eastern Wisdom. A popular saying in the west today is that Laozi is international, and the study of Oigo’s thought has become an international cultural phenomenon.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 09:12, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

''Tao Te Ching'' not only has exerted a far-reaching influence in China, but also has spread all over the five continents of the world. They praised''Tao te ching'' for the “crystallization of Eastern Wisdom. A popular saying in the west today is that Laozi is international, and the study of Laozi’s thought has become an international cultural phenomenon.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 04:09, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.作为儒家最经典和最受欢迎的著作，《论语》不仅是中国传统最核心的作品之一，而且是中国人伦理道德标准和行为准则的核心。《论语》中蕴含的儒家思想是中华民族的宝贵财富。自从16世纪末以来，《论语》被中西方学者源源不断地翻译，并且传播到世界各地。

As the most classical and popular works of Confucianism, ''the Analects'' is not only one of the core works of Chinese tradition, but also the core of Chinese ethical standards and codes of conduct. The Confucian thought contained in ''the Analects'' is the precious wealth of the Chinese nation. Since the end of the 16th century, ''the Analects'' has been continuously translated by Chinese and Western scholars and spread all over the world.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 09:12, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《慧能经》不仅是研究惠能思想的重要资料,而且是具有中国特色的佛教禅宗一派的重要经典,在中国佛教思想史、哲学史上具有深远的影响。

''The Sutra of Huineng'' is not only an important material to study Huineng’s thought, but also an important classic of Zen Buddhism with Chinese characteristics. It has a far-reaching influence on the history of Chinese Buddhist thought and philosophy.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 09:12, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是一本与你畅谈如何听风赏月的家常闲聊，又是一本关乎生活态度甚至生活智慧的严肃论文。林语堂从生活、家庭、文化、旅行、思想、宗教等方面探讨人必须学会享受生命。

''The Importance of Living'' is a book about how to feel the wind, enjoy the moon. It is also a serious essay about life attitude and even life wisdom. Lin Yutang analyzed from the aspects of life, family, culture, travel, thought, religion and so on. Then he drew a conclusion that people must learn to enjoy life.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 09:12, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==
1.《道德经》的语言非常讲究艺术性，运用了多种修辞方式，使词句准确、鲜明、生动，富有说理性和感染力。

The language of ''Tao Te Ching'' is very artistic and uses a variety of rhetorical methods to make words and sentences accurate, clear, vivid, rational and appealing.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 06:18, 28 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

2.《论语》反映了孔子的教育原则。孔子因材施教，对于不同的对象，考虑其不同的素质、优点和缺点、进德修业的具体情况，给予不同的教诲，表现了诲人不倦的可贵精神。

''The Analects'' reflects the educational principles of Confucius. Confucius taught in accordance with his aptitude, considering his different qualities, strengths and weaknesses, and the specific circumstances of pursuing his ethics, and giving different teachings to different objects, showing his tireless and precious spirit.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 06:18, 28 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

3.毛泽东还谈到过惠能的思想在佛教史上的地位。他说，惠能主张佛性人人皆有，创顿悟成佛之学，一方面使繁琐的佛教简易化，一方面也使从印度传入的佛教中国化。

Mao Zedong also talked about the position of Huineng's thought in the history of Buddhism. He said that Huineng advocated that everyone has Buddha nature, and to create the learning of enlightenment and Buddhahood, on the one hand, it simplified the tedious Buddhism, on the other hand, it also made the Buddhism introduced from India sinicized.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 06:18, 28 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

4.《生活的艺术》一书，是汇集了许多中西思想家的思想在经过林语堂熟思滤过写来自己的观念与真理的书。

''The Importance of Living'' is a book that brings together the ideas and truths of many Chinese and Western thinkers who have been filtered through Lin Yutang's thinking.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 06:18, 28 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

20201228 cult

2021-01-03T13:25:51Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Alsied, Saffana */

==Alsied, Saffana==
1.If we stop looking for “persons of superior morality” to put in power, there will be no more jealousies among the people. If we cease to set store by products that are hard to get, there will be no more thieves. If the people never see such things as excite desire, their hearts will remain placid and undisturbed.

如果我们不再寻找“道德高尚的人”上台，人民之间就不会再有嫉妒心了。如果我们停止使用难以获得的产品来存储，就不会有盗贼了。如果人们从未看到过激动的欲望，他们的内心将保持平静和不受干扰。

2.Master You said, “Those who in private life behave well towards their parents and elder brothers, in public life seldom show a disposition to resist the authority of their superiors. And as for such men starting a revolution, no instance of it has ever occurred. It is upon the trunk that a gentleman works. When that is firmly set up, the Way grows. And surely proper behavior towards parents and elder brothers is the trunk of Goodness?”

尤大师说：“那些在私生活中对父母和哥哥表现良好的人，在公共生活中很少表现出抵抗上级权威的倾向。对于这类发动革命的人来说，从未发生过这种情况。绅士在树干上工作。牢固地建立起来之后，方式就会发展。当然，对父母和哥哥的正确行为是善良的躯干吗？

3.As soon as he had written it, he left at once for his room; so nobody knew what he had done. In his room he again pondered: “When the Patriarch sees my stanza tomorrow and is pleased with it, I shall be ready for the Dharma; but if he says that it is badly done, it will mean that I am unfit for the Dharma, owing to the misdeeds in previous lives which thickly becloud my mind. It is difficult to know what the Patriarch will say about it!” In this vein he kept on thinking until dawn, as he could neither sleep nor sit at ease.

他一写完就立刻离开了房间。所以没人知道他做了什么。他再次在他的房间里思考：“当族长明天见到我的节并对它感到高兴时，我将为佛法做好准备。但是如果他说做得不好，那将意味着我不适合佛法，原因是前世的错误行为使我的思想蒙上了阴影。很难知道族长会怎么说！” 按照这种精神，他一直在思考直到天亮，因为他既无法入睡，也无法放松地坐着。

4.In contrast with man’s original innocence and perfection, a new element was introduced to explain his present imperfection, and that is of course the Devil, working chiefly through the body, while his higher nature works through the soul. When the “soul” was invented in the history of Christian theology I am not aware, but this “soul” became a something rather than a function, an entity rather than a condition, and it sharply separated man from the animals, which have no soul worth saving.

与人的原始天真和完美形成对照的是，引入了一个新元素来解释他目前的不完美之处，这当然是魔鬼，他主要通过身体运作，而他的高级天性则通过灵魂运作。当“灵魂”在基督教神学的历史中被发明时，我还不知道，但是这个“灵魂”变成了某种东西，而不是一种功能，是一种实体，而不是一种条件，它使人与动物急剧地分离了，而动物却没有值得保存的灵魂。

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==
1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。

The Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history and has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 04:17, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》多为语录，但都辞约义富，有些语句、篇章形象生动。

The Analects are mostly discourses, but all of them are rich in diction and meaning, and some of them are vividly illustrated.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 04:17, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

The ideas of The Sutra played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism. This is the only Chinese Buddhist work to be honoured as a 'sutra'.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 04:17, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂将中国人旷怀达观，陶情遣兴的生活方式，和浪漫高雅的东方情调皆诉诸笔下，向西方人娓娓道出了一个可供仿效的“生活最高典型”的模式。

Lin Yutang's writing brings to life the Chinese way of life, with its open-mindedness and optimism, as well as the romantic elegance of the East, and presents to Westerners a model of the 'highest form of life' to be emulated.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 04:17, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Han 陈涵==

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

1.When people see some things as beautiful, other things become ugly. When people see some things as good, other things become bad.

当人们将某些事物视为美丽时，其他事物则变得丑陋。当人们将某些事情视为好事时，其他事情则变得不好。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.In China, the work has been by many attributed to Confucius himself, but the philological investigations to date do not allow to go back to a reliable source, partly because of the devastating book burning of 213 BC by the First Emperor Qin Shi Huang.

在中国，许多人把这本书归功于孔子本人，但迄今为止的语言研究还不能追溯到可靠的来源，部分原因是秦始皇秦始皇于公元前213年毁灭性地烧毁了这本书。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.One realizes it, while another is ignorant of it.

一个人意识到了这一点，而另一个人则一无所知。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

有人意识到了这一点，但另一个人却对此一无所知。--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:46, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4.Perhaps I don’t understand economics, but economics does not understand me, either.

也许我不了解经济学，但经济学却不了解也了解我.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

我或许不懂经济学，但经济学也不懂我。--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:46, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==
1. 道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。

The Tao that can be trodden is not the enduring and unchanging Tao.

The name that can be named is not the enduring and unchanging name.

2. 子曰：“学而时习之，不亦悦乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”

The Master said, To learn and at due times to repeat what one has learnt, is that not after all a pleasure? That friends should come to one from afar, is this not after all delightful? To remain unsound even though one's merits are unrecognized by others, is that not after all what is expected of a gentleman?

3. 菩提本无树，明镜亦非台。本来无一物，何处惹尘埃。

No such thing as the Budhi tree,

Nor a mirror stand that can be.

There is nothing in the first place,

Whereon can the dust and dirt creep?

4. 生之享受包括许多东西：我们本身的享受、家庭生活的享受，树木、花朵、云霞、溪流、瀑布，以及大自然的形形色色，都足以称为享受；此外又有诗歌、艺术、沉思、友情、谈天、读书等的享受，后者的这些都是心灵交流的不同表现。

The enjoyment of life covers many things: the enjoyment of ourselves, of home life, of trees, flowers, clouds, winding rivers and falling cataracts and the myriad things in Nature, and then the enjoyment of poetry, art, contemplation, friendship, conversation, and reading, which are all some form or other of the communion of spirits.
--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 04:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

The enjoyment of life includes many things: our own enjoyment, the enjoyment of family life, trees, flowers, clouds, streams, waterfalls, and all kinds of nature are enough to be called enjoyment; in addition, there are poetry, art, contemplation, the enjoyment of friendship, chatting, reading, etc., the latter are all different manifestations of spiritual communication.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 17:54, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1.老子曾做过周朝守藏史，后退隐，作《道德经》，其思想的核心是“道”。

Lao Zi once worked as an archivist in the imperial library of the Zhou Dynasty before he retired from public life. It is widely believed that he was the author of Tao Te Ching and the core of Lao Zi's thought is "Tao".--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:52, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

Lao Zi once worked as an archivist in the imperial library of the Zhou Dynasty before he lived in seclusion. It is widely believed that he was the author of Tao Te Ching and the core of his thoughts is "Tao".--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:05, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Lao Zi once worked as an archivist in the imperial library of the Zhou Dynasty before his retirement. Later he created the Tao Te Ching, of which the core thought is "Tao".--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 12:09, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》记录了孔子的言行。它涵盖了广泛的主题，从政治、哲学、文学和艺术到教育再到道德修养。

The Analects of Confucius records the words and deeds of Confucius. It covers a wide variety of subjects, ranging from politics, philosophy, literature and art to education to moral cultivation.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:52, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Analects of Confucius records the words and deeds of Confucius. It covers a wide variety of subjects, ranging from politics, philosophy, literature to art,and from education to moral cultivation.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:05, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

The Analects recorded Confucius' words and deeds. It covers a wide range of topics, from politics, philosophy, literature and art to education to moral cultivation.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 12:09, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.惠能禅学思想的主要特点是“识心见性”和“顿悟成佛”。

The main features of Hui Neng's Zen thoughts are "knowing the heart and seeing the nature" and "becoming Buddha by epiphany".--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:52, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

Hui Neng's Zen thoughts are characterized by "knowing the heart and seeing the nature" and "becoming Buddha by epiphany".--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:05, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是一本洗涤心灵的书籍，是一杯好茶，是一种良药。阅读此书能使我们被尘沙玷污的心灵洗涤，使我们能在嚣闹的城市中得到宁静。

The Importance of Living is a book for washing the soul, a good cup of tea and a good medicine. Reading this book can wash our hearts polluted by dust and sand, and make us get peace in the noisy city.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:52, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Importance of Living is a book for refreshing the soul, a good cup of tea and a good medicine. Reading this book can purify our hearts tarnished by dust and sand, and make us get peace in the noisy city.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:05, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

The Importance of Living is a book that cleanses the mind, a cup of good tea and a good medicine. Reading this book can wash our hearts stained with dust and allow us to find peace in noisy cities--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 12:09, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。

Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, which has a profound influence on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:13, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

As one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, Tao Te Ching has a profound influence on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:59, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

The Analects embodies the political ideas, ethical thought, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:13, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Analects embodies the political ideas, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:59, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《慧能经》主张世上一切事物空幻不实，即对于现实世界不应执著或留恋。

The Sutra of Hui-neng holds that everything in the world is empty and unreal, that is, it should not be persistent or nostalgic for the real world.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:13, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Sutra of Hui-neng holds that everything in the world is illusory, that is, it should not be persistent or nostalgic for the real world.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:59, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周。

The Importance of Living is Lin Yutang's first book, which was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the bestseller list for 52 weeks.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:13, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

The Importance of Living is Lin Yutang's first book after his study in the United States, which was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the bestseller list for 52 weeks.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 15:59, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==

==Grosheva, Anna==

1. Yet mystery and manifestations arise from the same source. This source is called darkness.

然而神秘和表现来自同一来源。这种来源称为黑暗。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2. Started during the Spring and Autumn Period, the work of collection and organization of Confucian teachings was probably completed during the Warring States Period, although the precise date of publication of the complete work is unknown.

春秋时期开始，儒家教义的收集和整理工作可能是在战国时期完成的，尽管确切的出版日期尚不清楚。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3. Through ten chapters, the Platform Sutra cites and explains a wide range of Mahayana Buddhist scriptures.

在十章中，《纲经》引用并解释了大乘佛教经文。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4. The ancient people who desired to have a clear moral harmony in the world would first order their national life.

希望在世界上建立清晰的道德和睦的远古民族首先会下定民族生活。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==

1.《论语》是儒家的经典著作之一，它是对孔子及其弟子的言行和对话的记录。众所周知，孔子是一位伟大的思想家和哲学家，他的思想被发展成了的儒家哲学体系。《论语》是儒家思想的代表作，数个世纪以来，《论语》一直极大地影响着中国人的哲学观和道德观，它也影响着其他亚洲国家人民的哲学观和道德观。

The Analects of Confucius is one of the Confucius classics and is a record of the words and acts of Confucius and his disciples,as well as the conversations they held.It's
well known that Confucius is agreat ideologist and philosopher,and his thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophyknownasConfucianism.The Analects ofConfucius
is a representative work of Confucianism.For centuries, it has been heavily influencing the philosophy and moral outlook of Chinese people and that of the people of other Asian countries as well.

2.慧能的两个核心理念成为了正统佛教的精髓要义，其一，“无论社会阶层，无论精神文化，一切众生皆有佛性”；其二，“醒觉并非依靠冥想渐悟，而是一种瞬间的顿悟。”

His two key ideas became the essence of orthodox Buddhism, namely that "all people,regardless of their social, culturalor spiritual condition, possess the Buddha nature" and that "awakening is not a meditation but a sudden, instantaneous process."

3.一次，学生子贡问孔子：“有一言而可以终身行之者乎？”子曰：“其恕乎。己所不欲，勿施于人。”

Once,Zi Gong, one of Confucius’ disciples, asked the philosopher: “Is there any one word that can guide one throughout his life?”Confucius answered:“
Maybe it’s magnanimity! What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.”

Once upon a time,Zi Gong, a student of Confucius, asked him, "Is there one word that can be acted upon for life?" Confucius replied, "Its forgiveness. Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire."--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:52, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继《吾国与吾民》之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，接连再版四十余次，并为十余种文字所翻译。

"The Art of Life" is the first book created by Lin Yutang in the United States, and it is also another English work that has achieved success after "My Country and My People". The book was published in the United States in 1937, reprinted more than forty times, and translated into more than ten languages.--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]]

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

1. Laozi in the Tao Te Ching explains that the Tao is not a "name" for a "thing" but the underlying natural order of the Universe whose ultimate essence is difficult to circumscribe due to it being non-conceptual yet evident in one's being of aliveness.

《道德经》中的老子解释道是不是“事物”的“名称”，而是宇宙的内在自然秩序，由于其非概念性但在生命力中很明显，其最终本质很难被限制。

2. Analects is the China’s sacred book, the representative work of Confucianism. A collection of answers of dialogues between Confucius and his disciples.

《论语》是中国的圣书，是儒家的代表作。孔子与门徒之间对话的答案的集合。

《论语》是中国的圣书，是儒家的代表作。孔子与门徒对话的答案集。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:38, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3. Lin Yutang was a Chinese inventor, linguist, novelist, philosopher, and translator. His informal but polished style in both Chinese and English made him one of the most influential writers of his generation, and his compilations and translations of classic Chinese texts into English were bestsellers in the West.

林语堂是中国发明家，语言学家，小说家，哲学家和翻译家。他的中英文不拘一格但又优美的风格使他成为这一代人中最有影响力的作家之一，他将经典的中国文字汇编和翻译成英文在西方是畅销书。--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 14:36, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Guo Lu 郭露==

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==

1. The reasonable attitude is, since we’ve got this human nature, let’s start with it. Besides, there is no escaping from it anyway.

合理的态度是，既然我们具有这种人性，那么我们就开始吧

2. The Chinese go so far as to assume that Heaven of God Himself is quite a reasonable being, that if you live reasonably, according to your best lights, you have nothing to fear, that peace of conscience is the greatest of all gifts, and that a man with a clear conscience need not be afraid even of ghosts.

中国人甚至认为神自己的天堂是一个相当合理的存在，如果您按照自己的最佳生活合理地生活，您就没什么可担心的，良心安宁是所有礼物中最大的，并且一个有明确良知的人甚至不必惧怕鬼魂。

3. Plato thought “ideas” were immortal, but individual souls were either base or noble, according as they loved justice, learning, temperance and beauty or not.

柏拉图认为“思想”是不朽的，但根据他们是否爱正义，学习，节制和美丽，个体灵魂要么基本要么高尚。--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 01:53, 31 December 2020 (UTC)

==He Changqi 何长琦==
1.张骞出使西域本为贯彻汉武帝联合大月氏抗击匈奴之战略意图，但出使西域后汉夷文化交往频繁，中原文明通过“丝绸之路”迅速向四周传播。

Zhang Qian's mission to the West was intended to implement Emperor Wu's strategic intent of uniting the Yuezhi to fight the Xiongnu, but after his mission to the West, there were frequent cultural exchanges between the Han and the Yi, and Chinese civilization spread rapidly in all directions through the Silk Road

2.郑和秉承“抚外夷以礼，导人向善”，的涉外原则，沿途将中国的历法文化、中国的衣冠礼仪等中华先进文化的传播，致使远夷之人仰慕中华文化，也使当地文明程度得以提升，由点到面地推动了人类社会的发展与文明的进程。

During his voyage, Zheng He adhered to the principle of "fostering foreigners with rituals and guiding them towards goodness" . He spread Chinese calendar culture, Chinese clothing and rituals, and other advanced Chinese culture along the way, which led to the admiration of foreigners for Chinese culture and the enhancement of local civilisation, contributing to the development of human society and the progress of civilisation.

3.洋务运动虽然在客观上刺激中国资本主义发展、并且在一定程度上抵制了外国资本主义的经济输入，但并没有使中国走上富强之路。

Although the foreign affairs movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and to a certain extent resisted foreign capitalist economic imports , it did not put China on the road to wealth and power.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 06:02, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==

1.陆上丝绸之路起源于西汉（前202年—8年）汉武帝派张骞出使西域开辟的以首都长安（今西安）为起点，经甘肃、新疆，到中亚、西亚，并连接地中海各国的陆上通道。

The land Silk Road originated from the Western Han Dynasty (202-8 BC) when Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the western regions to open up a land passage from Chang'an (today's Xi'an), the capital, to Central Asia and West Asia via Gansu and Xinjiang, and to connect Mediterranean countries.

2.海上丝绸之路形成于汉武帝时期。南海航线从中国出发，向西航行，是海上丝绸之路的主线。

The maritime silk road was formed in the time of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. The South China Sea route, which starts from China and sails westward, is the mainstream of the maritime silk road.

3.苏曼殊浪漫主义不是西学东渐的直接产物，而是固有文化生态发生结构变动之结果。

The formation of Su Manshu's romantic style was not the direct result of the eastward spread of Western learning but was the natural outcome of structural change in China's innate cultural ecosystem.

4.洋务派是中国近代最早的全面系统地接触近代科学技术的一个政治派别。

Advocates of the westernization movement was the first political school that touched modern science and technology comprehensively and systematically in China.

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==
1. 《道德经》简称老子，是中国的经典文本。根据传统，它是由公元前6世纪的圣人老子所写，老子是周朝的一位记录者，在中国广为人知。尽管最早出土的文字可以追溯到公元前4世纪晚期，但文字的真正作者和撰写或编纂日期仍有争议。

1. The Tao Te Ching simply referred to as the Laozi，is a Chinese classic text. According to tradition, it was written around 6th century BC by the sage Laozi, a record-keeper at the Zhou dynasty court, by whose name the text is known in China. The text's true authorship and date of composition or compilation are still debated, although the oldest excavated text dates back to the late 4th century BC.

2. 《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作之一，由孔子的弟子及其再传弟子编撰而成。它以语录体和对话文体为主，记录了孔子及其弟子言行，集中体现了孔子的政治主张、论理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

2. The Analects is one of the classical works of Confucianism, compiled by the disciples of Confucius and his disciples. It is mainly in the style of discourses and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, concentrating on Confucius' political ideas, theoretical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles.

3. 《慧能经》附有慧能对《金刚经》的逐条注释——这是它有史以来第一次出版的英文译本。他的谈话集也被称为《六祖坛经》，是唯一的禅宗记录，一般被尊称为经，或经文。

3. The Sutra of Hui-neng is here accompanied by Hui-neng's verse-by-verse commentary on the Diamond Sutra—in its very first published English translation ever.This collection of his talks, also known as the Platform or Altar Sutra, is the only Zen record of its kind to be generally honored with the appellation sutra, or scripture.

4. 《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周，且接连再版四十余次，并为十余种文字所翻译。

4. “The Art of Living” was Lin Yutang's first book after he had traveled to the U.S. and was another successful work in English. It was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the American bestseller list for 52 weeks the following year, and was reprinted more than forty times and translated into more than a dozen languages.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 07:31, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

"The Art of Living" was the first book created by Lin Yutang in the United States, and it is also another English work that has been successful since then. The book was published in the United States in 1937, and it ranked first in the United States bestseller list for 52 weeks in the following year,and has been republished more than forty times, and has been translated for more than ten languages.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 17:57, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继《吾国与吾民》之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周，且接连再版四十余次，并为十余种文字所翻译。

''The Art of Living'' was Lin Yutang's first book after he had traveled to the U.S. and was another successful English work after ''My Country and My People''. It was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the American bestseller list for 52 weeks at the following year. Besides, it was reprinted more than forty times and translated into more than a dozen languages.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 12:20, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==
1. 《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。、

Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, which has a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion. --[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 03:20, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》中保留了一些人们对孔子师徒的批评讽刺，有的作了辩驳，有的没有回答。

The Analects of Confucius retains some criticisms and ironies of Confucius' teachers and disciples, some of which have made refutation, while others have not.

The Analects of Confucius retains some criticism and satire of Confucius and his disciples, some of which are refuted, and some of which are not answered.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 04:51, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 慧能的禅法以定慧为本，认为觉性本有，烦恼本无。

Huineng's Zen method is based on determining wisdom, thinking that awareness is inherent, but troubles are not.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 03:20, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 《活着》是作家余华的代表作之一，讲述了在大时代背景下，随着内战、三反五反，大跃进，文化大革命等社会变革，徐福贵的人生和家庭不断经受着苦难，到了最后所有亲人都先后离他而去，仅剩下年老的他和一头老牛相依为命。

Living is one of Yu Hua's representative works, which tells how Xu Fugui's life and family are constantly suffering with the civil war, the three anti-five evils, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution and other social changes. In the end, all his relatives have left him one after another, leaving only an old cow.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 03:20, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==
1.《道德经》九九八十一章，可理解为《道经》（上篇）和《德经》（下篇）两个部分，言简意赅、博大精深。大至宇宙、小至微尘，大无其外，小无其内；有修身、用人、治国。

The eighty-one chapters of the Tao Te Ching, which can be understood as two parts, the Tao Te Ching (upper part) and the De Te Ching (lower part), are concise and profound. It is as big as the universe and as small as the dust; there is no outside of the big and no inside of the small; there is the cultivation of the body, the use of people and the governance of the country.

2.《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects, one of the classics of Confucianism, is mainly a collection of essays in the form of discourses and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, concentrating on the political, aesthetic, moral, ethical and utilitarian values of Confucius.

3.相传，有一位名叫慧能的砍柴夫，虽然目不识丁，却开创了佛教的南禅宗派，提出“人人皆有佛性”，进而确立“顿悟成佛”之学。

According to legend, an illiterate woodsman called Huineng founded the "Sudden Enlightenment" or the Southern Chan School of Buddhism and propounded the idea that everyone possesses "the Buddha nature."

4.生活是10%的经历，和90%的态度。我们无时无刻不在书写我们的生活经历，我们可以选择生活的台词。当下，我们可以放下自我怀疑、愤怒、沮丧。当下，我们可以选择幸福。

Life is 10% what happens to you and 90% how you interpret it and put it into perspective.Right now we're writing our life stories, and we can choose how the script will read. Right now we can put behind us self-doubt, anger, frustration. Right now, we can choose happiness.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 15:18, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Life is 10% experience and 90% attitude. Right now we're experiencing our life, and we can choose how to live. Right now we can put behind our self-doubt, anger, frustration. Right now, we can choose happiness.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 03:22, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==
1、丝绸之路被认为是连结亚欧大陆的古代东西方文明的交汇之路，而丝绸则是最具代表性的货物。数千年来，游牧民族或部落、商人、教徒、外交家、士兵和学术考察者沿着丝绸之路四处活动。

The Silk Road is considered to be the ancient crossroads of eastern and western civilizations linking Asia and Europe, with Silk being the most iconic cargo. For thousands of years, nomadic peoples or tribes, merchants, religious, diplomats, soldiers and academic researchers moved around along the Silk Road.

2、郑和七次奉旨率船队远航西洋，航线从西太平洋穿越印度洋，直达西亚和非洲东岸，途经30多个国家和地区。他的航行比哥伦布发现美洲大陆早87年，比达·伽马早92年，比麦哲伦早114年。在世界航海史上，他开辟了贯通太平洋西部与印度洋等大洋的直达航线。

Zheng He was ordered to lead seven voyages to the Atlantic Ocean, with routes from the western Pacific Ocean across the Indian Ocean to West Asia and the east coast of Africa, passing through more than 30 countries and regions. His voyage was 87 years before Columbus discovered the American continent, 92 years before Da Gama, and 114 years before Magellan. In the history of world navigation, he opened up a direct route through the western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean and other great oceans.

3、西学书籍的翻译和著述，是西学东渐相当重要的媒介，在当时出现了大量的由教士及士大夫合著合译的书籍，但这些书籍未能受到当时一般社会的重视，也未能打入晚明已十分发达的商业出版界，因此虽西学书籍有刻印出版，但主要仍仅流通于少数有兴趣的士大夫阶层。

The translation and writing of books on Western studies was an important medium for the gradual expansion of Western studies to the east. A large number of books co-authored and translated by clergy and scholars emerged at that time, but these books were not taken seriously by the general society at that time, nor did they penetrate into the commercial publishing world, which was already well developed in the late Ming Dynasty.

4、随着军事工业的创办，洋务派认识到，强大的国防基础在于整个国家经济的发展，要求能源、钢铁等工业与之配套。同时，为了维护民族利益，也必须发展民族经济，与洋人"商战"、"争利"。于是，他们提出了求富的口号，民用工业和新式交通运输业也发展起来了。

With the founding of the military industry, the School of Westernization realized that the basis of a strong national defense lay in the development of the entire national economy, requiring energy, steel and other industries to go along with it. At the same time, in order to safeguard national interests, it was also necessary to develop the national economy and to "negotiate" and "compete for profits" with the foreigners. Thus, they put forward the slogan of seeking wealth, and the civil industry and new transportation industry were developed.--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 14:10, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

==Li Lili 李丽丽==
1. 写于两千多年前的《道德经》是真正的精神文学经典之一。它是一个培养和平、宁静和同情的指南。
Written more than two thousand years ago, the Tao Te Ching is one of the true classics of spiritual literature. It is a guide to cultivating peace, serenity, and compassion.

The Tao Te Ching, written more than two thousand years ago, is one of the true spiritual literature classics. It is a guide to cultivate peace, tranquility and compassion.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:35, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》写于春秋战国时期（约公元前479年至公元前221年），被认为是儒家思想最具代表性的著作之一，至今仍对中国文化和东亚产生了重大影响。
Written during the Period of Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period (ca. 479 BC - 221 BC), the Analects are considered among the most representative works of Confucian thought, and still have a great influence on Chinese culture and East Asia.

3.慧能（638-713）也许是禅宗中最受人喜爱和尊敬的人物。他本是一个目不识丁的樵夫，却一下子获得了觉悟，成为中国禅宗的第六宗师，被誉为“顿悟派”的创始人。
Hui-neng (638–713) is perhaps the most beloved and respected figure in Zen Buddhism. An illiterate woodcutter who attained enlightenment in a flash, he became the Sixth Patriarch of Chinese Zen, and is regarded as the founder of the "Sudden Enlightenment" school.

4.生活的艺术是对现代世界令人眼花缭乱的节奏的一种讽刺、诙谐的解毒剂。
The Importance of Living is a wry, witty antidote to the dizzying pace of the modern world.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:35, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

The art of living is an ironic and witty antidote to the dazzling rhythm of the modern world.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:35, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==

1. 《道德经》是道家经典著作，在国内外影响巨大。这本书代表了世界轴心时代东方哲学的最高成就。上世纪，《道德经》大量翻译和出版，成为除《圣经》外翻译版本最多的著作。

As a classic of the Taoist, the Tao Te Ching exerts a significant influence both home and abroad. It represents the highest achievement of Eastern philosophy in the Axial Age of the world. In the last century, Tao Te Ching was translated and published successively, which makes it the most widely translated text except the Bible. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:40, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 孔子强调善良、责任和社会秩序的重要性。孔子的教育思想极大地丰富了人类的精神宝库。

Confucius stressed the importance of kindness, duty and order in society. Education thought of Confucius has greatly enriched the treasure house of the human spirit. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:40, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 慧能是禅宗南宗的创始人，南禅宗是中国佛教的典型代表。慧能在菩提树下曾作一首诗：“菩提本无树，明镜亦非台．本来无一物，何处惹尘埃。”

Huineng was the founder of the South-Zen, which was the model representative of Chinese Buddhism.Once upon a time, he made a poem under the bodhi tree:" there is no bodhi tree, mirror nor stand. Original none thing, where the dust alight."--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:40, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 在林语堂的散文理论中，“幽默”、“性灵”、“闲适”是其三个重要概念。林语堂是现代文学史上一位重要的理论家，他在翻译文本中建构着自己作为族裔散居者的跨文化身份。

In Lin Yutang's prose theory, "humor", "formal personality", "leisureliness and comfort" is its three important concepts. In modern literary history, Lin Yutang is an important theoretician and forms his cross-cultural identity as a diaspora in his translation text.--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 08:40, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。

As one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, ''Tao Te Ching'' has a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, and religion.

Tao Te Ching, as one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, has a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:16, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

2.孔子因材施教，对于不同的对象，考虑其不同的素质、优点和缺点、进德修业的具体情况，给予不同的教诲，表现了诲人不倦的可贵精神。

Confucius taught students in accordance with their aptitude. He gave different instructions to different students, taking into account their different qualities, strengths and weaknesses, and the specific circumstances of their advancement and cultivation, showing the valuable spirit of tireless teaching.

Confucius taught students in accordance with their aptitude. For different objects, he considered their different qualities, advantages and disadvantages, and the specific situation of moral education, and gave different instructions, which showed the valuable spirit of tireless teaching.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:16, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3.近年来，中国大多数学者都认为《坛经》的基本内容代表了慧能思想，同时其中也有后人增益的成分。

In recent years, most Chinese scholars believe that the basic content of the ''The Sutra of Huineng'' represents the thought of Huineng, while there are also some elements of later additions to it.

In recent years, most Chinese scholars believe that the basic content of Tanjing represents Huineng's thought, and it also contains the later additions.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:16, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继《吾国与吾民》之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周，且接连再版四十余次，被翻译为十余种文字全球发行。

''The Importance of Living'' was the first book after Lin Yutang had traveled to the United States and was another successful work in English after ''My Country and My People''. It was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the American bestseller list for 52 weeks the following year, and was republished more than forty times and translated into more than a dozen languages for global distribution.--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 07:14, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

''The Art of Life'' is the first book written by Lin Yutang after his trip to the United States. It is also another successful English work after ''My Country and My People''. The book was published in the United States in 1937. The following year, it ranked the top of the best seller list in the United States for 52 weeks. It has been reprinted for more than 40 times and has been translated into more than 10 languages for global distribution.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:16, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1、传统的丝绸之路，起自中国古代都城长安，经中亚国家、阿富汗、伊朗、伊拉克、叙利亚等而达地中海，以罗马为终点，全长6440公里。这条路被认为是连结亚欧大陆的古代东西方文明的交汇之路，而丝绸则是最具代表性的货物。

The traditional Silk Road, which started from Chang'an, the ancient capital of China, and reached the Mediterranean Sea via Central Asian countries, Afghanistan, Iran, and Syria, and ended in Rome, was 6,440 kilometers long. This road is considered to be the intersection of ancient eastern and western civilizations linking Asia and Europe, and silk is the most representative cargo. The road reached the Mediterranean Sea from Iraq, Syria, etc. and ended in Rome, with a total length of 6,440 kilometers. This road is considered to be the crossroads of ancient civilizations between East and West, linking Asia and Europe, and silk is the most representative cargo.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 12:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The traditional Silk Road started in the ancient Chinese capital of Chang'an, and reached the Mediterranean through Central Asian countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, etc., ending in Rome, with a total length of 6,440 kilometers. This road is considered to be the intersection of the ancient Eastern and Western civilizations connecting Asia and Europe, and silk is the most representative goods.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 17:59, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2、东海航线，也叫“东方海上丝路”。春秋战国时期，齐国在胶东半岛开辟了“循海岸水行”直通辽东半岛、朝鲜半岛、日本列岛直至东南亚的黄金通道。唐代，山东半岛和江浙沿海的中韩日海上贸易逐渐兴起。宋代，宁波成为中韩日海上贸易的主要港口。

The East Sea Route, also known as the "Eastern Sea Silk Road". During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the State of Qi opened up a golden route on the Jiaodong Peninsula, which led to the Liaodong Peninsula, the Korean Peninsula, the Japanese islands and Southeast Asia. During the Tang Dynasty, the maritime trade between China, Korea and Japan on the Shandong Peninsula and the coast of Jiangsu and Zhejiang gradually emerged. During the Song Dynasty, Ningbo became the main port for maritime trade between China, Korea and Japan.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 12:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3、东学西渐指的是一个和西学东渐互相补充的东西方文化交流过程。东学西渐有一千多年的历史，对世界文化的发展有十分深远的影响。

Eastern learning and Western learning refers to a process of cultural exchange between East and West that complements Western learning and Eastern learning. With a history of over a thousand years, East to West has had a profound impact on the development of world culture.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 12:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4、洋务运动虽然在客观上刺激中国资本主义发展、并且在一定程度上抵制了外国资本主义的经济输入，但并没有使中国走上富强之路。

Although the foreign affairs movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and to a certain extent resisted the economic import of foreign capitalism, it did not put China on the road to wealth and power.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 12:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Although the Westernization Movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and resisted the economic input of foreign capitalism to a certain extent, it did not make China prosperous and strong.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 07:52, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==
1 《道德经》是中国古代哲学著作。又称《老子》，被道教作为重要经典收入道藏。共81章，分上、下篇。此刻通行本上篇言道，下篇言德。其中有不少和生活有关的处世哲理。

Tao Te Ching is an ancient Chinese philosophical work.Also known as Laozi, Taoism as an important classic into the Collection of Taoism. A total of 81 chapters, divided into the first and second. At this moment, the first text of the passage, the next text of virtue.There are a lot of life related philosophy.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 15:17, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2 《论语》，是孔子弟子及再传弟子记录孔子及其弟子言行而编成的语录文集，成书于战国前期。全书共20篇492章，以语录体为主，叙事体为辅，较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations compiled by Confucius and his disciples to record their words and deeds. It was written in the early period of the Warring States Period. The book consists of 20 chapters, with quotations as the main body and narration as the auxiliary body, which mainly reflects the political propositions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and The Confucian school.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 15:17, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3 慧能俗姓卢，原籍河北范阳（今北京大兴）。他的父亲贬官到了岭南新州（今广东新兴），生下了慧能。慧能年轻时父亲去世，家境贫寒，靠打柴卖柴来养活母亲。

Hui Neng was born in Fanyang, Hebei province (now Daxing, Beijing).His father moved to New South Wales in the Lingnan region and gave birth to Huineng. When Huineng was young, her father died and her family was poor, so she sold firewood to support her mother.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 15:17, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4 林语堂早年留学美国、德国，获哈佛大学文学硕士，莱比锡大学语言学博士。回国后在清华大学、北京大学、厦门大学任教。1945年赴新加坡筹建南洋大学，任校长。曾任联合国教科文组织美术与文学主任、国际笔会副会长等职。

Lin Yutang studied in the United States and Germany in his early years. He received his MA from Harvard University and his PhD in Linguistics from the University of Leipzig.After returning to China, he taught in Tsinghua University, Peking University and Xiamen University. In 1945, he went to Singapore to establish Nanyang University and became its president.He has served as director of Fine Arts and Literature of UNESCO and vice President of the International Pen Association.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 15:17, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

1.《道德经》内容涵盖哲学、伦理学、政治学、军事学等诸多学科，被后人尊奉为治国、齐家、修身、为学的宝典。它对中国的哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深远的影响，体现了古代中国人的一种世界观和人生观。

Tao Te Ching covers philosophy, ethics, political science, military science and many other disciplines, and is respected as a treasure of governing the country, regulating the family, cultivating self-cultivation and learning. It has a profound influence on Chinese philosophy, science, politics and religion, and embodies a world outlook and outlook on life of ancient Chinese.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:40, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。早在春秋后期孔子设坛讲学时期，其主体内容就已初始创成。

The content of the Analects of Confucius involves politics, education, literature, philosophy and the truth of life. As early as the Late Spring and Autumn Period when Confucius set up a lecture platform, its main content had been initially created--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:40, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。根据“自性本清净”之说，宣扬“明心见性”“顿悟成佛”的基本思想。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。

The text mainly records Huineng's life story and teachings. According to the theory of "self nature is pure", it advocates the basic ideas of "find one’s ture self" and "insight into Buddhism". The thought of ''Tanjing'' played an important role in the development of Zen.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:40, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.本书是一种私人的供状，供认我自己的思想和生活所得的经验。我不想发表客观意见，也不想创立不朽真理。我实在瞧不起自许的客观哲学。

This book is a personal confession of my own thoughts and experiences. I don't want to be objective and create immortal truth because I really despise the objective philosophy of self promise.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:40, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

1.“道”作为《道德经》中最抽象的概念范畴，是天地万物生成的动力源。

The way, as the most abstract concept in Tao Te Ching, is the power source for the creation of all things.

As the most abstract conceptual category in Tao Te Ching, "Tao" is the source of power for the creation of heaven and earth.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:21, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.《论语》主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects of Confucius mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples in the form of quotations and dialogues, which embodies Confucius' political, aesthetic, moral and utilitarian values.

3.若欲修行，在家亦得，不由在寺。

If people are sincerely keen on the practice,it is no need for them to practise in the temple and they can be successful even at home.

If you want to practice, you can get it at home, so you can't help but stay at the temple.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 17:37, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂的翻译特点是通畅易懂，少用“行语”，中等文化的读者都能看懂。

The translation works of Lin Yutang are characterized by fluency and transparency since he hardly adopt jargons,so that his works can be understood by less-educated readers.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 12:11, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

The Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history and has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, and religion. According to UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most translated and published cultural masterpiece in foreign languages, except for the Bible.

2.《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。早在春秋后期孔子设坛讲学时期，其主体内容就已初始创成。

The Analects covers politics, education, literature, philosophy, and the principles of living in the world. The main content of the Analects was first created as early as the late Spring and Autumn Period when Confucius set up a forum to teach.

3.禅宗六祖惠能大师的思想不仅影响了整个中国，而且传播到世界各地。西方学术界把六祖惠能大师与孔子、老子并誉为“东方三大圣人”。

The ideas of the Sixth Patriarch of Zen Buddhism, Master Huineng, have not only influenced the whole of China, but have also spread throughout the world. Western scholars regard Master Huineng as one of the "Three Great Sages of the East" along with Confucius and Laozi.

4.生命的意义经常与哲学、宗教的存在、意识（自觉）、幸福等概念交集在一起，还会涉及到其他的一些领域，如象征符号、实体论、价值、目的、道德、善与恶、自由意志（自愿）、上帝观、神的存在、灵魂、来世等。

The meaning of life is often intertwined with philosophical and religious concepts of existence, consciousness (self-awareness), and happiness, and will involve other areas such as symbolism, substantivism, value, purpose, morality, good and evil, free will (voluntariness), the concept of God, the existence of God, the soul, the afterlife, etc.

==Phyo, Su Kyi==

1-道德经，也被称为老子或老子，是中国传统文字，传统上被认为是公元前6世纪的圣人老子。文章的作者，撰写日期和编辑日期受到争议。

The Tao Te Ching, also known as Lao Tzu or Laozi, is a Chinese classic text traditionally credited to the 6th-century BC sage Laozi. The text's authorship, date of composition and date of compilation are debated.

The ''Tao Te Ching'', also known as Laozi, is a Chinese classic text traditionally credited to the 6th-century BC sage Laozi. The text's authorship, date of composition and date of compilation are debated.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 11:08, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2-《论语》约写于公元前500年，传统上归功于孔子。这段文字是由他的学生们在他去世后三十到五十年的时间内写的。

The Analects, were written about 500 BC and are traditionally attributed to Confucius. The text was written by his students over a time period spanning the thirty to fifty years following his death.

''The Analects'', was written about 500 BC and was traditionally attributed to Confucius. The text was written by his disciples over a time period spanning the thirty to fifty years following his death.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 11:08, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

''The Analects'', was written in about 500 BC and was traditionally attributed to Confucius. The text was written by his disciples over a period of time spanning the thirty to fifty years following his death.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 11:35, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3-大建会能，又称禅宗第六祖或禅宗第六祖，是中国禅宗早期历史中的半传奇人物，但却是中心人物。根据传统，他是一个没有受过教育的外行，在听到《金刚经》后突然醒悟。

Dajian Huineng, also commonly known as the Sixth Patriarch or Sixth Ancestor of Chan, is a semi-legendary but central figure in the early history of Chinese Chan Buddhism. According to tradition he was an uneducated layman who suddenly attained awakening upon hearing the Diamond Sutra.

Dajian Huineng, also commonly known as the Sixth Patriarch or Sixth Ancestor of Zen, is a semi-legendary but central figure in the early history of Chinese Zen Buddhism. According to the tradition, he was an uneducated layman who suddenly awakened upon hearing the contents of ''Diamond Sutra''.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 11:08, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4-林语堂是中国发明家，语言学家，小说家，哲学家和翻译家。他的中英文不拘一格但又优美的风格使他成为这一代人中最有影响力的作家之一，他将经典的中国文字汇编和翻译成英文在西方是畅销书。

Lin Yutang was a Chinese inventor, linguist, novelist, philosopher, and translator. His informal but polished style in both Chinese and English made him one of the most influential writers of his generation, and his compilations and translations of classic Chinese texts into English were bestsellers in the West.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 07:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==
1、据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

According to UNESCO, ''the Tao Te Ching'' is the most widely translated cultural masterpiece in foreign languages after the ''Bible''.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 13:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2、孔子是当时社会上最博学者之一，在世时就被尊奉为“天纵之圣”“天之木铎”，更被后世统治者尊为孔圣人、至圣、至圣先师、大成至圣文宣王先师、万世师表。

Confucius was one of the most famous scholars in the society at that time. He was honored as "the sage of Heaven" and "the Wooden priest of Heaven" when he was alive. He was also honored as the sage of Confucius, the most holy, the most holy Teacher of Confucius, the most holy Master of Dacheng, the king of Wenxuan and the master of all ages by later rulers.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 13:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3、经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。根据“自性本清净”之说，宣扬“明心见性”“顿悟成佛”的基本思想。

The sutra mainly records Huineng's life story and his teachings. According to the theory of "self-nature is pure and pure", it advocates the basic idea of "seeing nature with clear heart" and "becoming Buddha with enlightenment".--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 13:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4、林语堂在书中谈论了庄子的淡泊，赞扬了陶渊明的闲适，诵读了《归去来兮辞》，讲解了《圣经》故事，以及中国人如何品茗，如何行酒令，如何观山，如何玩水，如何看云，如何鉴石，如何养花、蓄鸟、赏雪、听雨、吟风、弄月等等。

Lin yutang talked about in the book zhuangzi's indifferent, praised tao yuanming's leisurely, read the "I'm going home!", explained the bible stories, and how the Chinese tea, how do drinkers' wager game, how to view mountain, how to play water, how to look at the cloud, how to guide, how to grow flowers, birds, snow, rain, song of the wind, to month, and so on.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 13:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

1. Zhang Qian’s missions to the Western Regions led to the opening of the Silk Road.

张干对西部地区的访问导致了丝绸之路的开通。

2. They traded Chinese silk, porcelain and tea with local inhabitants in return for jewelry, spices and medicines.

他们与当地居民交换中国丝绸，瓷器和茶，以换取珠宝，香料和药品。

3. Matteo Ricci also drew many world maps, the most popular of which, “Great Universal Geographic Map”, was printed and published by Li Zhizao (1565-1630) in the 13th year of Emperor Wanli’s reign (1602).

利玛窦也绘制了许多世界地图，其中最流行的是“大通用地理地图”，由李治造（1565-1630）在万历三年（1602）出版并出版。

4. After the Second Opium War (1856-1860), Yi Xin (Prince Gong) and local officials realized that China had lagged far behind the West in weaponry and military technology, and advocated learning advanced production technology and troop training methods from the West so as to build a modern national defense.

第二次鸦片战争（1856-1860）之后，巩义王子和当地官员意识到中国在武器装备和军事技术方面远远落后于西方，并主张从西方学习先进的生产技术和部队训练方法，以便建立现代国防。--[[User:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10]] ([[User talk:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|talk]]) 04:51, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Seydou, Sagara==

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==
1.法律制度是治国者统治人民的工具，是统治者为了保障自身的利益与维持社会秩序建构的国家机器，所以老子极力反对这些措施与法令制度。

The legal system is the ruler's tool for ruling the people, and is the state machine constructed by the ruler to protect his own interests and maintain social order. Therefore, Laozi strongly opposed these measures and decrees.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》是中国读书人的基础语言，并影响着全社会的思维结构。中国文化是儒、道、佛三教的合流，但是，这三教在中国文化中的地位决不是三足鼎立的，儒家文化绝对是中国文化的主流，从汉代开始，它就是无可争议的主流意识形态。

The Analects is the basic language of Chinese scholars and influences the thinking structure of the whole society. Chinese culture is an amalgamation of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. However, these three religions are by no means a triumvirate in Chinese culture; Confucianism is definitely the mainstream of Chinese culture, and it has been the undisputed dominant ideology since the Han Dynasty.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.在我国佛教的发展历史上，惠能可以说是影响最大的高僧。南北朝初期达摩祖师入中土，开创禅宗。

In the history of Buddhism in China, the Huineng can be said to be the most influential monk. At the beginning of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Dharma entered China and started Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》一书，是汇集了许多中西思想家的思想, 再经过林语堂深思熟虑，书写自己的观念与真理的书。

''The Art of Living'' is a book that brings together the thoughts of many Chinese and Western thinkers, and then, after Lin Yutang's careful consideration, he writes his own concepts and truths.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Si Yu 司妤==

1.虽然丝绸之路是沿线各国共同促进经贸发展的产物，但很多人认为，中国的张骞两次通西域，开辟了中外交流的新纪元。从此，这条路线被作为“国道”踩了出来，各国使者、商人、传教士等沿着张骞开通的道路，来往络绎不绝。

The Silk Road is the product of joint economic and trade development of countries along the route, but many people think that Zhang Qian’s traveling to the West for two times launched a new era for China and foreign exchanges. Since then, this route was deemed as “international route” as envoys, merchants and missionaries came and went along the route opened by Zhang Qian.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.通过海上丝绸之路，中国还传播着民族工艺和儒道思想，对"海上丝路"沿线国家和地区以及欧洲各地产生不同程度的影响，甚至掀起了"中国热"。其中，瓷器和茶叶对世界有着很大的影响。

China spread its national craft, Confucianism and Taoism through the Maritime Silk Road, impacting countries along the route and European regions of varying degrees and even created “China fever”. Among them, porcelains and Tea have great influence upon the world.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.甲午战争以后，中国当时面临着国破家亡的命运，许多有识之士开始更积极全面地向西方学习，出现了梁启超、康有为、谭嗣同等一批思想家。他们向西方学习大量的自然科学和社会科学的知识，政治上也要求改革。

Because of the First Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese people faced the fate of losing their country and families. Thus many scholars started to learn from western countries more positively and comprehensively, and a number of thinkers emerged, such as Liang Qichao, Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong. They learned a great amount of knowledge of natural science and social science and asked political reforms.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.在洋务运动存续的35年里，文化出版事业的发展达到了一个前所未有的水平。京师同文馆、上海广方言馆以及江南制造局的译书馆，是当时翻译西方的中心。译书经历了由单纯的西方科技著作和书籍，向自然科学和社会科学，人文科学等著作并重，甚至后者略占上风的过程。

During the 35 years of The Westernization Movement, the development of culture and publishing reached an unprecedented level. The Tongwenguan in Beijing, the Guangfangyanguan in Shanghai and the Yishuguan of the Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau were the center of translating western works. The translation of books has gone through a process from purely Western scientific and technical works and books to works on natural sciences and social sciences and humanities, with the latter even slightly prevailing.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 11:50, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

1.汉武帝刘彻即位时，张骞已在朝廷担任名为“郎”的侍从官。据史书记载，他“为人强力，宽大信人”。即具有坚韧不拔、心胸开阔，并能以信义待人的优良品质。建元三年，即公元前138年，张骞“以郎应募，使月氏”。“郎”，是皇帝的侍从官，没有固定职务，又随时可能被选授重任。

When Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty Liu Che assumed the throne, Zhang Qian was already working at the court as a retainer named "Lang". According to historical records, he was "a strong, generous and trustworthy". In other words, he was tough, open-minded, and could treat people with faith and justice. In the third year of Jian Yuan, that is, 138 B.C., Zhang Qian was recruited to make a mission to the Moon Dynasty. The "Lang", the emperor's retainer, has no fixed position, and may be chosen at any time to reappoint.

2.有观点认为，明初时海外威胁受到重视，故有郑和下西洋之事。然而，或许郑和过于成功了，“他的海军满载荣誉胜利归来，并确认帝国没有来自海上的威胁”，因此“郑和与他的随从也可以说失去了继续远航的意义。”

It has been argued that the overseas threat was taken seriously at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, hence Zheng He's voyage to the West. However, perhaps Zheng He was too successful, "his navy returned triumphantly laden with glory and confirmed that there was no threat to the empire from the sea", so "Zheng He and his entourage could be said to have lost the point of continuing their voyage".

3.甲午战争以后，由于中国当时面临着国破家亡的命运，许多有识之士开始更积极全面地向西方学习，出现了梁启超、康有为、谭嗣同等一批思想家。他们向西方学习大量的自然科学和社会科学的知识，政治上也要求改革。这一时期大量的西方知识传入中国，影响非常广泛。许多人以转译日本人所著的西学书籍来接受西学。进入民国时期，由于对政治的不满又进一步导致知识分子们提出全盘西化的主张，在五四时期这种思想造成了很大的影响。这一波的西学东渐，一直持续到当代而未止。

After the First Sino-Japanese War, as China was facing the fate of national ruin, many learned people began to learn more actively and comprehensively from the West, and a group of thinkers emerged, such as Liang Qichao, Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong. They learned a lot of natural and social science knowledge from the West, and also demanded reforms in politics. A great deal of Western knowledge was introduced into China during this period, and its influence was very widespread. Many people embraced Western learning by translating Western books written by the Japanese. In the Republican period, dissatisfaction with politics further led intellectuals to advocate wholesale Westernization, which had a great impact in the May Fourth period. This wave of Western learning continued into contemporary times.

4.洋务派前期创办的军事工业，经费由清政府调拨，产品分配给军队使用，管理方式是封建衙门式的。虽然这些企业采用机器生产，但本质上属于带有资本主义因素的封建官办企业。

The military industries founded by the foreign affairs faction in the early period were financed by the Qing government, and the products were allocated to the army for use, and managed in a feudal government office style. Although these enterprises adopted machine production, they were essentially feudal government-run enterprises with capitalist elements.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 10:23, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==
1.据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

According to UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most widely translated and published cultural masterpiece in foreign languages, except for the Bible.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 07:52, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects, one of the classics of Confucianism, is a collection of essays in the form of discourses and dialogues, which mainly record the words and actions of Confucius and his disciples, concentrating on Confucius' political, aesthetic, moral, ethical and utilitarian values.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 07:52, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3.慧能的禅法以定慧为本，认为觉性本有，烦恼本无。

Huineng's Zen method is based on the principle of determination and wisdom, which holds that consciousness is inherent and worries are not.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 07:52, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4.人类的智慧对宇宙开始在发出疑问，探索它的秘密，而寻觅它的意义。

Human wisdom began to question the universe, to explore its secrets, and to search for its meaning.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 07:52, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==
1.《道德经》内容涵盖哲学、伦理学、政治学、军事学等诸多学科，被后人尊奉为治国、齐家、修身、为学的宝典。它对中国的哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深远的影响，体现了古代中国人的一种世界观和人生观。

The Tao Te Ching covers philosophy, ethics, political science, military science and many other disciplines, and is revered by later generations as a treasured text for ruling the country, for the family, for cultivating oneself and for learning. It has had a profound influence on Chinese philosophy, science, politics and religion, and embodies a kind of worldview and outlook on life of ancient Chinese people.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:21, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

2.《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects, one of the classics of Confucianism, is a collection of prose in the form of discourses and dialogues, which mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, concentrating on the political, aesthetic, moral, ethical and utilitarian values of Confucius.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:21, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

3.《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

The ideas of the Tanjing played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism. This is the only Chinese Buddhist work that has been honored as a "sutra".--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:21, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是林语堂旅美专事创作后的第一部书，也是继《吾国与吾民》之后再获成功的又一英文作品。该书于1937年在美国出版，次年便居美国畅销书排行榜榜首达52周，且接连再版四十余次，被翻译为十余种文字全球发行。

The Importance of Living was Lin Yutang's first book after he had traveled to the United States to devote himself to writing, and it was also another successful work in English after Our Country and Our People. It was published in the United States in 1937 and topped the American bestseller list for 52 weeks the following year, and was reprinted more than forty times and translated into more than ten languages for worldwide distribution.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:21, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

==Wang Xuan 王轩==
1. 《道德经》主要论述“道”与“德”：“道”不仅是宇宙之道、自然之道，也是个体修行即修道的方法；“德”不是通常以为的道德或德行，而是修道者所应必备的特殊的世界观、方法论以及为人处世之方法。
Tao Te Ching mainly discusses "Tao" and "de": Tao is not only the way of the universe and nature, but also the way of individual practice, that is, the way of cultivating Tao; "de" is not usually thought of as morality or virtue, but a special world outlook, methodology and way of dealing with people.

The Tao Te Ching focuses on "Tao" and "De": "Tao" is not only the way of the universe and nature, but also the way of individual cultivation, i.e., monasticism. "Virtue" is not what is commonly thought of as morality or virtue, but rather the special worldview, methodology, and approach to the world that a monk should have.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:30, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

2. 《论语》是孔子及其弟子的语录结集，由孔子弟子及再传弟子编写而成。孔子开创了私人讲学的风气，相传他有弟子三千，贤弟子七十二人。孔子去世后，其弟子及再传弟子把孔子及其弟子的言行语录和思想记录下来，整理编成了儒家经典《论语》。
The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations from Confucius and his disciples, which was compiled by Confucius and his disciples. According to legend, Confucius had seventy-two disciples and created a private atmosphere of teaching. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and his disciples recorded the words, deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples and compiled them into the Confucian classic The Analects of Confucius.

The Analects is a collection of quotations from Confucius and his disciples, written by his disciples and re-disciples. Confucius started the culture of private lectures, and it is said that he had 3,000 disciples and 72 virtuous disciples. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and re-disciples recorded the quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples, and compiled them into the Confucian classic "Analects".--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:30, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

3. 《道德经》主张世上一切事物空幻不实，“实相者则是非相”，认为应“离一切诸相”而“无所住”，即对于现实世界不应执著或留恋。
Tao Te Ching claims that all things in the world are illusory and unreal, and that those who are real are non real. He thinks that they should be "separated from all aspects" and "have no place to live", that is, they should not be persistent or nostalgic about the real world.

The Tao Te Ching advocates that all things in the world are empty and unreal, and that "those who are real are not real", and that one should be "free from all appearances" and "have no dwelling", i.e. one should not be attached to the real world.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:30, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

4. 科学家假设生命的意义是可决定的，透过了解宇宙运作的规则，人类是可能了解生命的意义，但不能解析生命潜在价值所在。科学的价值在于，一方面能够提供更多的工具与方法使得人类对问题有更深的了解；但另一方面，科学的发展与社会的进步、人类智慧的演化发展是不同步的，即客观存在与主观能动性永远存在差距。
Scientists assume that the meaning of life is determinable. By understanding the rules of the operation of the universe, it is possible for human beings to understand the meaning of life, but they cannot analyze the potential value of life. The value of science lies in that, on the one hand, it can provide more tools and methods to enable human beings to have a deeper understanding of problems; on the other hand, the development of science is not synchronized with the progress of society and the evolution and development of human wisdom, that is, there is always a gap between objective existence and subjective initiative.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:29, 28 December 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Scientists assume that the meaning of life is determinable, and through understanding the rules of the universe, it is possible for humans to understand the meaning of life, but not the potential value of life. The value of science is that, on the one hand, it can provide more tools and methods to enable human beings to have a deeper understanding of problems; but on the other hand, the development of science is not synchronized with the progress of society and the evolution of human intelligence, i.e., there is always a gap between objective existence and subjective initiative.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:30, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==
1. 《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

The Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history and has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, and religion. According to UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most translated and published cultural masterpiece into foreign languages, except for the Bible.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。早在春秋后期孔子设坛讲学时期，其主体内容就已初始创成。

The Analects covers politics, education, literature, philosophy, and the principles of living in the world. As early as the late Spring and Autumn period, when Confucius set up a forum to teach, the main content of the Analects was already in its infancy.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《六祖坛经》记载惠能一生得法传法的事迹及启导门徒的言教,内容丰富,文字通俗,是研究禅宗思想渊源的重要依据。

The Sutra of Hui-neng is a richly written account of Hui-neng's life and teachings of his disciples, also working as an important basis for studying the origins of Zen’s thought.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 读书使人得到一种优雅和风味，这就是读书的整个目的。读书并不是要“改进心智”，若是如此，一切读书的乐趣便丧失净尽了。

4. Reading gives one a grace and flavor, and that is the whole purpose of reading. Reading is not to "improve the mind"; if it were, all the pleasure of reading would be lost.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Reading gives people an elegance and flavor, which is the whole purpose of reading.Reading is not meant to " improve the mind "; if so, all the pleasure of reading is lost.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 13:37, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==
1.老子说：“上善若水”-—水具有最高的善。老子以水来作比喻，突出他的“不争”哲学思想，与恶意争斗的丛林法则相区别。

1.The highest good is like water, according to Laozi. By making a comparison with water, the ancient philosopher stressed the idea of “not to strive” which stands in stark contrast with the law of the jungle marked by malicious rivalry.

2.孔子修史书，编纂《春秋》，整理古代文献，在文化的继承和发扬上有着卓越的贡献。孔子去世后，弟子们将他的言论编成了《论语》一书。孔子修史书，编纂《春秋》，整理古代文献，在文化的继承和发扬上有着卓越的贡献。孔子去世后，弟子们将他的言论编成了《论语》一书。

2.Confucius revised history books, wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals, and organized ancient texts, which contributed to the development of the Chinese culture. After his death, his students collected his sayings into a book:''the Analects of Confucius''.

3. 道可道,非常道;名可名,非常名.

3.The way that can be told of is not an unvarying names;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.

4.林语堂(1894—1976)，原名玉堂，福建省龙溪县人。现代散文家、小说家，曾留学美国、德国，获哲学博士学位。1922年回国后，在北京大学、北京女子师范大学任教。曾是鲁迅主持的《语丝》撰稿人。

4.Lin Yutang (1894 -- 1976), formerly known as Yutang, was born in Longxi County, Fujian Province.He is a modern essayist, novelist, and has studied abroad in the United States, Germany, and a doctor in philosophy.After returning to China in 1922, he taught in Peking University and Beijing Women's Normal University.He used to be a writer of Threads hosted by Lu Xun.--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 16:39, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==
1.老子认为世界上的任何事物都是相比较而存在的。美丑、善恶、有无、难易、长短都是相互依存的，有此才有彼，有是才有非，有善才有恶。表面看来，正相反对的两个方面是相互对立的，而实际上又是相互包含、相互渗透的。

1.Laozi believes that everything in the world exists by comparison. Beauty and ugliness, good and evil, existence and existence, difficulty and difficulty, length and length are interdependent. There is one and there is another, there is yes and there is no, there is good and there is evil. On the surface, the two opposite aspects are opposite, but in fact they are mutually contained and permeated.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:16, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.《论语》既是语录体又是若干断片的篇章集合体。这些篇章的排列不一定有什么道理；就是前后两章间，也不一定有什么关联。而且这些断片的篇章绝不是一个人的手笔。

2.The Analects of Confucius is a collection of quotations and fragments. The arrangement of these chapters does not necessarily make sense; Even between the two chapters, there is not necessarily a connection. And these fragmentary passages are not the work of one man.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:16, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

3.毛泽东还谈到过惠能的思想在佛教史上的地位。他说，惠能主张佛性人人皆有，创顿悟成佛之学，一方面使繁琐的佛教简易化，一方面也使从印度传入的佛教中国化。因此，他被视为禅宗的真正创始人。

3.Mao Zedong also talked about the position of Huineng's thought in the history of Buddhism. He said that Huineng advocates that everyone has the Buddha nature and creates the theory of enlightenment to become a Buddha, which, on the one hand, simplifies the tedious Buddhism and, on the other hand, makes the Buddhism introduced from India Chinese. Therefore, he is regarded as the real founder of Zen.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:16, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

4.林语堂早年已立志发明“中文打字机”。当时科学严谨的汉字检索系统仍未建立起来；又由于汉字本身是符号文字而非字母文字，长期以来人们对制成中文打字机的可能性多持怀疑态度。

4.In his early years, Lin yutang aspired to invent the "Chinese typewriter". At that time, the scientific and rigorous Chinese character retrieval system had not yet been established. Because Chinese characters are symbolic characters rather than alphabetic characters, people have long been skeptical of the possibility of making Chinese typewriters.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 13:14, 26 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==
1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响。据联合国教科文组织统计，《道德经》是除了《圣经》以外被译成外国文字发布量最多的文化名著。

The Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history and has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, and religion . According to UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most popular translated and published cultural masterpiece in foreign languages, except for the Bible.

2.《论语》中的第一句话就是“学而时习之，不亦说乎？”可见，孔子狠强调学用结合、学以致用、言行相符。

The opening sentence of The Analects of Confucius says, “It is indeed a pleasure to acquire knowledge and, as you go on acquiring, to put into practice what you have acquired.” From here we see that Confucius emphasized the integration of learning with application and the consistence of words and actions.

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

The sutra mainly records Huineng's life story and his teachings. The ideas of the Tanjing played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism. This is the only Chinese Buddhist work that has been honored as a "sutra".

4.1939年，林语堂在美国纽约的世界笔会上发表了一篇《希特勒与魏忠贤》的演讲。他说，当今德国人有人把希特勒比为耶稣，由此他想起中国明朝有一位读书人倡议一说，称颂魏忠贤与孔夫子应当有同样的地位。

In 1939, Lin Yutang made a speech entitled “Hitler and Wei Zhongxian” at a PEN meeting held in New York City. reminded him of a Chinese scholar of the Ming Dynasty, who advocated that Wei Zhongxian, the then dictatorial chief palace eunuch, be ranked as equal of Confucius--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 12:29, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

==Xie Fan 解帆==
1.《道德经》的“道”不仅是宇宙之道、自然之道，也是个体修行的方法；“德”不是通常以为的道德或德行，而是修道者所应必备的特殊的世界观、方法论以及为人处世之方法。

According to Tao Te Ching, Tao is not merely the truth of the universe and nature, but of individual spiritual practice; "Te" is not morality or virtue which are usually thought of as, but a special world outlook, methodology and way of getting along with people and dealing with things.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:39, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

2.孔子去世以后，他的弟子和再传弟子对他的言论代代相传，并将这些口头语录记录下来，因此称为“论”；《论语》主要记载孔子及其弟子的言行，因此称为“语”。

After the death of Confucius, his disciples passed on his and their speech from generation to generation, and gradually recorded those oral quotations, that's why it is called "Lun"; the Analects mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, so it is called "Yu".--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:39, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

3.《慧能经》富含着丰富的教学艺术。如明喻、暗喻、诘问、解决以学习者为中心的问题策略等教学艺术对当代教学仍有重要的启示。

The Sutra of Hui-neng is rich in resources of teaching art.Such art of teaching as simile and metaphor,cross-examination and learner-centered problem solving tactics still hold important implication for the contemporary teaching.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:39, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

4.林语堂将中国人旷怀达观，陶情遣兴的生活方式和浪漫高雅的东方情调皆诉诸笔下，向西方人娓娓道出了一个可供仿效的完美生活方式的范本、快意人生的典型，展现出诗样人生、才情人生、幽默人生、智慧人生的别样风情。

Lin Yutang describes the Chinese people's broad-minded and optimistic life style and the romantic and elegant oriental sentiment in his works. He provides Westerners with a model of perfect life style and a typical happy life, showing a different style of poetry, talent, humor and wisdom.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:39, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

==Xu Jia 徐佳==

1.《道德经》主要论述“道”与“德”：“道”不仅是宇宙之道、自然之道，也是个体修行即修道的方法；“德”不是通常以为的道德或德行，而是修道者所应必备的特殊的世界观、方法论以及为人处世之方法。

Tao Te Ching mainly discusses "Dao" and "De" : "Dao" is not only the way of universe and nature, but also the method of individual cultivation; "De" is not the morality or virtue as commonly thought, but the special world view, methodology and way of dealing with people that a monastic should have.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 01:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

2.《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects, one of the Confucian classics，is a collection of quotations and essays, which records the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. It embodies Confucius' thoughts in politics, aesthetics, moral ethics and utilitarianism.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 01:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

3.《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

The Sutra of Huineng, the only one Buddist work that has been honored as "sutra", contributes a lot to the development of Zen.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 01:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

The Sutra of Hui-neng, the only Chinese Buddist work that has been honored as "sutra", played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 13:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂在书中谈论了庄子的淡泊，赞扬了陶渊明的闲适，诵读了《归去来辞》，还讲解了《圣经》故事，谈及中国人如何品茗，如何行酒令，如何观山，如何玩水，如何看云，如何鉴石，如何养花、蓄鸟、赏雪、听雨、吟风、弄月，等等。

In his book, Lin talked about the unworldliness of Chuang Tzu, praised the leusure of Tao Yuanming，and read one of Tao's prose named On Returning Home. He also explained the stories of the Bible, talked about how the Chinese people taste tea,play drinking games, watch mountains and waters, observe clouds and rocks, raise flowers and birds, enjoy the snow, listen to rain, and enjoy the air and the moon.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 01:26, 27 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

In the book, Lin Yutang talks about Zhuangzi's indifference, praises Tao Yuanming's leisure, reads the song of returning home, and explains the story of the Bible. He talks about how Chinese people drink tea, how to drink, how to watch mountains, how to play with water, how to see clouds, how to learn from stones, how to raise flowers, keep birds, watch snow, listen to rain, recite wind, and play with the moon, and so on.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:34, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jing 许静==

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==

==Yang Hui 阳慧==
1.丝绸之路全程，从西安经安西、喀什噶尔、撒马尔罕和塞流西亚，直至推罗，直线距离是4200英里，如果加上沿途绕弯的地方，总共约有6000英里，相当于赤道的四分之一。

The Silk Road runs from Xi'an through Anxi, Kashgar, Samarkand and Seleucia to Tyre at a straight distance of 4200 miles, or about 6000 miles, or a quarter of the equator, if combined with the curving.

2.海上丝绸之路是指古代中国与世界其他地区进行经济文化交流交往的海上通道。2000 多年前，一条以中国徐闻港、合浦港等港口为起点的海上丝绸之路成就了世界性的贸易网络。

Maritime Silk Road refers to ancient China and the rest of the world for economic and cultural exchanges of the sea channel.More than 2000 years ago, a maritime Silk Road, which started with ports such as China's Xuwen Port and Hepu Port, became a worldwide trading network.

3.随着西学大举东来，国内知识分子的大力鼓吹，使得妇女问题开始受到社会的重视。

With the western learning coming to the east in a large scale, the domestic intellectuals advocated vigorously, so that women's issues began to receive social attention.

4.自全球化进程不断加快以来，中国教育已无可避免地成为世界教育的一部分。西学的存在,对我国教育界的认识论和理论体系，带来了什么挑战和启示呢?

Since the accelerating process of globalization, China's education has inevitably become a part of the world's education.What challenges and enlightenment does the existence of western learning bring to the epistemology and theoretical system of education in China?
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 13:27, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Yue 杨悦==

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==

==You Yuting 游雨婷==
1.唐代，因皇帝与老子同姓李氏，故大力提倡道教，设置崇玄学，令生徒论习《道德经》。

In the Tang Dynasty, the emperor and Lao Zi shared the same surname, Li, so he strongly advocated Taoism, set up the worship of metaphysics, and ordered students to study Tao Te Ching and Taoist scholars.

2.《论语》较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

The Analects of Confucius shows the political propositions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and The Confucian School.

''The Analects of Confucius'' shows the political propositions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and its School.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 16:42, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

3.慧能的禅法以定慧为本，认为觉性本有，烦恼本无。

Hui-neng's Zen method is based on meditation and wisdom, believing that there is awareness instead of worry.

Huineng's Zen attaches great importance of meditation and wisdom,holding views that one is born with awareness rather than worries.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:44, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

4.林语堂先生在该书中将旷怀达观，陶情遣兴的中国人的生活方式，向西方人娓娓道出了一个可供仿效的"生活最高典型"的模式，

In this book, Mr. Lin Yutang fully conveys the life style of the Chinese people, and describes to westerners a model of "the highest model of life" that can be followed.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 05:00, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yu Ni 余妮==
1.以“道”解释宇宙万物的演变，即“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物”，“道”乃“夫莫之命而常自然”，因而“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然”。

He used "Tao" to explain the evolution of all things in the universe, that is, "Tao generates one, two, two generates three, three generates all things", "Tao" is "Fu Mo's life is always natural", so "man follows earth, earth follows heaven, heaven follows Tao, Tao follows nature".--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。早在春秋后期孔子设坛讲学时期，其主体内容就已初始创成;孔子去世以后，他的弟子和再传弟子代代传授他的言论，并逐渐将这些口头记诵的语录言行记录下来。

The content of the Analects of Confucius involves politics, education, literature, philosophy and the truth of life. As early as the late spring and Autumn period when Confucius set up an altar to give lectures, its main content had been initially created; after Confucius died, his disciples and his disciples taught him his words from generation to generation, and gradually recorded these oral quotations, words and deeds.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.慧能的禅法以定慧为本，认为觉性本有，烦恼本无。直接契证觉性，便是顿悟。他说自心既不攀缘善恶，也不可沉空守寂，即须广学多闻，识自本心，达诸佛理。

Huineng's Zen is based on Dinghui. He thinks that consciousness is there and worry is not. The direct evidence of consciousness is epiphany. He said that the self mind should neither climb up to good and evil, nor sink into silence. That is to say, it is necessary to learn a lot, to know the self mind, and to reach all Buddhist principles.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.只有快乐的哲学，才是真正深湛的哲学；西方那些严肃的哲学理论，我想还不曾开始了解人生的真义哩。在我看来，哲学的唯一效用是叫我们对人生抱一种比一般人较轻松较快乐的态度。——林语堂《生活的艺术》

Only the philosophy of happiness is really profound philosophy; I don't think those serious western philosophical theories have begun to understand the true meaning of life. In my opinion, the only effect of philosophy is to make us have a more relaxed and happy attitude towards life than ordinary people. ——The Importance of Living by Lin Yutang--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 11:32, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

幽默大师林语堂以人生优游者的独特视角，诠释中国人“生活的艺术”，展现出诗样人生、才情人生、幽默人生、智慧人生的别样风情。

Humorist Lin Yutang interprets the "importance of life" of The Chinese people from a unique perspective of a good traveler in life, showing a unique style of poetic life, talented life, humorous life and intelligent life.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:40, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

慧能的禅法以定慧为本，认为觉性本有，烦恼本无。

Huineng's Zen method is based on meditation and wisdom, believing that there is awareness instead of worry.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:40, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

《论语》内容涉及政治、教育、文学、哲学以及立身处世的道理等多方面。

The contents of ''The Analects of Confucius'' involves politics, education, literature, philosophy and the principles of life.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:40, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

《道德经》对中国的哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深远的影响，体现了古代中国人的一种世界观和人生观。

''Tao Te Ching'' has had a profound impact on Chinese philosophy, science, politics and religion, reflecting an ancient Chinese world view and outlook on life.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:40, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1.天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已；皆知善之为善，斯不善已。
It is because every one under Heaven recognizes beauty as beauty that the idea of ugliness exists. And equally if every one recognized virtue as virtue this would merely create fresh conceptions of wickedness.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.有朋自远方来，不亦说乎？
Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quaters?--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Isn't it your pleasure to welcome your friends coming far from you?--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 03:24, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。
The Sutra of Huineng mainly recorded life stories and teachings of Huineng. The thoughts in it played an important part in the development of Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂在书中谈论了庄子的淡泊，赞扬了陶渊明的闲适。
Ling Yutang talked about Zhuangzi’s indifference to fame and wealth, and spoke highly of Tao Yuanming’s leisure.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:46, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==

==Zhang Hui 张慧==

1.张骞出使西域,接触到西域各国的风土人情，是汉朝开始对西域各国有所了解，使汉朝与西域建立了友好关系，为后来西汉政府设置西域都护府，使西域正式归西汉政府管辖打下了基础。

Zhang Qian’s mission to the Western Regions brought in contact with the customs of the Western Regions. It was the Han dynasty that began to understand the Western Regions countries, which enabled the Han dynasty to establish friendly relations with the Western Regions. Later, the Western Han government set up the Western Regions Protectorate and made the Western Regions officially returned to the Western Han government. Jurisdiction laid the foundation.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions brought him into contact with the customs and traditions of the countries in the Western Regions, and enabled the Han Dynasty to establish friendly relations with the Western Regions, which later laid the foundation for the Western Han government to set up the Western Regions Capital Protection Office, making the Western Regions officially under the jurisdiction of the Western Han government.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 12:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

2.海上丝绸之路自秦汉时期开通以来，一直是沟通东西方经济文化交流的重要桥梁，而东南亚地区自古就是海上丝绸之路的重要枢纽和组成部分。

Since the opening of the Maritime Silk Road during the Qin and Han Dynasties, it has always been an important bridge for the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. Southeast Asia has been an important hub and part of the Maritime Silk Road since ancient times.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Since the opening of the Maritime Silk Road during the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been an important bridge to bridge the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and the Southeast Asian region has been an important hub and part of the Maritime Silk Road since ancient times.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 12:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3.西学东渐将西方近代各种学术上的新成果带入了中国，深深影响到各种学术的发展，而许多在传统中国不被重视甚至不存在的学科也在此影响下得到发展。

Western learning has brought various new academic achievements in modern Western modern times into China, deeply affecting the development of various academics, and many disciplines that are not valued or even existed in traditional China have also been developed under this influence.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The gradual expansion of Western learning brought various new achievements in modern Western scholarship into China, which deeply influenced the development of various academic disciplines, and many disciplines that were not valued or even did not exist in traditional China also developed under this influence.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 12:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4.洋务运动虽然在客观上刺激中国资本主义发展、并且在一定程度上抵制了外国资本主义的经济输入，但并没有使中国走上富强之路。

Although the Westernization Movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism, and to a certain extent resisted the economic import of foreign capitalism, it did not make China embark on a path of prosperity.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:58, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Although the foreign affairs movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and to a certain extent resisted the economic import of foreign capitalism, it did not put China on the road to wealth and power.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 12:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==
1.汉通西域，虽然起初是出于军事目的，但西域开通以后，它的影响，远远超出了军事范围。

Although Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Region was originally for military purposes, after the opening of the Western Region, its influence far exceeded the military scope.

2.海上丝绸之路，是古代中国与外国交通贸易和文化交往的海上通道，也称"海上陶瓷之路"和"海上香料之路"。

The Maritime Silk Road was a maritime passage for communication, trade and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries in ancient times. It was also called the "Maritime Ceramic Road" and the "Maritime Spice Road".

3.徐光启毕生致力于科学技术的研究，勤奋著述，是介绍和吸收欧洲科学技术的积极推动者，为17世纪中西文化交流作出了重要贡献。

Xu Guangqi devoted his life to the research of science and technology and wrote diligently. He was an active promoter of introducing and absorbing European science and technology, and made important contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and the West in the 17th century.

4.曾国藩治军把选将作为第一要务，他说，“行军之道，择将为先。”他的选将标准是德才兼备，智勇双全，而把德放在首位。

Zeng Guofan regards the election of generals as the first priority. He said, "The wisedom to march is to choose warriors first." His selection criteria is to have both ability and political integrity, wisdom and courage, and morality is the first priority.
--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 04:14, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.除了朴素的唯物主义观点，《道德经》一书中还包括大量朴素辩证法观点，如一切事物均具有正反两面。

In addition to the simple materialistic view, ''Tao Te Ching'' also includes a large number of simple dialectical views, such as all things have positive and negative sides.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 14:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Apart from the simple materialistic views, ''Tao Te Ching'' also includes a large number of simple dialectical views, for example, every coin has two sides.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:50, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

''The Analects'' embodies the political ideas, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and the Confucianism in a more concentrated manner.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 14:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

''The Analects'' embodies the political views, ethical thoughts, moral ideas and educational principles of Confucius and the Confucianism in a relatively concentrated manner.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:50, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。

The Sutra mainly records the life story and teachings of Hui-neng. ''The Sutra of Hui-neng'' played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 14:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The Sutra mainly recorded the life story and teachings of Hui-neng. The thought in ''The Sutra of Hui-neng'' played an important role in the development of Zen Buddhism.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:50, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂先生在《生活的艺术》中将中国人旷怀达观、陶情遣兴的生活方式和浪漫高雅的东方情调充分传达出来。

In ''The Importance of Living'', Lin Yutang fully conveys the Chinese way of life of being open-minded and broad-minded, and the romantic and elegant oriental sentiment.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 14:36, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

In ''The Importance of Living'', Lin Yutang fully conveys the Chinese lifestyle of open-mindedness and broad-mindedness, and the oriental sentiment of romance and elegance.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:50, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
1.《道德经》是中国历史上最伟大的名著之一，对传统哲学、科学、政治、宗教等产生了深刻影响.

"Tao De Jing" is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, which has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics, religion, etc.

"Tao De Jing" is one of the greatest masterpieces in Chinese history, which has had a profound impact on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion, etc.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:45, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》，是孔子弟子及再传弟子记录孔子及其弟子言行而编成的语录文集，较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

"The Analects of Confucius" is a collection of quotations compiled by Confucius and his disciples to record the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, which more concentratedly embodies the political views, ethics, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism.

''The Analects of Confucius''is a collection of quotations compiled byConfucius' disciples and their retransmitters to record the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, which more concentratedly embodies the political views, ethics, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:45, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《坛经》是禅宗的主要经典之一,主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教.

The Tantra is one of the main Zen classics, mainly recording the life deeds and teachings of Huineng.

The ''Tantra'' is one of the main classics of Zen , mainly recording the life deeds and teachings of Huineng.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:45, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂的翻译特点是通畅易懂，中等文化的读者都能看懂，这也是他探索的结果。

Lin Yutang's translation features are easy to understand and can be understood by readers of intermediate culture. This is also the result of his exploration.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 11:31, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

Lin Yutang's translation is characterized by its fluency and comprehensiveness, which is also the result of his exploration.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 14:45, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

1. 《道德经》文本以哲学意义之“道德”为纲宗，论述修身、治国、用兵、养生之道，而多以政治为旨归，乃所谓“内圣外王”之学，文意深奥，包涵广博，被誉为万经之王。

The text of the Tao Te Ching is based on the philosophical meaning of "morality", and discusses the ways of cultivating oneself, ruling the country, using military force, and nurturing one's health, while mostly focusing on politics.

2. 《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行，集中体现了孔子的政治、审美、道德伦理和功利等价值思想。

The Analects of Confucius, one of the classics of Confucianism, is a collection of essays mainly in the form of discourses and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, focusing on the political, aesthetic, moral, ethical and utilitarian values of Confucius.

3. 《坛经》是中国僧人撰写的著述中唯一被冠以“经”的一部佛教典籍，其核心思想是“即心即佛”、“顿悟成佛”。

The Tantras are the only Buddhist texts written by Chinese monks that are labeled as "sutras", and their core idea is "the mind is Buddha" and "enlightenment is Buddha".

4. 1965年底，林语堂就与香港中文大学校长李卓敏谈到他终生的抱负，即编纂一部适应现代需要的汉英词典。

By the end of 1965, Lin Yutang was talking with the president of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Li Zhuo Min, about his lifelong ambition to compile a Chinese-English dictionary adapted to modern needs.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 16:38, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==

1.先秦时期，连接中国东西方交流的通道已经存在，丝绸正式西传始于西汉通西域，丝绸之路真正形成始于西汉张骞凿空。

The pre-Qin period, connecting China's East and West exchange channel has existed, the official western transmission of silk began in the Western Han Dynasty through the Western Regions, the Silk Road really formed from the Western Han Dynasty Zhang Qian chiseling.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:53, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

In the pre-Qin period, a channel connecting China's east and west already existed. The official spread of silk to the west began in the Western Han Dynasty, and the real formation of the Silk Road began when Zhang Qian's hollowed out in the Western Han Dynasty.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

2.海上丝绸之路，是古代中国与外国交通贸易和文化交往的海上通道，也称"海上陶瓷之路"和“海上香料之路”，1913年由法国的东方学家沙畹首次提及。

The Maritime Silk Road, also known as the "Maritime Route of Ceramics" and the "Maritime Route of Spices", was first mentioned by the French orientalist Chavannes in 1913, and is a maritime route for traffic, trade and cultural exchanges between ancient China and foreign countries.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:53, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The Maritime Silk Road was an ancient maritime channel for communication and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. It was also called the "Sea Ceramic Road" and "Sea Spice Road". It was first mentioned in 1913 by the French orientalist Shawan.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3.明代万历年间，以利玛窦为代表的西书七千部传教士来华传教，同时带来西方科技、文化等。这对中国传统思想文化有所触动。

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the seven thousand missionaries of the Western Book, represented by Matteo Ricci, came to China to preach, and at the same time brought Western technology and culture. This has touched the traditional Chinese thought and culture.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:53, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, 7,000 missionaries represented by Matteo Ricci came to China to preach, and at the same time brought Western technology and culture. This has touched traditional Chinese thought and culture.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4.洋务运动，又称自强运动，是19世纪60年代到90年代晚清洋务派所进行的一场引进西方军事装备、机器生产和科学技术以挽救清朝统治的自救运动。

The Foreign Affairs Movement, also known as the Self-Strengthening Movement, was a self-help movement conducted by the Foreign Affairs faction of the late Qing Dynasty from the 1860s to the 1990s to introduce Western military equipment, machinery production and science and technology to save the Qing Dynasty.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:53, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

The Westernization Movement, also known as the Self-Strengthening Movement, was a self-rescue movement carried out by the Westernization Movement from the 1860s to the late Qing Dynasty that introduced Western military equipment, machine production, and science and technology to save the Qing rule.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 12:01, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

1.老子生于春秋战国时期，当时的环境是周朝势微，各诸侯为了争夺霸主地位，战争不断。严酷的动乱与变迁，让老子目睹到民间疾苦，作为周朝的守藏史，于是他提出了治国安民的一系列主张。

Laozi was born in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. At that time, the Zhou Dynasty was in a weak state. As the official historian of Zhou Dynasty, Lao Zi put forward a series of propositions of governing the country and keeping the people safe.

2.作为儒家经典的《论语》，其内容博大精深，包罗万象，《论语》的思想主要有三个既各自独立又紧密相依的范畴：伦理道德范畴——仁，社会政治范畴——礼，认识方法论范畴——中庸。

As a Confucian classic, the Analects of Confucius has a broad and profound content and is all-embracing. The thoughts of the Analects of Confucius mainly consist of three independent and closely related categories: ethical and moral category -- benevolence, social and political category -- rites, and cognitive methodology category -- the doctrine of the mean.

3.慧能偈曰：
菩提本无树，明镜亦非台。
本来无一物，何处惹尘埃？

My stanza read:
There is no Bodhi-tree,
Nor there’s a mirror bright.
Since all is void in fact,
Say, where can dust alight?

4.幽默大师林语堂以人生优游者的独特视角，诠释中国人“生活的艺术”，展现出诗样人生、才情人生、幽默人生、智慧人生的别样风情。

Lin Yutang, a humorist, interprets the "art of life" of The Chinese people from the unique perspective of a good traveler in life, showing a unique style of poetic life, talented life, humorous life and intelligent life.
--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 11:29, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

1.《道德经》是中国古代先秦诸子分家前的一部著作，是道家哲学思想的重要来源。

1.The Tao Te Ching is a work before the division of pre-Qin scholars in ancient China, and is an important source of Taoist philosophy.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:07, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.《论语》以语录体为主，叙事体为辅，较为集中地体现了孔子及儒家学派的政治主张、伦理思想、道德观念及教育原则等。

2.The Analects is mainly based on the quotation style, supplemented by the narrative style, which more concentratedly reflects the political propositions, ethics, moral concepts and educational principles of Confucius and Confucianism.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:07, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经文主要记载慧能的生平事迹和言教。根据“自性本清净”之说，宣扬“明心见性”“顿悟成佛”的基本思想。《坛经》的思想对禅宗发展起到了重要作用。中国佛教著作被尊称为“经”的，仅此一部。

3.The scriptures mainly record the life deeds and teachings of Huineng. According to the theory of "self-nature is pure", it promotes the basic idea of "understanding the mind and seeing the nature" and "understanding to become a Buddha". The idea of "Tan Sutra" played an important role in the development of Zen. This is the only one that is honored as the "Sutra" in Chinese Buddhist works.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:07, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

4.林语堂将中国人旷怀达观，陶情遣兴的生活方式和浪漫高雅的东方情调皆诉诸笔下，向西方人娓娓道出了一个可供仿效的完美生活方式的范本、快意人生的典型，展现出诗样人生、才情人生、幽默人生、智慧人生的别样风情。

4Lin Yutang appealed to the Chinese people's open mindedness, Tao Qingqianxing's lifestyle and romantic and elegant oriental sentiment, and he presented a model of perfect lifestyle and a model of happy life that can be imitated to Westerners. Shows the unique style of poetic life, talented life, humorous life, and wise life.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:07, 28 December 2020 (UTC).

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

《道德经》与中医渊源颇深, 其中许多论点与中医理论有相通之处。

Tao Te Ching is deeply connected with Traditional Chinese medicine, and many of its arguments have something in common with Chinese medicine theories.

《论语》是儒家经典之一，是一部以记言为主的语录体散文集，主要以语录和对话文体的形式记录了孔子及其弟子的言行。

The Analects is one of the classic works of Confucianism. It is a collection of opinion records of prose writings, mainly in the form of quotations and dialogues, recording the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples.

《坛经》是佛学中国化、大众化最为成功的典型之一。

The Sutra of Hui-neng is one of the most successful representative of sinicization and popularization of Buddhism.

其实,生活于我无意义,快乐地过好每一天最为重要。应该说,这种感受得益于林语堂的《生活的艺术》一书。
In fact, while life is meaningless, what matters to me is leading a happy life everyday. This comprehension should be credited to the The Importance of Living written by Lin Yutang. --[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:34, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==
1.《道德经》不仅在中国影响深远而广泛，而且漂洋过海，传遍了世界五大洲，深受外围人的青眯，引起浓厚的学习兴趣和研究热情。他们赞誉《道德经》为“东方智慧的结晶”。当代西方流行广泛的一句话，就是老子是国际性的，目前研究老子思想已成为一种国际性的文化现象。

''The Tao Te Ching'' not only has a far-reaching influence in China, but also has spread all over the five continents of the world. They praised''the Tao te ching'' for the “crystallization of Eastern Wisdom. A popular saying in the west today is that Laozi is international, and the study of Oigo’s thought has become an international cultural phenomenon.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 09:12, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

''Tao Te Ching'' not only has exerted a far-reaching influence in China, but also has spread all over the five continents of the world. They praised''Tao te ching'' for the “crystallization of Eastern Wisdom. A popular saying in the west today is that Laozi is international, and the study of Laozi’s thought has become an international cultural phenomenon.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 04:09, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

2.作为儒家最经典和最受欢迎的著作，《论语》不仅是中国传统最核心的作品之一，而且是中国人伦理道德标准和行为准则的核心。《论语》中蕴含的儒家思想是中华民族的宝贵财富。自从16世纪末以来，《论语》被中西方学者源源不断地翻译，并且传播到世界各地。

As the most classical and popular works of Confucianism, ''the Analects'' is not only one of the core works of Chinese tradition, but also the core of Chinese ethical standards and codes of conduct. The Confucian thought contained in ''the Analects'' is the precious wealth of the Chinese nation. Since the end of the 16th century, ''the Analects'' has been continuously translated by Chinese and Western scholars and spread all over the world.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 09:12, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《慧能经》不仅是研究惠能思想的重要资料,而且是具有中国特色的佛教禅宗一派的重要经典,在中国佛教思想史、哲学史上具有深远的影响。

''The Sutra of Huineng'' is not only an important material to study Huineng’s thought, but also an important classic of Zen Buddhism with Chinese characteristics. It has a far-reaching influence on the history of Chinese Buddhist thought and philosophy.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 09:12, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

4.《生活的艺术》是一本与你畅谈如何听风赏月的家常闲聊，又是一本关乎生活态度甚至生活智慧的严肃论文。林语堂从生活、家庭、文化、旅行、思想、宗教等方面探讨人必须学会享受生命。

''The Importance of Living'' is a book about how to feel the wind, enjoy the moon. It is also a serious essay about life attitude and even life wisdom. Lin Yutang analyzed from the aspects of life, family, culture, travel, thought, religion and so on. Then he drew a conclusion that people must learn to enjoy life.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 09:12, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==
1.《道德经》的语言非常讲究艺术性，运用了多种修辞方式，使词句准确、鲜明、生动，富有说理性和感染力。

The language of ''Tao Te Ching'' is very artistic and uses a variety of rhetorical methods to make words and sentences accurate, clear, vivid, rational and appealing.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 06:18, 28 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

2.《论语》反映了孔子的教育原则。孔子因材施教，对于不同的对象，考虑其不同的素质、优点和缺点、进德修业的具体情况，给予不同的教诲，表现了诲人不倦的可贵精神。

''The Analects'' reflects the educational principles of Confucius. Confucius taught in accordance with his aptitude, considering his different qualities, strengths and weaknesses, and the specific circumstances of pursuing his ethics, and giving different teachings to different objects, showing his tireless and precious spirit.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 06:18, 28 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

3.毛泽东还谈到过惠能的思想在佛教史上的地位。他说，惠能主张佛性人人皆有，创顿悟成佛之学，一方面使繁琐的佛教简易化，一方面也使从印度传入的佛教中国化。

Mao Zedong also talked about the position of Huineng's thought in the history of Buddhism. He said that Huineng advocated that everyone has Buddha nature, and to create the learning of enlightenment and Buddhahood, on the one hand, it simplified the tedious Buddhism, on the other hand, it also made the Buddhism introduced from India sinicized.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 06:18, 28 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

4.《生活的艺术》一书，是汇集了许多中西思想家的思想在经过林语堂熟思滤过写来自己的观念与真理的书。

''The Importance of Living'' is a book that brings together the ideas and truths of many Chinese and Western thinkers who have been filtered through Lin Yutang's thinking.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 06:18, 28 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

20200928 cult

2020-12-25T12:25:27Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Alsied, Saffana */

Link to return to [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Languages_and_Cultures Course Homepage].

'''Homework of 20200928 for 20201005'''

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==
1.在秦始皇统一汉字后，汉字的数量不断地增加，很多新造的字不断出现。

After the First Emperor of Qin unified Chinese characters, the number of Chinese characters has been constantly increasing, and lots of new characters continued to appear--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 07:12, 5 October 2020 (UTC).

Afte the First Emperor of Qin unified Chinese characters, the number of Chinese characters increased continuously, and many new characters appeared.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 14:46, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

The number of Chinese characters had been increasing since it was unified by Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of Qin dynasty, with countless newly invented characters keep emerging.--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:52, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.书法是以文房四宝为工具抒发情感的一门艺术。

Calligraphy is an art of expressing emotions with the tool of the four treasures of the study.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 07:12, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Calligraphy is an art to express emotions with the four treasures of the study as a tool.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 14:46, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

Utilizing the Four Treasures of the Study as tools to give expression to people's emotions is an art called calligraphy.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:37, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3.楷书的特点在于规矩整齐，是字体中的楷模，所以称之为楷书，一直沿用至现代。

Regular script is a model in the character fonts owing to its neat and tidy characteristic, which is the reason why it is called regular script and it has been used until modern times.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 07:12, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

Regular script is characterized by its neatness, which is a model in all typefaces.That's the reason why it is called regular script and has been used until modern times.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 14:46, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

==Chen Han 陈涵==

1. 篆书因为其字体优美，颇有古风古韵，所以始终被书法家所青睐，又因为其笔画复杂，形式奇古，而且可以随意添加曲折。

Seal Script, or Zhuan Script is always popular with calligraphers for its elegant and antique characters and can be free to add "twists and turns" (means its stroke) for its complex strokes and quaint form.--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 10:40, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Zhuan (Seal) Script is always popular with calligraphers for its elegant and antique characters and is free to be added twists and turns (referring to its strokes) to its complex strokes and quaint form.--[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 06:41, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

2. 严格地讲，只有到了甲骨文，才称得上是书法，因为甲骨文已具备了中国书法的三个基本要素：笔法，结构，章法。

Strictly speaking, it can be considered calligraphy only when it comes to Oracle Bone Script, because the script has already possessed the three basic elements of Chinese calligraphy: the usage of ink brushes, the formation of characters, and the method of composition.--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 10:40, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Strictly speaking, calligraphy originated from the emergence of Oracle Bone Script,since it has already been equipped with three basics; the style of writing, the structure of characters, the art of composition.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 14:59, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Technically (speaking), only since Oracle Bone Script had occured it can be called as Calligraphy, because the Oracle Bone Script had possessed the three basic elements of Chinese calligraphy: the usage of ink brushes, the formation of characters, and the method of composition.--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 16:07, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3. 小篆是中国第一个也是唯一一个由国家规定的标准汉字形态，也是中国历代封建王朝制作官用印玺的首选字体，篆刻艺术就是受到这方面的影响而发展起来的。

Small Seal Script was the first and only standard Chinese character form prescribed by the state in China. It was also the top choice for official seals made by Chinese feudal dynasties, and the art of seal cutting which was influenced by it was developed. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 10:40, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==
1.中华文字博大精深，文字的发展和演变也是源远流长，也正是因为文字在几千年的文明中不断的锤炼，才让我们的文字更加具有魅力，具有其他语言所不具有的优点。

The Chinese characters are extensive and profound and the development and evolution of them has a long history.. It's exactly through thousands of years of tempering that our characters become more attractive, which is unique comparing with other languages in some aspects.

2.草书的诞生，在书法艺术的发展史上有着重大意义，它标志着书法开始成为一种能够高度自由的抒发情感，表现书法家个性的艺术。

The birth of cursive script is of great significance in the history of calligraphy, marking the beginning of calligraphy as a highly free art of expressing emotions and displaying the calligrapher's personality.

3.唐代书法艺术，可分为初唐，中唐，晚唐三个时期。初唐以继承为主，尊重法度，刻意追求晋代书法的劲美。中唐不断创新，极为昌盛。晚唐书法亦有进展。

The calligraphy in Tang Dynasty based on its features can be divided into three periods: early-Tang calligraphy, middle-Tang calligraphy and late-Tang calligraphy. The calligraphy in the early period of Tnag Dynasty focuses on inheritation and rules, deliberately pursuing the beauty of Jin calligraphy while middle-Tang calligraphy seeks for continuous innovation and late-Tang calligraphy has seen some achievements as well.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 03:34, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 04:02, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==

1. 2008年北京奥运会符号采用了一系列中国书法文字，通过这些不同形状的传统文字，展现了文字的活力和其代表的运动之美。

The 2008 Olympic Games has adopted a set of symbols to represent the beauty of Chinese calligraphy. By combining certain features of different traditional forms of Chinese characters, the symbols appear both lively and highly representative of the sports they stand for.

The symbols of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games adopted a series of Chinese calligraphy characters. From these traditional characters in different shapes, they displayed the vitality of the characters and the beauty of the sports they represented.--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:54, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2. 在一开始，汉字中有许多的图形文字，但在甲骨文时期，它们的数量逐渐减少了。

At its beginning, Chinese also included language pictures, which became fewer and fewer during the period of the oracle-bone inscriptions.

At its beginning, Chinese characters included language pictures, which became fewer and fewer during the period of the oracle-bone inscriptions.--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:54, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3. 人们很容易辨识"旦"字的意思，即便是外国人也能通过它的字形知道它的含义。

The character "旦" is mentioned to show that Chinese characters are easy to recognize, and even foreigners can understand them through their pictographic symbols.--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 05:17, 4 October 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 05:18, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

The meaning of the Chinese character "旦" can be easily recognized, and even foreigners can understand it through its pictographic symbols.--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:54, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1. 汉字这样的文字系统，不是一人一时所能创造的，而是在发明、积累及形成的过程，由许多人慢慢丰富起来的。

It is improbable for any single person to create a complicated character system at one time. The characters are actually developed by many people gradually in the long process of invention, accumulation and evolution.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 09:33, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Such a Chinese character system can't be created by only one person for a short while. It is actually developed and enlarged by so many people in the long process of invention, accumulation and formation. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 10:16, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

2. 书法是中国文化的精粹，除了满足日常书写外，它已经上升成一门特别的高等艺术。

Calligraphy is the essence of Chinese culture, which has developed into a special high-level art apart from satisfying the needs of daily writing.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 09:34, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

As the essence of Chinese culture, calligraphy has developed into a special higher art apart from for daily writing. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 10:16, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

3. 此后，汉字经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。

Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 09:35, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

After that,Chinese character has gone through numerous calligraphic stages: of inscriptions on ancient bronze objects, of official script, of regular script, of cursive script, of running hand,etc. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 10:16, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
1：中国汉字具有形态之美。原始的中国汉字是一种表意的象形文字，字形跟字义、字音之间有着一定的联系，它是形、音、义的结合体。汉字之美，美在形体、美在风骨，美在精髓、美在真情！

Chinese character has the beauty of form.The primitive Chineses chracter is a kind of ideographic hieroglyphics, in which lies a certain link among the form, the meaning and the sound. So it is a combination of form, sound and meaning. The beauty of Chinese character lies in its body, character,eseence and true feelings. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 14:13, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

2：王羲之的《兰亭集序》为历代书法家所敬仰，被誉作“天下第一行书”。王羲之书字势雄逸，如龙跳天门，虎卧凤阙，故历代宝之，永以为训。

The Orchid Pavillion by Wang Xizhi(the most famous early calligrapher) remained to be admired by every calligrapher of all ages, and it enjoyed the reputation of"the best running script in the world". All masterworks by him were created in a powerful and elegant writing way, as a dragon leaping at the gate of heaven, and a tiger lying in the Phoenix Palace. So they were kept as treasure for all generations and nonsuch forever. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 14:13, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

3：中国书法艺术的形成、发展与汉文字的产生与演进存在着密不可分的连带关系。从汉代文化的时空背景看，汉代书法受到时代精神的辐射，反映了汉民族对于雄强豪放气势的崇尚，是人的力量对象化的体现。

The formation and development of Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese character. From the perspective of the time and space background of Han Dynasty culture, the calligraphy of Han Dynasty was ffected by the spirits at that time, reflecting its reverence for power and boldness. It was the embodiment of the objectification of human power.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 14:13, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==
1、汉字由零散的、个别的字符逐渐积累，达到一定的数量后再通过人为规范，就成为了一种文字体系。

Chinese characters become a system when they gradually accumulate from scattered and individual characters to a certain number and then are artificially regulated.

2、中国书法是一种独特艺术，它不是诗而有诗的韵味；不是画而有画的灵动；不是舞而有舞的飘逸；不是歌而有歌的悠扬。

Chinese calligraphy is a unique art. It is not a poem but with a lingering charm; it is not a picture but being lively like drawings; it is not a dance but having its elegance; it is not a song but having its melody.

3、唐朝以后的书法，都是在不断地学习唐朝或者魏晋，几无创新，想要突破创新，还是要回到魏晋和唐朝，只有这一时期的笔法，才是最传统的书学笔法，没有之一。

Chinese calligraphy keeps learning from those emergenced in Tang Dynasty or Wei and Jin Dynasties, therefore, it almost has no innovation after Tang Dynasty. Only dating its history back to Wei and Jin Dynasties, can we make breakthroughs in Chinese calligraphy because the calligraphy during that period was the most traditional one. --[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 04:34, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==
1.现存中国古代最成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是汉字的雏形

The inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty , the most advanced Chinese character of acient times in existing writing systems, is regarded as the original form of Chinese characters.--[[User:Gudongfang|Gudongfang]] ([[User talk:Gudongfang|talk]]) 11:49, 2 October 2020 (UTC)Gudongfang

Oracle bone inscription is the most mature ancient Chinese characters existing, which are considered to be the earliest forms of Chinese characters.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 05:02, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

Oracle bone script is the most mature character in ancient China, which is considered as the embryonic form of Chinese characters.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 09:57, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

2.在中国，书法在传统艺术中占据十分重要的地位，它不仅仅是一项用来沟通的工具，也可以从审美的角度去揭露一个人的内心世界

In China, calligraphy plays a distinguished role in traditional art. It is not only a means of communication ,but also a means of expressing a persom's inner world in an aesthetic sense.--[[User:Gudongfang|Gudongfang]] ([[User talk:Gudongfang|talk]]) 11:49, 2 October 2020 (UTC)Gudongfang

In China, calligraphy plays a significant role in traditional art. It is not only a tool for communication, but also a means to reflect one's inner world from the perspective of aesthetics.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 05:02, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

In China, calligraphy plays a significant role in traditional art. People can not only use it for communication but also to reveal a person's inner world
from an aesthetic perspective.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 14:02, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
3.隶书的出现是汉字书写的一大进步，是书法史上的一次革命，为以后各种书体流派奠定了基础。

The official script features a major progress of Chinese handwriting and a big revolution in the calligraphy history, lying a foundation for the genre of calligraphy.--[[User:Gudongfang|Gudongfang]] ([[User talk:Gudongfang|talk]]) 11:49, 2 October 2020 (UTC)Gudongfang

The emergence of Clerical script was a great progress in Chinese writing and a revolution in the history of calligraphy, which laid the foundation for various schools of calligraphy in the future.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 05:02, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==

1.中国书法是一门古老的汉字书写艺术，从甲骨文、石鼓文、金文（钟鼎文）演变而为大篆、小篆、隶书，至定型于东汉、魏、晋的草书、楷书、行书等，书法一直散发着艺术的魅力。

Chinese Calligraphy is an ancient art of writing, whose evolution styles vary from inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty, inscriptions on drum-shaped stone blocks of the Warring States Period, and Bronzeware Script to Large Seal Script, Small Seal Script and Clerical Script and finalized in the Eastern Han, Wei and Jin Dynasty with its grass script, regular script and running script.

2.中国书法是中国土生土长的艺术，是琴棋书画四艺之一，于2009年被联合国教科文组织列入《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》。

Calligraphy is a Chinese native art, one of China’s four arts, Qin, Qi, Shu and Hua. In 2009, it was included in the Representative List of Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Calligraphy,an art born and bred in China and one of China’s four arts, Qin, Qi, Shu and Hua,was included in the Representative List of Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 01:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

3.书法作品能装点客厅、书房和卧室。它是将汉字写在吸水性良好的宣纸上，然后将作品贴在一块镶有丝绸边的厚纸上，安上卷轴或用画框装裱起来挂在墙上。书法作品通常是一首诗、一副对联或主人很喜欢的座右铭。主人亲自书写的作品将体现他的愿望、兴趣以及文学或艺术才华。一幅书法作品可以给自己白色的墙壁增添活力，为宾客友人带来快乐。

Calligraphic works can be used to decorate sitting rooms,studies and bedrooms.The Chinese characters are written on Xuan Paper which is good at absorbing ink.The work will be pasted on a peice of thick paper with a silk edge,and then mounted on a scroll or put into a picture frame for hanging on the wall.Usually,a calligraphic work consists of a poem,a pair of couplets or a motto that the owner is fond of.If the calligraphic work is written by the owner himself,it will demonstreate his wish and interest as well as his literary or artistic talent.A calligraphic work can bring vitality to the white wall,pleasure to guests and friends.--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 15:01, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==
A.汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化出不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家笔下的汉字往往以字形的夸张取得艺术效果，例如一些旅游胜地的石刻碑文。

During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as seal script, official script, regular script and cursive handwriting. Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in a way that is exaggerated in form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen at some tourist resorts.

B.书法被孔子定为“六艺”之一，是古代君子必需具备的技能、技艺。由于古人把读书、识字、写字等量齐观，书法就不再是纯粹的技法，而且等同于学问修养。

Calligraphy was regarded as one of the classical six arts by Confucian， which was a necessary technical ability or skill for a gentleman in acient times. Since acient people thought that reading,literacy and writing had same status, Calligraghy was not only a pure technique, but represented erudition and cultivation.

C.书法是中国艺术的最高形式之一。其历史可以追溯到商代（公元前16世纪到前11世纪），当时的人们在兽骨和青铜器上篆刻文字，以此来得到军事活动和农业丰收的天兆。

Calligraphy is one of the highest forms of Chinese art. Its history dates back to the Shang Dynasty (c. 16th century-11th century BC) when people carved inscriptions on animal bones or bronze to receive auspice regarding military affairs and agricultural harvests.--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Guo Lu 郭露==

1. 汉代以后，汉字的书写方式逐步从木简和竹简，发展到到在帛、纸上的毛笔书写。

2. 书法艺术在我国有着几千年的历史。自古以来,书法不仅有着广泛的实用价值,而且还是我国特有的最富于民族特色和历史悠久的一门传统艺术。

3. 书法是中国特有的传统艺术，殷商时期是书法的重要发展阶段，中国的文字产生于商代中后期的甲骨文，甲骨文奠定了书法艺术的基础，标志着书法艺术的产生。

1. After the Han dynasty, the Chinese characters’ writing materials have changed from wooden and bamboo slips into silk and paper.

2. Calligraphy has a long history in our country, it not only has wild practical value but also boasts as a Chinese time-honored traditional art that has national features.

3. As a Chinese traditional art, Calligraphy underwent a fundamental development during the Shang dynasty, Chinese characters evolved from inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang dynasty, which had laid a foundation for calligraphy and marked the birth of it.

--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 13:26, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

1. After the Han dynasty, writing materials of Chinese characters have developed from wooden and bamboo slips into silk and paper.

2. With a long history in China, calligraphy not only has widespread practical values but also boasts as a Chinese time-honored and ethnic-featured traditional art.

3. As a Chinese traditional art, Calligraphy underwent a fundamental development during the Yin dynasty Shang dynasty, Chinese characters evolved from inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the middle and late Shang dynasty, which had laid a foundation for calligraphy and marked the birth of it. --[[User:Zhang Weihong|Zhang Weihong]] ([[User talk:Zhang Weihong|talk]]) 14:39, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==He Changqi 何长琦==
1. 现存中国最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的雏形。

The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times,began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of The Chinese characters.

2. 黄庭坚是北宋的书法家和诗人,他的书法奇绝坚实，是当时流行的形式。

Huang Tingjian(1045-1105) is a calligrapher and poet in the Song Dynasty.His works are fancy and firm,leading the change of the trend.

3. 书法源自中国,受到东亚文明社会敬重并被广泛实践。

Calligraphy,originated in China,is respected by the East Asian civilizations. Many countries there practice the Chinese Calligraphy.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 03:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
Calligraphy,originated in China,has a seat in the East Asia civilization and been used widely.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 05:52, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==
1.书法，传统上被视为视觉艺术的最高形式。

Calligraphy is traditionally been regarded in China as the highest form of visual art.

Traditionally, calligraphy was regarded as the highest form of visual art in China.--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 06:06, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
2.写好汉字，历来都是一种素养。

Writing Chinese characters well is has always been a king of accomplishment.

Learning how to write Chinese characters earnestly has always been an accomplishment.--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 06:06, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

3.中国汉字是劳动人民创造的，开始以图画记事，经过几千年的发展，演变成了当今的文字。

Chinese characters were created by the working people, and they began to record things by pictures. After thousands of years of development, they have evolved into today’s characters.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 05:03, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==
1.汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意、韵的独特文字。

Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time.

Chinese characters are simple pictures used by primitive people to record things. After continuous evolution and development, they eventually develop into a unique character with sound, shape, meaning and rhyme.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:08, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。

The writing system,which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters.

The earliest mature script in ancient China is the oracle bone inscriptions, which is considered to be the initial form of modern Chinese characters.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:08, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3.笔墨纸砚是中国文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。

The writing brush,ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as “Four Treasures of the Study”.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 13:50, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

The writing brush, ink, paper and inkstone are essential treasures in the study of Chinese scholars, which are called the "Four Treasures of the Study".--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:08, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==
相传仓颉是黄帝时期的史官，是汉字的缔造者。
Legend had it that Cang Jie, who was the historian under the Yellow Emperor, was the creator of the Chinese Characters.
It is said that Cangjie was a historiographer of the Yellow Emperor and the founder of Chinese characters.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 05:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

生活中，书法一词另具备以下含义：第一，某幅书写作品的代称或者所有书写作品的统称；第二，一种艺术类别，一般指书写汉字的艺术。
In our life, the word calligraphy also bears the the following two meanings: one indicates the alternative name for certain piece of calligraphy work or the general name for all the calligraphy work, another stands for a school of art, generally the art of handwriting of Chinese Characters.

中国书法历史悠久，书体沿革流变，书法艺术异采迷人。
Enjoying a long history, the form of Chinese calligraphy evolves with the time going by, and the art of calligraphy is magnificently charming.
--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 14:28, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==
1.汉字是汉语的书写用文字，也被借用于书写日语、朝鲜语、越南语等语言，是汉字文化圈广泛使用的一种文字，也是目前世界上唯一仍被广泛使用的高度发达的文字。广义的汉字指从甲骨文、大篆、金文、籀文、小篆，至隶书、草书、楷书等文字，狭义指以正楷作为标准写法的汉字。
Chinese characters refer to the written scripts of Chinese language, which can be used in some written forms of Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and so on. It is widely used in the cultural cycle of Chinese characters and the only highly-developed characters in extensive use. In a broad sense, Chinese characters cover the inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty, the big-seal style, the inscriptions on ancient bronze objects, the small-seal style, the official script, the cursive script, the regular script, etc. While in the narrow sense, it refers to the regular script only.

2.书法是指以文房四宝为工具抒发情感的一门艺术。工具的特殊性是书法艺术特殊性的一个重要方面。离开文房四宝，书法艺术便无从谈起。
Calligraphy refers to the art of expressing feelings, in virtue of the " scholar's four jewels" (brush, ink stick, ink slab and paper). The particularity of this art stands on the exceptionality of the four writing tools. Without them, calligraphy is out of the question.

3.书法艺术的繁荣期，是从东汉开始的。东汉时期出现了专门的书法理论著作，最早的书法理论提出者是东西汉之交的扬雄。
The golden period of calligraphy begins in the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the first theory work of calligraphy comes out. And Yang Xiong, who lives in the end of the Western Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the first person to advance a calligraphy theory.
--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:31, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==
1.汉字称之为方块字，这是中国几千年来汉字书写规范的传统结论。是由于人们为了把字写得整齐美观，就在所写的材料画上方格，在方格内写字。
Chinese characters are called square characters, which is the traditional conclusion of Chinese writing standards for thousands of years. In order to achieve beautiful and neat handwriting, people drew a square on the writing materials, in which they wrote the characters.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Chinese characters, by the traditional conclusion of writing standards lasting for thousand of years, was called square characters because of the pursuit of a neat and beautiful handwriting, people drew squares on the writing materials, in which they wrote characters.--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 05:10, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

2.王献之是魏晋书家群体中的一位巨子。父亲王羲之的悉心的传授和指导，使他奠定了坚实的笔法基础。由于他是魏晋名家中晚出的一位，客观上为他提供了博采众家之长、兼善诸体之美的机遇，赢得了与王羲之并列的艺术地位和声望。
Wang Xianzhi is one of the greatest calligraphers in Wei and Jing Dynasties. The careful teaching and guidance of Wang Xizhi, Xianzhi's father, laid a great foundation for his calligraphy. He debuted later than other calligraphers in the same period, thus getting the opportunity to learn and refer to the strengths of other calligraphers and win the high status and fame that equal his father's.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Wang Xianzhi is one of the greatest calligraphers in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. With the careful guidance of his father, Wang Xizhi, he has laid of solid foundation for his calligraphy. Coming out later among all the famous calligraphers, he had the chance to learn the strengths of other calligraphers, thus earning the status and fame as high as his father.--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 05:10, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

3.宋朝文化兴盛，印刷业有了巨大发展，从南宋时期，在临安等地的印刷作坊里就开始出现了类似印刷体的字体，后世称之为仿宋体。
The culture in Song Dynasty was flourishing and the printing at that time was also developing greatly. In Southern Song Dynasty, typefaces similar to printing appeared in printing workshops in Lin 'an and other places. Later generations called them Imitation Song Style.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

The printing industry has grown tremendously with the flourishing of the culture of the Song Dynasty. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, typefaces similar to the printing form appeared in printing workshops in Lin 'an and other places, which was called "FangSong" by the later generations.--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 05:10, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==
1.汉字像魔块，有神奇般的组词能力，往往一个字能构建出许多个意义单位(词)。
Chinese characters, like magic blocks, have magic ability to form words. A word can often build many meaning unit (words).
2.书法艺术，多指用笔写字的艺术，分为硬笔和软笔两种，是一种文字表现的艺术形式。
Calligraphy , usually refers to an art of writing with a pen, which is divided into two types: hard pen and soft pen. it is an artistic form of written expression.
3.书法是中国特有的传统艺术，汉字的表意性及其独特的结构，为书法艺术提供了前提条件。书法字体的发展以篆、隶、草、楷、行为顺序。
Calligraphy is a unique traditional art in China. Chinese characters have the characteristics of meaning and its unique structure, which provides a prerequisite for calligraphy art. The development of calligraphy font is in the order of Zhuan, Li, Cao, Kai, Xing.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 05:45, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

1.在汉字产生的早期阶段，象形字的字形跟它所代表的语素的意义直接发生联系。虽然每个字也都有自己固定的读音，但是字形本身不是表音的符号，跟拼音文字的字母的性质不同。
In the early stage of Chinese characters, pictographic characters are directly related to the meaning of their morphemes. Although each character has its own fixed pronunciation, the character itself is not a phonetic symbol, which is different from the alphabet of Pinyin.
2.书写艺术，多指用笔写字的艺术，分为硬笔和软笔两种。是一种文字表现的艺术形式。中国画与书法为缘，而多含文学之趣味。
The calligraphy art refers to the art of writing, which can be divided into hard pen and soft pen. It is an artistic form of word expression. Chinese painting is closely related to calligraphy, but it also contains the interest of literature.
3.唐代书法艺术，可分初唐、中唐、晚唐三个时期。初唐以继承为主，尊重法度，刻意追求晋代书法的劲美。中唐不断创新，极为昌盛。晚唐书艺亦有进展。
The calligraphy art of Tang Dynasty can be divided into three periods: early Tang Dynasty, middle Tang Dynasty and late Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, inheritance was the main way, the people in that period respected the regulations and deliberately pursued the Jin Dynasty calligraphy. In the middle Tang Dynasty, innovation continued and flourished.calligraphy also made progress In the late Tang Dynasty. --[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 06:13, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

==Li Lili 李丽丽==
1.汉字是历史上最古老的文字之一。也是至今通行的世界上最古老的文字。世界上还没有任何一种文字像汉字这样经久不衰。
Chinese characters are one of the oldest characters in history. It is also the oldest ones written up to now. But there is no other language in the world as enduring as Chinese characters.

Chinese characters are one of the oldest characters in history as well as the oldest ones that is widely used in the world. No other characters are as enduring as Chinese characters.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:30, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.草书特点是结构简单，笔画连绵。形成于汉代，是为了书写简便在隶书基础上演变出来的。
Cursive script is characterized by simple structure and continuous strokes. It was formed in the Han Dynasty and evolved on the basis of clerical script for the convenience of writing.

3.经历宋、元、明、清，中国书法成为一个民族符号，代表了中国文化博大精深和民族文化的永恒魅力。
Through the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese calligraphy has become a national symbol, representing the profound Chinese culture and the eternal charm of national culture.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 14:27, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

1.The Chinese character is one of the oldest characters in history as well as the oldest one up to now in the world. There is no such enduring character as Chinese character in the world.

2.Cursive script is characterized by simple structure and continuous strokes. It was evolved from clerical script for the convience of writing and formed in the Han Dynasty.

3.Through the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese calligraphy has become a national symbol, displaying the profound Chinese culture and the eternal charm of national culture.
--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 05:34, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==
1. 汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。《汉字五千年》是中国第一部关于汉字历史的人文纪录片，在海内外产生了广泛影响。
During the long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many script forms, including the seal character, official script, regular script and running script. As the first documentary on the history of Chinese characters, Discovering the Chinese Script had a great impact both domestically and internationally. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:40, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2. 书法作为我国独有的民族文化，荟萃了中华民族文化的精髓，在其发展历程中，不仅因其独特的雄浑之美使迁客骚人为之醉心，也因其秀逸之美而深受文人墨客的青睐。
As an unique national culture, calligraphy concentrates the essence of Chinese culture. During its development, many famous writers and poets are enchanted by its vigorousness and beauty while literati are attracted by its elegance and grace. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:40, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3. 书法是汉字的书写艺术，汉字在漫长的演变发展的历史长河中，一方面起着思想交流的社会作用，另一方面，它本身又形成了一种独特的文化艺术。
Calligraphy is the art of Chinese characters. In the long process of evolution, Chinese characters, on the one hand, play an role in stimulating social exchanges. On the other hand, they form a special cultural art independently. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:00, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Calligraphy is the art of Chinese characters. In its long evolution history, Chinese characters, have contributed to the social exchanges of different thoughts,and at the same time they have developed into an unique form of art.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 06:34, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1.中国古代关于文字起源的说法主要有两个系统：源于易卦说和仓颉造字说。

There are two systems about the origin of Chinese characters in ancient times of China:the Eight Trigrams and the character making of Cang Jie.

There are two main systems in ancient China about the origin of characters: the theory of hexagrams and the theory of Cangjie.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 08:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

2.汉字书法为汉族独创的表现艺术，被誉为：无言的诗，无形的舞，无图的画，无声的乐等。

Chinese calligraphy is an original art of the Han nationality,it’s honored as wordless poetry,invisible dance,patternless painting,silent music and so on.

Chinese calligraphy is an original art of the Han nationality, it’s hailed as a wordless poetry, formless dance, inkless painting, soundless music.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 08:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

3.汉字是民族灵魂的纽带，在异国他乡谋生，汉字便是一种寄托，让你感受到来自祖国的亲切。

Chinese character is the bond of the soul of the Chinese nation,it’s a bailment when you’re making a living in foreign countries,which makes you feel the warmth of motherland.

Chinese characters are the bond of the soul of the Chinese nation, a sustenance that makes you feel close to your motherland when making a living in foreign countries. --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 08:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

1.仓颉造字，是中国古代神话传说之一，仓颉造字的地方叫“凤凰衔书台”。但普遍认为汉字由仓颉一人创造只是传说，不过他可能是汉字的整理者，被后人尊为“造字圣人”。
Cang jie Invented the Characters was one of the Chinese lengend stories. The place where Cang Jie invented the characters was named as Pnoenix Carries the Characters Stand. It is believed that Cang Jie invented the characters was just a lengend, but he might be the person who recollected the characters and was renowned as the Master of Character Invention.

2.1913年至1918年，毛泽东就读于湖南第一师范。读书期间，他仍然不放弃写帖。他有一句口头禅:“字要写得好，就要起得早；字要写得美，必须勤磨练：刻苦自励，穷而后工，才能得心应手……学字要有帖，帖中要发挥。”
When Mao pursued his knowledge at Hunan First Normal University during 1913 to 1918, he kept practising his script wirting. There was a pet pharse of him, if you want to wirte well, you'd better get up early; write beaufully, more practise. You have to be hardworking then you can write at ease...And you have to imitate the scripts of the masters before you have your own style.

3.唐代的楷书，亦如唐代国势的兴盛局面，真所谓空前。书体成熟，书家辈出，在楷书方面，唐初的虞世南、欧阳询、褚遂良、中唐的颜真卿、晚唐的柳公权，其楷书作品均为后世所重，奉为习字的模范。
The popularity of Kaishu represnted the unprecedented comprehensive national strength of Tang Dynasty. With its growth and development, numerous calligrapher rised up and their scripts were regarded as models to be learned for the past generations, such as Yu Shinan, Ouyang Xun, Chu Suiliang of the early period, Yan Zhenqing of the Middle period and Liu Gongquan of the late period of Tang Dynasty.
--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 04:43, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1,中国书法富有增强民族认同感的魅力,正发展成为世界性的艺术。书法展现在人们面前的首先是书者的人文修养、道德追求和精神气度,其次才表现出技巧。

1, Chinese calligraphy has the charm of enhancing national identity and it is developing into a world art. Calligraphy firstly shows people the humanistic cultivation, moral pursuit and spirit of the calligrapher, and secondly shows the skills.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:02, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2, 书法具有广泛的实用性。学书法最基本的活动是写字，而写字首要的目的是为了记事和交流感情，起码的要求是把字写得规范、整洁，如果把字写得杂乱无章，甚至随心所欲，胡乱造字，读者如释“天书”，无法辨认，就失去了它的实用价值。

2,Calligraphy has a wide range of practicality. The most basic activity of learning calligraphy is writing, and the primary purpose of writing is to remember things and emotions exchange. The minimum requirement is to write the characters in a standard and tidy manner. If the characters are written in a disorderly manner, or even written as you own wishes and make characters indiscriminately. The characters will become unrecognizable and loses its practical value.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:02, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3,无论是书法艺术的美，还是国学经典的魅力，都会给我们带进超然的世界，带给我们美的享受！提升我们的气质，丰富我们的文化内涵！

3, Whether it is the beauty of calligraphy art or the charm of Chinese classics. They all will lead us into a transcendent world and bring us the enjoyment of beauty! Enhance our temperament and enrich our cultural connotation!--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:02, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

1,中国书法富有增强民族认同感的魅力,正发展成为世界性的艺术。书法展现在人们面前的首先是书者的人文修养、道德追求和精神气度,其次才表现出技巧。
1, Chinese calligraphy boasts the charm of enhancing national identity and it is developing into a world art. Calligraphy firstly shows us the humanistic cultivation, moral pursuit and spirit of the calligrapher, then the skills.

2, 书法具有广泛的实用性。学书法最基本的活动是写字，而写字首要的目的是为了记事和交流感情，起码的要求是把字写得规范、整洁，如果把字写得杂乱无章，甚至随心所欲，胡乱造字，读者如释“天书”，无法辨认，就失去了它的实用价值。
2,Calligraphy is widely practical. learning calligraphy is to write, and the primary purpose of writing is to record and communicate. The requirement is to write the characters in a standard and tidy manner. If the characters are written in a disorderly manner, or even written indiscriminatingly as you own wishes, the characters will become unrecognizable and loses its practical value.

3,无论是书法艺术的美，还是国学经典的魅力，都会给我们带进超然的世界，带给我们美的享受！提升我们的气质，丰富我们的文化内涵！
3, Whether it is the beauty of calligraphy art or the charm of Chinese classics, they both lead us into a transcendent world, bringing us the enjoyment of beauty, enhancing our temperament and enriching our cultural connotation!--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 02:24, 5 October 2020 (UTC)Liu Yiyu

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==
行书实用性和艺术性皆高，而楷书是文字符号，实用性高且见功夫；相比较而言，草书则是艺术性高，但是实用性显得相对不足。
Xingshu enjoys high practicability and artistry, while regular script is a text symbol requiring skills and it also boasts high practicability; Relatively speaking, cursive script is highly artistic, but it is far from practical.

书法能够培养人的道德素质、审美能力。书法不仅有实用价值，还有审美价值。一幅好的书法作品能够反映书写者的性格特征和当时的思想感情。练习书法的过程也是书写者发现美、领悟美、创造美的过程。
Calligraphy plays an significant role in cultivating people's moral quality and aesthetic ability. Calligraphy is blessed with both practical and aesthetic values. An excellent calligraphy work reflects the character of the writer and the thoughts and feelings of the time. The process of practicing calligraphy is also the process of the writer unearthing, comprehending and creating beauty.

甲骨文在汉字漫长的发展历史上具有极其重要的地位，作为现代汉字的鼻祖是当之无愧的。我国汉字的萌芽，大约出现于新石器时代晚期陶片上的刻划符号。 Jiaguwen greatly matters in the long history of Chinese characters, and as the originator of modern Chinese characters, it's reputation is well-earned. The advent of Chinese characters in China proves to be the carved symbols on pottery slices of the late Neolithic period.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 08:57, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Liu Yiyu

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==
1.每一个汉字字符代表着一个单词或者一个概念，将它们像积木一样堆叠在一起就能建构出更多的单词。

Each Chinese character represents a word or a concept,and you stack them together like Lego bricks to build more world. --[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 09:18, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.书法是中国汉字传统书写艺术，经过数百年的创造和演变，书法已经成为了一门独特的艺术形式。平衡和韵律在书法中是必不可少的，它的核心就在于正确的笔画、笔画的顺序和字体结构。

Calligraphy is the traditional art of writing Chinese characters. After centuries' creation and evolution,calligraphy has become a unique form of art.Balance and rhythm are essential in calligraphy. At its very heart,it is all about correct strokes,stroke order and character structure.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 09:18, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3.甲骨文，作为中国最早的书写文字，是书写在龟甲和动物肩胛骨上的中国古代汉字。甲骨文主要用于占卜预测及记录发生在商代晚期的大事件。

Oral bones inscriptions,the earliest Chinese writing scripts,are the ancient Chinese characters carved on tortoise shells and animal scapulas. The oracle bone inscriptions were mainly used for divination and keeping records of events happened in the late Shang Dynasty(1300BC-1046BC).--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 09:18, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

公元前2世纪后期，古汉语一般是单音节，每个字表示一个词。
When the script was first used in the late 2nd millennium BC, words of Old Chinese were generally monosyllabic, and each character denoted a single word.

In late 2nd century BC, ancient Chinese was gnerally monosyllabic, with each word representing a word.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 18:18, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

书法是将汉字书写作为一种艺术形式，将视觉艺术和字面含义结合起来。
Calligraphy is the writing of characters as an art form, combining visual art and the literary meaning.

楷书最早出现在汉魏之间，尽管那时并不流行。
The regular script first came into existence between the Han and Wei dynasties, even though it is not popular. --[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 01:31, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

The regular script first appeared in the Han-Wei Period, which was not widely accepted at that time. --[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 08:23, 2 October 2020 (UTC) Xu Jia

2.Calligraphy takes Chinese writing as a form of art, combining visual art and literal meaning.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:03, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

The regular script first appeared between the Han and Wei dynasties, though it was not popular at that time.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 08:02, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

郝用一个古老的汉字称为“小篆”，以刻为每一个版本的名称牌匾，以及纪念车在整个例如在发动机启动按钮和转速。

Hao uses an ancient Chinese script called "Xiao Zhuan" to engrave a name plaque for each edition as well as mark the car throughout, such as on the engine start button and the rev counter.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 05:21, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

那时活动于南京一带的学者，如王羲之和顾恺之，为中国独特的书法和绘画技艺奠定了基础。

Nanjing scholars such as Wang Xizhi and Gu Kaizhi were laying the foundations for the unique style of Chinese paintings and calligraphy.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 05:21, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

自从甲骨文发明以来，中国书法的字体经历了数个发展阶段。每个阶段都产生了数量众多的书法家和书法作品。

Since the invention of oracle, the font of Chinese calligraphy underwent several stages of development, with a large number of calligraphers and calligraphic works produced at each stage.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 05:21, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Mo Ling 莫玲==
1.甲骨文是目前我们能见到的最早的成熟汉字，主要指中国商朝晚期王室用于占卜记事而在龟甲或兽骨上契刻的文字，是中国及东亚已知最早的成体系的商代文字的一种载体。
Oracle-bone inscriptions，referring to the inscriptions carved on tortoise shells or animal bones by the royal family in the late Shang Dynasty, are the earliest mature Chinese characters we can see at present. They are the earliest systematic written characters of the Shang Dynasty in China and East Asia.

2.在王羲之的书法作品中，《兰亭序》被历代书法家公认为举世无双的“天下第一行书”。
Among Wang Xizhi's calligraphy works, "Preface to Lanting" has been widely acknowledged as "the best running script in the world" by calligraphers of all ages.

3.汉字经历了七个阶段才到目前我们通常使用的楷书。分别是甲骨文—金文—篆书(大篆、小篆)—隶书—楷书—行书—草书。
Before the present regular script that we usually use,Chinese characters have gone through seven stages. They are oracle-bone inscriptions, golden inscriptions, seal characters (big seal characters and small seal characters), official script, regular script, running script and cursive script.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]])Mo Ling

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==

1.8000年前的刻符文字是汉字最早的雏形，中国人像画画一样，记录下他们的看到的世界。西方人常说，汉字是可以读的图画，这是因为最初汉字是根据物体的外形来表达字义。常用的汉字只有2500个左右，只要掌握了这些汉字，就如同读了一部中国的百科全书。

The marks carved on rocks 8000 years ago are regarded as the first example of Chinese characters. Ancient Chinese recorded what they saw in the world by drawing. Westerners often say that Chinese characters are pictographs. This is because the first Chinese characters were pictographs which conveyed meaning by physical resemblance of physical objects. There are 2500 frequently used Chinese characters, and a good grasp of these charcters is like reading an encyclopedia on China.

The inscribed symbols appeared 8000 years ago are the earliest form of Chinese characters. Like drawing pictures, Chinese recorded what the world was like in their eyes. As westerners often say, Chinese characters are readable paintings, since original Chinese characters conveyed objects’ meanings according to their external forms. There are only 2500 frequently-used Chinese characters. And mastering these characters is like having read a Chinese encyclopedia.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 12:07, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

2.笔墨纸砚是书法的基本工具。书法讲求握笔的姿势、注意笔尖和纸的角度，也讲究单个字的结构和整体的布局。

Writing brushes, Chinese ink, rice paper and ink slabs are the basic tools of calligraphy. Proper technique for handling the writing brushes and maintaining the proper angle between the tips of brushes and the paper are required. The structure of each individual character and overall arrangement are both important.

3.1600多年前的王羲之勤练书法，他涮洗毛笔的墨汁把池塘都染成了黑色，后来他成为了中国最受尊崇的书法家。几千年里，书法家们创作了诸多传世名作，王羲之的《兰亭集序》便是其中之一。

1600 years ago, a boy named Wang Xizhi worked hard at calligraphy. He washed his writing brushes in a pool and the pool turned black. Eventually he became a prominent calligrapher in China. Over the past thousands of years, calligraphers have created plenty of masterpieces which have been passed from generation to generation. One of the masterpieces is the " Orchid Pavilion Preface" by Wang Xizhi.--Ouyang Ling

1600 years ago, Wang Xizhi worked hard at practicing calligraphy. He washed his writing brushes in a pool and the pool dyed in black. Eventually he became a prominent calligrapher in China. Over the past thousands of years, calligraphers have created plenty of masterpieces which have been passed from generation to generation. One of the masterpieces is the " Orchid Pavilion Preface" by Wang Xizhi.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 10:38, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==
1.汉字是历史上最古老的文字之一, 也是至今通行的世界上最古老的文字。世界上还没有任何一种文字像汉字这样经久不衰.。从甲骨文发展到今天的汉字，已经有数千年的历史。
Chinese characters are one of the oldest characters in history. It is also the oldest writing in the world that is currently in use. There is no language in the world as enduring as Chinese characters. From the development of oracle bone inscriptions to today's Chinese characters, it has a history of thousands of years.
2.行书，是一种书法统称，分为行楷和行草两种。它在楷书的基础上发展起源的，是介于楷书、草书之间的一种字体，是为了弥补楷书的书写速度太慢和草书的难于辨认而产生的。
Running script is a collective term for calligraphy, divided into two types: Xingkai and Xingcao. It developed and originated on the basis of regular script. It is a font between regular script and cursive script. It was created to compensate for the slow writing speed of regular script and the difficulty of recognizing cursive script.
3.中国五千年璀璨的文明及无与伦比的丰富文字记载都已为世人所认可，在这一博大精深的历史长河中，中国的书画艺术以其独特的艺术形式和艺术语言再现了这一历时性的嬗变过程。而具有姊妹性质的书画艺术在历史的嬗变中又以其互补性和独立性释读了中国的传统文化内涵。
China’s five thousand years of splendid civilization and unparalleled rich written records have been recognized by the world. In this extensive and profound history, Chinese painting and calligraphy art has reproduced this diachronic evolution with its unique artistic form and artistic language. process. The sister-in-law painting and calligraphy art has interpreted the connotation of Chinese traditional culture with its complementarity and independence in the evolution of history.--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 03:09, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==
1. 传说中，汉字起源于仓颉造字。黄帝时期，黄帝命令他的臣子仓颉创造文字，仓颉是一个长有八只眼睛的怪人，他用自己的八只眼睛观察八方，看见各种各样的东西，他把这些东西的形状简化后刻在龟壳、兽骨上，就成了最早的文字。他根据日月形状、鸟兽足印创造了汉字，造字时天地震惊—“而天雨粟，鬼夜哭”，从历史的角度来看，复杂的汉字系统不可能由一个人发明，这个神话当然是荒谬的，但也说明了一个事实—汉字是有象形文字演变而来的。

According to Chinese legend, Chinese characters are created by Cangjie. During the Yellow Emperor period, the Yellow Emperor ordered his official Cangjie to create characters. Being a freak with eight eyes, Cangjie observed everywhere by his eight eyes and saw various things. Then he simplified the shapes of these things and carved them on tortoise shells and animal bones, which became the earliest characters. He created Chinese characters in shapes of sun, moon and birds’ and animals’ footprints, which, shocked the heaven and earth. It was said that “At that time, grains were raining down, and ghosts were crying at night.”（from Huai Nan Zi, a writing of intact ancient Chinese myths ) From the perspective of history, it’s impossible that the complicated Chinese characters system was created by a person. The myth was absurd for sure, but it also revealed that Chinese characters evolved from pictographs.

2. 行书是介于楷书/草书之间的一种字体，可以说是楷书的草化或草书的楷化。它是为了弥补楷书的书写速度太慢和草书的难于辨认而产生的。笔势不像草书那样潦草，也不要求楷书那样端正。

The running hand is a font between regular script and cursive script, which, in a manner of speaking, is cursive regular script or regularized cursive script. It was developed because writing regular script can be too slow while cursive script is hard to recognize. The style of runnning hand is neither that rough like cursive script, nor that standard as regular script.

3. 骨刻文是指在兽骨上刻画的符号——象形文字或图形文字，在山东集中发现（赤峰、关中等地也有发现），是我国最早的以记事为主的可识文字。

Bone carving character refers to a kind of symbol carved on animals’ bones, which is pictograph or graphical character. It was discovered mainly in Shandong province, partly in Chifeng, Guanzhong and other places. It was the earliest decipherable character that is used to keep a record of events. --[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 11:40, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==
1.汉字是汉民族几千年文化的瑰宝，也是我们终生的良师益友，每个人的精神家园。汉字往往可以引起我们美妙而大胆的联想，给人美的享受。

Chinese characters are the treasure of Han culture for thousands of years, our lifelong mentors and helpful friends as well as the spiritual home for everyone. Chinese characters can arouse our wonderful and audacious association, giving people aesthetic enjoyment.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:33, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.中国的历史文明是一个历时性、线性的过程，中国的书法艺术在这样大的时代背景下展示着自身的发展面貌。

Chinese historical civilization is a diachronic and linear process, under such a big background, Chinese calligraphy is showing its own development.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:33, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Chinese’s traditions and civilizations strode forward in a diachronic and linear way, under which China’s calligraphy showcase its own development. --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 02:03, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

3.汉字的高效率，体现在几百个基本象形字，可以合成表示天上地下的各种事物的上万汉字；几千个常用字，又可以轻松组合出数十万词语。

The high efficiency of Chinese characters is reflected in hundreds of basic pictographs, which can synthesize tens of thousands of Chinese characters representing miscellaneous things in heaven and earth. Thousands of common words can be easily combined into hundreds of thousands of words.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 14:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

The high efficiency of Chinese characters lies in that hundreds of basic pictographic characters can synthesize tens of thousands of Chinese characters covering all kinds of things in the sky and on earth; thousands of commonly used characters can easily combine into hundreds of thousands of words.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 02:24, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Si Yu 司妤==
如果学习汉字真的需要掌握七八万个汉字的音形义的话，那汉字将是世界上没人能够也没人愿意学习的文字了。但是《中华字海》一类字书里收录的汉字绝大部分是"死字"，也就是历史上存在过而今天的书面语里已经废置不用的字。

If one has to grasp all the pronunciations, writings and meanings of about 70 thousand characters so that he or she can truly learn Chinese characters well, then no one would like to learn them. However, a large amount of characters in books such as Chinese Dictionary are ‘dead characters’, namely, characters that existed but discarded by people already.

书法艺术以汉字为载体。中国书法离不开汉字，汉字点画的形态、偏旁的搭配都是书写者较为关注的内容。与其他拼音文字不同，汉字是形、音、义的结合体，形式意味很强。

Calligraphy derives from Chinese characters. Calligraphy can’t be seperated from Chinese characters as a grapher has to pay attention to each stroke and each component. Unlike other alphabetic writing, Chinese characters are an ideograph that has its own sounds, writings and meanings.

宋朝的书法，此乃朱熹倡理学所致，意之内涵，包含有四点：一重哲理性，二重书卷气，三重风格化，四重意境表现。

Calligraphy in the Song Dynasty is depply influenced by Idealist Theory of Zhu Xi. It contains four points; philosophy, literati style, uniqueness and artistic conception.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 06:07, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

1.颜真卿，唐代杰出的书法家。颜真卿对后世书法艺术的发展产生了深远影响，唐以后很多名家，都从颜真卿变法成功中汲取经验。

Yan Zhenqing, an outstanding calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. Yan had a profound impact on the development of calligraphy art in later generations. After the Tang Dynasty, many famous artists learned from Yan Zhenqing's successful reforms on the style of regular script.

2.汉字，首先是一种文化，对于一个民族来说，文字更是一种凝聚力。因为每一个汉字都积淀着中华民族几千年的睿智与精髓，更凝聚着一种民族精神。

Chinese characters are, above all, a kind of culture. And for a nation, characters shows a kind of cohesion. Because every Chinese character is the accumulation of the wisdom and essence of the Chinese nation for thousands of years, and it also embodies a national spirit.

3.书法，是国粹，书法在汉字形成至今，见证了中国人文历史的变迁，那些过往的伟大书法家比如王羲之、褚遂良、颜真卿等都是我们学习的楷模。

Calligraphy is the quintessence of the country and it has witnessed the changes in Chinese culture and history since the formation of the Chinese characters. The great calligraphers in the past, such as Wang Xizhi in Jin Dynasty, Chu Suiliang and Yan Zhenqing in Tang Dynasty, are all models of our learning.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:37, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

1.颜真卿，唐代杰出的书法家。颜真卿对后世书法艺术的发展产生了深远影响，唐以后很多名家，都从颜真卿变法成功中汲取经验。

Yan Zhenqing is an excellent calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. He had a profound impact on the development of calligraphy art in later generations. After the Tang Dynasty, many famous artists learned from Yan's successful reforms on the style of regular script.

2.汉字，首先是一种文化，对于一个民族来说，文字更是一种凝聚力。因为每一个汉字都积淀着中华民族几千年的睿智与精髓，更凝聚着一种民族精神。

Chinese characters is, above all, a kind of culture. And for a nation, it shows great power of cohesion. Because each Chinese character is the accumulation of the wisdom and essence of the Chinese nation for thousands of years, further more，it also embodies a national spirit.

3.书法，是国粹，书法在汉字形成至今，见证了中国人文历史的变迁，那些过往的伟大书法家比如王羲之、褚遂良、颜真卿等都是我们学习的楷模。

Calligraphy is the quintessence of our country and it has witnessed the changes in Chinese culture and history since the formation. Those great calligraphers in the past, such as Wang Xizhi in Jin Dynasty, Chu Suiliang and Yan Zhenqing in Tang Dynasty, are all models.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 05:38, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==
1.中国文字的主要发展历史一般包括：甲骨文、金文、小篆、隶书、草书、行书、楷书。
The major development history of Chinese characters generally includes: Oracle, inscriptions,small seal and clerical script, cursive script, running script and regular script.
The major development history of Chinese characters generally includes: oracle bone inscriptions,bronze inscriptions, seal script, clerical script, cursive script, running script and regular script.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 09:37, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.甲骨文又称契文、龟甲文或龟甲兽骨文。甲骨文是汉字的书体之一，也是现存中国最古的一种成熟文字。
Oracle is also known as the tortoiseshell text or turtle shell bones text. Oracle is not only one of the front of Chinese characters but also a mature text.
Oracle is also known as the tortoiseshell script or turtle shell bones script. Oracle is not only one of the fonts of Chinese character but also a mature text.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 09:37, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3.隶书是汉字中常见的一种庄重的字体，书写效果略微宽扁，横画长而直画短，讲究“蚕头燕尾”、“一波三折”。它起源于秦朝，在东汉时期达到顶峰，书法界有“汉隶唐楷”之称。
The official script is one of solemn font of Chinese characters: writing slightly wide, flat, horizontal painting long and straight draw short, it prayed attention to the "silkworm head dovetail", "twists and turns" and originated in the Qin Dynasty, and reached a peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 08:29, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==
1.如果是少年，会喜欢行书、草书、行草……那多辽阔多帅气多跌宕，形式多变，不拘泥。而楷书，容不得半点虚幻，每一笔都要你交代得一清二楚。

A teenager may like the Running, Cursive or Running-Cursive Script, which are so natural and handsome, with more ups and downs. Their forms are varied and unconstrained. While Regular Script, every stroke must be clear-cut and no illusory is allowed.

2.楷书，多么似一个端丽的中年男子——他看起来永远不动声色、不苟言笑，白衬衣学生蓝的裤子。如果在古代，就是一袭长衫的男子，一个人，吹笙、饮茶听落花，仿佛连爱情都是多余的。

Regular Script seems like a graceful middle-age man in white shirt and student-blue pants, who looks always clam and reserved. If it were ancient times, he would be a man in long gown, alone, playing Sheng, drinking tea and listening to falling flowers, as if even love were superfluous in his life.

3.面对着科学的飞跃，人们在慨叹中国技术的落后，想在困惑中寻求摆脱这种象形文字带来的同世界的阻隔，因而发出了实行汉字拼音化的震撼灵魂的呐喊。

Faced with the scientific leap forward, people lamented the backwardness of Chinese technology and sought in confusion to get rid of the barrier to the world brought about by hieroglyohics, hence they issued soul-stirring cry to implement the Pinyin of Chinese characters. --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 01:34, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

1.如果是少年，会喜欢行书、草书、行草……那多辽阔多帅气多跌宕，形式多变，不拘泥。而楷书，容不得半点虚幻，每一笔都要你交代得一清二楚。

A teenager may like the Running, Cursive or Running-Cursive Script, which are so natural and handsome, with more ups and downs. Their forms are varied and unconstrained.As for Regular Script, every stroke must be clear-cut and no illusory is allowed.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 03:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

2.楷书，多么似一个端丽的中年男子——他看起来永远不动声色、不苟言笑，白衬衣学生蓝的裤子。如果在古代，就是一袭长衫的男子，一个人，吹笙、饮茶听落花，仿佛连爱情都是多余的。

Regular Script seems like a graceful middle-age man in white shirt and student-blue pants, who looks always clam and reserved. If it were ancient times, he would be a man in long gown, alone, playing Sheng, drinking tea and listening to falling flowers, as if even love were superfluous in his life.

3.面对着科学的飞跃，人们在慨叹中国技术的落后，想在困惑中寻求摆脱这种象形文字带来的同世界的阻隔，因而发出了实行汉字拼音化的震撼灵魂的呐喊。

Faced with leaping development of science,people lamented the backwardness of Chinese technology and sought in confusion to get rid of the barrier to the world brought about by hieroglyohics, hence they issued soul-stirring cry to implement the Pinyin of Chinese characters. --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 01:34, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 03:03, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==
1.绝大部分甲骨文发现于中国河南省安阳市殷墟。殷墟是著名的殷商时代遗址，范围包括河南省安阳市西北小屯村、花园庄、侯家庄等地。这里曾经是殷商后期中央王朝都城的所在地，所以称为殷墟。这些甲骨基本上都是商王朝统治者的占卜记录。
Most of the oracle bone inscriptions remainings were found in the Yin Ruins of Anyang City, Henan Province, China. Yinxu is a famous site of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, which consists of Xiaotun village, huayuanzhuang and houjiazhuang in the northwest of Anyang City, Henan Province. It was once the capital of the central dynasty in the late Shang Dynasty, so it was called Yin Ruins. These oracle bone inscriptions are mianly divination records of Shang Dynasty rulers.
2.在中国书法史上，自王羲之创新以来，王体统治书坛达数百年。唐初书法名家辈出，但皆袭晋人笔意，无所建树。至颜真卿出，始创新书体，体现了盛唐的时代风格，唐代方可言有书法。尔后，宋初书家学颜体，犹如唐初争学王体一样。故宋人有“学书当学颜”的诗句。
In the history of Chinese calligraphy, Wang style has dominated the calligraphy circle for a couple of centuries,since his innovation. In the early Tang Dynasty, there were many distinguished calligraphers emerging in an endless stream, who, however, all followed Jin people's spirits of calligraphy.No contributions did they made Until Yan Zhenqing emerged, he began to innovate calligraphy style,which reflected the style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and had Tang’s calligraphy a place in history. From then on, the calligraphers in the early Song Dynasty studied and inherited Yan style just as ones in the early Tang Dynasty did so to Wang style. Therefore,there is a line spreading among Song people that, “one who learns calligraphy should learn from Yan Zhenqing".
3.隶书是继小篆之后出现的又一代表性书体，它是在小篆的基础上产生的。隶书的产生是汉字的一次大革命，其意义不仅在于汉字从此走向了符号化，更重要的是它改变了汉字的书写方式和审美趋向，从而为楷书书法艺术的产生奠定了基础。而北京大学教授李志敏认为秦始皇统一六国文字，对当时的社会进步有积极意义，但未必有利于书法艺术的发展。
Clerical script is another representative calligraphy style after Xiaozhuan, which formed on the basis of the latter. The emergence of Clerical script is a great revolution of Chinese characters. Its significance lies not only in the fact that Chinese characters have advanced towards symbolization, but also ,more importantly,that they have changed the writing style and aesthetic trend of Chinese characters, thus laying the foundation for the production of regular script calligraphy.Li Zhimin, the professor of Peking University, believed that Qin Shihuang's unification of the six languages at that time was of positive significance to social progress, but not necessarily conducive to the development of calligraphy.
--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 02:47, 5 October 2020 (UTC)王美玲

==Wang Xuan 王轩==
1. 汉字已有六千年的历史，是全球使用时间最长并且没有出现断层的文字，也是古人象形表意造字唯一传承至今并硕果仅存的文字。
The Chinese character is the only continuous one with more than six thousand years history as well as the only one inherited from images expressing the meaning.

2. 现存最早的中国书法叫作甲骨文，是一种雕刻在动物骨头、龟壳和青铜器皿上面的铭文。最早的甲骨文可以追溯到商朝。商王在举行重大占卜仪式时都会用到这些刻了甲骨文的器具，因此一些学者认为，自早期将文字与政治权威联系在一起以后，能够读文写字的人就慢慢拥有了特殊的社会地位。
The earliest extant examples of Chinese writing are the inscriptions that appear on so-called oracle bones (animal bones and turtle shells) and on bronze vessels, the oldest of which date back to the Shang dynasty (ca.1600-ca.1100 B.C.E.). Shang kings used these objects in important divination rituals, and some scholars have argued that this early association of writing with ritual and political authority helps to account for the special status conferred upon those who could read and write.

3. 楷书是一种方正的字体，由隶书演变而来。其将“起笔蚕头，收笔燕尾”的隶书转变为横平竖直的笔画形式。楷书于汉末萌芽，魏晋南北朝时期发展势头正猛，到唐代达到顶峰。楷书直到今日还有许多人在使用，并且在书法学习过程中，楷书是必须学好的基本技能。
Regular script is also known as “uniform script” and “real script”, referring to a typeface of order. Regular script is a regular typeface directly evolved from clerical script. It turned the “silkworm head and wild goose tail” of clerical script into a flat and straight form. The word turns from being flat to square and regular. Regular script began to bud in the late Han dynasty, gaining momentum in Wei-Jin North and South dynasties and reaching its prime in the Tang dynasty. This script has remained in use until now and is the fundamental skill people must learn well in their study of calligraphy.

--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 02:47, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==
1. 汉字是历史上最古老的文字之一。也是至今通行的世界上最古老的文字。世界上还没有任何一种文字像汉字这样经久不衰。

Chinese characters are one of the oldest characters in history as well as the world's oldest one so far. No other kind of characters in the world are so enduring as Chinese characters.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:12, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Chinese character is one of the oldest character in history, and it is also the oldest one in the world. There is no other charater like Chinese character in the word.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 03:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

2.书法是以汉字为基础、用毛笔书写的、具有四维特征的抽象符号艺术，它体现了万事万物的“对立统一”这个基本规律又反映了人作为主体的精神、气质、学识和修养。

Calligraphy is an abstract symbol art with four-dimensional characteristics based on Chinese characters and written with a brush. It embodies the basic law of "the unity of opposites" of everything and reflects the spirit, temperament, knowledge and cultivation of human beings as the subject.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:12, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Calligraphy is an abstract symbol art with four-dimensional characteristics based on Chinese characters and written with a brush. It represents the the basic law of "the unity of opposites" of everything, which reflects the spirit, temperament, knowledge and cultivation of human beings as a subject.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 03:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

3.书法经历了篆书、隶书、草书、楷书、行书的演变。

Calligraphy has undergone the evolution of seal, official , cursive, regular and running script.--WuQiong (talk) 15:40, 30 September 2020 (UTC)--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:12, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Calligraphy has undergone the evolution of seal character, official script, regular script and running script.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 05:28, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Calligraphy has a hisroty of seal, official , cursive, regular and running script.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 03:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==
1.比甲骨文稍晚出现的是金文，金文也叫钟鼎文。商周是青铜器的时代，青铜器的礼器以鼎为代表，乐器以钟为代表，“钟鼎”是青铜器的代名词。所以，钟鼎文或金文就是指铸在或刻在青铜器上的铭文。金文的内容是关于当时祀典、赐命、诏书、征战、围猎、盟约等活动或事件的记录，都反映了当时的社会生活。

Jin Wen, appeared a little later than oracle-bone inscriptions, is also known as “Zhong Ding inscriptions. The Shang and Zhou dynasties were the era of bronze wares. The bronze wares were represented by the tripod and the Musical Instruments by the bell. So "Zhong Ding" was the pronoun of bronze wares. Therefore, zhong Ding inscriptions or Jin Wen refers to the inscriptions cast or carved on bronzes. The contents of the Jin texts are records of sacrificial rites, orders, imperial edicts, campaigns, hunts, covenants and other activities or events, which all reflect the social life at that time.

2.中国书法是随着中国历史不断发展前进的，在每个历史阶段都有着不同的书法习惯和风格的诞生。这原因或许是朝代更替，或许是社会变化。中国书法史其实也是中国历史的一个清晰的侧写。

Chinese calligraphy is progressing with the continuous development of Chinese history. In each historical stage there appeared different calligraphy habits and styles . It might because of the change of dynasties or the change of society. Then, the history of Chinese calligraphy is also a clear profile of Chinese history.

3. 从商代后期到秦统一中国(前221年)，汉字演变的总趋势是由繁到简。这种演变具体反映在字体和字形的嬗变之中。

From the late Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty (221 BC), the general trend of the evolution of Chinese characters was from complex to simple. And this progress is reflected in the evolution of fonts and glyphs.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:37, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==
1.行书源于隶书，其在隶书的基础上发展完善，行书作为一种特殊字体，其介于楷书、草书之间，行书的书写速度比楷书快，又不如草书那么难于辨认，有其特殊的优点。

1.Xingshu,developed from Lishu,is a special script which is more easily to be written than regular script and is more recognizable than ''Xingshu'' .

2.但是甲骨文总共才二千多字，其中还有不少尚未释出的怪字（特别是人名、地名），真正派上用场的不是很多。

2.But there are about 2000 characters in ''Jiagu Wen'' in total,some of which do not have exact meaning(especially some names and places),so only a few are useful.

3.《兰亭集序》被誉为“天下第一行书”，全文出现21个“之”字，字重体不重，每一个“之”字都形态不一各有千秋。

3.''Preface to the Orchid Pavilion'' is recognizesd as "the best work in ancient China",and there are 21 "之（a chinese character pronounced as ''zhi''）"in the work,and each of them is different from others in shape . --[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 10:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

1. Xingshu, developed from Lishu, is a special and unique script which can be written faster than regular script and it more recognizable than cursive script.

2. But there are only over 2000 characters in Oracle bone script, some of which don’t have an exact meaning( especially the names of people and places), therefore they are no longer needed.

3. ''Preface to the Orchid Pavilion'' is hailed as “the best running hand work in the world”, and there are 21 different “之” (a Chinese character) in this work.
--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 13:40, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==
1.一个国家的文字表达和承载着一个国家、民族的文化，文字因国家、民族文化的发展而传承，国家、民族文化也因文字的传承而延续、发展。

The language of a country expresses and carries the culture of a country and nation. The language is inherited due to the development of the country and national culture, and the country and national culture are also continued and developed due to the inheritance of the language.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 04:47, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

The language of a country expresses and carries the culture of a country and nation. The language is inherited due to the development of the country and national culture, and the country and national culture are also passed down and develope due to the inheritance of the language. --[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 09:43, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

A country"s characters is an expression and carrier of its culture.Its characters are inherited by the cultural development of the country and nation,while the culture of the country and nation is continued and enhanced in the inheritance of the characters.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 05:31, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

2.书法，是中国及深受中国文化影响过的周边国家和地区特有的一种文字美的艺术表现形式。
Calligraphy is a unique form of artistic expression of the beauty of characters in China and the surrounding countries and regions that have been deeply influenced by Chinese culture.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 04:47, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

Calligraphy ,a peculiar form of expression of art for the beauty of characters,exists in China and the surrounding countries and regions having been greatly influenced by Chinese culture.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 05:31, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

3.书法是中国传统文化最具标志的民族符号，它是用毛笔书写汉字并具有审美惯性的艺术形式。

Calligraphy is the most emblematic national symbol of Chinese traditional culture. It is an artistic form of writing Chinese characters with a brush and possessing aesthetic inertia.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 04:47, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

Calligraphy is the most iconic national symptom of Chinese traditional culture.It is a form of art with brush for writing and aesthetic inertia.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 05:31, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

Calligraphy is the most emblematic national symbol of Chinese traditional culture. It is an art form of writing Chinese characters with brush and aesthetic inertia.--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 12:06, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==
1.世界上还没有任何一种文字像汉字这样经久不衰。从甲骨文发展到今天的汉字，已经有数千年的历史。
There is no any other characters as eduring as Chinese characters with thousands of years of history from Jiagu Wen (oracle script)to its counterpart today.

2.书法字体的发展以篆、隶、草、楷、行为顺序，结构和笔画逐渐变得俭省，除了实用性，还有了自己的艺术性。
The development of Chinese calligraphy follows a order of the seal scipt(zhuan),the offical or clerical script(li),the regular script(kai),the running hand(xing) and cusive handa(cao).During the process,its structure and strokes are becomung simple,possessing not only practicality but also its own artistry.

3.汉字书法为汉族独创的表现艺术，被誉为：无言的诗，无行的舞；无图的画，无声的乐等
As a Han-original espression of art ,Calligraphy is praised as poem of no words,dance of no movements,painting of no images,and music of silence --[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 04:57, 3 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

As a Han-original expression of art, calligraphy is praised as poems without words, dances without movements, paintings without images, and musics without sound.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 05:29, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

1. No other kind of characters in the world are so enduring as Chinese characters. There are thousands of years developing history from oracle to Chinese characters.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 15:25, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

2. Calligraphy has evaluated from seal, official , cursive, regular to running script, and the structures and strokes have been simplified with great artistry aside from practicability.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 15:25, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

3. As a unique expression art created by the ethnic Han, Chinese calligraphy is known as poem without words, dance without gesture, painting without image, music without sound. etc.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 15:25, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

==Xie Fan 解帆==
1.在异国他乡谋生，汉字便是一种寄托，哪怕是一块牌匾、一纸小条，上面的方块字会像磁铁般地吸引着你，让你感受到来自祖国的亲切。

Chinese characters are a kind of emotional sustenance for those who live abroad. Even characters on a plaque or on a small piece of paper can attract you like a magnet and make you feel at home.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:36, 3 October 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:41, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Chinese characters are a kind of spiritual ballast for those who live abroad. Even characters on a plaque or a small piece of paper can attract them like a magnet and make people feel at home.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:42, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

2.隶书强化了汉字的记号功能，削弱了象形功能，对汉字的改变很大，成为古今文字的分水岭。

Clerical script strengthened the marking function of Chinese characters while weakened the pictographic function, which greatly changed Chinese characters and became a watershed between ancient and modern ones.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:36, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Clerical script has strengthened the sign function of Chinese characters while weakened the pictographic function of it, which has played an important role in changing Chinese characters and become a watershed between ancient and modern ones.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 05:33, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3.在书坛走向多元化的今天，书法艺术升华到观念变革的高层次，这无疑是迈了一大步。

With the diversification of calligraphy, the artistry of calligraphy has been improved to the reform of concept, which is undoubtedly a big step forward.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:36, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jia 徐佳==

1.古文字在历史中经历了长时间的演变，是华夏文化的结晶。

After centuries of evolution, ancient Chinese characters represent one of the splendid cultural achievements of China. --[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 07:58, 2 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

Ancient Chinese characters have undergone a long period of evolution in history and are the crystallization of Chinese culture.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 03:38, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Going through a long-term evolution, antient Chinese characters became the crystallization of Chinese culture.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 14:41, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Ancient Chinese characters, going through centuries of evolution in history, are the crystallization of Chinese culture.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 06:40, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.隶书的产生是汉字的一大改革，其意义不仅在于汉字从此走向符号化，更重要的是它改变了汉字的书写方式和审美趋向，从而为楷书书法艺术的产生奠定了基础。

The emergence of Li Shu was a significant reform of Chinese characters, since it made Chinese characters more symbolic and showed a new aesthetics trend of writing, thus laying the foundation for the appearance of Kai Shu. --[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 07:58, 2 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

The emergence of Li Shu was a significant reform of Chinese characters, since it made Chinese characters more symbolic and showed a new pattern and aesthetics trend of writing, thus laying the foundation for the appearance of Kai Shu.--Ouyang Ling

3.楷书由隶书逐渐演变而来，更趋简化，横平竖直，字体端正，是现代通行的汉字正体字。

Kai Shu, the regular script, evolved from Li Shu. It is more simplified and has been widely used in modern society. It has smooth horizontal and vertical strokes, and the shape of characters is square. --[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 07:58, 2 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

==Xu Jing 许静==
1.原始的中国汉字是一种表意的象形文字，字形跟字义、字音之间有着一定的联系。
Ancient Chinese characters were hieroglyphs,which can show the meaning of characters.There were some associations between its form, meaning and sound.

Ancient Chinese characters were hieroglyphs, which showed the meaning of characters. There were some connections between its form, meaning and sound. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 06:27, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

2.古之善书者多寿，心定故也。人能定其心，何事不可为。
In ancient China, people who were good at calligraphy tend to live longer, because they had a earnest personality. The one who can dedicate himself to something can make everything done.

3.商代中后期的甲骨文，笔画均为单线条，瘦挺有力。
Oracle Stone Script in the mid late Shang Dynasty mainly has simple stroke, thin and strong.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 04:07, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==
1. 汉字书法习称“书法”，是流行于全中国的一种书写汉字的传统艺术。

Chinese Calligraphy,known as Calligraphy, is a kind of traditional writing art form that prevalent in China.--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 10:22, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Chinese Calligraphy,known as Calligraphy, is a kind of traditional writing art that is prevalent in China.--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 10:22, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

2. 在世界各民族中，能将实用文字的书写发展成与绘画、音乐、舞蹈、雕塑、文学并列的艺术，只有中华民族的汉字书法。

Among all nations around the world, Chinese Caligraphy is the only practical writing that is able to be developed in apposition to painting, music, dancing, sculpture and literature.

3. 中国书法，能集中体现一个人的精神气质、文化修养等总体素质。

Chinese Calligraphy is the centralized reflection of a person' s spiritual temperament, cultural accomplishment and so on. --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 07:27, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==

1.泰山封山刻石，相传为李斯所书从甲骨文到小篆，汉字经历了从象形文字到表意文字的发展过程，字形逐步脱离事物的具体形象。这一时期的汉字称为古文字。

According to legend, the stone carvings on Mount Tai Feng were written by Li Si, a famous statesman, writer and calligrapher of Qin Dynasty. From oracle bone inscriptions to small seals, Chinese characters have undergone the development process from hieroglyphics to ideograms, and the shape of the characters gradually deviates from the concrete image of things. The Chinese characters of this period are called ancient characters.

It is said that the stone carvings on Mount Tai were produced by Li Si, a famous statesman, writer and calligrapher of Qin Dynasty. From oracle bone inscriptions to small seal script, Chinese characters have undergone the development process from hieroglyphics to ideograms, and the shape of the characters gradually deviates from the concrete image of things. The Chinese characters of this period are called archaic characters.--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 14:40, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

2.小篆是中国第一个也是唯一一个由国家规定的标准汉字形态。从字体风格的角度来看，它具有规范整齐、匀称优美等特点，在秦朝灭亡后的两千多年里一直受到书法家们的喜爱，几乎历代都有善于书写小篆的大家出现。

Seal script is the first and only standard Chinese character form prescribed by the state in China. From the perspective of font style, it has the characteristics of standard, neat, well-proportioned and beautiful. It has been welcomed by calligraphers for more than two thousand years after the collapse of the Qin Dynasty and almost all generations have been good at writing seal script.

Seal script is the first and the only standard Chinese character prescribed by the state in China. From the perspective of characters' style, it is characterized by neatness, symmetry, and beauty. It has been welcomed by calligraphers for more than two thousand years after the collapse of the Qin Dynasty and almost in every dynasty there were calligraphers skilled in seal script.--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 14:40, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

3.王羲之兼善隶、草、楷、行各体，精研体势，心摹手追，广采众长，备精诸体，冶于一炉，摆脱了汉魏笔风，自成一家，影响深远。

Wang Xizhi is good at all kinds of calligraphy such as clerical script, cursive hand, regular script and running hand. He intensively studied calligraphy and wrote down by heart, gathering the strengths of all kinds of calligraphy as one. The style of his calligraphy got rid of the style of Han and Wei, and formed a family by itself, with far-reaching influence.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 10:31, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Wang Xizhi is skilled at wrting in clerical, cursive, running and regular scripts. He got rid of the writing style of Han and Wei Danysties, created his style of calligraphy by painstaking study and practice, absorbing the best of various calligraphers, leaving a profound impact on later generations.--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 14:40, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Hui 阳慧==
中国古代文化，其实就是汉字的发展史，就是汉字的发展、繁荣和应用的过程，我们应该认识到，汉字文化是中国古代文化流传下来的不可多得的一份遗产。

Ancient Chinese culture is actually the development history of Chinese characters and the development, prosperity and application process of Chinese characters. We should realize that Chinese character culture is a rare heritage handed down from ancient Chinese culture.

书法是汉民族特有的文字书写艺术，虽然书法艺术的自觉化至东汉末才发生，但书法艺术当于汉字的.萌生同时。

Calligraphy is the unique writing art of the Han nationality, although the self-consciousness of the calligraphy art did not take place until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but the calligraphy art when the emergence of Chinese characters at the same time.

Calligraphy is a unique writing art of the Han nationality, although the self-consciousness of the calligraphy art did not take place until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but in fact the calligraphy art occured as the emergence of Chinese characters.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 06:04, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

目前发现的于原始汉字有关的资料,为学术界公认的中国最早的古汉字资料，是商代中.后期(约前14至前11世纪)的甲骨文和金文。

At present, the information about the original Chinese characters is the earliest ancient Chinese characters in China, which is recognized by the academic circles.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 03:23, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

The materials related to the original Chinese characters discovered so far are the earliest ancient Chinese character materials recognized by the academic circle, which are the Oracle-bone inscriptions and jinwen of the middle and later period in Shang Dynasty. (c. 14th-11th centuries).--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 06:04, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

The materials related to the original characters till now, recognized as the earliest ancient Chinese character materials by the academic circle, are the oracle-bone inscriptions and jinwen in the middle and later period of Shang Dynasty (BC.14th century - BC.11th century).--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 08:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Yue 杨悦==
1、甲骨文汉字、古埃及的象形文字、两河流域的苏美尔人的楔形文字是世界上最古老的为三大文字系统。

Oracle---Chinese characters, the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and Mesopotamia Sumerian cuneiform are the oldest of the three writing systems in the world.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 18:43, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2、书法源自中国，受东亚文明社会敬重并被广泛实践，促进了文化交流发展。

Calligraphy, originated in China, is highly respected by the East Asian civilizations and widely practiced by many countries, which promotes the development of cultural communication.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 18:43, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3、魏晋以前，人们更加注重书法的实用性。魏晋以后，多种书体出现，书法的审美功能超过了实用功能。

Before the Wei and Jin dynasties， people paid more attention to the practicality of calligraphy. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, a variety of calligraphy appeared, and the aesthetic function of calligraphy exceeded the practical function. --[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 18:43, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==
1. 书法，是中国及深受中国文化影响过的周边国家和地区特有的一种文字美的艺术表现形式。包括汉字书法、蒙古文书法、阿拉伯书法和英文书法等。其“中国书法”，是中国汉字特有的一种传统艺术。

Calligraphy is a unique artistic expression of the beauty of characters in China and surrounding countries and regions that have been deeply influenced by Chinese culture，including Chinese calligraphy, Mongolian calligraphy, Arabic calligraphy and English calligraphy. The "Chinese calligraphy" is a traditional art unique to Chinese characters. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 04:17, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

2. 书法的演变一般是指书法字体的演变。一般说来魏晋时期既是书体的终结期，又是书法技法的集大成期。

The evolution of calligraphy generally refers to the evolution of fonts. Generally speaking, the Wei-Jin period is not only the end of calligraphy, but also the prime time of calligraphy techniques. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 04:17, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

3. 三国时期，隶书开始由汉代的高峰地位降落衍变出楷书，楷书成为书法艺术的又一主体。

During the Three Kingdoms period, the official script--the clerical script began to fall from its peak position in the Han Dynasty and evolved into regular script, and it became a subject of calligraphy. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 04:17, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==
1，书法是中国艺术的最高形式之一，既能传达思想，又能展示线条抽象的美感。
Chinese calligraphy is one of the highest forms of Chinese art, serving the purpose of conveying thoughts while also show casing the abstract beauty of lines.
2, 人们普遍认为练习书法能使人保持身体健康，中国历史上的书法家多有长寿之辈，也证明了这一说法
It is also widely acknowledged that Chinese calligraphy can play a role in preserving the health of those who practice it, which is proven by the long lives of many calligraphers in history.

It is widely accepted that practicing calligraphy can keep people healthy, and in Chinese history, many calligraphers have a long life, which also prove it. --[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 13:23, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Zeng Xinyuan

3，人们在练习书法时全神贯注，被书法作品的魅力深深吸引，从而对令人不快的事情视而不见，乐而不闻，取而代之是一种平静和轻松，以及一种舒适怡然的心理状态，这对身心大有裨益
When one is practicing calligraphy, he or she highly concentrated and spellbound by the charm of the work, turning a blind eye and deaf ear to unpleasant things. A sense of calm and relaxation and a comfortable psychologicalstate take over, which is highly beneficial to both the body and mind.--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 04:49, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

When people are practicing calligraphy, they are preoccupied and spellbound by the charm of the work. Thereby, they turn a blind eye and deaf ear to unpleasant things, taken over by a sense of peace and relaxation, and a comfortable state of mind, which gives many benefits to both body and mentality.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 13:23, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Zeng Xinyuan

==You Yuting 游雨婷==
1.每一个汉字如同鲜活跳动的生命,都承载着中华民族悠久而灿烂的文明.书写汉字的同时,本身就是在传承中华文明,增进人们对中华文化的了解,从而更能增强人们对祖国的热爱。
Every Chinese character, like a living life, carries the time-honored and splendid civilization of the Chinese nation. When writing Chinese characters, we are carrying forward Chinese civilization and improving people's understanding of Chinese culture, thus enhancing people's love for the motherland.

Every Chinese character, like the life of living and beating, bears the long and splendid civilization of the Chinese nation . While writing Chinese characters, it is inheriting the Chinese civilization and promoting people's understanding of the Chinese culture, so that people can enhance their love for the motherland. --[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 03:28, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.书法，是世界上少数几种文字所有的艺术形式。其中，“中国书法”是汉字特有的一种艺术表现形式，被誉为:无言的诗，无形的舞，无图的画，无声的乐。
Calligraphy is one of the few written art forms in the world. Among them, "Chinese calligraphy" is a unique artistic form of Chinese characters, known as: silent poetry, intangible dance, painting without pictures, and soundless music.

Calligraphy is one of the few written art forms in the world. Among them, "Chinese calligraphy" is a unique artistic form of Chinese characters, known as: a silent poetry, an intangible dance, paintings without pictures, and soundless music.--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 06:21, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

3.书法的演变一般是指书法字体的演变。中国书法历史悠久，书体沿革流变，书法艺术异采迷人。从甲骨文、金文演变而为大篆、小篆、隶书。
The evolution of calligraphy generally refers to the evolution of calligraphy fonts. Chinese calligraphy changes in the style of calligraphy with a long history.The art of calligraphy is unique and fascinating.Calligraphy has been giving out artistic charm from inscriptions on bones and inscriptions on ancient bronze objects to major seal script, small seal script and official script.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 03:37, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

==Yu Ni 余妮==
1.对于一个中国人来说，书法就是书写，而不是一种商业的手段。在过去，书法同音乐、绘画和诗歌一样受到重视，而一些伟大的书法家，地位比最好的画家和诗人还要高。

For Chinese people, calligraphy is writing, not a commercial means. In the past, calligraphy was regarded as important as music, painting and poetry, and some great calligraphers were higher than the best painters and poets.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 15:17, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.同其他所有的书写系统一样，汉语书写也有自身的缺点。意音合成词在使用过程中仍有许多容易混淆和矛盾的地方，例如，无论是从字形上还是从位置上都没有一个标准和统一的标记来确定哪一个成分为字哪一个为音。

Like all other writing systems, Chinese writing has its own shortcomings.There are still many confusion and contradictions in the use of words which were composed by meaning and sound. For example, there is no standard and unified mark to determine which component represents meaning and which represents sound.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 15:17, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3.将书法作为一门艺术来看待，不能像讨论汉字史那样，说它的发展是由象形性趋于符号性，尽管它自始至终都以汉字的形式出现。汉字经历了甲骨文、金文、小篆、隶书、楷书等阶段，而书法艺术也正是沿着汉字字体的发展而推进的。

To treat calligraphy as an art, we can't say that its development is from pictographic to symbolic. However, it appears in the form of Chinese characters from the beginning to the end. Chinese characters have gone through oracle bone inscriptions, Chinese bronze inscriptions,the lesser seal character,running han, and regular script. Calligraphy art is advancing along with the development of Chinese characters.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 15:17, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

近年来，随着经济的快速增长，中国的国际影响力提升了，世界上学汉字的人也多了起来。这套独特的符号系统积淀了丰富的历史文化内容，西方人在学汉字的过程中甚至能体会到这个东方民族细腻的思想。如今在中国，汉字也越来越受到人们的重视。

In recent years, with the rapid growth of economy, the international influences of China has improved, along with it is the increasing number of people who begin to learn to write Chinese characters, which boasts unique symbol system that accumulates rich historical and cultural contents. The occidentals can even appreciate delicate ideas of the orientals through learning Chinese characters. In China, nowadays, growing attention is attached to Chinese characters in China.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 08:54, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

In recent years, with the rapid growth of economy, the international influences of China has improved, along with the increasing number of people who are learning Chinese characters, which boast unique symbol system that accumulates rich historical and cultural contents. The occidentals can even appreciate delicate ideas of the orientals through learning Chinese characters. Nowadays, Chinese people themselves are also paying more attention to Chinese characters.--Ouyang Ling

中国书法作为汉字书写的艺术，具有非常悠久的历史。它是中国艺术的最高形式之一，既能传达思想，又能展示线条抽象的美感。人们还普遍认为，练习书法能够使人保持身体健康。中国历史上的书法家多有长寿之辈，也证实了这一说法。

Chinese calligraphy boasts the fame of a time-honored art of the writing of Chinese characters, as well as one of the highest forms of art, serving the purpose of conveying ideas and showcase the aesthetic of abstract lines. It is generally acknowledged that practising calligraphy is wholesome to people’s health, which is also proven by Chinese history that boasts calligraphers who enjoyed longevity.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 08:54, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

书法的演变一般是指书法字体的演变。一般说来魏晋时期既是书体的终结期，又是书法技法的集大成期。中国书法历史悠久，书体沿革流变，书法艺术异采迷人。从甲骨文、金文演变而为大篆、小篆、隶书，至东汉、魏、晋的草书、楷书、行书诸体，书法一直散发着独特的艺术魅力。

The evolution of calligraphy usually refers to that of the fonts of calligraphy. Generally speaking, the Wei-Jin period not only represents the termination of chirography, but also reveals the climax of the skills of calligraphy. The time-honored Chinese calligraphy boasts ever-changing chirography with miscellaneous and captivating art. From Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Bronze Inscriptions to Large Seal Script, Small Seal Script and Official Script, and even to fonts like cursive script, regular script and running hand from the Eastern Han, Wei and Jin dynasties, Chinese calligraphy consistently possesses unique charm.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 08:54, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1.汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。
The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are the horizontal stroke, the vertical stroke,the left-falling stroke, the right-falling stroke and the turning stroke.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:55, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.书法是中国特有的一种传统艺术。中国汉字是劳动人民创造的，开始以图画记事，经过几千年的发展，演变成了当今的文字，又因祖先发明了用毛笔书写，便产生了书法。
Calligraphy is a unique traditional art in China. Chinese characters were created by the working people. They began to record things by pictures.After thousands of years of development, they have evolved into today's characters.Because their characters invented writing with brushes, they have produced calligraphy.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:55, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Calligraphy is a unique traditional art in China. Chinese characters were created by the working people. They began to record things by pictures. After thousands of years' development, they have evolved into today's characters. Because Chinese ancestors invented the way of writing with brushes, calligraphy then came into being.--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 16:27, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3.此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。
Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles:bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script,cursive script, running script,etc.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 15:55, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==
1.中国汉字具有形态之美。原始的中国汉字是一种表意的象形文字，字形跟字义、字音之间有着一定的联系，它是形、音、义的结合体。
Chinese characters have the beauty of form. Primitive Chinese characters are a kind of ideographic Hieroglyph, the form, meaning and pronunciation of which is quite connected. It’s a combination of form, sound, and meaning.

Chinese characters have the beauty of form. Primitive Chinese characters are a kind of ideographic hieroglyph, the form, meaning and pronunciation of which is quite connected. It’s a combination of form, sound, and meaning.--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 16:33, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.书法是汉字的书写艺术。它不仅是华夏的文化瑰宝，而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异采。汉字在漫长的演变发展的历史长河中，一方面起着思想交流、文化继承等重要的社会作用，另一方面它本身又形成了一种独特的造型艺术。
Calligraphy is a writing art of Chinese character. It is not only cultural treasures of China, but also an unique splash in the treasury of world culture and art. In the long history of evolution and development, Chinese characters, on the one hand, play an important public role in exchanges of ideas, and cultural inheritance, on the other hand, it itself has formed an unique plastic art.

3.汉字的刻画符号，首先出现在陶器上。最初的刻画符号只表示一个大概的混沌的概念，没有确切的含义。
The portrayal symbols of Chinese characters were firstly appeared on potteries. Initial symbols only expressed a generalized and vague concept, instead of exact meaning.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 07:50, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Zeng Xinyuan

1. Chinese characters is embodied with the beauty in form. The original Chinese characters is a kind of pictograph, the form of which has something to do with its meaning and pronunciation. It' s a combination of form, sound and meaning.

2. Calligraphy is a writing art of Chinese character. It is not only a treasure of Chinese civilization, but also enriches the world culture. In the long run of the development of Chinese character, it plays a role in culture communication and inheritance, while at the same time, itself forms an unique plastic art.

3. The portrayal symbols of Chinese characters were first to be found on potteries. At first, the original ones only presented a vague concept with no specific meaning. --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 07:43, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Zhang Hui 张慧==
中国文字之所以能够博大精深，就是因为中文的每一个文字符号，都蕴含着丰富的内涵。
The reason why Chinese characters can be broad and profound is that every Chinese character symbol contains rich connotations.

中国的历史文明是一个历时性、线性的过程，中国的书法艺术在这样大的时代背景下展示着自身的发展面貌。
Chinese historical civilization is a diachronic and linear process, and Chinese calligraphy art shows its own development under such a great background of the times.

China’s historical civilization is a diachronic, linear process. Chinese calligraphy art in such a large background of the times to show its own development.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 03:36, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

中国文字的演化，始终维持着原始的绘画或符号内容，只是在形成更多文字时，在原有文字构成的基础上，加以种种组合，以求形成更多的文字，这在世界文化史上是独一无二的。
The evolution of Chinese characters always maintains the original painting or symbolic content, but when forming more characters, on the basis of the original text composition, various combinations are made to form more characters. This is unique in the history of world culture.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

The evolution of Chinese characters has always maintained the original contents of paintings or symbols. It is unique in the history of world culture to combine various combinations on the basis of the original characters to form more characters. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 00:50, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

1. 在中国汉字三千多年的发展历史中，中国汉字的演变趋势是一个由繁到简的过程，这样的一种趋势让中国的识字率持续提高，也为文化的传承交流提供了强有力的保障。

In the development history of Chinese characters for more than 3000 years, the evolution trend of Chinese characters is a process from complexity to simplicity.
Such a tend allows China's literacy rate continue to improve, and provides a strong guarantee for cultural heritage and exchange.

In the development history of Chinese characters for more than 3000 years, the evolution trend of Chinese characters is a process from complexity to simplicity.
Such a tend allows China's literacy rate to improve constantly, and provides a strong guarantee for cultural heritage and exchange.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 06:08, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

2. 书法是以汉字为基础、用毛笔书写的、具有四维特征的抽象符号艺术，它体现了万事万物的“对立统一”这个基本规律又反映了人作为主体的精神、气质、学识和修养。

Calligraphy is an abstract symbolic art based on Chinese characters, written with brush and with four-dimensional characteristics. It embodies the basic law of "unity of opposites" of all things, and reflects the spirit, temperament, knowledge and cultivation of human beings as the subject.

Calligraphy is an abstract symbolic art with four-dimensional features, which is based on Chinese characters, and written with ink brush. It embodies “unity and opposition” of everything, which reflects spirit, temperament, learning, and cultivation of human being as a main body.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:10, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Zeng Xinyuan

3. 中国数千年的书法史精彩纷呈，各家各派在历史长河中留下了浓墨重彩的一笔，并以自己独到的思想见解影响了无数后人。

The history of Chinese calligraphy for thousands of years is full of splendor. Each school and faction has left an indelible mark in the long history, and has influenced countless future generations with their own unique ideas and insights. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 09:52, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

The history of Chinese calligraphy for thousands of years is brilliant. Each school has left an indelible mark in the long history, influencing countless future generations with their own unique ideas and insights.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:20, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2020 (UTC)==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==
中国古代关于文字的起源主要有两个系统，源于易卦说和仓颉造诣说。
There are two systems about the original of the Chinese characters in the ancient time of China:the Eight Trigram and the characters making of Cang Jie.

书法是一种展现文字美的艺术表现形式。
Calligraphy is a attack form expressing the beauty of the word.

汉代创兴草书，草书的诞生对书法艺术的发展史有着重大的意义。
Cursive script,risen in the Dynasty of ,play an important role in the development of the Chinese character.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 05:41, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==
1.汉字是表达的工具但又不仅仅是。它还带着与生俱来的历史温度和文化内涵。陈寅恪先生说：“凡解释一字，即是做一部文化史。” 确实，每一个字的诞生，都有诸多构成因素以及变化与演进特点。

Chinese character is more than a tool of expression. It carries inherent history and culture. "The explanation of any Chinese character represents a book of cultural history." said Mr. Chen Yinqiu. It is true that the origin of every character has many factors, changes and evolutionary features.

2. 书法是中国特有的一种传统艺术，而王羲之的《兰亭序》代表了中国书法史上的第一个高峰，也是历代书法爱好者的崇拜对象。

Calligraphy is an unique Chinese traditional art. Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion by Wang Xizhi represented the first peak in the history of Chinese Calligraphy and an ideal for calligraphy enthusiasts for generations.

3. 然而事实恰恰相反，就产生的时间来说，是先有草书，再有行书，楷书最晚出现。古人分的五大类字体，如果论资排辈，出场顺序是：篆、隶、草、行、楷。楷书在字体家族里，“辈份”是最小的。

However, it was quite the opposite. In terms of time of origin, running script first appeared in the history, and then cursive script and at last regular script. Ancient people divided Chinese scripts into five major kinds. In order of seniority, their line-up will be seal script, clerical script, running script, and cursive regular. Therefore, in the family of scripts, regular script is the youngest.

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==
1.许多文学学者认为，只有前面的象形，指事，会意，形声是造字法，后面的转注和假借是用字之法。

1. Many literacy scholars believe that only the former four types of characters - pictographs, self-explanatory characters, associative compounds and picto-phonetic characters are word-formation characters. The later two - mutually explanatory or synonymous charaters and phonetic loan characters belong to words formed with the usage of characters.

2.从表面字义理解，书法指书写的法度。生活中，书法一词另具备以下含义：第一，某幅书写作品的代称或者所有书写作品的统称；第二，一种艺术类别，一般指书写汉字的艺术。

Literally, calligraphy means the priciples of writing. In real life, calligraphy has the following meanings. First, it stands for one particular writing work or the name of all writings. Second, calligraphy is a catergory of art which usually represents the art of Chinese-writing.

3.与其他文艺理论一样，书法理论既包括书法本身的技法理论，又包括其美学理论，而这些理论中又无不闪耀着中国古代文人的智慧光芒。比如关于书法中如何表现“神、气、骨、肉、血”等范畴的理论。

Just the same as other theories of literature and art, calligraphic theory not only concludes the technique theory, but also its aesthetic theory which totally show the wisedom of Chinese ancient literati such as the theory of showing "spirit, pneuma, bone, flesh, blood and etc." --[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 16:07, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.汉字不仅仅是中国人交流信息的符号，更承载着我们民族的历史、文化和精神气象。

The Chinese characters not only are the symbols for Chinese people to exchange information, but also carry our national history, culture and spiritual atmosphere.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:11, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

The Chinese characters not only serve as the symbols for exchanging information between Chinese people, but also represent the history, culture and spirit of the Chinese nation.--Ouyang Ling

The Chinese characters are not only the symbols for Chinese people to exchange information, but also carry our national history, culture and spiritual atmosphere.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 09:51, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.书法艺术作为传统文化的重要组成部分，在中国文化中最具典型特征，有着悠久的历史与深厚的底蕴。

The art of calligraphy, as an important part of traditional culture, has typical characteristics, long history and profound foundation.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:11, 13 October 2020 (UTC)

The art of calligraphy, as an important part of China's traditional culture, has the most distinctive characteristics, long history and profound foundation.--Ouyang Ling

3.中国书法在数千年的发展中已经形成系统体系，并在不断追求多样化的表现形式。

Chinese calligraphy has formed its own systems in the course of development for thousands of years, and it has been pursuing diverse forms of expression.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 05:14, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
中国人的情思已经浓缩为那最简单的横竖撇捺。每一笔，都是饱蘸着华夏碧血写就的。在海外，无论你功成名就还是漂泊沦丧，只要有方块字的伴随，你就会有几多慰藉几多寄托。

The thoughts and feelings of Chinese people are expressed by the simplest strokes, each of which is written entirely with the passion of Chinese nation. Whether you are extremely famous or leading a wandering life overseas, comforts and warmth will be brought to you as long as you see these familiar characters.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 13:04, 4 October 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 06:18, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

楷书是由隶书演变而来的。直到现在，仍是汉字的标准字体，已有近2000年的历史了。

With a long history of nearly two thousand years, regular script, evolved from official script, is still the standard font of Chinese characters until now.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 06:18, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

汉字书法为汉族独创的表现艺术，它是富有美感的艺术作品，被誉为：无言的诗，无行的舞；无图的画，无声的乐等

Chinese calligraphy is an expressive art created by Chinese nation. It is a beautiful work of art,which is also called silent poems, intangible dance, invisible paintings, soundless music and so on.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 13:04, 4 October 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 06:18, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

原始的中国汉字是一种表意的象形文字，字形跟字义、字音之间有着一定的联系，它是形、音、义的结合体。
The original Chinese character, a kind of hieroglyphics, is a combination of form, sound and meaning as there is a certain connection between the shape, the meaning and the sound of the character.

汉字书法为汉族独创的表现艺术，被誉为：无言的诗，无行的舞；无图的画，无声的乐等.
Chinese calligraphy is a unique expressive art created by Han nationality, renowned as: poems without words, dances without forms; painting without pictures and music without sounds, etc.

从甲骨文、金文演变而为大篆、小篆、隶书，至东汉、魏、晋的草书、楷书、行书诸体，书法一直散发着艺术的魅力。
From oracle bone inscriptions and bronze inscriptions to the big seal, small seal and official script, and then to the cursive script, regular script and running script of the Eastern Han, Wei, and Jin Dynasties, calligraphy has always exuded the charm of art.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 02:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==
1.书法是中国文化的精粹，除了满足日常书写外，它已经上升成为一门特别的高等艺术。它兴旺于中华大地数千年而不衰。

Calligraphy is the essence of Chinese culture, which has become a unique advanced art except for meeting a demand for daily writing. It emerged and flourished in China and is everlasting over thousands of years.

Calligraphy is the essence of Chinese culture, which has ascended to a unique advanced art except for serving as a tool for daily writing. It emerged and flourished in China and is everlasting over thousands of years.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 10:00, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

As the essence of Chinese culture,calligraphy,apart from daily practice,has evolved into a unique high-level art.It emerged and flourished in China and is everlasting over thousands of years.--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:55, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.商业气息浓重的店面装饰一些具有古色古香、文化色彩的书法作品就会平添几分高雅。书法作品也常常装饰客厅，书房和卧室。

Commercial stores decorated with some quaint and cultural calligraphy works will naturally possess sense of elegance. Living rooms, studies, and bedrooms are usually decorated with calligraphy works as well.

3.汉字写在吸水性很强的宣纸上，然后再装裱起来挂上墙壁。书法作品多半是居室主人所喜爱的一首诗词或是一句格言；如果这是他自己所作，那就更能显示他的志趣和才华了。

Characters are written on rice paper with strong water absorption which is mounted and hanged on the wall. The content of a work mostly is a poem or a motto appreciated by the house owner. If it is composed by himself, the work will reveal more about his aspiration, interest and talent.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 07:54, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Characters are written on rice paper with strong water-absorbing property which is mounted and hanged on the wall. The content of a work mostly is a poem or a motto appreciated by the house owner. If it is composed by himself, the work will reveal more about his aspiration, interest and talent.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 10:00, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==
1.宋代以后，由于经济、贸易和文化的发展，印刷术在文化交流上扮演了重要的角色，印刷术能够大规模复制各类文字内容。
After Song Dynasty,due to the development of economy，trade and culture, ptinting played an important role in cultural exchanges,which can duplicate various characters in a large scale.

After Song Dynasty, due to the development of economy, trade and culture, printing played an important role in cultural exchanges, which can duplicate various characters in a large scale.--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 16:41, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.把文字的书写性发展到一种审美阶段--融入了创作者的观念、思维、情感，并能激发审美对象的审美情感（也就是一种真正意义上的书法的形成）。
The handwriting of characters was developed into a aesthetic stage--integrated authors' conceptions, minds and emotions, and arouse the affection of aesthetic objects (which means the calligraphy formed in a real sense).

3.中国书法历史悠久，书体沿革流变，书法艺术异采迷人，从甲骨文、金文演变而为大篆、小篆、隶书，至东汉、魏、晋的草书、楷书、行书诸体，书法一直散发着艺术魅力。
Chinese calligraphy has a long history with changing writing styles and charming artistry. From oracle bone script and chinese beonze inscriptions evolving into large seal script, small seal script and clerical script, including the cursive script, regular script and semi-cursive script in East Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties, calligraphy is always full of art charming. --[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 13:38, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

1.仓颉是黄帝时的史官，造字的初衷是因为当时结绳和刀刻的记事方法已经不能满足需要，另一说是其绳结记录的史书在给黄帝提供史实时出了差错。

Cangjie is the historian under the Yellow Emperor. The reason why Cangjie invented characters is the methods of keep records by tying knots or notching wood were no longer meet the needs of recording historical events. Another supposition of this is there were mistakes in the historical records kept by tying konts.

Cangjie is the historian under the Yellow Emperor. He invented characters because it is no longer necessary to keep records of historical events by tying knots or notching wood, and another supposition is there were mistakes in the historical records kept by tying konts.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 02:23, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2.从字体演变的历史过程来看，虽然隶书的形成是汉字由线条结构变为点画结构的标志，但是汉字点画结构的典型不是隶书而是楷书。

From the historical process of characters, the formation of clerical script marks the transformation of Chinese characters from line structure to Dianhua structure (Dianhua means the strokes of Chinese character, such as dot, horizontal, straight.),while the typical script is not clerical script but regular script.

3.行书是介于楷书和草书之间的一种书体，王羲之的行书也更加体现了他的书法的妍美特色和革新精神以及审美理想，为后人所称道。

Running hand is a kind of script between regular script and cursive script. Wang Xizhi's works of running hand embody beauty, innovation and aesthetic ideal, which are highly valued by later generations.--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 13:57, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

Running hand is a kind of script between regular script and cursive script. Wang Xizhi's works of running hand featuring beauty, innovation and aesthetic ideal, which are highly valued by later generations.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 02:23, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==
1. 汉字已有六千年的历史，是全球使用时间最长并且没有出现断层的文字，也是古人象形表意造字唯一传承至今的文字。
With a history of over six thousand years, Chinese characters are used for the longest time in the world without interruption, and meanwhile they are the only existing ideograms inherited from the ancient people.

2. 把文字的书写性发展到一种审美阶段——融入了创作者的观念、思维、精神，并能激发审美对象的审美情感，是一种真正意义上的书法的形成。
The proper calligraphy requires its practioner to develop the process of just writing characters into an aesthetic process in which the characters are infused with the creator’ thoughts and ideas and gain the magic power to arouse the aesthetic feelings of the aesthetic object.

3. 汉字的演变经历了几千年的漫长历程，经历了甲骨文、金文、篆书、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等阶段。
The evolution of Chinese characters witnesses thousands of years, going through different stages including the phase of oracle bone inscriptions, inscriptions on ancient bronze objects，seal characters, clerical script, regular script, cursive script and running script.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 07:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

理清汉字、书法和中国文化的关系,引导学生热爱传统文化 Sorting out the relations between Chinese characters, calligraphy and culture to nurture students' passion for traditional culture.

汉字书法为汉族独创的表现艺术，被誉为：无言的诗、无形的舞、无图的画、无声的乐等。 Chinese calligraphy is an unique art created by Hans, often compared as poem, dance, drawing or song though it is speechless and motionless.

书法艺术是我国文化艺术的重要组成部分,魏晋南北朝时期社会动荡,对社会生产力产生了较大的影响,但是在这一时期,我国的书法艺术却得到了空前的发展,且逐渐进入到了自觉阶段.
Calligraphy is a very important part in Chinese culture and art. Owing the turbulence in the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the art of calligraphy was developed at an unprecedented rate and gradually went into a conscious stage, though social productivity was badly influenced. --Zhumeimei (talk) 09:20, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==
1. 转注字是六书中的用字之法，同假借字一样，原则上都不能产生新字。它反映了语音的发展变化或方音的差异；同时它也反映了一种语言文字现象：即文字是如何调整自己的形体以适应发展变化了的语言的需要的，它是一种动态的文字现象。

Synonymous character is one of the six categories of characters,which likes phonetic loan character that cannot produce new characters in principle. It reflects the development and change of speech sounds or the difference of dialect sounds,and it also reflects the phenomenon of language writing:how characters adjust their forms to meet the needs of the development and change of language. It is a dynamic writing phenomenon.

2. 瘦金体是宋徽宗赵佶所创的一种字体，是书法史上极具个性的一种书体，因其与晋楷唐楷等传统书体区别较大，个性极为强烈，故可称作是书法史上的一个独创。

Slender gold is a type of script created by Emperor Huizong of Song,and is a very individual style in the history of calligraphy. Due to its differences among traditional typefaces such as Jin Kai and Tang Kai (two kinds of regular scrip) and strong characteristics,it can be regarded as an original style in the history of calligraphy.

3. 现在，中国书法的艺术价值越来越超出汉字的使用范围而被世界所认识。简练的线条，丰富的结构，优美的造型，复杂的意境情趣。这种特殊的艺术表现手段，引起了世界的重视。

Now, the artistic merit of Chinese calligraphy far exceeds the use of Chinese characters and is recognized by world. Concise lines,abounding structures,beautiful shapes,complex interests and charms. This special ways of artistic expression has aroused the world’s attention.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 04:22, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

At present, the artistic value of Chinese calligraphy has been recognized by the world as the value is more than the use of Chinese characters. These special ways of art expression – concise lines, rich structures, graceful shapes and complicated moods and inclinations – have drawn the world’s attention. --[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 08:25, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==

1.汉字通过写意的方式展示物象本性，追求的是神似。

Chinese characters show the nature of objects through freehand brushwork, pursuing the spirit resemblance.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 05:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

2.汉字构形对方形空间的情有独钟，汉字结体对平衡对称的不懈追求，即是书法艺术形成的原始主客观因素。

The structure of Chinese characters has a preference for square, and its unremitting pursuit of balance and symmetry is exactly the original subjective and objective factor of the formation of calligraphy art.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 05:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

3.甲骨文之后，汉字字体从金文、籀文、小篆到隶书、草书、楷书、行书，再到今天各种书体流派竞相纷呈、争奇斗艳。

After the oracle bone inscriptions, the fonts of Chinese characters have changed from bronze inscriptions, Xuanwen, and Xiaozhuan to official script, cursive script, regular script, and running script, until today, a variety of calligraphy genres are competing with each other.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 05:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

==Phyo Su Kyi==

1-尚可发现的最早的中国文字证据是商代晚期（约1250-1050 BC）刻在青铜器皿和甲骨上的铭文。这些最早的可以追溯到公元前1200年左右。
The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions carved on bronze vessels and oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty (c. 1250–1050 BC). The earliest of these is dated to around 1200 BC.

2-保持较高的画笔会产生较弱，较柔和的笔触，而靠近画笔的位置则会产生较硬，更清晰的笔触。用无名指，中指和拇指握住画笔。肘部保持在桌子上方。
Holding the brush higher creates weaker, softer strokes while holding closer to the bristles create solid, more defined strokes. Use your ring finger, middle finger and thumb to hold the brush. Keep your elbow above the table.

3- 中国古代文字是从商代（公元前1600年至1046年）的占卜实践演变而来的。一些理论认为，在班坡村发现的陶片上的图像和标记是早期书写系统的证据，但这一主张屡屡受到质疑。

Ancient Chinese writing evolved from the practice of divination during the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE). Some theories suggest that images and markings on pottery shards found at Ban Po Village are evidence of an early writing system but this claim has been challenged repeatedly.Apr 7, 2016

==Seydou, Sagara==

中国的历史文明是一个历时性、线性的过程，中国的书法艺术在这样大的时代背景下展示着自身的发展面貌。在书法的萌芽时期（殷商至汉末三国），文字经历由甲骨文、古文（金文）、大篆（籀文）、小篆、隶（八分）、草书、行书、真书等阶段，依次演进。在书法的明朗时期（晋南北朝至隋唐），书法艺术进入了新的境界。--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 04:12, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

中国的书法很漂亮
Chinese calligraphy is very beautiful.

中国书法经历了很长的演变过程。
Chinese calligraphy has experiend in a very long evolution time.--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 04:41, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

==PINGKI TANCHANGYA==

==Ngo Thi Minh Huong==

==RAJABOV ANUSHERVON ==

感受汉字的神奇魅力
Feel the magic charming of Chinese characters.

硬笔书法是中国书法的源头
Hard-tipped calligraphy is the origin of Chinese calligraphy.

书法的发展与历史的发展有着十分密切的关系
The development of calligraphy is closely connected to history.--[[User:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10]] ([[User talk:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|talk]]) 14:04, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

==GUIROU BARTHELEMY==

汉代从公元前二零二年到公元二二零年四百二十六年，是汉字书法发展史上关键性的一代。汉代分为西汉和东汉，两汉三百余年间，书法由籀篆变隶分，由隶分变为章草、真书、行书，至汉末，我国汉字书体已基本齐备。

From 202 200 D. to 426 A.D., the Han Dynasty was a key generation in the history of Chinese calligraphy. The Han Dynasty was divided into the West han and the East Han Dynasty, two Han more than three hundred years, calligraphy from 籀 to change the division, from the branch into chapter grass, true books, lines of books, to the end of the Han Dynasty, China's Chinese characters have been basically complete.--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 14:41, 4 October 2020 (UTC)GUIROU BARTHELEMY

==HA THI THU HANG==
Translation:

1.春节,农历春节,是中国最重要的传统民族节日。通常在1月下旬或2月初。

The Spring Festival, the Lunar New Year, is the most important traditional national festival in China. It usually falls in late January or early February.

2.中秋节是农历八月的满月，那时候月亮比其他任何一个月都更加明亮饱满，月光是最美的。

The Mid-Autumn Festival comes on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month, when the moon is supposed to be brighter and fuller than in any other month and the moonlight is the most beautiful.

3. 中国是世界上大陆最长的海岸线。它从中韩边界的鸭绿江口到南部中国与越南边界的湄公河之间长约18,000公里。

China has one of the longest coastlines in the world along its mainland, running 18,000 km from the mouth of the Yalu River on the Chinese-Korean border in the north to the mouth of the Beilung River on the Chinese-Vietnamese border in the south.
--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 19:38, 4 October 2020 (UTC)--HA THI THU HANG--

==Zubareva Ekaterina ==
Translation:
1.长江是一个国家中最长的河流，也是世界上第三长的河流：6,300公里（3,915英里）。河流是世界上主要河流中最高的。

The Yangtze River is the longest river in a country and the third longest river in the world: 6,300 kilometers (3,915 miles). The river is the highest among the major rivers in the world.

2.关于华人过端午节的起源，较为普遍的说法是纪念屈原或伍子胥，但不少习俗在屈原之前已经存在。

Regarding the origin of the Chinese Dragon Boat Festival, the more common saying is to commemorate Qu Yuan or Wu Zixu, but many customs existed before Qu Yuan.

3.剪纸是中国手工艺品非常独特的视觉艺术。它起源于公元六世纪，当时妇女通常在寺庙的头发上粘贴金色和银色箔屑，而男人则在神圣的仪式中使用它们。
Paper-cut is a very unique visual art of Chinese handicrafts. It originated from the 6th century when women used to paste golden and silver foil cuttings onto their hair at the temples, and men used them in sacred rituals.

== Gennadii Dashkin ==

''Translation'':
--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 11:23, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
1)    '''中国有世界上最早的日珥记录。公元前14 世纪，殷朝甲骨文中，已有日食和月食的常规纪录，以及世界上最早的日珥记录'''。
China has the earliest record of a solar prominence in the world. Carried in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin Dynasty (in the 14th century B. C. ) were the routine records of the solar eclipse and the lunar eclipse, and the earliest record of a solar prominence in the world.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 11:30, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2)    '''中国书法有非常好的生活基础，很多完美的书法作品是以书信、诗词手稿、碑文、墓志铭、牌匾、屏风、室内装饰品等形式存在的，这些作品大多具有文字内容和书法的艺术美相得益彰的特点。中国书法与中国绘画、篆刻、舞蹈、音乐等艺术形式相互影响'''。Chinese calligraphy has a very good foundation for life. Many perfect calligraphy works exist in the form of letters, poems, manuscripts, inscriptions, epitaphs, plaques, screens, interior decorations, etc. Most of these works have written content and the artistic beauty of calligraphy complements each other. specialty. Chinese calligraphy and Chinese painting, seal cutting, dance, music and other art forms influence each other.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 11:30, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3)    '''石鼓文处于承前启后的时期，承秦国书风，为小篆先声。石鼓文刻于十座花岗岩石上，因石墩形似鼓，故称为“石鼓”。石鼓文与金文有较大差别，具有明显的动感，是中国现存最早的刻石文字'''。Shigu wen was in the period of inheriting the past and enlightening the future, inheriting the style of the Qin Dynasty and was the first sign of Xiaozhuan. Shigu wen inscriptions are carved on ten granite stones. The stone piers are called «drum-shaped stone blocks" because they resemble drums. There is a big difference between Shigu wen inscriptions and Jin Wen inscriptions with obvious dynamics, and is the earliest extant stone inscription in China.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 11:30, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

== Alsied, Saffana ==
The oldest Chinese characters discovered so far are called Jiagu Wen (ancient Chinese characters carved on tortoise shells or animal bones), which were already well-developed characters at that time. Those characters were discovered in Anyang, Henan Province, which was the capital of the Shang Dynasty. Around 150,000 shell and bone pieces were excavated. Of the more than 4,600 distinct characters in these pieces, over 1,000 have been identified. They all followed the six categories of Chinese characters.

迄今为止发现的最古老的汉字被称为“贾姑文”（刻在龟甲或动物骨头上的古代汉字），当时已经是发达的汉字。这些人物是在商代都城河南安阳发现的。挖掘了大约15万个贝壳和骨头碎片。在这些作品中的4,600多个不同角色中，已识别出1,000多个。他们都遵循六类汉字。

2.Calligraphy is regarded in China as either the art of writing or beautiful hand- writing with the brush or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. As a school of traditional art, calligraphy occupies the same position as painting in the history of Chinese art and constitutes an indispensable part of the heritage of national culture.

在中国，书法被视为书写艺术或用毛笔优美的笔迹，或研究该艺术的规则和技巧。作为传统艺术学校，书法在中国艺术史上的地位与绘画相同，是民族文化遗产不可或缺的一部分。

3.However, it was probably not until the late Spring and Autumn Period that people began to regard character writing as artistic work. The inscriptions on the bronze utensils and musical instruments excavated from the Tomb of Yi, Duke of Zeng, date back to the early Warring States Period and show that people then were aware that character writing was developing into a form of art.

但是，直到春秋末期，人们才开始将角色写作视为艺术作品。曾公爵彝族墓中出土的青铜器皿和乐器的铭文可以追溯到战国初期，表明人们那时已经意识到文字写作正在发展为一种艺术形式。

== Anna Grosheva ==

''Translation'':

1)结绳记事是文字发明前，人们所使用的一种记事方法。即在一条绳子上打结。上古时期的中国及秘鲁印地安人皆有此习惯，即到近代，一些没有文字的民族，仍然采用结绳记事来传播信息。 Tie rope note is a kind of note method used by people before the invention of words. That is to tie a knot on a rope. The ancient Chinese and Peruvian Indians had this habit. In modern times, some people without written words still use knotted notes to spread information.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 14:11, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

2)汉字是中国书法中的重要因素，因为中国书法是在中国文化裏产生、发展起来的，而文字是中国文化的基本要素之一。以文字为依托，是中国书法区别于其他种类书法的主要標示。 Chinese characters are an important factor in Chinese calligraphy because Chinese calligraphy was produced and developed in Chinese culture, and characters are one of the basic elements of Chinese culture. Relying on words is the main mark that distinguishes Chinese calligraphy from other types of calligraphy.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 14:11, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

3)现代中国书法发展成五种书体分别是：楷书、行书、草书、隶书、篆书。Modern Chinese calligraphy has developed into five script styles: regular script, running hand, cursive hand, clerical script, and seal script.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 14:11, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

20201221 cult

2020-12-25T12:11:34Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Alsied, Saffana */

==Alsied, Saffana==
1. Their king was killed and his skull turned into a drinking vessel. As a result, the Rouzhi fled and bore a constant grudge against the Xiongnu. At this time, the Han became increasingly strong, and Emperor Wu was determined to defeat the Xiongnu.--[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|SAFFANA ALSIED 2]] ([[User talk:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|talk]]) 12:11, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

他们的国王被杀，他的头骨变成了饮酒器。结果，柔脂逃走了，对熊怒不断地怀恨在心。这时，汉人变得越来越强大，吴皇帝决心打败匈奴。

2.They even carried on their ships many foreign heads of state and envoys to China. On the voyage of 1423 alone, they brought 1,200 envoys from 16 countries to China, some of whom even preferred not to go back. --[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|SAFFANA ALSIED 2]] ([[User talk:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|talk]]) 12:11, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

他们甚至还搭载了许多外国国家元首和特使前往中国。仅在1423年的航行中，他们就将来自16个国家的1200名使节带到了中国，其中一些人甚至不愿回国。

3.In the second half of the 16th century, foreign missionaries from the Society of Jesus came to China. They spread religious doctrines on the one hand and introduced on the other hand works on astronomy, mathematics, physics, geography, paintings, and music to China. Meanwhile, they brought to the West Chinese Confucian and Daoist doctrines, and made contributions to cultural exchanges between China and the West.

16世纪下半叶，耶稣会的外国传教士来到中国。他们一方面传播宗教学说，另一方面向中国介绍天文学，数学，物理学，地理，绘画和音乐方面的著作。同时，他们把西方的儒道思想带到了西方，为中西文化交流做出了贡献。

4.After the Second Opium War (1856-1860), Yi Xin (Prince Gong) and local officials realized that China had lagged far behind the West in weaponry and military technology, and advocated learning advanced production technology and troop training methods from the West so as to build a modern national defense. Known as the School of Westernization, these people launched a movement to learn from Western powers.

第二次鸦片战争（1856-1860）之后，巩义王子和当地官员意识到中国在武器装备和军事技术方面远远落后于西方，并主张从西方学习先进的生产技术和部队训练方法，以便建立现代国防。这些人被称为洋务派，他们发起了向西方列强学习的运动。

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==

==Chen Han 陈涵==

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==

==Grosheva, Anna==

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

==Guo Lu 郭露==

1. 丝绸之路是古代横贯亚欧的通道。其起点一般认为是长安（今西安），其实它随朝代更替政治中心转移而变化。长安（今西安）、洛阳、平城（今大同）、汴梁（今开封）、北京曾先后为丝路起点。

The Silk Road is an ancient across of asia-europe. Its starting point is usually ascribed to Changan (now xian), actually the starting point is changed according to the changed political center. Changan (now Xian), Luoyang, Pingcheng (now Datong), Bianliang (today Kaifeng), and Beijing has been the starting point of the Silk Road.

2. 海上丝绸之路较之陆上，有共性，也有特性；有优势和潜力，也有难度和挑战。要推进21世纪海上丝绸之路建设，要在对接合作上下功夫。

Compared with the Silk Road, the Maritime Silk Road shares similarities but also has its unique characters. It has its own set of advantages, potentials, as well as difficulties and challenges. Going forward, I believe the success of the Maritime Silk Road of the 21st Century would require effective efforts to coordinate our cooperation.

Compared with the Silk Road, the Maritime Silk Road shares similarities but also has its unique characteristics. It has its own set of advantages, potentials, as well as difficulties and challenges. Going forward, the success of the Maritime Silk Road of the 21st Century would require effective efforts to coordinate cooperation.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 03:14, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 在西学东渐大潮中兴起的近代报刊改变了传统的审美机制，使美学从内容到形式都发生了根本性的变化，从而促成了中国美学的现代转型。

The rising modern press during the period of the Eastward Spread of Western Learning deeply transformed the traditional aesthetic mechanism from the content to the form. Then the modern press has facilitated the modern reforms of Chinese esthetics.

4. 这场运动由士大夫们领导，比如李鸿章（1823——1901）和左宗棠（1812——1885），他们曾在太平起义中与政府军作战。1861到1894年间，现在成为大臣们的这些人负责建立了现代的机构，发展基础工业、通信和交通业并是军队现代化。

The movement was championed by scholar-generals like Li Hongzhang (1823—1901) and Zuo Zongtang (1812—1885), who had fought with the government forces in the Taiping Rebellion. From 1861 to 1894, leaders such as these, now turned scholar-administrators, were responsible for establishing modem institutions, developing basic industries, communications, and transportation, and modernizing the military.
--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 03:01, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==

==He Changqi 何长琦==

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==
1.张骞（前164年-前114年），字子文，西汉外交家、探险家，是“丝绸之路的开拓者”“东方的哥伦布”。前139年，张骞奉汉武帝之命，出使西域，打通了汉朝通往西域的道路，即赫赫有名的丝绸之路，促进了东西方文明的交流。汉武帝以军功封其为博望侯。史学家司马迁高度称赞了其出使西域。

Zhang Qian( B.C. 164- B.C. 114), whose style name is Ziwen, was the diplomat and explorer in Western Han dynasty. He was called as the pioneer of the Silk Road and the Columbus of the East. In B.C. 139, at the command of Emperor Wu of Western Han dynasty, Zhang Qian visited Western Regions and carved out a way, advancing the communication between the Eastern and Western civilization. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty granted him the title of Marquis Bowang with military merit. And Historian Sima Qian highly praised his work.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 03:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

2.海上丝绸之路是古代中国与外国交通贸易和文化交往的海上通道，分为东海航线和南海航线两条线路，主要以南海为中心。海上丝路萌芽于商周，发展于春秋战国，形成于秦汉，兴于唐宋，转变于明清，是已知最为古老的海上航线。海上丝绸之路途经100多个国家和地区，是中国与外国贸易往来和文化交流的海上大通道，推动了沿线各国的共同发展。

The Maritime Silk Road was a maritime route for traffic, trade and cultural exchanges between ancient China and foreign countries. It was divided into two routes, the East China Sea route and the South China Sea route, with the South China Sea as the center. The Maritime Silk Road originated in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, developed in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, formed in the Qin and Han dynasties, flourished in the Tang and Song dynasties, and transformed in the Ming and Qing dynasties. And it is the oldest known maritime route. The Maritime Silk Road, passing through more than 100 countries and regions, is a major maritime corridor for trade and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and has promoted the common development of countries along the route.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 03:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

3.西学东渐是指近代西方学术思想向中国传播的历史过程，通常而言是指在明末清初以及晚清民初两个时期之中，欧洲及美国等地学术思想的传入。

The Eastward Spread of Western Learning refers to the historical process of the spread of western academic ideas to China in modern times. Generally speaking, it is the introduction of academic ideas from Europe and America in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and the early Ming and Early Ming Dynasties.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 03:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4.洋务运动是19世纪60到90年代晚清洋务派进行的一场引进西方军事装备、机器生产和科学技术以挽救清朝统治的自救运动。前期，洋务派以“自强”为旗号，创办了一批近代军事工业。后期，以“求富”为旗号，兴办了一批民用工业。甲午中日战争中，北洋海军全军覆没，洋务运动宣告破产。洋务运动虽然没有使中国富强起来，但期间引进了西方先进的科学技术，客观上促进了民族资本主义的产生和发展。

The Westernization Movement was a self-help movement carried out by the Westernization Group of the Qing Dynasty from the 1960s to the late 1990s, which introduced western military equipment, machine production and science and technology to save the Qing dynasty. In the early stage, the Westernization Movement established a number of modern military industries under the banner of "self-improvement". In the later period, under the banner of "seeking wealth", lots of civil industries were set up. In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the entire Beiyang Navy was wiped out, and the Westernization Movement was bankrupt. Although Westernization Movement did not make China rich and powerful, it drew in advanced science and technology from the West, which objectively promoted the emergence and development of national capitalism.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 03:12, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

==Li Lili 李丽丽==

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1.张骞先后两次出使西域，打开了中国与中亚、西亚、南亚以至通往欧洲的陆路交通，从此中国人通过这条通道向西域和中亚等国出售丝绸、茶叶、漆器和其他产品，同时从欧洲、西亚和中亚引进宝石、玻璃器等产品。

Zhang Qian has made two missions to the Western Regions, opening up the land transportation between China and Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and even Europe. Since then, the Chinese have sold silk, tea, lacquerware and other products to the Western Regions and Central Asia and other countries through this road, while importing gems, glassware and other products from Europe, West Asia and Central Asia.

2.“海上丝绸之路”是古代中国与外国交通贸易和文化交往的海上通道，该路主要以南海为中心，所以又称南海丝绸之路。海上丝绸之路形成于秦汉时期，发展于三国至隋朝时期，繁荣于唐宋时期，转变于明清时期，是已知的最为古老的海上航线。

The Maritime Silk Road was a maritime route for traffic, trade and cultural exchanges between ancient China and foreign countries, which was mainly centered on the South China Sea, so it was also known as the South China Sea Silk Road. The Maritime Silk Road was formed during the Qin and Han Dynasties, developed during the Three Kingdoms to the Sui Dynasty, flourished during the Tang and Song Dynasties, and transformed during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is the oldest maritime route known to people.

3.西学东渐将西方近代各种学术上的新成果带入了中国，深深影响到各种学术活动的发展，而许多在传统中国不被重视甚至不存在的学科也在此影响下得到发展。

The Eastward Spread of Western Learning brought various new academic achievements in modern West into China, which deeply influenced the development of various academic activities, and many academic disciplines that were not valued or even did not exist in traditional China also developed under this influence.

4.洋务运动虽然在客观上刺激了中国资本主义发展，并且在一定程度上抵制了外国资本主义的经济输入，但并没有使中国走上富强之路。

Although the Westernization Movement objectively stimulated the development of Chinese capitalism and to a certain extent resisted the economic input of foreign capitalism, it did not make China become prosperous and strong.--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 06:42, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

==Liu Yi 刘艺==

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==
1.建元二年（前139年），张骞率领100多名随行人员，由匈奴人堂邑父为向导从长安出发前往西域。西行进入河西走廊。这一地区自月氏人西迁后，已完全为匈奴人所控制。正当张骞一行匆匆穿过河西走廊时，不幸碰上匈奴的骑兵，他们全部被抓获。

In the second year of Jianyuan(139 B.C.), Zhang Qian set off to the Western Regions leading an entourage of more than 100 men from Chang'an under the guidance of Tang Yifu who is a Hun. They travelled westward into the Hexi Corridor which had been completely controlled by the Huns since they moved westward. When they tried to hurry through this region, unfortunately they met the Hun cavalry, and they were all captured.

2.郑和下西洋所到之处主要是开展贸易活动，以“朝贡贸易”为基本形式，同时推行“官方贸易”、带动“民间互市”等。

Zheng He's voyages are mainly to carry out trade activities, during which they took "tribute trade" as the basic activity, and at the same time promoted "official trade" and "non-governmental trade".

3.在明末清初的一波西学东渐中，传教士扮演著相当重要的角色，当时主要以天主教耶稣会为主的传教士们，在试图将天主教传入中国的同时，引介了西方的科技学术思想，译著了大量的西方学术相关书籍。

From the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, missionaries played an important role in the Eastward Spread of Western Learning. While trying to introduce Catholicism into China, the missionaries mainly composed of the Catholic Jesuits introduced western scientific and technological thoughts and translated a large number of western academic books.

4.在洋务运动存续的35年里，文化出版事业的发展达到了一个前所未有的水平。译书经历了由单纯的西方科技著作和书籍，向自然科学和社会科学，人文科学等著作并重，甚至后者略占上风的过程。

During the 35 years of Westernization Movement, the development of cultural publishing reached an unprecedentedly high level. The translation of books experienced a process from the dominance of western scientific and technological works to the emphasis laid equally on works of natural and social sciences and humanities, and even the latter took the majority.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 12:15, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

1. In the second year of Jian Yuan (139 BC), Zhang Qian led more than 100 serve men, with the Xiongnu man Tang Yi as the guide, to set off from Chang’ an to the West. This area has been completely controlled by the Xiongnu since the westward migration of the Ziyue people. Just as Zhang Qian passed through the Hexi Corridor, they unfortunately ran into the Xiongnu cavalry, who captured them all.

2. Zheng He mainly carried out trade activities in all the places he visited, taking “tribute trade” as the basic form. At the same time, he also promoted “official trade” and “private mutual market”.

3. In the wave of Western learning in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, missionaries played an important role, mainly the Jesuit missionaries, who tried to introduce Catholicism into China, introduced Western scientific and academic ideas, and translated a large number of Western academic books.

4. During the 35 years’ Westernization Movement, the development of publishing reached an unprecedented level. The translation of books went through a process from purely Western scientific and technological works and books to works on natural sciences and social sciences, humanities, etc., with the latter even slightly prevailing.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 07:54, 25 December 2020 (UTC)Yang chenting

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
1-张谦出生于西汉（公元前206年至公元24年）的城固县（今陕西省城固县）。他是中国历史上杰出的使节和探险家，开辟了古老的丝绸之路，并带来了有关西部地区的可靠信息.

Zhang Qian was born in Chenggu (the present Chenggu County of Shaanxi Province) of Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-24 AD). He was an outstanding envoy and explorer in Chinese history, opening up the ancient Silk Road and bringing reliable information about the Western Regions.

Zhang Qian was born in Chenggu (the present Chenggu County of Shaanxi Province) of Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-24 A.D.). He was an outstanding envoy and explorer in Chinese history, opening up the ancient Silk Road and bringing reliable information about the Western Regions to China.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 09:06, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

2-郑和（1371-1433）是一位伟大的中国探险家和舰队司令。他进行了七次主要探险，以探索中国皇帝的世界并在新地区建立中国贸易。

Zheng He (1371 - 1433) was a great Chinese explorer and fleet commander. He went on seven major expeditions to explore the world for the Chinese emperor and to establish Chinese trade in new areas.

Zheng He, a great Chinese explorer and fleet captain, has carrried out 7 major explorations to broaden Chinese emperor's world and establish Chinese trade in new regions.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 10:02, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

3-西方的儒道教说，为中西文化交流做出了贡献。

The West Chinese Confucian and Daoist doctrines, and made contributions to cultural exchange between China and the West.

The Chinese Confucian and Daoist doctrines in the West, and made contributions to cultural exchange between China and the West.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 09:06, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

4-自强运动，又称为洋务运动（西洋运动或西洋运动）（约1861年至1895年），是鸦片战争的军事灾难后在清朝后期在中国发起的体制改革时期。

The Self-Strengthening Movement, also known as the Westernization or Western Affairs Movement ( c. 1861–1895), was a period of institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing dynasty following the military disasters of the Opium Wars.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 09:43, 24 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

The Self-Strengthening Movement, also known as the Westernization Movenment or Western Affairs Movement ( c. 1861–1895), was a period of institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing Dynasty following the military disasters of the Opium Wars.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 09:06, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

==Seydou, Sagara==

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==

==Si Yu 司妤==

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==

==Wang Xuan 王轩==
1. 张骞出使西域，既是一次极为艰险的外交旅行，同时也是一次卓有成效的科学考察。张骞对广阔的西域进行了实地的调查研究工作。
Zhang Qian's mission to the western regions was not only an extremely difficult diplomatic trip, but also an effective scientific investigation. Zhang Qian made a field investigation on the vast western regions.

2. 十五世纪初期，郑和下西洋作为军事史上一项意义重大的事件，当前学术界从郑和下西洋的政治、经济及文化等角度对该事件的作用及影响进行了分析，鲜少从历史意义层面进行研究。郑和七次下西洋所到达的地区、实施的措施在人类航行史上占据至关重要的地位，了解郑和下西洋的历史意义非常必要。
At the beginning of the 15th century, Zheng He's voyages to the West was a significant event in the military history. At present, the academic circles have analyzed the role and influence of Zheng He's voyages from the political, economic and cultural perspectives, but rarely from the perspective of historical significance. The area Zheng He arrived at and the measures he took during his seven voyages to the West occupy an important position in the history of human navigation. It is necessary to understand the historical significance of Zheng He's voyages to the West.

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==

==Xie Fan 解帆==

==Xu Jia 徐佳==

==Xu Jing 许静==

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==

1. 丝绸之路经济带，是在古丝绸之路概念基础上形成的一个新的经济发展区域。包括西北五省区陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆。

1. Silk Road Economic Belt is a new economic development region formed on the basis of the ancient Silk Road. It includes the five northwestern provinces—Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang.

The Silk Road Economic Belt is a new economic development region based on the ancient Silk Road. It includes the five northwestern provinces—Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang. --[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 03:03, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 海上丝绸之路，是古代中国与外国交通贸易和文化交往的海上通道，也称"海上陶瓷之路"和“海上香料之路”，1913年由法国的东方学家沙畹首次提及。

2. Maritime Silk Road is a maritime route of trade and cultural exchanges between ancient China and foreign countries, also known as “Maritime Ceramic Road” and “Maritime Spice Road”, first mentioned by the French orientalist Chavan in 1913.

3. 西学东渐是指从明朝末年到近代的西方学术思想向中国传播的历史过程，虽然也可以泛指自上古以来一直到到当代的各种西方事物传入中国，但通常而言是指明末清初以及晚清民初两个时期之中，欧洲及美国等地学术思传入。

3. The Eastward Spread of Western Learning is a historical process of spreading Western academic thought to China from the late Ming Dynasty to modern times. Although it can also refer to the introduction of various Western things into China from ancient times to contemporary times, but usually refers to the introduction of academic thought from Europe and the United States in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

4. 鸦片战争后，他们的基本思想就是了解夷情,“师夷长技以制夷”。这些卓识远见表明近代向西方学习的思潮的始初就和爱国精神交融在一起。

4. After the Opium War, their basic idea was to understand the situation of the barbarians and “learn from them in order to control them”. These insights show that the modern trend of learning from the West was intertwined with the spirit of patriotism from the very beginning.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 02:34, 24 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==

==Yang Hui 阳慧==

==Yang Yue 杨悦==

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==

==You Yuting 游雨婷==

==Yu Ni 余妮==

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

唐代丝绸之路的畅通繁荣，也进一步促进了东西方思想文化交流，对以后相互的社会和民族意识形态发展，产生了很多积极、深远的影响。

The smooth and prosperous development of the Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty also further accelerated the ideological and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, causing a lot of positive and far-reaching influences on the development of mutual social and national ideologies in the future.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 10:00, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

宋代海上丝绸之路的持续发展，大大增加了朝廷和港市的财政深收入，一定程度上促进了经济发展和城市化生活，也为中外文化交流提供了便利条件。

The continuous development of the Maritime Silk Road in the Song Dynasty greatly increased the deep financial income of the imperial court and the port city, promoted the economic development and urban life to a certain extent, and also provided convenient conditions for the cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 10:00, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

西学东渐将西方近代各种学术上的新成果带入了中国，深深影响到各种学术的发展，而许多在传统中国不被重视甚至不存在的学科也在此影响下得到发展，

The eastward spread of Western learning brought various new academic achievements of modern Western learning into China, which deeply influenced the development of various academic disciplines. Under such an influence, many disciplines that were not valued or even did not exist in traditional China also developed.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 10:00, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

甲午中日战争中，北洋海军全军覆没，标志着清朝海军实力的完全丧失，也标志着35年的洋务运动宣告破产。

The total annihilation of the Beiyang Navy in the Sino-Japanese War marked the complete loss of naval power in the Qing Dynasty and the bankruptcy of the 35-year-old Westernization Movement.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 10:00, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==

==Zhang Hui 张慧==

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

20201214 cult

2020-12-25T11:59:06Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Alsied, Saffana */

==Alsied, Saffana==
1.Confucius wandered from court to court in an attempt to convince rulers of the right way to govern. Although Confucianism became the official ideology of the Chinese state, it never turned into an established religion with a church and priesthood. Chinese scholars honored Confucius as a great teacher and sage, but did not worship him as a personal god. Nor did Confucius himself ever claim divinity.

孔子在各个法院徘徊，试图说服统治者正确的统治方式。尽管儒学成为中华民族的官方意识形态，但它从来没有发展成为具有教会和神职人员的宗教。中国学者称赞孔子是一位伟大的老师和圣人，但并未将孔子视为个人神。孔子本人也从未宣称神性。

2.Daoism was also associated with alchemy, which was at one time a practical way of seeking the elixir of life by the transmutation of base matter into gold. Gold was associated with immortality for its durability and constancy under changing conditions. The word “alchemy” derives via Arabic from the Chinese word for gold “jin”. Since the ingredients used for preparing elixirs included arsenic and mercury, they sometimes had the opposite effects to the one intended: more than one Chinese emperor died of “elixir poisoning”.

道教还与炼金术有关，炼金术曾经是一种通过将基础物质转化为黄金来寻求生命之药的实用方法。黄金因其在不断变化的条件下的持久性和恒定性而与长生不老有关。 “炼金术”一词通过阿拉伯语源自中文单词“金”。由于用于制备e剂的成分包括砷和汞，它们有时会产生与预期相反的作用：一名以上的中国皇帝死于““剂中毒”。

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==
1.儒家精神有其相对稳定、不易改变的一面。它不完全受社会形态的影响，有较为普遍的适应性，可以跨越不同社会历史时期，被不同政治制度、不同经济形态和不同文化背景下的人们所接受。

The spirit of Confucianism is relatively stable and unchangeable. It is not entirely influenced by social forms and has a more universal adaptability, and can be accepted across different socio-historical periods and by people in different political systems, different economic forms and different cultural backgrounds.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:33, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucianism is relatively stable and unchangeable in some degree as it does not easily affected by different societies and has a quality of adaptability. On the long river of various social history, Confucianism has been well-accepted by people from different political, economic and cultural backgrounds.--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 01:51, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道家从维护个人利益的角度出发，在经济理论、社会实践方面创立了“人本”的思想观点，主张通过维护每个人的个人利益来达到社会的和谐繁荣。

From the perspective of protecting the interests of the individual, Taoism has created a "humanistic" ideology in economic theory and social practice, advocating that social harmony and prosperity can be achieved by protecting the individual interests of each person.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:33, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

From the perspective of defending individual interests, Taoism has created a "humanistic" ideology in economic theory and social practices, advocating that social harmony and prosperity can be achieved by safeguarding the interests of every citizen.--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:07, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Han 陈涵==

1.儒家思想精髓在于它的社会伦理思想，正是封建社会伦理观从国家统治阶级的高度期望出发将人们生活现实中的行为规范用通俗的语言规范起来，让农民成为社会道德思想的奴隶，而这种封建伦理观作为封建统治阶级上层建筑社会意识中的最广泛影响治理社会群众基础的核心，从而完成对国家社会双重治理的理想效果。

The essence of Confucianism lies in its social ethical thought. It is the thought of feudal society that regulates the behavior norms of people’s lives in popular language from the high expectations of the country’s ruling class, making the peasants be enslaved to social ethics. As the core of the social consciousness of the feudal ruling class superstructure, which has the most extensive influence on governing the society and the people, it has achieved the ideal effect of dual governance of the state and society. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 11:04, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教把生命看得极为重要，修道就是要长生不死，主张通过修炼来延长生命的长度，提高生命存在的质量，以达到生命的永恒。道教主张以清净无为、不争寡欲的态度对待世俗生活，以“我命在我不在天”的精神进行修炼，通过各种道术修炼，与道合一，成为长生不死的神仙。

Taoism regards life as extremely important and practicing Taoism is to become immortal. It advocates to extend the length of life and improve the quality of life by practicing, so as to achieve eternity of life. Taoism holds an attitude of purity and non-contentiousness towards worldly life, and cultivation in the spirit of "I am the master of my fate", so that through various Taoist practices, one can unite with the Tao and become an immortal deity. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 11:04, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

1.孔子生而七漏，头上圩顶，而又因其母曾祷于尼丘山，故名“丘”，字“仲尼”。

Confucius was born terribly ugly with a bump on the head, and as his mother once prayed on Mount Niqiu for his birth, he is named “Qiu” with the word “Zhongni”.

2.道家认为只有老百姓认可的平等才幸福，人们想要没有徭役租赋负担，“内足衣食之用，外无势利之争”的社会

Taoism claims that only the sort of equality that the ordinary people recognized will bring true happiness. People are yearn to be free from labour rent and taxes and to live in a society with adequate food and clothes and no struggle for power and gains.

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

1. It's generally believed that when Confucius was in his late 60s, he returned to his hometown Qufu in Shandong Province. For several years in his early 70s, he taught a group of disciples who later propagated his beliefs and developed their own philosophies.

人们普遍认为，孔子在六十多岁时回到了他的家乡山东曲阜。在70年代初期的几年中，他教过一群门徒，后来这些人传播了自己的信仰并发展了自己的哲学。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 14:07, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

我们通常认为，孔子在六十多岁时回到了他的家乡山东曲阜。在七十多岁的前几年，他教过一群门徒，后来这些人传播了他的信仰并发展了自己的哲学。--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 02:14, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2. Consequently, many leaders of Taoism had gained great respects from the imperial governments.

因此，许多道教领袖得到了帝王政府的尊敬。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 14:07, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

因此，许多道教领袖都受到了朝政的尊敬。--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 02:14, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==
1. 孔子提出“有教无类”，认为人人都应该受教育。在教育实践中创立了灵活多样的教学方法，提倡“学”与“思”的结合、学习与复习的结合以及教与学的结合，讲求因材施教和启发式教学等等。

Confucius maintained the idea that everyone has the right to be educated despite class differences. In teaching practice, Confucius adopted flexible teaching methods which involve the combinations of learning and thinking, learning and reviewing as well as teaching and learning. He strived for educating students in accordance with their aptitude and adopted a heuristic style of teaching.

Confucius put forward "there is no kind of education," and believed that everyone should be educated. In educational practice, flexible and diverse teaching methods have been created, advocating the combination of "learning" and "thinking", the combination of learning and review, and the combination of teaching and learning, and emphasis on teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and heuristic teaching, etc.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:11, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 道家强调自由、自然、修身养性，甚至追求永生。道教对中国文化的许多领域都产生了深刻而持久的影响，包括艺术、哲学、医学和美食，并在东亚地区广泛流传。

Daoism emphasizes freedom, nature, self-cultivation and even pursues immortality. Daoism has had a deep and lasting influence in many fields of Chinese culture, including the arts, philosophy, medicine, and cuisine. It has also spread widely throughout East Asia.--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:18, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism emphasizes freedom, nature, self-cultivation, and even the pursuit of immortality. Taoism has had a profound and lasting influence on many areas of Chinese culture, including art, philosophy, medicine, and gastronomy, and it has spread widely in East Asia.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:11, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1.孔子的哲学思想强调个人美德和政治原则、和谐的社会秩序以及公正和真诚的社会环境。

The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. --[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 07:23, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

The philosophy of Confucius emphasizes on personal morality, political principles, harmonious social order, justice, and sincere social environment.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 13:30, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.老子是中国历史上伟大的哲学家、作家。他不仅是道家的创始人，也成为了道教中供奉的一位神祇。

Laozi is a great philosopher and writer in Chinese ancient history. He is not only the founder of philosophical Daoism, but also worshipped as a deity in religious Daoism. --[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 07:23, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Laozi, a great philosopher and writer in Chinese history, had not only became the founder of Taoism, but also a deity worshipped by Taoism.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 13:30, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
1.儒家思想以传统封建社会为物质承担者，传统封建社会以儒家思想为精神承担者，传统社会的瓦解，致使孔子圣人权威丧失。

The Confucianism takes traditional feudal society as material undertaker while the latter takes the former as sipiritual undertaker. Therefore, the disintegration of traditional society causes the Sage Confucius to lose his authority.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 05:00, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucianism takes the traditional feudal society as its material undertaker, while the traditional feudal society takes Confucianism as its spiritual undertaker. The collapse of the traditional society leads to the loss of Confucius’ authority.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 07:31, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道家作为一种思想流派，崇尚大道，主张“惟道是从、道法自然”，主要从事的是学术活动和政治文化活动，奉《道德经》、《庄子》、《黄帝四经》等为经典。

As a school of thought, Taoism advocates the great truth and follows the principle of nature. It is mainly for academic, political and cultural activities and regards Tao Te Ching,Chuang-tzu and Huang Di Si Jing as classics.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 05:00, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism, a school of thought, advocates the great truth and follows the principle of nature. It mainly serves academic, political and cultural activities and regards Tao Te Ching, Chuang-tzu and Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor as classics.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 07:31, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==
1、“儒学”、“儒家”、“儒教”这些概念要分清。儒学作为一种学说，儒家作为一个阶层，儒教作为一种信仰，三者需要区分开来。

We should clearly distinguish the three concepts ---- Confucianism, Confucianist, Confucian religion, among which Confucianism is a theory and Confucianist is a strata and Confucian religion is a religion. --[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 14:44, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

The concepts of "Confucianism", "Confucianism" and "Confucianism" must be distinguished. Confucianism as a doctrine, Confucianism as a class, and Confucianism as a belief, the three need to be distinguished.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 08:57, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2、在我国优秀传统文化中，道家思想蕴含了和谐理想、平等观念、诚信美德等诸多伦理智慧，这些思想很多都与社会主义核心价值观具有相通性，它们为社会主义核心价值观构筑了坚实的文化沃土。

In Chinese excellent traditional cultures, Taoism contains such ethics and wisdom as the desire for harmony, the idea of equality and the virtue of honesty, many of which have commonalities with the core values of socialism and have laid a solid cultural foundation for the core values of socialism. --[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 14:44, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

In Chinese excellent traditional culture, Taoism contains many ethical wisdoms, such as the ideal of harmony, the concept of equality, and the virtue of honesty. Many of these ideas have similarities with the core socialist values. They have built a solid cultural fertile ground for the core socialist values.

In my country’s excellent traditional culture, Taoism contains many ethical wisdoms, such as the ideal of harmony, the concept of equality, and the virtue of honesty. Many of these ideas have similarities with the core socialist values. They have built a solid cultural fertile ground for the core socialist values.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 08:57, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Grosheva, Anna==

1. Confucianism is the main ancient philosophy of China. It implicitly embodies key aspects of Chinese culture. Confucian beliefs have constantly changed and developed over the past 2,500 years.
儒学是中国的主要古代哲学。它隐含了中国文化的关键方面。在过去的2500年中，儒家信仰不断变化和发展。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2. During its popularization since its birth, Taoism had long been a kind of high-level culture, and widely pursued by the upper-class society.
道教自诞生之日起就一直是一种高级文化，并受到上层社会的广泛追捧。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==
1.儒学社会政治层面功能的形成和加强，同时也就减弱了儒学作为一般伦理道德修养和政治理想层面的作用。在原始儒学那里，它是通过道德教育、理想教育去启发出人们遵守道德规范、追求理想社会的自觉。

The formation and strengthening of the socio-political dimension of Confucianism simultaneously diminished its role as a general ethical and moral cultivation and political ideal. In primitive Confucianism, it is through moral education, ideal education to inspire people to abide by moral norms and pursue an ideal society.

2.在道教文化杂而多端的内容当中，有一个核心，就是道教神仙信仰。道教作为一个成熟的宗教，具有一套自己的神学理论，有一种能够吸引人们进行追求的宗教信仰目标。这种信仰就是，人可以通过努力追求而成为长生不死、功能广大的神仙。

Among the miscellaneous and multifaceted contents of Taoist culture, there is a core, which is the belief in Taoist gods and immortals. As a mature religion, Taoism has a set of theological theories and a religious goal that attracts people to pursue. This belief is that people can become immortal and functional deities through hard work.

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==
1.春秋时期，老子集古圣先贤之大智慧。总结了古老的道家思想的精华，形成了道家完整系统的理论，标志着道家思想已经正式成型。

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi, through gathering the great wisdom of ancient sages and summarizing the essence of ancient Taoist thought, formed a complete and systematic theory of Taoism, marking that Taoist thought has formally taken shape.

2.儒家是孔子所创立、孟子所发展、荀子所集其大成，之后延绵不断，为历代儒客推崇，至今仍有一定生命力的学术流派。

Confucianism is an academic school founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and collected by Xunzi. It has continued to be admired by Confucian scholars in the past and still has a certain vitality.--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 03:30, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

1. 四书五经是儒家施行其儒学教化的重要教科书，中国古代文人科举做官的必读书。

The Four Books and The Five Classics are the most important textbooks for the Confucian scholars to disseminate the educational thoughts of the Confucian School and a must for ancient scholars who had to pass the imperial competitive examination to become government officials.

2.道，代表宇宙本体和法则的统一，高度的抽象性与普遍意义是它的特点。

Tao, which refers to the integration of the noumenon and rules of the cosmos, is characterized by its deep abstraction and universal significance.--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 12:33, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

The Tao, representing the unity of the essence and laws of the universe, is characterized by its high degree of abstraction and universal significance.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 02:13, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

==Guo Lu 郭露==
1. 孔子是我国古代伟大的思想家和教育家,儒家学派创始人,世界最著名的文化名人之一。孔子的言行思想主要载于语录体散文集《论语》。

Confucius was a great thinker of ancient China and educator, he is also the founder of Confucianism and one of the world's most famous cultural figures. His words and deeds were mainly recorded in his work ''The Analects''.

Confucius is a great thinker and educator in ancient China, he is also the founder of Confucianism and one of the world's most famous cultural figures. His words and deeds were mainly recorded in his work ''The Analects''.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 03:44, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教(或道教)是指各种相关的中国哲学传统和概念的英文名称。这些传统影响了东亚两千多年，有些还在国际上传播。道家的礼教和伦理强调 "道 "的三宝，即“慈、俭、让”。道家思想注重 "无为"、"人本"、"虚无"。无为常常被错误地翻译为（"无所作为"），这种错误由于非道家学者的翻译而广泛传播。道教强调人与自然的联系。道教认为，这种联系减少了对规则和秩序的需要，使人更好地理解世界。

Taoism (or Daoism) is the English name referring to a variety of related Chinese philosophical traditions and concepts. These traditions influenced East Asia for over two thousand years and some have spread internationally. Taoist propriety and ethics emphasize the Three Jewels of the Tao; namely, compassion, moderation, and humility. Taoist thought focuses on wu wei (" action that does not involve struggle or excessive effort" ) spontaneity, humanism, and emptiness. Wu wei is often incorrectly translated as ("non-action") and this error has propagated widely as a result of translations made by academics who are non practising Taoists. An emphasis is placed on the link between people and nature. Taoism teaches that this link lessened the need for rules and order, and leads one to a better understanding of the world.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 03:12, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==

1.Although Confucianism became the official ideology of the Chinese state, it never turned into an established religion with a church and priesthood.

尽管儒学成为中华民族的官方意识形态，但它从来没有发展成为具有教会和神职人员的宗教。

2.The Four Books form the basis of Confucianism.

这四本书构成了儒学的基础。

3.In education, Confucius upheld the theory that “in education, there is no class distinction.

在教育方面，孔子坚持“在教育中没有阶级区别的理论”。--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 16:51, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

在教育方面，孔子主张“有教无类。”--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 03:15, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==He Changqi 何长琦==
1. 在孔子的影响下，古代中国人形成了对天的敬畏和信仰。

Under the influence of Confucius, the ancicent Chinese developed a sense of awe and belief in Heaven.

2. 老子从他自然无为的哲学出发，对于人的行为方式，提出了“以柔软胜刚强”的观点。老子说“上善若水”—水具有最高德行的善。

On the basis of "naturalness" and "non-action", Laozi proposed teh view of "overcoming the strong by being weak." Laozi said, "The greatest virtue is like water."--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 05:43, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==
1.孔子是中国儒学的创始人。两千余年来，儒家思想对中国的影响不仅体政治、政治、文化等方面，也体每一个中国人的行为和思维方式之中。

Confucius is the founder of Confucianism in China. For more than two thousand years, the influence of Confucianism on China is not only in politics, politics, culture and so on, but also in the behavior and mode of thinking of every Chinese.

Confucius is the founder of Confucianism in China. For more than two thousand years, the influence of his Confucianism on China is not only in politics,culture and so on, but also in the behavior and mode of thinking of every Chinese.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 04:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教在世界宗教中是独一无二的，因为它没有官方的教条和教义。它最重要的文本是《道德经》和《庄子》，这两本书可能被认为是文学或哲学作品，而不是宗教文本。

Daoism is unique among world religions in that it has no official dogma or doctrine. Its most important texts are The Tao Te Ching and The Chuang Tzu, both of which might be considered works of literature or philosophy more than religious texts. --[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 08:56, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Daoism is unique among world religions in that it has no official dogma or doctrine. Its most important texts are The Tao Te Ching and The Chuang Tzu, both of which might be considered works of literature or philosophy instead of religious texts.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:04, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Daoism is unique among world religions in that it has no official dogma or doctrine. Its most important texts are The Tao Te Ching and The Chuang Tzu, both of which might be considered as works of literature or philosophy rather than religious texts.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 04:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==
1. 孔子是儒家学派的创始人，也是春秋时期人本主义思想的集大成者。儒家思想已成为我们文化遗产中的一部分。

Confucius was the founder of the Confucian school and the main Humanist thinker of the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucian ideas have become part of our cultural inheritance.

Confucius was the founder of the Confucianism and the major Humanist thinker in the Spring and Autumn Period, whose ideas have become part of our cultural inheritance.--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 09:06, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucius was the founder of the Confucian school and a master of humanistic thoughts in the Spring and Autumn Period. And Confucianism has become a part of our cultural inheritance.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 05:01, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 传统上，道教是归因于三个来源，最古老的是黄帝传说，但最著名的是老子的《道德经》。第三个来源就是庄子的作品。道教的最初来源据说是古代的《易经》。

Traditionally, Taoism has been attributed to three sources, the oldest being the legendary ‘Yellow Emperor’, but the most famous is Lao Zi's Tao Teh Ching. The third source is Chuang Tzu's work. However, the original source of Taoism is said to be the Book of Changes.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 08:48, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

孔子在中国历史上最早提出人的天赋素质相近，个性差异主要是因为后天教育与社会环境影响（“性相近也，习相远也”）。因而人人都可能受教育，人人都应该受教育。

Confucius was the first Chinese to argue that human beings are endowed with similar qualities, and personality differences are mainly due to the influence of education and social environment ("By nature men are similar to one another, but learning and practice make them different."). Thus, everyone could be and should be educated.

庄子在哲学思想上继承和发展了老子“道法自然”的思想观点，使道家真正成为一个学派，他自己也成为了道家的重要代表人物，与老子并称“道家之祖”。

Zhuangzi inherited and developed Laozi's philosophical idea of "the natural law", making Taoism an academic school, and he himself became an important representative of Taoism, known as "the ancestor of Taoism" together with Laozi.--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:54, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Zhuangzi inherited and developed Laozi's idea of "Tao following nature" in philosophy, making Taoism a school of thought. He himself became an important representative of Taoism and was called "the ancestor of Taoism" with Laozi.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 09:05, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==

1.儒家思想是先秦诸子百家学说之一，由孔子于公元前5世纪创立，是中国影响力最大的流派，也是中国古代的主流意识。儒家思想的内涵丰富复杂，在广泛汲取古代典籍精华的基础上逐步发展出基础理论和思想，即讲大一统、讲君臣父子。由程朱理学、陆王心学到废除封建君主专制制度等，都体现了儒家思想的内容。

Confucianism is one of the various schools of thought in pre-Qin period, established by Confucius in the 5th century BC. It is the most influential school in China and the mainstream ideology in ancient China. The connotation of Confucianism is rich and complex. On the basis of extensively absorbing the essence of ancient classics, it has gradually developed the basic theories and thoughts, namely, the great unification and the emperor and the subjects just like father and sons. Besides, the philosophy of Cheng and Zhu, the philosophy of Lu and Wang, the abolition of the feudal autocratic monarchy, and so on are all the embodiment of Confucianism.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 04:48, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucianism, one of the hundred schools of thought of the pre-Qin dynasty, was founded by Confucius in the 5th century B.C. It is the most influential school in China and the mainstream ideology of ancient China. Confucianism is rich in connotations and complex, and has gradually developed its basic theories and ideas on the basis of extensive drawing on the essence of ancient texts, i.e. on the great unity, on the ruler, the minister, the father and the son. From Cheng Zhu's philosophy and Lu Wang Xinxue to the abolition of the feudal monarchy, all of them embody Confucianism.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 05:46, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道家思想是无所不能、永恒不灭，有辩证法因素和无神论倾向，是老子总结古老的道家思想所形成的完整系统理论，它以“道”为最高哲学范畴，认为“道”是世界的最高真理，是宇宙万物的本源，也是宇宙万物赖以生存的依据。其主流派有黄老学派，鬼谷子纵横家、修真派、法家学派、玄学、杨朱学派。无为、不争，是老子对君王的告诫，汉文帝、唐太宗、宋仁宗、明太祖等皆以道家思想治国，使人民从前朝苛政之后得以休养生息。

Taoism, omnipotent and eternal, with a tendency to dialectical factors and atheism, is a complete system of theories formed by Lao Zi by summarizing ancient Taoist thoughts. It takes "Tao" as the highest philosophy and truth, the origin of the universe, and also the basis for the existence of the universe. Its main schools are Huang Lao school, Guiguzi school, Xiuzhen school, Legalist school, metaphysics, and Yang Zhu school. Lao Zi persuaded emperors to do nothing and fight for nothing. And Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty and Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty all ruled with Taoist thoughts, so that people could recover from the tyranny of the previous dynasty.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 04:48, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==
1. 理学是中国古代最为精致、最为完备的理论体系，其影响至深至巨。理学的天理是道德神学，同时成为儒家神权和王权的合法性依据，至南宋末期被采纳为官方哲学。

Neo-Confucianism is the most exquisite and complete theoretical system in ancient China, and its influence is profound and enormous. The natural principle of Neo-Confucianism is moral theology, which has become the legal basis of Confucian theocracy and kingship, and was adopted as official philosophy at the end of Southern Song Dynasty.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:02, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Neo-Confucianism is the most comprehensive and complete theoretical system in ancient China, and its influence is profound and enormous in wide and in-depth. The core of Neo-Confucianism is moral theology, which has become the legal basis of Confucian theocracy and kingship, and was adopted as official philosophy at the end of Southern Song Dynasty.--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:28, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 古代道家崇尚自然，有辩证法的因素和无神论的倾向，但是主张清静无为，反对斗争。

Ancient Taoism advocates nature, has dialectic factors and atheism tendency, but advocates quietism and opposes struggle.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:02, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==

1. 大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。

The purpose of the university is to reveal noble virtues, to make people get rid of old habits, and to reach the highest state of goodness.

2.福之所倚，福兮祸之所伏。

It means that blessings and disasters are interdependent and transform each other. The metaphor is that bad things can lead to good results, and good things can lead to bad results. In other words, under certain conditions, blessings can become disasters and disasters can become blessings.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 02:07, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==
1、儒家学派的创始人孔子第一次打破了旧统治阶级垄断教育的局面，变“学在官府”为“有教无类”，使传统文化教育播及到整个民族。因此儒家思想有了坚实的民族心理基础，为全社会所接受并逐步儒化了全社会。但是儒学在历史上也多次遭受严重冲击，近至满清的文字狱，毁古书严重的《四库全书》，远至秦始皇焚书令等。

Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, broke the monopoly of the old ruling class on education for the first time, changed the "learning in the government" to "teaching without class", and spread traditional culture and education to the whole nation. As a result, Confucianism had a solid national psychological foundation and was accepted by society as a whole, which gradually became Confucianized. However, Confucianism has also suffered many serious impacts in history, from the Manchu Qing dynasty's written jails to the destruction of ancient books in the Siku Quanshu, and the Qin Shihuang's book burning order.

Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, broke the monopoly of education by the old ruling class for the first time, changing "study in the government" to "education without class", so that traditional cultural education spread to the entire nation. Therefore, Confucianism has a solid national psychological foundation, accepted by the whole society and gradually Confucianized the whole society. However, Confucianism has also suffered severe impacts in history many times, as far as the Manchu literary prison, the "Siku Quanshu", which has severely destroyed ancient books, and as far as the book burning order of Qin Shihuang.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 14:11, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2、一般认为道家思想的特征之一，是通过各种修炼而达到永恒不死的至高完美境界，“因而开创了中医养生学” ；又从炼丹实践中发明了火药，中国四大发明都与道教有关。从养生学源流的角度说：寿命无限。

It is generally believed that one of the characteristics of Taoist thought is to achieve the supreme perfection of eternal immortality through various cultivations, thus it creating the science of Chinese medicine and health and from the practice of alchemy, gunpowder was invented, and the four major inventions of China are all related to Taoism. From the perspective of the source of health science:it means infinite life span.--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 08:35, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

==Li Lili 李丽丽==

1.董仲舒顺应汉武帝强权的需要，倡导“罢黜百家，独尊儒家”的思想。
Dong Zhongshu adapted to the needs of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to strengthen power, and advocated the idea of "deposing hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism only". --[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:49, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

2.道家以“道”为核心，是“诸子百家”中一门极为重要的哲学流派，存在于中华各文化领域，对中国乃至世界的文化都产生了巨大的影响。
Taoism, with "Tao" as its core， is a very important philosophical school in "various schools of thought". It exists in all cultural fields of China and has a great impact on Chinese and even the world culture.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:49, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==
1. 儒家在先秦时期和诸子百家地位平等，秦始皇焚书坑儒后，使儒家遭受重创。而后汉武帝为了维护封建专制统治，听从董仲舒“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”的建议，对思想实施钳制，使儒家重新兴起。历经两千多年的发展演变，儒学文化构建起完整的思想体系，涉及政治、教育、道德伦理、行为准则、生活技艺等诸多方面，长期涵养国人的智慧和心灵，形成固定思维、心理以及生存模式，可谓根深蒂固。

Confucian school was on an equal footing with the other hundred schools in the pre-Qin period. After the First Emperor of Qin, also called Qin Shihuang, burned books and buried scholars alive, the development of the Confucian school suffered a serious defeat. Then, in order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's advice of "banishing other schools of thought and worshiping Confucianism only" and imposed restrictions on thought, which led to the revival of Confucian school. After more than two thousand years of development and evolution, Confucian culture has built up a complete ideological system, involving politics, education, morality, ethics, code of conduct, life skills and other aspects. It has cultivated the wisdom and soul of the Chinese people throughout the history, and formed deep-rooted set patterns of thinking, psychology and survival. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 15:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 《老子》是道家学派的主要著作之一，它的产生丰富了我国传统文化和思想宝库。老子是道家思想的创始人，他提出了许多重要的范畴和观点，在中国哲学史上独放异彩，并给予后世以深远影响。

''Laozi'' is one of the main works of the Taoist School; its production enriches our country's traditional culture and stock house of thoughts. Lao Zi, the founder of the Taoism, proposed a lot of important views and conceptions which have original enchantment in Chinese philosophy, and influence the afterworld deeply. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 15:17, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

''Laozi'' is one of the main works of the Taoism and its production enriches our traditional culture and the treasury of thoughts. Lao Zi, the founder of the Taoism, proposed many important views and conceptions which have original enchantment in Chinese philosophy, and have a far-reaching influence on the afterworld.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 01:36, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1.人道主义是人类永恒的主题，对于任何社会，任何时代，任何一个政府都是适用的，而秩序和制度社会则是建立人类文明社会的基本要求。

Humanity is the eternal theme of humanity, applicable to any society, any era, any government, while order and institutional society are the basic requirements for building a civilized human society.

Humanitarianism is the eternal theme of humanity, applicable to any society, any era, any government, while order and institutional society are the basic requirements for building a civilized human society.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:14, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

Humanity is the eternal theme of human society, and it is applicable to any society, any era, and any government. Order and institution is the basic requirement for building a civilized human society.
----

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only religion that originated in China and was founded by Chinese people, so it is also known as a native religion.--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 06:38, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only one that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also known as a native religion.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:14, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1、孔子的大同社会、小康社会理想对中国后世影响深远。后来不同历史时期，不同阶段的思想家提出不同内容的憧憬蓝图和奋斗目标，这种思想对进步思想家、改革家也有一定启发，洪秀全、康有为、谭嗣同和孙中山都受其影响。

Confucius' ideal of a commonwealth society and a moderately prosperous society had a profound influence on later generations in China. Later on, thinkers at different stages of history put forward different content of visionary blueprints and goals to strive for, and such ideas also inspired progressive thinkers and reformers, with Hong Xiuquan, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and Sun Yat-sen being influenced by them.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:35, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

The social ideal of a commonwealth society and a moderately prosperous society from Confucius has posed profound impacts on China's future generations. Later, even in sundry historical times, miscellaneous idealists put forward different blueprints and struggle goals, which indicated that Confucius ideal has inspired advanced idealists and refomers, including Hong Xiuquan, Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and Sun Zhongshan.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:20, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

2、新中国成立后，对旧社会道教中存在的一些不合理制度和陋习进行了改革，道教的面目为之一新。中国道教协会的成立实现了全国道教徒的大联合，广大爱国道教徒开始为发展道教事业共同努力。道教在反右斗争、大跃进、人民公社化等政治运动中受到波及。

After the founding of New China, some unreasonable systems and bad practices that existed in Taoism in the old society were reformed, and Taoism took on a new face. The establishment of the Chinese Taoist Association realized the unification of Taoists nationwide, and the majority of patriotic Taoists began to work together for the development of Taoism. Taoism was affected by political movements such as the anti-rightist struggle, the Great Leap Forward, and the Communization of the People's Commune.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:35, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Taoism was out of some unreasonable systems and bad practices in the old society were reformed and it then took on a new face. The establishment of the Chinese Taoist Association promoted the unification of Taoists nationwide, and the majority of patriotic Taoists began to work together for the development of Taoism. However, Taoism was affected by political movements such as the anti-rightist struggle, the Great Leap Forward, and the Communization of the People's Commune.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 05:06, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==
从鸦片战争到戊戌变法是新儒学的准备阶段，这一阶段主要表现为儒家学者在西方文明冲击之下被动接受西方文明的一些内容以求自强。
The period from the Opium War to the Hundred Days Reform was the preparatory period of Neo-Confucianism,which was characterized by the passive acceptance of some elements of Western civilization by Confucian scholars in order to strengthen themselves under the impact of Western civilization.

道教源于神仙思想和神仙方术。虽神仙方术没有系统的理论，但神仙家信仰的方术被道教承袭，神仙方术演化为道教的修炼方术，神仙方士演化为道家的道士。
Taoism originated from the idea of the divine immortals and the divine immortal arts. Given the fact that there is no systematic theory of divine and immortalism, the divine and immortalist beliefs were inherited by Taoism. The divine and immortalist prescriptions evolved into Taoist cultivation prescriptions, and the divine and immortalist practitioners evolved into Taoist priests.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 08:21, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==
1 孔子（公元前551～公元前479）名丘，字仲尼，是中华文化思想的集大成者，儒家学说的创始人。我国古代伟大的思想家、政治家、教育家。他的哲学思想提倡“仁义”，“礼乐”，“德治教化”,儒学思想渗入中国人的生活，文化领域中，同时也影响了世界上其它地区的大部分人近两千年。

Confucius (551BC-479 BC), whose name is Qiu, courtesy name Zhong Ni, is the master of Chinese culture and thought and the founder of Confucianism. He is a great thinker, statesman and educator in ancient China. His philosophy advocated "benevolence and righteousness", "rites and music", and "moral education". Confucianism permeated the life and culture of the Chinese people, and also influenced most people in other parts of the world for nearly two thousand years.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 09:40, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2 在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only one that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also known as the native religion. Taoism had a profound influence on the politics, economy and culture of ancient China and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Taoism gained a new life through the democratic reform of the religious system and gradually embarked on the road to adapt to the socialist society. Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the religious policies of the Party and the government in the new era, Taoism in China has taken on an unprecedented new look and made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 11:14, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

1.在大同的世界里，天下的人，不止以自己的家人为亲，不止以自己的父母儿女为爱，而是相互敬爱，爱天下所有的人。使老有所终，壮有所用，孩子们都能获得温暖与关怀，孤独的人与残疾者都有所依靠，男人各自有自己的事情，女人有满意的归宿。

Love each other not only in our family, but also in the world. Make the old have a home, strong and useful, children can get warmth and care, lonely people and the disabled can rely on others, men have their own businesses, women have a satisfactory home.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 13:51, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2.儒家认为平等是来自于人性，人性是善良的那么人类社会也应该是善良的，既被证成的平等；而道家认为过去平等已经有很好的发展成果，那么在现有的平等认知基础上现在以及未来社会应该发展的更好才是，但是儒家礼教阶层阻碍了人类发展并成为窃国诸侯剥削百姓的大旗，所以要非仁绝礼消解各种意识形态，得到一个人类都满意的社会，既被承认的平等。

Confucianism believes that equality comes from human nature, and human nature is good, so human society should also be good, which is proved to be equality; while Taoism believes that equality has achieved good results in the past, then on the basis of the existing equality cognition, the society should develop better now and in the future. However, the Confucian ethical class hindered the development of human beings and became the banner of exploiting the common people by the feudal lords，therefore, it is necessary to eliminate all kinds of ideologies without benevolence, to achieve a society that is satisfactory to all human beings, which is already recognized as equality.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 13:51, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

1.君子坦荡荡，小人长戚戚。

A gentleman is open and poised; while a petty man is unhappy and worried.

The gentleman is calm and at ease, while the small man is always full of anxiety. --[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 08:45, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

2.人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。

The person reflects the earth.The earth reflects heaven. Heaven reflects the Way. And the Way reflects its own nature.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:46, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

Men must conform to the earth, earth to heaven, heaven to Tao and Tao to nature.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 08:45, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==

1. 经由董仲舒重新解释和发挥的儒教教义，十分重视礼仪制度的建设，特别是其中祭天、祭祖的礼仪制度建设。完备而复杂的礼仪制度有助于人们养成遵守秩序、安分守己的习惯，这正是儒教重视礼仪的重要目的之一。

Dong Zhongshu's reinterpretation of Confucian doctrines attached great importance to the construction of ritual system, especially that of offering sacrifices to heaven and ancestors. A complete and complex ritual system helps people to develop the habit of abiding by order and bahaving properly, which is one of the important purposes for Confucianism to emphasize rites.

Dong Zhongshu's reinterpretation of Confucian doctrines attached great importance to the construction of ritual system, especially that of offering sacrifices to heaven and ancestors. A complete and complex ritual system helps people to develop the habit of abiding by order and conducting themselves, which is one of the important purposes for Confucianism to emphasize rites.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 11:17, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 道家以道为世界的本原，以柔弱因循为道的作用，在政治上主张无为而治，因为对道和无为的理解不同，所以内部又划分为不同派别，不同的学派之间思想重心也不同，或偏于治国，或偏于治身等。

Daoists regard Tao as the origin of the world. In politics, they uphold that Tao is to conform to the nature and advocated governing by doing nothing. According to the understanding of Tao and doing nothing, there are different denominations of Daoism focusing on different thoughts, some of which focus on governing and some on self-cultivation.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 09:25, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

1.儒家原先是先秦诸子百家之一，其创始人是孔子。儒家在先秦时期和诸子百家地位平等。而后汉武帝为了维护封建专制统治，听从董仲舒"罢黜百家，独尊儒术"的建议，对思想实施钳制，使儒家重新兴起。

Confucianism was originally one of the hundred schools of pre-Qin scholars, whose founder was Confucius. In the pre-Qin period, Confucianism had equal status with all scholars. In order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "removing a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism", and imposed a restraint on ideology, which revived Confucianism.

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。

Among the five major religions in my country, Taoism is the only religion that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also called a local religion. Taoism had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture of our country in ancient times, and it is one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
1-儒家通过等级制度的传播而传播。这种宗教是由于中国人对邻国的影响而传承的。儒家思想从其在山东的地盘传到了中国的北部和南部地区。

Confucianism diffused through hierarchical diffusion. This religion was passed on through the Chinese's influence on their neighboring countries. Confucianism spread from its hearth in the Shandong province into China's northern and southern territories.

2-道教或道教是中国血统的哲学传统，强调与道家和谐相处。道是大多数中国哲学流派的基本思想。然而，在道教中，它表示的原则是存在的一切的来源，模式和实质。

Taoism, or Daoism, is a philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao. The Tao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists. --[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 08:43, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Su kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==
1. 孔子出生于2500年前。孔子是17世纪的耶稣会传教士，他称他为孔子。
Confucius was born over 2,500 years ago. Confucius was the Jesuit missionaries of the 17th century who called him Confucius and this latinate name has since become known to the west.

2. 儒家思想是中国古代的一种信仰体系，即人类从根本上讲是善良，可教和可改进的。
Confucianism is an ancient Chinese belief system that human beings are fundamentally good and teachable and improvable.

3. 道教是中国两种伟大的本土哲学传统之一。老子，准子和道教描述了自汉末以来各种所谓的“宗教”运动。
Daoism is one of the two great indigenous philosophical traditions in China. Laozi, Zhunzi and Daojiao describe various so-called "religious" movements since the end of Han Dynasty.

4. 道教甚至没有说出一位开国思想家所建立的传统，甚至是通过一个共同的信念，即一位名叫老子的老师创立了这所学校并写下了它的主要著作，称为道德经，有时也被称为老子。
Daoism does not name a tradition constituted by a founding thinker even through the common belief is that a teacher named Laozi originated the school and wrote it's major work, called the Daodejing， sometimes known as the Laozi.--[[User:PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4|PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4]] ([[User talk:PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4|talk]]) 13:35, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==
1.相传孔子有弟子三千，其中有贤人七十二。孔子去世后，其弟子及其再传弟子把孔子及其所有弟子的言行语录和思想记录下来，整理编成儒家经典《论语》。

According to legend, Confucius had three thousand disciples, of which seventy-two wise men. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and other disciples recorded the words, deeds and thoughts of Confucius and all his disciples and compiled them into the Confucian classic "The Analects".--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 07:30, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

2.老子思想对中国哲学发展具有深刻影响，其思想核心是朴素的辩证法。在政治上，主张无为而治、不言之教。在权术上，讲究物极必反之理。在修身方面，讲究虚心实腹、不与人争的修持，是道家性命双修的始祖。

Laozi's thought has a profound influence on the development of Chinese philosophy, and the core of his thought is simple dialectics. In politics, it advocates the rule of doing nothing and teaching without words. In terms of power tactics, things must be the opposite. In terms of self-cultivation, it is the ancestor of Taoist cultivation of both life and soul, which emphasizes humility and solidity, and does not compete with others.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 07:30, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

1. Confucius is regarded as a great philosopher and a great sage of ancient China.

孔子是中国古代的伟大哲学家和圣贤。

2. Confucianism, a major official system of thought in China, originated from the teachings of Confucius.

儒家思想是中国的主要官方思想体系，它源于孔子的教.

3. Daoism has a god for almost everything: the sun, the moon, stars, wind, rain, thunder, lightening, mountains and rivers.

道教几乎所有的事物都有上帝-太阳，月亮，星星，风，雨，雷声，闪电，山脉和河流。

4. Daoism was also associated with alchemy, which was at one time a practical way of seeking the elixir of life by the transmutation of base matter into gold.

道教还与炼金术有关，炼金术曾经是一种通过将基础物质转化为黄金来寻求生命之药的实用方法。--[[User:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10]] ([[User talk:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|talk]]) 12:32, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Seydou, Sagara==
1Confucianism is often characterized as a system of social and ethical philosophy rather than a religion. In fact, Confucianism built on an ancient religious foundation to establish the social values, institutions, and transcendent ideals of traditional Chinese society.
2 Confucius father died when he was too young and he was teaching moral and physical training.
3 Daoism is a philosophy, a religion, and a way of life that arose in the 6th century BCE in what is now the eastern Chinese province of Henan. It has strongly influenced the culture and religious life of China and other East Asian countries ever since.
1儒教通常被描述为一种社会和伦理哲学体系，而不是一种宗教体系。实际上，儒家思想建立在古老的宗教基础上，旨在确立中国传统社会的社会价值观，制度和超越理想.
2孔子的父亲在年纪轻轻的时候就去世了，当时他正在教道德和体育锻炼.
3道教是公元前6世纪在现在的中国东部河南省兴起的一种哲学，一种宗教和一种生活方式. 从那以后，它对中国和其他东亚国家的文化和宗教生活产生了深远的影响.

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==
1.春秋战国时期，儒家学说虽然兴起并广为传播，却因为不符合治乱、争霸的政治需要，不受重视，无用武之地。
During the Spring and Autumn period, Confucianism, though emerged and widely spread, did not meet the political needs of quelling chaos and fighting for hegemony.

2.古代道家崇尚自然，有辩证法的因素和无神论的倾向，但是主张清静无为，反对斗争。
Ancient Taoism revered nature, with elements of dialectic and atheistic tendencies, but advocated quietness and inaction and opposed struggle.

==Si Yu 司妤==

1.在汉代的儒家思想普及过程中，很多社会问题得到解决。儒家思想倾向于施用仁政管理国家，政治家们以此为根据，限制土地过分集中，建立完善的道德体系。

Many social issues were settled during the popularization of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. Confucianism claimed benevolent governance in managing the country, according to which politicians limited the centralization of lands and built a comprehensive moral system.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 06:55, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

During the popularization of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty, many social problems were resolved. Confucianism tended to use benevolent governance to manage the country. Politicians used this as a basis to limit the excessive concentration of land and establish a sound moral system. --[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 11:17, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道家认为过去平等已经有很好的发展成果，那么在现有的平等认知基础上现在以及未来社会应该发展的更好才是，但是儒家礼教阶层阻碍了人类发展并成为窃国诸侯剥削百姓的大旗，所以要非仁绝礼消解各种意识形态，得到一个人类都满意的社会，既被承认的平等。

Taoism proposed that equality had gained fine development in the past, on which equality in contemporary and future society should have a better development. But Confucianism’s feudalism and ethical codes hindered the human growth and became the banner of theft and exploitation of the people by the vassals, so it is necessary to dissolve the various ideologies of non-benevolence and ritual to get a society that is satisfactory to all human beings, namely, recognized equality.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 06:55, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

1. 董仲舒提出“春秋大一统”和“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”，强调以儒家思想为国家的哲学根本，杜绝其他思想体系。汉武帝采纳了他的主张。从此儒学成为正统思想，研究四书五经的经学也成为了显学。此时，孔子已死三百余年。董仲舒在具体的政策上将道家，阴阳家和儒家中有利于封建帝王统治的部分加以发展，形成了新儒家思想。

Dong Zhongshu proposed the "Great Unification of the Spring and Autumn Period" and the "Dismissal of the Hundred Schools and Exclusive Respect for Confucianism", emphasizing Confucianism as the philosophical foundation of the state and the elimination of other systems of thought. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty adopted his ideas. From then on, Confucianism became the orthodoxy, and the study of the Four Books and Five Classics became a prominent school. At this time, Confucius had been dead for more than 300 years. Dong Zhongshu developed the parts of Taoism, Yin and Yang and Confucianism that were beneficial to the rule of the feudal emperor in his specific policies, forming Neo-Confucianism.

Dong Zhongshu proposed the "Great Unification of the Nation" and the "Dismissal of the Hundred Schools and Exclusive Respect for Confucianism", emphasizing Confucianism as the philosophical foundation of the state and the elimination of other systems of thought. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty adopted his ideas. From then on, Confucianism became the orthodoxy, and the study of the Four Books and Five Classics became a prominent school. At this time, Confucius had been dead for more than 300 years. Dong Zhongshu developed the parts of Taoism, Yin and Yang School and Confucianism that were beneficial to the rule of the feudal emperor in his specific policies, forming Neo-Confucianism.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 11:25, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2. “道”是中国古代哲学的重要范畴，用以说明世界的本原、本体、规律或原理。在中国哲学史上，“道”这一范畴为道家首先提出。道的原始涵义指道路、坦途，以后逐渐发展为道理，用以表达事物的规律性。这一变化经历了相当长的历史过程。春秋后期，老子最先把道看作是宇宙的本原和普遍规律，成为道家的创始人。以后，在不同的哲学体系中其涵义虽有不同，但基本上成为世界本原、本体、规律或原理的代名词。

"Tao" is an important category in ancient Chinese philosophy, which is used to describe the origin, essence, law or principle of the world. In the history of Chinese philosophy, the category of "Tao" was first introduced by the Taoists. The original meaning of Dao refers to the path, the straight path, and later it gradually developed into reason, which is used to express the regularity of things. This change has gone through a rather long historical process. In the late Spring and Autumn period, Laozi first regarded Tao as the origin and universal law of the universe and became the founder of Taoism. Later, although its meaning differs in different philosophical systems, it basically became a synonym for the origin of the world, the essence, the law or the principle.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 03:59, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==

1.孔子于公元前551年出生于现在的山东省，是中国古代著名的哲学家、政治家和教育家，也是儒家思想的创始人，“仁”和“礼”是其两大核心思想。孔子的儒家思想对中国和周边国家及地区乃至世界都有着深远的影响。2004年中国政府为了向外推广给汉语和传播中国文化，在海外建立了第一所“孔子学院”。

Confucius was born in 551 B.C. in the place where it is in Shangdong province now. He was a famous philosopher, statesman, educator in ancient China, and also the founder of Confucianism. “Humaneness” and “rites” are two of his core thoughts. Confucianism has had far-reaching influence on China, the surrounding countries and areas, and even the whole world. And in 2004, the Chinese government established the first Confucius Institute overseas for the purpose of promoting Chinese language and publicizing Chinese culture.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 07:53, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucius was born in 551 B.C. in what is now Shandong Province. He was a famous philosopher, statesman and educator in ancient China, and the founder of Confucianism, of which "benevolence" and "rites" are the two core ideas. In 2004, the Chinese government established the first Confucius Institute overseas in order to promote the Chinese language and culture abroad.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 01:33, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

2.老子是中国古代著名的思想家、哲学家，是道家思想的创始人，也是世界百位历史名人之一。《道德经》是老子唯一的著作。朴素辩证法是老子哲学思想的精髓，而“无为”是其政治思想核心。即使在21世纪的今天，大至国家大家，小到个人的行为处事，老子的思想依然对社会有着深远的影响。

As the founder of Taoism, Laozi was a philosopher and thinker in ancient China, and he is one of the world’s 100 great eminent figures in history. Naive Dialectic is the essence of Laozi’s philosophical ideas, while non-action is the core of his political thoughts. Even in the 21th century, his thoughts still have pervasive influence on socirties, from such important things as state affairs to such trivial things as individual styles.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 07:53, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Lao Tzu is a famous thinker and philosopher in ancient China, the founder of Taoist thought, and one of the world's 100 most famous historical figures. The Tao Te Ching is the only work of Laozi. The simple dialectic is the essence of Laozi's philosophical thought, and "Wu Wei" is the core of his political thought. Even in the 21st century, Laozi's thoughts still have a profound influence on society, from the national level to individual behavior.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 01:33, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==

孔子主张“为政以德”，用道德和礼教来治理国家是最高尚的治国之道。这种治国方略也叫“德治”或“礼治”。

Confucius advocated "to govern the country with morality". It is the noblest way to govern the country with morality and ethics. This strategy is also called "rule by virtue" or "rule by rites".--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 01:25, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

无为、不争，是老子对君王的告诫，不与民争利。

Letting things take their own course and no fight for profits with the people. are the admonition of Laozi to the emperors and lords.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 01:25, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==

1.儒家思想指的是儒家学派的思想，由春秋末期思想家孔子所创立。孔子创立的儒家学说在总结、概括和继承了夏、商、周三代尊尊亲亲传统文化的基础上形成的一个完整的思想体系。

Confucianism refers to the thought of Confucianism, which was founded by the thinker Confucius in the late Spring and Autumn period. The Confucianism established by Confucius is a complete ideological system based on the summary, generalization and inheritance of the traditional culture of respecting relatives in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 07:23, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucianism refers to the thoughts of Confucianism, which was founded by Confucius，the thinker, in the late Spring and Autumn period. The Confucianism established by Confucius is a complete ideological system based on the summary, generalization and inheritance of the traditional culture of respecting relatives in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 07:04, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道家的起源，可以一直追溯到春秋战国时期。道家思想的形成是以总结、发展、写著典籍为主要路径，每一次思想的跳跃都经历了极其长时间的众人积累，这也再一次的凸显了道家的生命力。

The origin of Taoism can be traced back to the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. Taoist thought is formed with summary, development, and writings of classics as the main path. Every leap of thought has experienced an extremely long time of mass accumulation, which once again highlights the vitality of Taoism.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 07:23, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

The origin of Taoism can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. Taoism is formed with summary, development, and writings of classics as the main path. Every leap of thought has experienced an extremely long time of mass accumulation, which highlights the vitality of Taoism once again.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 13:43, 20 December 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 13:43, 20 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

==Wang Xuan 王轩==
1. 孔子创立了以仁为核心的道德学说，他自己也是一个很善良的人，富有同情心，乐于助人，待人真诚、宽厚。“己所不欲，勿施于人”、“君子成人之美，不成人之恶”、“躬自厚而薄责于人”等等，都是他的做人准则。

Confucius founded the moral theory with benevolence as the core. He was also a very kind person, full of compassion, willing to help others, sincere and generous. "Don't do to others what you don't want to do to others", "the beauty of a gentleman, the evil of a man who is not a man", "bow oneself to thick and thin blame to others", and so on, are his principles of conduct.

Confucius founded the moral theory with benevolence as the core. He himself was also a very kind person full of compassion who is willing to help others with sincerity and generousity. "Don't do to others what you don't want to do to others", "the beauty of a gentleman, the evil of a man who is not a man", "bow oneself to thick and thin blame to others", and so on, are his principles of conduct.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 07:34, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, through the democratic reform of the religious system, Chinese Taoism gained a new life and gradually embarked on the road to adapt to the socialist society. Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the party and the government's religious policy in the new period, Chinese Taoism has shown an unprecedented new atmosphere, and has made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 02:06, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

After the founding of the people's Republic of Chin, Chinese Taoism has gained a new life and gradually embarked on the road to adapt to the socialist society through its democratic reform of the religious system. Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the Party and the Chinese Government's religious policy in the new period, Chinese Taoism has shown an unprecedented new atmosphere, and has made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 07:29, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

1. 孔子创建了对中国及其周边国家具有深远影响的儒家学派。他学而不厌,海人不倦,首开私人讲学,是中国历史上致力于教育事业的第一人。
Confucius founded the school of Confucianism, which had a profound influence on China and its neighboring countries. He was the first person in Chinese history to devote himself to the cause of education, as he never tired of learning and never tired of the sea.

Confucius founded the school of Confucianism, profoundly influencing China and its neighboring countries. He was the first Chinese throughout history to devote himself to the cause of education, for never being tired of learning and teaching. --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 08:33, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

1.孔子创建了对中国及其周边国家具有深远影响的儒家学派。他学而不厌,诲人不倦,首开私人讲学,是中国历史上致力于教育事业的第一人。
Confucius founded the school of Confucianism, which had a profound impact on China and its neighboring countries. He was the first person in Chinese history dedicating himself to the cause of education, as he never tired of learning and teaching.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 07:01, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 道家以道为世界的本原，以柔弱因循为道的作用，在政治上主张无为而治，因为对道和无为的理解不同，所以内部又划分为不同派别，不同的学派之间思想重心也不同，或偏于治国，或偏于治身等。
Taoism takes the Tao as the origin of the world, and the role of the Tao is to be soft and follow the path. In politics, Taoism advocates the rule of inaction, and because of the different understanding of the Tao and inaction, it is divided into different schools, and the focus of thought differs between different schools, either favoring the rule of the state, or favoring the rule of the body, etc.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 15:08, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==
1.发愤忘食，乐以忘忧，不知老之将至云尔。

One studies too hard to have meal and indulges himself in knowledge too elated to worry，even failing to .aware the pending oldness.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 06:57, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.一般认为道家思想的特征之一，是通过各种修炼而达到永恒不死的至高完美境界，“因而开创了中医养生学” ；又从炼丹实践中发明了火药，中国四大发明都与道教有关。

Generally, it is believed that one of the features of Taoism is to reach the ultimate perfect of immortality through various ways of practice. So the science of health maintenance of traditional Chinese medicine was established; in addition, gunpowder originated from alchemy practice, actually, the four ancient Chinese inventions are all related to Taoism.
--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 06:57, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==

1.孔子（前 551—前 479）名丘，字仲尼，中国古代著名的思想家、教育家。他生活在天下失序的社会状态中，以济世爱民为己任，赋予天与人以全新的含义，形成了以“仁”为核心，以“礼”为形式的儒家理论体系，力图实现圣君、贤臣、良民的太平盛世的理想。

1.Confucius (551 BC – 479 BC), given name Qiu and capping name Zhongni, was a renowned philosopher and educator in ancient China. Living in a chaotic society, he assumed responsibility of transforming society and caring for the people, and redefined the concepts of Tian (Heaven) and Ren (Humanity). In the end, he developed a set of doctrines now known as Confucianism whose core value is Ren (Humanness / Benevolence) and outward expression is Li (Rituals), to achieve his dream of a peaceful and prosperous society consisting of sage-kings, capable ministers and well-behaved subjects.

2.老子哲学并不是弱者的哲学，他的哲学中充满了力量感。老子认为，水在柔弱宁静中，积聚了强大的力量，可以冲破世界上的一切障碍。

2.Laozi’s philosophy is not for the weak; it gives a strong sense of strength. Laozi believed that weak and calm as it may seem, water collects great strength that helps it break down all barriers.--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 15:03, 20 December 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==

1.中庸精神随着时间的推移，其价值和重要性必将日益显现出来，这一点已经有所表现。中庸之道是世界上最具有连续性的文化，也是中国众多文化流派中最具有价值的核心精神和观念。

1.With the passage of time, the value and importance of the spirit of the mean will become increasingly apparent, which has already been demonstrated. The Golden Mean is the most continuous culture in the world and the most valuable core spirit and concept among many cultural schools in China.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 07:48, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

With the passage of time, the value and importance of the spirit of the mean, already demonstrated, will become increasingly apparent. The Golden Mean is the most continuous culture in the world and the most valuable core spirit and concept among many cultural schools in China.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 02:27, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

2.道教文学艺术就是以宣传道教教义、神仙长生思想以及反映其宗教生活为题材的内容的各种形式的文学艺术作品。文学艺术可以扩大道教的社会影响，进而提高道教的宗教素质。反过来，道教的神仙信仰也给中国文学艺术的发展巨大的影响。

2.Taoist literature and art are literary and artistic works in various forms that promote Taoist doctrines, the thoughts of immortal longevity, and reflect their religious life. Literature and art can expand the social influence of Taoism, thereby improving the religious quality of Taoism. In turn, Taoist belief in immortals has also had a huge impact on the development of Chinese literature and art.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 07:48, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==
1.儒家思想对中国文化的影响很深。传统的责任感思想、节制思想和忠孝思想，都是它和封建统治结合的结果，因此，儒家思想是连同我们当代在内的主流思想。儒学在中国存在几千年，对于中国的政治、经济等各个方面依然存在巨大的潜在影响。

Confucianism has had a profound influence on Chinese culture。The traditional ideas of responsibility, moderation, and loyalty and filial piety are the result of its combination with feudal rule, and thus Confucianism is the dominant ideology along with our contemporary times. Confucianism has existed in China for thousands of years and still has a huge potential influence on all aspects of Chinese politics and economy.

Confucianism has had a profound influence on Chinese culture. The traditional ideas of responsibility, moderation, and loyalty and filial piety are the result of its combination with feudal rule, and thus Confucianism has been the dominant ideology along with our contemporary times. Confucianism has existed in China for thousands of years and still has maintain a huge potential influence on all aspects of Chinese politics and economy.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 03:48, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2．和谐文化建设是构建社会主义和谐社会的要义之一。中国传统道教文化对中国社会产生了深远的影响。在当今构建和谐社会的进程中,道教文化依然有其独特的存在价值。

The building of a harmonious culture is one of the essentials for building a harmonious socialist society. The traditional Chinese Taoist culture has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the process of building a harmonious society today, Taoist culture still has its unique value to exist.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 09:14, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

The construction of a harmonious culture is one of the essentials of a harmonious socialist society. Taoist culture, a traditional Chinese culture, has exerted a profound influence on Chinese society. It still embraces unique value in today's building of a harmonious society. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 12:29, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xie Fan 解帆==
1.孔子学院是中外合作建立的非营利性教育机构，致力于适应世界各国（地区）人民对汉语学习的需要，增进世界各国（地区）人民对中国语言文化的了解。

Confucius Institutes are non-profit educational institutions jointly established by China and other countries. They are dedicated to meeting the needs of people in all countries (regions) for Chinese learning and promoting their understanding of Chinese language and culture.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 08:24, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

The Confucius Institute is a non-profit educational institution established through Sino-foreign cooperation, dedicated to meeting the needs of people around the world for Chinese language learning and enhancing their understanding of Chinese language and culture.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:57, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2.改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the religious policies of the CPC and the government in the new era, Taoism in China has shown an unprecedented look and made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, reunification of the country and world peace.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 08:24, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the Party and the government's religious policies in the new era, Chinese Taoism has taken on a new and unprecedented appearance, making positive contributions to the economic development, social harmony, reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 13:57, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jia 徐佳==
1. 孔子去世后，其弟子及再传弟子把孔子及其弟子的言行语录和思想记录下来，整理编成《论语》。该书被奉为儒家经典。

After the death of Confucius, his students wrote down all conversations they had with their teacher and then compiled them into the Analects, which has been regarded as a classic of Confucianism.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:40, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

After the death of Confucius, his disciples and re-disciples recorded the words and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples and compiled them into the ''Analects'', which is regarded as a classic of Confucianism.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 03:06, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 《老子》书提出以“道”为核心的哲学思想体系。它以道为宇宙的根本，阐述了道的本质、特点及其运动变化的规律。

The book Laozi establishes a philosophical system of thought with the Tao as its core. It takes Tao as the root of the universe, and explains the nature and characteristics of Tao and its laws of movement and change.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:40, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

The book, ''Laozi'', presents a philosophical system of thought with the Tao as its core. It takes Tao as the root of the universe, and explains the nature and characteristics of Tao and its laws of movement and change.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 03:06, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jing 许静==
因此古儒实际上是在一个礼崩乐坏的时代，努力复兴西周价值的这样一个学派。离开了对西周这一套的分析，我们是没有办法认识古儒的。

Thus ancient Confucianism was in fact a school of thought striving to revive the values of the Western Zhou at a time when rituals and music were in ruins. It can not be fully understood without an analysis of Western Zhou.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 10:08, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

老子说：“上善若水，水善利万物而不争。”水无常形，顺势而为，为而不争，方达所愿。可以削平山川却堵不住流水。“不争先”不是不求上进，而是尊重自然规律，不破坏均衡，不因小失大、迷失自我。

Lao Tzu said, "Water is good for it is good for all things but does not compete." Water has no permanent form. It follows the trend and does not struggle to reach its destination. While it is possible to cut down mountains water can not be blocked. "It is not a matter of not striving for advancement, but of respecting the laws of nature, not destroying the balance, not losing oneself for the sake of minor things.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 10:08, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==

1. 南北朝时期（420一589）是道教进一步充实完善的时代，是道教走上成熟的时代，出现了众多的道教改革家、理论家，他们的活动对后世道教有着重要的影响。

1. The Southern and Northern Dynasties period (420-589) was a time when Taoism was further enriched, a time when Taoism came to maturity and numerous Taoist reformers and theorists emerged, having an important influence on the development of Taoism.

Taoism was further developed and came to maturity in the Southern and Northern Dynastie(420-589) when numerous Taoist reformers and theorists emerged and their activities had an important influence on the development of Taoism.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:47, 18 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

2. 曲阜孔庙为纪念孔夫子而兴建，千百年来屡毁屡建，到今天已经发展成超过100座殿堂的建筑群。

2. The Confucius Temple in Qufu was built to commemorate Confucius, which has been destroyed and built again and again over the centuries. Today, it has grown into a building complex of over 100 palaces today.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 03:19, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

The Confucius Temple in Qufu was built to commemorate Confucius, which has been destroyed and rebuilt again and again over the past centuries. Today, it has grown into a building complex of over 100 palaces.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 07:49, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==

1.儒家的“德治”主义就是主张以道德去感化教育人。儒家认为，无论人性善恶，都可以用道德去感化教育人。这种教化方式，是一种心理上的改造，使人心良善，知道耻辱而无奸邪之心。
The Confucian "rule of virtue" doctrine advocates the use of morality to influence and educate people. Confucianism believes that no matter what human nature is good or bad, morality can be used to influence and educate people. This way of enlightenment is a kind of psychological transformation, making people good-hearted, knowing the shame and not being evil.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 03:41, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucian doctrine of "rule of virtue" advocates the use of morality to influence and educate people. Confucianism believes that no matter what human nature is, good or evil, morality can be used to influence and educate people. This way of enlightenment is a kind of psychological transformation, making people kind-hearted and knowing the shame but not being evil.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:17, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.“己所不欲，勿施于人”、“躬自厚而薄责于人” 等，都是孔子的做人准则。
"Do not do to others what you do not want to do to others", "self-respect and responsibilities to others" are all Confucius’s principles of life.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 03:41, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

"Do not do to others what you do not want to do to yourself" and "self-respect and responsibilities to others" are both Confucius's codes of conduct.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:17, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

3.认为天地万物都有"道"而派生，即所谓"一生二，二生三，三生万物"，社会人生都应法"道"而行，最后回归自然。
It is believed that all things in heaven and earth are derived from "Tao", which is the so-called "One life two, two life three, three life all things", social life should follow the law "Tao" and finally return to nature.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 03:41, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

It is believed that all things in heaven and earth are derived from "Tao", which is the so-called "Two in one, three in two, three in all". Social life should all follow the law "Tao" and finally return to nature.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:17, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Hui 阳慧==
1.孔子追求的“礼”，是西周时的等级名分制度。为了实现“礼”，孔子进一步提出了“正名”的主张。

Confucius's pursuit of " rites " is the Western Zhou Dynasty hierarchy system.In order to realize the " rites ", Confucius further put forward the " rectification of name ".

The "ritual" pursued by Confucius was the hierarchical system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. In order to realize "li", Confucius further proposed the idea of "rectification of name".--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:59, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2.改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象,为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

Since the reform and opening-up, under the guidance of the religious policies of the Party and the government in the new period, Chinese Taoism has taken on an unprecedented new look and made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 08:39, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Since the introduction of reform and opening-up, under the guidance of the religious policies of the Party and the government in the new period, Chinese Taoism has taken on an unprecedented new look and made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 07:11, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Yue 杨悦==

1、孔子是中国思想史上第一个把道德作为做人和治国首要条件和最高标准提出来的哲人。道德的核心是仁。儒家提倡人与人之间的仁和礼。今天，在中国和其他许多国家，儒学的研究正在迅速增长。

Confucius was the first philosopher in China's ideological history to propose moral standards as the prior criterion for man's behaviour and governing a country.The core of morality is benevolence. Confucianism advocates benevolence and courtesy among people. Today, in China and many other countries, the study of Confucianism is rapidly growing.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 01:29, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucius was the first philosopher in the history of Chinese thought to put morality as the primary and highest standard for being a man and governing a country. The core of morality is benevolence. Confucianism advocates benevolence and etiquette among people. Today, in China and many other countries, the study of Confucianism is growing rapidly. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 02:04, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

2、道教是中国固有的一种宗教，距今已有1800余年的历史。它深深扎根于中华沃土之中，具有鲜明的中国特色,并对中华文化的各个层面产生了深远影响。

Taoism, an inherent religion of China, has a history of over 1800 years. It is deeply rooted in the Chinese fertile soil with distinct Chinese characteristics, and have a profound impact on all levels of Chinese culture.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 01:29, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism is a religion inherent in China, with a history of more than 1,800 years. It is deeply rooted in the fertile soil of China, with distinctive Chinese characteristics, and a profound impact on overall Chinese culture. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 02:04, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==

孔子在卫国住了约10个月，因有人在卫灵公面前进谗言，卫灵公对孔子起了疑心，派人公开监视孔子的行动，因此孔子带弟子离开卫国，打算去陈国。

Confucius lived in Wei State for about 10 months. Due to someone advancing slander in front of Duke Ling of Wei, he became suspicious of Confucius and sent people to publicly monitor Confucius. Therefore, Confucius led his disciples to leave Wei and planned to go to Chen State. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 02:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

道教继承和发展了先秦道家思想，将“道”作为最高信仰，从中演化出最高经典，最上道术及最高的神灵，构建了庞大的经典道术神仙体系。

Daoism inherited and developed Taoism thought in the pre-Qin period, taking "Dao" as the highest belief, evolving from it the highest classics, the highest Daoism and the supreme gods, and building a huge system of classic Daoism gods. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 02:00, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

1. Confucius stayed in Wei for about 10 months, but when someone slandered him in front of Duke Weiling, he became suspicious of Confucius and sent people to monitor his movements openly. Therefore, Confucius left Wei with his disciples to Chen.

2. Inheriting and developing the pre-Qin dynasty Taoist thought, it holds “Tao” as the highest belief, evolving the highest classics, the highest Taoist arts and the highest deities, forming a huge system of classical Taoist arts and deities.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 03:22, 17 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==

==You Yuting 游雨婷==

1.在长期的教学实践活动中，孔子积累和总结了很多教学经验。他主张因材施教，根据学生的不同特点分别指导。

In the long-term teaching practice, Confucius has accumulated and summarized a lot of teaching experience. He advocated teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and instructing them separately according to their different features.

In the long-term teaching practice activities, Confucius has accumulated and summed up a lot of teaching experience. He advocates teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and guiding students according to their different characteristics.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 14:01, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

2.作为一种宗教实体，道教不仅有其独特的经典教义、神仙信仰和仪式活动，而且还有其宗教传承、教团组织、科戒制度、宗教活动场所。

As a religious entity, Taoism not only has its unique classical doctrine, immortal belief and ritual activities, but also has its religious inheritance, organization of religious groups, system of discipline and places for religious activities.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 13:27, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yu Ni 余妮==
1.孔子的经济思想最主要的是重义轻利、“见利思义”的义利观与“富民”思想。这也是儒家经济思想的主要内容，对后世有较大的影响。

The most important economic thought of Confucius is the value of justice over profit, the view of righteousness and benefit, and the thought of enriching the people. This is also the main content of Confucian economic thought, which has great influence on later generations.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 06:42, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucius'economic thought mainly consists of the concept of justice and benefit, the concept of justice and benefit and the thought of enriching the people.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 08:41, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教哲学和宗教已经渗透到所有受中国影响的亚洲文化中，尤其是越南、日本和韩国的文化。在受中国文化影响的地区，各种宗教习俗让人想起道教，这表明他们与中国游客和移民的早期接触还没有被阐明。

Daoist philosophy and religion have found their way into all Asian cultures influenced by China, especially those of Vietnam, Japan, and Korea. Various religious practices reminiscent of Daoism in such areas of Chinese cultural influence indicate early contacts with Chinese travelers and immigrants that have yet to be elucidated.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 06:42, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Daoist philosophy and religion have infiltrated all Asian cultures influenced by China, especially those of Vietnam, Japan, and Korea. Various religious practices reminiscent of Daoism in such areas of Chinese cultural influence indicate early contacts with Chinese travelers and immigrants that have yet to be elucidated.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 13:31, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

解放前的道教中充满着浓厚的封建气息，对广大道教徒进行爱国主义教育，改革宫观封建经济，废除道教中的封建残余，与反动会道门划清界限，成为道教在新中国面临的重大任务。

Taoism before liberation was represents strong feudal atmosphere. It became a major task for Taoism in New China to carry out patriotic education for the majority of Taoists, reform the feudal economy of the palace, abolish the remnants of feudalism in Taoism, and draw a clear line with the reactionary Taoist doors.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:11, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism before liberation was in strong feudal atmosphere. Therefore, it became a major task for Taoism in New China to carry out patriotic education for the majority of Taoists, reform the feudal economy of the palace, abolish the remnants of feudalism in Taoism, and draw a clear line with the reactionary Taoist doors.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:11, 17 December 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:29, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

孔子，姓孔，名丘，字仲尼，公元前551年，出生于春秋后期的鲁国。

Confucius is known as Kong Qiu, a combination of his surname and his given name, and he is also named as Zhongni, which is his courtesy name.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:11, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1.儒教是孔子所创立、孟子所发展、荀子所集其大成，之后延绵不断，为历代儒客推崇，至今仍有一定生命力的学术流派。
Confucianism is an academic school which was founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and epitomized by Xuncius. It has continued to be admired by scholars of Confucianism and remined vitality until today.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 01:59, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucianism is an academic school which was founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius, and epitomized by Xuncius. It has been further developed and admired by scholars of Confucianism in all ages and still has vitality at present.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 15:32, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。
Among the five major religions in our country, Taoism is the only one that originated in China and was founded by Chinese, so it is also called a local religion of China.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 01:59, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==

儒家在先秦时期和诸子百家地位平等。而后汉武帝为了维护封建专制统治，听从董仲舒"罢黜百家，独尊儒术"的建议，对思想实施钳制，使儒家重新兴起。
Confucianism had equal status with other schools of thought in the pre Qin period. In order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty followed Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", so as to reinvigorate Confucianism.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 13:11, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。
Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only religion originated in China and founded by Chinese people, so it is also known as local religion.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 13:11, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Hui 张慧==

1.身处乱世的孔子所主张的仁政没有施展的空间，但在治理鲁国的三个月中，使强大的齐国也畏惧孔子的才能，足见孔子无愧于杰出政治家的称号。

The benevolent government advocated by Confucius in troubled times has no room for display, but during the three months of ruling Lu State, the powerful Qi State also feared Confucius’ talents, which shows that Confucius deserves the title of outstanding statesman.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 03:06, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

In the troubled times, Confucius' benevolent rule had no room to be exercised, but in the three months he ruled the state of Lu, he made even the powerful state of Qi fear Confucius' talent, which shows that Confucius deserves the title of outstanding statesman.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 03:13, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

In the troubled times, Confucius' benevolent rule had no room to give free play, but during the three months he governed the state of Lu, his talent made even the powerful state of Qi fear, which serves to show that Confucius deserves the title of outstanding statesman.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 15:26, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教继承和发展了先秦道家思想，将“道”作为最高信仰，从中演化出最高经典，最上道术及最高的神灵，构建了庞大的经典道术神仙体系。

Taoism inherited and developed Taoism thought in the pre-Qin period, taking "Tao" as the highest belief, and evolving from it the highest classics, the highest Taoism and the highest gods, and building a huge system of classic Taoism gods.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 03:06, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism inherited and developed Taoist thought from the pre-Qin dynasty, taking "Tao" as the highest belief, evolving from it the highest classics, the highest Taoist arts and the highest deities, and building a huge system of classical Taoist deities.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 03:13, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

1. 孔子63岁时，曾这样形容自己：“发愤忘食，乐以忘忧，不知老之将至。”当时孔子已带领弟子周游列国9个年头，历尽艰辛，不仅未得到诸侯的任用，还险些丧命，但孔子并不灰心，仍然乐观向上，坚持自己的理想，甚至是明知其不可为而为之。

When Confucius was 63 years old, he used to describe himself as, "(One is) so engrossed in his studies that he forgets to have his meals on time; so cheerful that he forgets all his worries; so youthful that he forgets his actual age." At that time, Confucius had guided his disciples to travel around the various states and nations for nine years. He had not been appointed by the feudal lord, but he almost died. However, he was not disheartened. He was still optimistic and insisted on his ideal even he knew it was impossible. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 04:05, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

When Confucius was 63 years old, he used to describe himself as, "(One is) so engrossed in his studies that he forgets to have his meals on time; so cheerful that he forgets all his worries; so youthful that he forgets his actual age." At that time, Confucius had guided his disciples to travel around the various states and nations for nine years. He had not been appointed by the feudal lord, and even almost died. However, he was not disheartened. He was still optimistic and insisted on his ideal even he knew it was impossible.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 06:52, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 作为中华文化最重要的两翼，道家和儒家的关系比较复杂，它们之间有互相学习的一面，也有互相对立的一面。

As the two most important components of Chinese culture, Daoism and Confucianism have a complicated relationship, with both learning from each other and opposing each other. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 04:05, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

As the two most important wings of Chinese culture, Taoism and Confucianism have a complex relationship. Specifically, they are mutually reinforcing and antagonistic.--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 12:34, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==
道教是中国的本土宗教，道教主张天人合一，东汉末年出现大量的道教组织。

Taoism is China's indigenous religion advocating the unity of heaven and man.The end of the Eastern Han Dynasty appeared a large number of Taoist organizations.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 08:26, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism is an indigenous religion of China and it advocates the unity of heaven and man. A large number of Taoist organizations appeared in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 11:19, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

儒学思想，是先秦诸子百家学说之一。儒学文化是以儒家学说为指导思想的文化宗派，为春秋时期孔丘所创。

Confucianism is one of the schools of thought in the pre-Qin dynasty. Confucianism is a school of culture guided by Confucianism. It was created by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 08:26, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucianism is one of the schools of thought in the pre-Qin periods. Confucian culture is a cultural sect with Confucianism as its guiding ideology, created by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 11:19, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucianism is one of the schools of thought in the pre-Qin periods. Confucian culture is guided by Confucianism and created by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 11:50, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==
1. 现存《仪礼》十七篇，便是由孔子及弟子将活态的典礼仪式转换成凝固态文本的成果。为了突出主要线索，避免枝蔓，宫室形制、服饰裁剪、礼器使用等诸多细节每每被省略，这对当时的读者不会造成阅读障碍。这一次转换是《仪礼》成书的缘起，与孔壁中经一样，旨在保存文化，希冀借助文本形式传于后世。

1. The existing 17 "rituals" are the result of Confucius and his disciples transforming the living rituals into solidified texts. In order to highlight the main clues and avoid omitting many details such as branches and tendrils, palace shape, clothing cutting, ritual vessel use, etc., this will not cause dyslexia to the readers at that time. This transformation is the origin of the completion of Yili, which, like Kongbi Zhongjing, aims to preserve culture and hopes to pass it on to later generations in the form of text.

2. 道家所主张的“道”，是指天地万物的本质及其自然循环的规律。自然界万物处于经常的运动变化之中，道即是其基本法则。就是关于“道”的具体阐述。所以，人的生命活动符合自然规律，才能够使人长寿。这是道家养生的根本观点。

2. The "Tao" advocated by Taoism refers to the essence of all things in the world and the law of their natural circulation. All things in nature are in constant movement and change, and Tao is its basic principle. It is a concrete exposition of "Tao". Therefore, only when people's life activities conform to the laws of nature can they live a long life. This is the fundamental view of Taoist health preservation.
--[[User:Zhang Weihong|Zhang Weihong]] ([[User talk:Zhang Weihong|talk]]) 01:59, 21 December 2020 (UTC)Zhang Weihong

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==
1.儒家学派的创始人孔子第一次打破了旧统治阶级垄断教育的局面，变"学在官府"为"有教无类"，使传统文化教育播及到整个民族。因此儒家思想有了坚实的民族心理基础，为全社会所接受并逐步儒化了全社会。

For the first time, Confucius, the founder of the Confucian school, broke the monopoly of education by the old ruling class and changed "study in the government" to "education without class", so that traditional cultural education spread to the entire nation. Therefore, Confucianism has a solid national psychological foundation, accepted by the whole society and gradually Confucianized the whole society.

2.春秋战国时期，老子集古圣先贤之大智慧，形成了道家完整系统的理论，标志着道家思想已经正式成型。

During the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, Laozi gathered the great wisdom of ancient sages to form a complete and systematic theory of Taoism, marking the formal formation of Taoism.
--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 03:17, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.儒家经书是四书五经，但儒家早期以五经为主，在佛教禅宗的挑战下，宋代程朱理学以四书取代五经的地位。

The Confucian scriptures are the Four Books and Five Classics. However, the early Confucianism was dominated by the Five Classics. Under the challenge of Zen Buddhism, the neo-Confucianism of Song Dynasty replaced the Five Classics with the Four Books.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:22, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

The Confucian scriptures are the Four Books and Five Classics, but the early Confucianism was dominated by the Five Classics. Under the challenge of Buddhist Zen Buddhism, the Song Dynasty's Cheng-Zhu Theory replaced the status of the Five Classics with the Four Books.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 15:13, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

The scriptures of confucianism are the Four Books and Five Classics, in which the majority is the latter one at the prelimetary stage, but then the Four Books got the upper hand under the theory of Chen-zhu in the Song Dynasty.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 08:41, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2.春秋时期，老子总结了古老的道家思想的精华，形成了道家完整系统的理论，标志着道家思想已经正式成型。道家是对中华哲学、文学、科技、艺术、音乐、养生、宗教等影响最深远的学派。

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi summarized the essence of ancient Taoist thought and formed a complete and systematic theory of Daoism, marking the formal formation of Daoism. Daoism is the school of thought that has had the most profound influence on Chinese philosophy, literature, science and technology, art, music, health care and religion.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:22, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi summarized the essence of ancient Taoist thought and formed a complete and systematic theory of Taoism, marking the formal formation of Taoist thought. Taoism is the school of thought that has had the most profound influence on Chinese philosophy, literature, science and technology, art, music, health care and religion.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 15:13, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
孔子是中国古代思想家、政治家、教育家，儒家学派创始人。

Confucius is an ancient Chinese thinker, statesman, educator, and founder of the Confucian school.

在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。

Among the five major religions in my country, Taoism is the only religion that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also called a local religion。

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

1. 孔子是中国著名的思想家、教育家、政治家，与弟子周游列国十四年，晚年修订六经，即《诗》《书》《礼》《乐》《易》《春秋》。

Confucius was a famous Chinese thinker, educator and statesman who traveled around ancient China with his disciples for 14 years and revised the Six Classics in his later years, namely, The Book of Songs, The Book of History, The Book of Rites, The Book of Music, The Book of Changes, and The Spring and Autumn Annuals.

2. 庄子的文章，想象奇幻，构思巧妙，多彩的思想世界和文学意境，文笔汪洋恣肆，具有浪漫主义的艺术风格，瑰丽诡谲，意出尘外，乃先秦诸子文章的典范之作。

Zhuangzi's writings are full of fantastical imagination, ingenious ideas, colorful world of thought and literary contexts, and unrestrained writing. They also fall to a romantic artistic style which is magnificent and deceitful, boasting for masterpieces among those in the pre-Qin plutocrats.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 12:19, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==
儒学,儒学亦称儒家学说，起源于东周春秋时期，自汉朝汉武帝时期起，成为中国社会的正统思想。

Confucianism, known as Confucian School, originated from Spring and Autumn Period in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and became orthodox of the society in China since the reign of Hanwu Emperor of the Han Dynasty. --[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 15:17, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。

Among the five major religions, Daoism is the only religion which originated from China and was founded by Chinese. Therefore, it was called native religion as well.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 15:17, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==
1.孔子是当时社会上最博学者之一，在世时就被尊奉为“天纵之圣”“天之木铎”，更被后世统治者尊为孔圣人、至圣、至圣先师、大成至圣文宣王先师、万世师表。

Confucius was one of the most knowledgeable people in the society at that time, and he was honored as "the sage of heaven" and "the mudor of heaven" during his lifetime.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 03:09, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucius was one of the most erudite scholars in society at that time. He was honored as the "Sage of Heaven" and "Wood Duo of Heaven" when he was alive. The most sacred Wenxuan Wang Xianshi, Wanshishishi.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 03:16, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Confucius was one of the most knowledgeable people in the society at that time, and he was honored as "the sage from heaven" and is honored as "the mudor of heaven" nowadays.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 04:05, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。

Taoism has had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture of our ancient times and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 03:09, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture of our country in ancient times, and it is one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 03:16, 17 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

1.孔子是儒家学派创始人，他提出“仁”，具有古典人道主义的性质：主张“礼”，维护周礼这是孔子政治思想中的保守部分。儒家文化后来发展成为中国古代正统文化。

Confucius is the founder of The Confucian school, he proposed "benevolence", with the nature of classical humanitarianism: advocated "rites" and maintained the Rites of Zhou, which is the conservative part of Confucius' political thought. Confucian culture later developed into the orthodox culture of ancient China

2.道家所主张的“道”，是指天地万物的本质及其自然循环的规律。自然界万物处于经常的运动变化之中，道即是其基本法则。

The "Tao" advocated by Taoism refers to the nature of the universe and the law of its natural cycle. Everything in nature is in constant motion and change, and tao is its fundamental law.
--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 14:58, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

1.儒家思想是中国文明史经历了夏、商、周的近1700年之后，由春秋末期思想家孔子所创立。孔子创立的儒家学说在总结、概括和继承了夏、商、周三代尊尊亲亲传统文化的基础上形成的一个完整的思想体系。

Confucianism was founded by the thinker Confucius in the late Spring and Autumn Period after nearly 1700 years in the history of Chinese civilization. The Confucianism founded by Confucius formed a complete ideological system on the basis of summarizing, generalizing and inheriting the traditional culture of respecting and respecting relatives in Xia, Shang and Zhou.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:02, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

2.若是说儒家的中枢是仁的话，那么道家的中枢便是自然。依道家来看，儒的倡导虽好，却只能靠严以律已刻意做到，一有不慎，则内以伤身，外以乱人。宋朝时，儒生发展到“存天理、灭人欲”便可看出。而道以自然为本，更加贴近于人的生活。

If the essential idea of Confucianism is benevolence, then for Taoism, it is nature. According to Taoism, although the advocacy of Confucianism is good, it can only be done deliberately by strict rules. If there is any carelessness, it will hurt the body internally and disturb people externally. In the Song Dynasty, it can be seen that Confucian scholars developed to "save the laws of nature and destroy the desires of man." Based on nature, Taoism is closer to people's lives.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:02, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

孔子把天看成是不断创造生命的自然界，天带有某种神圣性，人对于天应该敬畏和感恩。

Confucius regarded heaven as a nature where lives are bestowed, therefore, heaven is sacred and deserves awe and gratitude from people.

老子说：“道法自然。”“自然“是老子哲学最重要的概念之一，它并非指外在的自然物，而指自然而然、顺应世界的态度。

Lao Tzu once said, "Tao follows the principle of nature." "Nature" as one of the most important concepts in Laozi's philosophy, it does not refer to any external natural objects, but to a attitude of conformity to nature and the world.--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 04:06, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==
1.孔子的美学思想核心为“美”和“善”的统一，也是形式与内容的统一。孔子提倡“诗教”，即把文学艺术和政治道德结合起来，把文学艺术当作改变社会和政治的手段，陶冶情操的重要方式。并且孔子认为，一个完人，应该在诗、礼、乐修身成性。孔子的美学思想对后世的文艺理论影响巨大。

The core of Confucius’s aesthetic thought is the unity of “beauty” and “Goodness” , as well as the unity of form and content. Confucius advocated “Poetic Education” , that is, the combination of literature and art and political morality, literature and art as a means to change society and politics, an important way to cultivate sentiment. And Confucius thought, a perfect person, should be in poetry, ritual, music self cultivation. Confucius’s aesthetic thought had a great influence on the literary theory of later ages.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 14:30, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.老子思想的核心是道，道的本性即是自然，出于对自然的推崇，老子也很推崇素朴和稚拙。古朴、稚拙作为一种美的形态，在中国古代一直受到人们普遍的赞颂，与此对立的华艳轻浮，历来为人们所蔑视，这一倾向即受到老子思想的影响。古朴、稚拙之外，老子也很推崇恬淡。平淡之美，也为很多人所崇尚，在宋代更成为一种审美风尚。

The core of Lao Zi's thought is "Tao", which essential is nature. Due to his extol the nature, Lao Zi also praise simplicity and naivety. simplicity and naivety, as a type of beauty, always be admired during Chinese ancient time. On its oppsite, extravagance and flippancy Has always been despised by people. this tendency was influenced by Laozi's thought. In addition tosimplicity and naivety, Laotse also highly praised plain. Plain Beauty, also for many people advocate. Moreover in the Song dynasty it become an aesthetic trend.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 14:30, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==
1.儒家文化对当代社会的现实意义在于它的道德价值、教育价值及政治价值。儒家的孝道文化，是中华民族的宝贵精神财富，在当今社会更应该代代传承，发扬光大。知行合一这种思想对于解决今天的应试教育与素质教育相矛盾、学校教育与社会需求相脱节的问题有着十分重要的意义。

The practical significance of Confucian culture to contemporary society lies in its moral value, educational value and political value. The Confucian filial piety culture is the precious spiritual wealth of the Chinese nation, and it should be passed down from generation to generation and carried forward in today's society. The idea of the unity of knowledge and action is of great significance for solving the contradiction between today's test-oriented education and quality education, and the disconnection between school education and social demand.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 04:57, 21 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

2.道家认为物各有性，性各不同，即万物各有其本性，每种事物本性各不相同，所以应尊重万物天性，顺其自然，这样才合乎大道。

Taoists believe that everything has its own nature, and the nature of each thing is different. Therefore, we should respect the nature of all things and let nature take its course, so as to conform to the Dao.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 04:57, 21 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

1.Confucianism, the way of life propagated by Confucius (6th–5th century BCE) and followed by the Chinese people for more than two millennia.

儒教，是孔子（公元前6至5世纪）传播的生活方式，其后是中国人传播了两千多年。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 11:05, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

儒家思想由孔子（公元前6-5世纪）传播一种生活方式，中国人已遵循的两千多年。--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 12:22, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

2.Taoism, indigenous religion-philosophical tradition that has shaped Chinese life for more than 2000 years.

道教是一种固有的宗教哲学传统，已经改变了中国2000多年的生活。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 11:05, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

道教是中国的本土宗教，也是一种哲学传统，影响了中国2000多年。--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 12:22, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

20201215 cultexam 1

2020-12-21T07:52:16Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Chinese Astrology - Alsied, Saffana */

*Link to return to [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Languages_and_Cultures Course Homepage].
*Link to the other Final Exam paper pages: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_1 1 Alsied, Saffana - Jiang Qiwei]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_2 2 Kang Haoyu - Sagara Seydou]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_3 3 Shi Haiyao - You Yuting]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_4 4 Yu Ni - Zubareva, Ekaterina]. This page has become too large. Do not write on this page any more, but on one of the smaller pages.

'''Final Exam Paper. Please write now and improve until grading on 2020 12 15'''
*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu`靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chinese Astrology - Alsied, Saffana==
"Chinese Astrology"--[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED ,Student No:201921080006.. Major..Comparative Literature and Cross-cultural studies.

===The History===

So, what is Chinese astrology anyway? Chinese astrology is an ancient art, which uses the time of birth, including the year, month, day, and time, to reveal insights into a person’s personality traits, lifestyle, health, career direction, and compatibility with others. Although the exact origin of the system is unknown, Chinese astrology has guided the Chinese for over five thousand years and has a profound influence on our lives. The Chinese system of zodiac is actually based on a ten-year Sun-Moon cycle that conforms to the ancient Chinese agricultural calendar. The cycle is divided into the five elements: Water, Wood, Fire, Earth, and Metal as well as the twelve animals, which represent each year. The system is influenced by Yin (female) and Yang (male) cosmic force, which is said to be an interpretation of universal harmony and balance. where the source is coming from ?

===The Five Elements And YIN/YANG===

Chinese believe that the five basic elements, Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water form everything in the Universe. As a fundamental part of the Oriental philosophy, the five elements are divided into Conducive and Controlling interrelationships. A Conducive interrelationship means that these five elements will produce one another and help nourish each other. We get Fire from Wood because fire is produced by burning wood. We get Earth from Fire because fire can burn everything into ashes (earth). We get Metal from Earth because all metal has to be extracted from the earth. We get Water from Metal because metal will change into liquid when heated. And, from Water we get Wood because water nourishes plants, thus producing wood. where is the quotation please?

A Controlling interrelationship means that these five elements can control or be destroyed by another element. Wood controls Earth because trees draw nourishment out of the earth. Earth controls Water because the earth can absorb water and also blocks the flow of water through man-made dykes or naturally occurring phenomena. Water controls Fire because the water is used to put out fires. Fire controls Metal because the heat of a fire can melt metal. And, Metal controls Wood because trees can be chopped down by the metal blade of an ax. Under this philosophy, no element is considered the strongest or weakest. Each element is either controlled by another element or can produce another element. In fact, they are dependent on one another and therefore, are considered equal. In Chinese astrology, during the complete sixty-year cycle, each of the animal signs is combined with the five main elements: Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water. The element of your zodiac sign will exercise its influence on your life. where is the quotation please?

===THE FORCES OF YIN / YANG===

Since ancient times, the Chinese have believed that two major forces, the Yin and the Yang, control the universe. These two forces are the foundation of Chinese philosophy, people, and even Chinese medicine. Generally speaking, the Yin signifies death whereas the Yang indicates life.

A well-known symbol called “Tai Chi” (the ultimate matter) embodies the Yin and the Yang. In the circle, the two forces equilibrate the energy and keep everything balanced. No force is stronger or weaker than the other, when one is at its highest, the other is at its lowest. Together the Yin and the Yang become a whole and thus keep the universe in harmony. where the source is coming please?

Chinese astrology was invented to achieve the two following goals;

1.) To predict the future,

2.) To determine days which are seen as the perfect days in which to initiate a particular project, especially a wedding ceremony or a new business enterprise.

According to Chinese astrology, a person's destiny is determined by the position of the major planets, the positions of the Sun, the moon and comets at the person's time of birth, as well as their Zodiac Sign. This comprehensive system of creating one's fate and destiny based on one's birthday, birth season and birth hours is known as Zi Wei Dou Shu, and is still used regularly in modern day Chinese astrology to predict one's fortune. Chinese Astrology Signs are based on the year that a person is born, with each of the twelve Chinese Zodiac Signs being represented by a particular animal. The twelve Chinese Zodiac Signs are; Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Lamb, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig. It is felt in Chinese astrology that the animal ruling the year of one’s birth has a profound influence on their life. Chinese astrology that the animal ruling the year of one’s birth has a profound influence on their life. Eastern Chinese people consider that each Animal Sign embodies its Animal's characteristics, which are instilled within the people born that are born within that year. where the source is coming please ?

Today, the Chinese Zodiac constitutes as a significant part of the traditional Chinese culture. At festive events paper-cut and New-Year pictures of the Chinese Zodiac are popular among the Chinese people. In addition, the Chinese Zodiac is also seen as the symbol of China itself, enforcing its vital role within Chinese culture, although the dragon is the most recognized totem of the Chinese nation. quotation please?

The Chinese Zodiac plays a part within people's religious beliefs in China. The 12 animals are divided into two categories of Yin and Yang, which are the underlying principles of Chinese philosophy and medicine by ancient Chinese people in accordance with the Five Elements (Metal, Wood, Water, Fire, and Earth). A set of fortunetelling methods proclaim that the twelve Chinese horoscope animals decide people's, as a result, the Chinese Zodiac began to play a crucial part in people’s characters, friendships, marriages, careers, health, fortune and other vital parts of their life. Within Chinese astrology, it is considered that when a person comes to their attributed year, which is decided by the year when they were born, they must wear a red belt to pursue good fortune and avoid bad luck. This custom of 'Birth Year' is widespread throughout China.quotation please?

You might also be surprised to hear that according to some astrologers, your Chinese Zodiac sign is considered more accurate than your astrological zodiac sign, for a variety of reasons.

===Terms and Expressions===

1. Chinese Astrology 中国占星学

2. Chinese Zodiac 中国十二生肖

3. Agricultural calendar 农业日历

4. ”Tai Chi” (the ultimate matter) “太极拳”（终极目标）

5. The Oriental philosophy 东方哲学

===Questions===

1-Why was Chinese astrology invented?

2-How Chinese astrology relates to a person’s divine destiny?

3-What important role does the Chinese zodiac play in Chinese culture?

4- What is Chinese astrology based on?

5-Is Chinese astrology accurate?

===Answers===
1. To predict the future, to determine days which are seen as the perfect days in which to initiate a particular project, especially a wedding ceremony or a new business enterprise.

2. A person's destiny is determined by the position of the major planets, the positions of the Sun, the moon and comets at the person's time of birth, as well as their Zodiac Sign. This comprehensive system of creating one's fate and destiny based on one's birthday, birth season and birth hours is known as Zi Wei Dou Shu.

3. The year of one’s birth has a profound influence on their life. Eastern Chinese people consider that each Animal Sign embodies its Animal's characteristics, which are instilled within the people born that are born within that year.

4. The Chinese zodiac is a classification scheme based on the lunar calendar that assigns an animal and its reputed attributes to each year in a repeating 12-year cycle. The 12-year cycle is an approximation to the 11.85-year orbital period of Jupiter.

5. Chinese Zodiac sign is considered more accurate than your astrological zodiac sign, for a variety of reasons.

===References===

Ting, Julian (2014), 占星學量子, createspace, ISBN 978-149373455-9

何丙郁. (2003). ''Chinese mathematical astrology: reaching out to the stars'', Routledge, ISBN 0415297591

Sun, Xiaochun, Jacob Kistemaker. (1997). ''The Chinese sky during the Han: constellating stars and society''. Brill. 3-4. ISBN 978-90-04-10737-3.

Kistemaker, Jacob, Sun, Xiaochun (1997). The Chinese sky during the Han: constellating stars and society. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10737-3.

""Almanac" "lunar" zodiac beginning of spring as the boundary dislocation? — China Network". 16 February 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2011.

Eberhard, Wolfram. (1986). ''A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols''. Routledge and Keegan Paul, London. 93, 105, 309.

"Five Elements(Wu Xing)". YourChineseAstrology.com

==Spring Festival Couplets - Cao Runxin 曹润鑫 - 202070080634 - 英语口译 ==
[[File:Chunlian.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Chunlian, image from Baike. Click [...] for original source.]]

===Spring Festival Couplets===
Spring Festival Couplets, Chunlian in Chinese, is also known as Spring Couplets or Chinese New Year Couplets. It is the most common and important custom when celebrating Chinese New Year. This tradition is widely kept both in modern cities and rural areas of China.With black or golden characters written on red paper, Spring Festival Couplets are composed of a pair of poetry lines vertically pasted on both sides of the front door and a four-character horizontal scroll affixed above the doorframe. Pasting couplets expresses people’s delight in the festival and wishes for a better life in the coming year.(Li Wenyan 2018, 211).

Spring Festival Couplets, Chunlian in Chinese, is also known as Spring Couplets or Chinese New Year Couplets. Pasting the Spring Festival Couplets on gateposts or doors is one of the most common and important customs when Chinese People celebrate Chinese New Year. This tradition is widely kept both in modern cities and rural areas of China. With black or golden characters written on red paper, Spring Festival Couplets are composed of a pair of poetry lines vertically pasted on both sides of the front door and a four-character horizontal scroll affixed above the doorframe. Pasting couplets expresses people’s delight in the festival and wishes for a better life in the coming year.(Li Wenyan 2018, 211).--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 10:43, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Spring Couplets originated from Taofu, an inscription on boards made from peach trees in the Zhou Dynasty. According to the legend, a rooster perching in a big peach tree will crow at dawn to call all the traveling ghosts back. In front of the entrance of the dark world, there are two guards named Shentu and Yulei. If the ghosts harm any people at night, the guards will kill them.People believed that peach trees can scare and subdue evil things, so they hung peach boards in front of the doors with the guards’ names written or inscribed on them. During the Song Dynasty, the wood board was replaced by paper, and people focused more on bright wishes for the future. The custom became popular in Ming Dynasty. When the Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang traveled for inspection, he found those pairs of scrolls interesting. In order to advocate and promote this cultural activity, he ordered all household to paste the scrolls during the Chinese New Year. This tradition continues today.(Qian Yu, Liu Tao 2018, 75).

Spring Couplets originated from Taofu, an inscription on boards made of peach trees in the Zhou Dynasty. According to the legend, a rooster perching in a big peach tree will crow at dawn to call all the traveling ghosts back. In front of the entrance of the dark world, there are two guards named Shentu and Yulei. If the ghosts harm any people at night, the guards will kill them.People believed that peach trees can scare and subdue evil things, so they hung peach boards in front of the doors with the guards’ names written or inscribed on them. During the Song Dynasty, the wood board was replaced by paper, and people focused more on bright wishes for the future. The custom became popular in Ming Dynasty. When the Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang traveled for inspection, he found those pairs of scrolls interesting. In order to advocate and promote this cultural activity, he ordered all household to paste the scrolls during the Chinese New Year. This tradition continues today.(Qian Yu, Liu Tao 2018, 75).--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 10:43, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

The upper scroll and the lower scroll have parallel structures and antithetical meanings. The two lines should have an equal number of characters, while their meaning must be related and antithetical. There must be a one-to-one correspondence between the two lines. The tone pattern is emphasized but rhythm is not important. The horizontal scroll is a four-character phrase, which sums up the two lines’ meaning. When you read a spring festival couplets, first,look at the horizontal scroll. If the four characters are written from left to right, the upper scroll will be on the left and the lower scroll on the right. If the characters of the horizontal scroll are reversed, the two side scrolls should be read from right to left.(Zhang Yanchen 2020, 34).

The upper scroll and the lower scroll have parallel structures and antithetical meanings. The two lines should have an equal number of characters, while their meaning must be related and antithetical. There must be a one-to-one correspondence between the two lines. The tone pattern is emphasized but rhythm is not important. The horizontal scroll is a four-character phrase, which sums up the two lines’ meaning. When you read a spring festival couplets, first,look at the horizontal scroll. If the four characters are written from left to right, the upper scroll will be on the left and the lower scroll on the right. If the characters of the horizontal scroll are reversed, the two side scrolls should be read from right to left.(Zhang Yanchen 2020, 34).--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 10:43, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

There are rules not only for pasting the couplets, but also traditions for how to remove them, and these traditions vary in different areas of China.In remote or rural areas, people will not remove the old scrolls until the next New Year. Although they are damaged by wind and rain, they will still keep them up until replaced the following year. In modern cities, if the couplets are ruined or damaged, people usually tear them off after the Lantern Festival. Some will just throw them away, while others will burn them. According to legend, Spring Couplets are gods. After burning, the god can go back to heaven, which will bring good luck to the family.(Han Daqiang 2014, 83).

There are rules not only for pasting the couplets, but also for how to remove them, and these traditions vary in different areas of China. In remote or rural areas, people will not remove the old scrolls until the next New Year. Although they are damaged by wind and rain, they will still keep them up until replaced the following year. In modern cities, if the couplets are ruined or damaged, people usually tear them off after the Lantern Festival. Some will just throw them away, while others will burn them. According to legend, Spring Couplets are gods. After burning, the god can go back to heaven, which will bring good luck to the family.(Han Daqiang 2014, 83).--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 10:43, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

===References===

*Zhang Yanchen 张砚宸. (2020). 中国春联的文化内涵与艺术特色探微 [The exploration of the cultural connotations and artistic features of Chinese Spring Couplets]. ''汉字文化'' Chinese Character Culture (19) 34-35.
*Li Wenyan 李文艳. (2018). 春联的演变历程及民俗价值 [The evolution and folk value of Spring Festival Couplets]. ''艺术品鉴'' Art Appreciation (24) 211-212.
*Qian Yu, Liu Tao 钱钰，刘涛. (2018). 从桃符到春联的演进——基于祝由文化兴衰的视角 [The Evolution from Taofu to Spring Couplets - A perspective based on the rise and fall of Zhuyu Culture]. ''民间文化论坛'' Folk Culture Forum (01) 75-83.
*Han Daqiang 韩大强. (2014). 论春节仪式中符号元素的文化意蕴——以春联、门神为例 [On the cultural implications of symbolic elements in Chinese New Year Rituals - Taking Spring Couplets and Door Gods as examples]. ''信阳师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)'' Journal of Xinyang Normal College (Philosophy and Social Science Edition) (05) 83-87.

===Terms and Expressions ===
Spring Festival Couplets, Spring Couplets, Chinese New Year Couplets, New Year Scroll 春联

Paste 贴

Horizontal scroll 横联

Upper scroll 上联

Lower scroll 下联

===Questions ===
1.What’s the purpose of pasting Spring Festival Couplets?

2.What’s the historical origin of Spring Festival Couplets?

3.How to read the Spring Festival Couplets?

4.How to do with the Old Couplets?

===Answers ===
1.To expresses people’s delight in the festival and wishes for a better life in the coming year.

2.It originated from Taofu, an inscription on boards made from peach trees in the Zhou Dynasty.

3.First, look at the horizontal scroll. If the four characters are written from left to right, the upper scroll will be on the left and the lower scroll on the right. If the characters of the horizontal scroll are reversed, the two side scrolls should be read from right to left.

4.Remove the old scrolls until the next New Year or tear them off after the Lantern Festival.

==Instruments, Guzheng - Chen Han 陈涵 - 202070080580 - 英语笔译==

[[File:Guzheng.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Guzheng in the shop, photo by Christopher Hsia. Click[https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Even_more_Guzhengs_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%AE%8F)_cropped.jpg#mw-jump-to-license]for original source.]]

===Guzheng===

''Guzheng'' or ''Zheng'' is one of the oldest traditional ethnic musical instruments in China. It belongs to plucked stringed instruments. As early as 2500 years ago, ''zheng'' has become an important instrument and was widespread at that time. Due to the long history, its primitive simplicity and elegant sound, people are used to calling it ''guzheng'' (''gu'' refers to “ancient”). It has beautiful timbre, broad ranges, rich performance skills and strong expressive power, so it is deeply loved by Chinese. (Wang Xiaohong & Gu Haijun 2019, 69)

There are varied accounts for how the ''zheng'' came to be. The first legend says the history of ''guzheng'' can date back to the Warring States Period (Duan Lili 2006, 57). The oldest specimen yet discovered held 13 strings. ''Zheng'' was regarded as a weapon at that time which was used vertically to beat enemies. There was also an old saying that “the ''zheng'' makes a pleasant sound when placed horizontally and becomes a soldier when placed vertically”. Later, strings were added to it, and when plucked, it was found to be pleasing to the ears, so it developed into an instrument. As time went by, the weapons became lighter and lighter, and the ''zheng'', a large and heavy weapon, was abandoned. The second legend says the early form of the''zheng'' is said to have been invented by Meng Tian, a general of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC). But according to the biographies of Meng Tian in ''Historical Records'', there is no record of his invention of the ''zheng''. The third legend says the ''guzheng'' came about largely influenced by the ''se'' which was recorded by Zhao Lin in ''Records on Words''. When two people fought over a 25-string ''se'', they broke it in half, one person receiving a 12-string part and the other the 13-string part. (Jin Jianmin 1988, 51)

The modern-day ''guzheng'' usually has 21 strings and movable bridges and is 163 centimeters long. It should not be confused with the ''guqin'', another ancient Chinese zither with 7 strings played without movable bridges. The strings were originally made of silk. By the 20th century, most players used metal strings. Since the mid-20th century, steel strings wound with nylon are common to be seen. The body of the ''guzheng'' is approximately rectangular, with a slight protrusion in the middle of the faceplate. The head and tail of the ''guzheng'' are anterior mountain and posterior mountain respectively. The two mountains are connected by 21 strings which are supported by 21 movable bridges, also known as ''Yan Zhu'' which are moved to change the timbres. The strings at the anterior side are wound around the string pegs in the turning box. And the ''guzheng'' was usually placed on the zither feet. The timbre of the ''guzheng'' is determined by the quality of the wood. Since the tension of paulownia is better, the body of the ''guzheng'' are mostly made of paulownia. The head, tail and other parts of the ''guzheng'' are generally made of mahogany, and some patterns are decorated on the head and the tail. (Liu Xueqi 2019, 83)

[[File:Fingerpicks.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Using fingerpicks to play the guzheng. Image from Baidu. Click[https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=古筝&step_word=&hs=0&pn=27&spn=0&di=9900&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=2&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=-1&cs=3246661627%2C3658564396&os=3335747328%2C3552694810&simid=0%2C0&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=1718&fr=&fmq=1607348039297_R&fm=result&ic=&s=undefined&hd=&latest=&copyright=&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=&height=&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fi2.hdslb.com%2Fbfs%2Farchive%2F6a84e824b3507f96cd3f55df9c2d38744bb81962.jpg&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Ff_z%26e3Bojtk5_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3Fojtk5AzdH3F%25Ec%25la%25bC%25El%25b8%25ln%25Em%25AE%25bA%25El%25ba%25l9%25Ec%25bF%25A9%25E0%25AD%25lD%3Fiwfet1j5%3D8%26fjw6viet1j5%3D8&gsm=1c&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&force=undefined]for original source.]]

The fingerpicks, called ''Dai Mao'' or ''Yi Jia'', used by ''guzheng'' performers are often made from materials such as plastic, resin, tortoiseshell, or ivory on one or both hands. The ''guzheng'' is plucked by the fingers with or without these fingerpicks. Most modern players use fingerpicks attached to up to four fingers on each hand. In ancient times, picks were made of materials such as bamboo, bone, animal teeth, or even jade. There are many techniques used to strike notes. Generally speaking, performers traditionally use the thumb, index finger, middle finger and ring finger of the right hand to pluck notes and the left hand to add ornamentation such as pitch slides and vibrato by pressing the strings on the left side of the bridges. There are also many fingering methods on playing the ''guzheng'', such as ''gou'', ''tuo'', ''pi'', ''tiao'' and ''mo''. These techniques of playing the ''guzheng'' can create sounds that evoke a sense of a cascading waterfall, thunder and even the landscape. Using both hands to play on the right side of the strings is a common playing skill at the present. ''Do'', ''Re'', ''Mi'', ''So'' and ''La'' are the pentatonic scale of the ''guzheng'', but ''Fa'' and ''Si'' are produced by pressing the stings to the left of the bridges. (Gao Yiwei 2020, 39)

Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, ''guzheng'' gradually spread across the country from the northwest China, and was merged with the local opera, rap and folk music, and formed a variety of genres with strong local style . The styles or schools of the ''guzheng'' can be traditionally divided into the Northern school and the Southern school. The Northern style is associated with Henan Province, Shaanxi Province and Shandong Province while the Southern style includes the Chaozhou, Hakka and Fujian regional schools. With the development of the times, several new schools are derived on the basis of the Northern and Southern schools, namely the four major schools of “Taiwan, Shandong, Henan and Zhejiang” (Cao Yue 2002, 84). The differences among the contemporary schools are quite small and every style has its own characteristics of ''zheng'' music and performance methods. Some famous pieces such as ''High Mountains and Running Water'' (''Gao Shan Liu Shui''), ''The Autumn Moon in the Han Palace'' (''Han Gong Qiu Yue'') are both from the Shandong school. In the southern school, representatives include ''Jackdaw Playing in the Water'' (''Han Ya Xi Shui''), and ''The Tune of Liu Qing Niang'' belongs to the Chaozhou school (Cao Yue 2002, 84).

In the 20th century, outstanding ''guzheng'' performers such as Wang Xunzhi, Cao Zheng, Cao Dongfu and Luo Jiuxiang laid a solid foundation for the development of ''guzheng'' (Liu Xueqi 2019, 83). Notable Chinese ''guzheng'' players in the 21th century include Wang Zhongshan, Yuan Sha, Zhou Wang and so on. In addition to playing traditional ''guzheng'' music, many performers today have made innovations in ''guzheng'' performance. Take Wang Zhongshan as an example, he participated in a TV show — ''National Music Ceremony'', which is a large-scale original Chinese classical music competition show. In a performance, Wang merged the music in ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' with the song in ''Game of Thrones'' by playing the ''guzheng'', making a combination of Eastern and Western music and creating a wonderful listening experience for audience. (Tong Guiying 2019, 197)

From ancient times to the present, the charm of the ''guzheng'' has never diminished. The combination of cultural heritage and modern techniques has made this national musical instrument more radiant.

===References===

*Cao Yue 曹月. (2019). 古筝的主要流派与风格特征 [The main schools and styles of the guzheng]. ''东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版)'' Journal of Southeast University (Philosophy and Social Science) (04) 84-87.
*Duan Lili 段丽丽. (2006). 古筝的起源与发展 [The origin and development of the guzheng]. ''民族音乐'' Folk Music (01) 57-58.
*Gao Yiwei 高祎蔚. (2020). 浅谈古筝演奏中音色的体现及把握 [The embodiment and grasp of timbre in guzheng performance]. ''中国文艺家'' Chinese literary artists (05) 39+165.
*Jin Jianmin 金建民. (1988). 古筝起源之谜 [The mystery of the origin of the guzheng]. ''中国音乐'' Chinese Music (01) 51.
*Liu Xueqi 刘雪琦. (2019). 浅谈古筝的起源与发展历程 [The origin and development history of the guzheng]. ''戏剧之家'' Drama House (14) 83.
*Tong Guiying 佟桂影. (2017). 王中山古筝作品的艺术特征研究 [Research on the artistic characteristics of Wang Zhongshan's guzheng performances]. ''才智'' Talents (24) 197-198.
*Wang Xiaohong 王晓红, Gu Haijun 顾海珺. (2019). 浅谈古筝传承与发展 [The development of the guzheng]. ''戏剧之家'' Drama House (23) 69.

===Terms and Expressions===

*Meng Tian 蒙恬
*Zhao Lin 赵璘
*''Records on Words'' 《因话录》
*anterior mountain 前岳山
*posterior mountain 后岳山
*''Yan Zhu'' 雁柱
*string pegs 弦钉
*turning box 调音盒
*zither feet 琴足
*paulownia 桐木
*mahogany 红木
*''Dai Mao'' 玳瑁
*''Yi Jia'' 义甲
*''gou'', ''tuo'', ''pi'', ''tiao'' and ''mo'' 勾、托、劈、挑、抹
*''High Mountains and Running Water'' 《高山流水》
*''The Autumn Moon in the Han Palace'' 《汉宫秋月》
*''Jackdaw Playing in the Water'' 《寒鸦戏水》
*''The Tune of Liu Qing Niang'' 《柳青娘》
*Wang Xunzhi, Cao Zheng, Cao Dongfu, Luo Jiuxiang 王巽之、曹正、曹东扶、罗九香
*Wang Zhongshan, Yuan Sha, Zhou Wang 王中山、袁莎、周望
*''National Music Ceremony'' 《国乐大典》

===Questions===

1. What kind of musical instrument does the ''guzheng'' belong to?

2. Why the ''guzheng'' is deeply loved by Chinese?

3. Who is Meng Tian?

4. According to the legend, how did the ''se'' develop into the ''zheng''?

5. How many strings does the ''guzheng'' have? How long is the guzheng?

6. What is the function of movable bridges?

7. What are used by ''guzheng'' performers to play the instrument? And What are they also called?

8. In ancient times, what materials were the fingerpicks made of?

9. Generally speaking, how does the players strike notes?

10. What styles can ''guzheng'' be divided into?

11. Which school does ''The Autumn Moon in the Han Palace'' belong to?

12. Do you know any other ''guzheng'' music? Please list some pieces.

===Answers===

1. It belongs to plucked stringed instruments.

2. It has beautiful timbre, broad range, rich performance skills and strong expressive power.

3. He is a general of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), and a legend says the early form of the ''zheng'' is said to have been invented by him.

4. When two people fought over a 25-string ''se'', they broke it in half, one person receiving a 12-string part and the other the 13-string part.

5. It usually has 21 strings and is 163 centimeters long.

6. They are moved to change the timbres.

7. ''Guzheng'' performers use fingerpicks to play the instrument. They are also called ''Dai Mao'' or ''Yi Jia''.

8. In ancient times, fingerpicks were made of materials such as bamboo, bone, animal teeth, or even jade.

9. Performers traditionally use the thumb, index finger, middle finger and ring finger of the right hand to pluck notes and the left hand to add ornamentation such as pitch slides and vibrato by pressing the strings on the left side of the bridges.

10. The Northern school and the Southern school.

11. ''The Autumn Moon in the Han Palace'' belongs to the Shandong school.

12. ''Harvest Celebration'' (''Qing Feng Nian'' 《庆丰年》), ''Fighting the Typhoon'' (''Zhan Tai Feng'' 《战台风》) and ''Song of the Fishermen'' (''Yu Zhou Chang Wan'' 《渔舟唱晚》).

==Facial Make-up - Chen Jingjing 陈静静 - 202070080581 - 英语笔译==
===Facial makeup===

Facial makeup, a sort of makeup art used in stage performance, is painted on the face of traditional opera singers in China and varies when it come to different types of role. The character roles in Beijing opera are divided into four main types according to the sex, age, social status and profession of the character. Sheng refers to male roles and is divided into laosheng (middle-aged or old men), xiaosheng (young men) and wusheng ( men with martial skills). Dan refers to female roles and is also subdivided into various types. Qingyi is a woman with a strict moral code; and laodan is an elderly woman. Jing refers to the roles with painted faces. They are usually warriors, statesmen or even demons. Chou, clown, is a comic character and can be recognized at first sight for his special make-up.(Wang Hai 2018, 62)

The facial makeup of “sheng” and “dan” is quite simple with a thin layer of powder, called “plain face” while that of “jing” and “chou” is relatively complicated, and the former, in particular, is applied with heavy color and complicated patterns, thus gaining the name of “painted face”. In Beijing Opera, facial make-up, which is applied to Jing roles only, shows the character’s age and personality by using different colors. “Chou” is commonly called the clown as they are accustomed to wiping a patch of white powder on the nose.(Wang Hai 2018, 62)

People hold different views when speaking of the origin of the facial makeup. It is said facial makeup was closely related to a kind of dance, called Damian, which appeared in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and thrived in the Tang Dynasty. It was performed by a single man aiming to extol King Lanling Gao Changgong’s outstanding military service and merits. He was courageous and good-looking and was bound to win every time he worn a mask that seemed frightening in the battlefield. As for the facial makeup used in opera, it is used to highlight the roles’ character, appearance as well as status, achieving a colorful and fantastic stage.(Cao Juan 2019, 58)

The legendary drama played a dominant role in Ming Dynasty, rich in content and fine in role division. Both jing and chou wear their own special facial makeup. The basic color is mostly designed based on the description in the drama literature or the singers’ personal imagination. For instance, facial makeup of Guanyu is red and that of Baozhen is black. Their brow and eyes are exaggerated in some way. The pattern ratio has changed as well. Unlike the Ming Dyansty, there are both simple and sophisticated facial makeups with the same basic color. In the Mid-Qing Dynasty, as the local drama arose, facial makeup varied greatly in different places and possessed distinct local features and folk characteristics. More than 300 kinds of dramas sprung up after the 18th century. Therefore, the drama characters mount and their division is much more finer. More colors like blue, green, yellow, grey and orange are added in jing.(He Weiwei 2015, 138)

Red

Red facial makeup is symbolic of loyalty, upright and integrity like the characters Guan Yu and Wu Han.

Black

Black facial makeup gives people the impression that the actor is serious,courageous and wise like Bao Zheng, a impartial official. It also stands for mighty force and boldness like Zhang Fei in drama the Three Kingdoms and Li Kuai in drama Water Margin of the Marsh.

White

White facial makeup bears a derogatory sense, indicating a deceitful and suspicious nature like Cao Cao in drama the Three Kingdoms and Yan Song, Qin Hui.

Blue

Characters wearing blue facial makeup tend to be upright ,outspoken ,obstinate and even unruly like Ma Wu and Dou Erdun.

Purple

Purple facial makeup shows more sedate and righteous like Xu Yanzhao and Zhuan Zhu.

Golden

Golden facial makeup symbolizes dignity and power fitting roles like supernatural being such as Tathagata (Sakyamuni, the creator of Buddhism) and Erlang Shen (a Chinese God with a third truth-seeing eye in the middle of his forehead).

The features of facial makeup are mainly as follows:
First, it is a contradictory unit of beauty and ugliness.Second, it is closely related to the character’s personality.Thirdly, its pattern is stylized. Chinese Peking opera makeup is favored by many opera enthusiasts and is widely known both at home and abroad, having been regarded as one of the mark of traditional Chinese culture.
It is derived from the stage and could be seen on some large buildings, packages of some commercials, various porcelains and people’s clothes in different styles. It is far beyond the scope of stage use, showing its status in people’s heart and strong vitality. Out of curiosity and affection for facial makeup in Chinese opera, a great many foreign friends and Chinese of insight start to explore the mystery of it.(Cao Juan, 2019, 61)

===Terms and Expressions===

painted face 花脸

clown 丑角

Sheng 生

Dan 旦

Jing 净

Chou 丑

Qingyi 青衣

xiaosheng 小生

laosheng 老生

wusheng 武生

Gao Changgong 高长恭

legend，romance 传奇剧

Erlang Shen, Erlang 二郎神

Tathagata, Buddha 如来佛

Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Water Margin of the Marsh 水浒传

===Questions===

1.How many types are character roles divided into in Beijing opera?

2.What are the differences bbetween Sheng and Dan?

3.What are the special features of Chou?

4.What is the function of facial mask in Beijing opera?

5.What are the main features of facial makeup?

6.What are the characteristics of characters wearing blue facial makeup?

===Answers===

1.Four types:Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou.

2.Sheng refers to male roles while Dan refers to female roles.

3.A patch of white powder is wiped on their nose.

4.It is used to highlight the roles’ character, appearance as well as status, achieving a colorful and fantastic stage.

5.It is a contradictory unit of beauty and ugliness and is closely related to the character’s personality and its pattern is stylized.

6.Characters wearing blue facial makeup tend to be upright ,outspoken ,obstinate and even unruly

===References===

He Weiwei 何伟伟.(2015).浅谈京剧脸谱的色彩研究[Study on the colors of the facial makeup in Beijing opera].艺术科技 Art and Technology ,28(04):138-139.

Cao Juan 曹娟.(2019).中国京剧脸谱之考究[Study on Beijing opera facial makeup].中国京剧,(01):58-61.

Wang Hai 王海.(2018).京剧脸谱程式化特征与传统文化元素[Features of Beijing opera facial makeup and the traditional elements it related to].中国京剧 Chinese Peking Opera,(08):62-65.

==Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy - Dashkin, Gennadii - Student No.201911080001. Major - Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies==

=== Three Worldwide Famous Chinese Novelists of Modern Science Fiction and Fantasy===

Nowadays, modern literature is one of the most interesting and gorgeous sides of worldwide cultural processes. It heals soul and heart and can change everything to its best. However, it can be difficult sometimes to talk about literature without dividing it into genres. We can guess that the modern generation in the whole world prefers to read something about the future. Something, that can help to understand what will be next. And that is why one of the most popular genres are with no doubt - Science Fiction and Fantasy. So, let's see who are the most popular Chinese sci-fi and fantasy authors who broaden our mental horizons.

====1.Liu Cixin（刘慈欣）====

Liu Cixin was born in 1963 in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, 400 kilometers from Beijing. Other famous natives of the area were Gaozu, the founder of the Tang Imperial Dynasty, and Jia Zhangke, the chief filmmaker of modern China. The parents of the future writer worked in a mine in Shanxi, and his first conscious years fell on the heyday of the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). (Alexandra Alter, How Chinese Sci-Fi Conquered America 2019, 1)

[[File: 21.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Cixin Liu. ILLUSTRATION: ZACHARY BAKO FOR THE WALL STREET JOURNAL. Click [https://www.zacharybako.com/]for original source.]]

Liu received his technical education from North China University of Water and Electricity. After graduation, he worked as a computer engineer at a power plant in his native Yangquan. Now Liu Qixin is combining his studies of literature with the post of chief engineer of the China Energy Investment Corporation at the Nianziguan Power Plant. Liu Cixin started writing relatively late. At 26, he wrote China in 2185, but the book never saw the light of the day. Mostly this was due to the consequences of the Cultural Revolution - in the late 80s, almost no science fiction literature was published in China. Later, when the opportunity arose to publish the novel, the writer himself re-read it, considered it second-rate, badly written, and naive, and decided that he did not deserve publication. However, Liu Cixin did not give up and in 1999 he released another novel, written by him at a young age, but significantly modified and edited for publication. This is how Liu Cixin's first big book appeared - the novel "Supernova Era". Before that, some of his stories were published in magazines, but the writer's name became really noticeable after the publication of this book. In it, as a result of the radiation of a supernova, all people over 30 are threatened with death within a year. Since then, the life of humanity has changed dramatically, and although the doomed older generation made heroic efforts to make the existence of young people better, a year later the world is plunging into an abyss of chaos and violence. (Liu Cixin, Supernova Era 2019,352)

Liu's first books were warmly received in China, but nevertheless, the real success came to the author only in 2006, when he published the first part of his trilogy "Memory of the Earth's Past" - the novel "The Problem of Three Bodies" in the Chinese journal Science Fiction World. This book first made the writer a real star in his homeland, and 7 years later, when the Chinese-American science fiction writer Ken Liu translated it into English, and all over the world. The novel has become so popular that the entire trilogy is often referred to as "The Three-Body Problem," although this is not formally true.In 2006, the book won the Galaxy Award, the main Chinese literary science fiction award, and after being translated into English, it was nominated for all three major world awards: Hugo, Locus, and Nebula. The novel only won the Hugo Award, but in 2017 the third part of the Eternal Life of Death trilogy took over Locus. The novel gain such a great popularity that famous people like Barack Obama and Marc Zuckerberg recommended it to every single person in order to understand the perhaps future and how to avoid the negative contact with aliens.[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/books/obamas-secret-to-surviving-the-white-house-years-books.html]

Liu Cixin is definitely a unique writer, with his own style, philosophy, and special vision of science fiction. So far, only three of his novels have been published outside of China, but he has already won such recognition that Barack Obama and Mark Zuckerberg recommend reading the Cixin trilogy. But the main thing that Liu Cixin has already managed to prove with his books is that science fiction literature is capable of giving generous shoots not only on the basis of European culture. Liu Cixin is the first person outside of the Western world to achieve resounding success in science fiction. And, perhaps, his trilogy is just the beginning of a new global phenomenon. After all, it's not for nothing that many experts have been saying for several years that the future belongs to China. It is very likely that this phrase refers not only to politics and economics but also to science fiction literature.[https://vc.ru/books/73785-lyudi-nadeyutsya-chto-moya-kniga-stanet-kitayskimi-zvezdnymi-voynami-lyu-cysin-o-razvitii-fantastiki-kitaya]
Also Liu Cixin is a big fan of reading books and he sometimes recommend not only to read classical sci-fi novels but also modern authors like Chen Qiufan, Derek Kunsken and so on.

====2.Chen Qiufan (陈楸帆） ====

[[File:22.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Chen Qiufan photographed in Beijing by Gilles Sabrié. Click [https://www.gsabrie.com/] for original source.]]

Today this author is called by others the “Chinese William Gibson”. He can also be called one of the leaders of Chinese science-fiction and a cyberpunk novelist. He was born in China in 1981 in a seaside province in southeastern China called Guangdong, which borders Hong Kong and Macau. To say more accurately he grew up a few miles from Guiyu, the largest waste dump. Mountains of scrap electronics are shipped there every year from all over the world. Thousands of workers sort through the garbage in search of something that is suitable for recycling. This topic became the central topic in a novel called “Waste Tide”.(Chen Qiufan,Waste Tide, 2019,3)

Also, by the early 2000s, Chen Qiufang had become a big fan of virtual chats and the Internet. He saw great potential in the Internet and technologies in general, an opportunity to change the world for the better. After graduation, Chen worked with Google, Baidu, and co-founded Noitom, a virtual reality startup in Beijing. As science fiction began to gain popularity in China and receive support from the government, Qiufan turned to full-fledged novels.[https://fanzon-portal.ru/press-center/redaction-material/kto-takoy-chen-tsyufan/]

His debut book was ''The Empty Wave'', "combining realism and allegory to represent the hybridity of humans and machines." Chen Qiufan's novels and stories won three Galaxy Awards and twelve Chinese Nebula Awards. His works have been translated into German, French, Finnish, Korean, Czech, Italian, Japanese, Polish, and Russian. His book ''Waste Tide'' became one of the most discussed books around the world and got universal acclaim from critics and usual readers. The fantastic mix of dark future with reality components made this book a guidebook for those who are worried about ecological problems and the darkest sides of human progress.[https://fanzon-portal.ru/press-center/redaction-material/kto-takoy-chen-tsyufan/]

Chen Qiufan is a constant consumer of entertainment and literature. He watches at least 100 new films and reads at least 50 books a year. He was recently recruited into the development of a television series called Eros, which will launch in 2019-2020. He compares it to Netflix's dystopian show Black Mirror. Chen travels frequently between Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong for various projects and literary festivals.[https://fanzon-portal.ru/press-center/redaction-material/kto-takoy-chen-tsyufan/]

====3.Rebecca F. Kuang (匡灵秀)====

[[File:23.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Rebecca F. Kuang. Click [https://www.instagram.com/kuangrf/?hl=ru] for original source.]]

When Rebecca was four years old, her family emigrated to the United States from Guangzhou, China. Kuang's father grew up in Leiyang, in Hunan province, and his mother in Hainan Island.Quang grew up in Dallas, Texas, and later went to Georgetown University in large part because of the college's discussion team. Kuang began writing The Opium War when she worked as a debate trainer in China during a break from her studies. Rebecca always liked writing, but she was afraid that an education related to literature might not give her a profession in demand. But during the direct work on the book, she completed several literary courses. As a result, her first novel was published when she was only 22 years old.Rebecca graduated from the university in June 2018. She further attended Magdalene College, Cambridge University as a recipient of the 2018 Marshall Fellowship, where she earned her Master of Philosophy in Sinology. She is currently pursuing a Master's Degree in Contemporary Sinology from Oxford University.[https://vc.ru/books/77096-kak-studentka-iz-dzhordzhtauna-opublikovala-debyutnuyu-knigu-eshche-do-togo-kak-ey-ispolnilos-22-goda]

Her debut novel, The Opium War, is a war fantasy setting inspired by the history and culture of China. The Opium War is a dark fantasy genre. The plot is largely based on the history of China in the middle of the 20th century. The conflict refers to the Second Sino-Japanese War, but the scenery is inspired by the Song Dynasty. The novel accurately recreates the social, mythological, and philosophical realities of China of the chosen era.[https://vc.ru/books/77096-kak-studentka-iz-dzhordzhtauna-opublikovala-debyutnuyu-knigu-eshche-do-togo-kak-ey-ispolnilos-22-goda]

The last news about R.F.Kuang is that she wrote a short tale for an anthology of Star Wars saga, which was published in November. She wrote about this news in her Twitter[https://twitter.com/kuangrf/status/1327367219341385729]

===Terms and Expressions===

1. Science fiction - 科幻

2. Fantasy - 奇幻

3. Horizon - 地平线

4. Broad - 拓宽

5. Hybrid - 杂种

6. The plot - 情节

7. Garbage - 垃圾堆

8. Heyday - 壮年

9. Supernova - 超新星

===References===

1. Alexandra Alter, How Chinese Sci-Fi Conquered America, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/03/magazine/ken-liu-three-body-problem-chinese-science-fiction.html

2. Chen Qiufan 陈楸帆. (2019). Waste Tide 荒潮. Tor Books; Translation edition. Translated by Ken Liu - 342 pp.

3. Liu Cixin 刘慈欣. (2019). Supernova Era 超新星纪元. Tor Books; First Edition. Translated by Joel Martinsen - 352 pp.

4. Rebecca F.Kuang 匡灵秀. (2018). The Poppy War 罂粟战争. Harper Voyager - 530 pp.

5. Michiko Kakutani, Obama’s Secret to Surviving the White House Years: Books. The New York Times, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/books/obamas-secret-to-surviving-the-white-house-years-books.html

===Questions===

1. What was the first book written by Liu Cixin?

2. What is the most popular trilogy of books written by Liu Cixin?

3. Who is called Chinese William Gibson?

4. What is Rebecca Quang's Opium War plot based on?

===Answers===

1. Supernova Era

2. Memory of the Earth's Past

3. Chen Qiufan (陈楸帆）

4. The plot is largely based on the history of China in the middle of the 20th century.

==Stilts - Chen Yongxiang 陈永相 202070080582 英语笔译==
[[File:stilts.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Stilts presentation during the Miliangtun Stilt Festival, image from Baike. Click [http://img3.imgtn.bdimg.com/it/u=2060438651,2837589998&fm=26&gp=0.jpg] for original source.]]

===Chinese Intangible Cultural Heritage — Miliangtun Village Stilts===

<center>Chen Yongxiang 陈永相 202070080582 英语笔译</center>

====Introduction====

Stilt is one of the folk dances of the Han nationality in our country, which is called "Stilt Yangko" in some places. Stilt-walkers tie their feet onto the long stilts with various length, the shortest being two feet long, and the longest reaching over five feet. Normally, stilt-walkers are taller than ordinary people. They dress themselves into different historical or mythological figures, walking and dancing on fairs and movable stages, which is convenient for watching far and near. (Huo Linmo, 2018)

As a traditional folk dance in Beijing, Miliangtun Village Stilts originates from "Tongle Gaojiaohui"(同乐高脚会）founded in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty and bestowed by Emperor Qianlong. According to the older generation in the village, Miliangtun Village Stilts was first founded by several villagers led by Uncle Ma, who lived in Miliangtun Village and worked in Beijing over 250 years ago. (Xingxing, 2019)

Miliangtun Village Stilts is not only time-honored, but also mysterious and legendary. It still retains the traditions in performance techniques, characters, musical accompaniment, etiquette, and stilts production technology, which is an excellent performing art that is spread among the folks. In 2006, it was listed as a Beijing-level intangible cultural heritage. (Xingxing, 2019)

The team of Miliangtun Village Stilts has over forty people and 13 roles all played by men. The roles are Tuotou, Laozuozi, young boy, young master, Mr. Plaster, Choupo, fisherman, Yupo, wood-cutter, handsome and ugly drum-players, handsome and ugly gong-players. Tuotou, fisherman and wood-cutter are righteous and decent images, while zany figures represent the negative images, like Choupo, young boy and Laozuozi who are responsible for enlivening the atmosphere and entertaining the audience. Such a stark contrast is quite ironic in these funny characters. (Xingxing, 2019)

The only serious character among the 13 roles is Tuotou. Because he is a general who can be easily recognized upon his appearance. Squatting and carrying swords are his signature tricks. Others like the young boy, a little kid who amuses everyone. Mr. Plaster is responsible for warming up. He is outstanding because he can play and amuse with others, like Yupo or Laozuozi. Fisherman is just a workingman. He is not funny. He plays the trick of going fishing because that's his character setting. Wood-cutter is also a workingman who can play other tricks besides squatting. Yupo is the young lady in the past, and Laozuozi is the housewife. Wood-cutter and Mr. Plaster can play and amuse with them. The handsome and ugly drum-players and gong-players are quite important in the backfield when the show begins. They play drums and gongs to accompany the performance and amuse the audience. (Xingxing, 2019)

The show of Kylin Songzi (麒麟送子), which indicates good luck and peace, marks the end of the whole performance. Tuotou lies down flat, the young boy riding on his waist like a living lion. Mr. Plaster and young master raise their waists with Yupo dancing Yangko behind. Fisherman uses his ribbon to drag Tuotou who holds the ribbon in his mouth. When it's done, the show is over. That's the whole performance. (Xingxing, 2019)

As a renowned fair, Miliangtun Village Stilts is characterized by risky tricks, various skills and great difficulty. There are stunning tricks such as Yasha Searches the Sea, Su Qin Carries Swords, squatting, bouncing, hugging, somersault, and scorpion tail pendulum. Stilts performances focus on amusement, Tuotou being the opening, other roles flatter him with various and difficult tricks, constituting the grand show. (Xingxing, 2019)

The length of Miliangtun Village Stilts, 1.6 meters, is quite rare in the stilt fairs of the country. Stilt-walkers control the balance with their waists. They must bend their knees slightly and keep moving when walking on stilts. The upper body and their feet must be coordinated, and swing from side to side to ensure the balance when stepping on the wooden stilts. The movement of the lower body leads the upper body to shake and shrug. The stilts are lifted lightly but stepped hardly, with the force on the knees, forming into a style of combining the tricks of twisting, swinging and amusing. (Xingxing, 2019)

There is strict inheritance relationship and etiquette in the stilt fair, which will set up inheritors, presidents, team leaders, and team members. As the distinctive folklore in Wangzuo Town, Fengtai District, Beijing, Miliangtun Village Stilts stands out among the stilt fairs and enjoys great popularity from peers and the public. It is visually stunning, technically accomplished and naturally funny, which is divided into lead in, head stilts command, and separation performance, forming into a fixed set of performance routines after long-term drills since the establishment. Miliangtun Village Stilts has become an indispensable part of local festivals and celebrations with its lively atmosphere and superb skills and adds value to the cultural life of the folks. (Sun Miao, 2018)

====Terms and Expressions====

Miliangtun (village name) 米粮屯

stilts 高跷

intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产

folk dance 民间舞蹈

Toutou 陀头

Laozuozi 老坐子

young boy 小二哥

young master 公子

Mr.Plaster 药先生

Choupo 丑婆

fisherman渔翁

Yupo 渔婆

wood-cutter 柴翁

handsome and ugly drum-players 俊鼓和丑鼓

handsome and ugly gong-players 俊锣和丑锣

====Questions====

1. Where does Miliangtun Village Stilts originate?

2. How many years of history does Miliangtun Village Stilts have?

3. How many roles in Miliangtun Village Stilts?

4. When was Miliangtun Village Stilts listed as the intangible cultural heritage?

5. How long is the shortest and the longest stilts?

====Answers====

1. Wangzuo Town, Fengtai District, Beijing.

2. More than 250 years.

3. 13.

4. In 2006.

5. The shortest stilt is two feet long, and the longest reaches over five feet.

====References====

Huo Linmo 霍淋漠. (2018). ''高碑店市河头村高跷会考察与研究'' [Investigation and research on stilts fair in Hetou Village, Gaobeidian City]. Hebe: Hebei University 河北大学.

Sun Miao 孙淼. (2018). "一跷多艺": 胜芳高跷会的舞体表征与比较研究 ["Multi-skills with one stilt": A comparative study of the dance style of Shengfang stilt fair]. ''长江丛刊'' [Yangtze River Series] (24)18.

Xingxing 邢星. (2019). 米粮屯高跷 [Miliangtun Village Stilts]. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%B1%B3%E7%B2%AE%E5%B1%AF%E9%AB%98%E8%B7%B7%E4%BC%9A/12762743?fr=aladdin

非物质文化遗产米粮屯高跷 [Intangible cultural heritage Miliangtun Village Stilts] (2019). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1643344511003907548&wfr=spider&for=pc

--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 05:20, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chinese Lion Dancing - Ding Daifeng 丁代凤 202070080583 英语笔译==

===Introduction===

Lion dancing is a traditional folk art with a history of about 2000 years, which is often performed in big events and festivals. Nowadays, it is generally believed that lion is the king of beasts and is a symbol of good fortune. However, there was no lion in ancient China. According to historical records, lions were introduced to China through the Silk Road from the Western Regions during the Han Dynasty.(Zhang Yanqing 2003,77)

When lions were first introduced into China, their ferocious images were unacceptable. Later, due to the spread of Buddhism, the image of lions changed fundamentally in people's minds. Because lion is the mount of Manjusri Bodhisattva who is a symbol of wisdom, people gradually have a good impression on lion, which is considered as a sacred animal to protect Buddha.(Zhang Yanqing 2003,78) In Europe, the image of lion has not been deified, but is still the king of beasts, symbolizing bravery, strength and supreme power. Many nobles use lion as a symbol.

There are a number of stories about the origin of lion dance. Here is one of the sayings. During the Ming Dynasty, it was said that a monster always damaged crops in Guangdong province at the end of the year. Local people called it "Nian". In order to drive the monster away, the local farmers thought of making a lion model to intimidate the monster. The monster ran away immediately after seeing the "lion", so people believed that the lion was a god beast and a symbol of auspiciousness. From then on, people will use lion dance to celebrate the New Year.(Zhang Guobin 2019,157)

In lion dance, lions are made of colorful cloth strips, and each lion is usually performed by two people, one handling the head and the other moving the body and tail. Under the music of gongs and drums, performers dress up as lions and make various forms of lion movements. The lion dance is an art which combines martial arts, dance and music together. Originating in the Han Dynasty, lion dance has prevailed among Chinese people and spread throughout all over China since the Tang Dynasty. There are mainly two kinds of lion dance in China: northern lion dancing and southern lion dancing.(Yu Zhaojie 2008,76)

===Northern lion dancing===

The northern lion dancing pays attention to form and the appearance and the northern lion looks like a real lion. The lion's head is relatively simple, with golden hair all over its body. The pants and shoes of lion dancers are covered with fur, and even the pants and shoes of performers are the same color as the legs of real lions, so they can perform more vividly. Little lion dance is performed by one person, and the big lion dance is performed by two people.(Yu Zhaojie 2008,76)

Northern lions usually appear in pairs. The lions with red knots on their heads are males and those with green knots are females. Guided by the man who holds the colorful silk ball, lion dancers perform all kinds of lion’s movements. Apart from the usual jumping, falling and tumbling, performers will also show their excellent techniques by climbing upon a high table or by stepping on five wooden stakes, so as to show the lion's boldness and bravery.(Yu Zhaojie 2008,76)

===Southern lion dancing===

Different from the northern lion dancing, southern lion dancing attaches more importance to spiritual resemblance. With its center in southern China’s Guangdong province, southern lion dancing is popular in Hong Kong, Macao and Southeast Asia. Southern lion, also called awake lion, is developed and evolved from northern lion. The head of southern lion has three colors, namely black, red and yellow. It is called "Liu Bei lion", "Guan Gong lion" and "Zhang Fei lion", which respectively represent the character of Liu, Guan and Zhang, the three sworn brothers who found the Shu kingdom(AD 221-263). Guan Gong lion performs bravely, Zhang Fei lion's action is rough and belligerent, and Liu Bei lion is calm and powerful. Southern lion dancing pays attention to facial expression, and their facial expressions are always vivid and expressive. There are many movements in the southern lion dancing, dancers use different "Ma Bu" or horse stances, coupled with the movements of lion head, to show a variety of shapes.(Yu Zhaojie 2008,76)

Dancers usually perform the traditional custom of “Cai Qing”, literally meaning "plucking the greens", which is the most common step in the performance of the southern lion dancing. It is said that "Cai Qing" originally meant opposing the Qing Dynasty, but now it is interpreted as "vigorous", which means that the business is booming. People use lettuces as greens and hang them with red envelopes. The lion dancers perform in front of the greens with hesitation, then finally jump up and eat the lettuces in one gulp. (Yu Zhaojie 2008,76)

In recent years, in order to maintain the characteristics of the traditional Chinese lion dance, the southern lion dancing and the northern lion dancing complement each other and improve together. (Liu Xing 2019,39)

===Terms and Expressions===

Western Regions 西域

mount 坐骑

Manjusri Bodhisattva 文殊菩萨

gong 锣

northern lion dancing 南狮

southern lion dancing 北狮

colorful silk ball 绣球

wooden stakes 木桩

spiritual resemblance神似

Liu Bei lion 刘备狮

Guan Gong lion 关公狮

Zhang Fei lion 张飞狮

sworn brothers 结义兄弟

horse stances 马步

Cai Qing 采青

lettuces 生菜

===Questions===

1. How long is the history of lion dance in China?

2. Why did people gradually accept lion as a sacred animal?

3. Why did people use lion dance to celebrate the New Year?

4. What is the main difference between southern lion dancing and northern lion dancing?

5. What is the center of southern lion dancing?

6. How many colors are there in the heads of southern lions? And what are they?

7. What is “Cai Qing”? And what do you know about “Cai Qing”?

===Answers===

1. It is with a history of about 2000 years.

2. Because lion is the mount of Manjusri Bodhisattva, a symbol of wisdom, people gradually have a good impression on lion, which is considered as a sacred animal to protect Buddha.

3. In order to drive the monster away, the local farmers thought of making a lion model to intimidate the monster. The monster ran away immediately after seeing the "lion", so people believed that the lion was a god beast and a symbol of auspiciousness. From then on, people will use lion dance to celebrate the New Year.

4. The northern lion dancing pays attention to form and the appearance and the northern lion looks like a real lion, but southern lion dancing attaches more importance to spiritual resemblance.

5. It is in southern China’s Guangdong province.

6. The head of southern lion has three colors, namely black, red and yellow.

7. It means "plucking the greens", which is the most common step in the performance of the southern lion dancing. It is said that "Cai Qing" originally meant opposing the Qing Dynasty, but now it is interpreted as "vigorous", which means that the business is booming.

===References===

Liu Xing刘兴.(2019). 从文化结构看舞龙舞狮运动的现代化发展[Modern Development of Dragon and Lion Dance from the Perspective of Cultural Structure]. 体育师友Sports Teachers and Friends 42(04): 37-39.

Yu Zhaojie于兆杰.(2008).中国舞狮的起源及其发展演变[The Origin and Development of Lion Dance in China]. 搏击. 武术科学Wushu Science (06): 75-76.

Zhang Guobin张国斌.(2019).中国传统舞龙舞狮运动历史文化探索及传播研究[Research on the Historical and Cultural Exploration and Dissemination of Chinese Traditional Dragon and Lion Dance]. 散文百家Prose Hundred (10): 157-158.

Zhang Yanqing张延庆.(2003). 中国舞狮的起源与文化演变[Origin and Cultural Evolution of Lion Dancing in China]. 体育文化导刊Sports Culture Guide (11): 77-78.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 16:32, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Literature, Tang-Song - Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉 202070080584 英语笔译==
===A. The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters===
[[File:Tang Song Ba Da Jia.jpg]]

===Brief Introduction of The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters===

The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters are Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong in Song Dynasty. This title was first appeared in the Banknotes of Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties. Among them, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan are the leaders of the Ancient Prose Movement in the Tang Dynasty, while Ouyang Xiu and "Three Su"(Su Xun, Su shi, Su Zhe) are the core figures of the Ancient Prose Movement in the Song Dynasty. Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong are the representative figures of Linchuan Literature. Among the "Three Su"(Su Xun, Su shi, Su Zhe), Su Xun is their father and Su Shi is the older brother.Su Shi, together with Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong,was the student of Ouyang Xiu. （Zhou Zhenfu 2016, 25)

In a word, they all advocated prose and opposed parallel prose, which has exerted profound influence on the literary world at that time and later generations. Their successive waves of innovation of ancient prose has changed the obsolete appearence of poetry and prose.(Fang Wenben 2013, 1)

'''1. Han Yu'''
[[File:Han Yu.jpg]]

Han Yu was a litterateur, philosopher, and thinker of Tang Dynasty. He was a native in Heyang, now Jiaozuo city in Henan province. Han Yu was honored as "The Decline of Eight Generations" by Su Shi in Song Dynasty, as well as the head of Eight Masters of Prose in Tang and Song Dynasties. Han Yu was called "Han Liu" with Liu Zongyuan, and his proses were juxtaposed with Du Fu's poems as "Du poem Han pen" by Du Mu. He enjoyed the fame as "The Article Giant" and "Admired Literate of One Hundred Generations" with great works like forty volumes of Han Changli Collection, ten volumes of External collection and The Teacher's Theory.(Hou Benta 2014, 135)

Although disagreement in Liu Zongyuan’s political view, he still worked with Liu Zongyuan in the Ancient Prose Movement. As the pioneers, they were both against excessive pursuit of form of parallel prose but for the prose of Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties and both emphasized the importance of article’s contents so as to expand the expressive function of writing in classical Chinese.(He Lei 2017, 159)

'''2. Liu Zongyuan'''
[[File:Liu Zongyuan.jpg]]

Liu Zongyuan was a litterateur, philosopher, proser and thinker of the Tang Dynasty. His ancestral home was Hedong, now in Yongji area of Yuncheng in Shanxi province. He was known as "Liu Hedong", " Mr. Hedong ", as well as "Liu Liuzhou" because of his official end of feudal provincial of Liuzhou. He was born in Chang'an and became a Jinshi in the 9th year of Zhenyuan, later official supervisor of imperial censor.

He was juxtaposed with Han Yu as "Han Liu", with Liu Yuxi as "Liu Liu", with Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei Yingwu as "Wang Meng Wei Liu". In his lifetime of less than 50 years, he left us more than 600 poems with more achievements in writing than poetry. The "Liu He Dong Colloection" was one of his representatives.(Zhou Zhenfu 2016, 26)

He was a deep-thinking philosopher and great litterateur, who attached importance to the content of the article and advocated that writings should be practical. Therefore, he paid attention to the social function of literature and emphasized that literature should benefit the world. Moreover, he advocated the perfect combination of ideological content and artistic form with a serious attitude to writing. That means, it is important for the writer to have highly moral cultivation.(Zhangjian 2019, 1)

'''3. Ouyang Xiu'''
[[File:Ouyang Xiu.jpg]]

Ouyang Xiu was a statesman, litterateur, historian and poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was called the "Liu Yi scholar", which means that he had ten thousand volumes of collections, a thousand volumes of collections of inscriptions of Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties, a piano, a chess, a pot of wine and a drunk man alone. He was born in Mianzhou, now Mianyang city in Sichuan province, whose hometown is Jizhou Yongfeng, now Yongfeng county of Ji'an city in Jiangxi province.

Ouyang Xiu's poem, Ci and prose were all the crown of that time. His poem was smooth, lyrical and euphemistic with a similar prose style, which stresses on momentum while keeping natural smoothness. His Ci was profound and graceful, inheriting the Yu Feng of the Southern Tang Dynasty. The Anthology of Ouyang Wenzhong Gong was one of his representatives.

Ouyang Xiu inherited and carried forward the fine tradition of Han and Liu's ancient prose, and pioneered the Northern Song Dynasty poetry innovation movement. As the leader of this movement, he not only drove away the old style of writing in the literary world, but also opened up a new style in poetry and also a new field of creation by virtue of his own unique style and high talent. He has made new achievements and pushed the creation of poetry and prose to a new height.(Hou Benta 2014, 136)

'''4. Su Xun'''
[[File:Su Xun.jpg]]

Su Xun was a native of Meishan in Sichuan. When he was young, he performed poor in learning. At the age of 19, he married Mrs. Cheng. Later he determined to study hard at the age of 27. After a decade of hard work, he made huge progress in his academic field.

Su Xun was a man full of political ambition. He said that the main purpose of his works was "to speak for the world", and to "apply to the present". He put forward a whole set of ideas of political innovation in some important argumentative papers such as Heng Lun and The Book to the Emperor. Owing to his great understanding of social reality, he was good at summing up experience and lessons from past history. Therefore, putting aside certain pedantic and biased views in his political discourse, many of them were still right on the spot.

'''5. Su Shi'''
[[File:Su Shi.jpg]]

Su Shi, with a fame as "Dongpo Jushi", was a native in Meishan in Sichuan. He was a famous litterateur, calligrapher, essayist, Ci writer, poet and the representative of the Unconstrained Ci School in Northern Song Dynasty.

Su Shi was called "the first all-round talent in ancient China". He was regarded as one of the most outstanding men in literary and artistic attainments in thousands of years of Chinese history. He was called "Han Chao Su hai" with Han Yu in the prose area, "Ou Su" with Ouyang Xiu, "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian, and "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji in the Ci area,.(Zhou Zhenfu 2016, 28)

Su Shi's literary viewpoint was in line with Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasized the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature more. His literary thought emphasized "creating for certain purposes", advocating nature and getting rid of bondage.(Zhangjian 2019, 1) Su Shi was a leading figure in the literary circle of the Northern Song Dynasty after Ouyang Xiu. Moreover, Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao Buzhi and Zhang Lei, the four litterateurs of the Northern Song Dynasty, had been trained, rewarded and recommended by him, so they were called "Su Men Four bachelors".

'''6. Su Zhe'''
[[File:Su Zhe.jpg]]

Su Zhe was born in Meishan, Meizhou, now Sichuan province. In the the second year of Jiayou(AD 1057), Su Zhe, together with his brother Su Shi, climbed jinshi branch.

Su Zhe's prose showed the deep and mellow spirit. He had his own views on ancient writing. In the Book to Han Tai Wei in Privy Council, he put forward the theory of "literary style" . He performed well in politics and history. In his political works such as The New Theory and the Six States, he mostly discussed world affairs. From these works, we can draw lessons from the past and criticize the current problems. He was also very insightful in reform. In addition, he was also quite outstanding in Ode, such as his work the "Ode to Ink bamboo".(Zhou Zhenfu 2016, 29)

'''7. Wang Anshi'''
[[File:Wang Anshi.jpg]]

Wang Anshi, also known as Banshan in his twilight years, was conferred the title of Duke Jingguo. He was born in Linchuan in the Northern Song Dynasty, now Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province.

Wang Anshi was not only an outstanding politician and thinker, but also a brilliant litterateur. In order to realize his political ideal, he closely linked literary creation with political activities, emphasizing that literature should aim to serve the society first. That means, he emphasized the realistic function and social effect of articles, and advocated the unity of literature and Taoism. His prose largely carried out his literary opinions of enlightenment of political decrees for world use.(Zhou Zhenfu 2016, 30)

'''8. Zeng Gong'''
[[File:Zeng Gong.jpg]]

Zeng Gong was known as "Mr. Nan Feng". He was born in Nanfeng, Jianchang, now Nanfeng County, Fuzhou city, Jiangxi Province. In the second year of Jiayou(AD 1057), he became a Jinshi. As a politician and essayist of the Northern Song Dynasty and one of the "eight masters" of the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was also one of the "Seven Zengs of Nanfeng", including Zeng Gong, Zeng Zhao, Zeng Bu, Zeng Yu, Zeng Hong, Zeng Xie and Zeng Dun.

Zeng Gong was a supporter and participant of Ouyang Xiu's ancient prose movement. He advocated the doctrine before the text.(Zhangjian 2019,1) His prose was natural and simple with little attention to literary grace. Of the eight masters, he was the less affectionate one. His articles were rarely lyrical works, but mostly argumentation and narrative.(Zhou Zhenfu 2016,31) His prose was good at making arguments such as the Book to Ouyang She Ren, the Book to Bachelor CAI. In those works, he argued on the treatment of disorder and expressed his deep feelings.

'''9. Comparison between the Ancient Prose Movement and Renaissance'''

Although there were seven or eight hundred years from the Ancient Prose Movement to the Italian Renaissance,they both happened in the middle ancient period of their history respectively. Similarly, they both inherited the essence of classical culture and further completed the historical mission of literary retro. So we can regard them as historical peak in their cultures.(Lu Sihong 2016, 71)

Comparison in ideology:

The Ancient Prose Movement in Tang and Song dynasties advocated the restoration of Confucianism of the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties and the realization of the realistic goal of carrying the Tao in literature.(Lu Sihong 2016, 73) It was against the parallel prose and the floating style since the Six Dynasties but for the gentle and honest poetic concept. While the Renaissance, with classical culture as a tool, strongly criticized medieval theology and carried forward the humanism and scientific rational spirit of ancient Greece and Rome.(Wang Yaping 2001, 8) Their premise and foundation are their own classical thoughts.

Comparison in writing style:

The two retro movements were marked by the retro style to restore the creation mode of ancient prose, thus promoting the process of literary movement. The Ancient Prose Movement of in Tang and Song Dynasties studied the simple language style of the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, while the Renaissance restored the elegant and beautiful characteristics of the ancient Greek.(Lu Sihong 2016, 76)

Comparison in literary form:

The Ancient Prose Movement not only corrected the floating and rigid writing style of the Six Dynasties, but also laid a good foundation for the development of prose in later generations. It was in the form of scattered single sentences with less flowery and redundant allusions but more in colloquial language.(He Lei 2017, 159) Although the literary works of the Renaissance inherited the elegant style of classicism, it still changed obviously in the aspect of stylistic creation. Influenced by literary theories and works, Italian literature showed innovation in form. As Mr. Zhu Guangqian said: "Italian literature is a new type of literature different from classical literature.(Lu Sihong 2016,81)

===B. Terms and Expressions===
The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters 唐宋八大家

Banknotes of Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties 《唐宋八大家文钞》

Ancient Prose Movement 古文运动

parallel prose 骈文

The Decline of Eight Generations 文起八代之衰

The Article Giant 文章巨公

Admired Literate of One Hundred Generations 百代文宗

Han Changli Collection 《韩昌黎集》

External collection 《外集》

The Teacher's Theory《师说》

Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties 先秦两汉时期

writing in classical Chinese 文言文

feudal provincial of Liuzhou 柳州刺史

official supervisor of imperial censor 监察御史

Liu He Dong Colloection 《柳河东集》

Northern Song Dynasty 北宋

a thousand volumes of collections of inscriptions 金石遗文一千卷

Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties 三代

the crown of that time 一时之冠

Southern Tang Dynasty 南唐

Yu Feng 余风

The Anthology of Ouyang Wenzhong Gong 《欧阳文忠公文集》

the Northern Song Dynasty poetry innovation movement北宋诗文革新运动

Heng Lun 《衡论》

Duke Jingguo 荆国公

The Book to the Emperor 《上皇帝书》

Dongpo Jushi 东坡居士

Ci writer 词人

Unconstrained Ci School豪放派

literary and artistic attainments 文学艺术造诣

the first all-round talent in ancient China 中国古代第一全才

Su Men Four bachelors 苏门四学士

the Book to Han Tai Wei in Privy Council 《上枢密韩太尉书》

The New Theory《新论》

On the Six Kingdoms 《六国论》

Ode 赋

The Ode to Ink bamboo 《墨竹赋》

Seven Zengs of Nanfeng 南丰七曾

the doctrine before the text先道后文

the Book to Ouyang She Ren 《上欧阳舍人书》

the Book to Bachelor Cai 《上蔡学士书》

the Six Dynasties 六朝

===C. Questions===
1.Who are the pioneers of the Ancient Prose Movement?

2.Which kind of prose they advocate in the Ancient Prose Movement?

3.Do you know any representative work of Liu Zongyuan?

4.Why Ouyang Xiu is called "Liu Yi Scholar"?

5.What’s the relationship among Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe?

6.Who are the "Seven Zengs of Nanfeng"?

7.Do you know any about the Renaissance?

===D. Answers===

1.Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan.

2.The prose of Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties.

3.The "Liu He Dong Colloection".

4.Because he had ten thousands volumes of collections, a thousand volumes of collections of inscriptions of Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties, a piano, a chess, a pot of wine and a drunk man alone.

5.Su Xun is the father of Su Shi and Su Zhe and Su Shi is the older brother.

6.Zeng Gong, Zeng Zhao, Zeng Bu, Zeng Yu, Zeng Hong, Zeng Xie and Zeng Dun.

7.The Renaissance, with classical culture as a tool, strongly criticized medieval theology and carried forward the humanism and scientific rational spirit of ancient Greece and Rome.

===References===
Fang Wenben 房本文.(2013).士族兴衰与骈散消长—唐代古文运动发微 [The rise and fall of nobles and parallel prose- The subtleties of the Ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty]. Nanjing: Nanjing University 南京大学.

Hou Benta 候本塔.(2014). 论唐、宋古文运动中的韩愈与欧阳修 [On Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu in the Tang and Song Dynasties]. 三峡大学学报(人文社会科学版) Journal of Three Gorges University (Humanities and Social Sciences edition) 36(S1):135-137.

He Lei 何蕾.(2017). 中唐古文运动：社会转型背景下的文体之变 [The Ancient Prose Movement in the Middle Tang Dynasty: Stylistic Changes in the Context of social transformation]. 青海社会科学 Qinghai Social Sciences (03):156-162.

Lu Sihong 芦思宏.(2016). 略论中西文学的复古倾向—以唐代古文运动与意大利文艺复兴为例 [On the retro tendency in Chinese and Western Literature -- a case study of the Ancient Prose Movement in Tang Dynasty and the Italian Renaissanc].中外文化与文论 Chinese and Foreign culture and literary theory (01):71-81.

Wang Yaping 王亚平.(2001). 论西欧中世纪的三次文艺复兴 [On the three Renaissance in The Middle Ages in Western Europe]. 东北师大学报 Journal of Northeast Normal University (06):1-8.

Zhangjian 张剑.(2019). 唐宋古文运动的文学维度 [The literary dimension of the Ancient Prose Movement in Tang and Song Dynasties]. 人民政协报 People's Political Consultative Conference News 10-28(010).

Zhangjian 张剑.(2019). 唐宋古文运动的思想维度 [The ideological dimension of the Ancient Prose movement in Tang and Song Dynasties]. 人民政协报 People's Political Consultative Conference News 08-26(010).

Zhao Kun 赵鲲.(2016). 中国文学中的两大文学变革运动—古文运动与“五四”新文学运动之比较 [A comparison between the two major literary revolutions in Chinese literature - the Ancient Prose Movement and the May 4th New Literary Movement]. 解放军艺术学院学报 Journal of Pla Art Academy (01):113-119.

Zhou Zhenfu 周振甫.(2016). 唐宋八大家论 [On the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties]. 中华活页文选(教师版) Chinese Loose-leaf Selections (Teachers' edition) (12):25-31.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 01:38, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Music, Instruments, Pipa - Gao Mingzhu 高明珠 - 202070080585 - Translation 英语笔译==
===1. A Brief Introduction===

[[File:1.jpg|250px|thumb|left|The structure of Pipa. image from 360Baike. Click[https://image.so.com/view?q=%E7%90%B5%E7%90%B6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&src=srp&correct=%E7%90%B5%E7%90%B6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&ancestor=list&cmsid=b749b87b72b5c9427d6560a39d41548f&cmras=6&cn=0&gn=0&kn=0&crn=0&bxn=0&fsn=60&cuben=0&pornn=0&manun=0&adstar=0&clw=247#id=22b2926be2637560e928bbc9318219fb&currsn=0&ps=58&pc=58]for original source.]]

Pipa belongs to plucked stringed instruments. Being made of wood or bamboo, its speaker box takes the shape of half pear with 4 strings on it ,which was made of silk initially while being made of steel wire, steel rope or nylon now. The "Pin(品，those wooden strips on Pipa’s face plate for pressing)" and "Xiang（相, those horizontal strips on Pipa’s neck for pressing）" are set on the face plate and neck respectively to determine the positions of different sounds. When playing, the player holds it erectly using the left hand to press the string and the right hand to play. It is an important ethnic musical instrument which can be used in recital, accompaniment and ensemble. Pipa has a wide range of vocal range. Its playing skills rank the first in Chinese national instruments and its performance forms are also the most abundant in Chinese folk music, it is thus called the No.1 in plucked instruments.(360baike 2020)

Pipa belongs to plucked stringed instruments. It is made of wood or bamboo, and its speaker box is half pear-shaped with 4 strings on it which was made of silk initially while being made of steel wire, steel rope or nylon now. The "Pin(品，those wooden strips on Pipa’s face plate for pressing)" and "Xiang（相, those horizontal strips on Pipa’s neck for pressing)" are set on the face plate and neck respectively to determine the positions of different sounds. When playing, the player holds it erectly and presses the strings with the left hand and plays them with the right hand. It is an important ethnic musical instrument which can be used in recital, accompaniment and ensemble. Pipa has a wide range of vocal range. Its playing skills rank first in Chinese national instruments and its performance forms are also the most abundant in Chinese folk music, it is thus called the No.1 in plucked instruments.(360baike 2020) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 06:43, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===2.The Development of Pipa===

The development of The Chinese pipa has gone through four stages: first, the Qu Xiang pipa（curving-neck pipa） was introduced into China in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and became an important musical instrument; In the second stage, the art of pipa reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, turning a breakthrough in timbre and performance technology and realizing the Chinesization. In the third stage, pipa in the Song and Yuan Dynasties with the requirements of vocal accompaniment to increase the grade, expand the range; In the fourth stage, large-scale pipa divertimentoes were further developed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

The development of The Chinese pipa has gone through four stages: First, the Qu Xiang pipa (curving-neck pipa) was introduced to China during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and became an important instrument. In the second stage, the art of pipa reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, making a breakthrough in timbre and performance techniques and realizing the Chinesization. In the third stage, pipa in the Song and Yuan Dynasties with the requirements of vocal accompaniment to increase the grade, expand the range; In the fourth stage, large-scale pipa divertimentoes were further developed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.(Deng Sijia 2020,10) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 06:52, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the pipa was just introduced into the Central Plains. With the high frequency of population migration, the pipa spread to the south, especially the south of the Yangtze River. The pipa's playing style was just introduced into the Central Plains, but it still retained its strong western characteristics. In the western regions back then, the pipa playing was an on-horseback entertainment project, the initial pipa culture belonged to the nomadic music culture which created by people who graze animals, hunt for food and ride horses without definite residence. All of these determined its way of playing was unchained and heroic. And the unrestrained nature of nomad tribe determined the simple way of playing in pipa. There was only one way to play pipa, which was plucking the strings with fingers. In addition, the playing posture of pipa back then mainly was horizontal holding style .(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16)

During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the pipa was just introduced into the Central Plains. With the high frequency of population migration, the pipa spread to the south, especially the south of the Yangtze River. The pipa's playing style was just introduced into the Central Plains, but it still retained its strong western characteristics. In the western regions back then, the pipa playing was an on-horseback entertainment project, the initial pipa culture belonged to the nomadic music culture which created by people who graze animals, hunt for food and ride horses without definite residence. All of these determined its way of playing was unchained and heroic. And the unrestrained nature of nomad tribe determined the simple way of playing in pipa. There was only one skill in playing the pipa, which was plucking the strings with fingers. In addition, the playing posture of pipa back then mainly was horizontal holding style.(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 06:52, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, having experienced many years of exchanges between the nomadic culture of western regions and the traditional culture of Central Plains, pipa’s inherent western-region playing style gradually disappeared. Chinese traditional instrument playing style melted in its playing characteristics, and the pipa made great breakthroughs in playing skills and artistic expression and other aspects. During this period, pipa was still played mainly by plucking the strings, but it had changed from the original plucking to pointing, and the posture of playing changed from the initial horizontal holding style to vertical holding style. After receiving the baptism of Chinese traditional culture for hundreds of years, pipa's unrestrained playing style brought into the central Plains changed into an introverted and elegant playing style, and it also changed from a music playing on the horseback to a music playing in the court. The performance occasions had undergone a qualitative change, and the playing style was more of a minority and delicacy.(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16)

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, having experienced many years of exchanges between the nomadic culture of western regions and the traditional culture of Central Plains, pipa’s inherent western-region playing style gradually disappeared. And it was replaced by Chinese traditional instrument playing style with a major breakthrough in playing skills and artistic expression. During this period, pipa was still played mainly by plucking the strings, but its initial plucking style had transitioned to finger-playing, and the posture of playing the pipa changed from the initial horizontal holding style to vertical holding style. After receiving the baptism of Chinese traditional culture for hundreds of years, pipa's unrestrained playing style brought into the central Plains changed into an introverted and elegant playing style, and it also changed from a music playing on the horseback to a music playing in the court. The performance occasions had undergone a qualitative change, and the playing style was more of a minority and delicacy.(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:12, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the methods and skills of pipa performance were more mature, and the playing methods and postures had been formed. Compared with the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the pipa performance at this time was dominated by finger-playing, giving full play to the flexible playing function of the five fingers, and the posture of performance became dominated by vertical holding style. It can be seen that the range of the audience of pipa performance changed from small to large. Pipa performance was enjoyed by dignitaries and rich people at that time. Pipa performance was specially performed on large formal occasions to entertain and adjust the atmosphere on the scene.(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16)

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the methods and playing skills of pipa performance were more mature, and its playing methods and postures had been formed. Compared with the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the pipa performance at this time was dominated by finger-playing, giving full play to the flexible playing function of the five fingers, and the posture of performance became dominated by vertical holding style. It can be seen that the audience of pipa performance has changed from less to more. Pipa performance was enjoyed by dignitaries and rich people at that time. Pipa performance was specially performed on large formal occasions to entertain and adjust the atmosphere on the scene. (Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:12, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the way people playing pipa still continued the finger-playing style in the Song and Yuan dynasties, and the posture of playing pipa remained upright. However, after inheriting the essence, players were more in pursuit of systematization, specialization and refinement of performance. As people did more studies on culture, the pipa playing performance became more systematic, which put limitations and restrictions to the theme as well as the style of pipa playing. What’s more, the studies on pipa mostly made by scholars, thus the pipa playing took the literary characteristics. The change of pipa playing style also made its audience change, so not every class of the group can appreciate its beauty.(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16)

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the way people playing pipa still continued the finger-playing style in the Song and Yuan dynasties, and the posture of playing the pipa also kept vertical. However, after inheriting the essence, players were more in pursuit of systematization, specialization and refinement in their performance. As people did more studies on culture, the pipa playing performance became more systematic, which put limitations and restrictions to the theme as well as the style of pipa playing. What’s more, the studies on pipa mostly made by scholars, thus the pipa playing took the literary characteristics. The change of pipa playing style also made its audience change, so the common people without cultural accumulation often cannot appreciate its beauty.(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:12, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===3.Pipa Schools and Their Chracteristics===

The main reason for the formation of various Pipa schools in China was that the southwards moving of economic center in ancient China which made the pipa school be divided into the North school and the South school. Later, the North school collapsed and the South School broke up into various factions.(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

The formation of Pipa schools in China was due to the southwards moving of the economic center in ancient China which made the pipa school be divided into the North school and the South school. Later, the North school collapsed and the South School broke up into various factions.(Deng Sijia 2020,10) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

(1)The Wuxi school

The Wuxi school belongs to the original North school, and is different from the South school in terms of the tremolo. It plays a role as a connection in the development of pipa, laying a solid foundation for the development of later generations. Although Wuxi school was not as influential as the South school, it left a precious record in the expression of emotion in pipa art.(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

The Wuxi School belongs to the Northern School and differs from the Southern School in terms of finger rotation method. It plays a role as a connection in the development of pipa, laying a solid foundation for the development of later generations. Although Wuxi school was not as influential as the South school, it left a precious record in the expression of emotion in pipa art.(Deng Sijia 2020,10) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

(2)The Pinghu school

The most distinctive performing techniques of the pipa are the Pinghu school's tremolo of the right hand fingers. It also has other characteristic techniques such as " paired butterfly flying" .(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

The most distinctive performing techniques of the pipa are the Pinghu school's rotation method of the right hand fingers. It also has other characteristic techniques such as " paired butterfly flying" .(Deng Sijia 2020,10) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

(3)The Pudong School

Pudong School is named after its birthplace. It is called Pudong School because it originated in Nanhui District of Shanghai. It was founded by Ju Shilin in the Qianlong Period of the Qing Dynasty and passed down from generation to generation. In the aspect of style, the imposing manner is strong, the timbre is forceful, the repertoire is both literary and military; In terms of playing skills, it has its own characteristics, including parallel string and so on.(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

Pudong School is named after its birthplace. It is called Pudong School because it originated in Nanhui District of Shanghai. It was founded by Ju Shilin in the Qianlong Period of the Qing Dynasty and passed down from generation to generation. In the aspect of style, the imposing manner is strong, the timbre is forceful, the repertoire is both civil and military; In terms of playing skills, it has its own characteristics, including parallel string and rolling of four strings.(Deng Sijia 2020,10) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 11:39, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

(4)The Chongming school

The Chongming school also originated in Shanghai, and is called the Chongming School because it originated in Chongming Island. In terms of playing techniques, The Chongming school pursues to be clear and dense, sparse and vigorous, advocates the continuance in the slow, the order in the fast, and the soft and lively sound. In the aspect of emotional expression, it tends to be humorous and quiet, unique.(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

The Chongming school also originated in Shanghai, and is called the Chongming School because it originated in Chongming Island. In terms of playing techniques, the Chongming school pursues to be clear and dense, sparse and vigorous, advocates the continuity in the slow, the order in the fast, and soft and lively sound. In terms of emotional expression, it tends to be humorous and quiet, unique.(Deng Sijia 2020,10) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 11:39, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

(5)The Shanghai school

This school gathers the characteristics of each school and has its own characteristics. In terms of playing techniques, it has created many new fingering techniques and most of the emotional expressions are characterized by masculinity and unrestraint.(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

===4. Traditional Pipa Music===

Traditional pipa music can be divided into military songs, literary songs and military-literary songs.

Military songs emphasize the playing skills and strength of the right hand. Its style is magnificent, generous and grand. The music focuses on narration being realistic and narrative. It is often narrated continuously according to the development of content and plot. It has a large structure, vivid and colorful plot, and distinct paragraphs.(Cheng Xuange 2020,29) The representative repertoires are "Ambush on All Sides", "Bury Me High", "Hai Qing Hunting the Swan", "General Order in the Han Dynasty". [Maybe you could add the Pinyin version of these songs' names or add them into the terms and expressions so as to let readers know the Chinese.] --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:16, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

Literary song emphasizes the expression of the left hand skill with the style of being exquisite, light, elegant and lyric. It is mainly for lyrical expression and rich in generality and talking. It often expresses the profound heart talking or the artistic conception that people are looking forward to with simple and moving melody or beautiful and fresh tone.(Cheng Xuange 2020,29) Its representative repertoires are "Flute and Drum at Sunset", "Zhao Jun Going Abroad", "Autumn Moon over Han Palace", "The Lofty Moon", "The Green Lotus", "Whisper from Pipa", "Frontier Songs" and so on.

Literary song emphasizes the expression of the left-hand skill with the style of being exquisite, light, elegant and lyric. It is mainly for lyrical expression and rich in generality and talking. It often expresses the profound inner talking or the artistic conception that people are looking forward to in a simple and moving melody or in a beautiful and fresh tone.(Cheng Xuange 2020,29) Its representative repertoires are "Flute and Drum at Sunset", "Zhao Jun Going Abroad", "Autumn Moon over Han Palace", "The Lofty Moon", "The Green Lotus", "Whisper from Pipa", "Frontier Songs" and so on. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:04, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Military-literary song is the combination of martial song and literary song. The representative songs are "The Spring Snow", "High Mountain and Flowing Water", "Dragon Boat", "Flute and Drum at Sunset" and so on.

===References===

*360百科 “琵琶”词条[The introduction of pipa on 360 Baike website].https://baike.so.com/doc/4922064-5141209.html.2020

*Deng Sijia. 邓思佳. (2020). 中国琵琶流派问题及特征 [Schools and characteristics of Chinese pipa]. ''艺术家'' (10):56.

*Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying. 周显顺, 张玉莹. (2018). 浅谈琵琶演奏的发展史 [A brief analysis of the development of the playing of pipa]. ''黄河之声'' (16):56.

*Cheng Xuange. 成玄歌. (2020). 琵琶不同派别与文曲、武曲的关系——以平湖派和浦东派为例 [The relationship between literary songs and military songs and different schools of pipa -Taking Pinghu School and Pudong School as examples]. ''艺术品鉴'' (29):51-52.

[Please correct your format of your references.] --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

===6.Terms and Expressions===

*弹拨乐器—plucked instruments

*汉化—Chinesization

*套曲—divertimentoes

*游牧民族—nomad tribe

*宫廷乐—court music

*轮指法—tremolo

*音色—timbre

*曲目—repertoire

*并弦—parallel string

*指法—fingering techniques

===7.Questions===

1、How many stages did pipa go through during its development?

2、What characteristics did pipa have during Wei and Jin dynasties?

3、What changes had been made to pipa during Ming and Qing dynasties?

4、How many schools does pipa have and what are they?

5、Can you list at least 3 representative repertoires of literary songs played by pipa?

===8.Answers===

1、Four.

2、It still retained its strong western characteristics, and the playing way of it is unchained, heroic and simple.

3、The pipa playing performance became more systematic, which put limitations and restrictions to the theme as well as the style of pipa playing. What’s more, the studies on pipa mostly made by scholars, thus the pipa playing took the literary characteristics.

4、Five. They are Wuxi school, Pinghu school, Pudong School, Chongming school andShanghai school.

5、"Flute and Drum at Sunset", "Zhao Jun Going Abroad", "Autumn Moon over Han Palace", "The Lofty Moon", "The Green Lotus", "Whisper from Pipa", "Frontier Songs" .

[Please change your sections into the following form.] --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:02, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
===Terms and Expressions===

==Mythology: Huli-jing - Grosheva, Anna - Student No. 201921080001. Major - Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies==

=== Huli-jing figure in Chinese mythology and its analogs in Japan and Korea ===

The topic of werewolves in the XXI century is perhaps one of the most discussed and studied. Along with vampires and zombies, the image of werewolves is firmly entrenched in world cinema and literature. However, as a rule, speaking about the motives for the transformation of a person into an animal, most people have information mainly about lycanthropy, that is, about the specific transformation of a person into a wolf (werewolf). At the same time, the theme of werewolves is represented by a fairly large number of transformations of a person not only into a wolf but also into other animals. In Chinese mythology, one of the most popular werewolf myths is the myth of the Huli Jing or werewolf foxes. In the Middle Ages, these myths were very popular and in-demand among writers. But what is the attitude of Huli-Jing in modern China? Are they given a place in modern culture, or do werewolf foxes now sound more like a kind of atavism or a children's fairy tale? (Xu Zhonglin, 1992, 57)

[[File:fox.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Nine Tailed Fox by ARIELAkris, image from DeviantArt. Click [https://www.deviantart.com/arielakris/art/Nine-Tailed-Fox-384738575]for original source.]]

'''1. Huli-jing (狐狸精) in China'''

First, we need to recreate the image of the Huli-Jing and what was seen in ancient and medieval China. Most often, the Huli-Jing was presented in the form of not just a young, but extremely beautiful women. Interestingly, the image of werewolf foxes has been known in China since the times of the Xia dynasty and its founder Yu, who married a nine-tailed white fox who lived on Mount Tu. People, especially women, believed that due to the cult of the fox, they would be able to gain unearthly beauty and immortality. The official authorities of the ancient and medieval dynasties tried to resist the representatives of the Huli Jing cult, but it was only during the Song dynasty reign. At that time the cult of the fox, including the cult of Da Ji, was almost completely destroyed. However, the cult and image of Huli Jing were not fully eradicated in other parts of China. Probably, a more competent decision in between acolytes area was made to give the werefox woman more kind and compassionate traits, which in one way or another should justify her image compared to the cruel ancestor. (Kang Xiaofei, 2006, 206)

Perhaps the most striking examples of where the changed image of the Huli Jing is found can be called the stories of Pu Songlin about werewolf foxes. It is his stories, where girls are subject to the curse of turning into foxes, that reflect their position as hostages of their own life situations or even fears. The theme of fatal love in the stories of werefoxes appears as a continuous line in Pu Songling tales. This suggests that despite the fact that Huli Jing strives for happiness, she remains a spirit that is not a person. In addition, despite the altered level of female foxes, they will still bear the curse of their savage ancestors, who personified evil in its purest form, and therefore there can be no happy ending for those who bear such heavy punishment. (Pu Song-ling, 2008, 187)

Of course, the image of the Huli Jing as a mythological character by the 21st century was constantly supplemented with small details. We can say that most of the works of literature and cinema, in which the werewolf fox was encountered, for the most part, were very strongly romanticized. Remaining in its own way a relatively neutral character, Huli Jing nevertheless gradually becomes one of the most popular characters of many writers and screenwriters, not only in China but also in many other countries. A striking and original example of where the Huli Jing appears is the work of the writer Ken Liu entitled "Good Hunt". The author presents not only a very interesting view of the Huli Jing but also explains why the legendary characters of Chinese mythology are gradually disappearing from the memory of the Chinese people. (Ken Liu, 2012, 202.)

In addition to literary works, Huli Jing is quite often encountered in Chinese cinema, as an episodic character or a protagonist. One of the most striking images of a werewolf fox can be considered the film "Painted Skin (畫皮)", where the main character is Huli Jing and must eat men's hearts to maintain her youth and beauty. This film is based on the story of Pu Songling and is one of the key works of cinema and modern Chinese culture, which fully reveals the tragedy of the werewolf fox. Besides, Huli Jing is featured in a fairly large number of Chinese television series, each of which gives its own view of what character Huli Jing should be. [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%AB%E7%9A%AE_(2008%E5%B9%B4%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)]

Quite a lot of information about werewolf foxes can be obtained from the TV series "The Legend of the Nine-Tailed Fox" released in 2016. The main interest here is not only a rather vivid description of the Huli Jing, which according to the plot are one family and are forced to seek and return to their place the sacred fruit from the magic garden. This, perhaps, is an attempt to provide an explanation of the true nature of werewolf foxes, who for a long time rushed from good to evil. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_Nine_Tails_Fox]

To sum up, I would like to note that the transformation of the image of Huli Jing took place at a gradual pace. Since the reign of the ancient Chinese dynasties, the image of werefoxes has been predominantly negative and associated with deceit, seduction, and intrigue. But further, the situation changed in connection with the development of the cults of foxes, which they tried to give the appearance of “victims of circumstances,” and all the negative features are just a slight exaggeration. Thanks to Pu Songling, the Huli Jing truly became much more positive beings, and the stories about them were presented in terms of stories of unfortunate and unhappy love. The appearance of the Huli Jing, which rushes from good to evil for many years, has been romanticized and transformed, becoming a more positive character, although not devoid of some negative features. (Pu Song-ling, 2008, 141)

'''2. Kitsune (キツネ) in Japan'''

In Japanese folklore, these animals have great knowledge, long life, and magical abilities. Chief among them is the ability to take shapeshift themselves; the fox, according to legend, learns to do this after reaching a certain age (usually a hundred years old, although in some legends it is fifty). Kitsune usually take the form of seductive beauty, a pretty young girl, but sometimes they turn into men. It should be noted that in Japanese mythology there was a mixture of indigenous Japanese beliefs that characterized the fox as an attribute of the god Inari ("Fox-messenger") and the Chinese, who considered foxes to be werewolves, a genus close to demons. Other abilities commonly ascribed to kitsune include the ability to take possession of other people's bodies, to breathe out or otherwise create fire, to appear in other people's dreams, and the ability to create illusions so complex that they are almost indistinguishable from reality. Some of the legends go further, talking about kitsune with the ability to warp space and time, drive people crazy, or take on such inhuman or fantastic forms as trees of indescribable height or the second moon in the sky. ( Bathgate Michael, 2004, 102 )

Kitsunes are associated with both Shinto and Buddhist beliefs. In Shinto, kitsune are associated with Inari, the patron deity of rice fields and entrepreneurship. Initially, foxes were the messengers (tsukai) of this deity, but now the difference between them has become so blurred that Inari is sometimes depicted as a fox by himself. In Buddhism, they gained fame thanks to the Shingon school of secret Buddhism, popular in the 9th-10th centuries in Japan, one of the main deities of which, Dakini, was depicted riding a fox across the sky. A kitsune can have up to nine tails. In general, it is believed that the older and stronger the foxes are, the more tails they have. Some sources even claim that a kitsune grows an extra tail every hundred or thousand years of its life. However, foxes found in fairy tales almost always have one, five, or nine tails. When kitsune are given nine tails, their fur turns silvery, white, or gold. ( Bathgate Michael, 2004, 96 )

'''3. Kumiho (구미호) in Korea'''

Kumiho - (구 "ku" - nine, 미 "mi" - tail, 호 "ho" - fox - "fox with nine tails") is a folklore animal, the fox of which is first mentioned in the era of Gojoseon. According to legends, only a fox that lives for a thousand years can become 구미호. One of her superpowers is transforming into a beautiful girl. Although in myths there are also references to the becoming of a charming young man. In this form, the mythical animal fell in love with the opposite sex, and then ate their liver (according to some beliefs, and the heart). Why exactly the liver? We can say that the liver contains human energy, that is, we eat and receive the energy that our liver stores. In a later period, kumiho, according to numerous legends, could get rid of the status of a monster and become a man forever. There are several ways: 구미호 will not eat human flesh and kill for a thousand days. The second option is to eat the liver of a thousand men over a thousand years. The third - will live in a cave without sunlight, eating only wormwood and garlic. And also, if the person who recognized her as 구미호 in human form, keeps this secret for ten years.
[https://thesupernaturalfoxsisters.com/2015/06/03/monster-of-the-week-kumiho/]

===Terms and Expressions===

Shapeshifter – 成精

Creature –生物

Seductive –诱人的

Damnation –诅咒

Metaphor –隐喻

Ascribe –属性

Indigenous –土着

Deity – 反面人物

Liver – 肝脏

===References===

*Bathgate, Michael 迈克尔·巴斯盖特 (2004). The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Folklore: Shapeshifters, Transformations, and Duplicities. 狐狸在日本宗教和民间传说中的手工艺：变身者，转变和重复。// Routledge. -2004. - 190.

*Pu Song-ling 蒲松龄. (2008). Fox charm. Monks-wizards. 狐狸的魅力。僧侣向导。// Eastern literature 东方文学。 –2008. - 280.

*Kang Xiaofei 康小飞. (2006). The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China. 狐狸的崇拜：帝国晚期和近代中国//Columbia University Press 哥伦比亚大学出版社的权力，性别和大众宗教. – New York 纽约, 2006. – 269.

*Ken Liu 刘坚. (2012). Good Hunting 狩猎愉快.// Strange Horizons 奇怪的地平线. - 2012. - 431.

*Xu Zhonglin. 徐忠林. (1992). Creation of the Gods 上帝的创造.// Translated by Gu Zhizhong 顾志忠译. – Beijing 北京, 551.

*Wikipedia 维基百科. (2020a). - Painted Skin (2008 film) 畫皮 (2008年電影) - https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%AB%E7%9A%AE_(2008%E5%B9%B4%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)

*Wikipedia 维基百科. (2020b). - Legend of Nine Tails Fox 青丘狐传说 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_Nine_Tails_Fox

*The Supernatural Fox Sisters 邪恶力量狐狸姐妹 - Monster of the Week: Kumiho - https://thesupernaturalfoxsisters.com/2015/06/03/monster-of-the-week-kumiho/

===Questions===

1. What was the attitude towards the Huli Jing in Ancient China?

2. Can we characterize Kitsune as a positive or negative character?

3. Could Kumiho become human forever?

===Answers===

1. Initially, in ancient China, Huli Jing was perceived in a negative context. Only later, towards the Middle Ages, the attitude towards them changed and people began to perceive them as victims of circumstances.

2. In Japanese mythology, Kitsune was not unambiguously good or bad creatures.

3. In a later period, Kumiho, according to numerous legends, could get rid of the status of a monster and become a man forever.
References ..................

==Chinese Characters - Gu Dongfang 顾东方 - 202070080635 - Interpretation 英语口译==
===Chinese Characters===

===Origin===

Chinese characters, also known as Hanzi (漢字) are one of the earliest forms of written language in the world, dating back approximately five thousand years.According to legend, Chinese characters were invented earlier by Cangjie (c. 2650 B.C.E.), a bureaucrat under the legendary emperor, Fu Hsi. The legend tells that Cangjie was hunting on Mount Yangxu (today Shanxi) when he saw a tortoise whose veins caught his curiosity. Inspired by the possibility of a logical relation of those veins, he studied the animals of the world, the landscape of the earth, and the stars in the sky, and invented a symbolic system called zì—Chinese characters. It was said that on the day the characters were born, Chinese heard the devil mourning, and saw crops falling like rain, as it marked the beginning of civilization, for good and for bad.（Boltz, William G. 2003）

===Evolution of Chinese characters===

Chinese characters from the earliest Chinese hieroglyphs to today’s simple characters have undergone through a very long process of development which can be divided into two periods: ancient writing and modern writing. Associated with these two periods, Chinese characters had experienced several times of evolution into many different script forms. Oracle bone script of the Shang Dynasty (1711–1066 BC) is the earliest systematic form of Chinese characters inscribed on animal bones and tortoise shells. Then Chinese characters evolved through the bronze script of the Zhou Dynasty (1066–256 century BC), seal scrip in the late Zhou Dynasty and Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC), official script in the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) and regular script. Based on pictographs, Chinese characters gradually developed from the form of drawings to strokes and from complex to simple ones.(Wang Xianchun 2002)

===Ancient Chinese characters===

====Oracle bone script====

Oracle bone script (Chinese: 甲骨文, Pinyin: jiăgŭwén) is the inscription on animal bones and tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty (1711–1066 BC). It was first excavated by the local farmers in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province and was sold as a kind of traditional Chinese medicine called “long” (dragon bones).

====Bronze script====

In the “Age of Bronze Ware” of China during the period of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, bronze ware was cast as a container, and most often as the sacrificial vessels to inscribe great events such as sacrifice, battle results, trade of slaves, etc. in a style just like the oracle bone script. In the Shang Dynasty, the inscriptions on bronze ware had very few characters, the form of which is extremely close to that of the oracle bone script. The size, complexity, formation of the Chinese characters are inconsistent. However, in the Zhou Dynasty, the characters in bronze inscriptions were simpler, and the size and formation were more fixed. The bronze inscriptions looked like drawings but had made significant progress from pictographic forms to block-shaped linear words we use today.（ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）

====Seal script====
Toward the end of the Zhou Dynasty, a new script called the “seal script” (Chinese: 篆书, Pinyin: zhuànshū) begun to be used in Qin State. This script was usually written on bamboo slips and pieces of silk or inscribed on rocks and stones. Owing to the regular and symmetric structure, rounded and graceful lines, it is deemed to be the most beautiful style of characters in ancient China by calligraphers. It is still used for inscribing names on a seal today. There are two kinds of seal script: large or great seal script and lesser or small seal script.The large seal script (Chinese: 大篆, Pinyin: dàzhuàn) is a traditional reference to all types of Chinese writing systems used before the Qin Dynasty. However, due to the lack of research achievements and precision, scholars often avoid the large seal script, instead of using more specified terms to the examples of writing. The large seal script was widely used in many vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period (770–476 BC).After the Qin State conquered the other six states and established the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC), Emperor Qinshihuang unified characters in order to strengthen his control. Based on the Large Seal script and rearranging the variant forms of characters in each state, the unified characters were decreed, called lesser or small seal script (Chinese: 小篆, Pinyin: xiăozhuàn) which was the official style of characters in Qin Dynasty used for all the documents of the government. It was the result of the first extensive simplification and standardization of Chinese characters. Compared with the oracle bone script and bronze script, in the lesser seal script, the forms of characters were simpler, the writing method was consistent, and the character pattern was more orderly.
The Ancient Writing Period, from the earliest known oracle bone script to the development of the seal script, lasted about 1,160 years. And the lesser seal script marked the end of the ancient Chinese characters.（ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）

Toward the end of the Zhou Dynasty, a new script called the “seal script” (Chinese: 篆书, Pinyin: zhuànshū) began to be used in Qin State.
and all of the above three points ignored the quote, please add them up.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:23, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Modern characters===
====Clerical script====

After the unification of China, the seal script was still popular, but could not satisfy the needs of people because of its lengthened and curved lines being written were quite time-consuming, so another faster and convenient style of writing called “clerical script” (Chinese: 隶书, Pinyin: lìshū) appeared during the late of the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty (206 BC — 220 AD). In order to save time, they changed the rounded lines into straight ones which became the officially approved formal way of writing. There is also a historical legend which attributed the creation of a clerical script to Cheng Miao, who was said to have invented it on the orders of Qinshihuang.
From the clerical change to the present, it has been more than 2,200 years. This the period in the historical development of Chinese characters is still called modern because the structures of Chinese characters have remained the same until today. Although there has not been any change about the structures of Chinese characters since the clerical change, the strokes of Chinese characters have undergone two main stages: regularization and normalization.（ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）

After the unification of China, the seal script was still popular, but could not satisfy the needs of people.Because of its lengthened and curved lines, it took more time to write.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:29, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

====Regular script====

Toward the end of the Han Dynasty, the strokes with the wavy endings and some thick curvy lines seen in the clerical script became smooth and straight. This change is known as “regularization” after which the characters called the regular script (Chinese: 楷书, Pinyin: kăishū) appeared at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220)and replaced the clerical script to be the major font of daily writing. The regular script could serve as an example of learning by the people generation after generation even up to the present days because it is much simpler and easier to be written than the clerical script. So many calligraphers like Zhong Yao in the Three Kingdoms Period (220–280 AD), Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317–420 AD), Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, and Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty (618–907), Su Shi in the Song Dynasty (960–1279) contributed to the regular script as the standard for students to admire, imitate and learn. It has been the standard and formal writing style for more than 1,800 years with the widest and longest usage.

Toward the end of the Han Dynasty, the strokes with the wavy endings and some thick curvy lines seen in the clerical script became smooth and straight. This change is known as “regularization” after which the characters called the regular script (Chinese: 楷书, Pinyin: kăishū) appeared at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220)and replaced the clerical script to be the major font of daily writing. The regular script could serve as an example of learning by the people for generations even up to the present days because it is much simpler and easier to be written than the clerical script. So many calligraphers like Zhong Yao in the Three Kingdoms Period (220–280 AD), Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317–420 AD), Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, and Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty (618–907), Su Shi in the Song Dynasty (960–1279) contributed to the regular script as the standard for students to admire, imitate and learn. It has been the standard and formal writing style for more than 1,800 years with the widest and longest usage. （ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）
===Formation of Chinese characters===

====Pictograms====

Contrary to popular belief, pictograms make up only a small portion of Chinese characters. While characters in this class derive from pictures, they have been standardized, simplified, and stylized to make them easier to write, and their derivation is therefore not always obvious. Examples include 日 (rì) for "sun," 月 (yuè) for "moon," and 木 (mù) for "tree."

====Pictophonetic compounds====

Also called semantic-phonetic compounds, or phono-semantic compounds, this category represents the largest group of characters in modern Chinese. Characters of this sort are composed of two parts: a pictograph, which suggests the general meaning of the character, and a phonetic part, which is derived from a character pronounced in the same way as the word the new character represents.Examples are 河 (hé) river, 湖 (hú) lake, 流 (liú) stream, 冲 (chōng) riptide, 滑 (huá) slippery. All these characters have on the left a radical of three dots, which is a simplified pictograph for a water drop, indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water; the right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator.（ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）
====Ideograph ====

Also called a simple indicative, simple ideograph, or ideogram, characters of this sort either add indicators to pictographs to make new meanings, or illustrate abstract concepts directly. For instance, while 刀 (dāo) is a pictogram for "knife," placing an indicator in the knife makes 刃 (rèn), an ideogram for "blade." Other common examples are 上 (shàng) for "up" and 下 (xià) for "down." This category is small, as most concepts can be represented by characters in other categories.（ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）
====Logical aggregates====

Also translated as associative compounds, characters of this sort combine pictograms to symbolize an abstract concept. For instance, 木 (mu) is a pictogram of a tree, and putting two 木together makes 林 ,meaning forest. Combining 日 (rì) sun and 月(yuè) moon makes 明(míng) bright, which is traditionally interpreted as symbolizing the combination of sun and moon as the natural sources of light. quote missing--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:54, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

====Associate transformation====

Characters in this category originally didn't represent the same meaning but have bifurcated through orthographic and often semantic drift. For instance, 考 (kǎo) to verify and 老 (lǎo) old were once the same character, meaning "elderly person," but detached into two separate words. Characters of this category are rare, so in modern systems this group is often omitted or combined with others.（ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）

Also called phonetic loan characters, this category covers cases where an existing character is used to represent an unrelated word with similar pronunciation; sometimes the old meaning is then lost completely, as with characters such as 自 (zì), which has lost its original meaning of nose completely and exclusively means oneself, or 萬 (wan), which originally meant scorpion but is now used only in the sense of ten thousand.(Liu Youxin)

===Simplification of Chinese characters===

The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters varies greatly, and can depend on both the local customs and the medium. Before the official reform, character simplifications were not officially sanctioned and generally adopted vulgar variants and idiosyncratic substitutions. Orthodox variants were mandatory in printed works, while the (unofficial) simplified characters would be used in everyday writing or quick notes. Since the 1950s, and especially with the publication of the 1964 list, the People's Republic of China has officially adopted simplified Chinese characters for use in mainland China, while Hong Kong, Macau, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) were not affected by the reform. There is no absolute rule for using either system, and often it is determined by what the target audience understands, as well as the upbringing of the writer.(简化字的昨天、今天和明天. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2010.)
===Terms and expressions===

1.Oracle Bone Inscriptions 甲骨文

2.Bronze Inscriptions 金文

3.Small seal characters 小篆

4.Official script 隶书

5.Regular script 楷书

6.Cursive writing 草书

7.Cang Jie 仓颉

8.Clerical script 楷书

9.Su Shi 苏轼

10. Wang Xizhi 王羲之

11.Ou Yangxun 欧阳询

12.Yan Zhenqing 颜真卿

13.Pictograms 象形

14. Pictophonetic compounds 指事

15.Ideograph 会意

16.Logical aggregates 形声

17.Associate transformation 转注

18.Borrowing 假借

===Question===
1.How many Chinese characters are there?

2.How many letters are in the Chinese alphabet?

3. How many formations of Chinese characters? What are they?

===Answers===
1. According to the latest statics, there are nearly 91251 Chinese characters recorded .

2. There are 26 letters in Chinese alphabet.

3. Six formations are included in Chinese characters system, and they are Pictograms
Pictophonetic compounds,Ideograph, Logical aggregates, Associate transformation,Borrowing

===References===

1.王显春. 汉字的起源[M]. 学林出版社, 2002.

2.刘又辛. "关于汉字发展史的几个问题(上)." 语文建设 12(1998):34-37.

3.Boltz, William G. 2003. The origin and the development of the Chinese writing system. (American Oriental series), v. 78. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society. ISBN 0940490188

4.Chinese Characters, Chinese Culture and Chinese Mind . Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia, https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/12-Yuxin-Jia-Xuerui-Jia.pdf,2005.

==Handcraft - Chinese Knots - Guan Qinqing 管钦清 - Student No.20207080586 - 英语笔译==

===A.Chinese Knots===

====1.A Brief Introduction about Chinese Knots====

The Chinese knot is a hand-woven handicraft unique to China. The exquisiteness and wisdom displayed on it are just one aspect of the ancient Chinese civilization.It originally evolved from the sewing of the Paleolithic period, to the ritual memorial of the Han Dynasty, and then into today's decorative craft.The jade worn by people in the Zhou Dynasty was often decorated with Chinese knots, and there were also Chinese knot patterns on the bronzes of the Warring States Period.（Li Ku 2016，125）

The Chinese knot continued to become a popular art in the Qing Dynasty. Now, Chinese knots are often used as interior decorations, gifts between relatives and friends and
personal accessories. It is possessed of delicate and symmetrical appearance and accords with the conventions of Chinese traditional decorations and aesthetics, which
earned the knot as its name.（Li Lifang & Sun Jianjun 2002,38）

====2.The Classification of Chinese Knots====

There are ten main kinds of Chinese knots which are named according to the shape, purpose or meaning of the knot.They are Double Coin Knot(双钱结）,Good Luck Knot（吉祥
结）,Chinese Button Knot（纽扣结）,Sauvastika Knot（万字结）,Oxalis Knot（酢浆草结）,Pan Chang Knot（盘长结）,Round Brocade Knot（团锦结）,Caisson Celling Knot（藻井
结）,Cross Knot(十字结） and Ping Knot（平结）.（Li Ku 2016，125）

Here, we mainly introduce three main Chinese knots,which are the Double Coin Knot,the Good Luck Knot and the Pan Chang Knot.

=====2.1.The Double Coin Knot=====

Ancient coins are closely related to a country’s history, culture,politics, and economy, and are regarded as treasures both at home and abroad. The Chinese people's views on coins are not limited on their prices but value, which can be seen in the auspicious characters and patterns cast on many ancient coins. Money in China not only represents the value of a certain currency, but also something of good luck. Every Chinese New Year's Eve, children can receive the so-called "luck money".（ Li Lifang & Sun Jianjun 2002，40）

Therefore, for the Chinese people, money also has the meaning of eliminating and avoiding evil. Double Coin Knot is named after two bronze coins connecting together, which symbolizes "good things come in pairs". This knot is often used in weaving necklaces, belts and other accessories, and the combination of several Double Coin Knots can form beautiful patterns, such as clouds and Perfect Knots，etc. （Li Ku 2016，126）

=====2.2.The Good Luck Knot=====

As for the Good Luck Knot,it is an extension of the cross knot, and is also one of the ancient decorative knots, which means auspiciousness. The knitting method is simple.
And the knot shape is beautiful,varied and widely used. When used alone, if a heavy object is hung, the knot is easy to deform, and it can be fixed with a shaping glue.（Wu Hongfang 2004,120）

=====2.3.The Pan Chang Knot=====

Pan Chang Knot is also a kind of Chinese knot. It symbolizes the highest realm of unity of mind and matter and eternal immortality. It represents the auspiciousness of the
avenue and is therefore highly valued by Chinese people. Pan Chang (盘长） is a symbol of the origin of all things, and is one of the most important basic knots. It is
often the main knot of many changing knots. Because the Chinese knot has the characteristics of close symmetry, it is easy to be liked by us in terms of its perception.（Li Lifang & Sun Jianjun 2002，44）

====3.The Knitting Method of Chinese Knots====

The knitting of Chinese knots can be roughly divided into three categories: basic knots, variable knots, and combined knots. Their knitting technology requires a variety of basic knot knitting skills, and all have common knitting principles, which can be summarized into basic technique and combination technique. The basic technique is to knit with single lines, double lines or multiple lines, using the parallel or separation of the thread ends to make colorful knots. The combination technique means to use thread extension to flexibly combine various knots, so as to make a group of varied knots.（Xu Xing 2004,46）

The final stage of learning knitting is the self-designing. When designing a set of beautiful knots, the most important thing is to determine its purpose and function, and then determine its size and shape, while considering the color matching and the appropriate use of accessories. As long as the decorations are used flexibly, andthe designer's artistic beauty and deep thoughts are poured into, the Chinese knot can fully express the beauty of traditional Chinese art.（Xu Xing 2004,47）

====4.The Cultural Connotations of Chinese Knots====

Chinese people love the Chinese knot because it embodies the cultural essence and national characteristics of the Chinese nation. The Chinese knot is a woven fabric of
rope and thread.In Chinese， "rope" (绳）and "god" （神）are homophonic, so the Chinese nation has a worship of "rope". In addition, Chinese people are descendants of
Dragons.（Wang Mizhu &Sun Sun& Qu Hongjian 2014,44）

Because the shape of "rope" is like a winding dragon, people also regard "rope" as a symbol of dragon. Chinese people also have their own unique understanding of
"knot", which means reunion and happiness. Many of the Chinese words composed of "结"（knot) that we usually see have beautiful meanings, such as 团结（unity）, 结交
（making friends), and 永结同心（tie the knot),etc. "结"(knot) is also homonymous with "吉"（ausipiciousness), so people even think that "knot" is a symbol of good luck.（Wang Mizhu &Sun Sun& Qu Hongjian 2014,44）

====5.Comparisons between Chinese Knots and Cross Necklaces====

=====5.1.Different Cultural Connotations=====

From the above, we can see that the Chinese knot generally have many meanings, such as good luck, love, unity and so on. The cross necklace,however, is symbolic of
Christianity. The cross, derived from the Latin "crux", means "fork".It was originally a cruel instrument of torture used to execute prisoners. It was popular in ancient
Rome, the Persian Empire and Carthage. Later,cross evolved into a symbol of the Christianity due to Christ's death on the cross to redeem sinners.Therefore,such cross
ornaments in the west as cross necknaces are usually used to represent love and salvation.（Wang Mizhu &Sun Sun& Qu Hongjian 2014,45）

=====5.2.Different Shapes=====

Similarly, from the above we can also learn that Chinese knots have many shapes, and different shapes represent different meanings. The cross necklace can also have
different shapes and sizes. Christians can hang a small cross on their chest to express their identity, while the large cross is a symbol of the bishop's authority.（Xu Xing 2004,47）

====6.References====

*Li Ku 李库. (2016). 符号学视角下的中国结解读 [The Analysis of Chinese Knots from the Perspective of Semiology ]. ''艺海'' Yi Hai (08) 125-126.

*Li Lifang & Sun Jianjun 李立芳，孙建君. (2002). ''民间绳结'' [Folk Knots]. Wuhan: Hubei Fine Arts Publishing House 湖北美术出版社.

*Xu Xing 许星. (2004). 路论中国结 [On the Chinese Knots]. ''丝绸'' The Silk (02) 46-47.

*Wu Hongfang 邬红芳. (2004). 中国结的意象美学特征 [The Rhetorical-Beauty of Chinese Knots]. ''装饰'' Decoration (09) 120-121.

*Wang Mizhu &Sun Sun& Qu Hongjian王眯珠,孙荪,曲洪建. (2014). 怀旧心理与创新意识对中国结的影响分析[The Analysis of the Impact on Chinese Knots from Reminiscence and Consciousness of Innovation ]. ''丝绸'' The Silk (11) 43-50.

===B. Terms and Expressions===

Double Coin Knot 双钱结

Good Luck Knot 吉祥结

Chinese Button Knot 纽扣结

Sauvastika Knot 万字结

Oxalis Knot 酢浆草结

Pan Chang Knot 盘长结

Round Brocade Knot 团锦结

Caisson Celling Knot 藻井结

Cross Knot 十字结

Ping Knot 平结

tie the knot 永结同心

luck money 压岁钱

the bishop's identity 主教职权

===C. Questions===

1. What is the Chinese knot?

2. Do you know the names of the main Chinese knots? What are they?

3. What do "绳" and "结" mean in Chinese culture?--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 13:04, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===

1.The Chinese knot is a hand-woven handicraft unique to China. The exquisiteness and wisdom displayed on it are just one aspect of the ancient Chinese civilization.

2.There are ten main kinds of Chinese knots which are named according to the shape, purpose or meaning of the knot.They are Double Coin Knot,Good Luck Knot,Chinese Button Kno,Sauvastika Knot,Oxalis Knot,Pan Chang Knot,Round Brocade Knot,Caisson Celling Knot,Cross Knot and Ping Knot.

3.In Chinese， "rope" (绳）and "god" （神）are homophonic, so the Chinese nation has a worship of "rope". Because the shape of "rope" is like a winding dragon, people also regard "rope" as a symbol of dragon. Chinese people also have their own unique understanding of "knot", which means reunion and happiness.--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 07:50, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Literature, Chinese Mythology, Guirou, Barthelemy, Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies 201921080010==
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:19, 20 December 2020 (UTC)the right order of your title should be category, topic, name, student number

[[File:Chinese Mythology.jpg|thumb|right|Panku]]

===Introduction===

The Chinese’s life is full of mythological traditions such as, the creation of universe, science, literature, philosophy, dragons, tortoises, phoenixes, unicorns, birds, and flowering fruit trees etc. This myth is characterized by the interaction of the pros and cons, yin and yang, good and evil, light and dark, male and female, heaven and earth, strong and weak and so forth. Panku was an important figure in Chinese mythology, the first living being and the creator of universe in some versions of Chinese mythology.(Su Shuyang 2010, 2). In world mythology; every peoples have it own myths, different fairy tales, but there is some similarities in common.

===A. Panku Created the World===

In the beginning, the world didn’t exist; there wasn’t sky, earth, water, animals, birds, plants, human, in other word, the universe was empty. The force of universe was concentrated inside a mysterious egg. This egg, after growing many years, it becoming a big form of ball and finally give birth to Panku. Panku, who was deeply sleeping in peace in his eggshell for eighteen thousand years, finally awaken by the chaos of the exterior movement and try to calm down. Therefore, the sky and the earth were created. His body was well-formed with giant muscular and the size of his body was about ninety thousand li (about thirty thousand miles), (Su Shuyang 2010, 4).

At that moment the sky and the earth was very close and Panku couldn’t fully stand on his limbs, then Panku pushed the sky with his two hands to farther away from the sky. As time was passing, the sky and earth become farther from each other and the size of Panku increasing within. The size of Panku became enormous, 90,000 "li" (45,000 kilometer) was the high distance between the sky and the earth, that is why today we talk about “ Nine- Layer Sky.” For many centuries Panku pushed the sky with all the forces of his body to avoid the chaos, hence, he cried for help but no one helped him because he was alone in the world. He struggled for ten thousand years until the sky and earth was completely separated into the forces of yin (dark) and yang (light), (Su Shuyang 2010, 4).
Slowly, he became weaker and older, and then he felt down on the ground and his body became a mighty crash. Thus, his right eye became the moon and his left eye became the sun; his head and limbs became mountains; his blood vessels became seas and rivers, his flesh became fertile lands; his hair became trees, grass, flowers; his teeth and bones became treasures (gold, metals, silver, copper); his sweat and tear represent the rain; his voice represent thunder and lightning and his breath represent winds and clouds. Finally; he finished his work, Panku, the creator of the world was dead and left behind him a landscape.

===B. NuWa Created Human Beings===

[[File:Picture 2.jpg|thumb|right|Fushi and Nuwa]]

Nuwa, was created out of earth from Panku flesh, was a goddess in Chinese mythology or viewed as old grandmother with a body of snake and human face. She was the creator and ancestor of human beings who appeared in the world after Pangu’s death (Su Shuyang 2010, 5).

As she was the only human living beings in the world, by the passing time, she felt lonely and decided to create human to her image in order to feel more comfortable to her world. Thus, she was seated down thinking about her new project of creating human beings and finally she got an idea. Then she created human beings by kneading mud with human forms and then these “mud figures” became alive. They started walking, speaking, sing, dancing, laughing and endowed with a human beings capacity (Su Shuyang 2010, 5, 6). Nuwa was very happy with her news creatures who surrounding him by crying our Mum. Then, she continued to create days and nights during a long period until she got tired. Hence, they were spread out everywhere; on the mountains, on the hills, near the rivers, on the straight spaces etc.

During a long period of years, Nuwa and her creatures were living together without any particular distinction about man and woman and any marriage. As time was passing; people were getting old and dying one after other, so, Nuwa started to worry about her offspring, what the world will be after all the men would have died. Nuwa then divided men and women and taught them marriage and how to reproduce between couples in order the lineage of mankind will never end. She gave her best wishes and advises to human beings, and since then, people continue to marry and give birth.
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:09, 20 December 2020 (UTC)the source is missing

===C. Fushi Taught the People===

In Chinese mythology, it is generally said that the rulers were half-gods and half humans and they could change their shapes of state, either in animal or in human being. According to Chinese myths; the rulers didn’t die, when their time on the earth expired they ascended to the heavens to have a rest. Fushi was the first who taught to people how to survival on the earth such as: hunting, using fire, writing etc. (Irene Dea Collier,2001, 33). In some stories Fushi was the husband of Nuwa, whereas in some other it wasn’t. Anyway they are an important figures of Chinese civilization .

Fushi noticed that the new world (people) couldn’t support to the difficulties of the life and decided to help them thanks to his supernatural powers. He taught them how to make a fish net by twisting plants fibers and form ropes. With these ropes, he wove a fish net to fish fishes in water and feed people, and with these ropes also people could across mountain peaks to search food. Then, before people were eating raw meat or fish but Fushi showed them how to use fire by twirling two willow sticks together. Moreover, Fushi taught them many things including agriculture, breeding, security, music, healing and many else. As time was passing; Fushi getting old, and he knew that he could not live for ever , then he decided to create a system of writing "trigrams", in order people can learn and remember about his teachings for better life. He designed some kind of marks onto turtle shells, bamboo sticks and animal bones which became later words and numbers (Irene Dea Collier 2001, 35, 36). This "trigrams" was also a mean to interpret future and consult oracle about the right ways to follow.
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:24, 20 December 2020 (UTC)to write the in the way of (Irene Dea Collier 2001, 35-36),that's better.

Finally, Fushi gave his last gift (music) in order people can live in harmony and peace after him. So, Fushi taught them how to make musical instrument and use it, a "pipa" (lute), (Irene Dea Collier 2001, 39).That is why, music has a great importance in Chinese history. Each time we play music, it reminds us to Fushi great teachings. Fushi’s time took end on the earth and finally he ascended to heavens hoping that his disciples (humans) live in peace.
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:02, 20 December 2020 (UTC)the source is missing.

===D. Water War===

Territorial conquest or extension of a territory was a preoccupation of each ruler since the beginning of the world and still now is one of the sources of conflicts in the world. So, Gong, god of water fought against Zurong, god of fire to extend his territory. Historically, both have terrible tempers and described as a very big giants with different shapes, Gong shown with a snake’s body and a human face with red hair. Meanwhile Zurong shown with a massive human body with broad shoulders, red skin, and a red beard (Irene Dea Collier 2001,44).

Gong poked the earth with bouts of rain and floods which caused damages included on people, houses, animals, trees and many others living beings. People and others gods asked him to stop destroying but Gong remained pitiless and severe to their inquiries. Zurong, god of fire who ruled the earth in peace before Gong, finally intervened to stop him. So Zurong challenged Gong to regain the control of the earth. Firstly, they started to wrestle on the sky for many days, as both of them were using their supernatural powers, the sky shook with thunder, and lightning flashed across the sky. Then, they got down in the earth to continue fighting but fortunately Gong and his army were defeated and all the people and gods rejoiced Gong’s defeat. Since then, the world is full of conflicts and insecurities (Irene Dea Collier 2001, 48, 49).--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:22, 20 December 2020 (UTC)to write the in the way of (Irene Dea Collier 2001, 48-49),that's better.

In summary, like many mythologies, Chinese mythology has been recorded in oral form in literature from various regional and cultural traditions. China is the home of many mythological traditions which involves the creation of world, gods, deities, supernatural powers, culture, people, houses, cooking writing, ancestors etc.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:25, 20 December 2020 (UTC)the source is missing.

===E. Terms and Expressions===

Chinese Mythology 中国神话

Panku 盤古

Yin/Yang 陰陽 / 阴阳

Nuwa 女媧

Fushi 伏羲

Water War 水战

===F. Questions===

1. Why an egg a good symbol for the beginning of the world?

2. Why Nuwa decided to create human beings?

3. What did Fushi taught to people?

4. What was the cause of Gong and Zurong’s war and who won?

===G. Answers===

1. Because egg is the symbol of life and many creatures are born from the eggs, even its physical form is round like the world and it contains necessary elements to create a life.

2. Firstly, for companionship and secondly to guarantee her offspring by teaching them the importance of marriage and how to feed and raise their children. She also wanted to humans to live independently without help of god.

3. He taught to people how to live conveniently such as: fishing, how to make fire, cooking food and meat with fire, oracle consulting, and how to make and use lute.

4. Gong wanted to extend his territory which resulted to water damage and Zurong intervened and defeated him by wrestling.

===References===

1. Su Shuyang. (2010).''CHINA: Insight Traditions and Culture''.(Youth Edition). DOLPHIN BOOKS China International Publishing Group.

2. Irene Dea Collier. (2001). "Chinese Mythology". Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.

3. https://pic.17qq.com/uploads/ijbphegbibz.jpeg

4. https://www.confuciusinstitute.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Pangu-lifting-heaven-picture.jpg--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 13:08, 15 December 2020 (UTC)--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 06:22, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:04, 20 December 2020 (UTC)the way of reference-listing is not standard.

==Gods and Immortals - Gui Yizhi 桂一枝 202070080587 英语笔译==

===Chinese gods and immortals===

====Chinese mythology system====

Chinese mythology is a mythology that has been passed down in oral form or recorded in literature, including many varied myths from regional and cultural traditions. Many myths involve the creation and cosmology of the universe and its deities and inhabitants. Some mythology involves creation myths, the origin of things, people and culture. Some involve the origin of the Chinese state. Some myths present a chronology of prehistoric times, many of these involve a culture hero who taught people how to build houses, or cook, or write, or was the ancestor of an ethnic group or dynastic family. Mythology is intimately related to ritual. Many myths are oral associations with ritual acts, such as dances, ceremonies, and sacrifices.(Lü & Gong 2014, p. 71 )

Chinese mythology is far from monolithic, not being an integrated system. Along with Chinese folklore, Chinese mythology forms an important part of Chinese folk religion. There has been an extensive interaction between Chinese mythology and Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Chinese mythology is a myth in a broad sense, which combines the Ancient mythology system, the Taoist mythology system, and the Buddhist mythology system. Among them, ancient mythology is not very systematic, and most of its records are fragmented and scattered; Taoist mythology has its own system; Buddhist mythology originated from India.(Yang, An & Turner 2005, p.4)

The Ancient mythologies are myths about the origin of man or the creation myths. It begins in ancient times (pre-Xia dynasty). There is not a book specializes in recording all of those myths in history, not even being an integrated system like Western mythology. The Ancient myths are written in the Classic of Mountains and Seas, Book of Songs, the Songs of Chu, Zhuangzi, Huai Nan Zi and other books, and can be divided into four categories: the creation myths (Pangu Separating the World, Goddess Nüwa Greating Human Beings), myths of heroes (Hou Yi Shooting Down the Suns), myths about Tribal war (the Battle of Zhuolu), and myths about human and nature(Kuafu Chasing the Sun, Great Yu Who Controlled the Waters).1987.(Bai 1987, pp. 34-40)

Taoism can be defined as pantheistic, given its philosophical emphasis on the formlessness of the Tao and the primacy of the "Way" rather than anthropomorphic concepts of God. Through time Taoist Theology created its own deities. Similar to deities of Hinduistic beliefs these deities attributed certain qualities. Deities who take part in the Dao are arranged in a hierarchy. The supreme powers are three, the Three Pure Ones, and represent the centre of the cosmos and its two modalities of manifestation (yin and yang). The main classics of Taoism include Zhuangzi and many other scriptures. It creates many gods and immortals in their texts and gives most of them official posts, showing Chinese ancestor's emphasis on practical application. For example, Tudishen（土地公）, the God of the Soil and the Ground, is a tutelary deity of a locality; Sanxing（三星）, Three Stars, is a cluster of three astral gods of well-being, including Fuxing, Prosperity Star, the god of happiness, Luxing, Firmness Star, the god of firmness and success in life and examinations, and Shòuxing, Longevity Star, who stands for a healthy and long life.(Olson & Stuart 2002, pp. 27-28)

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Indian Buddhism was introduced into China and merged with the local culture, creating many new myths. Buddhism thinks that everything is equal, and there is no hierarchy, but in fact, there are quite differences according to the level of their Buddhist understanding and practice. The one with the highest practice is the Buddha. The founder of Buddhism, Shakyamuni, is the most familiar Buddha to Chinese people. Amitabha, also known as Amida or Amitāyus, is a celestial buddha and the principal buddha in Pure Land Buddhism. Bodhisattva has a lower level of Buddhism practice than Buddha. Guanyin is the Chinese translation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. She is often referred to as the "most widely beloved Buddhist Divinity" with miraculous powers to assist all those who pray to her.(Buddhism, p37)

====神 shén, 帝 dì and 仙 xiān====

Chinese traditional religion is polytheistic; many deities are worshipped in a pantheistic view where divinity is inherent in the world. In Chinese language there is a terminological distinction between 神 shén, 帝 dì and 仙 xiān. Although the usage of the former two is sometimes blurred, it corresponds to the distinction in Western cultures between "god" and "deity". dì, sometimes translated as "thearch", implies a manifested or incarnate "godly" power. During the time of Zhou dynasty to the Warring States, dì is used to refer to those who have great moral cultivation and merits. And then it becomes a term of emperor since Qin dynasty. The latter term 仙 xiān refers to a person or similar entity having a long life or being immortal, similarly to the Western idea of "hero".(Hu, 2020)

There is another difference between the Chinese gods and immortals. The gods usually have their own position and take charge of different things in Daoist theology. While immortals, unlike gods, have no official positions. It is that certain humans develop the ability to live indefinitely, avoiding death, and becoming divine xiān. Such humans generally also are said to develop special powers and always live leisurely. So since ancient times, many people are longing to become an immortal and live a carefree life.(Fowler & Jeanine 2005, pp. 200-201)

====Eight immortals====

The Eight Immortals are a group of legendary xian ("immortals") in Chinese mythology. Each immortal's power can be transferred to a vessel that can bestow life or destroy evil. Together, these eight vessels are called the "Covert Eight Immortals". Most of them are said to have been born in the Tang or Shang Dynasty. They are revered by the Taoists and are also a popular element in secular Chinese culture. They are said to live on a group of five islands in the Bohai Sea, which includes Mount Penglai.(Yang,Deng & Wang 1987, pp. 40-45)

The Immortals are Lü Dongbin (呂洞賓), He Xiangu (何仙姑), Zhang Guolao (張果老), Lan Caihe (藍采和), Li Tieguai (李鐵拐), Zhongli Quan (鍾離權), Han Xiangzi (韓湘子), Cao Guojiu (曹國舅), representing man, woman, the old, the young, the poor, the humble, the rich and the noble. Among them, Lü Dongbin is considered to be their leader. Unlike many other Taoist gods and immortals, the Eight immortals all come from the human world and have colorful and varied experiences before they become immortals. Their imagines that are entirely different from the uaual scared deities make them very popular with people. They are not born as immortals. Among them have general, royal members, Taoist or even beggar, etc. All of them have certain shortcoming like Lü Dongbin is frivolous and Tieguai Li has the problem of alcoholism.(Yang,Deng & Wang 1987, pp. 45-50)

The Eight Immortals are considered to be signs of prosperity and longevity, so they are popular themes in ancient and medieval art. They were frequent adornments on celadon vases and also the subject of many artistic creations, such as paintings and sculptures. There is a famous saying comes from the myth of them-- "The Eight Immortals cross the sea, each reveals its divine powers" (八仙過海，各顯神通) indicating the situation that everybody shows off their skills and expertise to achieve a common goal.(Little, Stephen 2000,pp. 313, 319–334)

===Terms and Expressions===

immortals 仙

mythology 神话，神话学

cosmology 宇宙论，宇宙观

monolithic 整体（式）的

the Battle of Zhuolu 涿鹿之战

pantheistic 泛神论的

polytheistic 多神论的

Three Pure Ones 三清

anthropomorphic 人格化的

tutelary 守护神

deity 神

Buddha 佛

Shakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Amitabha 阿弥陀佛

Amitāyus 无量寿佛

celestial 天的

Bodhisattva 菩萨

Pure Land 极乐世界

vessels 法器

Covert Eight Immortals 暗八仙

Taoist 道家的，道士

===Questions===

1. What are the topics of the Ancient mythology?

2. What are the differences among shén, dì and xiān?

3. What do the Eight immortals represent respectively?

===Answers===
1.The Ancient mythologies are myths about the origin of man or the creation myths，which can be divided into four categories--the creation myths, myths of heroes, myths about Tribal war, and myths about human and nature.

2. shén and dì corresponds to the distinction in Western cultures between "god" and "deity". The latter term 仙 xiān , refers to a person or similar entity having a long life or being immortal, similarly to the Western idea of "hero".

3.Lü Dongbin, He Xiangu, Zhang Guolao, Lan Caihe, Li Tieguai, Zhongli Quan, Han Xiangzi and Cao Guojiu are representing man, woman, the old, the young, the poor, the humble, the rich and the noble respectively.

===References===

Lü, Daji; Gong, Xuezeng. (2014). ''Marxism and Religion.'' Religious Studies in Contemporary China. Brill.

Yang, Lihui; An, Deming; Turner, Jessica Anderson (2005). ''Handbook of Chinese Mythology''. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Bai Yang. (1987). ''Chinese Huamn History''. Time Literature & Art Press.

Olson, Stuart Alve. (2002). ''Qigong Teachings of a Taoist Immortal: The Eight Essential Exercises of Master Li Ching-Yun''. Bear & Company.

Buddhism, the Fulfilment of Hinduism

Hu Yanan.(2020). ''From Gods to Immortals: A Research on the forming factors of God belief during Pre-Qin Dynasty'' [D].Harbin Normal University.

Fowler, Jeanine D. (2005). ''An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality''. Sussex Academic Press.

Yang Erzeng, Deng Zhimo, Wang Xiangxu. (1987). ''A Full Story Book of Eight Immortals''. Spring Breeze Literature & Are Press.

Little, Stephen (2000). ''Taoism and the Arts of China.'' The Art Institute of Chicago.--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 06:14, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Literature, Tang and Song - Guo Lu 郭露 202070080588 英语笔译==

===Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty===

====Introduction====

“The Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty in China, also known as the Classical Prose Movement, is a movement with the style reform as its surface and Confucianism Renaissance as its depth.” (Li Shufang 2003, 1-3) The word “Gu Wen” was first introduced by Han Yu, it indicates the prose in the pre-Qin period and Han Dynasty. This movement took clarity and precision as priorities, and it stood against the florid pianwen or parallel prose style that had been popular starting from the Han Dynasty. Parallel prose had a rigid structure and was criticized for being overly ornate at the expense of content. Therefore, Han Yu, together with Liu Zongyuan, launched this movement to make a difference so that they can revive Confucianism and promote their political thoughts. This movement had a tendency to follow the spirit of pre-Qin prose rather than to imitate it directly. People used elements of colloquial language to make their writings more direct. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 1)

====Development====

The Classical Prose Movement went through three stages. The first promoters of the Classical Prose Movement were Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan who were not only writers but also theorists, forming the basis of the movement. Both were enthusiastic to promote the movement and were keen to teach young people so that the movement could achieve further development and then revive the Confucianism. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 15-18)
[suggestion:(Here, "Both" can be replaced by "They both".)Both were enthusiastic to promote the movement……]

However, after the death of Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, the movement fell into a decline, their students writing with such ancient characters as to hinder understanding or neglecting the importance of writing good essays. Furthermore, the government only allowed people to use pianwen for official use, so those who want to be officials had to learn that style. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 59-61)

After that, Ouyang Xiu once again advocated the classical prose in the Song Dynasty. As many people were dissatisfied with the florid piantiwen style, the Classical Prose Movement reached another peak during that period. This movement is consequently also called the Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. (Song Juan 2005, 62-65)

====Representatives====

'''1.Han Yu'''

Han Yu (768–824), courtesy name Tuizhi, is also known for his art names Han Changli or Chang Li Xian Sheng. He was born in present-day Mengzhou, Henan, he was a Chinese prose writer, poet, and philosopher who influenced the development of Neo-Confucianism. Due to his influence on the Chinese literary tradition, he is described as “Comparable in stature to Dante, Shakespeare or Goethe”. Meanwhile, he is often considered to be among China’s finest prose writers. Ming Dynasty scholar Mao Kun ranked him first in the "Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song"，and Su Shi, another Chinese poet, once praised that “His prose reversed the literary decline of eight dynasties”. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 15-17)

Han Yu wrote a large volume of works, which includes over 700 poems and nearly 400 proses. He is especially famous for his ''On Teachers'', which says “A teacher is one who passes on the truth, imparts knowledge and solves puzzles”. This persuasive prose is short but well structured, and it has a strong appeal to people, which also has a positive impact on youth education. (Fan Aiju, Li Wei 2014, 124-125)

'''2.Liu Zongyuan'''

Liu Zongyuan (773–819), courtesy name Zihou, is also known by his art names He Dong Xian Sheng or Liu He Dong, was a Chinese litterateur, philosopher, politician and poet who lived during the Tang Dynasty. And Liu was born in present-day Yongji, Shanxi. Along with Han Yu, they were called Han Liu. Besides that, he has been regarded as one of the “Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song”, which also includes Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu. Liu's best-known travel pieces are the ''Eight Records of Excursions in Yongzhou''. And one of his most famous poems is "Jiangxue". (Yang Shengli 2020, 42-44)

'''3.Ouyang Xiu'''

Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072), courtesy name Yong Shu, is also known by his art names Zuiweng and Liu Yi Jushi. He was a Chinese essayist, historian, poet, calligrapher and even a politician of the Song Dynasty. Being a much-celebrated writer, both among his contemporaries and in subsequent centuries. (Nie Yongqing 2007, 56)

Ouyang Xiu was in charge of the writing of the ''New Book of Tang'', and he also wrote the ''Historical Records of the Five Dynasties'' independently, the only book in the Twenty-Four Histories to have been written in private by a single author. As a poet, he was a noted writer of both the shi and ci genres. But it was his prose writings like ''Zuiweng Tingji'' that won him the greatest acclaim. The poem's most well-known line is: The Old Toper cares not for the wine, his interest lies in the landscape, an idiom still used in modern Chinese to describe someone with an ulterior motive. (Nie Yongqing 2007, 56-57)

Except for Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu, there were many other representatives of this movement. For example, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Zeng Gong and Wang Anshi also made great contributions to the Classical Prose Movement. Considering their influences, they were also listed as Eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 82-83)

====Masterworks====

Under the influence of the Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, there appeared a large volume of masterpieces, which have a far-reaching influence on later ages. Except for the works of Han Yu, Liu Zong Yuan and Ouyang Xiu, other works like ''Shang Zhongyong'' written by Wang Anshi, ''On Jia Yi'' and ''First Ode to the Red Cliff'' by Su Shi, were also considered the representative works of this movement. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 73-78)

====Influence====

The Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty is a milestone during the development of Chinese ancient prose, it has a profound influence on the later schools of literature like Tang-Song School in the Ming Dynasty and Tong Cheng school in the Qing Dynasty. Besides that, it also helped to lay a solid foundation of prose in China and acted as a fine example for later scholars. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 85-86)

====Terms and Expressions====

The Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty 唐宋八大家

Classical Prose Movement 古文运动

''Eight Records of Excursions in Yongzhou'' 《永州八记》

''On Teachers'' 《师说》

''New Book of Tang'' 《新唐书》

''Historical Records of the Five Dynasties'' 《新五代史》

''Zuiweng Tingji'' 《醉翁亭记》

''Shang Zhongyong'' 《伤仲永》

''On Jia Yi'' 《贾谊论》

''First Ode to the Red Cliff'' 《赤壁赋》

====Questions====

1. Who were the first promoters of the Classical Prose Movement?

2. What does the Classical Prose Movement mean?

3. What's political and religious purposes of the Classical Prose Movement?

====Answers====

1. The first promoters of this movement were Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan.

2. The Classical Prose Movement refers to the cultural reform movement which promotes Gu Wen and opposes pianwen in late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty.

3. The reason why Confucious scholars promoted this movement is that they wanted to combat the influence of Taoism and Buddhism on the emperors. Besides that, this movement is also an effective tool to expose the reality of corruption and weakness in the central government.

====References====

Fan Aiju, Li Wei 范爱菊, 李伟. (2014). 唐代文豪韩愈的文学造诣 [The literary achievements of Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty] 兰台世界 ''Lantai World'' (21) 124-125.

Li Shufang. (2003). 古文运动的社会背景 [The Social Background of Sport of Ancient Chinese Prose]. Changsha: Hunan Normal University 湖南师范大学 (12) 1-3.

Nie Yongqing 聂永清. (2007). 重读欧阳修 [Rethinking of Ouyang Xiu] 当代江西 ''Dang Dai Jiangxi'' (02) 56-57.

Qian Dongfu 钱东父. (1979). 唐宋古文运动 [''The Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty''] Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House 上海古籍出版社.

Song Juan 宋娟. (2005). 古文运动、科举与“唐宋八大家” [Movement of the Ancient Chinese Prose, Imperial Examination and “Eight Great Writers in Tang and Song Dynasty”]. Mudanjiang: Mudanjiang Normal University 牡丹江师范学院 (02) 62-65.

Yang Shengli 杨胜利. (2020). “河东先生”柳宗元 [Liu Zongyuan:He Dong Xian Sheng]. 支部建设 Zhi Bu Jian She (08) 42-44.

Zhou Zhenfu 周振甫. (1996). 唐宋八大家论 [Talking of Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song]. Shanghai: Zhong Hua Book Company 中华书局 (06) 35-38.
--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 06:52, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money - HA, THI THU HANG - 201921080008 - Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies==

[[File:chinese-new-year-red-pockets-design.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Red Enverlop]]

===The Chinese Red Envelope and Lucky Money Tradition===

In Chinese and other East and Southeast Asian societies, Red Envelopes, also called Red Packets, Lucky Money, or ''Hóngbāo'' ( 红包 ) in Chinese, ''Li shi'' / ''Lìxì'' in Vietnamese are popular monetary gift given during holidays or special occasions or festivals such as weddings, graduation, senior people's birthday parties or the birthday of a child, visit a newborn baby, etc in China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, and some other Asian countries, especially widely seen during the Lunar New Year Festival. During the Lunar New Year, the adult, parents and grandparents gift with the red envelops for kids, which have money stuffed into. It is a traditional way to wish good luck and share blessings.

The Lucky Money tradition began in the Han Dynasty. Rather than real money, they were small collectibles in the form of coins to ward off evil spirits. Auspicious phrases and symbols were engraved onto the surface. "worldwide peace" ( 天下太平 / ''Tiān xià tài píng''), “longevity and fortune” ( 千秋万岁 / ''Qiān qiū wàn suì''), dragons and phoenixes were common.

These coins were tied together with red string. The practice transitioned to be wrapped in Red Paper and now, put into Red Envelopes.--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 16:33, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

====The Legend====

In China, during the Qin Dynasty, the elderly would thread coins with a red string. There was a kind of little demon called ''Sui'' ( 祟 ) in ancient times. Whenever it is on New Year's Eve, it will appear quietly, touching the head of a sleeping child. The child who was being touched will be scared and cry, and also will have a headache. Therefore, in order to prevent against the sui, people in the past did not dare to sleep on New Year's Eve, and all the lights were called ''Shou Sui'' ( 守祟 ).

One tale of the folklore, once upon a time, there was a couple who were over 50 years old had just given birth to a little boy. In that Lunar New Year, 8 fairies visited their house and knew that there would be a monster coming to hurt him. To protect the baby, the 8 faires transformed into 8 coins which were then wrapped in red cloth and laid beside the boy when he was sleeping. Thanks to these coins, which were the fairies, the boy was unharmed by the monster. The old couple was so thankful and gradually everyone in the village knew about the stories. Since then, when Lunar New Year comes, people will give children "red paper wrapped copper money" with a belief that the money will protect children from being harmed.

There are also other legends about this custom related to the son of Yang Guifei of the Tang Dynasty - China and the Qin Dynasty. But in general, the New Year's blessing of the lucky money all originates with the meaning of giving happy money to children, wishing them to grow up their money so they can pass the new age with good things and luck.--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 16:33, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

====The Tradition====

The Chinese custom of Lucky Money is called ''Hóngbāo'' ( 红包 ). Chinese people really like red, so the Lucky Money is always red, symbolizing luck and happiness. The Red Envelope is called ''Yāsuìqián'' ( 压岁钱 ), which means "suppressing ghosts money". Those who receive a Red Envelope are wished another safe and pea. Sending Red Envelopes is a way to send good wishes another safe and peaceful year, and luck (as well as money). The amount of money in the Chinese Lucky Money must avoid the number 4 ( 四 / ''si'') and be sealed - that means no 4, 40, or 400 amounts - as the pronunciation of four in Chinese sounds like the word for death ( 死/ ''si''). However, amounts including the number 8 ( 八 / ''ba'') will bring good luck and prosperity ( 发财 / ''fa'').

There are rules on how to properly receive an Envelope. Traditionally, children would kneel to receive their ''Hóngbāo'' from older family members, and this is still practiced in some areas of China. Red Envelopes are also always given and received with both hands, and should never be opened immediately and in the presence of the present-giver. After receiving the Lucky Money, the children have to put it all under the pillow after about a week to open it. The meaning of this is for the Lucky Money to protect the kids from the bad things that can happen in the new year. This is also the source of the traditional Chinese Lucky Money.--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 16:33, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

'''Alipay and WeChat Red Envelope'''

[[File:chinese-new-year-red-pockets.jpg|300px|thumb|Right|Red Envelope - How much to give who - [[https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/festivals/red-envelop.htm]]]]

Moving on from the traditional Red Envelope, in the 21st century, many people exchange digital Red Envelopes instead of the traditional paper ones. These are virtual packets of very real cash, transferred directly to friends' and family's smartphones. Users can even send digital ''Hóngbāo'' to their favorite celebrities using apps such as Alipay, WeChat and the Weibo Red Envelope. WeChat Red Packet is an online money transfer with a colorful message via WeChat (a messaging Chinese app). In recent years, it has become popular among young people to send "Red Envelopes" via WeChat as a greeting. It has become a new way to greet friends or relatives during the Chinese New Year period.

While the tradition centers on children, Red Envelopes are given to friends, family, colleagues and many other relatives - and different amounts of money are customary for each relation. For example, parents and grandparents get the most, but employees and even casual acquaintances can expect a Red Envelope.

====Outside of China====

The similar customs have been adopted throughout Southeast Asia and many other countries with sizable populations of Chinese descent. Each country has different ways of Lucky Money and changes over time, but the basic custom of Lucky Money is to want to send wishes of peace to all relatives and friends in the New Year.

[[File:LunarNewYearinVietnam.jpg|250px|thumb|Right|Lunar New Year: ''Lì xì'' in Vietnam]]
In Vietnam, Lucky Money is called ''Lì xì/Tiền mừng tuổi'' and very typical. On the first day of the Lunar New Year - one of the great holidays of the year, both adults and babies wear new clothes to celebrate the New Year relative. After that, the adults will give Lucky Money to the children with the message of good luck, good care and good study. Today, the tradition of Lucky Money in Vietnam is also expanded in the direction that children give Lucky Money to celebrate the age of grandparents and parents. This is a human custom that is increasingly promoted by the Vietnamese people.

[[File:Otoshidama.jpg|200px|thumb|left|''Otoshidama'' in Japan]]
In Japan, Lucky Money is called ''Otoshidama'' (お年玉). Unlike other countries, the amount of Japanese Lucky Money depends on the child's age, the relationship of the family. ''Otoshidama'' Red Envelopes are usually white in color, not as common in red as other countries. The special thing about the Japanese Red Envelopes is that the envelopes are always sealed, symbolizing the privacy, not packaging. Moreover, the name of the person receiving the Lucky Money will be written on the Red Envelope to show respect for the recipient. The message of each ''Otoshidama'' Red Envelopes is a wish for a warm, peaceful and lucky New Year.

[[File:Sabae.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''Sabae'' in Korea]]
In Korea, Lucky Money is called ''Sabae''. On the New Year's day, children in traditionally dressed families perform the ritual of bowing to their seniors to show gratitude for birth and nurturing. After this ceremony, the children will receive Lucky Money together with wishes for health and peace in the New Year. The Lucky Money in Korea is more diverse than other countries, not only with money but also gold, pearls, gems, etc.

[[File:Green Envelope-giving.jpg|200px|thumb|left|''Green Envelope-giving'']]
The Lucky Money tradition has also crossed cultural and religious boundaries, and ''Green Envelope-giving'' has even become a practice during the Islamic holiday of Eid al-Fitr across Southeast Asia. It is also widely practiced by the Chinese and Southeast Asian diaspora across the world.--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 16:33, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

===Terms and Expressions===

Lucky Money 利市/ Lì shì

Red Envelope 红包/ Hóngbāo

Worldwide Peace 天下太平/ Tiān xià tài píng

Longevity and Fortune 千秋万岁/ Qiān qiū wàn suì

Suppressing Ghosts Money/ Suppressing Sui Money 压岁钱/ Yā suì qián

Sui 祟

Shou Sui 守祟

===Questions===

1. Do you know the origin of giving Lunar New Year's Lucky Money to children?

2. Is the Lucky Money tradition exist in other countries than China?

3. What are the rules on giving-receiving Red Envelopes?

4. On what occasions people giving-receiving Red Envelopes?

5. Do you ever receive a Red Envelope? On what occasion?

===Answers===

1. It began in the Han Dynasty and to protect children from being harmed.

2. Yes. It is very polupar in Vietnam (''Lìxì''), Japan (''Otoshidama''), Korea (''Sabae''), and some other Southeast Asian countries.

3. The giving amount of money must avoid the number 4 that sounds like the word of death in Chinese. The children, after receiving the Red Envelope, do not open it immediatedly and in the presence of the present-giver, but have to put it under the pillow after about a week to open it.

4. Red Envelopes are most commonly associated with New Year, but they also turn up as part of many other occasions as a way of sharing good luck and blessings, like births, weddings, graduation, senior people's birthday parties or the birthday of a child, visit a newborn baby, etc.

5. Yes. Red Envelope, or Lucky Money, or ''Lìxì'' is very typical in the Lunar New Year in my country Vietnam.

===References===

Red Envelope[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_envelope]

Fefe Ho - Red Pockets[https://chinesenewyear.net/red-pockets/]

Cindy Tang - Red Envelopes/Packets (Hongbao) - Amount, Symbols and How to Give [https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/festivals/red-envelop.htm]

Chinese Red Envelope [https://www.travelchinaguide.com/essential/holidays/new-year/red-envelope.htm]--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 16:33, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms - He Changqi 何长琦 202070080589 MTI==

===1. The Orgin and Development of The 24 Solar Terms===

"The 24 solar terms" is a unique phenomenon on traditional lunar calendar, with a profound history in China. Created by ancient Chinese when observing the annual movement of the sun, the twenty-four solar system is seen as a system of time knowledge and the agricultural guideline. It originated in the Yellow River valley, and is the result of people's observation, exploration and summary of astronomy, meteorology, and weather, which is an excellent cultural heritage created by the ancient Chinese people. （Wang Jiahua 2019）

By the late Western Zhou Dynasty, people had already measured the first four solar terms: Winter Solstice, Summer Solstice, Spring Equinox and Autumn Equinox. Afterwards, with the improvement of measurement technology and the further strengthening of people's understanding of the laws of nature in the Warring States period, the complete 24 solar terms were basically formed. During the Qin and Han dynasties, a complete system was perfected and formed into today's complete 24 Solar Terms system.（Wang Jiahua 2019）

===2. The Definition and Classification of the 24 Solar Terms===

“The twenty-four solar term” is a unique phenomenon on traditional lunar calendar. To facilitate agricultural production, ancient Chinese people summarized a supplementary calendar that divides a year into 24 segments according to the sun’s movement on the ecliptic and seasonal changes in weather and other natural phenomena, with 24 segments proportionally distributed through 12 months. (Yuan Jixi 2016,34-35)

"The 24 solar term" is a unique phenomenon on traditional lunar calendar. To facilitate agricultural production, ancient Chinese people summarized a supplementary calendar that divides a year into 24 segments according to the sun’s movement on the ecliptic and seasonal changes in weather and other natural phenomena, with 24 segments proportionally distributed through 12 months. (Yuan Jixi 2016,34-35)

A solar term that starts in the early part of a month is called jie (节), and one that starts in the middle part of a month is called qi (气). (Every three years there would be a month which has only a jie without a qi, or a month which has only a qi without a jie, in which case a leap month would be added to regulate it.) The solar terms are so named that they represent the changes in season,phenology and climate.(Yuan Jixi 2016,34-35)

The eight solar terms that reflect seasonal changes are Beginning of Spring, Vernal Equinox, Beginning of Summer, Summer Solstice, Beginning of Autumn, Autumnal Equinox,Beginning of Winter, and Winter Solstice; the four solar terms that represent phenological changes are Waking of Insects, Fresh Green, Lesser fullness and Grain in Ear; and the 12 solar terms that indicate the changes in climate are Rain Water,Grain Rain,Lesser Heat, Greater Heat, End of Heat, White Dew, Cold Dew, First Frost, Light Snow, Heavy Snow, Lesser Cold, and Greater Cold.(Yuan Jixi 2016,34-35)

===3.Folklore of the 24 Solar Terms===

The folklore of the 24 solar terms is divided into three aspects: festival folklore, lifestyle customs and food customs. Festive customs such as the "whipping of the spring bull" at the beginning of spring and the "tailing festival" at the end of the cold season.(Ding Yiming, Chang He 2020) Almost every festival has its own special food customs, such as dumplings on the winter solstice and noodles on the summer solstice, as well as biting and tasting spring at the beginning of spring. Following the traditional concept of "the unity of heaven and man, in accordance with the four seasons", the 24 solar terms have led to a wealth of health practices, such as eating liver in spring, drinking water in summer, etc.

These activities can be broadly summarised as follows: worshipping the gods in response to the times of the year, honouring the ancestors and maintaining family ties, eliminating evil and seeking peace, and relaxing and entertaining. Take the Beginning of Spring as an example, it is said that the egg can be set upright on the first day of the Start of Spring, Spring Equinox day and Autumn Equinox day. It is believed that if someone can make the egg stand on the first day of Start of Spring, he will have good luck in the future. In many parts of China, people observe the custom of "biting the spring" on the first day of Start of Spring. They eat spring pancakes, spring rolls, or a few mouthfuls of carrots. Besides, People in China began holding a special ceremony on the first day of Start of Spring about 3,000 years ago. They made sacrifices to Gou Mang, the god of Spring, who is in charge of agriculture. By the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), greeting spring had become an important folk activity. (He Yannan, Zou Yating 2020)

===4.Importance and Values of the 24 Solar Terms===

====4.1 Importance in Ancient Times====

The 24 solar terms are a creation of traditional farming culture, and their production, development and dissemination have adapted to the economic production methods and social needs in the farming era. They have played an important role in the life and work of traditional Chinese people. (Wang Jiahua 2019)

Firstly, the 24 solar terms are the basic time indicators of agricultural production activities in ancient times, which is also the most basic function and value of the 24 solar terms. Agricultural production is an economic activity carried out by humans according to natural rhythms and the laws of crop growth. The basic requirement of the agricultural production is to keep track of the agricultural time, which means that "if the agricultural time is not violated, there will be sufficient grain supply." (Mencius - Liang Huiwang). (Wang Jiahua 2019)

Secondly, the 24 solar terms were also regarded as important time points in the daily life of the people in ancient times. Thirdly, for the ancient ancestors, the 24 solar terms were not just a time system, but a much more colourful connotation of life, and an important manifestation and part of their colourful lives. (Wang Jiahua 2019)

For example, the "Four Beginnings"(四立)-- the Beginning of Spring, Beginning of Summer, Beginning of Autumn, Beginning of Winter-- have always been important festivals in history. At these festivals, the emperors would lead their courtiers to the eastern, southern, western and northern gates of the capital to hold ceremonies to welcome the arrival of spring, summer, autumn and winter. The winter solstice, summer solstice and Qingming Festival are still important traditional festivals today, especially Tomb Sweeping Festival. Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Tomb Sweeping Festival are known as China's four traditional festivals. (Wang Jiahua 2019)

====4.2 Values in Modern Society====

In 2016, the 24 solar terms was included in the World Intangible Cultural Heritage List and became one of the most vivid cultural symbols for strengthening the cultural confidence of the Chinese nation and enhancing the cultural cohesion of the Chinese nation. (Ding Yiming, Chang He 2020)

It still has its practical values in modern society. Firstly, as a time-honoured knowledge system with a long history and a customary tradition rich in colourful activities, the 24 solar terms has profound spiritual and cultural connotations, such as respecting nature, adapting to the time of the day, venerating ancestors, filial piety and respect for the elderly, and being good neighbours and friends. Therefore, it is one of the important components of excellent Chinese traditional culture.(Wang Jiahua 2019)

Secondly, the 24 solar terms can accurately reflect the rhythm and rules of nature and the harmonious relationship between man and nature.(Wang Jiahua 2019)

Lastly, the 24 solar terms are not only a time system, but also a living tradition full of rich connotations, which is an important part of people's lives.(Wang Jiahua 2019)

===Terms and Expressions===

the Beginning of Spring 立春

Beginning of Autumn 立秋

Rain Water 雨水

End of Heat 处暑

Insects Awakening 惊蛰

White Dew 白露

Spring Equinox 春分

Autumnal Equinox 秋分

Fresh Green 清明

Cold Dew 寒露

Grain Rain 谷雨

First Frost 霜降

Beginning of Summer 立夏

Beginning of Winter 立冬

Lesser Fullness 小满

Light Snow 小雪

Grain in Ear 芒种

Heavy Snow 大雪

Summer Solstice 夏至

Winter Solstice 冬至

Lesser Heat 大暑

Lesser Cold 小寒

Greater Heat 立春

Greater Cold 大寒

===Questions===

1.1.What are the first four solar terms measured by ancient Chinese people?

2.Where does the 24 solar terms originate from?

3. What are the eight solar terms that reflect seasonal changes？

4.When was the 24 solar terms included in the World Intangible Cultural Heritage List?

5.What are the food customs in the Beginning of Spring?

6.Do you konw any other folklore of the 24 solar terms?

===Answers===

1.Winter Solstice, Summer Solstice, Spring Equinox and Autumn Equinox.

2.It originated in the Yellow River valley.

3.Beginning of Spring, Vernal Equinox, Beginning of Summer, Summer Solstice, Beginning of Autumn, Autumnal Equinox, Beginning of Winter, and Winter Solstice

4.In 2016.

5.People eat spring pancakes, spring rolls, or a few mouthfuls of carrots.

6.It is said that people should eat dumplings on the Start of Winter. There is a story about the birth of dumplings. According to legend, in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing, the "Sage of Medicine", invented the "jiaozi" to treat frostbite patients with frostbitten ears. He cooked mutton, hot peppers and herbs to dispel the cold and warm up the body. He wrapped these ingredients into a dough skin and made them into an ear shape. Since then, people have learned to make the food which became known as "dumpling" or jiaozi. Today there is still a saying that goes "Eat dumplings on Start of Winter Day, or your ears will be frostbitten."

===References===

Yuan Jix. 袁济喜. (2016). "中华思想文化术语(3)”[Key Concepts in Chinese Thought and Culture]. 外语教学与研究出版社”[Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Belarusian Literature and Arts Press] (Yuan Jix 2016:)

Wang Jiahua. 王加华.（2019.9.20）"China Social Science Network" http://www.cssn.cn/zx/bwyc/201909/t20190920_4974497_1.shtml

Ding Yiming. Chang He. 丁一鸣. 常河（2020.11.17）"Chinanews" http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2020/11-17/9340057.shtml

He Yannan. Zou Yating. 贺亚楠. 邹雅婷. (2020.2.4) “China Daily” https://ent.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202002/04/WS5e3901a9a3107bb6b579d18d.html

==Literature, Yue Fu - Hu Baihui 胡百辉 202070080590 MTI==

===Collection of Yue Fu Poetry《乐府诗集》===

====Introduction====

'''1.Brief introduction'''

''Collection of Yue Fu Poetry'' is the essence of Han, Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties folk songs. The content is very rich, reflecting a wide range of social life. It mainly collects more than 5000 Yuefu songs from Han, Wei to Tang and Five Dynasties, as well as from pre Qin to the end of Tang Dynasty. "Yuefu", originally the name of the institution in charge of music, was first set up in the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and there were also Yuefu institutions in the northern and Southern Dynasties. Its specific task is to make music score, collect lyrics and train music talents. There are two sources of lyrics: one is specially written by literati, the other is collected from Chinese folk. Later, people called the poems collected by Yuefu organs as Yuefu, or Yuefu Poems and Yuefu songs, so Yuefu changed from official name to poetic name. (Wu Ting 2007, 20)

'''2.About the author'''

Guo Maoqian (1041-1099) was born in Xucheng, Yunzhou, Song Dynasty. He is the grandson of Guo Quan, and the son of Guo Yuanming. Song Shenzong Yuanfeng seven years (1084), Cao joined the army in Henan Province. He wrote a hundred volumes of ''Collection of Yue Fu Poetry'', which was handed down from generation to generation. (Wu Ting 2007, 22)

'''3.Content introduction'''

It divides Yuefu Poems into 12 categories, including suburban Temple songs, Yan shooting songs, drum songs, horizontal blowing songs, Xianghe songs, etc. In these different kinds of music, the songs of Jiaomiao and yanshe belong to the movements used by the imperial court, and their ideological content and artistic skills are less desirable. There are also some works with poor artistic value. But generally speaking, most of the poems it collects are excellent folk songs and poems written by scholars with old Yuefu titles. In the existing poetry collection, "Yuefu Poetry Collection" is an important book with the most complete collection of all kinds of Yuefu Poetry in the past dynasties. (Wu Ting 2007, 30)

====Masterpieces====

'''1.''The Peacock Flies to Southeast'''''

''The Peacock Flies to Southeast'' is the first long narrative poem in the history of Chinese literature, and it is also the peak work in the history of Yuefu Poetry. It is based on a marriage tragedy in Lujiang County during the reign of Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The poem has more than 350 sentences and 1700 words. It mainly tells the story of Jiao Zhongqing and Liu Lanzhi's forced separation and suicide. It accuses the cruelty and ruthlessness of feudal ethics and praises their sincere feelings and rebellious spirit. As the longest narrative poem in ancient history, the story of Peacock Flying Southeast is complicated and simple, and its characters are vividly portrayed. It not only portrays the image of Jiaoliu and his wife, but also depicts the stubbornness of Jiao's mother and the arrogance of brother Liu. At the end of the article, the myth of Liu Lanzhi and Jiao Zhongqing turning into mandarin ducks after their death is conceived, and the people's strong desire for love freedom and happy life is placed. (Wu Ting 2007, 36)

'''2.''Mulan Poetry'''''

''Mulan poetry'' is a folk song in the Northern Dynasty of China. This is a long narrative poem about a girl named Mulan. She disguised herself as a man, joined the army for her father, established meritorious service in the battlefield, and refused to be an official after returning to the imperial court. She only wanted to go home for reunion. She warmly praised the woman's brave and kind-hearted quality, her enthusiasm for defending her country and her brave and fearless spirit. "Mulan is a girl" is used to conceive the legend of Mulan, which is full of romantic color. The detailed arrangement is very ingenious. Although it is about war theme, it is mainly about the life scene and children's mood, which is full of life flavor. It describes the character's mood by means of character's question and answer, narration, parallelism, antithesis and intertextuality, which is vivid, detailed and full of vitality. Therefore, it has strong artistic appeal. (Wu Ting 2007, 41)

====Evaluation====

'''1.Contributions'''

The important contribution of it is to collect and classify the songs of past dynasties according to their tunes, so that many works can be compiled into books. This provides great convenience for the collation and research of Yuefu Poetry. For example, some excellent Chinese folk songs of Han Dynasty, such as "Moshangsang", "dongmenxing", were collected and recorded by editors. In particular, some ancient folk songs and proverbs are scattered in various historical books and some academic works, and miscellaneous ballads and sayings are mostly ignored by the former. (Yu Yizhi 2002, 105)

''Collection of Yue Fu Poetry'' introduces and explains in detail the origin, nature and musical instruments used in the singing of various kinds of music. So that many precious historical materials can be preserved. This is of great value to the study of literature history and music history.There are narrative poems and lyric poems in Yuefu Poems, and the achievements of narrative poems are more prominent. ''The Book of Songs'' and ''The Songs of Chu'' are basically lyric poems, and sometimes narrative is interspersed in the process of lyric, but narrative is attached to lyric. The emergence of Yuefu narrative poetry marks the maturity of Chinese ancient narrative poetry, and it is all caused by sadness and happiness. When choosing narrative objects, the creative subject is good at finding poetic scenes and absorbing pictures in time. (Yu Yizhi 2002, 105)

'''2.Shortcomings'''

There are some imperfections in ''Collection of Yue Fu Poetry''. For example, Ji Yun in the Qing Dynasty pointed out that it was not appropriate to include some literati poems in the titles of Yuefu. In addition, because of its emphasis on melody, the recorded songs are often inconsistent with the description of tunes. But on the whole, as an ancient Chinese literature, this giant has made a certain contribution. (Yu Yizhi 2002, 107)

===References===
Wu Ting 吴婷. (2007). 乐府诗集引用的音乐文献研究 [A study of music documents cited in ''Collection of Yuefu Poertry'']. Nanchang:Nanchang University 南昌大学 (12) 20-41.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 03:06, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

Yu Yizhi 喻意志. (2002). 乐府诗集成书研究 [A study on the compilation of the ''Collection of Yuefu Poertry'']. Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University 上海师范大学 (10)105-107.

===Terms and Expressions===

''Collection of Yue Fu Poetry''《乐府诗集》

Jiaomiao songs郊庙歌辞

Yanshe songs燕射歌辞

Guchui drum songs鼓吹曲辞

Hengchui songs横吹曲辞

Xianghe songs相和歌辞

''The Peacock Flies to Southeast'' 《孔雀东南飞》

''Mulan Poetry''《木兰辞》--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 03:24, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

===Questions===

1.When was Yuefu Poetry compiled？

2.Which institution did "Yuefu" belong to?

3.What are ''The Peacock Flies to Southeast''based on?--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 03:34, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===

1.In Song Dynasty.

2.It belongs to the institution in charge of music.

3.It is based on a marriage tragedy.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 10:41, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Cuisines, Eight Major Cuisines in China - Hu Jin 胡瑾 202070080591 英语笔译==

===Eight Major Cuisines of China===

====1. A Brief Introduction About Chinese Cuisine====
1. A Brief Introduction About Chinese Cuisines--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 07:16, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

As early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, China's food culture began to take shape. At that time, Tai Gongwang was the most representative. In the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period under the reign of Duke Huan of Qi, the flavors of North and South dishes showed differences. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the southern cuisine and the northern cuisine formed their own systems. In the Southern Song Dynasty, sweet in south and salty in north was formed. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Shandong Cuisine, Sichuan Cuisine, Cantonese Cuisine, and Su Cuisine became the most influential local dishes at that time, and they were called the "four major cuisines." By the end of the Qing Dynasty, four new local cuisines, Zhejiang Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine, Hunan Cuisine, and Anhui Cuisine, were differentiated and formed, which together constituted the "eight major cuisines" of traditional Chinese cuisine. (Lv Xiaomin 2009, 64)

====2. The Classification of Chinese Cuisines====

China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China's local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted around. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 34)

China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavors. Since China's local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 34)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:25, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.1 Shandong Cuisine=====
Consisting of Jinan Cuisine and Jiaodong Cuisine, Shandong Cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan Cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 45)

Consisting of Jinan Cuisine and Jiaodong Cuisine, Shandong Cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Besides, Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan Cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 45)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:27, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.2 Sichuan Cuisine=====
Sichuan Cuisine, known often in the West as Szechuan Cuisine, is one
of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan Cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil, pickling and braising are applied as basic cooking techniques. The major Sichuan dishes include Kung Pao Chicken and Bean Sauce Tofu. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 48)

Sichuan Cuisine, known often in the West as Szechuan Cuisine, is one of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan Cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical and exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil, pickling and braising are applied as basic cooking techniques. The major Sichuan dishes include Kung Pao Chicken and Bean Sauce Tofu. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 48)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:30, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.3 Guangdong Cuisine=====
Tasting clear, light, crisp and fresh, Guangdong Cuisine, familiar to Westerners, usually chooses raptors and beasts to produce originative dishes. Its basic cooking techniques include roasting, stir-frying, sauteing, deep-frying, braising, stewing and steaming. Among them steaming and stir-frying are more commonly applied to preserve the natural flavor. Cantonese are known to have an adventurous palate, able to eat many different kinds of meats and vegetables. Many vegetables originate from other parts of the world. It doesn't use much spice, bringing out the natural flavor of the vegetables and meats. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 52)

Tasting clear, light, crisp and fresh, Guangdong Cuisine, familiar to Westerners, usually chooses raptors and beasts to produce originative dishes. Its basic cooking techniques include roasting, stir-frying, sauteing, deep-frying, braising, stewing and steaming. Among them steaming and stir-frying are more commonly applied to preserve the natural flavor. Cantonese are known to have an adventurous palate, able to eat many different kinds of meats and vegetables, which originate from other parts of the world. It doesn't use much spice, just bringing out the natural flavor of the vegetables and meats. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 52)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:32, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.4 Fujian Cuisine=====
Consisting of Fuzhou Cuisine, Quanzhou Cuisine and Xiamen Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine is distinguished for its choice of seafood, beautiful color and magic taste of sweet, sour, salty and savory. The most distinct features are their "pickled taste". (Shi Hongmei 2009, 55)

Consisting of Fuzhou Cuisine, Quanzhou Cuisine and Xiamen Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine is distinguished for its choice of seafood, beautiful color and magic taste of sweet, sour, salty and savory. The most distinct feature is their "pickled taste". (Shi Hongmei 2009, 55)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:34, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.5 Jiangsu Cuisine=====
Jiangsu Cuisine, also called Huaiyang Cuisine, is popular in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. Aquatics as the main ingredients, it stresses the freshness of materials. Its carving techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well known. Cooking techniques consist of stewing, braising, roasting, simmering, etc. The flavor of Huaiyang Cuisine is light, fresh and sweet and with delicate elegance. Jiangsu Cuisine is well known for its careful selection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation methodology, and its not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 58)

Jiangsu Cuisine, also called Huaiyang Cuisine, is popular in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. Aquatics as the main ingredients, it stresses the freshness of materials. Its carving techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well known. Cooking techniques consist of stewing, braising, roasting, simmering, etc. The flavor of Huaiyang Cuisine is light, fresh, sweet and delicate. Jiangsu Cuisine is well-known for its careful selection of ingredients, its methodology of meticulous preparation methodology, and its not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 58)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:38, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.6 Zhejiang Cuisine=====
Comprising local cuisines of Hangzhou, Ningbo and Shaoxing, Zhejiang Cuisine, not greasy, wins its reputation for freshness, tenderness, softness, smoothness of its dishes with mellow fragrance. Hangzhou Cuisine is the most famous one among the three. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 62)

Comprising local cuisines of Hangzhou, Ningbo and Shaoxing, Zhejiang Cuisine, not greasy, wins its reputation for freshness, tenderness, softness, smoothness of its dishes with mellow fragrance. And Hangzhou Cuisine is the most famous one among the three. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 62)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:43, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.7 Hunan Cuisine=====
Hunan Cuisine consists of local cuisines of Xiangjiang Region, Dongting Lake and Xiangxi Coteau. It characterizes itself by thick and pungent flavor. Chili, pepper and shallot are usually necessaries in this division. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 65)

Hunan Cuisine consists of local cuisines of Xiangjiang Region, Dongting Lake and Xiangxi Coteau. It characterizes itself by thick and pungent flavor. Chili, pepper and shallot are usually necessities in this division. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 65)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:44, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.8 Anhui Cuisine=====
Anhui Cuisine focuses much more attention on the temperature in cooking. Its major cooking method are braising and stewing. Often hams and sugar will be added to improve taste and flavour of the dishes. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 68)

Anhui Cuisine focuses much more on the temperature in cooking. Its major cooking methods are braising and stewing. Often hams and sugar will be added to improve taste and flavour of the dishes. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 68)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:46, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

====3. A Comparison of Chinese-Western Diet Culture====

Chinese and western cultures have always been two major factions in the world culture, and diet plays a very important role in the two cultures. The differences in cultures create the differences between Chinese and Western food cultures. There are many differences between Chinese and Western food under the two different cultural backgrounds.(Caihua 2009, 56)

Chinese and western cultures have always been two major factions in the world culture, and diet plays a very important role in the two cultures. The differences in cultures create the differences between Chinese and Western food cultures. So there are many differences between Chinese and Western food under the two different cultural backgrounds.(Caihua 2009, 56)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:52, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Firstly, the western diet is mainly based on flour, with abundant raw materials, and its cooking method is simpler than that in China, but it also pays great attention to taste. Besides, western diet takes nutrition as the highest criterion, with special emphasis on the nutritional components of food. For example, whether the contents of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and various inorganic elements are properly matched, whether the heat supply is just right, whether these nutritional components can be fully absorbed by eaters and whether there are other side effects. (Caihua 2009, 55)

Firstly, the western diet is mainly based on flour, with abundant raw materials, and its cooking method is simpler than that in China. But it also pays great attention to taste. Besides, western diet takes nutrition as the highest criterion, with special emphasis on the nutritional components of food. For example, whether the contents of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and various inorganic elements are properly matched, whether the heat supply is just right, whether these nutritional components can be fully absorbed by eaters and whether there are other side effects. (Caihua 2009, 55)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:52, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

However, Chinese cuisine pays more attention to the color, aroma and taste of dishes. The purpose of Chinese people's diet is not only to satisfy their hunger, but also to satisfy their desire for delicious food, which brings pleasure to their body and mind. Compared with Chinese diet which pays attention to taste, western diet is a rational diet. Furthermore, westerners prefer cold dishes while Chinese like hot food. For Chinese, one should eat the food while it is still hot. What’s more, westerners believe that dishes are hunger-filled, so they specialize in "hard dishes" such as large pieces of meat and whole chickens; while Chinese mainly eat lots of vegetables and little meat. (Caihua 2009, 56)

However, Chinese cuisine pays more attention to the color, aroma and taste of dishes. The purpose of Chinese people's diet is not only to satisfy their hunger, but also to satisfy their desire for delicious food, which brings pleasure to both their body and mind. Compared with Chinese diet which pays attention to taste, western diet is a rational diet. Furthermore, westerners prefer cold dishes while Chinese like hot food. For Chinese, one should eat the food while it is still hot. What’s more, westerners believe that dishes are hunger-filled, so they specialize in "hard dishes" such as large pieces of meat and whole chickens; while Chinese mainly eat lots of vegetables and little meat. (Caihua 2009, 56)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:52, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

There are also differences in names of dishes. Many Chinese dishes often contain a lot of historical and cultural information. For example, Dongpo meat(Braised Dongpo Pork) is said to be cooked according to recipes handed down by Su Dongpo, a literary giant in Song Dynasty. Some dishes are also related to allusions and legends, for example, Fotiaoqiang(Buddha jumps over the wall) is a legend. In contrast, the names of western food are much simpler. For example, fried chicken legs, hamburgers and seafood soup are almost all named after the raw materials and cooking methods. (Caihua 2009, 57)

There are also differences in the names of dishes. Many Chinese dishes often contain a lot of historical and cultural information. For example, Dongpo Meat(Braised Dongpo Pork) is said to be cooked according to recipes handed down by Su Dongpo, a literary giant in Song Dynasty. Some dishes are also related to allusions and legends, for example, Fotiaoqiang(Buddha jumps over the wall) is a legend. In contrast, the names of western food are much simpler. For example, fried chicken legs, hamburgers and seafood soup are almost all named after the raw materials and cooking methods. (Caihua 2009, 57)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:52, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

====References====

Bi Jiwan 毕继万. (1999). 跨文化非语言交际 [Cross-cultural Nonverbal Communication]. ''外语教学与研究出版社'' Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 78-83.

Cai Hua 蔡华. (2009). 试论中西饮食文化的差异 [On the Differences between Chinese and Western Food Culture]. ''邵阳学院学报'' Journal of Shaoyang University 56-67.

Du Xuezeng 杜学增. (1999). 中英文化习俗比较 [Comparison of Chinese and English Cultural Customs]. ''外语教学与研究出版社'' Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 212-217.

Lv Xiaomi, Ding Xiao, Dai Yangyong 吕晓敏, 丁骁, 代养勇. (2008). 中国八大菜系的形成历程和背景 [The Formation Process and Background of Eight Major Cuisines in China ]. ''中国食物与营养'' Food and Nutrition in China (10) 62－64．

Shi Hongmei 史红梅. (2009). 地理教学中我国地域饮食文化差异研究 [Study on the Differences of Regional Diet Culture in Geography Teaching in China]. ''河北师范大学'' Hebei Normal University 34-68.

===Terms and Expressions===

pot-stewed fowl 卤味

stewing and simmering 炖，煨

prickly ash 花椒

fermented soybean 豆鼓

Braised Dongpo Pork 东坡肉

Buddha Jumps over the Wall 佛跳墙

Kung Pao Chicken 宫保鸡丁

Bean Sauce Tofu 麻婆豆腐

===Questions===
1. How many types of cuisines are there in china?

2. What’s differences between Chinese and western diets?

3. What is the origin of Dongpo Meat?

===Answers===
1. Eight

2. 1. The western cooking method is simpler than that in China. 2. Western diet pays attention to the nutrition while Chinese cuisine pays more attention to the color, aroma and taste of dishes. 3. Western diet is a more rational diet. 4. Westerners prefer cold dishes while Chinese like hot food. 5. Westerners specialize in "hard dishes" such as large pieces of meat and whole chickens; while Chinese mainly eat lots of vegetables and little meat. 6. There are also differences in names of dishes.

3. It is said to be cooked according to recipes handed down by Su Dongpo, a literary giant in Song Dynasty.

==Folk Art: Chinese Paper-cutting - Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪 202070080636 2020英语口译 Interpreting ==

===Chinese Paper-cutting 剪纸===

===Text===

====Introduction====

With a long history, the Chinese paper-cutting could be dated back to 2000 years ago according to the archaeological records. It originated in ancient ancestor worship activities in which people pray for their ancestors and gods. Later, with the widespread paper-cutting techniques and people’s growing love, it gradually served as the decorations for the doors, walls, mirrors, lanterns and so on. Nowadays, paper-cutting has already become an integral part of Chinese traditional culture and serves as a window of the Chinese folk culture. (Jiao 2016: 3)

====History====

[[File:The Earliest Paper-cutting Found in Turfan.jpg|250px|thumb|right| The Earliest Paper-cutting Found in Turfan, image from www.Chinawriter.com.cn Click[http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/n1/2019/0115/c404102-30538973.html] for original source.]]

The skill of cutting and carving appeared way before the invention of paper, and a number of materials, from the bark, leaves and animal skin, to later silk, were cut into certain shapes to decorate things, which laid a solid foundation for the art of paper-cutting. (Li & Zhang 2015: 7)

As the paper is not easy to preserve, few of the paper works could survive to modern times. “The earliest such work surviving are five examples dating from the Northern Dynasties period (386-581), unearthed in Turfan, in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.” (Folk Handicrafts)

In the Tang dynasty the custom of paper-cutting began to be popular, and the handicraft man cut paper to different shapes, each given a special name. Namely, the shape of square was named “Fangsheng”, the flower-shaped “Huasheng”, the people-shaped “Rensheng”. Two pieces of “Huasheng”, which were the remains in the Tang Dynasty, are preserved now in Shōsō-in in Japan. (Li & Zhang 2015: 7-8)

By the Song Dynasty, with the prosperous development of economy and culture, in addition to daily decoration, paper-cutting was used in other crafts such as porcelain and blue calico. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

The art of paper-cutting became mature in Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. There emerged well designed paper-cutting works in the Yuan dynasty, and collectors began to collect paper-cutting as artworks. By the Ming Dynasty, the application of paper-cutting became even wider, with clip gauze lantern as a representative. It is a lantern with paper-cutting clipped in, candlelight reflecting the pattern. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

Since its birth, the art of paper-cutting has never been interrupted. In its long history, it evolved with pottery, printing, dyeing, and other forms of art, being an indispensable part of people’s life. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

====Five Regions====

The distribution of Chinese folk paper-cutting, combining with the historical changes, geographical and ecological environment changes, cultural development differences, and so on, can be divided into five regions. (Wang 2006:106)

Northeast Changbai Mountains region: It mainly covers the Changbai Mountain area in Heilongjiang Province and Liaoning Province. As the birthplace of the nation of Man, the paper-cutting here herited the culture and customs of Man. (Wang 2006:106)

Yellow river basin region: With the north of Shaanxi' paper-cutting as the center, it is simple but more expressive because of its rough lines and designs. (Wang 2006:106)

Yangtze River basin region: It covers paper-cutting in the Provinces of Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan and Jiangsu. Influenced by folk farming culture and the Confucian culture in the Han dynasty, paper-cutting in this region is in the rough in shape but bears a sense of delicacy. (Wang 2006:106)

The southeastern coastal region: It is highlighted by the paper-cutting of Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. This region, more affluent. Paper-cutting creation, especially in Zhejiang Jinhua, Guangdong Foshan as the representative, in the history of cultural development, the vein is also more distinct, its aesthetic interest tends to be elegant and common appreciated. (Wang 2006:106)

Southwestern minority region: It is characterized by paper-cutting in the minorities in Provinces of Yunan and Guizhou. Many paper cuttings are combined with embroidery patterns. The religious beliefs of this region obviously involved in the art of paper-cutting. (Wang 2006:107)

====Techniques====

[[File: Dyed Paper-cutting.jpg|200px|thumb|left| Dyed Paper-cutting, image from 360baike. Click [https://baike.so.com/doc/2408800-2546694.html] for original source.]]

There are various ways to make paper-cutting works, include folding paper-cutting, smoked paper-cutting, color-blocking paper-cutting, and copper-lined paper-cutting, but the most common ones are mono-colored and dot-colored. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

Mono-colored paper-cutting refers to paper-cuttings cut or curved with a single-colored paper, mostly in red. Since ancient times, the Chinese revered red, whenever there are grand celebration ceremonies or festivals, red is the main color, featuring warmth, passion and also brightness and happiness. However, mono-colored paper-cutting is also available in black or other colors, which are used according to different circumstances and situations, among which white paper-cutting is mostly used as the base sample for embroidery. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

Dyed paper-cutting is also called dotted paper cuttings. The paper is mostly Xuan paper, a kind of thin white paper that absorbs water easily. Twenty or thirty pieces of such paper are put into a pile and the pattern is carved out with a knife. Then the mass of paper is dyed. The colors become rich and elegant after dying, with endless changes and a strong local flavor. The dyed paper-cutting is mainly found in Hebei, Shanxi, and Guangdong province, among which the dotted paper cuttings in the Wei County, Hebei is very unique. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

====Themes====

Folk paper cutting has a wide range of subjects, including auspicious patterns, historical allusions, mythological dramas, landscapes, flowers, birds, fish and insects, birds and animals, twelve zodiac animals, pavilions, totem worship, and religious belief. Its connection with the major festivals and traditional customs finds its full expression in every aspect of life. Paper-cutting is an essential folk activity in the villages. Traditionally, on the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, women "drop their hoes and pick up scissors to cut papers"; on the 28th, flowers are pasted on the windows. On this day, every family paste window decorations, new year’s pictures, and Spring Festival couplets to create a lively environment for the new year. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

It is the rural working women who are the majority of creators of the delicate paper-cutting. When they were five or six years old or seven or eight years old, they began to follow their mothers and grandmothers to learn paper-cutting. Mothers would pass on their treasured paper-cutting patterns to their daughters and daughters-in-law as family heirlooms. This is how China’s folk paper-cutting has been passed down from generation to generation. They are devoutly devoted to the paper-cutting that are rich in connotations such as prosperity, peace and good fortune, happiness, health, and longevity. It is the inheritance of this spirit that has enabled the art of paper-cutting to last for thousands of years. (Li & Zhang 2015: 9)

===References===

Li Youyou & Zhang JIngjuan 李有有&张静娟. (2015) 剪纸 [paper-cut] 北京中国旅游出版社 Beijing: China Travel & Tourism Press.

Lu Zhongmin. (2002) Folk Handicrafts. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.

Wang Minbo 王敏伯. (2006) 中国民间剪纸史[The History of Chinese Folk Paper-cut Arts] 杭州: 中国美术学院出版社 Hangzhou: China Academy of Art Press.

===Terms and Expressions===

color-blocking paper-cutting 拼色剪纸

copper-lined paper-cutting 铜衬剪纸

dyed paper-cutting 点染剪纸

mono-colored paper-cutting 单色剪纸

smoked paper-cutting熏样剪纸

Shōsō-in 正仓院

Spring Festival couplets 春联

totem worship图腾崇拜

Turfan吐鲁番

===Questions===

1. Where was the earliest paper-cutting found in China?

2. How many regions the distribution of Paper-cutting can be divided into?

3. Which two types of paper-cutting are the most common ones?

4. What could be the themes of the paper-cutting?

===Answers===

1. They were unearthed in Turfan, in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

2. Northeast Changbai Mountains area, Yellow river basin area, Yangtze River basin area, The southeastern coastal area, and Southwestern minority areas.

3.Mono-colored paper-cutting and dyed paper-cutting.

4. Folk paper cutting has a wide range of subjects, including auspicious patterns, historical allusions, mythological dramas, landscapes, flowers, birds, fish and insects, twelve zodiac animals, pavilions, totem worship, and religious belief.

==Medicine, Zhang Zhongjing - Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮 202070080592 英语笔译==

===The Chinese Medical Sage - Zhang Zhongjing===

Zhang Zhongjing ( original name Zhang Ji, 150 to 154 A.D.- about 201 to 219 A.D., courtesy name Zhongjing), was born in Nieyang County in Nanyang of the Eastern Han Dynasty ( located in today's Zhangzhai Village, Rangdong Town, Dengzhou City, Henan Province). He was a famous medical scientist in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and one of the most outstanding medical scientists in Chinese history, who is respected as the Chinese Medical Sage. In his childhood, Zhang Zhongjing admired Bian Que, a preeminent Chinese mediciner, and yearned for medical learning. And he once studied after Zhang Bozu. (Zhang Maoyun 2014, 19-20)

Zhang Zhongjing hated officialdom and sympathized with common people. He traveled all over the country for his medical practice, carefully studied the symptoms of typhoid fever, and read widely. After decades of collection and study, he wrote the magnificent book ''Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases'', which established the treatment based on syndrome differentiation, and became a necessary classic for the study of Chinese medicine in later generations. (Tan Rongzhou 2013, 55-56)

This extraordinary man in Chinese history, our immortal medical sage, was once the Changsha magistrate. As the master of superb medical skills and a man of tender heart, he treated patients for free on the first and fifteenth days of every lunar month. At that time, yamen's gate would be crowded with a large throng of people of all ages and both sexes. Some of them carried pieces of luggage, having come a long way to be there. All the people waited for him in eagerness. Then, Zhang Zhongjing would open the gate of office and let sick people in, instead of dealing with government affairs, carefully diagnosing and treating the masses one by one. Though confronted with such a heavy workload, Mr. Zhang treated every patient carefully based on syndrome differentiation. He diagnosed them with looking, listening, questioning and feeling the pulse— four ways of diagnosis, as well as saw through the patients' appearance to perceive the root cause of their illness. As making diagnoses so full-heartedly, Mr. Zhang even skipped meals sometimes. (Zhang Deli 2019, 37)

Later, people called the doctor who sat in the drugstore to treat patients "the doctor sitting in the hall", in memory of Zhang Zhongjing. (Zhen Xueyan, Wang Limin, Liang Yongxuan 2013, 88-89)

When talking about Zhang Zhongjing, We have to mention his masterpiece ''Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases'', which is an undoubted groundbreaking and peak work of traditional Chinese medicine. For years of wars and chaos in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, it turned out that various kinds of plagues were prevailing in China. And lots of people were homeless and suffered from epidemic diseases. Thus, Zhang Zhongjing's motive of writing this book was to lift common and poor Chinese people from the misery of diseases. After years of arduous hardwork, this enduring work was finally finished. (Tan Rongzhou 2013, 55-56)

There is a Chinese saying that goes, " Eating dumplings in Chinese New Year, Great Cold, and Slight Cold ( latter two belongs to 24 solar terms)." But now, except these days and the New Year's Day, many diners also feast in the air-conditioned dumpling parlors in summer. So, how did dumplings, as one of people's favorite, come into being? Speaking of this delicacy, well-respected Zhang Zhongjing has made great contributions to it. (首都医药 2003, 40)

When a snowstorm was raging, Zhang Zhongjing, a former governor of Changsha, who had resigned from office, was returning to his native town. By the White River, he saw lots of homeless people in rags, with sick looks and frozen ears. (首都医药 2003, 40)

Back home, Mr.Zhang was still concerned about those poor people. So he developed a recipe to help them ward off cold, called " Cold Dispelling Jiaoer Soup". Then, just on the Winter Solstice, he asked his disciples to set up a shed and a big pot under it in Dongguan, Nanyang, and give each poor person a bowl of soup with two Jiaoers. After drinking this soup, people felt warm and their ears were cured. (首都医药 2003, 40)

Zhang Zhongjing passed away on the day of the Winter Solstice, and he distributed the "Cold Dispelling Jiaoer Soup" for everyone on the Winter Solstice as well. In order to commemorate him, everyone would make dumplings on the Winter Solstice Festival. And it was said that if one ate dumplings on the day of the Winter Solstice, his ears would not be frozen in winter. "Cold Dispelling Jiaoer Soup" is rarely eaten now, but the custom of eating dumplings on the Winter Solstice every year has been passed down. Besides, the kinds and shapes of dumplings have been greatly improved. (首都医药 2003, 40)

In fact, the way of making "Cold Dispelling Jiaoer Soup" is to boil mutton and some cold dispelling herbs in a pot. After cooked, fish and chop them up, then wrap the stuffing in dough wrappers, with their shapes resembling human ears. Later, put them into the pot, and boil them in the original soup. Because of its ear- shaped contour and effect on preventing the ear from freezing, Zhongjing named it "Jiao Er". ( Er means eears in Chinese) There are also a Nanyang folk songs about Jiaoer, saying " not eating Jiaoers in the Winter Solstice, geting frozen ears in the winter cold." (首都医药 2003, 40)

At first, Zhang Zhongjing, a little boy of 9 or 10 years old, was measuring traditional Chinese medicine, trying to imitate his medical master. At this stage, medicine inspired in him a delightful sensation of wonder, which would shape his lifelong dream of becoming a great doctor like Bian Que and helping the sick. Then, Zhang turned into an adult man, appearing to be in his middle age. He stuck to treating sick people at the gate of the Yamen on the first and fifth days in the lunar calendar. Finally, Mr. Zhang's goatee turned grey and wrinkles crawled on his kind face. However, he still wrote the Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases, cured patients and dealt with his favorite— traditional Chinese medicine. (Zhang Maoyun 2014, 19-20)

[[File:Zhang_Zhongjing.jpg]]

===References===

(2003). 张仲景故乡的二十四个故事(六) 饺子的来历[J] [Twenty-four Stories of Zhang Zhongjing's Hometown (VI) The Origin of Dumpling]. ''首都医药'' Capital Medicine (17) 40.

Zhang Maoyun 张茂云. (2014). 伤寒杂病论成书年代及仲景生平年代考历[J] [Journal on the Written Time of ''Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases'' and the Lifeyime of Zhang Zhongjing]. ''中国中医药现代远程教育'' Chinese Medicine Modern Distance Education of China (04) 19-20.

Zhen Xueyan, Wang Limin, Liang Yongxuan 甄雪燕，王利敏，梁永宣. (2013). “医圣”张仲景[J] ["Medical Sage" Zhang Zhongjing]. ''中国卫生人才'' China Health Human Resources (07) 88-89.

Zhang Deli 张德礼. (2019). 心系百姓的“医圣”张仲景[J] [People's Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing]. ''现代班组'' Morden Group (05) 37.

Tan Rongzhou 覃荣周. (2013). 张仲景对我国医学发展的历史贡献[J] [Zhang Zhongjing's Historical Contribution to the Development of Chinese Medicine]. ''兰台世界'' Lantai World (07) 55-56.

Zhao Qingxin 赵清新. (1999). 万世医宗张仲景[J] ["Medical Sage" Zhang Zhongjing]. ''解放军健康'' PLA Health (05) 36.

Tian Yi 天一. (2020). 张仲景:“医圣”之名传天下[J] [Zhang Zhongjing: the Name of "Medical Sage" Spreads all over the World]. ''月读'' Monthly Read (03) 4-13.

===Terms and Expressions===

medical sage 医圣

''Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases''《伤寒杂病论》

treatment based on syndrome differentiation/ diagnosis and treatment based on an overall analysis of the illness and the patient's condition 辩证施治

yamen 衙门

Great Cold ( 24th solar term ) 大寒

Slight Cold ( 23rd solar term ) 小寒

look, listen, question and feel the pulse -- four ways of diagnosis 望闻问切

Cold Dispelling Jiaoer Soup 祛寒娇耳汤

===Questions===

1. What's the honorable title Zhang Zhongjing addressed as?

2. What's the official role Zhang once taken?

3. When would Zhang treat patients for free at yamen?

4. What's the most well-known and important masterpiece Zhang ever write? What's his motive of writing it?

5. What's the relationship between Zhang Zhongjing and dumplings?

===Answers===

1. Chinese Medical Sage.

2. Changsha magistrate.

3. He treated patients for free on the first and fifteenth days of every lunar month.

4. ''Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases.'' Zhang Zhongjing's motive of writing this book was to lift common and poor Chinese people from the misery of diseases.

5. Dumplings are derived from the recipe " Cold Dispelling Jiaoer Soup" developed by Zhang Zhongjing.

--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 13:53, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

20201215 cultexam 1

2020-12-21T07:47:38Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Chinese Astrology*/ Alsied Saffana

*Link to return to [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Languages_and_Cultures Course Homepage].
*Link to the other Final Exam paper pages: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_1 1 Alsied, Saffana - Jiang Qiwei]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_2 2 Kang Haoyu - Sagara Seydou]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_3 3 Shi Haiyao - You Yuting]; [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20201215_cultexam_4 4 Yu Ni - Zubareva, Ekaterina]. This page has become too large. Do not write on this page any more, but on one of the smaller pages.

'''Final Exam Paper. Please write now and improve until grading on 2020 12 15'''
*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu`靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chinese Astrology - Alsied, Saffana==
"Chinese Astrology"--[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED ,Student No:201921080006.. Major..Comparative Literature

===The History===

So, what is Chinese astrology anyway? Chinese astrology is an ancient art, which uses the time of birth, including the year, month, day, and time, to reveal insights into a person’s personality traits, lifestyle, health, career direction, and compatibility with others. Although the exact origin of the system is unknown, Chinese astrology has guided the Chinese for over five thousand years and has a profound influence on our lives. The Chinese system of zodiac is actually based on a ten-year Sun-Moon cycle that conforms to the ancient Chinese agricultural calendar. The cycle is divided into the five elements: Water, Wood, Fire, Earth, and Metal as well as the twelve animals, which represent each year. The system is influenced by Yin (female) and Yang (male) cosmic force, which is said to be an interpretation of universal harmony and balance. where the source is coming from ?

===The Five Elements And YIN/YANG===

Chinese believe that the five basic elements, Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water form everything in the Universe. As a fundamental part of the Oriental philosophy, the five elements are divided into Conducive and Controlling interrelationships. A Conducive interrelationship means that these five elements will produce one another and help nourish each other. We get Fire from Wood because fire is produced by burning wood. We get Earth from Fire because fire can burn everything into ashes (earth). We get Metal from Earth because all metal has to be extracted from the earth. We get Water from Metal because metal will change into liquid when heated. And, from Water we get Wood because water nourishes plants, thus producing wood. where is the quotation please?

A Controlling interrelationship means that these five elements can control or be destroyed by another element. Wood controls Earth because trees draw nourishment out of the earth. Earth controls Water because the earth can absorb water and also blocks the flow of water through man-made dykes or naturally occurring phenomena. Water controls Fire because the water is used to put out fires. Fire controls Metal because the heat of a fire can melt metal. And, Metal controls Wood because trees can be chopped down by the metal blade of an ax. Under this philosophy, no element is considered the strongest or weakest. Each element is either controlled by another element or can produce another element. In fact, they are dependent on one another and therefore, are considered equal. In Chinese astrology, during the complete sixty-year cycle, each of the animal signs is combined with the five main elements: Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water. The element of your zodiac sign will exercise its influence on your life. where is the quotation please?

===THE FORCES OF YIN / YANG===

Since ancient times, the Chinese have believed that two major forces, the Yin and the Yang, control the universe. These two forces are the foundation of Chinese philosophy, people, and even Chinese medicine. Generally speaking, the Yin signifies death whereas the Yang indicates life.

A well-known symbol called “Tai Chi” (the ultimate matter) embodies the Yin and the Yang. In the circle, the two forces equilibrate the energy and keep everything balanced. No force is stronger or weaker than the other, when one is at its highest, the other is at its lowest. Together the Yin and the Yang become a whole and thus keep the universe in harmony. where the source is coming please?

Chinese astrology was invented to achieve the two following goals;

1.) To predict the future,

2.) To determine days which are seen as the perfect days in which to initiate a particular project, especially a wedding ceremony or a new business enterprise.

According to Chinese astrology, a person's destiny is determined by the position of the major planets, the positions of the Sun, the moon and comets at the person's time of birth, as well as their Zodiac Sign. This comprehensive system of creating one's fate and destiny based on one's birthday, birth season and birth hours is known as Zi Wei Dou Shu, and is still used regularly in modern day Chinese astrology to predict one's fortune. Chinese Astrology Signs are based on the year that a person is born, with each of the twelve Chinese Zodiac Signs being represented by a particular animal. The twelve Chinese Zodiac Signs are; Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Lamb, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig. It is felt in Chinese astrology that the animal ruling the year of one’s birth has a profound influence on their life. Chinese astrology that the animal ruling the year of one’s birth has a profound influence on their life. Eastern Chinese people consider that each Animal Sign embodies its Animal's characteristics, which are instilled within the people born that are born within that year. where the source is coming please ?

Today, the Chinese Zodiac constitutes as a significant part of the traditional Chinese culture. At festive events paper-cut and New-Year pictures of the Chinese Zodiac are popular among the Chinese people. In addition, the Chinese Zodiac is also seen as the symbol of China itself, enforcing its vital role within Chinese culture, although the dragon is the most recognized totem of the Chinese nation. quotation please?

The Chinese Zodiac plays a part within people's religious beliefs in China. The 12 animals are divided into two categories of Yin and Yang, which are the underlying principles of Chinese philosophy and medicine by ancient Chinese people in accordance with the Five Elements (Metal, Wood, Water, Fire, and Earth). A set of fortunetelling methods proclaim that the twelve Chinese horoscope animals decide people's, as a result, the Chinese Zodiac began to play a crucial part in people’s characters, friendships, marriages, careers, health, fortune and other vital parts of their life. Within Chinese astrology, it is considered that when a person comes to their attributed year, which is decided by the year when they were born, they must wear a red belt to pursue good fortune and avoid bad luck. This custom of 'Birth Year' is widespread throughout China.quotation please?

You might also be surprised to hear that according to some astrologers, your Chinese Zodiac sign is considered more accurate than your astrological zodiac sign, for a variety of reasons.

===Terms and Expressions===

1. Chinese Astrology 中国占星学

2. Chinese Zodiac 中国十二生肖

3. Agricultural calendar 农业日历

4. ”Tai Chi” (the ultimate matter) “太极拳”（终极目标）

5. The Oriental philosophy 东方哲学

===Questions===

1-Why was Chinese astrology invented?

2-How Chinese astrology relates to a person’s divine destiny?

3-What important role does the Chinese zodiac play in Chinese culture?

4- What is Chinese astrology based on?

5-Is Chinese astrology accurate?

===Answers===
1. To predict the future, to determine days which are seen as the perfect days in which to initiate a particular project, especially a wedding ceremony or a new business enterprise.

2. A person's destiny is determined by the position of the major planets, the positions of the Sun, the moon and comets at the person's time of birth, as well as their Zodiac Sign. This comprehensive system of creating one's fate and destiny based on one's birthday, birth season and birth hours is known as Zi Wei Dou Shu.

3. The year of one’s birth has a profound influence on their life. Eastern Chinese people consider that each Animal Sign embodies its Animal's characteristics, which are instilled within the people born that are born within that year.

4. The Chinese zodiac is a classification scheme based on the lunar calendar that assigns an animal and its reputed attributes to each year in a repeating 12-year cycle. The 12-year cycle is an approximation to the 11.85-year orbital period of Jupiter.

5. Chinese Zodiac sign is considered more accurate than your astrological zodiac sign, for a variety of reasons.

===References===

Ting, Julian (2014), 占星學量子, createspace, ISBN 978-149373455-9

何丙郁. (2003). ''Chinese mathematical astrology: reaching out to the stars'', Routledge, ISBN 0415297591

Sun, Xiaochun, Jacob Kistemaker. (1997). ''The Chinese sky during the Han: constellating stars and society''. Brill. 3-4. ISBN 978-90-04-10737-3.

Kistemaker, Jacob, Sun, Xiaochun (1997). The Chinese sky during the Han: constellating stars and society. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10737-3.

""Almanac" "lunar" zodiac beginning of spring as the boundary dislocation? — China Network". 16 February 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2011.

Eberhard, Wolfram. (1986). ''A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols''. Routledge and Keegan Paul, London. 93, 105, 309.

"Five Elements(Wu Xing)". YourChineseAstrology.com

==Spring Festival Couplets - Cao Runxin 曹润鑫 - 202070080634 - 英语口译 ==
[[File:Chunlian.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Chunlian, image from Baike. Click [...] for original source.]]

===Spring Festival Couplets===
Spring Festival Couplets, Chunlian in Chinese, is also known as Spring Couplets or Chinese New Year Couplets. It is the most common and important custom when celebrating Chinese New Year. This tradition is widely kept both in modern cities and rural areas of China.With black or golden characters written on red paper, Spring Festival Couplets are composed of a pair of poetry lines vertically pasted on both sides of the front door and a four-character horizontal scroll affixed above the doorframe. Pasting couplets expresses people’s delight in the festival and wishes for a better life in the coming year.(Li Wenyan 2018, 211).

Spring Festival Couplets, Chunlian in Chinese, is also known as Spring Couplets or Chinese New Year Couplets. Pasting the Spring Festival Couplets on gateposts or doors is one of the most common and important customs when Chinese People celebrate Chinese New Year. This tradition is widely kept both in modern cities and rural areas of China. With black or golden characters written on red paper, Spring Festival Couplets are composed of a pair of poetry lines vertically pasted on both sides of the front door and a four-character horizontal scroll affixed above the doorframe. Pasting couplets expresses people’s delight in the festival and wishes for a better life in the coming year.(Li Wenyan 2018, 211).--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 10:43, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Spring Couplets originated from Taofu, an inscription on boards made from peach trees in the Zhou Dynasty. According to the legend, a rooster perching in a big peach tree will crow at dawn to call all the traveling ghosts back. In front of the entrance of the dark world, there are two guards named Shentu and Yulei. If the ghosts harm any people at night, the guards will kill them.People believed that peach trees can scare and subdue evil things, so they hung peach boards in front of the doors with the guards’ names written or inscribed on them. During the Song Dynasty, the wood board was replaced by paper, and people focused more on bright wishes for the future. The custom became popular in Ming Dynasty. When the Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang traveled for inspection, he found those pairs of scrolls interesting. In order to advocate and promote this cultural activity, he ordered all household to paste the scrolls during the Chinese New Year. This tradition continues today.(Qian Yu, Liu Tao 2018, 75).

Spring Couplets originated from Taofu, an inscription on boards made of peach trees in the Zhou Dynasty. According to the legend, a rooster perching in a big peach tree will crow at dawn to call all the traveling ghosts back. In front of the entrance of the dark world, there are two guards named Shentu and Yulei. If the ghosts harm any people at night, the guards will kill them.People believed that peach trees can scare and subdue evil things, so they hung peach boards in front of the doors with the guards’ names written or inscribed on them. During the Song Dynasty, the wood board was replaced by paper, and people focused more on bright wishes for the future. The custom became popular in Ming Dynasty. When the Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang traveled for inspection, he found those pairs of scrolls interesting. In order to advocate and promote this cultural activity, he ordered all household to paste the scrolls during the Chinese New Year. This tradition continues today.(Qian Yu, Liu Tao 2018, 75).--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 10:43, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

The upper scroll and the lower scroll have parallel structures and antithetical meanings. The two lines should have an equal number of characters, while their meaning must be related and antithetical. There must be a one-to-one correspondence between the two lines. The tone pattern is emphasized but rhythm is not important. The horizontal scroll is a four-character phrase, which sums up the two lines’ meaning. When you read a spring festival couplets, first,look at the horizontal scroll. If the four characters are written from left to right, the upper scroll will be on the left and the lower scroll on the right. If the characters of the horizontal scroll are reversed, the two side scrolls should be read from right to left.(Zhang Yanchen 2020, 34).

The upper scroll and the lower scroll have parallel structures and antithetical meanings. The two lines should have an equal number of characters, while their meaning must be related and antithetical. There must be a one-to-one correspondence between the two lines. The tone pattern is emphasized but rhythm is not important. The horizontal scroll is a four-character phrase, which sums up the two lines’ meaning. When you read a spring festival couplets, first,look at the horizontal scroll. If the four characters are written from left to right, the upper scroll will be on the left and the lower scroll on the right. If the characters of the horizontal scroll are reversed, the two side scrolls should be read from right to left.(Zhang Yanchen 2020, 34).--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 10:43, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

There are rules not only for pasting the couplets, but also traditions for how to remove them, and these traditions vary in different areas of China.In remote or rural areas, people will not remove the old scrolls until the next New Year. Although they are damaged by wind and rain, they will still keep them up until replaced the following year. In modern cities, if the couplets are ruined or damaged, people usually tear them off after the Lantern Festival. Some will just throw them away, while others will burn them. According to legend, Spring Couplets are gods. After burning, the god can go back to heaven, which will bring good luck to the family.(Han Daqiang 2014, 83).

There are rules not only for pasting the couplets, but also for how to remove them, and these traditions vary in different areas of China. In remote or rural areas, people will not remove the old scrolls until the next New Year. Although they are damaged by wind and rain, they will still keep them up until replaced the following year. In modern cities, if the couplets are ruined or damaged, people usually tear them off after the Lantern Festival. Some will just throw them away, while others will burn them. According to legend, Spring Couplets are gods. After burning, the god can go back to heaven, which will bring good luck to the family.(Han Daqiang 2014, 83).--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 10:43, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

===References===

*Zhang Yanchen 张砚宸. (2020). 中国春联的文化内涵与艺术特色探微 [The exploration of the cultural connotations and artistic features of Chinese Spring Couplets]. ''汉字文化'' Chinese Character Culture (19) 34-35.
*Li Wenyan 李文艳. (2018). 春联的演变历程及民俗价值 [The evolution and folk value of Spring Festival Couplets]. ''艺术品鉴'' Art Appreciation (24) 211-212.
*Qian Yu, Liu Tao 钱钰，刘涛. (2018). 从桃符到春联的演进——基于祝由文化兴衰的视角 [The Evolution from Taofu to Spring Couplets - A perspective based on the rise and fall of Zhuyu Culture]. ''民间文化论坛'' Folk Culture Forum (01) 75-83.
*Han Daqiang 韩大强. (2014). 论春节仪式中符号元素的文化意蕴——以春联、门神为例 [On the cultural implications of symbolic elements in Chinese New Year Rituals - Taking Spring Couplets and Door Gods as examples]. ''信阳师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)'' Journal of Xinyang Normal College (Philosophy and Social Science Edition) (05) 83-87.

===Terms and Expressions ===
Spring Festival Couplets, Spring Couplets, Chinese New Year Couplets, New Year Scroll 春联

Paste 贴

Horizontal scroll 横联

Upper scroll 上联

Lower scroll 下联

===Questions ===
1.What’s the purpose of pasting Spring Festival Couplets?

2.What’s the historical origin of Spring Festival Couplets?

3.How to read the Spring Festival Couplets?

4.How to do with the Old Couplets?

===Answers ===
1.To expresses people’s delight in the festival and wishes for a better life in the coming year.

2.It originated from Taofu, an inscription on boards made from peach trees in the Zhou Dynasty.

3.First, look at the horizontal scroll. If the four characters are written from left to right, the upper scroll will be on the left and the lower scroll on the right. If the characters of the horizontal scroll are reversed, the two side scrolls should be read from right to left.

4.Remove the old scrolls until the next New Year or tear them off after the Lantern Festival.

==Instruments, Guzheng - Chen Han 陈涵 - 202070080580 - 英语笔译==

[[File:Guzheng.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Guzheng in the shop, photo by Christopher Hsia. Click[https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Even_more_Guzhengs_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%AE%8F)_cropped.jpg#mw-jump-to-license]for original source.]]

===Guzheng===

''Guzheng'' or ''Zheng'' is one of the oldest traditional ethnic musical instruments in China. It belongs to plucked stringed instruments. As early as 2500 years ago, ''zheng'' has become an important instrument and was widespread at that time. Due to the long history, its primitive simplicity and elegant sound, people are used to calling it ''guzheng'' (''gu'' refers to “ancient”). It has beautiful timbre, broad ranges, rich performance skills and strong expressive power, so it is deeply loved by Chinese. (Wang Xiaohong & Gu Haijun 2019, 69)

There are varied accounts for how the ''zheng'' came to be. The first legend says the history of ''guzheng'' can date back to the Warring States Period (Duan Lili 2006, 57). The oldest specimen yet discovered held 13 strings. ''Zheng'' was regarded as a weapon at that time which was used vertically to beat enemies. There was also an old saying that “the ''zheng'' makes a pleasant sound when placed horizontally and becomes a soldier when placed vertically”. Later, strings were added to it, and when plucked, it was found to be pleasing to the ears, so it developed into an instrument. As time went by, the weapons became lighter and lighter, and the ''zheng'', a large and heavy weapon, was abandoned. The second legend says the early form of the''zheng'' is said to have been invented by Meng Tian, a general of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC). But according to the biographies of Meng Tian in ''Historical Records'', there is no record of his invention of the ''zheng''. The third legend says the ''guzheng'' came about largely influenced by the ''se'' which was recorded by Zhao Lin in ''Records on Words''. When two people fought over a 25-string ''se'', they broke it in half, one person receiving a 12-string part and the other the 13-string part. (Jin Jianmin 1988, 51)

The modern-day ''guzheng'' usually has 21 strings and movable bridges and is 163 centimeters long. It should not be confused with the ''guqin'', another ancient Chinese zither with 7 strings played without movable bridges. The strings were originally made of silk. By the 20th century, most players used metal strings. Since the mid-20th century, steel strings wound with nylon are common to be seen. The body of the ''guzheng'' is approximately rectangular, with a slight protrusion in the middle of the faceplate. The head and tail of the ''guzheng'' are anterior mountain and posterior mountain respectively. The two mountains are connected by 21 strings which are supported by 21 movable bridges, also known as ''Yan Zhu'' which are moved to change the timbres. The strings at the anterior side are wound around the string pegs in the turning box. And the ''guzheng'' was usually placed on the zither feet. The timbre of the ''guzheng'' is determined by the quality of the wood. Since the tension of paulownia is better, the body of the ''guzheng'' are mostly made of paulownia. The head, tail and other parts of the ''guzheng'' are generally made of mahogany, and some patterns are decorated on the head and the tail. (Liu Xueqi 2019, 83)

[[File:Fingerpicks.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Using fingerpicks to play the guzheng. Image from Baidu. Click[https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=古筝&step_word=&hs=0&pn=27&spn=0&di=9900&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=2&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=-1&cs=3246661627%2C3658564396&os=3335747328%2C3552694810&simid=0%2C0&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=1718&fr=&fmq=1607348039297_R&fm=result&ic=&s=undefined&hd=&latest=&copyright=&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=&height=&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=http%3A%2F%2Fi2.hdslb.com%2Fbfs%2Farchive%2F6a84e824b3507f96cd3f55df9c2d38744bb81962.jpg&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Ff_z%26e3Bojtk5_z%26e3Bv54AzdH3Fojtk5AzdH3F%25Ec%25la%25bC%25El%25b8%25ln%25Em%25AE%25bA%25El%25ba%25l9%25Ec%25bF%25A9%25E0%25AD%25lD%3Fiwfet1j5%3D8%26fjw6viet1j5%3D8&gsm=1c&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&force=undefined]for original source.]]

The fingerpicks, called ''Dai Mao'' or ''Yi Jia'', used by ''guzheng'' performers are often made from materials such as plastic, resin, tortoiseshell, or ivory on one or both hands. The ''guzheng'' is plucked by the fingers with or without these fingerpicks. Most modern players use fingerpicks attached to up to four fingers on each hand. In ancient times, picks were made of materials such as bamboo, bone, animal teeth, or even jade. There are many techniques used to strike notes. Generally speaking, performers traditionally use the thumb, index finger, middle finger and ring finger of the right hand to pluck notes and the left hand to add ornamentation such as pitch slides and vibrato by pressing the strings on the left side of the bridges. There are also many fingering methods on playing the ''guzheng'', such as ''gou'', ''tuo'', ''pi'', ''tiao'' and ''mo''. These techniques of playing the ''guzheng'' can create sounds that evoke a sense of a cascading waterfall, thunder and even the landscape. Using both hands to play on the right side of the strings is a common playing skill at the present. ''Do'', ''Re'', ''Mi'', ''So'' and ''La'' are the pentatonic scale of the ''guzheng'', but ''Fa'' and ''Si'' are produced by pressing the stings to the left of the bridges. (Gao Yiwei 2020, 39)

Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, ''guzheng'' gradually spread across the country from the northwest China, and was merged with the local opera, rap and folk music, and formed a variety of genres with strong local style . The styles or schools of the ''guzheng'' can be traditionally divided into the Northern school and the Southern school. The Northern style is associated with Henan Province, Shaanxi Province and Shandong Province while the Southern style includes the Chaozhou, Hakka and Fujian regional schools. With the development of the times, several new schools are derived on the basis of the Northern and Southern schools, namely the four major schools of “Taiwan, Shandong, Henan and Zhejiang” (Cao Yue 2002, 84). The differences among the contemporary schools are quite small and every style has its own characteristics of ''zheng'' music and performance methods. Some famous pieces such as ''High Mountains and Running Water'' (''Gao Shan Liu Shui''), ''The Autumn Moon in the Han Palace'' (''Han Gong Qiu Yue'') are both from the Shandong school. In the southern school, representatives include ''Jackdaw Playing in the Water'' (''Han Ya Xi Shui''), and ''The Tune of Liu Qing Niang'' belongs to the Chaozhou school (Cao Yue 2002, 84).

In the 20th century, outstanding ''guzheng'' performers such as Wang Xunzhi, Cao Zheng, Cao Dongfu and Luo Jiuxiang laid a solid foundation for the development of ''guzheng'' (Liu Xueqi 2019, 83). Notable Chinese ''guzheng'' players in the 21th century include Wang Zhongshan, Yuan Sha, Zhou Wang and so on. In addition to playing traditional ''guzheng'' music, many performers today have made innovations in ''guzheng'' performance. Take Wang Zhongshan as an example, he participated in a TV show — ''National Music Ceremony'', which is a large-scale original Chinese classical music competition show. In a performance, Wang merged the music in ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' with the song in ''Game of Thrones'' by playing the ''guzheng'', making a combination of Eastern and Western music and creating a wonderful listening experience for audience. (Tong Guiying 2019, 197)

From ancient times to the present, the charm of the ''guzheng'' has never diminished. The combination of cultural heritage and modern techniques has made this national musical instrument more radiant.

===References===

*Cao Yue 曹月. (2019). 古筝的主要流派与风格特征 [The main schools and styles of the guzheng]. ''东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版)'' Journal of Southeast University (Philosophy and Social Science) (04) 84-87.
*Duan Lili 段丽丽. (2006). 古筝的起源与发展 [The origin and development of the guzheng]. ''民族音乐'' Folk Music (01) 57-58.
*Gao Yiwei 高祎蔚. (2020). 浅谈古筝演奏中音色的体现及把握 [The embodiment and grasp of timbre in guzheng performance]. ''中国文艺家'' Chinese literary artists (05) 39+165.
*Jin Jianmin 金建民. (1988). 古筝起源之谜 [The mystery of the origin of the guzheng]. ''中国音乐'' Chinese Music (01) 51.
*Liu Xueqi 刘雪琦. (2019). 浅谈古筝的起源与发展历程 [The origin and development history of the guzheng]. ''戏剧之家'' Drama House (14) 83.
*Tong Guiying 佟桂影. (2017). 王中山古筝作品的艺术特征研究 [Research on the artistic characteristics of Wang Zhongshan's guzheng performances]. ''才智'' Talents (24) 197-198.
*Wang Xiaohong 王晓红, Gu Haijun 顾海珺. (2019). 浅谈古筝传承与发展 [The development of the guzheng]. ''戏剧之家'' Drama House (23) 69.

===Terms and Expressions===

*Meng Tian 蒙恬
*Zhao Lin 赵璘
*''Records on Words'' 《因话录》
*anterior mountain 前岳山
*posterior mountain 后岳山
*''Yan Zhu'' 雁柱
*string pegs 弦钉
*turning box 调音盒
*zither feet 琴足
*paulownia 桐木
*mahogany 红木
*''Dai Mao'' 玳瑁
*''Yi Jia'' 义甲
*''gou'', ''tuo'', ''pi'', ''tiao'' and ''mo'' 勾、托、劈、挑、抹
*''High Mountains and Running Water'' 《高山流水》
*''The Autumn Moon in the Han Palace'' 《汉宫秋月》
*''Jackdaw Playing in the Water'' 《寒鸦戏水》
*''The Tune of Liu Qing Niang'' 《柳青娘》
*Wang Xunzhi, Cao Zheng, Cao Dongfu, Luo Jiuxiang 王巽之、曹正、曹东扶、罗九香
*Wang Zhongshan, Yuan Sha, Zhou Wang 王中山、袁莎、周望
*''National Music Ceremony'' 《国乐大典》

===Questions===

1. What kind of musical instrument does the ''guzheng'' belong to?

2. Why the ''guzheng'' is deeply loved by Chinese?

3. Who is Meng Tian?

4. According to the legend, how did the ''se'' develop into the ''zheng''?

5. How many strings does the ''guzheng'' have? How long is the guzheng?

6. What is the function of movable bridges?

7. What are used by ''guzheng'' performers to play the instrument? And What are they also called?

8. In ancient times, what materials were the fingerpicks made of?

9. Generally speaking, how does the players strike notes?

10. What styles can ''guzheng'' be divided into?

11. Which school does ''The Autumn Moon in the Han Palace'' belong to?

12. Do you know any other ''guzheng'' music? Please list some pieces.

===Answers===

1. It belongs to plucked stringed instruments.

2. It has beautiful timbre, broad range, rich performance skills and strong expressive power.

3. He is a general of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), and a legend says the early form of the ''zheng'' is said to have been invented by him.

4. When two people fought over a 25-string ''se'', they broke it in half, one person receiving a 12-string part and the other the 13-string part.

5. It usually has 21 strings and is 163 centimeters long.

6. They are moved to change the timbres.

7. ''Guzheng'' performers use fingerpicks to play the instrument. They are also called ''Dai Mao'' or ''Yi Jia''.

8. In ancient times, fingerpicks were made of materials such as bamboo, bone, animal teeth, or even jade.

9. Performers traditionally use the thumb, index finger, middle finger and ring finger of the right hand to pluck notes and the left hand to add ornamentation such as pitch slides and vibrato by pressing the strings on the left side of the bridges.

10. The Northern school and the Southern school.

11. ''The Autumn Moon in the Han Palace'' belongs to the Shandong school.

12. ''Harvest Celebration'' (''Qing Feng Nian'' 《庆丰年》), ''Fighting the Typhoon'' (''Zhan Tai Feng'' 《战台风》) and ''Song of the Fishermen'' (''Yu Zhou Chang Wan'' 《渔舟唱晚》).

==Facial Make-up - Chen Jingjing 陈静静 - 202070080581 - 英语笔译==
===Facial makeup===

Facial makeup, a sort of makeup art used in stage performance, is painted on the face of traditional opera singers in China and varies when it come to different types of role. The character roles in Beijing opera are divided into four main types according to the sex, age, social status and profession of the character. Sheng refers to male roles and is divided into laosheng (middle-aged or old men), xiaosheng (young men) and wusheng ( men with martial skills). Dan refers to female roles and is also subdivided into various types. Qingyi is a woman with a strict moral code; and laodan is an elderly woman. Jing refers to the roles with painted faces. They are usually warriors, statesmen or even demons. Chou, clown, is a comic character and can be recognized at first sight for his special make-up.(Wang Hai 2018, 62)

The facial makeup of “sheng” and “dan” is quite simple with a thin layer of powder, called “plain face” while that of “jing” and “chou” is relatively complicated, and the former, in particular, is applied with heavy color and complicated patterns, thus gaining the name of “painted face”. In Beijing Opera, facial make-up, which is applied to Jing roles only, shows the character’s age and personality by using different colors. “Chou” is commonly called the clown as they are accustomed to wiping a patch of white powder on the nose.(Wang Hai 2018, 62)

People hold different views when speaking of the origin of the facial makeup. It is said facial makeup was closely related to a kind of dance, called Damian, which appeared in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and thrived in the Tang Dynasty. It was performed by a single man aiming to extol King Lanling Gao Changgong’s outstanding military service and merits. He was courageous and good-looking and was bound to win every time he worn a mask that seemed frightening in the battlefield. As for the facial makeup used in opera, it is used to highlight the roles’ character, appearance as well as status, achieving a colorful and fantastic stage.(Cao Juan 2019, 58)

The legendary drama played a dominant role in Ming Dynasty, rich in content and fine in role division. Both jing and chou wear their own special facial makeup. The basic color is mostly designed based on the description in the drama literature or the singers’ personal imagination. For instance, facial makeup of Guanyu is red and that of Baozhen is black. Their brow and eyes are exaggerated in some way. The pattern ratio has changed as well. Unlike the Ming Dyansty, there are both simple and sophisticated facial makeups with the same basic color. In the Mid-Qing Dynasty, as the local drama arose, facial makeup varied greatly in different places and possessed distinct local features and folk characteristics. More than 300 kinds of dramas sprung up after the 18th century. Therefore, the drama characters mount and their division is much more finer. More colors like blue, green, yellow, grey and orange are added in jing.(He Weiwei 2015, 138)

Red

Red facial makeup is symbolic of loyalty, upright and integrity like the characters Guan Yu and Wu Han.

Black

Black facial makeup gives people the impression that the actor is serious,courageous and wise like Bao Zheng, a impartial official. It also stands for mighty force and boldness like Zhang Fei in drama the Three Kingdoms and Li Kuai in drama Water Margin of the Marsh.

White

White facial makeup bears a derogatory sense, indicating a deceitful and suspicious nature like Cao Cao in drama the Three Kingdoms and Yan Song, Qin Hui.

Blue

Characters wearing blue facial makeup tend to be upright ,outspoken ,obstinate and even unruly like Ma Wu and Dou Erdun.

Purple

Purple facial makeup shows more sedate and righteous like Xu Yanzhao and Zhuan Zhu.

Golden

Golden facial makeup symbolizes dignity and power fitting roles like supernatural being such as Tathagata (Sakyamuni, the creator of Buddhism) and Erlang Shen (a Chinese God with a third truth-seeing eye in the middle of his forehead).

The features of facial makeup are mainly as follows:
First, it is a contradictory unit of beauty and ugliness.Second, it is closely related to the character’s personality.Thirdly, its pattern is stylized. Chinese Peking opera makeup is favored by many opera enthusiasts and is widely known both at home and abroad, having been regarded as one of the mark of traditional Chinese culture.
It is derived from the stage and could be seen on some large buildings, packages of some commercials, various porcelains and people’s clothes in different styles. It is far beyond the scope of stage use, showing its status in people’s heart and strong vitality. Out of curiosity and affection for facial makeup in Chinese opera, a great many foreign friends and Chinese of insight start to explore the mystery of it.(Cao Juan, 2019, 61)

===Terms and Expressions===

painted face 花脸

clown 丑角

Sheng 生

Dan 旦

Jing 净

Chou 丑

Qingyi 青衣

xiaosheng 小生

laosheng 老生

wusheng 武生

Gao Changgong 高长恭

legend，romance 传奇剧

Erlang Shen, Erlang 二郎神

Tathagata, Buddha 如来佛

Sakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Water Margin of the Marsh 水浒传

===Questions===

1.How many types are character roles divided into in Beijing opera?

2.What are the differences bbetween Sheng and Dan?

3.What are the special features of Chou?

4.What is the function of facial mask in Beijing opera?

5.What are the main features of facial makeup?

6.What are the characteristics of characters wearing blue facial makeup?

===Answers===

1.Four types:Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou.

2.Sheng refers to male roles while Dan refers to female roles.

3.A patch of white powder is wiped on their nose.

4.It is used to highlight the roles’ character, appearance as well as status, achieving a colorful and fantastic stage.

5.It is a contradictory unit of beauty and ugliness and is closely related to the character’s personality and its pattern is stylized.

6.Characters wearing blue facial makeup tend to be upright ,outspoken ,obstinate and even unruly

===References===

He Weiwei 何伟伟.(2015).浅谈京剧脸谱的色彩研究[Study on the colors of the facial makeup in Beijing opera].艺术科技 Art and Technology ,28(04):138-139.

Cao Juan 曹娟.(2019).中国京剧脸谱之考究[Study on Beijing opera facial makeup].中国京剧,(01):58-61.

Wang Hai 王海.(2018).京剧脸谱程式化特征与传统文化元素[Features of Beijing opera facial makeup and the traditional elements it related to].中国京剧 Chinese Peking Opera,(08):62-65.

==Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy - Dashkin, Gennadii - Student No.201911080001. Major - Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies==

=== Three Worldwide Famous Chinese Novelists of Modern Science Fiction and Fantasy===

Nowadays, modern literature is one of the most interesting and gorgeous sides of worldwide cultural processes. It heals soul and heart and can change everything to its best. However, it can be difficult sometimes to talk about literature without dividing it into genres. We can guess that the modern generation in the whole world prefers to read something about the future. Something, that can help to understand what will be next. And that is why one of the most popular genres are with no doubt - Science Fiction and Fantasy. So, let's see who are the most popular Chinese sci-fi and fantasy authors who broaden our mental horizons.

====1.Liu Cixin（刘慈欣）====

Liu Cixin was born in 1963 in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, 400 kilometers from Beijing. Other famous natives of the area were Gaozu, the founder of the Tang Imperial Dynasty, and Jia Zhangke, the chief filmmaker of modern China. The parents of the future writer worked in a mine in Shanxi, and his first conscious years fell on the heyday of the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). (Alexandra Alter, How Chinese Sci-Fi Conquered America 2019, 1)

[[File: 21.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Cixin Liu. ILLUSTRATION: ZACHARY BAKO FOR THE WALL STREET JOURNAL. Click [https://www.zacharybako.com/]for original source.]]

Liu received his technical education from North China University of Water and Electricity. After graduation, he worked as a computer engineer at a power plant in his native Yangquan. Now Liu Qixin is combining his studies of literature with the post of chief engineer of the China Energy Investment Corporation at the Nianziguan Power Plant. Liu Cixin started writing relatively late. At 26, he wrote China in 2185, but the book never saw the light of the day. Mostly this was due to the consequences of the Cultural Revolution - in the late 80s, almost no science fiction literature was published in China. Later, when the opportunity arose to publish the novel, the writer himself re-read it, considered it second-rate, badly written, and naive, and decided that he did not deserve publication. However, Liu Cixin did not give up and in 1999 he released another novel, written by him at a young age, but significantly modified and edited for publication. This is how Liu Cixin's first big book appeared - the novel "Supernova Era". Before that, some of his stories were published in magazines, but the writer's name became really noticeable after the publication of this book. In it, as a result of the radiation of a supernova, all people over 30 are threatened with death within a year. Since then, the life of humanity has changed dramatically, and although the doomed older generation made heroic efforts to make the existence of young people better, a year later the world is plunging into an abyss of chaos and violence. (Liu Cixin, Supernova Era 2019,352)

Liu's first books were warmly received in China, but nevertheless, the real success came to the author only in 2006, when he published the first part of his trilogy "Memory of the Earth's Past" - the novel "The Problem of Three Bodies" in the Chinese journal Science Fiction World. This book first made the writer a real star in his homeland, and 7 years later, when the Chinese-American science fiction writer Ken Liu translated it into English, and all over the world. The novel has become so popular that the entire trilogy is often referred to as "The Three-Body Problem," although this is not formally true.In 2006, the book won the Galaxy Award, the main Chinese literary science fiction award, and after being translated into English, it was nominated for all three major world awards: Hugo, Locus, and Nebula. The novel only won the Hugo Award, but in 2017 the third part of the Eternal Life of Death trilogy took over Locus. The novel gain such a great popularity that famous people like Barack Obama and Marc Zuckerberg recommended it to every single person in order to understand the perhaps future and how to avoid the negative contact with aliens.[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/books/obamas-secret-to-surviving-the-white-house-years-books.html]

Liu Cixin is definitely a unique writer, with his own style, philosophy, and special vision of science fiction. So far, only three of his novels have been published outside of China, but he has already won such recognition that Barack Obama and Mark Zuckerberg recommend reading the Cixin trilogy. But the main thing that Liu Cixin has already managed to prove with his books is that science fiction literature is capable of giving generous shoots not only on the basis of European culture. Liu Cixin is the first person outside of the Western world to achieve resounding success in science fiction. And, perhaps, his trilogy is just the beginning of a new global phenomenon. After all, it's not for nothing that many experts have been saying for several years that the future belongs to China. It is very likely that this phrase refers not only to politics and economics but also to science fiction literature.[https://vc.ru/books/73785-lyudi-nadeyutsya-chto-moya-kniga-stanet-kitayskimi-zvezdnymi-voynami-lyu-cysin-o-razvitii-fantastiki-kitaya]
Also Liu Cixin is a big fan of reading books and he sometimes recommend not only to read classical sci-fi novels but also modern authors like Chen Qiufan, Derek Kunsken and so on.

====2.Chen Qiufan (陈楸帆） ====

[[File:22.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Chen Qiufan photographed in Beijing by Gilles Sabrié. Click [https://www.gsabrie.com/] for original source.]]

Today this author is called by others the “Chinese William Gibson”. He can also be called one of the leaders of Chinese science-fiction and a cyberpunk novelist. He was born in China in 1981 in a seaside province in southeastern China called Guangdong, which borders Hong Kong and Macau. To say more accurately he grew up a few miles from Guiyu, the largest waste dump. Mountains of scrap electronics are shipped there every year from all over the world. Thousands of workers sort through the garbage in search of something that is suitable for recycling. This topic became the central topic in a novel called “Waste Tide”.(Chen Qiufan,Waste Tide, 2019,3)

Also, by the early 2000s, Chen Qiufang had become a big fan of virtual chats and the Internet. He saw great potential in the Internet and technologies in general, an opportunity to change the world for the better. After graduation, Chen worked with Google, Baidu, and co-founded Noitom, a virtual reality startup in Beijing. As science fiction began to gain popularity in China and receive support from the government, Qiufan turned to full-fledged novels.[https://fanzon-portal.ru/press-center/redaction-material/kto-takoy-chen-tsyufan/]

His debut book was ''The Empty Wave'', "combining realism and allegory to represent the hybridity of humans and machines." Chen Qiufan's novels and stories won three Galaxy Awards and twelve Chinese Nebula Awards. His works have been translated into German, French, Finnish, Korean, Czech, Italian, Japanese, Polish, and Russian. His book ''Waste Tide'' became one of the most discussed books around the world and got universal acclaim from critics and usual readers. The fantastic mix of dark future with reality components made this book a guidebook for those who are worried about ecological problems and the darkest sides of human progress.[https://fanzon-portal.ru/press-center/redaction-material/kto-takoy-chen-tsyufan/]

Chen Qiufan is a constant consumer of entertainment and literature. He watches at least 100 new films and reads at least 50 books a year. He was recently recruited into the development of a television series called Eros, which will launch in 2019-2020. He compares it to Netflix's dystopian show Black Mirror. Chen travels frequently between Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong for various projects and literary festivals.[https://fanzon-portal.ru/press-center/redaction-material/kto-takoy-chen-tsyufan/]

====3.Rebecca F. Kuang (匡灵秀)====

[[File:23.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Rebecca F. Kuang. Click [https://www.instagram.com/kuangrf/?hl=ru] for original source.]]

When Rebecca was four years old, her family emigrated to the United States from Guangzhou, China. Kuang's father grew up in Leiyang, in Hunan province, and his mother in Hainan Island.Quang grew up in Dallas, Texas, and later went to Georgetown University in large part because of the college's discussion team. Kuang began writing The Opium War when she worked as a debate trainer in China during a break from her studies. Rebecca always liked writing, but she was afraid that an education related to literature might not give her a profession in demand. But during the direct work on the book, she completed several literary courses. As a result, her first novel was published when she was only 22 years old.Rebecca graduated from the university in June 2018. She further attended Magdalene College, Cambridge University as a recipient of the 2018 Marshall Fellowship, where she earned her Master of Philosophy in Sinology. She is currently pursuing a Master's Degree in Contemporary Sinology from Oxford University.[https://vc.ru/books/77096-kak-studentka-iz-dzhordzhtauna-opublikovala-debyutnuyu-knigu-eshche-do-togo-kak-ey-ispolnilos-22-goda]

Her debut novel, The Opium War, is a war fantasy setting inspired by the history and culture of China. The Opium War is a dark fantasy genre. The plot is largely based on the history of China in the middle of the 20th century. The conflict refers to the Second Sino-Japanese War, but the scenery is inspired by the Song Dynasty. The novel accurately recreates the social, mythological, and philosophical realities of China of the chosen era.[https://vc.ru/books/77096-kak-studentka-iz-dzhordzhtauna-opublikovala-debyutnuyu-knigu-eshche-do-togo-kak-ey-ispolnilos-22-goda]

The last news about R.F.Kuang is that she wrote a short tale for an anthology of Star Wars saga, which was published in November. She wrote about this news in her Twitter[https://twitter.com/kuangrf/status/1327367219341385729]

===Terms and Expressions===

1. Science fiction - 科幻

2. Fantasy - 奇幻

3. Horizon - 地平线

4. Broad - 拓宽

5. Hybrid - 杂种

6. The plot - 情节

7. Garbage - 垃圾堆

8. Heyday - 壮年

9. Supernova - 超新星

===References===

1. Alexandra Alter, How Chinese Sci-Fi Conquered America, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/03/magazine/ken-liu-three-body-problem-chinese-science-fiction.html

2. Chen Qiufan 陈楸帆. (2019). Waste Tide 荒潮. Tor Books; Translation edition. Translated by Ken Liu - 342 pp.

3. Liu Cixin 刘慈欣. (2019). Supernova Era 超新星纪元. Tor Books; First Edition. Translated by Joel Martinsen - 352 pp.

4. Rebecca F.Kuang 匡灵秀. (2018). The Poppy War 罂粟战争. Harper Voyager - 530 pp.

5. Michiko Kakutani, Obama’s Secret to Surviving the White House Years: Books. The New York Times, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/books/obamas-secret-to-surviving-the-white-house-years-books.html

===Questions===

1. What was the first book written by Liu Cixin?

2. What is the most popular trilogy of books written by Liu Cixin?

3. Who is called Chinese William Gibson?

4. What is Rebecca Quang's Opium War plot based on?

===Answers===

1. Supernova Era

2. Memory of the Earth's Past

3. Chen Qiufan (陈楸帆）

4. The plot is largely based on the history of China in the middle of the 20th century.

==Stilts - Chen Yongxiang 陈永相 202070080582 英语笔译==
[[File:stilts.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Stilts presentation during the Miliangtun Stilt Festival, image from Baike. Click [http://img3.imgtn.bdimg.com/it/u=2060438651,2837589998&fm=26&gp=0.jpg] for original source.]]

===Chinese Intangible Cultural Heritage — Miliangtun Village Stilts===

<center>Chen Yongxiang 陈永相 202070080582 英语笔译</center>

====Introduction====

Stilt is one of the folk dances of the Han nationality in our country, which is called "Stilt Yangko" in some places. Stilt-walkers tie their feet onto the long stilts with various length, the shortest being two feet long, and the longest reaching over five feet. Normally, stilt-walkers are taller than ordinary people. They dress themselves into different historical or mythological figures, walking and dancing on fairs and movable stages, which is convenient for watching far and near. (Huo Linmo, 2018)

As a traditional folk dance in Beijing, Miliangtun Village Stilts originates from "Tongle Gaojiaohui"(同乐高脚会）founded in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty and bestowed by Emperor Qianlong. According to the older generation in the village, Miliangtun Village Stilts was first founded by several villagers led by Uncle Ma, who lived in Miliangtun Village and worked in Beijing over 250 years ago. (Xingxing, 2019)

Miliangtun Village Stilts is not only time-honored, but also mysterious and legendary. It still retains the traditions in performance techniques, characters, musical accompaniment, etiquette, and stilts production technology, which is an excellent performing art that is spread among the folks. In 2006, it was listed as a Beijing-level intangible cultural heritage. (Xingxing, 2019)

The team of Miliangtun Village Stilts has over forty people and 13 roles all played by men. The roles are Tuotou, Laozuozi, young boy, young master, Mr. Plaster, Choupo, fisherman, Yupo, wood-cutter, handsome and ugly drum-players, handsome and ugly gong-players. Tuotou, fisherman and wood-cutter are righteous and decent images, while zany figures represent the negative images, like Choupo, young boy and Laozuozi who are responsible for enlivening the atmosphere and entertaining the audience. Such a stark contrast is quite ironic in these funny characters. (Xingxing, 2019)

The only serious character among the 13 roles is Tuotou. Because he is a general who can be easily recognized upon his appearance. Squatting and carrying swords are his signature tricks. Others like the young boy, a little kid who amuses everyone. Mr. Plaster is responsible for warming up. He is outstanding because he can play and amuse with others, like Yupo or Laozuozi. Fisherman is just a workingman. He is not funny. He plays the trick of going fishing because that's his character setting. Wood-cutter is also a workingman who can play other tricks besides squatting. Yupo is the young lady in the past, and Laozuozi is the housewife. Wood-cutter and Mr. Plaster can play and amuse with them. The handsome and ugly drum-players and gong-players are quite important in the backfield when the show begins. They play drums and gongs to accompany the performance and amuse the audience. (Xingxing, 2019)

The show of Kylin Songzi (麒麟送子), which indicates good luck and peace, marks the end of the whole performance. Tuotou lies down flat, the young boy riding on his waist like a living lion. Mr. Plaster and young master raise their waists with Yupo dancing Yangko behind. Fisherman uses his ribbon to drag Tuotou who holds the ribbon in his mouth. When it's done, the show is over. That's the whole performance. (Xingxing, 2019)

As a renowned fair, Miliangtun Village Stilts is characterized by risky tricks, various skills and great difficulty. There are stunning tricks such as Yasha Searches the Sea, Su Qin Carries Swords, squatting, bouncing, hugging, somersault, and scorpion tail pendulum. Stilts performances focus on amusement, Tuotou being the opening, other roles flatter him with various and difficult tricks, constituting the grand show. (Xingxing, 2019)

The length of Miliangtun Village Stilts, 1.6 meters, is quite rare in the stilt fairs of the country. Stilt-walkers control the balance with their waists. They must bend their knees slightly and keep moving when walking on stilts. The upper body and their feet must be coordinated, and swing from side to side to ensure the balance when stepping on the wooden stilts. The movement of the lower body leads the upper body to shake and shrug. The stilts are lifted lightly but stepped hardly, with the force on the knees, forming into a style of combining the tricks of twisting, swinging and amusing. (Xingxing, 2019)

There is strict inheritance relationship and etiquette in the stilt fair, which will set up inheritors, presidents, team leaders, and team members. As the distinctive folklore in Wangzuo Town, Fengtai District, Beijing, Miliangtun Village Stilts stands out among the stilt fairs and enjoys great popularity from peers and the public. It is visually stunning, technically accomplished and naturally funny, which is divided into lead in, head stilts command, and separation performance, forming into a fixed set of performance routines after long-term drills since the establishment. Miliangtun Village Stilts has become an indispensable part of local festivals and celebrations with its lively atmosphere and superb skills and adds value to the cultural life of the folks. (Sun Miao, 2018)

====Terms and Expressions====

Miliangtun (village name) 米粮屯

stilts 高跷

intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产

folk dance 民间舞蹈

Toutou 陀头

Laozuozi 老坐子

young boy 小二哥

young master 公子

Mr.Plaster 药先生

Choupo 丑婆

fisherman渔翁

Yupo 渔婆

wood-cutter 柴翁

handsome and ugly drum-players 俊鼓和丑鼓

handsome and ugly gong-players 俊锣和丑锣

====Questions====

1. Where does Miliangtun Village Stilts originate?

2. How many years of history does Miliangtun Village Stilts have?

3. How many roles in Miliangtun Village Stilts?

4. When was Miliangtun Village Stilts listed as the intangible cultural heritage?

5. How long is the shortest and the longest stilts?

====Answers====

1. Wangzuo Town, Fengtai District, Beijing.

2. More than 250 years.

3. 13.

4. In 2006.

5. The shortest stilt is two feet long, and the longest reaches over five feet.

====References====

Huo Linmo 霍淋漠. (2018). ''高碑店市河头村高跷会考察与研究'' [Investigation and research on stilts fair in Hetou Village, Gaobeidian City]. Hebe: Hebei University 河北大学.

Sun Miao 孙淼. (2018). "一跷多艺": 胜芳高跷会的舞体表征与比较研究 ["Multi-skills with one stilt": A comparative study of the dance style of Shengfang stilt fair]. ''长江丛刊'' [Yangtze River Series] (24)18.

Xingxing 邢星. (2019). 米粮屯高跷 [Miliangtun Village Stilts]. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%B1%B3%E7%B2%AE%E5%B1%AF%E9%AB%98%E8%B7%B7%E4%BC%9A/12762743?fr=aladdin

非物质文化遗产米粮屯高跷 [Intangible cultural heritage Miliangtun Village Stilts] (2019). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1643344511003907548&wfr=spider&for=pc

--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 05:20, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chinese Lion Dancing - Ding Daifeng 丁代凤 202070080583 英语笔译==

===Introduction===

Lion dancing is a traditional folk art with a history of about 2000 years, which is often performed in big events and festivals. Nowadays, it is generally believed that lion is the king of beasts and is a symbol of good fortune. However, there was no lion in ancient China. According to historical records, lions were introduced to China through the Silk Road from the Western Regions during the Han Dynasty.(Zhang Yanqing 2003,77)

When lions were first introduced into China, their ferocious images were unacceptable. Later, due to the spread of Buddhism, the image of lions changed fundamentally in people's minds. Because lion is the mount of Manjusri Bodhisattva who is a symbol of wisdom, people gradually have a good impression on lion, which is considered as a sacred animal to protect Buddha.(Zhang Yanqing 2003,78) In Europe, the image of lion has not been deified, but is still the king of beasts, symbolizing bravery, strength and supreme power. Many nobles use lion as a symbol.

There are a number of stories about the origin of lion dance. Here is one of the sayings. During the Ming Dynasty, it was said that a monster always damaged crops in Guangdong province at the end of the year. Local people called it "Nian". In order to drive the monster away, the local farmers thought of making a lion model to intimidate the monster. The monster ran away immediately after seeing the "lion", so people believed that the lion was a god beast and a symbol of auspiciousness. From then on, people will use lion dance to celebrate the New Year.(Zhang Guobin 2019,157)

In lion dance, lions are made of colorful cloth strips, and each lion is usually performed by two people, one handling the head and the other moving the body and tail. Under the music of gongs and drums, performers dress up as lions and make various forms of lion movements. The lion dance is an art which combines martial arts, dance and music together. Originating in the Han Dynasty, lion dance has prevailed among Chinese people and spread throughout all over China since the Tang Dynasty. There are mainly two kinds of lion dance in China: northern lion dancing and southern lion dancing.(Yu Zhaojie 2008,76)

===Northern lion dancing===

The northern lion dancing pays attention to form and the appearance and the northern lion looks like a real lion. The lion's head is relatively simple, with golden hair all over its body. The pants and shoes of lion dancers are covered with fur, and even the pants and shoes of performers are the same color as the legs of real lions, so they can perform more vividly. Little lion dance is performed by one person, and the big lion dance is performed by two people.(Yu Zhaojie 2008,76)

Northern lions usually appear in pairs. The lions with red knots on their heads are males and those with green knots are females. Guided by the man who holds the colorful silk ball, lion dancers perform all kinds of lion’s movements. Apart from the usual jumping, falling and tumbling, performers will also show their excellent techniques by climbing upon a high table or by stepping on five wooden stakes, so as to show the lion's boldness and bravery.(Yu Zhaojie 2008,76)

===Southern lion dancing===

Different from the northern lion dancing, southern lion dancing attaches more importance to spiritual resemblance. With its center in southern China’s Guangdong province, southern lion dancing is popular in Hong Kong, Macao and Southeast Asia. Southern lion, also called awake lion, is developed and evolved from northern lion. The head of southern lion has three colors, namely black, red and yellow. It is called "Liu Bei lion", "Guan Gong lion" and "Zhang Fei lion", which respectively represent the character of Liu, Guan and Zhang, the three sworn brothers who found the Shu kingdom(AD 221-263). Guan Gong lion performs bravely, Zhang Fei lion's action is rough and belligerent, and Liu Bei lion is calm and powerful. Southern lion dancing pays attention to facial expression, and their facial expressions are always vivid and expressive. There are many movements in the southern lion dancing, dancers use different "Ma Bu" or horse stances, coupled with the movements of lion head, to show a variety of shapes.(Yu Zhaojie 2008,76)

Dancers usually perform the traditional custom of “Cai Qing”, literally meaning "plucking the greens", which is the most common step in the performance of the southern lion dancing. It is said that "Cai Qing" originally meant opposing the Qing Dynasty, but now it is interpreted as "vigorous", which means that the business is booming. People use lettuces as greens and hang them with red envelopes. The lion dancers perform in front of the greens with hesitation, then finally jump up and eat the lettuces in one gulp. (Yu Zhaojie 2008,76)

In recent years, in order to maintain the characteristics of the traditional Chinese lion dance, the southern lion dancing and the northern lion dancing complement each other and improve together. (Liu Xing 2019,39)

===Terms and Expressions===

Western Regions 西域

mount 坐骑

Manjusri Bodhisattva 文殊菩萨

gong 锣

northern lion dancing 南狮

southern lion dancing 北狮

colorful silk ball 绣球

wooden stakes 木桩

spiritual resemblance神似

Liu Bei lion 刘备狮

Guan Gong lion 关公狮

Zhang Fei lion 张飞狮

sworn brothers 结义兄弟

horse stances 马步

Cai Qing 采青

lettuces 生菜

===Questions===

1. How long is the history of lion dance in China?

2. Why did people gradually accept lion as a sacred animal?

3. Why did people use lion dance to celebrate the New Year?

4. What is the main difference between southern lion dancing and northern lion dancing?

5. What is the center of southern lion dancing?

6. How many colors are there in the heads of southern lions? And what are they?

7. What is “Cai Qing”? And what do you know about “Cai Qing”?

===Answers===

1. It is with a history of about 2000 years.

2. Because lion is the mount of Manjusri Bodhisattva, a symbol of wisdom, people gradually have a good impression on lion, which is considered as a sacred animal to protect Buddha.

3. In order to drive the monster away, the local farmers thought of making a lion model to intimidate the monster. The monster ran away immediately after seeing the "lion", so people believed that the lion was a god beast and a symbol of auspiciousness. From then on, people will use lion dance to celebrate the New Year.

4. The northern lion dancing pays attention to form and the appearance and the northern lion looks like a real lion, but southern lion dancing attaches more importance to spiritual resemblance.

5. It is in southern China’s Guangdong province.

6. The head of southern lion has three colors, namely black, red and yellow.

7. It means "plucking the greens", which is the most common step in the performance of the southern lion dancing. It is said that "Cai Qing" originally meant opposing the Qing Dynasty, but now it is interpreted as "vigorous", which means that the business is booming.

===References===

Liu Xing刘兴.(2019). 从文化结构看舞龙舞狮运动的现代化发展[Modern Development of Dragon and Lion Dance from the Perspective of Cultural Structure]. 体育师友Sports Teachers and Friends 42(04): 37-39.

Yu Zhaojie于兆杰.(2008).中国舞狮的起源及其发展演变[The Origin and Development of Lion Dance in China]. 搏击. 武术科学Wushu Science (06): 75-76.

Zhang Guobin张国斌.(2019).中国传统舞龙舞狮运动历史文化探索及传播研究[Research on the Historical and Cultural Exploration and Dissemination of Chinese Traditional Dragon and Lion Dance]. 散文百家Prose Hundred (10): 157-158.

Zhang Yanqing张延庆.(2003). 中国舞狮的起源与文化演变[Origin and Cultural Evolution of Lion Dancing in China]. 体育文化导刊Sports Culture Guide (11): 77-78.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 16:32, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Literature, Tang-Song - Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉 202070080584 英语笔译==
===A. The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters===
[[File:Tang Song Ba Da Jia.jpg]]

===Brief Introduction of The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters===

The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters are Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong in Song Dynasty. This title was first appeared in the Banknotes of Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties. Among them, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan are the leaders of the Ancient Prose Movement in the Tang Dynasty, while Ouyang Xiu and "Three Su"(Su Xun, Su shi, Su Zhe) are the core figures of the Ancient Prose Movement in the Song Dynasty. Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong are the representative figures of Linchuan Literature. Among the "Three Su"(Su Xun, Su shi, Su Zhe), Su Xun is their father and Su Shi is the older brother.Su Shi, together with Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong,was the student of Ouyang Xiu. （Zhou Zhenfu 2016, 25)

In a word, they all advocated prose and opposed parallel prose, which has exerted profound influence on the literary world at that time and later generations. Their successive waves of innovation of ancient prose has changed the obsolete appearence of poetry and prose.(Fang Wenben 2013, 1)

'''1. Han Yu'''
[[File:Han Yu.jpg]]

Han Yu was a litterateur, philosopher, and thinker of Tang Dynasty. He was a native in Heyang, now Jiaozuo city in Henan province. Han Yu was honored as "The Decline of Eight Generations" by Su Shi in Song Dynasty, as well as the head of Eight Masters of Prose in Tang and Song Dynasties. Han Yu was called "Han Liu" with Liu Zongyuan, and his proses were juxtaposed with Du Fu's poems as "Du poem Han pen" by Du Mu. He enjoyed the fame as "The Article Giant" and "Admired Literate of One Hundred Generations" with great works like forty volumes of Han Changli Collection, ten volumes of External collection and The Teacher's Theory.(Hou Benta 2014, 135)

Although disagreement in Liu Zongyuan’s political view, he still worked with Liu Zongyuan in the Ancient Prose Movement. As the pioneers, they were both against excessive pursuit of form of parallel prose but for the prose of Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties and both emphasized the importance of article’s contents so as to expand the expressive function of writing in classical Chinese.(He Lei 2017, 159)

'''2. Liu Zongyuan'''
[[File:Liu Zongyuan.jpg]]

Liu Zongyuan was a litterateur, philosopher, proser and thinker of the Tang Dynasty. His ancestral home was Hedong, now in Yongji area of Yuncheng in Shanxi province. He was known as "Liu Hedong", " Mr. Hedong ", as well as "Liu Liuzhou" because of his official end of feudal provincial of Liuzhou. He was born in Chang'an and became a Jinshi in the 9th year of Zhenyuan, later official supervisor of imperial censor.

He was juxtaposed with Han Yu as "Han Liu", with Liu Yuxi as "Liu Liu", with Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei Yingwu as "Wang Meng Wei Liu". In his lifetime of less than 50 years, he left us more than 600 poems with more achievements in writing than poetry. The "Liu He Dong Colloection" was one of his representatives.(Zhou Zhenfu 2016, 26)

He was a deep-thinking philosopher and great litterateur, who attached importance to the content of the article and advocated that writings should be practical. Therefore, he paid attention to the social function of literature and emphasized that literature should benefit the world. Moreover, he advocated the perfect combination of ideological content and artistic form with a serious attitude to writing. That means, it is important for the writer to have highly moral cultivation.(Zhangjian 2019, 1)

'''3. Ouyang Xiu'''
[[File:Ouyang Xiu.jpg]]

Ouyang Xiu was a statesman, litterateur, historian and poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was called the "Liu Yi scholar", which means that he had ten thousand volumes of collections, a thousand volumes of collections of inscriptions of Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties, a piano, a chess, a pot of wine and a drunk man alone. He was born in Mianzhou, now Mianyang city in Sichuan province, whose hometown is Jizhou Yongfeng, now Yongfeng county of Ji'an city in Jiangxi province.

Ouyang Xiu's poem, Ci and prose were all the crown of that time. His poem was smooth, lyrical and euphemistic with a similar prose style, which stresses on momentum while keeping natural smoothness. His Ci was profound and graceful, inheriting the Yu Feng of the Southern Tang Dynasty. The Anthology of Ouyang Wenzhong Gong was one of his representatives.

Ouyang Xiu inherited and carried forward the fine tradition of Han and Liu's ancient prose, and pioneered the Northern Song Dynasty poetry innovation movement. As the leader of this movement, he not only drove away the old style of writing in the literary world, but also opened up a new style in poetry and also a new field of creation by virtue of his own unique style and high talent. He has made new achievements and pushed the creation of poetry and prose to a new height.(Hou Benta 2014, 136)

'''4. Su Xun'''
[[File:Su Xun.jpg]]

Su Xun was a native of Meishan in Sichuan. When he was young, he performed poor in learning. At the age of 19, he married Mrs. Cheng. Later he determined to study hard at the age of 27. After a decade of hard work, he made huge progress in his academic field.

Su Xun was a man full of political ambition. He said that the main purpose of his works was "to speak for the world", and to "apply to the present". He put forward a whole set of ideas of political innovation in some important argumentative papers such as Heng Lun and The Book to the Emperor. Owing to his great understanding of social reality, he was good at summing up experience and lessons from past history. Therefore, putting aside certain pedantic and biased views in his political discourse, many of them were still right on the spot.

'''5. Su Shi'''
[[File:Su Shi.jpg]]

Su Shi, with a fame as "Dongpo Jushi", was a native in Meishan in Sichuan. He was a famous litterateur, calligrapher, essayist, Ci writer, poet and the representative of the Unconstrained Ci School in Northern Song Dynasty.

Su Shi was called "the first all-round talent in ancient China". He was regarded as one of the most outstanding men in literary and artistic attainments in thousands of years of Chinese history. He was called "Han Chao Su hai" with Han Yu in the prose area, "Ou Su" with Ouyang Xiu, "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian, and "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji in the Ci area,.(Zhou Zhenfu 2016, 28)

Su Shi's literary viewpoint was in line with Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasized the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature more. His literary thought emphasized "creating for certain purposes", advocating nature and getting rid of bondage.(Zhangjian 2019, 1) Su Shi was a leading figure in the literary circle of the Northern Song Dynasty after Ouyang Xiu. Moreover, Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao Buzhi and Zhang Lei, the four litterateurs of the Northern Song Dynasty, had been trained, rewarded and recommended by him, so they were called "Su Men Four bachelors".

'''6. Su Zhe'''
[[File:Su Zhe.jpg]]

Su Zhe was born in Meishan, Meizhou, now Sichuan province. In the the second year of Jiayou(AD 1057), Su Zhe, together with his brother Su Shi, climbed jinshi branch.

Su Zhe's prose showed the deep and mellow spirit. He had his own views on ancient writing. In the Book to Han Tai Wei in Privy Council, he put forward the theory of "literary style" . He performed well in politics and history. In his political works such as The New Theory and the Six States, he mostly discussed world affairs. From these works, we can draw lessons from the past and criticize the current problems. He was also very insightful in reform. In addition, he was also quite outstanding in Ode, such as his work the "Ode to Ink bamboo".(Zhou Zhenfu 2016, 29)

'''7. Wang Anshi'''
[[File:Wang Anshi.jpg]]

Wang Anshi, also known as Banshan in his twilight years, was conferred the title of Duke Jingguo. He was born in Linchuan in the Northern Song Dynasty, now Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province.

Wang Anshi was not only an outstanding politician and thinker, but also a brilliant litterateur. In order to realize his political ideal, he closely linked literary creation with political activities, emphasizing that literature should aim to serve the society first. That means, he emphasized the realistic function and social effect of articles, and advocated the unity of literature and Taoism. His prose largely carried out his literary opinions of enlightenment of political decrees for world use.(Zhou Zhenfu 2016, 30)

'''8. Zeng Gong'''
[[File:Zeng Gong.jpg]]

Zeng Gong was known as "Mr. Nan Feng". He was born in Nanfeng, Jianchang, now Nanfeng County, Fuzhou city, Jiangxi Province. In the second year of Jiayou(AD 1057), he became a Jinshi. As a politician and essayist of the Northern Song Dynasty and one of the "eight masters" of the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was also one of the "Seven Zengs of Nanfeng", including Zeng Gong, Zeng Zhao, Zeng Bu, Zeng Yu, Zeng Hong, Zeng Xie and Zeng Dun.

Zeng Gong was a supporter and participant of Ouyang Xiu's ancient prose movement. He advocated the doctrine before the text.(Zhangjian 2019,1) His prose was natural and simple with little attention to literary grace. Of the eight masters, he was the less affectionate one. His articles were rarely lyrical works, but mostly argumentation and narrative.(Zhou Zhenfu 2016,31) His prose was good at making arguments such as the Book to Ouyang She Ren, the Book to Bachelor CAI. In those works, he argued on the treatment of disorder and expressed his deep feelings.

'''9. Comparison between the Ancient Prose Movement and Renaissance'''

Although there were seven or eight hundred years from the Ancient Prose Movement to the Italian Renaissance,they both happened in the middle ancient period of their history respectively. Similarly, they both inherited the essence of classical culture and further completed the historical mission of literary retro. So we can regard them as historical peak in their cultures.(Lu Sihong 2016, 71)

Comparison in ideology:

The Ancient Prose Movement in Tang and Song dynasties advocated the restoration of Confucianism of the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties and the realization of the realistic goal of carrying the Tao in literature.(Lu Sihong 2016, 73) It was against the parallel prose and the floating style since the Six Dynasties but for the gentle and honest poetic concept. While the Renaissance, with classical culture as a tool, strongly criticized medieval theology and carried forward the humanism and scientific rational spirit of ancient Greece and Rome.(Wang Yaping 2001, 8) Their premise and foundation are their own classical thoughts.

Comparison in writing style:

The two retro movements were marked by the retro style to restore the creation mode of ancient prose, thus promoting the process of literary movement. The Ancient Prose Movement of in Tang and Song Dynasties studied the simple language style of the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, while the Renaissance restored the elegant and beautiful characteristics of the ancient Greek.(Lu Sihong 2016, 76)

Comparison in literary form:

The Ancient Prose Movement not only corrected the floating and rigid writing style of the Six Dynasties, but also laid a good foundation for the development of prose in later generations. It was in the form of scattered single sentences with less flowery and redundant allusions but more in colloquial language.(He Lei 2017, 159) Although the literary works of the Renaissance inherited the elegant style of classicism, it still changed obviously in the aspect of stylistic creation. Influenced by literary theories and works, Italian literature showed innovation in form. As Mr. Zhu Guangqian said: "Italian literature is a new type of literature different from classical literature.(Lu Sihong 2016,81)

===B. Terms and Expressions===
The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters 唐宋八大家

Banknotes of Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties 《唐宋八大家文钞》

Ancient Prose Movement 古文运动

parallel prose 骈文

The Decline of Eight Generations 文起八代之衰

The Article Giant 文章巨公

Admired Literate of One Hundred Generations 百代文宗

Han Changli Collection 《韩昌黎集》

External collection 《外集》

The Teacher's Theory《师说》

Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties 先秦两汉时期

writing in classical Chinese 文言文

feudal provincial of Liuzhou 柳州刺史

official supervisor of imperial censor 监察御史

Liu He Dong Colloection 《柳河东集》

Northern Song Dynasty 北宋

a thousand volumes of collections of inscriptions 金石遗文一千卷

Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties 三代

the crown of that time 一时之冠

Southern Tang Dynasty 南唐

Yu Feng 余风

The Anthology of Ouyang Wenzhong Gong 《欧阳文忠公文集》

the Northern Song Dynasty poetry innovation movement北宋诗文革新运动

Heng Lun 《衡论》

Duke Jingguo 荆国公

The Book to the Emperor 《上皇帝书》

Dongpo Jushi 东坡居士

Ci writer 词人

Unconstrained Ci School豪放派

literary and artistic attainments 文学艺术造诣

the first all-round talent in ancient China 中国古代第一全才

Su Men Four bachelors 苏门四学士

the Book to Han Tai Wei in Privy Council 《上枢密韩太尉书》

The New Theory《新论》

On the Six Kingdoms 《六国论》

Ode 赋

The Ode to Ink bamboo 《墨竹赋》

Seven Zengs of Nanfeng 南丰七曾

the doctrine before the text先道后文

the Book to Ouyang She Ren 《上欧阳舍人书》

the Book to Bachelor Cai 《上蔡学士书》

the Six Dynasties 六朝

===C. Questions===
1.Who are the pioneers of the Ancient Prose Movement?

2.Which kind of prose they advocate in the Ancient Prose Movement?

3.Do you know any representative work of Liu Zongyuan?

4.Why Ouyang Xiu is called "Liu Yi Scholar"?

5.What’s the relationship among Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe?

6.Who are the "Seven Zengs of Nanfeng"?

7.Do you know any about the Renaissance?

===D. Answers===

1.Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan.

2.The prose of Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties.

3.The "Liu He Dong Colloection".

4.Because he had ten thousands volumes of collections, a thousand volumes of collections of inscriptions of Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties, a piano, a chess, a pot of wine and a drunk man alone.

5.Su Xun is the father of Su Shi and Su Zhe and Su Shi is the older brother.

6.Zeng Gong, Zeng Zhao, Zeng Bu, Zeng Yu, Zeng Hong, Zeng Xie and Zeng Dun.

7.The Renaissance, with classical culture as a tool, strongly criticized medieval theology and carried forward the humanism and scientific rational spirit of ancient Greece and Rome.

===References===
Fang Wenben 房本文.(2013).士族兴衰与骈散消长—唐代古文运动发微 [The rise and fall of nobles and parallel prose- The subtleties of the Ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty]. Nanjing: Nanjing University 南京大学.

Hou Benta 候本塔.(2014). 论唐、宋古文运动中的韩愈与欧阳修 [On Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu in the Tang and Song Dynasties]. 三峡大学学报(人文社会科学版) Journal of Three Gorges University (Humanities and Social Sciences edition) 36(S1):135-137.

He Lei 何蕾.(2017). 中唐古文运动：社会转型背景下的文体之变 [The Ancient Prose Movement in the Middle Tang Dynasty: Stylistic Changes in the Context of social transformation]. 青海社会科学 Qinghai Social Sciences (03):156-162.

Lu Sihong 芦思宏.(2016). 略论中西文学的复古倾向—以唐代古文运动与意大利文艺复兴为例 [On the retro tendency in Chinese and Western Literature -- a case study of the Ancient Prose Movement in Tang Dynasty and the Italian Renaissanc].中外文化与文论 Chinese and Foreign culture and literary theory (01):71-81.

Wang Yaping 王亚平.(2001). 论西欧中世纪的三次文艺复兴 [On the three Renaissance in The Middle Ages in Western Europe]. 东北师大学报 Journal of Northeast Normal University (06):1-8.

Zhangjian 张剑.(2019). 唐宋古文运动的文学维度 [The literary dimension of the Ancient Prose Movement in Tang and Song Dynasties]. 人民政协报 People's Political Consultative Conference News 10-28(010).

Zhangjian 张剑.(2019). 唐宋古文运动的思想维度 [The ideological dimension of the Ancient Prose movement in Tang and Song Dynasties]. 人民政协报 People's Political Consultative Conference News 08-26(010).

Zhao Kun 赵鲲.(2016). 中国文学中的两大文学变革运动—古文运动与“五四”新文学运动之比较 [A comparison between the two major literary revolutions in Chinese literature - the Ancient Prose Movement and the May 4th New Literary Movement]. 解放军艺术学院学报 Journal of Pla Art Academy (01):113-119.

Zhou Zhenfu 周振甫.(2016). 唐宋八大家论 [On the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties]. 中华活页文选(教师版) Chinese Loose-leaf Selections (Teachers' edition) (12):25-31.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 01:38, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Music, Instruments, Pipa - Gao Mingzhu 高明珠 - 202070080585 - Translation 英语笔译==
===1. A Brief Introduction===

[[File:1.jpg|250px|thumb|left|The structure of Pipa. image from 360Baike. Click[https://image.so.com/view?q=%E7%90%B5%E7%90%B6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&src=srp&correct=%E7%90%B5%E7%90%B6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87&ancestor=list&cmsid=b749b87b72b5c9427d6560a39d41548f&cmras=6&cn=0&gn=0&kn=0&crn=0&bxn=0&fsn=60&cuben=0&pornn=0&manun=0&adstar=0&clw=247#id=22b2926be2637560e928bbc9318219fb&currsn=0&ps=58&pc=58]for original source.]]

Pipa belongs to plucked stringed instruments. Being made of wood or bamboo, its speaker box takes the shape of half pear with 4 strings on it ,which was made of silk initially while being made of steel wire, steel rope or nylon now. The "Pin(品，those wooden strips on Pipa’s face plate for pressing)" and "Xiang（相, those horizontal strips on Pipa’s neck for pressing）" are set on the face plate and neck respectively to determine the positions of different sounds. When playing, the player holds it erectly using the left hand to press the string and the right hand to play. It is an important ethnic musical instrument which can be used in recital, accompaniment and ensemble. Pipa has a wide range of vocal range. Its playing skills rank the first in Chinese national instruments and its performance forms are also the most abundant in Chinese folk music, it is thus called the No.1 in plucked instruments.(360baike 2020)

Pipa belongs to plucked stringed instruments. It is made of wood or bamboo, and its speaker box is half pear-shaped with 4 strings on it which was made of silk initially while being made of steel wire, steel rope or nylon now. The "Pin(品，those wooden strips on Pipa’s face plate for pressing)" and "Xiang（相, those horizontal strips on Pipa’s neck for pressing)" are set on the face plate and neck respectively to determine the positions of different sounds. When playing, the player holds it erectly and presses the strings with the left hand and plays them with the right hand. It is an important ethnic musical instrument which can be used in recital, accompaniment and ensemble. Pipa has a wide range of vocal range. Its playing skills rank first in Chinese national instruments and its performance forms are also the most abundant in Chinese folk music, it is thus called the No.1 in plucked instruments.(360baike 2020) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 06:43, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===2.The Development of Pipa===

The development of The Chinese pipa has gone through four stages: first, the Qu Xiang pipa（curving-neck pipa） was introduced into China in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and became an important musical instrument; In the second stage, the art of pipa reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, turning a breakthrough in timbre and performance technology and realizing the Chinesization. In the third stage, pipa in the Song and Yuan Dynasties with the requirements of vocal accompaniment to increase the grade, expand the range; In the fourth stage, large-scale pipa divertimentoes were further developed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

The development of The Chinese pipa has gone through four stages: First, the Qu Xiang pipa (curving-neck pipa) was introduced to China during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and became an important instrument. In the second stage, the art of pipa reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty, making a breakthrough in timbre and performance techniques and realizing the Chinesization. In the third stage, pipa in the Song and Yuan Dynasties with the requirements of vocal accompaniment to increase the grade, expand the range; In the fourth stage, large-scale pipa divertimentoes were further developed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.(Deng Sijia 2020,10) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 06:52, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the pipa was just introduced into the Central Plains. With the high frequency of population migration, the pipa spread to the south, especially the south of the Yangtze River. The pipa's playing style was just introduced into the Central Plains, but it still retained its strong western characteristics. In the western regions back then, the pipa playing was an on-horseback entertainment project, the initial pipa culture belonged to the nomadic music culture which created by people who graze animals, hunt for food and ride horses without definite residence. All of these determined its way of playing was unchained and heroic. And the unrestrained nature of nomad tribe determined the simple way of playing in pipa. There was only one way to play pipa, which was plucking the strings with fingers. In addition, the playing posture of pipa back then mainly was horizontal holding style .(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16)

During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the pipa was just introduced into the Central Plains. With the high frequency of population migration, the pipa spread to the south, especially the south of the Yangtze River. The pipa's playing style was just introduced into the Central Plains, but it still retained its strong western characteristics. In the western regions back then, the pipa playing was an on-horseback entertainment project, the initial pipa culture belonged to the nomadic music culture which created by people who graze animals, hunt for food and ride horses without definite residence. All of these determined its way of playing was unchained and heroic. And the unrestrained nature of nomad tribe determined the simple way of playing in pipa. There was only one skill in playing the pipa, which was plucking the strings with fingers. In addition, the playing posture of pipa back then mainly was horizontal holding style.(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 06:52, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, having experienced many years of exchanges between the nomadic culture of western regions and the traditional culture of Central Plains, pipa’s inherent western-region playing style gradually disappeared. Chinese traditional instrument playing style melted in its playing characteristics, and the pipa made great breakthroughs in playing skills and artistic expression and other aspects. During this period, pipa was still played mainly by plucking the strings, but it had changed from the original plucking to pointing, and the posture of playing changed from the initial horizontal holding style to vertical holding style. After receiving the baptism of Chinese traditional culture for hundreds of years, pipa's unrestrained playing style brought into the central Plains changed into an introverted and elegant playing style, and it also changed from a music playing on the horseback to a music playing in the court. The performance occasions had undergone a qualitative change, and the playing style was more of a minority and delicacy.(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16)

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, having experienced many years of exchanges between the nomadic culture of western regions and the traditional culture of Central Plains, pipa’s inherent western-region playing style gradually disappeared. And it was replaced by Chinese traditional instrument playing style with a major breakthrough in playing skills and artistic expression. During this period, pipa was still played mainly by plucking the strings, but its initial plucking style had transitioned to finger-playing, and the posture of playing the pipa changed from the initial horizontal holding style to vertical holding style. After receiving the baptism of Chinese traditional culture for hundreds of years, pipa's unrestrained playing style brought into the central Plains changed into an introverted and elegant playing style, and it also changed from a music playing on the horseback to a music playing in the court. The performance occasions had undergone a qualitative change, and the playing style was more of a minority and delicacy.(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:12, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the methods and skills of pipa performance were more mature, and the playing methods and postures had been formed. Compared with the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the pipa performance at this time was dominated by finger-playing, giving full play to the flexible playing function of the five fingers, and the posture of performance became dominated by vertical holding style. It can be seen that the range of the audience of pipa performance changed from small to large. Pipa performance was enjoyed by dignitaries and rich people at that time. Pipa performance was specially performed on large formal occasions to entertain and adjust the atmosphere on the scene.(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16)

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the methods and playing skills of pipa performance were more mature, and its playing methods and postures had been formed. Compared with the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the pipa performance at this time was dominated by finger-playing, giving full play to the flexible playing function of the five fingers, and the posture of performance became dominated by vertical holding style. It can be seen that the audience of pipa performance has changed from less to more. Pipa performance was enjoyed by dignitaries and rich people at that time. Pipa performance was specially performed on large formal occasions to entertain and adjust the atmosphere on the scene. (Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:12, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the way people playing pipa still continued the finger-playing style in the Song and Yuan dynasties, and the posture of playing pipa remained upright. However, after inheriting the essence, players were more in pursuit of systematization, specialization and refinement of performance. As people did more studies on culture, the pipa playing performance became more systematic, which put limitations and restrictions to the theme as well as the style of pipa playing. What’s more, the studies on pipa mostly made by scholars, thus the pipa playing took the literary characteristics. The change of pipa playing style also made its audience change, so not every class of the group can appreciate its beauty.(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16)

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the way people playing pipa still continued the finger-playing style in the Song and Yuan dynasties, and the posture of playing the pipa also kept vertical. However, after inheriting the essence, players were more in pursuit of systematization, specialization and refinement in their performance. As people did more studies on culture, the pipa playing performance became more systematic, which put limitations and restrictions to the theme as well as the style of pipa playing. What’s more, the studies on pipa mostly made by scholars, thus the pipa playing took the literary characteristics. The change of pipa playing style also made its audience change, so the common people without cultural accumulation often cannot appreciate its beauty.(Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying 2018,16) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:12, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===3.Pipa Schools and Their Chracteristics===

The main reason for the formation of various Pipa schools in China was that the southwards moving of economic center in ancient China which made the pipa school be divided into the North school and the South school. Later, the North school collapsed and the South School broke up into various factions.(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

The formation of Pipa schools in China was due to the southwards moving of the economic center in ancient China which made the pipa school be divided into the North school and the South school. Later, the North school collapsed and the South School broke up into various factions.(Deng Sijia 2020,10) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

(1)The Wuxi school

The Wuxi school belongs to the original North school, and is different from the South school in terms of the tremolo. It plays a role as a connection in the development of pipa, laying a solid foundation for the development of later generations. Although Wuxi school was not as influential as the South school, it left a precious record in the expression of emotion in pipa art.(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

The Wuxi School belongs to the Northern School and differs from the Southern School in terms of finger rotation method. It plays a role as a connection in the development of pipa, laying a solid foundation for the development of later generations. Although Wuxi school was not as influential as the South school, it left a precious record in the expression of emotion in pipa art.(Deng Sijia 2020,10) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

(2)The Pinghu school

The most distinctive performing techniques of the pipa are the Pinghu school's tremolo of the right hand fingers. It also has other characteristic techniques such as " paired butterfly flying" .(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

The most distinctive performing techniques of the pipa are the Pinghu school's rotation method of the right hand fingers. It also has other characteristic techniques such as " paired butterfly flying" .(Deng Sijia 2020,10) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:32, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

(3)The Pudong School

Pudong School is named after its birthplace. It is called Pudong School because it originated in Nanhui District of Shanghai. It was founded by Ju Shilin in the Qianlong Period of the Qing Dynasty and passed down from generation to generation. In the aspect of style, the imposing manner is strong, the timbre is forceful, the repertoire is both literary and military; In terms of playing skills, it has its own characteristics, including parallel string and so on.(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

Pudong School is named after its birthplace. It is called Pudong School because it originated in Nanhui District of Shanghai. It was founded by Ju Shilin in the Qianlong Period of the Qing Dynasty and passed down from generation to generation. In the aspect of style, the imposing manner is strong, the timbre is forceful, the repertoire is both civil and military; In terms of playing skills, it has its own characteristics, including parallel string and rolling of four strings.(Deng Sijia 2020,10) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 11:39, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

(4)The Chongming school

The Chongming school also originated in Shanghai, and is called the Chongming School because it originated in Chongming Island. In terms of playing techniques, The Chongming school pursues to be clear and dense, sparse and vigorous, advocates the continuance in the slow, the order in the fast, and the soft and lively sound. In the aspect of emotional expression, it tends to be humorous and quiet, unique.(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

The Chongming school also originated in Shanghai, and is called the Chongming School because it originated in Chongming Island. In terms of playing techniques, the Chongming school pursues to be clear and dense, sparse and vigorous, advocates the continuity in the slow, the order in the fast, and soft and lively sound. In terms of emotional expression, it tends to be humorous and quiet, unique.(Deng Sijia 2020,10) --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 11:39, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

(5)The Shanghai school

This school gathers the characteristics of each school and has its own characteristics. In terms of playing techniques, it has created many new fingering techniques and most of the emotional expressions are characterized by masculinity and unrestraint.(Deng Sijia 2020,10)

===4. Traditional Pipa Music===

Traditional pipa music can be divided into military songs, literary songs and military-literary songs.

Military songs emphasize the playing skills and strength of the right hand. Its style is magnificent, generous and grand. The music focuses on narration being realistic and narrative. It is often narrated continuously according to the development of content and plot. It has a large structure, vivid and colorful plot, and distinct paragraphs.(Cheng Xuange 2020,29) The representative repertoires are "Ambush on All Sides", "Bury Me High", "Hai Qing Hunting the Swan", "General Order in the Han Dynasty". [Maybe you could add the Pinyin version of these songs' names or add them into the terms and expressions so as to let readers know the Chinese.] --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:16, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

Literary song emphasizes the expression of the left hand skill with the style of being exquisite, light, elegant and lyric. It is mainly for lyrical expression and rich in generality and talking. It often expresses the profound heart talking or the artistic conception that people are looking forward to with simple and moving melody or beautiful and fresh tone.(Cheng Xuange 2020,29) Its representative repertoires are "Flute and Drum at Sunset", "Zhao Jun Going Abroad", "Autumn Moon over Han Palace", "The Lofty Moon", "The Green Lotus", "Whisper from Pipa", "Frontier Songs" and so on.

Literary song emphasizes the expression of the left-hand skill with the style of being exquisite, light, elegant and lyric. It is mainly for lyrical expression and rich in generality and talking. It often expresses the profound inner talking or the artistic conception that people are looking forward to in a simple and moving melody or in a beautiful and fresh tone.(Cheng Xuange 2020,29) Its representative repertoires are "Flute and Drum at Sunset", "Zhao Jun Going Abroad", "Autumn Moon over Han Palace", "The Lofty Moon", "The Green Lotus", "Whisper from Pipa", "Frontier Songs" and so on. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:04, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Military-literary song is the combination of martial song and literary song. The representative songs are "The Spring Snow", "High Mountain and Flowing Water", "Dragon Boat", "Flute and Drum at Sunset" and so on.

===References===

*360百科 “琵琶”词条[The introduction of pipa on 360 Baike website].https://baike.so.com/doc/4922064-5141209.html.2020

*Deng Sijia. 邓思佳. (2020). 中国琵琶流派问题及特征 [Schools and characteristics of Chinese pipa]. ''艺术家'' (10):56.

*Zhou Xianshun, Zhang Yuying. 周显顺, 张玉莹. (2018). 浅谈琵琶演奏的发展史 [A brief analysis of the development of the playing of pipa]. ''黄河之声'' (16):56.

*Cheng Xuange. 成玄歌. (2020). 琵琶不同派别与文曲、武曲的关系——以平湖派和浦东派为例 [The relationship between literary songs and military songs and different schools of pipa -Taking Pinghu School and Pudong School as examples]. ''艺术品鉴'' (29):51-52.

[Please correct your format of your references.] --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

===6.Terms and Expressions===

*弹拨乐器—plucked instruments

*汉化—Chinesization

*套曲—divertimentoes

*游牧民族—nomad tribe

*宫廷乐—court music

*轮指法—tremolo

*音色—timbre

*曲目—repertoire

*并弦—parallel string

*指法—fingering techniques

===7.Questions===

1、How many stages did pipa go through during its development?

2、What characteristics did pipa have during Wei and Jin dynasties?

3、What changes had been made to pipa during Ming and Qing dynasties?

4、How many schools does pipa have and what are they?

5、Can you list at least 3 representative repertoires of literary songs played by pipa?

===8.Answers===

1、Four.

2、It still retained its strong western characteristics, and the playing way of it is unchained, heroic and simple.

3、The pipa playing performance became more systematic, which put limitations and restrictions to the theme as well as the style of pipa playing. What’s more, the studies on pipa mostly made by scholars, thus the pipa playing took the literary characteristics.

4、Five. They are Wuxi school, Pinghu school, Pudong School, Chongming school andShanghai school.

5、"Flute and Drum at Sunset", "Zhao Jun Going Abroad", "Autumn Moon over Han Palace", "The Lofty Moon", "The Green Lotus", "Whisper from Pipa", "Frontier Songs" .

[Please change your sections into the following form.] --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:02, 14 December 2020 (UTC)
===Terms and Expressions===

==Mythology: Huli-jing - Grosheva, Anna - Student No. 201921080001. Major - Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies==

=== Huli-jing figure in Chinese mythology and its analogs in Japan and Korea ===

The topic of werewolves in the XXI century is perhaps one of the most discussed and studied. Along with vampires and zombies, the image of werewolves is firmly entrenched in world cinema and literature. However, as a rule, speaking about the motives for the transformation of a person into an animal, most people have information mainly about lycanthropy, that is, about the specific transformation of a person into a wolf (werewolf). At the same time, the theme of werewolves is represented by a fairly large number of transformations of a person not only into a wolf but also into other animals. In Chinese mythology, one of the most popular werewolf myths is the myth of the Huli Jing or werewolf foxes. In the Middle Ages, these myths were very popular and in-demand among writers. But what is the attitude of Huli-Jing in modern China? Are they given a place in modern culture, or do werewolf foxes now sound more like a kind of atavism or a children's fairy tale? (Xu Zhonglin, 1992, 57)

[[File:fox.jpg|400px|thumb|left|Nine Tailed Fox by ARIELAkris, image from DeviantArt. Click [https://www.deviantart.com/arielakris/art/Nine-Tailed-Fox-384738575]for original source.]]

'''1. Huli-jing (狐狸精) in China'''

First, we need to recreate the image of the Huli-Jing and what was seen in ancient and medieval China. Most often, the Huli-Jing was presented in the form of not just a young, but extremely beautiful women. Interestingly, the image of werewolf foxes has been known in China since the times of the Xia dynasty and its founder Yu, who married a nine-tailed white fox who lived on Mount Tu. People, especially women, believed that due to the cult of the fox, they would be able to gain unearthly beauty and immortality. The official authorities of the ancient and medieval dynasties tried to resist the representatives of the Huli Jing cult, but it was only during the Song dynasty reign. At that time the cult of the fox, including the cult of Da Ji, was almost completely destroyed. However, the cult and image of Huli Jing were not fully eradicated in other parts of China. Probably, a more competent decision in between acolytes area was made to give the werefox woman more kind and compassionate traits, which in one way or another should justify her image compared to the cruel ancestor. (Kang Xiaofei, 2006, 206)

Perhaps the most striking examples of where the changed image of the Huli Jing is found can be called the stories of Pu Songlin about werewolf foxes. It is his stories, where girls are subject to the curse of turning into foxes, that reflect their position as hostages of their own life situations or even fears. The theme of fatal love in the stories of werefoxes appears as a continuous line in Pu Songling tales. This suggests that despite the fact that Huli Jing strives for happiness, she remains a spirit that is not a person. In addition, despite the altered level of female foxes, they will still bear the curse of their savage ancestors, who personified evil in its purest form, and therefore there can be no happy ending for those who bear such heavy punishment. (Pu Song-ling, 2008, 187)

Of course, the image of the Huli Jing as a mythological character by the 21st century was constantly supplemented with small details. We can say that most of the works of literature and cinema, in which the werewolf fox was encountered, for the most part, were very strongly romanticized. Remaining in its own way a relatively neutral character, Huli Jing nevertheless gradually becomes one of the most popular characters of many writers and screenwriters, not only in China but also in many other countries. A striking and original example of where the Huli Jing appears is the work of the writer Ken Liu entitled "Good Hunt". The author presents not only a very interesting view of the Huli Jing but also explains why the legendary characters of Chinese mythology are gradually disappearing from the memory of the Chinese people. (Ken Liu, 2012, 202.)

In addition to literary works, Huli Jing is quite often encountered in Chinese cinema, as an episodic character or a protagonist. One of the most striking images of a werewolf fox can be considered the film "Painted Skin (畫皮)", where the main character is Huli Jing and must eat men's hearts to maintain her youth and beauty. This film is based on the story of Pu Songling and is one of the key works of cinema and modern Chinese culture, which fully reveals the tragedy of the werewolf fox. Besides, Huli Jing is featured in a fairly large number of Chinese television series, each of which gives its own view of what character Huli Jing should be. [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%AB%E7%9A%AE_(2008%E5%B9%B4%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)]

Quite a lot of information about werewolf foxes can be obtained from the TV series "The Legend of the Nine-Tailed Fox" released in 2016. The main interest here is not only a rather vivid description of the Huli Jing, which according to the plot are one family and are forced to seek and return to their place the sacred fruit from the magic garden. This, perhaps, is an attempt to provide an explanation of the true nature of werewolf foxes, who for a long time rushed from good to evil. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_Nine_Tails_Fox]

To sum up, I would like to note that the transformation of the image of Huli Jing took place at a gradual pace. Since the reign of the ancient Chinese dynasties, the image of werefoxes has been predominantly negative and associated with deceit, seduction, and intrigue. But further, the situation changed in connection with the development of the cults of foxes, which they tried to give the appearance of “victims of circumstances,” and all the negative features are just a slight exaggeration. Thanks to Pu Songling, the Huli Jing truly became much more positive beings, and the stories about them were presented in terms of stories of unfortunate and unhappy love. The appearance of the Huli Jing, which rushes from good to evil for many years, has been romanticized and transformed, becoming a more positive character, although not devoid of some negative features. (Pu Song-ling, 2008, 141)

'''2. Kitsune (キツネ) in Japan'''

In Japanese folklore, these animals have great knowledge, long life, and magical abilities. Chief among them is the ability to take shapeshift themselves; the fox, according to legend, learns to do this after reaching a certain age (usually a hundred years old, although in some legends it is fifty). Kitsune usually take the form of seductive beauty, a pretty young girl, but sometimes they turn into men. It should be noted that in Japanese mythology there was a mixture of indigenous Japanese beliefs that characterized the fox as an attribute of the god Inari ("Fox-messenger") and the Chinese, who considered foxes to be werewolves, a genus close to demons. Other abilities commonly ascribed to kitsune include the ability to take possession of other people's bodies, to breathe out or otherwise create fire, to appear in other people's dreams, and the ability to create illusions so complex that they are almost indistinguishable from reality. Some of the legends go further, talking about kitsune with the ability to warp space and time, drive people crazy, or take on such inhuman or fantastic forms as trees of indescribable height or the second moon in the sky. ( Bathgate Michael, 2004, 102 )

Kitsunes are associated with both Shinto and Buddhist beliefs. In Shinto, kitsune are associated with Inari, the patron deity of rice fields and entrepreneurship. Initially, foxes were the messengers (tsukai) of this deity, but now the difference between them has become so blurred that Inari is sometimes depicted as a fox by himself. In Buddhism, they gained fame thanks to the Shingon school of secret Buddhism, popular in the 9th-10th centuries in Japan, one of the main deities of which, Dakini, was depicted riding a fox across the sky. A kitsune can have up to nine tails. In general, it is believed that the older and stronger the foxes are, the more tails they have. Some sources even claim that a kitsune grows an extra tail every hundred or thousand years of its life. However, foxes found in fairy tales almost always have one, five, or nine tails. When kitsune are given nine tails, their fur turns silvery, white, or gold. ( Bathgate Michael, 2004, 96 )

'''3. Kumiho (구미호) in Korea'''

Kumiho - (구 "ku" - nine, 미 "mi" - tail, 호 "ho" - fox - "fox with nine tails") is a folklore animal, the fox of which is first mentioned in the era of Gojoseon. According to legends, only a fox that lives for a thousand years can become 구미호. One of her superpowers is transforming into a beautiful girl. Although in myths there are also references to the becoming of a charming young man. In this form, the mythical animal fell in love with the opposite sex, and then ate their liver (according to some beliefs, and the heart). Why exactly the liver? We can say that the liver contains human energy, that is, we eat and receive the energy that our liver stores. In a later period, kumiho, according to numerous legends, could get rid of the status of a monster and become a man forever. There are several ways: 구미호 will not eat human flesh and kill for a thousand days. The second option is to eat the liver of a thousand men over a thousand years. The third - will live in a cave without sunlight, eating only wormwood and garlic. And also, if the person who recognized her as 구미호 in human form, keeps this secret for ten years.
[https://thesupernaturalfoxsisters.com/2015/06/03/monster-of-the-week-kumiho/]

===Terms and Expressions===

Shapeshifter – 成精

Creature –生物

Seductive –诱人的

Damnation –诅咒

Metaphor –隐喻

Ascribe –属性

Indigenous –土着

Deity – 反面人物

Liver – 肝脏

===References===

1. Bathgate, Michael 迈克尔·巴斯盖特 (2004). The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Folklore: Shapeshifters, Transformations, and Duplicities. 狐狸在日本宗教和民间传说中的手工艺：变身者，转变和重复。// Routledge. -2004. - 190.

2. Pu Song-ling 蒲松龄. (2008). Fox charm. Monks-wizards. 狐狸的魅力。僧侣向导。// Eastern literature 东方文学。 –2008. - 280.

3. Kang Xiaofei 康小飞. (2006). The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China. 狐狸的崇拜：帝国晚期和近代中国//Columbia University Press 哥伦比亚大学出版社的权力，性别和大众宗教. – New York 纽约, 2006. – 269.

4. Ken Liu 刘坚. (2012). Good Hunting 狩猎愉快.// Strange Horizons 奇怪的地平线. - 2012. - 431.

5. Xu Zhonglin 徐忠林. Creation of the Gods 上帝的创造.// Translated by Gu Zhizhong 顾志忠译. – Beijing 北京, 1992. – 551.

6. Wikipedia 维基百科 - Painted Skin (2008 film) 畫皮 (2008年電影) - https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%AB%E7%9A%AE_(2008%E5%B9%B4%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)

7. Wikipedia 维基百科 - Legend of Nine Tails Fox 青丘狐传说 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_Nine_Tails_Fox

8. The Supernatural Fox Sisters 邪恶力量狐狸姐妹 - Monster of the Week: Kumiho - https://thesupernaturalfoxsisters.com/2015/06/03/monster-of-the-week-kumiho/

===Questions===

1. What was the attitude towards the Huli Jing in Ancient China?

2. Can we characterize Kitsune as a positive or negative character?

3. Could Kumiho become human forever?

===Answers===

1. Initially, in ancient China, Huli Jing was perceived in a negative context. Only later, towards the Middle Ages, the attitude towards them changed and people began to perceive them as victims of circumstances.

2. In Japanese mythology, Kitsune was not unambiguously good or bad creatures.

3. In a later period, Kumiho, according to numerous legends, could get rid of the status of a monster and become a man forever.
References ..................

==Chinese Characters - Gu Dongfang 顾东方 - 202070080635 - Interpretation 英语口译==
===Chinese Characters===

===Origin===

Chinese characters, also known as Hanzi (漢字) are one of the earliest forms of written language in the world, dating back approximately five thousand years.According to legend, Chinese characters were invented earlier by Cangjie (c. 2650 B.C.E.), a bureaucrat under the legendary emperor, Fu Hsi. The legend tells that Cangjie was hunting on Mount Yangxu (today Shanxi) when he saw a tortoise whose veins caught his curiosity. Inspired by the possibility of a logical relation of those veins, he studied the animals of the world, the landscape of the earth, and the stars in the sky, and invented a symbolic system called zì—Chinese characters. It was said that on the day the characters were born, Chinese heard the devil mourning, and saw crops falling like rain, as it marked the beginning of civilization, for good and for bad.（Boltz, William G. 2003）

===Evolution of Chinese characters===

Chinese characters from the earliest Chinese hieroglyphs to today’s simple characters have undergone through a very long process of development which can be divided into two periods: ancient writing and modern writing. Associated with these two periods, Chinese characters had experienced several times of evolution into many different script forms. Oracle bone script of the Shang Dynasty (1711–1066 BC) is the earliest systematic form of Chinese characters inscribed on animal bones and tortoise shells. Then Chinese characters evolved through the bronze script of the Zhou Dynasty (1066–256 century BC), seal scrip in the late Zhou Dynasty and Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC), official script in the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) and regular script. Based on pictographs, Chinese characters gradually developed from the form of drawings to strokes and from complex to simple ones.(Wang Xianchun 2002)

===Ancient Chinese characters===

====Oracle bone script====

Oracle bone script (Chinese: 甲骨文, Pinyin: jiăgŭwén) is the inscription on animal bones and tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty (1711–1066 BC). It was first excavated by the local farmers in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province and was sold as a kind of traditional Chinese medicine called “long” (dragon bones).

====Bronze script====

In the “Age of Bronze Ware” of China during the period of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, bronze ware was cast as a container, and most often as the sacrificial vessels to inscribe great events such as sacrifice, battle results, trade of slaves, etc. in a style just like the oracle bone script. In the Shang Dynasty, the inscriptions on bronze ware had very few characters, the form of which is extremely close to that of the oracle bone script. The size, complexity, formation of the Chinese characters are inconsistent. However, in the Zhou Dynasty, the characters in bronze inscriptions were simpler, and the size and formation were more fixed. The bronze inscriptions looked like drawings but had made significant progress from pictographic forms to block-shaped linear words we use today.（ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）

====Seal script====
Toward the end of the Zhou Dynasty, a new script called the “seal script” (Chinese: 篆书, Pinyin: zhuànshū) begun to be used in Qin State. This script was usually written on bamboo slips and pieces of silk or inscribed on rocks and stones. Owing to the regular and symmetric structure, rounded and graceful lines, it is deemed to be the most beautiful style of characters in ancient China by calligraphers. It is still used for inscribing names on a seal today. There are two kinds of seal script: large or great seal script and lesser or small seal script.The large seal script (Chinese: 大篆, Pinyin: dàzhuàn) is a traditional reference to all types of Chinese writing systems used before the Qin Dynasty. However, due to the lack of research achievements and precision, scholars often avoid the large seal script, instead of using more specified terms to the examples of writing. The large seal script was widely used in many vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period (770–476 BC).After the Qin State conquered the other six states and established the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC), Emperor Qinshihuang unified characters in order to strengthen his control. Based on the Large Seal script and rearranging the variant forms of characters in each state, the unified characters were decreed, called lesser or small seal script (Chinese: 小篆, Pinyin: xiăozhuàn) which was the official style of characters in Qin Dynasty used for all the documents of the government. It was the result of the first extensive simplification and standardization of Chinese characters. Compared with the oracle bone script and bronze script, in the lesser seal script, the forms of characters were simpler, the writing method was consistent, and the character pattern was more orderly.
The Ancient Writing Period, from the earliest known oracle bone script to the development of the seal script, lasted about 1,160 years. And the lesser seal script marked the end of the ancient Chinese characters.（ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）

Toward the end of the Zhou Dynasty, a new script called the “seal script” (Chinese: 篆书, Pinyin: zhuànshū) began to be used in Qin State.
and all of the above three points ignored the quote, please add them up.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:23, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Modern characters===
====Clerical script====

After the unification of China, the seal script was still popular, but could not satisfy the needs of people because of its lengthened and curved lines being written were quite time-consuming, so another faster and convenient style of writing called “clerical script” (Chinese: 隶书, Pinyin: lìshū) appeared during the late of the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty (206 BC — 220 AD). In order to save time, they changed the rounded lines into straight ones which became the officially approved formal way of writing. There is also a historical legend which attributed the creation of a clerical script to Cheng Miao, who was said to have invented it on the orders of Qinshihuang.
From the clerical change to the present, it has been more than 2,200 years. This the period in the historical development of Chinese characters is still called modern because the structures of Chinese characters have remained the same until today. Although there has not been any change about the structures of Chinese characters since the clerical change, the strokes of Chinese characters have undergone two main stages: regularization and normalization.（ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）

After the unification of China, the seal script was still popular, but could not satisfy the needs of people.Because of its lengthened and curved lines, it took more time to write.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:29, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

====Regular script====

Toward the end of the Han Dynasty, the strokes with the wavy endings and some thick curvy lines seen in the clerical script became smooth and straight. This change is known as “regularization” after which the characters called the regular script (Chinese: 楷书, Pinyin: kăishū) appeared at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220)and replaced the clerical script to be the major font of daily writing. The regular script could serve as an example of learning by the people generation after generation even up to the present days because it is much simpler and easier to be written than the clerical script. So many calligraphers like Zhong Yao in the Three Kingdoms Period (220–280 AD), Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317–420 AD), Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, and Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty (618–907), Su Shi in the Song Dynasty (960–1279) contributed to the regular script as the standard for students to admire, imitate and learn. It has been the standard and formal writing style for more than 1,800 years with the widest and longest usage.

Toward the end of the Han Dynasty, the strokes with the wavy endings and some thick curvy lines seen in the clerical script became smooth and straight. This change is known as “regularization” after which the characters called the regular script (Chinese: 楷书, Pinyin: kăishū) appeared at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25–220)and replaced the clerical script to be the major font of daily writing. The regular script could serve as an example of learning by the people for generations even up to the present days because it is much simpler and easier to be written than the clerical script. So many calligraphers like Zhong Yao in the Three Kingdoms Period (220–280 AD), Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317–420 AD), Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, and Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty (618–907), Su Shi in the Song Dynasty (960–1279) contributed to the regular script as the standard for students to admire, imitate and learn. It has been the standard and formal writing style for more than 1,800 years with the widest and longest usage. （ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）
===Formation of Chinese characters===

====Pictograms====

Contrary to popular belief, pictograms make up only a small portion of Chinese characters. While characters in this class derive from pictures, they have been standardized, simplified, and stylized to make them easier to write, and their derivation is therefore not always obvious. Examples include 日 (rì) for "sun," 月 (yuè) for "moon," and 木 (mù) for "tree."

====Pictophonetic compounds====

Also called semantic-phonetic compounds, or phono-semantic compounds, this category represents the largest group of characters in modern Chinese. Characters of this sort are composed of two parts: a pictograph, which suggests the general meaning of the character, and a phonetic part, which is derived from a character pronounced in the same way as the word the new character represents.Examples are 河 (hé) river, 湖 (hú) lake, 流 (liú) stream, 冲 (chōng) riptide, 滑 (huá) slippery. All these characters have on the left a radical of three dots, which is a simplified pictograph for a water drop, indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water; the right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator.（ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）
====Ideograph ====

Also called a simple indicative, simple ideograph, or ideogram, characters of this sort either add indicators to pictographs to make new meanings, or illustrate abstract concepts directly. For instance, while 刀 (dāo) is a pictogram for "knife," placing an indicator in the knife makes 刃 (rèn), an ideogram for "blade." Other common examples are 上 (shàng) for "up" and 下 (xià) for "down." This category is small, as most concepts can be represented by characters in other categories.（ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）
====Logical aggregates====

Also translated as associative compounds, characters of this sort combine pictograms to symbolize an abstract concept. For instance, 木 (mu) is a pictogram of a tree, and putting two 木together makes 林 ,meaning forest. Combining 日 (rì) sun and 月(yuè) moon makes 明(míng) bright, which is traditionally interpreted as symbolizing the combination of sun and moon as the natural sources of light. quote missing--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:54, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

====Associate transformation====

Characters in this category originally didn't represent the same meaning but have bifurcated through orthographic and often semantic drift. For instance, 考 (kǎo) to verify and 老 (lǎo) old were once the same character, meaning "elderly person," but detached into two separate words. Characters of this category are rare, so in modern systems this group is often omitted or combined with others.（ Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia，2005）

Also called phonetic loan characters, this category covers cases where an existing character is used to represent an unrelated word with similar pronunciation; sometimes the old meaning is then lost completely, as with characters such as 自 (zì), which has lost its original meaning of nose completely and exclusively means oneself, or 萬 (wan), which originally meant scorpion but is now used only in the sense of ten thousand.(Liu Youxin)

===Simplification of Chinese characters===

The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters varies greatly, and can depend on both the local customs and the medium. Before the official reform, character simplifications were not officially sanctioned and generally adopted vulgar variants and idiosyncratic substitutions. Orthodox variants were mandatory in printed works, while the (unofficial) simplified characters would be used in everyday writing or quick notes. Since the 1950s, and especially with the publication of the 1964 list, the People's Republic of China has officially adopted simplified Chinese characters for use in mainland China, while Hong Kong, Macau, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) were not affected by the reform. There is no absolute rule for using either system, and often it is determined by what the target audience understands, as well as the upbringing of the writer.(简化字的昨天、今天和明天. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2010.)
===Terms and expressions===

1.Oracle Bone Inscriptions 甲骨文

2.Bronze Inscriptions 金文

3.Small seal characters 小篆

4.Official script 隶书

5.Regular script 楷书

6.Cursive writing 草书

7.Cang Jie 仓颉

8.Clerical script 楷书

9.Su Shi 苏轼

10. Wang Xizhi 王羲之

11.Ou Yangxun 欧阳询

12.Yan Zhenqing 颜真卿

13.Pictograms 象形

14. Pictophonetic compounds 指事

15.Ideograph 会意

16.Logical aggregates 形声

17.Associate transformation 转注

18.Borrowing 假借

===Question===
1.How many Chinese characters are there?

2.How many letters are in the Chinese alphabet?

3. How many formations of Chinese characters? What are they?

===Answers===
1. According to the latest statics, there are nearly 91251 Chinese characters recorded .

2. There are 26 letters in Chinese alphabet.

3. Six formations are included in Chinese characters system, and they are Pictograms
Pictophonetic compounds,Ideograph, Logical aggregates, Associate transformation,Borrowing

===References===

1.王显春. 汉字的起源[M]. 学林出版社, 2002.

2.刘又辛. "关于汉字发展史的几个问题(上)." 语文建设 12(1998):34-37.

3.Boltz, William G. 2003. The origin and the development of the Chinese writing system. (American Oriental series), v. 78. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society. ISBN 0940490188

4.Chinese Characters, Chinese Culture and Chinese Mind . Yu Xinjia and Xue Ruijia, https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/12-Yuxin-Jia-Xuerui-Jia.pdf,2005.

==Handcraft - Chinese Knots - Guan Qinqing 管钦清 - Student No.20207080586 - 英语笔译==

===A.Chinese Knots===

====1.A Brief Introduction about Chinese Knots====
The Chinese knot is a hand-woven handicraft unique to China. The exquisiteness and wisdom displayed on it are just one aspect of the ancient Chinese civilization.It originally evolved from the sewing of the Paleolithic period, to the ritual memorial of the Han Dynasty, and then into today's decorative craft.The jade worn by people in the Zhou Dynasty was often decorated with Chinese knots, and there were also Chinese knot patterns on the bronzes of the Warring States Period.（Li Ku 2016，125）

The Chinese knot continued to become a popular art in the Qing Dynasty. Now, Chinese knots are often used as interior decorations, gifts between relatives and friends and
personal accessories. It is possessed of delicate and symmetrical appearance and accords with the conventions of Chinese traditional decorations and aesthetics, which
earned the knot as its name.（Li Lifang & Sun Jianjun 2002,38）

====2.The Classification of Chinese Knots====

There are ten main kinds of Chinese knots which are named according to the shape, purpose or meaning of the knot.They are Double Coin Knot(双钱结）,Good Luck Knot（吉祥
结）,Chinese Button Knot（纽扣结）,Sauvastika Knot（万字结）,Oxalis Knot（酢浆草结）,Pan Chang Knot（盘长结）,Round Brocade Knot（团锦结）,Caisson Celling Knot（藻井
结）,Cross Knot(十字结） and Ping Knot（平结）.（Li Ku 2016，125）

Here, we mainly introduce three main Chinese knots,which are the Double Coin Knot,the Good Luck Knot and the Pan Chang Knot.

=====2.1.The Double Coin Knot=====

Ancient coins are closely related to a country’s history, culture,politics, and economy, and are regarded as treasures both at home and abroad. The Chinese people's views on coins are not limited on their prices but value, which can be seen in the auspicious characters and patterns cast on many ancient coins. Money in China not only represents the value of a certain currency, but also something of good luck. Every Chinese New Year's Eve, children can receive the so-called "luck money".（ Li Lifang & Sun Jianjun 2002，40）

Therefore, for the Chinese people, money also has the meaning of eliminating and avoiding evil. Double Coin Knot is named after two bronze coins connecting together, which symbolizes "good things come in pairs". This knot is often used in weaving necklaces, belts and other accessories, and the combination of several Double Coin Knots can form beautiful patterns, such as clouds and Perfect Knots，etc. （Li Ku 2016，126）

=====2.2.The Good Luck Knot=====

As for the Good Luck Knot,it is an extension of the cross knot, and is also one of the ancient decorative knots, which means auspiciousness. The knitting method is simple.
And the knot shape is beautiful,varied and widely used. When used alone, if a heavy object is hung, the knot is easy to deform, and it can be fixed with a shaping glue.（Wu Hongfang 2004,120）

=====2.3.The Pan Chang Knot=====

Pan Chang Knot is also a kind of Chinese knot. It symbolizes the highest realm of unity of mind and matter and eternal immortality. It represents the auspiciousness of the
avenue and is therefore highly valued by Chinese people. Pan Chang (盘长） is a symbol of the origin of all things, and is one of the most important basic knots. It is
often the main knot of many changing knots. Because the Chinese knot has the characteristics of close symmetry, it is easy to be liked by us in terms of its perception.（Li Lifang & Sun Jianjun 2002，44）

====3.The Knitting Method of Chinese Knots====

The knitting of Chinese knots can be roughly divided into three categories: basic knots, variable knots, and combined knots. Their knitting technology requires a variety of basic knot knitting skills, and all have common knitting principles, which can be summarized into basic technique and combination technique. The basic technique is to knit with single lines, double lines or multiple lines, using the parallel or separation of the thread ends to make colorful knots. The combination technique means to use thread extension to flexibly combine various knots, so as to make a group of varied knots.（Xu Xing 2004,46）

The final stage of learning knitting is the self-designing. When designing a set of beautiful knots, the most important thing is to determine its purpose and function, and then determine its size and shape, while considering the color matching and the appropriate use of accessories. As long as the decorations are used flexibly, andthe designer's artistic beauty and deep thoughts are poured into, the Chinese knot can fully express the beauty of traditional Chinese art.（Xu Xing 2004,47）

====4.The Cultural Connotations of Chinese Knots====

Chinese people love the Chinese knot because it embodies the cultural essence and national characteristics of the Chinese nation. The Chinese knot is a woven fabric of
rope and thread.In Chinese， "rope" (绳）and "god" （神）are homophonic, so the Chinese nation has a worship of "rope". In addition, Chinese people are descendants of
Dragons.（Wang Mizhu &Sun Sun& Qu Hongjian 2014,44）

Because the shape of "rope" is like a winding dragon, people also regard "rope" as a symbol of dragon. Chinese people also have their own unique understanding of
"knot", which means reunion and happiness. Many of the Chinese words composed of "结"（knot) that we usually see have beautiful meanings, such as 团结（unity）, 结交
（making friends), and 永结同心（tie the knot),etc. "结"(knot) is also homonymous with "吉"（ausipiciousness), so people even think that "knot" is a symbol of good luck.（Wang Mizhu &Sun Sun& Qu Hongjian 2014,44）

====5.Comparisons between Chinese Knots and Cross Necklaces====

=====5.1.Different Cultural Connotations=====

From the above, we can see that the Chinese knot generally have many meanings, such as good luck, love, unity and so on. The cross necklace,however, is symbolic of
Christianity. The cross, derived from the Latin "crux", means "fork".It was originally a cruel instrument of torture used to execute prisoners. It was popular in ancient
Rome, the Persian Empire and Carthage. Later,cross evolved into a symbol of the Christianity due to Christ's death on the cross to redeem sinners.Therefore,such cross
ornaments in the west as cross necknaces are usually used to represent love and salvation.（Wang Mizhu &Sun Sun& Qu Hongjian 2014,45）

=====5.2.Different Shapes=====

Similarly, from the above we can also learn that Chinese knots have many shapes, and different shapes represent different meanings. The cross necklace can also have
different shapes and sizes. Christians can hang a small cross on their chest to express their identity, while the large cross is a symbol of the bishop's authority.（Xu Xing 2004,47）

====6.References====

*Li Ku 李库. (2016). 符号学视角下的中国结解读 [The Analysis of Chinese Knots from the Perspective of Semiology ]. ''艺海'' Yi Hai (08) 125-126.

*Li Lifang & Sun Jianjun 李立芳，孙建君. (2002). ''民间绳结'' [Folk Knots]. Wuhan: Hubei Fine Arts Publishing House 湖北美术出版社.

*Xu Xing 许星. (2004). 路论中国结 [On the Chinese Knots]. ''丝绸'' The Silk (02) 46-47.

*Wu Hongfang 邬红芳. (2004). 中国结的意象美学特征 [The Rhetorical-Beauty of Chinese Knots]. ''装饰'' Decoration (09) 120-121.

*Wang Mizhu &Sun Sun& Qu Hongjian王眯珠,孙荪,曲洪建. (2014). 怀旧心理与创新意识对中国结的影响分析[The Analysis of the Impact on Chinese Knots from Reminiscence and Consciousness of Innovation ]. ''丝绸'' The Silk (11) 43-50.

===B. Terms and Expressions===

Double Coin Knot 双钱结

Good Luck Knot 吉祥结

Chinese Button Knot 纽扣结

Sauvastika Knot 万字结

Oxalis Knot 酢浆草结

Pan Chang Knot 盘长结

Round Brocade Knot 团锦结

Caisson Celling Knot 藻井结

Cross Knot 十字结

Ping Knot 平结

tie the knot 永结同心

luck money 压岁钱

the bishop's identity 主教职权

===C. Questions===

1. What is the Chinese knot?

2. Do you know the names of the main Chinese knots? What are they?

3. What do "绳" and "结" mean in Chinese culture?--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 13:04, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===

1.The Chinese knot is a hand-woven handicraft unique to China. The exquisiteness and wisdom displayed on it are just one aspect of the ancient Chinese civilization.

2.There are ten main kinds of Chinese knots which are named according to the shape, purpose or meaning of the knot.They are Double Coin Knot,Good Luck Knot,Chinese Button Kno,Sauvastika Knot,Oxalis Knot,Pan Chang Knot,Round Brocade Knot,Caisson Celling Knot,Cross Knot and Ping Knot.

3.In Chinese， "rope" (绳）and "god" （神）are homophonic, so the Chinese nation has a worship of "rope". Because the shape of "rope" is like a winding dragon, people also regard "rope" as a symbol of dragon. Chinese people also have their own unique understanding of "knot", which means reunion and happiness.

==Literature, Chinese Mythology, Guirou, Barthelemy, Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies 201921080010==
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:19, 20 December 2020 (UTC)the right order of your title should be category, topic, name, student number

[[File:Chinese Mythology.jpg|thumb|right|Panku]]

===Introduction===

The Chinese’s life is full of mythological traditions such as, the creation of universe, science, literature, philosophy, dragons, tortoises, phoenixes, unicorns, birds, and flowering fruit trees etc. This myth is characterized by the interaction of the pros and cons, yin and yang, good and evil, light and dark, male and female, heaven and earth, strong and weak and so forth. Panku was an important figure in Chinese mythology, the first living being and the creator of universe in some versions of Chinese mythology.(Su Shuyang 2010, 2). In world mythology; every peoples have it own myths, different fairy tales, but there is some similarities in common.

===A. Panku Created the World===

In the beginning, the world didn’t exist; there wasn’t sky, earth, water, animals, birds, plants, human, in other word, the universe was empty. The force of universe was concentrated inside a mysterious egg. This egg, after growing many years, it becoming a big form of ball and finally give birth to Panku. Panku, who was deeply sleeping in peace in his eggshell for eighteen thousand years, finally awaken by the chaos of the exterior movement and try to calm down. Therefore, the sky and the earth were created. His body was well-formed with giant muscular and the size of his body was about ninety thousand li (about thirty thousand miles), (Su Shuyang 2010, 4).

At that moment the sky and the earth was very close and Panku couldn’t fully stand on his limbs, then Panku pushed the sky with his two hands to farther away from the sky. As time was passing, the sky and earth become farther from each other and the size of Panku increasing within. The size of Panku became enormous, 90,000 "li" (45,000 kilometer) was the high distance between the sky and the earth, that is why today we talk about “ Nine- Layer Sky.” For many centuries Panku pushed the sky with all the forces of his body to avoid the chaos, hence, he cried for help but no one helped him because he was alone in the world. He struggled for ten thousand years until the sky and earth was completely separated into the forces of yin (dark) and yang (light), (Su Shuyang 2010, 4).
Slowly, he became weaker and older, and then he felt down on the ground and his body became a mighty crash. Thus, his right eye became the moon and his left eye became the sun; his head and limbs became mountains; his blood vessels became seas and rivers, his flesh became fertile lands; his hair became trees, grass, flowers; his teeth and bones became treasures (gold, metals, silver, copper); his sweat and tear represent the rain; his voice represent thunder and lightning and his breath represent winds and clouds. Finally; he finished his work, Panku, the creator of the world was dead and left behind him a landscape.

===B. NuWa Created Human Beings===

[[File:Picture 2.jpg|thumb|right|Fushi and Nuwa]]

Nuwa, was created out of earth from Panku flesh, was a goddess in Chinese mythology or viewed as old grandmother with a body of snake and human face. She was the creator and ancestor of human beings who appeared in the world after Pangu’s death (Su Shuyang 2010, 5).

As she was the only human living beings in the world, by the passing time, she felt lonely and decided to create human to her image in order to feel more comfortable to her world. Thus, she was seated down thinking about her new project of creating human beings and finally she got an idea. Then she created human beings by kneading mud with human forms and then these “mud figures” became alive. They started walking, speaking, sing, dancing, laughing and endowed with a human beings capacity (Su Shuyang 2010, 5, 6). Nuwa was very happy with her news creatures who surrounding him by crying our Mum. Then, she continued to create days and nights during a long period until she got tired. Hence, they were spread out everywhere; on the mountains, on the hills, near the rivers, on the straight spaces etc.

During a long period of years, Nuwa and her creatures were living together without any particular distinction about man and woman and any marriage. As time was passing; people were getting old and dying one after other, so, Nuwa started to worry about her offspring, what the world will be after all the men would have died. Nuwa then divided men and women and taught them marriage and how to reproduce between couples in order the lineage of mankind will never end. She gave her best wishes and advises to human beings, and since then, people continue to marry and give birth.
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:09, 20 December 2020 (UTC)the source is missing

===C. Fushi Taught the People===

In Chinese mythology, it is generally said that the rulers were half-gods and half humans and they could change their shapes of state, either in animal or in human being. According to Chinese myths; the rulers didn’t die, when their time on the earth expired they ascended to the heavens to have a rest. Fushi was the first who taught to people how to survival on the earth such as: hunting, using fire, writing etc. (Irene Dea Collier,2001, 33). In some stories Fushi was the husband of Nuwa, whereas in some other it wasn’t. Anyway they are an important figures of Chinese civilization .

Fushi noticed that the new world (people) couldn’t support to the difficulties of the life and decided to help them thanks to his supernatural powers. He taught them how to make a fish net by twisting plants fibers and form ropes. With these ropes, he wove a fish net to fish fishes in water and feed people, and with these ropes also people could across mountain peaks to search food. Then, before people were eating raw meat or fish but Fushi showed them how to use fire by twirling two willow sticks together. Moreover, Fushi taught them many things including agriculture, breeding, security, music, healing and many else. As time was passing; Fushi getting old, and he knew that he could not live for ever , then he decided to create a system of writing "trigrams", in order people can learn and remember about his teachings for better life. He designed some kind of marks onto turtle shells, bamboo sticks and animal bones which became later words and numbers (Irene Dea Collier 2001, 35, 36). This "trigrams" was also a mean to interpret future and consult oracle about the right ways to follow.
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:24, 20 December 2020 (UTC)to write the in the way of (Irene Dea Collier 2001, 35-36),that's better.

Finally, Fushi gave his last gift (music) in order people can live in harmony and peace after him. So, Fushi taught them how to make musical instrument and use it, a "pipa" (lute), (Irene Dea Collier 2001, 39).That is why, music has a great importance in Chinese history. Each time we play music, it reminds us to Fushi great teachings. Fushi’s time took end on the earth and finally he ascended to heavens hoping that his disciples (humans) live in peace.
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:02, 20 December 2020 (UTC)the source is missing.

===D. Water War===

Territorial conquest or extension of a territory was a preoccupation of each ruler since the beginning of the world and still now is one of the sources of conflicts in the world. So, Gong, god of water fought against Zurong, god of fire to extend his territory. Historically, both have terrible tempers and described as a very big giants with different shapes, Gong shown with a snake’s body and a human face with red hair. Meanwhile Zurong shown with a massive human body with broad shoulders, red skin, and a red beard (Irene Dea Collier 2001,44).

Gong poked the earth with bouts of rain and floods which caused damages included on people, houses, animals, trees and many others living beings. People and others gods asked him to stop destroying but Gong remained pitiless and severe to their inquiries. Zurong, god of fire who ruled the earth in peace before Gong, finally intervened to stop him. So Zurong challenged Gong to regain the control of the earth. Firstly, they started to wrestle on the sky for many days, as both of them were using their supernatural powers, the sky shook with thunder, and lightning flashed across the sky. Then, they got down in the earth to continue fighting but fortunately Gong and his army were defeated and all the people and gods rejoiced Gong’s defeat. Since then, the world is full of conflicts and insecurities (Irene Dea Collier 2001, 48, 49).--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:22, 20 December 2020 (UTC)to write the in the way of (Irene Dea Collier 2001, 48-49),that's better.

In summary, like many mythologies, Chinese mythology has been recorded in oral form in literature from various regional and cultural traditions. China is the home of many mythological traditions which involves the creation of world, gods, deities, supernatural powers, culture, people, houses, cooking writing, ancestors etc.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:25, 20 December 2020 (UTC)the source is missing.

===E. Terms and Expressions===

Chinese Mythology 中国神话

Panku 盤古

Yin/Yang 陰陽 / 阴阳

Nuwa 女媧

Fushi 伏羲

Water War 水战

===F. Questions===

1. Why an egg a good symbol for the beginning of the world?

2. Why Nuwa decided to create human beings?

3. What did Fushi taught to people?

4. What was the cause of Gong and Zurong’s war and who won?

===G. Answers===

1. Because egg is the symbol of life and many creatures are born from the eggs, even its physical form is round like the world and it contains necessary elements to create a life.

2. Firstly, for companionship and secondly to guarantee her offspring by teaching them the importance of marriage and how to feed and raise their children. She also wanted to humans to live independently without help of god.

3. He taught to people how to live conveniently such as: fishing, how to make fire, cooking food and meat with fire, oracle consulting, and how to make and use lute.

4. Gong wanted to extend his territory which resulted to water damage and Zurong intervened and defeated him by wrestling.

===References===

1. Su Shuyang. (2010).''CHINA: Insight Traditions and Culture''.(Youth Edition). DOLPHIN BOOKS China International Publishing Group.

2. Irene Dea Collier. (2001). "Chinese Mythology". Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.

3. https://pic.17qq.com/uploads/ijbphegbibz.jpeg

4. https://www.confuciusinstitute.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Pangu-lifting-heaven-picture.jpg--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 13:08, 15 December 2020 (UTC)--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 06:22, 16 December 2020 (UTC)
--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:04, 20 December 2020 (UTC)the way of reference-listing is not standard.

==Gods and Immortals - Gui Yizhi 桂一枝 202070080587 英语笔译==

===Chinese gods and immortals===

====Chinese mythology system====

Chinese mythology is a mythology that has been passed down in oral form or recorded in literature, including many varied myths from regional and cultural traditions. Many myths involve the creation and cosmology of the universe and its deities and inhabitants. Some mythology involves creation myths, the origin of things, people and culture. Some involve the origin of the Chinese state. Some myths present a chronology of prehistoric times, many of these involve a culture hero who taught people how to build houses, or cook, or write, or was the ancestor of an ethnic group or dynastic family. Mythology is intimately related to ritual. Many myths are oral associations with ritual acts, such as dances, ceremonies, and sacrifices.(Lü & Gong 2014, p. 71 )

Chinese mythology is far from monolithic, not being an integrated system. Along with Chinese folklore, Chinese mythology forms an important part of Chinese folk religion. There has been an extensive interaction between Chinese mythology and Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Chinese mythology is a myth in a broad sense, which combines the Ancient mythology system, the Taoist mythology system, and the Buddhist mythology system. Among them, ancient mythology is not very systematic, and most of its records are fragmented and scattered; Taoist mythology has its own system; Buddhist mythology originated from India.(Yang, An & Turner 2005, p.4)

The Ancient mythologies are myths about the origin of man or the creation myths. It begins in ancient times (pre-Xia dynasty). There is not a book specializes in recording all of those myths in history, not even being an integrated system like Western mythology. The Ancient myths are written in the Classic of Mountains and Seas, Book of Songs, the Songs of Chu, Zhuangzi, Huai Nan Zi and other books, and can be divided into four categories: the creation myths (Pangu Separating the World, Goddess Nüwa Greating Human Beings), myths of heroes (Hou Yi Shooting Down the Suns), myths about Tribal war (the Battle of Zhuolu), and myths about human and nature(Kuafu Chasing the Sun, Great Yu Who Controlled the Waters).1987.(Bai 1987, pp. 34-40)

Taoism can be defined as pantheistic, given its philosophical emphasis on the formlessness of the Tao and the primacy of the "Way" rather than anthropomorphic concepts of God. Through time Taoist Theology created its own deities. Similar to deities of Hinduistic beliefs these deities attributed certain qualities. Deities who take part in the Dao are arranged in a hierarchy. The supreme powers are three, the Three Pure Ones, and represent the centre of the cosmos and its two modalities of manifestation (yin and yang). The main classics of Taoism include Zhuangzi and many other scriptures. It creates many gods and immortals in their texts and gives most of them official posts, showing Chinese ancestor's emphasis on practical application. For example, Tudishen（土地公）, the God of the Soil and the Ground, is a tutelary deity of a locality; Sanxing（三星）, Three Stars, is a cluster of three astral gods of well-being, including Fuxing, Prosperity Star, the god of happiness, Luxing, Firmness Star, the god of firmness and success in life and examinations, and Shòuxing, Longevity Star, who stands for a healthy and long life.(Olson & Stuart 2002, pp. 27-28)

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Indian Buddhism was introduced into China and merged with the local culture, creating many new myths. Buddhism thinks that everything is equal, and there is no hierarchy, but in fact, there are quite differences according to the level of their Buddhist understanding and practice. The one with the highest practice is the Buddha. The founder of Buddhism, Shakyamuni, is the most familiar Buddha to Chinese people. Amitabha, also known as Amida or Amitāyus, is a celestial buddha and the principal buddha in Pure Land Buddhism. Bodhisattva has a lower level of Buddhism practice than Buddha. Guanyin is the Chinese translation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. She is often referred to as the "most widely beloved Buddhist Divinity" with miraculous powers to assist all those who pray to her.(Buddhism, p37)

====神 shén, 帝 dì and 仙 xiān====

Chinese traditional religion is polytheistic; many deities are worshipped in a pantheistic view where divinity is inherent in the world. In Chinese language there is a terminological distinction between 神 shén, 帝 dì and 仙 xiān. Although the usage of the former two is sometimes blurred, it corresponds to the distinction in Western cultures between "god" and "deity". dì, sometimes translated as "thearch", implies a manifested or incarnate "godly" power. During the time of Zhou dynasty to the Warring States, dì is used to refer to those who have great moral cultivation and merits. And then it becomes a term of emperor since Qin dynasty. The latter term 仙 xiān refers to a person or similar entity having a long life or being immortal, similarly to the Western idea of "hero".(Hu, 2020)

There is another difference between the Chinese gods and immortals. The gods usually have their own position and take charge of different things in Daoist theology. While immortals, unlike gods, have no official positions. It is that certain humans develop the ability to live indefinitely, avoiding death, and becoming divine xiān. Such humans generally also are said to develop special powers and always live leisurely. So since ancient times, many people are longing to become an immortal and live a carefree life.(Fowler & Jeanine 2005, pp. 200-201)

====Eight immortals====

The Eight Immortals are a group of legendary xian ("immortals") in Chinese mythology. Each immortal's power can be transferred to a vessel that can bestow life or destroy evil. Together, these eight vessels are called the "Covert Eight Immortals". Most of them are said to have been born in the Tang or Shang Dynasty. They are revered by the Taoists and are also a popular element in secular Chinese culture. They are said to live on a group of five islands in the Bohai Sea, which includes Mount Penglai.(Yang,Deng & Wang 1987, pp. 40-45)

The Immortals are Lü Dongbin (呂洞賓), He Xiangu (何仙姑), Zhang Guolao (張果老), Lan Caihe (藍采和), Li Tieguai (李鐵拐), Zhongli Quan (鍾離權), Han Xiangzi (韓湘子), Cao Guojiu (曹國舅), representing man, woman, the old, the young, the poor, the humble, the rich and the noble. Among them, Lü Dongbin is considered to be their leader. Unlike many other Taoist gods and immortals, the Eight immortals all come from the human world and have colorful and varied experiences before they become immortals. Their imagines that are entirely different from the uaual scared deities make them very popular with people. They are not born as immortals. Among them have general, royal members, Taoist or even beggar, etc. All of them have certain shortcoming like Lü Dongbin is frivolous and Tieguai Li has the problem of alcoholism.(Yang,Deng & Wang 1987, pp. 45-50)

The Eight Immortals are considered to be signs of prosperity and longevity, so they are popular themes in ancient and medieval art. They were frequent adornments on celadon vases and also the subject of many artistic creations, such as paintings and sculptures. There is a famous saying comes from the myth of them-- "The Eight Immortals cross the sea, each reveals its divine powers" (八仙過海，各顯神通) indicating the situation that everybody shows off their skills and expertise to achieve a common goal.(Little, Stephen 2000,pp. 313, 319–334)

===Terms and Expressions===

immortals 仙

mythology 神话，神话学

cosmology 宇宙论，宇宙观

monolithic 整体（式）的

the Battle of Zhuolu 涿鹿之战

pantheistic 泛神论的

polytheistic 多神论的

Three Pure Ones 三清

anthropomorphic 人格化的

tutelary 守护神

deity 神

Buddha 佛

Shakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Amitabha 阿弥陀佛

Amitāyus 无量寿佛

celestial 天的

Bodhisattva 菩萨

Pure Land 极乐世界

vessels 法器

Covert Eight Immortals 暗八仙

Taoist 道家的，道士

===Questions===

1. What are the topics of the Ancient mythology?

2. What are the differences among shén, dì and xiān?

3. What do the Eight immortals represent respectively?

===Answers===
1.The Ancient mythologies are myths about the origin of man or the creation myths，which can be divided into four categories--the creation myths, myths of heroes, myths about Tribal war, and myths about human and nature.

2. shén and dì corresponds to the distinction in Western cultures between "god" and "deity". The latter term 仙 xiān , refers to a person or similar entity having a long life or being immortal, similarly to the Western idea of "hero".

3.Lü Dongbin, He Xiangu, Zhang Guolao, Lan Caihe, Li Tieguai, Zhongli Quan, Han Xiangzi and Cao Guojiu are representing man, woman, the old, the young, the poor, the humble, the rich and the noble respectively.

===References===

[1]Lü, Daji; Gong, Xuezeng. (2014). ''Marxism and Religion.'' Religious Studies in Contemporary China. Brill.

[2]Yang, Lihui; An, Deming; Turner, Jessica Anderson (2005). ''Handbook of Chinese Mythology''. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

[3]Bai Yang. (1987). ''Chinese Huamn History''. Time Literature & Art Press.

[4]Olson, Stuart Alve. (2002). ''Qigong Teachings of a Taoist Immortal: The Eight Essential Exercises of Master Li Ching-Yun''. Bear & Company.

[5]Buddhism, the Fulfilment of Hinduism

[6]Hu Yanan.(2020). ''From Gods to Immortals: A Research on the forming factors of God belief during Pre-Qin Dynasty'' [D].Harbin Normal University.

[7]Fowler, Jeanine D. (2005). ''An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality''. Sussex Academic Press.

[8]Yang Erzeng, Deng Zhimo, Wang Xiangxu. (1987). ''A Full Story Book of Eight Immortals''. Spring Breeze Literature & Are Press.

[9]Little, Stephen (2000). ''Taoism and the Arts of China.'' The Art Institute of Chicago.--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 06:14, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Literature, Tang and Song - Guo Lu 郭露 202070080588 英语笔译==

===Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty===

====Introduction====

“The Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty in China, also known as the Classical Prose Movement, is a movement with the style reform as its surface and Confucianism Renaissance as its depth.” (Li Shufang 2003, 1-3) The word “Gu Wen” was first introduced by Han Yu, it indicates the prose in the pre-Qin period and Han Dynasty. This movement took clarity and precision as priorities, and it stood against the florid pianwen or parallel prose style that had been popular starting from the Han Dynasty. Parallel prose had a rigid structure and was criticized for being overly ornate at the expense of content. Therefore, Han Yu, together with Liu Zongyuan, launched this movement to make a difference so that they can revive Confucianism and promote their political thoughts. This movement had a tendency to follow the spirit of pre-Qin prose rather than to imitate it directly. People used elements of colloquial language to make their writings more direct. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 1)

====Development====

The Classical Prose Movement went through three stages. The first promoters of the Classical Prose Movement were Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan who were not only writers but also theorists, forming the basis of the movement. Both were enthusiastic to promote the movement and were keen to teach young people so that the movement could achieve further development and then revive the Confucianism. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 15-18)
[suggestion:(Here, "Both" can be replaced by "They both".)Both were enthusiastic to promote the movement……]

However, after the death of Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, the movement fell into a decline, their students writing with such ancient characters as to hinder understanding or neglecting the importance of writing good essays. Furthermore, the government only allowed people to use pianwen for official use, so those who want to be officials had to learn that style. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 59-61)

After that, Ouyang Xiu once again advocated the classical prose in the Song Dynasty. As many people were dissatisfied with the florid piantiwen style, the Classical Prose Movement reached another peak during that period. This movement is consequently also called the Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. (Song Juan 2005, 62-65)

====Representatives====

'''1.Han Yu'''

Han Yu (768–824), courtesy name Tuizhi, is also known for his art names Han Changli or Chang Li Xian Sheng. He was born in present-day Mengzhou, Henan, he was a Chinese prose writer, poet, and philosopher who influenced the development of Neo-Confucianism. Due to his influence on the Chinese literary tradition, he is described as “Comparable in stature to Dante, Shakespeare or Goethe”. Meanwhile, he is often considered to be among China’s finest prose writers. Ming Dynasty scholar Mao Kun ranked him first in the "Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song"，and Su Shi, another Chinese poet, once praised that “His prose reversed the literary decline of eight dynasties”. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 15-17)

Han Yu wrote a large volume of works, which includes over 700 poems and nearly 400 proses. He is especially famous for his ''On Teachers'', which says “A teacher is one who passes on the truth, imparts knowledge and solves puzzles”. This persuasive prose is short but well structured, and it has a strong appeal to people, which also has a positive impact on youth education. (Fan Aiju, Li Wei 2014, 124-125)

'''2.Liu Zongyuan'''

Liu Zongyuan (773–819), courtesy name Zihou, is also known by his art names He Dong Xian Sheng or Liu He Dong, was a Chinese litterateur, philosopher, politician and poet who lived during the Tang Dynasty. And Liu was born in present-day Yongji, Shanxi. Along with Han Yu, they were called Han Liu. Besides that, he has been regarded as one of the “Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song”, which also includes Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu. Liu's best-known travel pieces are the ''Eight Records of Excursions in Yongzhou''. And one of his most famous poems is "Jiangxue". (Yang Shengli 2020, 42-44)

'''3.Ouyang Xiu'''

Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072), courtesy name Yong Shu, is also known by his art names Zuiweng and Liu Yi Jushi. He was a Chinese essayist, historian, poet, calligrapher and even a politician of the Song Dynasty. Being a much-celebrated writer, both among his contemporaries and in subsequent centuries. (Nie Yongqing 2007, 56)

Ouyang Xiu was in charge of the writing of the ''New Book of Tang'', and he also wrote the ''Historical Records of the Five Dynasties'' independently, the only book in the Twenty-Four Histories to have been written in private by a single author. As a poet, he was a noted writer of both the shi and ci genres. But it was his prose writings like ''Zuiweng Tingji'' that won him the greatest acclaim. The poem's most well-known line is: The Old Toper cares not for the wine, his interest lies in the landscape, an idiom still used in modern Chinese to describe someone with an ulterior motive. (Nie Yongqing 2007, 56-57)

Except for Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu, there were many other representatives of this movement. For example, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Zeng Gong and Wang Anshi also made great contributions to the Classical Prose Movement. Considering their influences, they were also listed as Eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 82-83)

====Masterworks====

Under the influence of the Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, there appeared a large volume of masterpieces, which have a far-reaching influence on later ages. Except for the works of Han Yu, Liu Zong Yuan and Ouyang Xiu, other works like ''Shang Zhongyong'' written by Wang Anshi, ''On Jia Yi'' and ''First Ode to the Red Cliff'' by Su Shi, were also considered the representative works of this movement. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 73-78)

====Influence====

The Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty is a milestone during the development of Chinese ancient prose, it has a profound influence on the later schools of literature like Tang-Song School in the Ming Dynasty and Tong Cheng school in the Qing Dynasty. Besides that, it also helped to lay a solid foundation of prose in China and acted as a fine example for later scholars. (Qian Dongfu 1979, 85-86)

====Terms and Expressions====

The Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty 唐宋八大家

Classical Prose Movement 古文运动

''Eight Records of Excursions in Yongzhou'' 《永州八记》

''On Teachers'' 《师说》

''New Book of Tang'' 《新唐书》

''Historical Records of the Five Dynasties'' 《新五代史》

''Zuiweng Tingji'' 《醉翁亭记》

''Shang Zhongyong'' 《伤仲永》

''On Jia Yi'' 《贾谊论》

''First Ode to the Red Cliff'' 《赤壁赋》

====Questions====

1. Who were the first promoters of the Classical Prose Movement?

2. What does the Classical Prose Movement mean?

3. What's political and religious purposes of the Classical Prose Movement?

====Answers====

1. The first promoters of this movement were Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan.

2. The Classical Prose Movement refers to the cultural reform movement which promotes Gu Wen and opposes pianwen in late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty.

3. The reason why Confucious scholars promoted this movement is that they wanted to combat the influence of Taoism and Buddhism on the emperors. Besides that, this movement is also an effective tool to expose the reality of corruption and weakness in the central government.

====References====

Fan Aiju, Li Wei 范爱菊, 李伟. (2014). 唐代文豪韩愈的文学造诣 [The literary achievements of Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty] 兰台世界 ''Lantai World'' (21) 124-125.

Li Shufang. (2003). 古文运动的社会背景 [The Social Background of Sport of Ancient Chinese Prose]. Changsha: Hunan Normal University 湖南师范大学 (12) 1-3.

Nie Yongqing 聂永清. (2007). 重读欧阳修 [Rethinking of Ouyang Xiu] 当代江西 ''Dang Dai Jiangxi'' (02) 56-57.

Qian Dongfu 钱东父. (1979). 唐宋古文运动 [''The Classical Prose Movement of the late Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty''] Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House 上海古籍出版社.

Song Juan 宋娟. (2005). 古文运动、科举与“唐宋八大家” [Movement of the Ancient Chinese Prose, Imperial Examination and “Eight Great Writers in Tang and Song Dynasty”]. Mudanjiang: Mudanjiang Normal University 牡丹江师范学院 (02) 62-65.

Yang Shengli 杨胜利. (2020). “河东先生”柳宗元 [Liu Zongyuan:He Dong Xian Sheng]. 支部建设 Zhi Bu Jian She (08) 42-44.

Zhou Zhenfu 周振甫. (1996). 唐宋八大家论 [Talking of Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song]. Shanghai: Zhong Hua Book Company 中华书局 (06) 35-38.
--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 06:52, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money - HA, THI THU HANG - 201921080008 - Comparative Literature and Cross-Cultural Studies==

[[File:chinese-new-year-red-pockets-design.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Red Enverlop]]

===The Chinese Red Envelope and Lucky Money Tradition===

In Chinese and other East and Southeast Asian societies, Red Envelopes, also called Red Packets, Lucky Money, or ''Hóngbāo'' ( 红包 ) in Chinese, ''Li shi'' / ''Lìxì'' in Vietnamese are popular monetary gift given during holidays or special occasions or festivals such as weddings, graduation, senior people's birthday parties or the birthday of a child, visit a newborn baby, etc in China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, and some other Asian countries, especially widely seen during the Lunar New Year Festival. During the Lunar New Year, the adult, parents and grandparents gift with the red envelops for kids, which have money stuffed into. It is a traditional way to wish good luck and share blessings.

The Lucky Money tradition began in the Han Dynasty. Rather than real money, they were small collectibles in the form of coins to ward off evil spirits. Auspicious phrases and symbols were engraved onto the surface. "worldwide peace" ( 天下太平 / ''Tiān xià tài píng''), “longevity and fortune” ( 千秋万岁 / ''Qiān qiū wàn suì''), dragons and phoenixes were common.

These coins were tied together with red string. The practice transitioned to be wrapped in Red Paper and now, put into Red Envelopes.--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 16:33, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

====The Legend====

In China, during the Qin Dynasty, the elderly would thread coins with a red string. There was a kind of little demon called ''Sui'' ( 祟 ) in ancient times. Whenever it is on New Year's Eve, it will appear quietly, touching the head of a sleeping child. The child who was being touched will be scared and cry, and also will have a headache. Therefore, in order to prevent against the sui, people in the past did not dare to sleep on New Year's Eve, and all the lights were called ''Shou Sui'' ( 守祟 ).

One tale of the folklore, once upon a time, there was a couple who were over 50 years old had just given birth to a little boy. In that Lunar New Year, 8 fairies visited their house and knew that there would be a monster coming to hurt him. To protect the baby, the 8 faires transformed into 8 coins which were then wrapped in red cloth and laid beside the boy when he was sleeping. Thanks to these coins, which were the fairies, the boy was unharmed by the monster. The old couple was so thankful and gradually everyone in the village knew about the stories. Since then, when Lunar New Year comes, people will give children "red paper wrapped copper money" with a belief that the money will protect children from being harmed.

There are also other legends about this custom related to the son of Yang Guifei of the Tang Dynasty - China and the Qin Dynasty. But in general, the New Year's blessing of the lucky money all originates with the meaning of giving happy money to children, wishing them to grow up their money so they can pass the new age with good things and luck.--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 16:33, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

====The Tradition====

The Chinese custom of Lucky Money is called ''Hóngbāo'' ( 红包 ). Chinese people really like red, so the Lucky Money is always red, symbolizing luck and happiness. The Red Envelope is called ''Yāsuìqián'' ( 压岁钱 ), which means "suppressing ghosts money". Those who receive a Red Envelope are wished another safe and pea. Sending Red Envelopes is a way to send good wishes another safe and peaceful year, and luck (as well as money). The amount of money in the Chinese Lucky Money must avoid the number 4 ( 四 / ''si'') and be sealed - that means no 4, 40, or 400 amounts - as the pronunciation of four in Chinese sounds like the word for death ( 死/ ''si''). However, amounts including the number 8 ( 八 / ''ba'') will bring good luck and prosperity ( 发财 / ''fa'').

There are rules on how to properly receive an Envelope. Traditionally, children would kneel to receive their ''Hóngbāo'' from older family members, and this is still practiced in some areas of China. Red Envelopes are also always given and received with both hands, and should never be opened immediately and in the presence of the present-giver. After receiving the Lucky Money, the children have to put it all under the pillow after about a week to open it. The meaning of this is for the Lucky Money to protect the kids from the bad things that can happen in the new year. This is also the source of the traditional Chinese Lucky Money.--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 16:33, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

'''Alipay and WeChat Red Envelope'''

[[File:chinese-new-year-red-pockets.jpg|300px|thumb|Right|Red Envelope - How much to give who - [[https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/festivals/red-envelop.htm]]]]

Moving on from the traditional Red Envelope, in the 21st century, many people exchange digital Red Envelopes instead of the traditional paper ones. These are virtual packets of very real cash, transferred directly to friends' and family's smartphones. Users can even send digital ''Hóngbāo'' to their favorite celebrities using apps such as Alipay, WeChat and the Weibo Red Envelope. WeChat Red Packet is an online money transfer with a colorful message via WeChat (a messaging Chinese app). In recent years, it has become popular among young people to send "Red Envelopes" via WeChat as a greeting. It has become a new way to greet friends or relatives during the Chinese New Year period.

While the tradition centers on children, Red Envelopes are given to friends, family, colleagues and many other relatives - and different amounts of money are customary for each relation. For example, parents and grandparents get the most, but employees and even casual acquaintances can expect a Red Envelope.

====Outside of China====

The similar customs have been adopted throughout Southeast Asia and many other countries with sizable populations of Chinese descent. Each country has different ways of Lucky Money and changes over time, but the basic custom of Lucky Money is to want to send wishes of peace to all relatives and friends in the New Year.

[[File:LunarNewYearinVietnam.jpg|250px|thumb|Right|Lunar New Year: ''Lì xì'' in Vietnam]]
In Vietnam, Lucky Money is called ''Lì xì/Tiền mừng tuổi'' and very typical. On the first day of the Lunar New Year - one of the great holidays of the year, both adults and babies wear new clothes to celebrate the New Year relative. After that, the adults will give Lucky Money to the children with the message of good luck, good care and good study. Today, the tradition of Lucky Money in Vietnam is also expanded in the direction that children give Lucky Money to celebrate the age of grandparents and parents. This is a human custom that is increasingly promoted by the Vietnamese people.

[[File:Otoshidama.jpg|200px|thumb|left|''Otoshidama'' in Japan]]
In Japan, Lucky Money is called ''Otoshidama'' (お年玉). Unlike other countries, the amount of Japanese Lucky Money depends on the child's age, the relationship of the family. ''Otoshidama'' Red Envelopes are usually white in color, not as common in red as other countries. The special thing about the Japanese Red Envelopes is that the envelopes are always sealed, symbolizing the privacy, not packaging. Moreover, the name of the person receiving the Lucky Money will be written on the Red Envelope to show respect for the recipient. The message of each ''Otoshidama'' Red Envelopes is a wish for a warm, peaceful and lucky New Year.

[[File:Sabae.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''Sabae'' in Korea]]
In Korea, Lucky Money is called ''Sabae''. On the New Year's day, children in traditionally dressed families perform the ritual of bowing to their seniors to show gratitude for birth and nurturing. After this ceremony, the children will receive Lucky Money together with wishes for health and peace in the New Year. The Lucky Money in Korea is more diverse than other countries, not only with money but also gold, pearls, gems, etc.

[[File:Green Envelope-giving.jpg|200px|thumb|left|''Green Envelope-giving'']]
The Lucky Money tradition has also crossed cultural and religious boundaries, and ''Green Envelope-giving'' has even become a practice during the Islamic holiday of Eid al-Fitr across Southeast Asia. It is also widely practiced by the Chinese and Southeast Asian diaspora across the world.--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 16:33, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

===Terms and Expressions===

Lucky Money 利市/ Lì shì

Red Envelope 红包/ Hóngbāo

Worldwide Peace 天下太平/ Tiān xià tài píng

Longevity and Fortune 千秋万岁/ Qiān qiū wàn suì

Suppressing Ghosts Money/ Suppressing Sui Money 压岁钱/ Yā suì qián

Sui 祟

Shou Sui 守祟

===Questions===

1. Do you know the origin of giving Lunar New Year's Lucky Money to children?

2. Is the Lucky Money tradition exist in other countries than China?

3. What are the rules on giving-receiving Red Envelopes?

4. On what occasions people giving-receiving Red Envelopes?

5. Do you ever receive a Red Envelope? On what occasion?

===Answers===

1. It began in the Han Dynasty and to protect children from being harmed.

2. Yes. It is very polupar in Vietnam (''Lìxì''), Japan (''Otoshidama''), Korea (''Sabae''), and some other Southeast Asian countries.

3. The giving amount of money must avoid the number 4 that sounds like the word of death in Chinese. The children, after receiving the Red Envelope, do not open it immediatedly and in the presence of the present-giver, but have to put it under the pillow after about a week to open it.

4. Red Envelopes are most commonly associated with New Year, but they also turn up as part of many other occasions as a way of sharing good luck and blessings, like births, weddings, graduation, senior people's birthday parties or the birthday of a child, visit a newborn baby, etc.

5. Yes. Red Envelope, or Lucky Money, or ''Lìxì'' is very typical in the Lunar New Year in my country Vietnam.

===References===

Red Envelope[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_envelope]

Fefe Ho - Red Pockets[https://chinesenewyear.net/red-pockets/]

Cindy Tang - Red Envelopes/Packets (Hongbao) - Amount, Symbols and How to Give [https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/festivals/red-envelop.htm]

Chinese Red Envelope [https://www.travelchinaguide.com/essential/holidays/new-year/red-envelope.htm]--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 16:33, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

==Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms - He Changqi 何长琦 202070080589 MTI==

===1. The Orgin and Development of The 24 Solar Terms===

"The 24 solar terms" is a unique phenomenon on traditional lunar calendar, with a profound history in China. Created by ancient Chinese when observing the annual movement of the sun, the twenty-four solar system is seen as a system of time knowledge and the agricultural guideline. It originated in the Yellow River valley, and is the result of people's observation, exploration and summary of astronomy, meteorology, and weather, which is an excellent cultural heritage created by the ancient Chinese people. （Wang Jiahua 2019）

By the late Western Zhou Dynasty, people had already measured the first four solar terms: Winter Solstice, Summer Solstice, Spring Equinox and Autumn Equinox. Afterwards, with the improvement of measurement technology and the further strengthening of people's understanding of the laws of nature in the Warring States period, the complete 24 solar terms were basically formed. During the Qin and Han dynasties, a complete system was perfected and formed into today's complete 24 Solar Terms system.（Wang Jiahua 2019）

===2. The Definition and Classification of the 24 Solar Terms===

“The twenty-four solar term” is a unique phenomenon on traditional lunar calendar. To facilitate agricultural production, ancient Chinese people summarized a supplementary calendar that divides a year into 24 segments according to the sun’s movement on the ecliptic and seasonal changes in weather and other natural phenomena, with 24 segments proportionally distributed through 12 months. (Yuan Jixi 2016,34-35)

"The 24 solar term" is a unique phenomenon on traditional lunar calendar. To facilitate agricultural production, ancient Chinese people summarized a supplementary calendar that divides a year into 24 segments according to the sun’s movement on the ecliptic and seasonal changes in weather and other natural phenomena, with 24 segments proportionally distributed through 12 months. (Yuan Jixi 2016,34-35)

A solar term that starts in the early part of a month is called jie (节), and one that starts in the middle part of a month is called qi (气). (Every three years there would be a month which has only a jie without a qi, or a month which has only a qi without a jie, in which case a leap month would be added to regulate it.) The solar terms are so named that they represent the changes in season,phenology and climate.(Yuan Jixi 2016,34-35)

The eight solar terms that reflect seasonal changes are Beginning of Spring, Vernal Equinox, Beginning of Summer, Summer Solstice, Beginning of Autumn, Autumnal Equinox,Beginning of Winter, and Winter Solstice; the four solar terms that represent phenological changes are Waking of Insects, Fresh Green, Lesser fullness and Grain in Ear; and the 12 solar terms that indicate the changes in climate are Rain Water,Grain Rain,Lesser Heat, Greater Heat, End of Heat, White Dew, Cold Dew, First Frost, Light Snow, Heavy Snow, Lesser Cold, and Greater Cold.(Yuan Jixi 2016,34-35)

===3.Folklore of the 24 Solar Terms===

The folklore of the 24 solar terms is divided into three aspects: festival folklore, lifestyle customs and food customs. Festive customs such as the "whipping of the spring bull" at the beginning of spring and the "tailing festival" at the end of the cold season.(Ding Yiming, Chang He 2020) Almost every festival has its own special food customs, such as dumplings on the winter solstice and noodles on the summer solstice, as well as biting and tasting spring at the beginning of spring. Following the traditional concept of "the unity of heaven and man, in accordance with the four seasons", the 24 solar terms have led to a wealth of health practices, such as eating liver in spring, drinking water in summer, etc.

These activities can be broadly summarised as follows: worshipping the gods in response to the times of the year, honouring the ancestors and maintaining family ties, eliminating evil and seeking peace, and relaxing and entertaining. Take the Beginning of Spring as an example, it is said that the egg can be set upright on the first day of the Start of Spring, Spring Equinox day and Autumn Equinox day. It is believed that if someone can make the egg stand on the first day of Start of Spring, he will have good luck in the future. In many parts of China, people observe the custom of "biting the spring" on the first day of Start of Spring. They eat spring pancakes, spring rolls, or a few mouthfuls of carrots. Besides, People in China began holding a special ceremony on the first day of Start of Spring about 3,000 years ago. They made sacrifices to Gou Mang, the god of Spring, who is in charge of agriculture. By the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), greeting spring had become an important folk activity. (He Yannan, Zou Yating 2020)

===4.Importance and Values of the 24 Solar Terms===

====4.1 Importance in Ancient Times====

The 24 solar terms are a creation of traditional farming culture, and their production, development and dissemination have adapted to the economic production methods and social needs in the farming era. They have played an important role in the life and work of traditional Chinese people. (Wang Jiahua 2019)

Firstly, the 24 solar terms are the basic time indicators of agricultural production activities in ancient times, which is also the most basic function and value of the 24 solar terms. Agricultural production is an economic activity carried out by humans according to natural rhythms and the laws of crop growth. The basic requirement of the agricultural production is to keep track of the agricultural time, which means that "if the agricultural time is not violated, there will be sufficient grain supply." (Mencius - Liang Huiwang). (Wang Jiahua 2019)

Secondly, the 24 solar terms were also regarded as important time points in the daily life of the people in ancient times. Thirdly, for the ancient ancestors, the 24 solar terms were not just a time system, but a much more colourful connotation of life, and an important manifestation and part of their colourful lives. (Wang Jiahua 2019)

For example, the "Four Beginnings"(四立)-- the Beginning of Spring, Beginning of Summer, Beginning of Autumn, Beginning of Winter-- have always been important festivals in history. At these festivals, the emperors would lead their courtiers to the eastern, southern, western and northern gates of the capital to hold ceremonies to welcome the arrival of spring, summer, autumn and winter. The winter solstice, summer solstice and Qingming Festival are still important traditional festivals today, especially Tomb Sweeping Festival. Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Tomb Sweeping Festival are known as China's four traditional festivals. (Wang Jiahua 2019)

====4.2 Values in Modern Society====

In 2016, the 24 solar terms was included in the World Intangible Cultural Heritage List and became one of the most vivid cultural symbols for strengthening the cultural confidence of the Chinese nation and enhancing the cultural cohesion of the Chinese nation. (Ding Yiming, Chang He 2020)

It still has its practical values in modern society. Firstly, as a time-honoured knowledge system with a long history and a customary tradition rich in colourful activities, the 24 solar terms has profound spiritual and cultural connotations, such as respecting nature, adapting to the time of the day, venerating ancestors, filial piety and respect for the elderly, and being good neighbours and friends. Therefore, it is one of the important components of excellent Chinese traditional culture.(Wang Jiahua 2019)

Secondly, the 24 solar terms can accurately reflect the rhythm and rules of nature and the harmonious relationship between man and nature.(Wang Jiahua 2019)

Lastly, the 24 solar terms are not only a time system, but also a living tradition full of rich connotations, which is an important part of people's lives.(Wang Jiahua 2019)

===Terms and Expressions===

the Beginning of Spring 立春

Beginning of Autumn 立秋

Rain Water 雨水

End of Heat 处暑

Insects Awakening 惊蛰

White Dew 白露

Spring Equinox 春分

Autumnal Equinox 秋分

Fresh Green 清明

Cold Dew 寒露

Grain Rain 谷雨

First Frost 霜降

Beginning of Summer 立夏

Beginning of Winter 立冬

Lesser Fullness 小满

Light Snow 小雪

Grain in Ear 芒种

Heavy Snow 大雪

Summer Solstice 夏至

Winter Solstice 冬至

Lesser Heat 大暑

Lesser Cold 小寒

Greater Heat 立春

Greater Cold 大寒

===Questions===

1.1.What are the first four solar terms measured by ancient Chinese people?

2.Where does the 24 solar terms originate from?

3. What are the eight solar terms that reflect seasonal changes？

4.When was the 24 solar terms included in the World Intangible Cultural Heritage List?

5.What are the food customs in the Beginning of Spring?

6.Do you konw any other folklore of the 24 solar terms?

===Answers===

1.Winter Solstice, Summer Solstice, Spring Equinox and Autumn Equinox.

2.It originated in the Yellow River valley.

3.Beginning of Spring, Vernal Equinox, Beginning of Summer, Summer Solstice, Beginning of Autumn, Autumnal Equinox, Beginning of Winter, and Winter Solstice

4.In 2016.

5.People eat spring pancakes, spring rolls, or a few mouthfuls of carrots.

6.It is said that people should eat dumplings on the Start of Winter. There is a story about the birth of dumplings. According to legend, in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing, the "Sage of Medicine", invented the "jiaozi" to treat frostbite patients with frostbitten ears. He cooked mutton, hot peppers and herbs to dispel the cold and warm up the body. He wrapped these ingredients into a dough skin and made them into an ear shape. Since then, people have learned to make the food which became known as "dumpling" or jiaozi. Today there is still a saying that goes "Eat dumplings on Start of Winter Day, or your ears will be frostbitten."

===References===

Yuan Jix. 袁济喜. (2016). "中华思想文化术语(3)”[Key Concepts in Chinese Thought and Culture]. 外语教学与研究出版社”[Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Belarusian Literature and Arts Press] (Yuan Jix 2016:)

Wang Jiahua. 王加华.（2019.9.20）"China Social Science Network" http://www.cssn.cn/zx/bwyc/201909/t20190920_4974497_1.shtml

Ding Yiming. Chang He. 丁一鸣. 常河（2020.11.17）"Chinanews" http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2020/11-17/9340057.shtml

He Yannan. Zou Yating. 贺亚楠. 邹雅婷. (2020.2.4) “China Daily” https://ent.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202002/04/WS5e3901a9a3107bb6b579d18d.html

==Literature, Yue Fu - Hu Baihui 胡百辉 202070080590 MTI==

===Collection of Yue Fu Poetry《乐府诗集》===

====Introduction====

'''1.Brief introduction'''

''Collection of Yue Fu Poetry'' is the essence of Han, Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties folk songs. The content is very rich, reflecting a wide range of social life. It mainly collects more than 5000 Yuefu songs from Han, Wei to Tang and Five Dynasties, as well as from pre Qin to the end of Tang Dynasty. "Yuefu", originally the name of the institution in charge of music, was first set up in the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and there were also Yuefu institutions in the northern and Southern Dynasties. Its specific task is to make music score, collect lyrics and train music talents. There are two sources of lyrics: one is specially written by literati, the other is collected from Chinese folk. Later, people called the poems collected by Yuefu organs as Yuefu, or Yuefu Poems and Yuefu songs, so Yuefu changed from official name to poetic name. (Wu Ting 2007, 20)

'''2.About the author'''

Guo Maoqian (1041-1099) was born in Xucheng, Yunzhou, Song Dynasty. He is the grandson of Guo Quan, and the son of Guo Yuanming. Song Shenzong Yuanfeng seven years (1084), Cao joined the army in Henan Province. He wrote a hundred volumes of ''Collection of Yue Fu Poetry'', which was handed down from generation to generation. (Wu Ting 2007, 22)

'''3.Content introduction'''

It divides Yuefu Poems into 12 categories, including suburban Temple songs, Yan shooting songs, drum songs, horizontal blowing songs, Xianghe songs, etc. In these different kinds of music, the songs of Jiaomiao and yanshe belong to the movements used by the imperial court, and their ideological content and artistic skills are less desirable. There are also some works with poor artistic value. But generally speaking, most of the poems it collects are excellent folk songs and poems written by scholars with old Yuefu titles. In the existing poetry collection, "Yuefu Poetry Collection" is an important book with the most complete collection of all kinds of Yuefu Poetry in the past dynasties. (Wu Ting 2007, 30)

====Masterpieces====

'''1.''The Peacock Flies to Southeast'''''

''The Peacock Flies to Southeast'' is the first long narrative poem in the history of Chinese literature, and it is also the peak work in the history of Yuefu Poetry. It is based on a marriage tragedy in Lujiang County during the reign of Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The poem has more than 350 sentences and 1700 words. It mainly tells the story of Jiao Zhongqing and Liu Lanzhi's forced separation and suicide. It accuses the cruelty and ruthlessness of feudal ethics and praises their sincere feelings and rebellious spirit. As the longest narrative poem in ancient history, the story of Peacock Flying Southeast is complicated and simple, and its characters are vividly portrayed. It not only portrays the image of Jiaoliu and his wife, but also depicts the stubbornness of Jiao's mother and the arrogance of brother Liu. At the end of the article, the myth of Liu Lanzhi and Jiao Zhongqing turning into mandarin ducks after their death is conceived, and the people's strong desire for love freedom and happy life is placed. (Wu Ting 2007, 36)

'''2.''Mulan Poetry'''''

''Mulan poetry'' is a folk song in the Northern Dynasty of China. This is a long narrative poem about a girl named Mulan. She disguised herself as a man, joined the army for her father, established meritorious service in the battlefield, and refused to be an official after returning to the imperial court. She only wanted to go home for reunion. She warmly praised the woman's brave and kind-hearted quality, her enthusiasm for defending her country and her brave and fearless spirit. "Mulan is a girl" is used to conceive the legend of Mulan, which is full of romantic color. The detailed arrangement is very ingenious. Although it is about war theme, it is mainly about the life scene and children's mood, which is full of life flavor. It describes the character's mood by means of character's question and answer, narration, parallelism, antithesis and intertextuality, which is vivid, detailed and full of vitality. Therefore, it has strong artistic appeal. (Wu Ting 2007, 41)

====Evaluation====

'''1.Contributions'''

The important contribution of it is to collect and classify the songs of past dynasties according to their tunes, so that many works can be compiled into books. This provides great convenience for the collation and research of Yuefu Poetry. For example, some excellent Chinese folk songs of Han Dynasty, such as "Moshangsang", "dongmenxing", were collected and recorded by editors. In particular, some ancient folk songs and proverbs are scattered in various historical books and some academic works, and miscellaneous ballads and sayings are mostly ignored by the former. (Yu Yizhi 2002, 105)

''Collection of Yue Fu Poetry'' introduces and explains in detail the origin, nature and musical instruments used in the singing of various kinds of music. So that many precious historical materials can be preserved. This is of great value to the study of literature history and music history.There are narrative poems and lyric poems in Yuefu Poems, and the achievements of narrative poems are more prominent. ''The Book of Songs'' and ''The Songs of Chu'' are basically lyric poems, and sometimes narrative is interspersed in the process of lyric, but narrative is attached to lyric. The emergence of Yuefu narrative poetry marks the maturity of Chinese ancient narrative poetry, and it is all caused by sadness and happiness. When choosing narrative objects, the creative subject is good at finding poetic scenes and absorbing pictures in time. (Yu Yizhi 2002, 105)

'''2.Shortcomings'''

There are some imperfections in ''Collection of Yue Fu Poetry''. For example, Ji Yun in the Qing Dynasty pointed out that it was not appropriate to include some literati poems in the titles of Yuefu. In addition, because of its emphasis on melody, the recorded songs are often inconsistent with the description of tunes. But on the whole, as an ancient Chinese literature, this giant has made a certain contribution. (Yu Yizhi 2002, 107)

===References===
Wu Ting 吴婷. (2007). 乐府诗集引用的音乐文献研究 [A study of music documents cited in ''Collection of Yuefu Poertry'']. Nanchang:Nanchang University 南昌大学 (12) 20-41.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 03:06, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

Yu Yizhi 喻意志. (2002). 乐府诗集成书研究 [A study on the compilation of the ''Collection of Yuefu Poertry'']. Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University 上海师范大学 (10)105-107.

===Terms and Expressions===

''Collection of Yue Fu Poetry''《乐府诗集》

Jiaomiao songs郊庙歌辞

Yanshe songs燕射歌辞

Guchui drum songs鼓吹曲辞

Hengchui songs横吹曲辞

Xianghe songs相和歌辞

''The Peacock Flies to Southeast'' 《孔雀东南飞》

''Mulan Poetry''《木兰辞》--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 03:24, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

===Questions===

1.When was Yuefu Poetry compiled？

2.Which institution did "Yuefu" belong to?

3.What are ''The Peacock Flies to Southeast''based on?--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 03:34, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

===Answers===

1.In Song Dynasty.

2.It belongs to the institution in charge of music.

3.It is based on a marriage tragedy.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 10:41, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

==Cuisines, Eight Major Cuisines in China - Hu Jin 胡瑾 202070080591 英语笔译==

===Eight Major Cuisines of China===

====1. A Brief Introduction About Chinese Cuisine====
1. A Brief Introduction About Chinese Cuisines--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 07:16, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

As early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, China's food culture began to take shape. At that time, Tai Gongwang was the most representative. In the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period under the reign of Duke Huan of Qi, the flavors of North and South dishes showed differences. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the southern cuisine and the northern cuisine formed their own systems. In the Southern Song Dynasty, sweet in south and salty in north was formed. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Shandong Cuisine, Sichuan Cuisine, Cantonese Cuisine, and Su Cuisine became the most influential local dishes at that time, and they were called the "four major cuisines." By the end of the Qing Dynasty, four new local cuisines, Zhejiang Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine, Hunan Cuisine, and Anhui Cuisine, were differentiated and formed, which together constituted the "eight major cuisines" of traditional Chinese cuisine. (Lv Xiaomin 2009, 64)

====2. The Classification of Chinese Cuisines====

China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China's local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted around. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 34)

China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavors. Since China's local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 34)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:25, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.1 Shandong Cuisine=====
Consisting of Jinan Cuisine and Jiaodong Cuisine, Shandong Cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan Cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 45)

Consisting of Jinan Cuisine and Jiaodong Cuisine, Shandong Cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Besides, Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan Cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 45)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:27, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.2 Sichuan Cuisine=====
Sichuan Cuisine, known often in the West as Szechuan Cuisine, is one
of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan Cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil, pickling and braising are applied as basic cooking techniques. The major Sichuan dishes include Kung Pao Chicken and Bean Sauce Tofu. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 48)

Sichuan Cuisine, known often in the West as Szechuan Cuisine, is one of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan Cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical and exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil, pickling and braising are applied as basic cooking techniques. The major Sichuan dishes include Kung Pao Chicken and Bean Sauce Tofu. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 48)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:30, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.3 Guangdong Cuisine=====
Tasting clear, light, crisp and fresh, Guangdong Cuisine, familiar to Westerners, usually chooses raptors and beasts to produce originative dishes. Its basic cooking techniques include roasting, stir-frying, sauteing, deep-frying, braising, stewing and steaming. Among them steaming and stir-frying are more commonly applied to preserve the natural flavor. Cantonese are known to have an adventurous palate, able to eat many different kinds of meats and vegetables. Many vegetables originate from other parts of the world. It doesn't use much spice, bringing out the natural flavor of the vegetables and meats. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 52)

Tasting clear, light, crisp and fresh, Guangdong Cuisine, familiar to Westerners, usually chooses raptors and beasts to produce originative dishes. Its basic cooking techniques include roasting, stir-frying, sauteing, deep-frying, braising, stewing and steaming. Among them steaming and stir-frying are more commonly applied to preserve the natural flavor. Cantonese are known to have an adventurous palate, able to eat many different kinds of meats and vegetables, which originate from other parts of the world. It doesn't use much spice, just bringing out the natural flavor of the vegetables and meats. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 52)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:32, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.4 Fujian Cuisine=====
Consisting of Fuzhou Cuisine, Quanzhou Cuisine and Xiamen Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine is distinguished for its choice of seafood, beautiful color and magic taste of sweet, sour, salty and savory. The most distinct features are their "pickled taste". (Shi Hongmei 2009, 55)

Consisting of Fuzhou Cuisine, Quanzhou Cuisine and Xiamen Cuisine, Fujian Cuisine is distinguished for its choice of seafood, beautiful color and magic taste of sweet, sour, salty and savory. The most distinct feature is their "pickled taste". (Shi Hongmei 2009, 55)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:34, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.5 Jiangsu Cuisine=====
Jiangsu Cuisine, also called Huaiyang Cuisine, is popular in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. Aquatics as the main ingredients, it stresses the freshness of materials. Its carving techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well known. Cooking techniques consist of stewing, braising, roasting, simmering, etc. The flavor of Huaiyang Cuisine is light, fresh and sweet and with delicate elegance. Jiangsu Cuisine is well known for its careful selection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation methodology, and its not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 58)

Jiangsu Cuisine, also called Huaiyang Cuisine, is popular in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. Aquatics as the main ingredients, it stresses the freshness of materials. Its carving techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well known. Cooking techniques consist of stewing, braising, roasting, simmering, etc. The flavor of Huaiyang Cuisine is light, fresh, sweet and delicate. Jiangsu Cuisine is well-known for its careful selection of ingredients, its methodology of meticulous preparation methodology, and its not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 58)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:38, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.6 Zhejiang Cuisine=====
Comprising local cuisines of Hangzhou, Ningbo and Shaoxing, Zhejiang Cuisine, not greasy, wins its reputation for freshness, tenderness, softness, smoothness of its dishes with mellow fragrance. Hangzhou Cuisine is the most famous one among the three. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 62)

Comprising local cuisines of Hangzhou, Ningbo and Shaoxing, Zhejiang Cuisine, not greasy, wins its reputation for freshness, tenderness, softness, smoothness of its dishes with mellow fragrance. And Hangzhou Cuisine is the most famous one among the three. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 62)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:43, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.7 Hunan Cuisine=====
Hunan Cuisine consists of local cuisines of Xiangjiang Region, Dongting Lake and Xiangxi Coteau. It characterizes itself by thick and pungent flavor. Chili, pepper and shallot are usually necessaries in this division. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 65)

Hunan Cuisine consists of local cuisines of Xiangjiang Region, Dongting Lake and Xiangxi Coteau. It characterizes itself by thick and pungent flavor. Chili, pepper and shallot are usually necessities in this division. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 65)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:44, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

=====2.8 Anhui Cuisine=====
Anhui Cuisine focuses much more attention on the temperature in cooking. Its major cooking method are braising and stewing. Often hams and sugar will be added to improve taste and flavour of the dishes. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 68)

Anhui Cuisine focuses much more on the temperature in cooking. Its major cooking methods are braising and stewing. Often hams and sugar will be added to improve taste and flavour of the dishes. (Shi Hongmei 2009, 68)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:46, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

====3. A Comparison of Chinese-Western Diet Culture====

Chinese and western cultures have always been two major factions in the world culture, and diet plays a very important role in the two cultures. The differences in cultures create the differences between Chinese and Western food cultures. There are many differences between Chinese and Western food under the two different cultural backgrounds.(Caihua 2009, 56)

Chinese and western cultures have always been two major factions in the world culture, and diet plays a very important role in the two cultures. The differences in cultures create the differences between Chinese and Western food cultures. So there are many differences between Chinese and Western food under the two different cultural backgrounds.(Caihua 2009, 56)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:52, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Firstly, the western diet is mainly based on flour, with abundant raw materials, and its cooking method is simpler than that in China, but it also pays great attention to taste. Besides, western diet takes nutrition as the highest criterion, with special emphasis on the nutritional components of food. For example, whether the contents of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and various inorganic elements are properly matched, whether the heat supply is just right, whether these nutritional components can be fully absorbed by eaters and whether there are other side effects. (Caihua 2009, 55)

Firstly, the western diet is mainly based on flour, with abundant raw materials, and its cooking method is simpler than that in China. But it also pays great attention to taste. Besides, western diet takes nutrition as the highest criterion, with special emphasis on the nutritional components of food. For example, whether the contents of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and various inorganic elements are properly matched, whether the heat supply is just right, whether these nutritional components can be fully absorbed by eaters and whether there are other side effects. (Caihua 2009, 55)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:52, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

However, Chinese cuisine pays more attention to the color, aroma and taste of dishes. The purpose of Chinese people's diet is not only to satisfy their hunger, but also to satisfy their desire for delicious food, which brings pleasure to their body and mind. Compared with Chinese diet which pays attention to taste, western diet is a rational diet. Furthermore, westerners prefer cold dishes while Chinese like hot food. For Chinese, one should eat the food while it is still hot. What’s more, westerners believe that dishes are hunger-filled, so they specialize in "hard dishes" such as large pieces of meat and whole chickens; while Chinese mainly eat lots of vegetables and little meat. (Caihua 2009, 56)

However, Chinese cuisine pays more attention to the color, aroma and taste of dishes. The purpose of Chinese people's diet is not only to satisfy their hunger, but also to satisfy their desire for delicious food, which brings pleasure to both their body and mind. Compared with Chinese diet which pays attention to taste, western diet is a rational diet. Furthermore, westerners prefer cold dishes while Chinese like hot food. For Chinese, one should eat the food while it is still hot. What’s more, westerners believe that dishes are hunger-filled, so they specialize in "hard dishes" such as large pieces of meat and whole chickens; while Chinese mainly eat lots of vegetables and little meat. (Caihua 2009, 56)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:52, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

There are also differences in names of dishes. Many Chinese dishes often contain a lot of historical and cultural information. For example, Dongpo meat(Braised Dongpo Pork) is said to be cooked according to recipes handed down by Su Dongpo, a literary giant in Song Dynasty. Some dishes are also related to allusions and legends, for example, Fotiaoqiang(Buddha jumps over the wall) is a legend. In contrast, the names of western food are much simpler. For example, fried chicken legs, hamburgers and seafood soup are almost all named after the raw materials and cooking methods. (Caihua 2009, 57)

There are also differences in the names of dishes. Many Chinese dishes often contain a lot of historical and cultural information. For example, Dongpo Meat(Braised Dongpo Pork) is said to be cooked according to recipes handed down by Su Dongpo, a literary giant in Song Dynasty. Some dishes are also related to allusions and legends, for example, Fotiaoqiang(Buddha jumps over the wall) is a legend. In contrast, the names of western food are much simpler. For example, fried chicken legs, hamburgers and seafood soup are almost all named after the raw materials and cooking methods. (Caihua 2009, 57)--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 08:52, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

====References====

Bi Jiwan 毕继万. (1999). 跨文化非语言交际 [Cross-cultural Nonverbal Communication]. ''外语教学与研究出版社'' Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 78-83.

Cai Hua 蔡华. (2009). 试论中西饮食文化的差异 [On the Differences between Chinese and Western Food Culture]. ''邵阳学院学报'' Journal of Shaoyang University 56-67.

Du Xuezeng 杜学增. (1999). 中英文化习俗比较 [Comparison of Chinese and English Cultural Customs]. ''外语教学与研究出版社'' Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 212-217.

Lv Xiaomi, Ding Xiao, Dai Yangyong 吕晓敏, 丁骁, 代养勇. (2008). 中国八大菜系的形成历程和背景 [The Formation Process and Background of Eight Major Cuisines in China ]. ''中国食物与营养'' Food and Nutrition in China (10) 62－64．

Shi Hongmei 史红梅. (2009). 地理教学中我国地域饮食文化差异研究 [Study on the Differences of Regional Diet Culture in Geography Teaching in China]. ''河北师范大学'' Hebei Normal University 34-68.

===Terms and Expressions===

pot-stewed fowl 卤味

stewing and simmering 炖，煨

prickly ash 花椒

fermented soybean 豆鼓

Braised Dongpo Pork 东坡肉

Buddha Jumps over the Wall 佛跳墙

Kung Pao Chicken 宫保鸡丁

Bean Sauce Tofu 麻婆豆腐

===Questions===
1. How many types of cuisines are there in china?

2. What’s differences between Chinese and western diets?

3. What is the origin of Dongpo Meat?

===Answers===
1. Eight

2. 1. The western cooking method is simpler than that in China. 2. Western diet pays attention to the nutrition while Chinese cuisine pays more attention to the color, aroma and taste of dishes. 3. Western diet is a more rational diet. 4. Westerners prefer cold dishes while Chinese like hot food. 5. Westerners specialize in "hard dishes" such as large pieces of meat and whole chickens; while Chinese mainly eat lots of vegetables and little meat. 6. There are also differences in names of dishes.

3. It is said to be cooked according to recipes handed down by Su Dongpo, a literary giant in Song Dynasty.

==Folk Art: Chinese Paper-cutting - Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪 202070080636 2020英语口译 Interpreting ==

===Chinese Paper-cutting 剪纸===

===Text===

====Introduction====

With a long history, the Chinese paper-cutting could be dated back to 2000 years ago according to the archaeological records. It originated in ancient ancestor worship activities in which people pray for their ancestors and gods. Later, with the widespread paper-cutting techniques and people’s growing love, it gradually served as the decorations for the doors, walls, mirrors, lanterns and so on. Nowadays, paper-cutting has already become an integral part of Chinese traditional culture and serves as a window of the Chinese folk culture. (Jiao 2016: 3)

====History====

[[File:The Earliest Paper-cutting Found in Turfan.jpg|250px|thumb|right| The Earliest Paper-cutting Found in Turfan, image from www.Chinawriter.com.cn Click[http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/n1/2019/0115/c404102-30538973.html] for original source.]]

The skill of cutting and carving appeared way before the invention of paper, and a number of materials, from the bark, leaves and animal skin, to later silk, were cut into certain shapes to decorate things, which laid a solid foundation for the art of paper-cutting. (Li & Zhang 2015: 7)

As the paper is not easy to preserve, few of the paper works could survive to modern times. “The earliest such work surviving are five examples dating from the Northern Dynasties period (386-581), unearthed in Turfan, in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.” (Folk Handicrafts)

In the Tang dynasty the custom of paper-cutting began to be popular, and the handicraft man cut paper to different shapes, each given a special name. Namely, the shape of square was named “Fangsheng”, the flower-shaped “Huasheng”, the people-shaped “Rensheng”. Two pieces of “Huasheng”, which were the remains in the Tang Dynasty, are preserved now in Shōsō-in in Japan. (Li & Zhang 2015: 7-8)

By the Song Dynasty, with the prosperous development of economy and culture, in addition to daily decoration, paper-cutting was used in other crafts such as porcelain and blue calico. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

The art of paper-cutting became mature in Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. There emerged well designed paper-cutting works in the Yuan dynasty, and collectors began to collect paper-cutting as artworks. By the Ming Dynasty, the application of paper-cutting became even wider, with clip gauze lantern as a representative. It is a lantern with paper-cutting clipped in, candlelight reflecting the pattern. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

Since its birth, the art of paper-cutting has never been interrupted. In its long history, it evolved with pottery, printing, dyeing, and other forms of art, being an indispensable part of people’s life. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

====Five Regions====

The distribution of Chinese folk paper-cutting, combining with the historical changes, geographical and ecological environment changes, cultural development differences, and so on, can be divided into five regions. (Wang 2006:106)

Northeast Changbai Mountains region: It mainly covers the Changbai Mountain area in Heilongjiang Province and Liaoning Province. As the birthplace of the nation of Man, the paper-cutting here herited the culture and customs of Man. (Wang 2006:106)

Yellow river basin region: With the north of Shaanxi' paper-cutting as the center, it is simple but more expressive because of its rough lines and designs. (Wang 2006:106)

Yangtze River basin region: It covers paper-cutting in the Provinces of Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan and Jiangsu. Influenced by folk farming culture and the Confucian culture in the Han dynasty, paper-cutting in this region is in the rough in shape but bears a sense of delicacy. (Wang 2006:106)

The southeastern coastal region: It is highlighted by the paper-cutting of Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. This region, more affluent. Paper-cutting creation, especially in Zhejiang Jinhua, Guangdong Foshan as the representative, in the history of cultural development, the vein is also more distinct, its aesthetic interest tends to be elegant and common appreciated. (Wang 2006:106)

Southwestern minority region: It is characterized by paper-cutting in the minorities in Provinces of Yunan and Guizhou. Many paper cuttings are combined with embroidery patterns. The religious beliefs of this region obviously involved in the art of paper-cutting. (Wang 2006:107)

====Techniques====

[[File: Dyed Paper-cutting.jpg|200px|thumb|left| Dyed Paper-cutting, image from 360baike. Click [https://baike.so.com/doc/2408800-2546694.html] for original source.]]

There are various ways to make paper-cutting works, include folding paper-cutting, smoked paper-cutting, color-blocking paper-cutting, and copper-lined paper-cutting, but the most common ones are mono-colored and dot-colored. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

Mono-colored paper-cutting refers to paper-cuttings cut or curved with a single-colored paper, mostly in red. Since ancient times, the Chinese revered red, whenever there are grand celebration ceremonies or festivals, red is the main color, featuring warmth, passion and also brightness and happiness. However, mono-colored paper-cutting is also available in black or other colors, which are used according to different circumstances and situations, among which white paper-cutting is mostly used as the base sample for embroidery. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

Dyed paper-cutting is also called dotted paper cuttings. The paper is mostly Xuan paper, a kind of thin white paper that absorbs water easily. Twenty or thirty pieces of such paper are put into a pile and the pattern is carved out with a knife. Then the mass of paper is dyed. The colors become rich and elegant after dying, with endless changes and a strong local flavor. The dyed paper-cutting is mainly found in Hebei, Shanxi, and Guangdong province, among which the dotted paper cuttings in the Wei County, Hebei is very unique. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

====Themes====

Folk paper cutting has a wide range of subjects, including auspicious patterns, historical allusions, mythological dramas, landscapes, flowers, birds, fish and insects, birds and animals, twelve zodiac animals, pavilions, totem worship, and religious belief. Its connection with the major festivals and traditional customs finds its full expression in every aspect of life. Paper-cutting is an essential folk activity in the villages. Traditionally, on the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, women "drop their hoes and pick up scissors to cut papers"; on the 28th, flowers are pasted on the windows. On this day, every family paste window decorations, new year’s pictures, and Spring Festival couplets to create a lively environment for the new year. (Li & Zhang 2015: 8)

It is the rural working women who are the majority of creators of the delicate paper-cutting. When they were five or six years old or seven or eight years old, they began to follow their mothers and grandmothers to learn paper-cutting. Mothers would pass on their treasured paper-cutting patterns to their daughters and daughters-in-law as family heirlooms. This is how China’s folk paper-cutting has been passed down from generation to generation. They are devoutly devoted to the paper-cutting that are rich in connotations such as prosperity, peace and good fortune, happiness, health, and longevity. It is the inheritance of this spirit that has enabled the art of paper-cutting to last for thousands of years. (Li & Zhang 2015: 9)

===References===

Li Youyou & Zhang JIngjuan 李有有&张静娟. (2015) 剪纸 [paper-cut] 北京中国旅游出版社 Beijing: China Travel & Tourism Press.

Lu Zhongmin. (2002) Folk Handicrafts. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.

Wang Minbo 王敏伯. (2006) 中国民间剪纸史[The History of Chinese Folk Paper-cut Arts] 杭州: 中国美术学院出版社 Hangzhou: China Academy of Art Press.

===Terms and Expressions===

color-blocking paper-cutting 拼色剪纸

copper-lined paper-cutting 铜衬剪纸

dyed paper-cutting 点染剪纸

mono-colored paper-cutting 单色剪纸

smoked paper-cutting熏样剪纸

Shōsō-in 正仓院

Spring Festival couplets 春联

totem worship图腾崇拜

Turfan吐鲁番

===Questions===

1. Where was the earliest paper-cutting found in China?

2. How many regions the distribution of Paper-cutting can be divided into?

3. Which two types of paper-cutting are the most common ones?

4. What could be the themes of the paper-cutting?

===Answers===

1. They were unearthed in Turfan, in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

2. Northeast Changbai Mountains area, Yellow river basin area, Yangtze River basin area, The southeastern coastal area, and Southwestern minority areas.

3.Mono-colored paper-cutting and dyed paper-cutting.

4. Folk paper cutting has a wide range of subjects, including auspicious patterns, historical allusions, mythological dramas, landscapes, flowers, birds, fish and insects, twelve zodiac animals, pavilions, totem worship, and religious belief.

==Medicine, Zhang Zhongjing - Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮 202070080592 英语笔译==

===The Chinese Medical Sage - Zhang Zhongjing===

Zhang Zhongjing ( original name Zhang Ji, 150 to 154 A.D.- about 201 to 219 A.D., courtesy name Zhongjing), was born in Nieyang County in Nanyang of the Eastern Han Dynasty ( located in today's Zhangzhai Village, Rangdong Town, Dengzhou City, Henan Province). He was a famous medical scientist in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and one of the most outstanding medical scientists in Chinese history, who is respected as the Chinese Medical Sage. In his childhood, Zhang Zhongjing admired Bian Que, a preeminent Chinese mediciner, and yearned for medical learning. And he once studied after Zhang Bozu. (Zhang Maoyun 2014, 19-20)

Zhang Zhongjing hated officialdom and sympathized with common people. He traveled all over the country for his medical practice, carefully studied the symptoms of typhoid fever, and read widely. After decades of collection and study, he wrote the magnificent book ''Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases'', which established the treatment based on syndrome differentiation, and became a necessary classic for the study of Chinese medicine in later generations. (Tan Rongzhou 2013, 55-56)

This extraordinary man in Chinese history, our immortal medical sage, was once the Changsha magistrate. As the master of superb medical skills and a man of tender heart, he treated patients for free on the first and fifteenth days of every lunar month. At that time, yamen's gate would be crowded with a large throng of people of all ages and both sexes. Some of them carried pieces of luggage, having come a long way to be there. All the people waited for him in eagerness. Then, Zhang Zhongjing would open the gate of office and let sick people in, instead of dealing with government affairs, carefully diagnosing and treating the masses one by one. Though confronted with such a heavy workload, Mr. Zhang treated every patient carefully based on syndrome differentiation. He diagnosed them with looking, listening, questioning and feeling the pulse— four ways of diagnosis, as well as saw through the patients' appearance to perceive the root cause of their illness. As making diagnoses so full-heartedly, Mr. Zhang even skipped meals sometimes. (Zhang Deli 2019, 37)

Later, people called the doctor who sat in the drugstore to treat patients "the doctor sitting in the hall", in memory of Zhang Zhongjing. (Zhen Xueyan, Wang Limin, Liang Yongxuan 2013, 88-89)

When talking about Zhang Zhongjing, We have to mention his masterpiece ''Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases'', which is an undoubted groundbreaking and peak work of traditional Chinese medicine. For years of wars and chaos in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, it turned out that various kinds of plagues were prevailing in China. And lots of people were homeless and suffered from epidemic diseases. Thus, Zhang Zhongjing's motive of writing this book was to lift common and poor Chinese people from the misery of diseases. After years of arduous hardwork, this enduring work was finally finished. (Tan Rongzhou 2013, 55-56)

There is a Chinese saying that goes, " Eating dumplings in Chinese New Year, Great Cold, and Slight Cold ( latter two belongs to 24 solar terms)." But now, except these days and the New Year's Day, many diners also feast in the air-conditioned dumpling parlors in summer. So, how did dumplings, as one of people's favorite, come into being? Speaking of this delicacy, well-respected Zhang Zhongjing has made great contributions to it. (首都医药 2003, 40)

When a snowstorm was raging, Zhang Zhongjing, a former governor of Changsha, who had resigned from office, was returning to his native town. By the White River, he saw lots of homeless people in rags, with sick looks and frozen ears. (首都医药 2003, 40)

Back home, Mr.Zhang was still concerned about those poor people. So he developed a recipe to help them ward off cold, called " Cold Dispelling Jiaoer Soup". Then, just on the Winter Solstice, he asked his disciples to set up a shed and a big pot under it in Dongguan, Nanyang, and give each poor person a bowl of soup with two Jiaoers. After drinking this soup, people felt warm and their ears were cured. (首都医药 2003, 40)

Zhang Zhongjing passed away on the day of the Winter Solstice, and he distributed the "Cold Dispelling Jiaoer Soup" for everyone on the Winter Solstice as well. In order to commemorate him, everyone would make dumplings on the Winter Solstice Festival. And it was said that if one ate dumplings on the day of the Winter Solstice, his ears would not be frozen in winter. "Cold Dispelling Jiaoer Soup" is rarely eaten now, but the custom of eating dumplings on the Winter Solstice every year has been passed down. Besides, the kinds and shapes of dumplings have been greatly improved. (首都医药 2003, 40)

In fact, the way of making "Cold Dispelling Jiaoer Soup" is to boil mutton and some cold dispelling herbs in a pot. After cooked, fish and chop them up, then wrap the stuffing in dough wrappers, with their shapes resembling human ears. Later, put them into the pot, and boil them in the original soup. Because of its ear- shaped contour and effect on preventing the ear from freezing, Zhongjing named it "Jiao Er". ( Er means eears in Chinese) There are also a Nanyang folk songs about Jiaoer, saying " not eating Jiaoers in the Winter Solstice, geting frozen ears in the winter cold." (首都医药 2003, 40)

At first, Zhang Zhongjing, a little boy of 9 or 10 years old, was measuring traditional Chinese medicine, trying to imitate his medical master. At this stage, medicine inspired in him a delightful sensation of wonder, which would shape his lifelong dream of becoming a great doctor like Bian Que and helping the sick. Then, Zhang turned into an adult man, appearing to be in his middle age. He stuck to treating sick people at the gate of the Yamen on the first and fifth days in the lunar calendar. Finally, Mr. Zhang's goatee turned grey and wrinkles crawled on his kind face. However, he still wrote the Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases, cured patients and dealt with his favorite— traditional Chinese medicine. (Zhang Maoyun 2014, 19-20)

[[File:Zhang_Zhongjing.jpg]]

===References===

(2003). 张仲景故乡的二十四个故事(六) 饺子的来历[J] [Twenty-four Stories of Zhang Zhongjing's Hometown (VI) The Origin of Dumpling]. ''首都医药'' Capital Medicine (17) 40.

Zhang Maoyun 张茂云. (2014). 伤寒杂病论成书年代及仲景生平年代考历[J] [Journal on the Written Time of ''Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases'' and the Lifeyime of Zhang Zhongjing]. ''中国中医药现代远程教育'' Chinese Medicine Modern Distance Education of China (04) 19-20.

Zhen Xueyan, Wang Limin, Liang Yongxuan 甄雪燕，王利敏，梁永宣. (2013). “医圣”张仲景[J] ["Medical Sage" Zhang Zhongjing]. ''中国卫生人才'' China Health Human Resources (07) 88-89.

Zhang Deli 张德礼. (2019). 心系百姓的“医圣”张仲景[J] [People's Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing]. ''现代班组'' Morden Group (05) 37.

Tan Rongzhou 覃荣周. (2013). 张仲景对我国医学发展的历史贡献[J] [Zhang Zhongjing's Historical Contribution to the Development of Chinese Medicine]. ''兰台世界'' Lantai World (07) 55-56.

Zhao Qingxin 赵清新. (1999). 万世医宗张仲景[J] ["Medical Sage" Zhang Zhongjing]. ''解放军健康'' PLA Health (05) 36.

Tian Yi 天一. (2020). 张仲景:“医圣”之名传天下[J] [Zhang Zhongjing: the Name of "Medical Sage" Spreads all over the World]. ''月读'' Monthly Read (03) 4-13.

===Terms and Expressions===

medical sage 医圣

''Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases''《伤寒杂病论》

treatment based on syndrome differentiation/ diagnosis and treatment based on an overall analysis of the illness and the patient's condition 辩证施治

yamen 衙门

Great Cold ( 24th solar term ) 大寒

Slight Cold ( 23rd solar term ) 小寒

look, listen, question and feel the pulse -- four ways of diagnosis 望闻问切

Cold Dispelling Jiaoer Soup 祛寒娇耳汤

===Questions===

1. What's the honorable title Zhang Zhongjing addressed as?

2. What's the official role Zhang once taken?

3. When would Zhang treat patients for free at yamen?

4. What's the most well-known and important masterpiece Zhang ever write? What's his motive of writing it?

5. What's the relationship between Zhang Zhongjing and dumplings?

===Answers===

1. Chinese Medical Sage.

2. Changsha magistrate.

3. He treated patients for free on the first and fifteenth days of every lunar month.

4. ''Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases.'' Zhang Zhongjing's motive of writing this book was to lift common and poor Chinese people from the misery of diseases.

5. Dumplings are derived from the recipe " Cold Dispelling Jiaoer Soup" developed by Zhang Zhongjing.

--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 13:53, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

20201207 cult

2020-12-14T07:11:37Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Alsied, Saffana */

==Alsied, Saffana==
1.Buddhism was said to be founded in India in the 6th century BC by Siddhartha Gautama, son of a nobleman and member of the Kshatriya caste, near the present borders of India and Nepal. He is also known by the titles Skamania (the sage of the Sakya family) and Tathagata (the follower of truth).

佛教据说是在公元前6世纪由印度贵族之子和Kshatriya种姓成员Siddhartha Gautama在印度和尼泊尔目前的边界附近建立的。他还以头衔Skakania（萨迦家族的圣贤）和Tathagata（真理的追随者）而闻名。

2. According to Taoism, the cosmos is a magnitude of harmony and order. It is active, not static. Its state is one of change and variation, perpetually becoming and fading away, and contracting and expanding. Tao guides its function as an ordering principle. Within Tao, the two elementary powers, Yin and Yang, function by reciprocal action. They are the two polar opposites into which all things can be classified. Thus dark and light, life and death, male and female, good and evil, strong and weak are all manifestations of Yin and Yang.

根据道教，宇宙是和谐与秩序的一个层面。它是活动的，不是静态的。它的状态是变化和变异的一种，永久地变成和逐渐消失，以及收缩和扩展。陶指导其功能，作为订购原则。在道内部，阴和阳这两个基本能力是通过相互作用起作用的。它们是可以将所有事物归为两类的两个极端。因此，黑暗与光明，生与死，男女，善与恶，强与弱都是阴阳的表现。

3.The name of Islam is derived from the word “salam” with the connotation of the “the peace which comes by surrendering to God.” Islam was founded by the Arab prophet Mohammed. For people of Islamic faith, there is only one God, Allah. The name derives from joining “al” which means “the” with “Illah” which means “God”. Chinese Moslems live mostly in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. They form ethnic groups in 4 autonomous prefectures and 13 autonomous counties.

根据道教，宇宙是和谐与秩序的一个层面。它是活动的，不是静态的。它的状态是变化和变异的一种，永久地变成和逐渐消失，以及收缩和扩展。陶指导其功能，作为订购原则。在道内部，阴和阳这两个基本能力是通过相互作用起作用的。它们是可以将所有事物归为两类的两个极端。因此，黑暗与光明，生与死，男女，善与恶，强与弱都是阴阳的表现。

4. Among the major divisions of Christianity, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church agree in most points of doctrine and worship, but the various communions of the former do not accept the supremacy of the Church of Rome and its bishop, the pope. Accordingly, although those communions accept many of the doctrines enunciated by the Roman Catholic Church since their separation in 1054, they do not consider such doctrines very essential to Christianity.

在基督教的主要分裂中，东正教教会和罗马天主教教会在教义和礼拜的大多数方面都达成了一致，但前者的各种共融并不接受罗马教会及其主教教皇的最高统治权。因此，尽管自从1054年分离以来，这些教会就接受了罗马天主教阐明的许多教义，但他们并不认为这些教义对基督教非常重要。

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==
1.6世纪，佛教从中国经朝鲜传入日本，此后一直成为日本的主要宗教。

Buddhism was introduced to Japan from China via Korea in the 6th century and has been the main religion of Japan ever since.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 10:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.近代中国学者多数认为：道家与道教是两个既相互联系又有区别的概念。

Most modern Chinese scholars believe that Taoism and Daoism are two concepts that are both interrelated and distinct.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 10:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.穆罕默德在早期的宣教中，告诫人们放弃多神信仰和偶像崇拜，宣称真主是宇宙万物的创造者，是唯一的主宰，要求人们信奉独一无二的真主。

In his early preaching, Muhammad admonished people to abandon polytheism and idolatry, proclaimed that God is the creator of all things in the universe and the only Lord, and asked people to believe in the one and only God.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 10:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.上帝的创造以及人作为上帝的形象：世界是上帝创造的，上帝照着自己的形象造人。

God's creation and man as the image of God: The world was created by God, and God made man in His own image.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 10:04, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Han 陈涵==

1.佛教解释了生命的真相，它对世上种种不公正以及不平等现象（人生的痛苦）作出了解释，并提供了修行解脱的道路，使人走向真正的幸福。

Buddhism explains the truth of life, as well as all the injustices and inequalities (the pain of life) around the world. And it provides paths for people to spiritual liberation, which leads them to true happiness. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:19, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教理论的最普遍图形表示就是阴和阳循环的圆形图像，它代表了宇宙中相反事物的平衡关系，当它们都平等地呈现出来，所有的一切都会平静。当其中一个超过另一个的时候，就会出现混淆。

The most common image of Taoist theology is the circular ''yin''-''yang'' figure which represents the balance of opposites in the universe. When they are equally presented, all is in a tranquil state. When one is outweighed by the other, there are confusion and disarray. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:19, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教认为《古兰经》是“神圣的语言”，是伊斯兰教信仰和教义的最高准则，是伊斯兰教法的渊源和立法的首要依据，是穆斯林道德行为的重要准绳，也是伊斯兰教各学科和各派别学说赖以建立的理论基础。

Islam believes that ''The Koran'' is the supreme principle of its belief and doctrine, the origin of Islamic law and the primary basis for legislation. It is an important criterion for Muslims' moral behavior, and is also the theoretical foundation on which various disciplines and sects of Islam rely. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:19, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

4.原罪思想，使得治理国家的办法应依托于制度，依托于法律，实现了从“人治”到“法治”的飞跃，不仅如此，赎罪的观念，引起了资本主义精神的产生，推动了西方资本主义的发展。

The thoughts of original sin made the way of governing the country rely on the system and the law, achieving a leap from "rule of man" to "rule of law". In addition, the concept of atonement gave rise to the spirit of capitalism and promoted the development of Western capitalism. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:19, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

1.佛陀涅槃后，弟子们奉行四谛，八正道等基本教义，在教团生活中维持着他在世时的惯例。

After the Buddha’s nirvana, his disciplines followed the basic doctrines of the Four Noble Truths and the Eight-fold Noble Way so as to maintain the conventions of his lifetime.

2.道教主张以清静无为，不争寡欲的态度对待世俗生活，以“我命在我不在天”的精神进行修炼。

Taoism claims that we should let things take their own course and keep ourselves from desires in the secular life, and dominate our own destiny in the process of practicing austerities.

3.各氏族部落各据一方，逐水草而居，彼此之间经常为争夺牧场，水源，土地而发生战争。

The clans occupy various areas by the water and grass, but will frequently launch wars for pasture, water and land.

4.神爱世人，甚至将他的独生子（耶稣基督）赐给他们，叫一切信他的，不至灭亡，反得永生。

God loves people so much that he even bestows his only son-Jesus Christ to them and whoever believes in him will not perish but instead have a eternal life.

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

1. One significant difference between Chinese Buddhism and original Buddhist teachings is the belief that Buddha is not just a teacher who taught followers what to do, but a god to be prayed to for help and salvation.

中国佛教与原始佛教教义之间的一个重要区别是，人们相信佛陀不仅是向跟随者传教如何做的老师，而且是向上帝祈祷以寻求帮助和救赎的老师。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 20:22, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2. At Taoist temples, people may worship Taoist idols that represent a historical figure, an immortal, or a folk god.

在道观中，人们可能会崇拜代表历史人物，神仙或民间神灵的道教神像。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 20:22, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

3. In 1910, it was estimated that Muslims made up about 1 or 2 percent of the population of China (about 7 million people).

据估计，在1910年，穆斯林约占中国人口的1-2％（约700万人）--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 20:22, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4. Chinese Christians must believe that a man born thousands of years ago and thousands of kilometers away to an unknown alien people was the Son of God.

中国基督徒必须相信，一个千百年前出生在千里之外与一个陌生的外星人相伴的人是上帝的儿子。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 20:22, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==
1. 佛教在西汉时期（公元前206年—公元24年）经丝绸之路传入中国。经过500多年的跌宕起伏，它在唐朝达到了顶峰。

Buddhism had been introduced to China via the Silk Road during the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC—24 AD). After five hundred years of peaks and troughs, it reached its height during the Tang Dynasty.

2. 道教是中国土生土长的宗教，已经影响了中国人两千多年。道教有三个起源，最古老的是“黄帝”传说。第二个来源是庄子的作品。但最著名的是老子的《道德经》。道家强调自由、自然、修身养性，甚至追求永生。道教对中国文化的许多领域都产生了深刻而持久的影响，包括艺术、哲学、医学和美食，并在东亚地区广泛流传。

Taoism is a Chinese native religion that has shaped Chinese life for more than 2,000 years. There are three sources of Taoism's origin, with the oldest being the legend of "Yellow Emperor". The second source in Zhuangzi's works, while the most famous one is Laozi's Dao De Jing. Taoism emphasizes freedom, nature, self-cultivation and even pursues immortality. Taoism has had a deep and lasting influence in many fields of Chinese culture, including the arts, philosophy, medicine, and cuisine. It has also spread widely throughout East Asia.

3. 在伊斯兰文化中，几何无处不在。在清真寺、宗教学校、宫殿和私人房屋里，你都能觅得它的踪迹。这个传统始于公元8世纪的伊斯兰教早期，那时的工匠们借鉴了罗马和波斯文化中已经存在的图案，用它们转化出新的的视觉效果。

In Islamic culture, geometry is everywhere. You can find it in mosques, madrasas, palaces and private homes. This tradition began in the 8th century CE during the early history of Islam, when craftsmen took preexisting motifs from Roman and Persian cultures and developed them into new forms of visual expression.

4. 基督教开始的时候只是犹太教的一个分支。最早的基督教徒根本没想过创办新的宗教, 他们自视为追随犹太教弥赛亚教义的犹太人。只是后来在许多非犹太人改变信仰之后, 基督教才脱离犹太教, 自成一体。

Christianity began life as a Jewish sect. Far from attempting to find a new religion, the first Christians viewed themselves as Jews following the teachings of the Jewish Messiah . It was only later, after many non-Jews converted, that Christianity became a religion distinct from Judaism.
--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 11:48, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1.“阿弥陀佛”是一个梵语词，字面意思为无限的光和无限的生命。他是极乐世界里的佛，在极乐世界里，众生都享受着无限的幸福。

“Amitabha” is a Sanskrit word literally meaning boundless light and boundless life. He is the Buddha in the Land of Ultimate Bliss, in which all beings enjoy unbound happiness.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:59, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 万物负阴而抱阳，冲气以为和。

The created universe carries the yin at its back and the yang in front, through the union of the pervading principles it reaches harmony.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:59, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 截止到2009年底，世界人口约68亿人口中,穆斯林总人数是15.7亿,分布在204个国家和地区，占全世界的23%。

By the end of 2009, of the world's population of about 6.8 billion, the total number of Muslims was 1.57 billion, distributed in 204 countries and regions, accounting for 23% of the world's total population.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:59, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 耶稣，又名耶稣基督，是基督教的中心人物，被大多数基督教会尊为上帝的儿子和上帝的化身。

Jesus, known as Jesus Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and is revered by most Christian churches as the Son of God and the incarnation of God. --[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:59, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

1. “Amitabha” is a Sanskrit word, literally meaning endless light and forever life. He is the Buddha in the Land of Ultimate Bliss, in which all beings enjoy unbound happiness.

2. The created universe carries the yin at its back and the yang in front, through the union of the pervading principles it reaches harmony.

3. By the end of 2009, the world’s population was about 6.8 billion, of which the total number of Muslims was 1.57 billion, in 204 countries and regions, accounting for 23% of the world’s population.

4. Jesus, known as Jesus Christ, is the central figure of Christianity, revered by most Christian churches as the Son of God and the incarnation of God. --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 06:42, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
1. 佛教传播到每一个地区以后，由于受到当地社会、政治、文化的影响，形式和内容都有相应的变化，形成许多宗派。

After Buddhism spreading to every region, because of the influence of local society, politics and culture, its form and content have changed accordingly and formed many sects.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 08:13, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only religion originated in China and founded by the Chinese, so it is also called native religion. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 08:13, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The Islam is from the religion of a single ethnic group in the Arab region to the religion of multi-ethnic belief in the world, and it is the result of the wide spread of the Arab Islamic countries through various channels, such as continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and sending missionaries to all parts of the world.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 08:13, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

4.早期基督教神学家通过发挥基督教的基本教义，依托当时流行的哲学载体，构造出更加复杂的教义体系。

Early Christian theologians constructed a more complex doctrine system by giving full play to the basic teachings of Christianity and relying on the popular philosophical carriers at that time. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 08:13, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==

1、佛教中常说的烦恼，就从妄想中来。妄想爱情美好，妄想荣华富贵，妄想健康长寿，当达不到这些标准的时候，烦恼就来了。

Buddhism says that people's worries come from their desires such as the desire for beautiful love, money, health and longevity. If they cannot reach their desires, worries come.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:32, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2、老子以「道」作为最初本源和内在支配者，认为世间万物存在着互联、互动的密切关系。

Lao zi suggests that Tao is the original source and inner ruler, and everything in the world has close interconnection and interaction with each other.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:32, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

3、伊斯兰教自创兴迄今已有1400多年的历史，它作为一种宗教信仰、意识形态和文化体系，传入世界各地后，与当地传统文化相互影响和融合，在不同历史条件下，对许多国家和民族的社会发展、政治结构、经济形态、文化风尚、伦理道德、生活方式等都发生了不同程度的影响。

Islam boasts a long history of more than 1400 years so far. As a religion, ideology and cultural system, it has made influences to different extends on the social development, political structure, economic form, culture, ethic and life style of many countries as well as nations at different stages through the mutual influence and integration with local cultures after it was spread worldwide. --[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:32, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

4、圣经又分为两部分:《旧约》和《新约》，《旧约》与《新约》以耶稣出生为界限划分，前者主要侧重于对犹太民族历史的讲述以及犹太人对于其真神的讲述。

The Bible has two part:"The Old Testament", "The New Testament", which was divided by the birth of Jesus. The former emphasizes on telling the history of Jewish people and their talks about the true god.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:32, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Grosheva, Anna==

1. Mahayana Buddhism was originally founded during the Kushan Empire and spread to China where various school sects were developed; before spreading further and becoming popular in other Asian countries like Japan.

大乘佛教最初是在库山帝国时期建立的，并传播到发展了各种学派的中国。在进一步传播并在日本等其他亚洲国家流行之前。 --[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 20:12, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

大乘佛教最初是在库山帝国时期建立的，并传播到了中国，并在中国发展了各种学派。之后，进一步传播到了日本等其他亚洲国家，并且很受欢迎。--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 12:11, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2. Taoism is basically a term for China’s indigenous philosophies and religious beliefs, and as defined this way, it has always been China’s main religion that colors all the others.

道教从根本上说是中国本土哲学和宗教信仰的术语，按照这种定义，道教一直是中国的主要宗教，为所有其他宗教增色。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 20:12, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

道教从根本上说是指代中国本土哲学和宗教信仰的术语，按照这种定义，道教一直是中国的主要宗教，并为所有其他宗教增色。--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 12:11, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3. Thus less than 20 years after the death of the prophet, Islam was officially introduced and started to become established as a new religion and culture in China.

因此，在先知死后不到20年的时间里，伊斯兰教就被正式引入并开始在中国确立为一种新的宗教和文化。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 20:12, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

因此，在先知死后不到20年的时间里，伊斯兰教就被正式引入中国，并在此开始建立一种新的宗教和文化。--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 12:11, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4. Unlike other Chinese religious adherents, Christians in China become Christians by the change of faith and not by birth.

与其他中国宗教信奉者不同，中国的基督徒通过改变信仰而不是出生而成为基督徒。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 20:12, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

与其他中国宗教信奉者不同，中国的基督徒加入基督教是通过改变信仰而不是出生。--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 12:11, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==
1.隋唐佛教的发展，对文学、艺术也提供了绝佳的题材与灵感，当时文人学士对於佛教的磅礴精深与僧侣的精神修养，产生崇高的敬意，归向者颇多，如韩愈、白居易、柳宗元、王维、李翱、裴休等，都与佛教有深厚的因缘，因此蕴含佛教哲理的诗文创作也应运而生。

The development of Buddhism in the Sui and Tang dynasties also provided excellent subjects and inspiration for literature and art. The literati and scholars at that time had a high respect for the majestic depth of Buddhism and the spiritual cultivation of monks, and there were many of them, such as Han Yu, Bai Juyi, Liu Zongyuan, Wang Wei, Li Ao, Pei Xiu, etc. They all had a deep connection with Buddhism, and therefore poems and writings containing Buddhist philosophies came into being.

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only religion that originated in China and was founded by Chinese people, so it is also known as an indigenous religion. Taoism has had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture of our ancient times ， serving as one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.

3.基督宗教发端于公元1世纪罗马帝国统治下巴勒斯坦地区的犹太团体。1至5世纪是基督宗教创立并从以色列传向希腊罗马文化区域的时期，是基督宗教发展的早期阶段，是使徒和早期教父建立基督宗教基本教义和神学学说的时期。

The Christian religion began with the Jewish community in Palestine under the Roman Empire in the 1st century A.D. The period from the 1st to the 5th centuries, when the Christian religion was founded and spread from Israel to the Greco-Roman cultural region, was the early stage of its development, when the apostles and early fathers established the basic doctrines and theological doctrines of the Christian religion

4.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The development of Islam from a regional Arab mono-ethnic religion to a world-wide multi-ethnic religion is the result of the widespread spread of Islam in Arab countries through continuous foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges and the sending of missionaries to various parts of the world.

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==

1.佛教是一种约有三亿人信仰的世界性宗教。这个词来自于“菩堤”，意思是“觉悟”。佛教大约起源于2500年前，是悉达多乔达摩(称为佛陀)在35岁时觉悟后所发起的。

Buddhism is a religion to about 300 million people around the world.The word comes from"budhi"，which means "to awaken". It has its origins about 2, 500 years ago when Siddhartha Gotama, known as the Buddha,was himself awakened (enlightened) at the age of 35.

2.道教是中国土生土长的宗教，已经影响了中国人两千多年。道教有三个起源，最古老的是“黄帝”传说。第二个来源是庄子的作品。但最著名的是老子的《道德经》。道家强调自由、自然、修身养性，甚至追求永生。道教对中国文化的许多领域都产生了深刻而持久的影响，包括艺术、哲学、医学和美食，并在东亚地区广泛流传。

Taoism is a Chinese native religion that has shaped Chinese life for more than 2,000 years. There are three sources of Taoism's origin, with the oldest being the legend of "YellowEmperor". The second source in Zhuangzi's works, while the most famous one is Laozi's, Dao De Jing. Taoism emphasizes freedom, nature, self-cultivation, and even pursues immortality. Taoism has had a deep and lasting influence in many fields of Chinese culture, including the arts, philosophy, medicine, and cuisine. It has also spread widely throughout East Asia.

3.伊斯兰教自创兴迄今已有1400多年的历史，它作为一种宗教信仰、意识形态和文化体系，传入世界各地后，与当地传统文化相互影响和融合，在不同历史条件下，对许多国家和民族的社会发展、政治结构、经济形态、文化风尚、伦理道德、生活方式等都发生了不同程度的影响。

Islam has a history of more than 1,400 years. As a religious belief, ideology and cultural system, it has been introduced to all parts of the world and interacted and integrated with the local traditional culture. Under different historical conditions, it has affected many countries on their social development, political structure, economic form, cultural customs, ethics and morality, lifestyle, etc.

4.我们一般认为基督教的基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。此外，历代神学家企图结合其时代的观念阐释和辨明基督教的信仰要理。很多神学家的著作也是阐发基督教基本教义的宝贵资源。

We generally think that the basic doctrines of Christianity are derived from the Bible. The churches in history have made many essential generalizations of the basic doctrines of Christianity in various forms such as creeds and confession texts, and they are also regarded as the source of doctrines by scholars studying doctrinal studies today. In addition, theologians of the past dynasties attempt to interpret and discern the principles of Christian faith in combination with the concepts of their times. The works of many theologians are also valuable resources for elucidating the basic doctrines of Christianity.--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 04:27, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

1.佛教在西汉时期（公元前206年——公元24年）经丝绸之路传入中国，经过500多年的跌宕起伏，在唐朝达到了顶峰。

Buddhism had been introduced to China via the Silk Road during the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC—24 AD), reaching its height during the tang Dynasty.After five hundred years of peaks and troughs.

2.一开始，道教只在平民中受欢迎，晋朝(265—420)时开始在上层社会得到广泛流行，在之后的北齐和北凉，道教得到了当权者的恩惠并一度在朝堂上扮演重要角色。

At first, Taoism only gain the popularity among civilians and during the Jin Dynasty (265—420) it became a prevalence in the upper society, and in the succession of Northern Qi and Northern Liang, Taoism gained good graces of the ruler and once play a critical role in court.

3.每年都有众多的朝圣者去麦加朝拜。因此,“ 麦加”这个词后来就被收入英语, 引申为“ 人们渴望拜访的地方。

Every year numerous pilgrims go to Mecca to pay homage. Thus the word“Mecca”has come into English language, meaning“place one aspires to visit”.

4.尽管基督教与犹太教具有很多共同点, 但这两个宗教在像上帝与人的关系等基本问题上有着差别明显。
Although Christianity shares much with Judaism, these two faiths differ significantly with respect to such fundamental issues as God’s relationship with humanity. --[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 14:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

==Guo Lu 郭露==

1.禅宗主张因材施教。它除了要对信徒给予面对面的传教说法之外，还要通过一些动作以及手势来教导信徒。这些特点都让禅宗能够避免走进教条主义以及形式主义等不好的方向，也因此能够长久地在民间得到发展和深入。

Zen Buddhism prefers teaching people according to his or her ability. In addition to giving face-to-face instruction to its adherents, it also teaches through gestures. All these characteristics have enabled Zen to avoid going in the wrong direction of dogmatism and formalism, so as to develop and deepen its popularity in the long run.

Zen Buddhism advocates teaching according to the ability of the student. In addition to giving face-to-face instruction, it also teaches through gestures and gestures to its followers. These characteristics allow Zen to avoid going in the bad direction of dogmatism and formalism, and thus to develop and deepen its popularity in the long run.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教理论的最普遍图形表示就是阴和阳循环的圆形图像。它代表了宇宙中相反事物的平衡关系。当它们都平等地呈现出来，所有一切都会平静。当其中一个超过另一个的时候，就会出现混淆和混乱。阴和阳是信徒追随的原型，有助于让个人去凝视他或她的生命状态。

The most common graphic representation of Taoist theology is the circular Yin Yang figure. It represents the balance of opposites in the universe. When they are equally present, all is calm. When one is outweighed by the other, there is confusion and disarray. The Yin and Yang are a model that the faithful follow, an aid that allows each person to contemplate the state of his or her lives.

The most universal graphic representation of Taoist theory is the circular image of the yin and yang cycles. It represents the balance of opposite things in the universe. When they are all equally represented, all is calm. When one outweighs the other, there is confusion and chaos. The yin and the yang are archetypes followed by the devotee, helping the individual to gaze at his or her life state.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教是世界三大宗教之一，伊斯兰教世界的国家遍布亚、非两个大洲，总体算来也有大约五十个。此外，在各大洲很多国家里都有信仰伊斯兰教的人民（穆斯林）。这些国家包括一些西方国家诸如英、美、俄、法、德等国家。

Islam is one of the three major religions in the world, it covers Asia and Africa with about fifty Islamic countries. In addition, there are many countries in the world that have people who believe in Islam (Muslim). These countries include some western countries, such as the UK, the US, Russia, France and Germany.

Islam is one of the three major religions of the world, and the countries of the Islamic world are spread over two continents, Asia and Africa, and there are about fifty countries in total. In addition, Islam is practiced by people (Muslims) in many countries on all continents. These countries include some Western countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Russia, France, and Germany.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教对西方文明产生了非常大的影响。自由、平等、博爱为中心的人文主义传统，使得“生而平等”观点深入人心，成为《独立宣言》《人权宣言》中的核心，成为后来西方民主政治的- -种长远的精神推动力。

Christianity had a profound impact on Western civilization. Its humanist tradition, which focused on freedom，equality and fraternity, made the idea of "born equal" popular in the world. It not only became the core of "Declaration of Independence" and "Declaration of Human Rights"，but also a long-term spiritual driving force of the Western democracy.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 08:47, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Christianity has had a great influence on Western civilization. The humanist tradition centered on freedom, equality, and fraternity made the idea of "all men are created equal" deeply rooted in people's hearts, and became the core of the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of Human Rights, as well as the long-term spiritual impetus for Western democratic politics.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==

1.Buddhism was said to be founded in India in the 6th century BC by Siddhartha Gautama, son of a nobleman and member of the Kshatriya caste, near the present borders of India and Nepal.

据信佛教是在公元前6世纪由印度贵族之子，克萨特里亚种姓的成员悉达多·豪达玛（Siddhartha Gautama）在印度建立的，大约在公元前6世纪，在当今印度和尼泊尔的边界附近。

2.There are two types of Buddhism in China, Mahayana (Big Raft) Buddhism and Hinayana (Little Raft) Buddhism.

在中国，佛教有两种类型，大乘佛教（大木筏）和小乘佛教（小木筏）。

3.Mahayana Buddhism was introduced into regions inhabited by the Han people, the largest ethnic group in China, in the first century.

大乘佛教在公元一世纪被传入中国最大的民族汉族居住的地区。

4.Taoism is the only major religion that came exclusively from Chinese roots and grew to maturity in Chinese soil.

道教是唯一完全起源于中国的宗教，并在中国土壤中逐渐成熟。

==He Changqi 何长琦==
1. 严格地说，佛教起始于尼泊尔，发展在中国，又远传于日本、韩国。而佛教在印度本土由于受到印度教及后来传入印度的伊斯兰教的排挤，约在公元八、九百年左右，在印度本土消失。而能保留佛教并发展佛教的中国就成了当今世界佛教的真正故乡。

Strictly speaking, Buddhism began in Nepal, developed in China, and spread as far as Japan and Korea. Buddhism, on the other hand, disappeared in India itself around 800 or 900 A.D. due to the ostracism of Hinduism and later Islam, which was spread to India. China, which was able to retain Buddhism and develop it, became the true home of Buddhism in the world today.

2.道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一.
Taoism had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture in ancient China and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.

3. 伊斯兰教自创兴迄今已有1400多年的历史，它作为一种宗教信仰、意识形态和文化体系，传入世界各地后，与当地传统文化相互影响和融合，在不同历史条件下，对许多国家和民族的社会发展、政治结构、经济形态、文化风尚、伦理道德、生活方式等都发生了不同程度的影响

As a religious belief, ideology and cultural system,Islam has spread to different parts of the world and has influenced and integrated with local traditional cultures, influencing the social development, political structure, economic forms, cultural customs, ethics and morals, and lifestyles of many countries and nations in different degrees under different historical conditions.

4.由于历史原因，在华人中长期以来都习惯只把新教称为基督教。大陆的新教教会也从不称自己为新教，而只称基督教或耶稣教，而将罗马公教称为天主教，正教称为东正教。

For historical reasons, it has long been customary among the Chinese to refer to Protestantism only as Christianity. The Protestant churches on the mainland of China also never call themselves Protestant, but only Christian or Jesuit, while the Roman Catholic Church is referred to as Catholic and the Orthodox Church as Orthodox.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 01:58, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==

1.公元前6世纪至前5世纪，释迦牟尼于古印度创建佛教。以后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

From the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC, Sakyamuni founded Buddhism in ancient India. Since then, it has been widely spread in Asia and all over the world, and has had a significant impact on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only religion originated in China and founded by Chinese people, so it is also known as local religion. Taoism had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture of ancient China, and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.

3.伊斯兰教是世界性的宗教之一，与佛教、基督教并称为世界三大宗教。信奉伊斯兰教的人统称为“穆斯林”(意为“顺从者”)。7世纪初兴起于阿拉伯半岛，由麦加人穆罕默德(约570—632)创传。主要传播于亚洲、非洲，以西亚、北非、中亚、南亚次大陆和东南亚最为盛行。

Islam, together with Buddhism and Christianity, is one of the world's three religions. People who believe in Islam are collectively referred to as "Muslims" (meaning "followers"). It originated in the Arabian Peninsula in the early 7th century and was created by Muhammad (570-632) of Mecca. It mainly spreads in Asia and Africa, especially in West Asia, North Africa, Central Asia, South Asian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

4.基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、信条、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。此外，历代神学家企图结合其时代的观念阐释和辨明基督教的信仰要理。很多神学家的著作也是阐发基督教基本教义的宝贵资源。

Christianity generally believes that its basic doctrines are derived from the Bible. The church in history has made a lot of concise summary of the basic doctrines of Christianity in various forms, such as creed, creed and epistemology, which is also regarded as the source of doctrine by scholars who study dogmatics today. In addition, the theologians of all ages tried to explain and distinguish the Christian faith principle according to the concept of their times. The works of many theologians are also valuable resources for elucidating the basic tenets of Christianity.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 08:06, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==

1. 道教理论的最普遍图形表示就是阴和阳循环的圆形图像。它代表了宇宙中相反事物的平衡关系。当它们都平等地呈现出来。所有一切都会平静。当其中一个超过另一个的时候，就会出现混淆和混乱。阴和阳是信徒追随的原型，有助于让一个人去凝视他或她的生命状态。

1. The most common graphic representation of Taoist theology is the circular Yin Yang figure. It represents the balance of opposites in the universe. When they are equally present, all is calm. When one is outweighed by the other, there is confusion and disarray. The Yin and Yang are a model that the faithfull follow, an aid that allows each person to contemplate the state of his or her lives.

1. The most common graphic representation of Taoist theology is the circular image of the Yin and Yang. It represents the balance of opposites in the universe. When they are equally presented, all is calm. When one is outweighed by the other, there is confusion and disarray. The Yin and Yang are the archetypes followed by disciple, helping each person to contemplate the state of his or her lives.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 07:59, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 佛教与基督教、伊斯兰教并称的世界三大宗教之一。公元前6世纪至前5世纪，释迦牟尼创建于古印度。以后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

2. Buddhism, together with Christianity and Islam, is one of the three major religions in the world. Sakyamuni founded it in ancient India from the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC. After that, it was widely spread in Asia and all over the world, and had a great influence on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.

2. 佛教是与基督教、伊斯兰教并称的世界三大宗教之一。在公元前6世纪至前5世纪由释迦牟尼创建于古印度，之后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会、政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

Buddhism, enjoying equal popularity with Christianity and Islam, is one of the three major religions in the world. Sakyamuni founded it in ancient India from the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC. After that, it was widely spread in Asia and all over the world, making a great impact on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 13:12, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

2. Buddhism, together with Christianity and Islam, is one of the three major religions in the world. It was founded by Sakyamuni in ancient India from the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC and later widely spreaded in Asia and all over the world, having a great influence on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 07:59, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 伊斯兰教的名字来源于阿拉伯语的音译。它的本义是服从，它的信徒叫穆斯林。伊斯兰教成立于7世纪初，是世界三大宗教之一。

3. The name of Islam derives from the transliteration in Arabic. Its original meaning is obedience, and its believers are called muslem. Islamism was established at the beginning of the 7th century and ranked one of three major religions in the world.

The word Islam is a transliteration of an Arabic word. Its essence is obedience, and its followers are called Muslims. Founded in the early 7th century, Islam is one of the three major religions in the world. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:38, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 基督教是亚伯拉罕的一神论宗教，以耶稣基督的生活和教义为基础，如新约中所述。基督教是世界上最大的宗教，有超过24亿信徒，被称为基督徒。基督徒相信耶稣是上帝的儿子，是人类的救世主，他作为基督或弥赛亚的到来在旧约中被预言。

4. Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is the world's largest religion, with over 2.4 billion adherents, known as Christians. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as Christ or the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 09:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

印度佛教最初传入中国，因文化背景全然不同，故被视为与当时流行的黄老神仙方术同类，仅通行於少数的王公贵族之间。

Because of different cultural background, the Indian Buddhism was considered to be similar to the Huanglao in China, consequently only popular among a small number of nobles.

When Indian Buddhism was first introduced into China, because of its different cultural background, it was regarded as the same as Huang Lao, which was popular at that time, and only popular among a small number of nobles.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 08:10, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

After the founding of the Republic of China, through the democratic reform of the religious system, the Taoism gained a new life and gradually embarked on a path adapting to the socialist society. Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the Party and government's religious policies in the new era, Taoism has taken on an unprecedented new look, making positive contributions to the economic development, social harmony, the unification of China and the world peace.

伊斯兰教反对偶像崇拜，所以清真寺内没有任何由人形和动物形组成的偶像图案。寺内装饰大多以阿拉伯文、几何图纹和花卉画纹组成抽象图案为主。

Islam is against idol worship, so there are no idol motifs consisting of human or animal shapes in the mosques, most of which are decorated with abstract designs consisting of Arabic, geometric patterns and floral paintings.

Islam rejects idolatry, so the mosques are not decorated with any human or animal figures. The interior of the mosque is mostly decorated with abstract designs consisting of Arabic, geometric and floral motifs.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 02:01, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

由于新教（反对教）教义强调只能信上帝，不能拜其他偶像，因此与"祭奠祖先"等很多中国传统习俗产生了很大抵触，使得基督教之前在中国一直没有得到很好的传播和发展，直到后来来中国传教的刚恒毅（1876年－1958年）与雷鸣远神父解释中国人祭祖敬孔礼并不违背教会的信仰，中国人这么地做是为了向已亡的父母和祖先表达尊敬。教宗碧岳十二世因而在1939年12月8日删除了祭祖敬孔的禁令，才解决了这一问题。然而，新教一直也不接受中国人拜祖先。

There was a great conflict between Christianity and many traditional Chinese customs such as "ancestor worship", for the Protestant demands that only God can be believed in and no other idols can be worshipped, so Christianity did not spread and develop well in China until later when the missionary Gang Hengyi (1876-1958) and the priest Lei Mingyuan explained to the Chinese that the ritual of the Confession of Confucius is not contrary to the beliefs of the Church because it is done by the Chinese to show respect to their late parents and ancestors. Pope Pius XII therefore solved the problem by removing the ban on ancestor worship on December 8, 1939. However, Chinese ancestor worship has always been unacceptable to Protestants.--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 13:52, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==

1.He converted to Buddhism at the age of 18.

他在18岁时皈依了佛教。--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 04:39, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

2.Daoism is the science of how the universe works.

道学是思索万物运行规律的科学。--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 04:39, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

3.Islam is the religion of the Muslims, which was started by Mohammed.

伊斯兰教由穆罕默德创立，教徒是穆斯林。--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 04:39, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

4.Christianity is a religion that is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the belief that he was the son of God.

基督教基于上帝之子耶稣的教义。--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 04:39, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==
1.禅宗主张心性本净，佛性本有，觉悟不假外求，舍离文字义解，直彻心源。

Zen advocates that the mind and nature are pure, the Buddha's nature is original, enlightenment is achieved by oneself, and the interpretation of words is left, leading to the heart.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:18, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

Zen advocates that the mind and nature are pure, the Buddhata is inherent, enlightenment is achieved by oneself, and the interpretation of words is left, leading to the heart.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 04:47, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 道教以道为最高信仰，把《道德经》奉为经典，尊道贵德。认为道是产生天地万物的本源，宇宙、阴阳和万象万物都是由道化生的。德即“得”，道体现在人和万物中即是德。人和万物都是由道生由德育，所以应尊道贵德。

Taoism takes Tao as its highest belief, regards the Tao Te Ching as a classic, and respects the virtue of Taoism. It is believed that Tao is the origin of everything in heaven and earth, and everything in the universe, yin and yang is transformed by Tao. Tao means "getting", and morality is embodied in man and all things. People and all things are born by Tao and moral education, so we should respect Tao and noble virtue.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:18, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 《古兰经》是伊斯兰教唯一的根本经典。

The Koran is the only fundamental classic of Islam.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:18, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 后人为纪念耶稣的诞生，便定十二月二十五为圣诞节，年年望弥撒，纪念耶稣的出世。

Later generations, in order to commemorate the birth of Jesus, set December 25th as Christmas, and observed Mass every year to commemorate the birth of Jesus.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:18, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==
1.佛教自汉代传入中国,并逐渐与儒道并行互融,成为中国文化有机而重要的组成部分,对中国文化的影响至深至远。

Since its introduction to China in the Han Dynasty, Buddhism has gradually become an organic and important part of Chinese culture in parallel with Confucianism and Taoism, and has had a profound and far-reaching impact on Chinese culture.

2.道教文化体现着中国人的哲学思维、认知观念、价值取向、审美情趣，正如鲁迅先生所说，每一个中国人在意识深处都是一个道教徒。

Taoist culture embodies the philosophical thinking, cognitive concepts, values, and aesthetic interests of the Chinese people, and as Mr. Lu Xun said, every Chinese person is a Taoist deep in his or her consciousness.

3.新疆伊斯兰教作为中国的宗教,坚持中国化方向,进行中国化改造是历史必然,符合客观规律。

As a Chinese religion, it is historically inevitable for Xinjiang Islam to adhere to the direction of Chineseness and undergo Chineseness transformation, which is in line with objective laws.

4.自唐代传入中国以来,基督教在华传播的历程伴随着问题与挑战,在很长的历史时期中基督教与中国既有的哲学、宗教与伦理体系(包括儒家思想、道教、中国佛教以及鬼神和祖先崇拜的"中国民间宗教")互动,同时通过适应和文化融入的方式努力将自身"本土化"与"中国化"。

Since its introduction to China in the Tang Dynasty, the spread of Christianity in China has been accompanied by problems and challenges, and over a long historical period Christianity has interacted with China's established philosophical, religious, and ethical systems (including Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, and the "Chinese folk religions" of ghosts, gods, and ancestor worship) while trying to "localize" and "sinicize" itself through adaptation and cultural integration.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 06:22, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

1、三大宗教中，以基督教人数最多，伊斯兰教次之，佛教最后，虽然人数各有不同，但是各个宗教的信徒都是平等的。虽说是三大宗教，但三大宗教提倡和平共处，可以相互交流文化。慈悲，博爱，和平，是这三大宗教的真谛。同时这也是所有宗教的共同目标。

Among the three major religions, Christianity has the largest number of people, followed by Islam and Buddhism last. Although the number of people varies, the followers of each religion are equal.Despite they are the three major religions, but they promote peaceful coexistence and mutual cultural exchange. Compassion, love and peace are the true meaning of these three religions. This is also the common goal of all religions.

In terms of the number of believer, Christianity ranks the first, followed by Islam and Buddhism the last. Varied in number, the followers of each religion are equal. Despite of different beliefs, the three major religions called for peaceful coexistence and mutual cultural exchanges. Compassion, love and peace are the essence and common goal of these three religions. --[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 16:12, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2、约在公历纪元前后，佛教传入中国。在汉代被视为神仙方术的一种。至南北朝时传播于全国，出现了很多学派。隋唐时期进入鼎盛阶段，形成了很多具有中国民族特点的宗派。

Buddhism was introduced into China around the time of the Gregorian calendar. During the Han Dynasty, it was regarded as a form of divine magic. By the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it spread throughout the country and many schools of thought emerged. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, it reached its peak and many sects with Chinese national characteristics were formed.

3、在基督教早期阶段，教会曾实行财产共有，外界视其为一种秘密性的宗教组织。犹太人视教会为离经判道的异端，常常向罗马当局控告他们。

In the early stages of Christianity, the Church was a community of shared property and was seen by others as a secret religious organization. The Jews regarded the church as a deviant heresy and often brought charges against them to the Roman authorities.

4、伊斯兰教要求人们信仰真主并服从真主，从心灵深处信仰真主的存在和伟大，同时要求在行为上要表现出顺从真主的意志，力行一定的功修，把信仰和行为的实践联合起来，达到增强信仰、巩固信仰的目的。

Islam requires people to believe in God and obey Him, to believe in His existence and greatness from the depths of their hearts, and to demonstrate obedience to His will in their actions, to perform certain practices, and to unite their faith with the practice of their actions in order to strengthen their faith and consolidate it.--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:08, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

Islam requires people to believe in Allah and obey Him, to believe in His existence and greatness from the depths of their hearts, and to demonstrate obedience to His will in their actions, to perform certain practices, and to unite their faith with the practice of their actions in order to strengthen and consolidate their faith.--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 16:12, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Li Lili 李丽丽==
1．中国佛教译经事业的历时久远，可说是世界文化史上首屈一指的大业，而所译经论卷帙的庞复，诚为世界文化的瑰宝。
Chinese Buddhism's translation with a long history can be said to be one of the greatest undertakings in the history of world culture, and the vast number of translated scriptures is truly a treasure of world culture.

Chinese Buddhist scripture translation has a long history, and it can be said to be a major cause in the history of world culture. The Pangfu of the translated scriptures is truly a treasure of world culture. --[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 20:14, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2．新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。
After the founding of People’s Republic of China, through the democratic reform of the religious system, Chinese Taoism was reborn and gradually made its way in line with the socialist society. Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the Party’s and government's new religious policy, Chinese Taoism has taken on an unprecedented new look, and thus has made a positive contribution to promoting economic development, social harmony, the unification of China, and world peace.

3．基督教文化是属于扩张型的，其哲学观念认为时间是有始有终的，而空间是无限可重复的，所以欧洲人最早猜测出地球是圆的。
Christian culture is expansive, and its philosophy holds that time has a beginning and an end, while space is infinitely repeatable, so Europeans first guessed that the earth is round.

4．伊斯兰教的形成是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。
The Islam came from its wide spread in Arab countries through expansion, trade, cultural exchange, sending missionaries to the world and other means.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 09:40, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

The formation of Islam is the result of the widespread dissemination of Arab Islamic countries through various channels such as continuous external expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and sending missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 20:14, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==

1. 佛教僧侣并不扮演牧师的角色——他们并非人神的中介——其律例也不诉诸超自然的力量或权威。其次，简化物质，佛教认为对物质的执着是造成痛苦的根源，因为没有什么是永恒的。

Buddhist monks have no priestly role--they are not intermediaries between God and mankind--and their ordination confers no supernatural powers or authority. In addition, to simplify it, Buddhists believe that attachment- the clinging onto objects- is what causes suffering because nothing will last forever. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:33, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Buddhist monks have no priestly role--they are not intermediaries between God and mankind--and their ordination confers no supernatural powers or authority. In addition, Buddihism also simplify substance. It regards clinging onto objects as the causes suffering because nothing will last forever.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 08:06, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 作为早期道教的重要经典，《太平经》蕴含着丰富的美学思想，对后世道教美学产生过深远影响。《太平经》不仅记载了我国古代最早的道教音乐理论，而且对乐律与人的身心健康的关系给予了相当的重视。

As an important classic of early Taoism, Scripture of the Great Peace reserves plenty of aesthetic thoughts and had profoundly influenced the Taoist aesthetics. Scripture of the Great Peace not only records the earliest Taoist musical theories of our ancient country, but also attaches importance to the relation between music and physical and psychological health .--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:33, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 伊斯兰系阿拉伯语音译，愿意为“顺从”“和平”。信奉伊斯兰教的人统称为“穆斯林”。伊斯兰教至今已有1400多年的历史，它传入世界各地后，对许多国家和民族的社会发展、政治结构、经济形态等都产生了不同程度的影响。

Islam is an Arabic word meaning “obedience ”and “peace”. People who believe in it are called “Muslims”. Islam has a history of more than 1400 years. After its introduction to other parts of the world, it has posed varying degrees of influence on the social development, political structure, economic form and others. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:33, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 在西方天主教的传统中，白色代表喜庆，其他地区，白色在婚礼和葬礼上代表了不同的意义。《圣经》是天主教徒奉为圣言的经典、必读之书。它不仅是一部宗教经典，也是世界文化和知识宝库的一部杰作。

According to Catholic tradition in the West, white represents happiness; in other areas, white embodied different significance at weddings and funerals. The Bible is a classic and required reading for Catholics. It is more than a religious classic, but also a masterpiece of the world’s culture and intellectual treasures. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:33, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

According to Catholic tradition in the West, white represents happiness, while in other areas, it embodied different significance at weddings and funerals. The Bible is a classic and required book for Catholics. It is more than a religious classic, but also a masterpiece of the world’s culture and intellectual treasures.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 08:06, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1.佛教传播到每一个地区以后，由于受到当地社会、政治、文化的影响，形式和内容都有相应的变化，形成许多宗派。

Due to local social, political, and cultural influences, the form and content of Buddhism will change accordingly when spread to every region, resulting in the formation of many sects.

After its spreading to other regions, forms and contents saw changes and various sects were formed. The reason is that Buddhism was influenced by different local social, political and cultural environments. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:48, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

2.新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。改革开放以来，在党和政府宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

After the founding of People’s Republic of China, Chinese Taoism was reborn through democratic reforms of religious system, and gradually embarked on a path compatible with the socialist society. Since the reform and opening up, Chinese Taoism has taken on an unprecedented new look thanks to religious policies carried out by Chinese Communist Party and the government, which has made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, national reunification and world peace.

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam has developed from a single -ethnic religion in Arab region to a multi-ethnic one in the world,which is a result of the wide spread of Islam of Islamic states in Arab in many ways, such as continuous expansion, trade and cultural exchange and the dispatch of missionaries all over the world.

Islam has developed from a exclusive religion in Arab region to a multi-ethnic one in the world,which is a result of efforts from Islam of Islamic states in Arab in many ways, from continuous expansion, trade and cultural exchange to the dispatch of missionaries all over the world.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 10:25, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Liu Yiyu

4.历史上的教会以信经、信条等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。此外，神学家们企图结合其时代的观念阐释和辨明基督教的信仰要理。

The churches in history have provided many concise summaries of the basic doctrine of Christianity in the form of creed, tenet, etc., which are considered the origin of doctrine by today's scholars of dogmatics.What’s more, theologians have attempted to elucidate and discern the essentials of the belief in Christianity combing with the concepts of their time.--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 07:34, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==
1. 尽管美猴王并不为东北亚以外的人民所熟知，但很多英国人的记忆中都存有那部19世纪70年代深受追捧的电视剧《西游记》。
Even though the Monkey King is less well-known outside the North-East Asia, many British prople foundly remember a cult 1970s TV series called Monkey.

2. 在基督教和佛教中，钟声往往和新年相关。
In the Christian and Buddhist religions, bells are often connected with the New Year.

3. 道教信徒完全不相信神。
The Taoists don't believe in God at all.

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1、创始人释迦牟尼生于今尼泊尔境内的蓝毗尼，是释迦族的一个王子。关于他的生卒年，在南、北传佛教中，至今仍有种种不同的说法，一般认为生于公元前6至前5世纪间。他在青少年时即感到人世变幻无常，深思解脱人生苦难之道。29岁出家修行。得道成佛。

The founder, Sakyamuni, was born in Lumbini in present-day Nepal and was a prince of the Sakya tribe. There are still different theories about his birth and death dates in Northern and Southern Buddhism, but it is generally believed that he was born between the 6th and 5th centuries BC. At the age of 29, he became a monk and practiced Buddhism. He became a monk and became a Buddha.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:16, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

The founder, Sakyamuni, was born in Lumbini in present-day Nepal and was a prince of the Sakya tribe. There are still different theories about his birth and death dates in Northern and Southern Buddhism, but it is generally believed that he was born between the 6th and 5th centuries BC. At the age of 29, he became a monk and practiced Buddhism. --[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:51, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2、解放前的道教中充满着浓厚的封建气息，对广大道教徒进行爱国主义教育，改革宫观封建经济，废除道教中的封建残余，与反动会道门划清界限，成为道教在新中国面临的重大任务。
新中国成立后，广大道教徒拥护社会主义制度，拥护共产党的领导。

Before the liberation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Taoism was full of feudalism. It was a major task for Taoists in the new PRC to educate themselves about patriotism, reform the feudal economy of the palaces, abolish the feudal remnants of Taoism, and clear the boundaries with the reactionary Taoists.
Since the founding of New China, the majority of Taoists have embraced the socialist system and the leadership of the Communist Party.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:16, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Before the liberation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Taoism was full of feudalism. It was a major task for Taoists in the new PRC to educate themselves about patriotism, reform the feudal economy of the palaces, abolish the feudal remnants of Taoism, and clear the boundaries with the reactionary Taoists.
After the founding of new China, the majority of Taoists have given support to the socialist system and the leadership of the Communist Party.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:52, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

3、伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The development of Islam from a mono-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world is the result of the spread of Islam in Arab countries through expansion, trade, cultural exchange, and sending missionaries to all parts of the world.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:16, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Developing from a single ethnic religion in the Arab region, Islam finally became a multi-ethnic religion in the world, which was the result of the extensive spread of Arab Islamic countries through foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 10:43, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

The development of Islam from the religion of a single nation in the Arab region to a religion of multi-ethnic beliefs in the world is the result of the extensive spread of the Arab Islamic countries through various channels, such as continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, sending missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:51, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4、基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、信条、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。此外，历代神学家企图结合其时代的观念阐释和辨明基督教的信仰要理。

Christianity is generally believed to derive its basic doctrines from the Bible. The historical church has provided many concise summaries of the basic doctrines of Christianity in the form of creeds, epistles, confessions, and other forms, which are also regarded as sources of doctrine by scholars of doctrine today. In addition, theologians throughout the ages have attempted to explain and discern the essentials of the Christian faith in light of the concepts of their time.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 09:16, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Christianity generally believe that its basic doctrines derive from the Bible. The historical church has provided many concise summaries of the basic doctrines of Christianity in the form of creeds, epistles, confessions, and other forms, which are also regarded as sources of doctrine by scholars of doctrine today. In addition, theologians throughout the ages have attempted to explain and discern the essentials of the Christian faith in light of the concepts of their time.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:51, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==
1. 隋唐佛教的兴盛繁荣，除得力於佛教本身在南北朝所奠定的稳固基础外，更有赖於国家的统一强盛及护持提倡。
The prosperity of Buddhism in the Sui and Tang dynasties not only resulted from the solid foundation of Buddhism in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, but also from the unification of the state and the promotion of its support.

2. 建国前的道教中充满着浓厚的封建气息，对广大道教徒进行爱国主义教育，废除道教中的封建残余，与反动会道门划清界限，成为道教在新中国面临的重大任务。
The Taoism before 1949 was full of feudalism. It became a major task for Taoism in the new China to educate the Taoists on patriotism, abolish the feudal remnants in Taoism, and draw a clear line with the reactionary Taoism sects.

3. 伊斯兰教反对偶像崇拜，所以清真寺内没有任何由人形和动物形组成的偶像图案。寺内装饰大多以阿拉伯文、几何图纹和花卉画纹组成抽象图案为主。
Islam is against idol worship. Therefore, the mosque does not have any idol pictures made of human and animal shape. Most of the mosques are ornamented with abstract designs featuring Arabic, geometric and floral patterns.

4. 基督徒看重信徒间的交通。跟随基督是学效他的慈爱、公义与服侍人的榜样。要做到这些，必须在人际关系中具体表现出来；而这种机会得在教会中去找。
Christians attach importance to fellowship among believers. To follow Christ is to learn from his love, justice and service to others. And those believers should practice it in human relationships; and such opportunities have to be found in the church.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 10:20, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Liu Yiyu

1.The prosperity of Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties depends not only on the solid foundation laid by Buddhism itself in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but also on the unity, prosperity and advocacy of the country.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 11:49, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

2.Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Taoism was full of strong feudal atmosphere. It was an important task for Taoism in New China to carry out patriotic education for Taoist believers, abolish feudal remnants of Taoism and draw a clear line with reactionary sects.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 11:49, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

3.Islam opposes idolatry, so there are no idol patterns composed of human and animal in mosques. Most of the decorations in the temple are mainly abstract patterns composed of Arabic, geometric patterns and flower patterns.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 11:49, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

4.Christians value the communication between its believers. To follow Christ is to learn from his love, justice and service to others. To do this, we must practise it in interpersonal relationships; and this kind of opportunity has to be found in the church.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 11:49, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==

1.中国佛寺建筑与印度相同，没有殿堂，建塔藏舍利。后来建殿堂供奉佛像，殿堂与塔并重，但塔依然在殿堂之前。唐宋时期，佛寺发展以殿堂为主的布局。
Chinese buddhist temple architecture is the same as India's, there is no temple, building pagoda and collecting relics. Later, the temple was built to worship the Buddha. The temple and the tower were equal, but the tower was still before the temple. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the temple of Buddhism developed in the form of halls.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 13:27, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.东汉末年出现大量道教组织，著名的有太平道、五斗米道。张道陵正式创立教团组织，距今已有1800年历史。
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of Taoist organizations appeared, including the famous Taiping Taoism and the Daodoumi Taoism. It has a history of 1800 years since the official founding of the organization by Zhang Daoling.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 13:27, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰系阿拉伯语音译，公元七世纪由麦加人穆罕默德在阿拉伯半岛上首先兴起，原意为“顺从”、“和平”，指顺从和信仰创造宇宙的独一无二的主宰安拉，以求得和平与安宁。
Islam originated in The Arabian Peninsula by Muhammad in the 7th century. Its original meaning is "obedience" and "peace". It refers to obeying and believing in Allah, the unique master who created the universe, in order to seek peace and tranquility.

4.基督教是对奉耶稣基督为救世主的各教派统称，亦称基督宗教。公元1世纪，发源于罗马的巴勒斯坦省（今日的以色列、巴勒斯坦和约旦地区）。它建立的根基是耶稣基督的诞生、传道、死亡与复活。基督教主要包括：天主教、新教、东正教三大教派和其他一些较小教派。--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 13:27, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

Christianity is a collective name for all denominations that worship Jesus Christ as the Savior, also known as Christianity.The Roman province of Palestine (present-day Israel, Palestine, and Jordan) in the 1st century AD. It is based on the birth, preaching, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Christianity mainly includes: Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox three denominations and some other smaller denominations.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 13:27, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

1.禅宗主张因材施教。它除了要对信徒给予面对面的传教说法之外，还要通过一些动作以及手势来教导信徒。这些特点都让禅宗能够避免走进教条主义以及形式主义等不好的方向，也因此能够长久地在民间得到发展和深入。

Zen Buddhism prefers teaching people according to his or her ability. In addition to giving face-to-face instruction to its adherents, it also teaches through gestures. All these characteristics have enabled Zen to avoid going in the wrong direction of dogmatism and formalism, so as to develop and deepen its popularity in the long run.--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:39, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一.

Taoism had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture in ancient China and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:39, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教的名字来源于阿拉伯语的音译。它的本义是服从，它的信徒叫穆斯林。伊斯兰教成立于7世纪初，是世界三大宗教之一。

The name of Islam derives from the transliteration in Arabic. Its original meaning is obedience, and its believers are called muslem. Islamism was established at the beginning of the 7th century and ranked one of three major religions in the world.--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:39, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教是基于上帝之子耶稣的教义。

Christianity is a religion that is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the belief that he was the son of God.--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 05:39, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

1.佛教创立后，在印度几经演变。佛陀及其直传弟子所宣扬的佛教，称为根本佛教。佛陀涅槃后，弟子们奉行四谛、八正道等基本教义，在教团生活中维持着他在世时的惯例。由于佛陀在世时于不同场合对不同的对象有着不同的说法，弟子们对此便产生不同的理解。

After the foundation of Buddhism, it has experienced several changes in India. The Buddhism advocated by Buddha and his direct disciples is called fundamental Buddhism. After the nirvana of the Buddha, the disciples pursued the basic doctrines of the four truths and the eight righteous doctrines, and maintained the conventions of his lifetime in the life of groups. Because Buddha had different views on different objects in different situations, so the disciples had different understandings about it.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 02:43, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.新中国成立后，对旧社会道教中存在的一些不合理制度和陋习进行了改革，道教的面目为之一新。中国道教协会的成立实现了全国道教徒的大联合，广大爱国道教徒开始为发展道教事业共同努力。道教在反右斗争、大跃进、人民公社化等政治运动中受到波及。

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, some unreasonable systems and bad habits of Taoism in the old society were reformed, making the Taoism take on a new look. The establishment of the Chinese Taoist Association has realized the great union of Taoists in China, and the majority of taoists who love the nation have begun to work together for the development of Taoism which has been affected by the Anti-Rightist Movement, the Great Leap Forward, the People's Commune and other political movements.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 02:43, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The development of Islam from the religion of a single nation in the Arab region to a religion of multi-ethnic beliefs in the world is the result of the extensive spread of the Arab Islamic countries through various channels, such as continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, sending missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 02:43, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、信条、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。

Christianity generally believes that its basic doctrines are derived from the Bible. The church in history has made a lot of concise summary of the basic doctrines of Christianity in various forms, such as creed, creed and epistemology, which is also regarded as the source of doctrine by scholars who study dogmatics today.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 02:43, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

1.佛事仪式原是释迦时代所行的宗教活动，传到中国后演变为满足信众需求的经忏、佛事活动。主要有各种忏法、水陆法会、盂兰盆会、焰口等。

The Buddhist ceremony was originally a religious activity in the Sakyamuni era. After it was introduced to China, it evolved into a Buddhist activity to meet the needs of believers. The main activities include repentance rituals, water and land assembly, Yulan ceremony, Yankou, etc.

Buddhist rituals were originally religious activities practiced during the time of Sakya, but after their arrival in China, they evolved into sutra confessions and Buddhist rituals to meet the needs of the faithful. The main rituals include various confessions, water and land rituals, Bon rituals, and fireworks.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:45, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

2.后经魏晋南北朝数百年的改造发展，道教的经典教义、修持方术、科戒仪范渐趋完备，新兴道派滋生繁衍，并得到统治者的承认，演变为成熟的正统宗教。

After hundreds of years of transformation and development in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, the classic doctrines, practicing methods, discipline and etiquette of Taoism became more and more complete, and the new Taoism school emerged and prospered, which was recognized by the rulers, and evolved into a mature orthodox religion.

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The development of Islam from the religion of a single nation in the Arab region to a religion of multi-ethnic beliefs in the world is the result of the extensive spread of the Arab Islamic countries through various channels, such as continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries to all over the world.

The development of Islam from a mono-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world is the result of the spread of Islam in Arab countries through expansion, trade, cultural exchange, and sending missionaries to all parts of the world.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:45, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教作为一神论的特色是基督教的神是“三位一体”的神，同一个上帝具有三个位格：圣父、圣子和圣灵。

The characteristic of Christianity as monotheism is that the God of Christianity is "Trinity" God, and a single God has three personalities: the Father,the Son and the Holy Ghost.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 13:04, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

The distinctive feature of Christianity as monotheism is that the Christian God is a "triune" God, the same God in three persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:45, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==
1.中国佛教经南北朝时期的拓展发扬，随着隋唐的统一，在政治稳定、经济繁荣、文化融和及帝王的护持等条件下，使得佛教经典翻译更有系统，义理更为明确。

After Buddhism was extended and developed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, along with the unity of China in Sui and Tang dynasties, a more complete system and theories were elaborated in a clearer way in the translation of Buddhist scriptures due to the political stability, buoyant economy, cultural integration and the emperors’ support.

2.道教从创教之初，就以老子的《道德经》为根本经典，将其中“道”和“德”作为基本的信仰。道教认为“道”是宇宙万物的本原和主宰，无所不在，无所不包，万物都是从“道”演化而来的。

Since Taoism was set up, it has regarded the Tao Te Ching by Laozi as its keystone work and considered the Tao, the Way and the Te, the Morality as its fundamental belief. Taoism emphasized the “Tao” is the source and principle of the universe; it exists everywhere and contains everything; it is the origin of everything that exists.

3.伊斯兰教既然认为安拉为人类造化了大地上的一切，所以就允许而且要求所有的穆斯林尽可能利用大地上的物质把自己装饰得美观一些、衣着讲究一些，因为这同享受安拉所创造的一切佳美的食物一样是对安拉恩赐的接纳。

Since Islam believes Allah created everything in the earth, all Muslims are required to make the most of the material to beautify and dress themselves, which is regarded as an acceptance of Allah’s gift, just like enjoying all the good food created by Allah.

4.康熙末年，因天主教会内部发生的可否允许中国内地教徒祭祖的“礼仪之争”相持日久，逐步升级为罗马教廷与中国朝廷的政治冲突，康熙帝断然对在华传教采取限禁措施。

In the last years of reign of Kangxi, there was a long-standing debate within the Catholic Church on whether to allow the Christians in mainland China to offer sacrifices to their ancestors. This debate gradually escalated into a political conflict between the Vatican and the Chinese imperial court, so the Emperors Kangxi resolutely put forward restrictions and a ban on missionary work in China.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 06:31, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

1.约在19世纪末和20世纪初，佛教先后传入欧洲和北美。1906年英国成立“英国佛教协会”，欧洲佛教徒开始有自己的组织。以后英、法、德、瑞士、瑞典、捷克斯洛伐克、匈牙利等国都有佛教僧团和研究机构。佛教传入美国后，又北传加拿大，南传巴西、秘鲁、阿根廷等国。

Around the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Buddhism was introduced to Europe and North America successively. In 1906, Britain established the "British Buddhist Association", and European Buddhists began to have their own organizations. In the future, Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and other countries will have Buddhist monks and research institutions. After Buddhism was introduced to the United States, it spread to Canada in the north and Brazil, Peru, Argentina and other countries in the south.

2.新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。

After the founding of New China, through the democratic reform of the religious system, Taoism in China gained a new life and gradually embarked on a path compatible with socialist society.

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, through the democratic reform of religious system, Taoism of China was resurrected and gradually embarked a path compatible with the socialist society.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 01:33, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, through the democratic reform of religious system, Taoism of China was resurrected and gradually embarked on a path compatible with the socialist society.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 03:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.据统计，全世界穆斯林约有16亿人口（2018年），占同期世界人口总数的23.4％。在亚非40多个伊斯兰国家中，穆斯林占全国总人口的大多数。一些国家将伊斯兰教定为国教。

According to statistics, there are approximately 1.6 billion Muslims in the world (2018), accounting for 23.4% of the total world population in the same period. In more than 40 Islamic countries in Asia and Africa, Muslims account for the majority of the country's total population. Some countries have designated Islam as the state religion.

According to statistics, there are approximately 1.6 billion Muslims in the world (2018), accounting for 23.4% of the total world population during the period . In more than 40 Islamic countries in Asia and Africa, Muslims account for the majority of the country's total population. Some countries have designated Islam as their state religion.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 01:33, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

4.由于历史原因，在华人中长期以来都习惯只把新教称为基督教。大陆的新教教会也从不称自己为新教，而只称基督教或耶稣教，而将罗马公教称为天主教，正教称为东正教。

Due to historical reasons, it has long been accustomed to call Protestantism only Christianity among Chinese. The Protestant churches on the mainland never call themselves Protestant, but only Christianity or Jesus, and the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church are called Eastern Orthodox.--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 06:29, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
1-一种源自Siddhārtha Gotama教义的东亚和中亚宗教，苦难是生活中固有的，可以通过培养智慧，美德和专注力来摆脱苦难。

A religion of eastern and central Asia growing out of the teaching of Siddhārtha Gautama that suffering is inherent in life and that one can be liberated from it by cultivating wisdom, virtue, and concentration.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 12:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

2-道教或道教是中国血统的哲学传统，强调与道家和谐相处。道是大多数中国哲学流派的基本思想。然而，在道教中，它表示的原则是存在的一切的来源，模式和实质。

Taoism, or Daoism, is a philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao. The Tao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 12:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

3-伊斯兰教是一种亚伯拉罕式的一神教，教导人们穆罕默德是上帝的最终和最终的使者。它是世界上第二大宗教，有18亿追随者，占世界人口的24.1％，被称为穆斯林。穆斯林占49个国家人口的绝大多数。

Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that Muhammad is the final and ultimate messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion with 1.8 billion followers or 24.1% of the world's population, known as Muslims. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 49 countries. --[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 12:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

Islam, as an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, teaches people that Muhammad is the ultimate messenger of God. As the world's second-largest religion, it has 1.8 billion followers, accounting for 24.1% of the world's population, known as Muslims. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 49 countries.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:51, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4-基督教是一种拿撒勒人耶稣的生活和教导为基础的亚伯拉罕一神教。它的信徒被称为基督徒，他们相信耶稣是基督，弥赛亚的到来是在希伯来圣经中被预言的，该圣经在基督教中被称为旧约，并在新约中被记载。

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Its adherents, known as Christians, believe that Jesus is the Christ, whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Hebrew Bible, called the Old Testament in Christianity, and chronicled in the New Testament.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 12:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==
1.佛教由Suddhadhon和Rani Mahamaya的儿子Siddhartha Gautama于公元前6日在印度（菩提伽耶）建立。
Buddhism was founded in india (Bodh Gaya) in 6th BC by Siddhartha Gautama son of Suddhadhan and Rani Mahamaya.

2.大乘佛教是由中国最大的民族汉朝传入的。
Mahayana Buddhism was introduced by the Han Dynasty, the largest ethnic group in china.

3.小乘佛教是公元前9世纪从缅甸传入的。
Hinayana Buddhism was introduced from Burma, in 9th century BC.

4.喇嘛教是藏族土著宗教引入的一种佛教形式。
Lamaism is a form of Buddhism introduces by indigenous Tibetan religion.

5.道教是最初来自中国人民的唯一宗教。它起源于顺帝皇帝统治时期的汉朝。
Taoism is the only religion originally came from Chinese people. It originated of the Han dynasty during the reign of Emperor Shundi.

6.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯先知穆罕默德创立。对于具有伊斯兰信仰的穆斯林人民来说，只有一位真主真主。
Islam was founded by the Arab prophet Muhammad. For Muslim people with Islamic faith, there is only one Allah.

7.基督教起源于耶稣的事奉，犹太人的老师和治疗者。基督教是世界上最大的宗教，约有21亿追随者。
Christianity originated from the ministry of Jesus, the teacher and healer of the Jews. Christianity is the largest religion in the world, with approximately 2.1 billion followers.--[[User:PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4|PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4]] ([[User talk:PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4|talk]]) 19:22, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

1. Mahayana Buddhism was introduced into regions inhabited by the Han people, the largest ethnic group in China, in the first century.

大乘佛教于一世纪传入中国最大的民族汉族居住的地区。

2. Taoism is the only major religion that came exclusively from Chinese roots and grew to maturity in Chinese soil.

道教是唯一完全起源于中国的宗教，并在中国土壤中逐渐成熟。

3. Islam was officially introduced into China by Arabian envoys. Throughout the dynasties, many came over land to Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty.

伊斯兰由阿拉伯特使正式引入中国。在整个王朝中，许多人来到了唐朝的高宗皇帝手中。

4. Christianity is a religion centered in Jesus Christ as the supreme revelation of God and Lord of His followers, and is based on His teaching.

基督教是以耶稣基督为中心的一种宗教，是上帝及其信徒的至高启示，是建立在他的教导基础上的。--[[User:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10]] ([[User talk:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|talk]]) 00:39, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Seydou, Sagara==

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==
1.佛教始于印度，距今已有两千五百多年的历史。佛是梵语，翻译成汉语是觉悟，觉悟超越生死、断尽烦恼，使众生得到解脱、脱离苦海。

With a history of more than 2500 years, Buddhism began in India. Buddha is a Sanskrit word that translates into Chinese as enlightenment, which transcends life and death, cuts off worries, and liberates sentient beings from the sea of suffering.

With a history of more than 2500 years, Buddhism was born in India. Buddha is a Sanskrit word that can be translated into Chinese as enlightenment, which transcends life and death, cuts off worries, and liberates sentient beings from the suffering.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 04:30, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教音乐，是中国宗教音乐之一。道教音乐是道教仪式中不可缺少的内容，它具有烘托、渲染宗教气氛，增强信仰者对神仙世界的向往和对神仙的崇敬。道教音乐吸取了中国古代宫廷音乐和传统民间音乐的精华，渗入道教信仰的特色，形成道教音乐的独特艺术风格，也是中国传统音乐的重要组成部份。

As one of the Chinese religious music. Taoist music is an indispensable element of Taoist rituals, which has the function of setting and rendering the religious atmosphere and enhancing the believers' yearning for the immortal world and reverence for the gods. Taoist music has absorbed the essence of ancient Chinese court music and traditional folk music, and infiltrated the characteristics of Taoist beliefs, forming the unique artistic style of Taoist music, which is also an important part of traditional Chinese music.

As one of the Chinese religious music. Taoist music is an indispensable element of Taoist rituals, which has the function of setting and rendering the religious atmosphere and enhancing the believers' yearning for the immortal world and reverence for the gods. Taoist music has absorbed the essence of ancient Chinese court music and traditional folk music, and has been infused with the characteristics of Taoist beliefs, forming the unique artistic style of Taoist music, which is also an important part of traditional Chinese music.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 04:30, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教礼仪，是伊斯兰穆斯林遵守的行为规范。《古兰经》是伊斯兰教的唯一经典，也是指导穆斯林行为的规范。

Islamic rituals, which are the codes of conduct observed by Islamic Muslims. The ''Koran'' is the only classic of Islam and the norm that guides the behavior of Muslims.

Islamic rituals are the codes of conduct observed by Islamic Muslims. The ''Koran'' is the only classic of Islam and the norm that guides the behavior of Muslims.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 04:30, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

4.我们要遵行另一个原则：我们不是寻求自己的意愿，而是跟随上帝的旨意，并为了荣耀他而活。我们要忘却自我，学习顺服上帝和他的命令，成为忠于他的人。因为当圣经要求我们放下一切的挂念时，它不仅要我们除去对财富、权力、利益的非分之想，而且要根除一切企求属世荣耀的野心及渴慕，及其他不能为人知的歪念。

We are to follow another principle: we are not to seek our own will, but to follow God's will and live for his glory. We are to forget self, learn to obey God and his commands, and become faithful to him. For when the Bible asks us to let go of all our preoccupations, it does not only ask us to remove all thoughts of wealth, power, and profit, but also to eradicate all ambitions and desires for worldly glory, and other perverse thoughts that cannot be known to man.

We must follow another principle: we are not to seek our own will, but to follow God's will and live for his glory. We are to forget self, learn to obey God and his commands, and become faithful to him. For when the Bible asks us to let go of all our preoccupations, it does not only ask us to remove all thoughts of wealth, power, and profit, but also to eradicate all ambitions and desires for worldly glory, and other perverse thoughts that cannot be known to man.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 04:30, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Si Yu 司妤==

1.佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。

The spread of Buddhism to Asian countries can be divided into two routes: in its south direction, it was spread to Sri Lanka at first, then from Sri lanka to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos and other countries. In its north direction, it was spread to China via Pamir Plateau and then from China to the North Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:24, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。
Among the five religions of China, Daoism is the only one that originated from China and established by the Chinese. That’s why it is called indigenous religion. Daoism has had profound impact on ancient China’s politics, economic and culture and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class. After the founding of People’s Republic of China, Daoism was revitalized through democratic reform in religions system and started to set out on the path of adapting to socialist society.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:24, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Among the five religions of China, Daoism is the only one that originated from China and established by the Chinese， thus being called indigenous religion. Daoism has had profound impact on ancient China’s politics, economy and culture and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class. After the founding of People’s Republic of China, Daoism was revitalized through democratic reform in religions system and started to set out on the path of adapting to socialist society.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 05:22, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.穆罕默德早年失学替人放牧，12岁时跟随伯父及商队，曾到叙利亚、巴勒斯坦和地中海东岸一带经商，广泛接触和目睹了阿拉伯半岛和叙利亚地区的社会状况，了解到半岛原始宗教、犹太教、基督教的情况，为他后来的传教活动提供了大量社会知识和宗教素材。
When he was little, Muhammad dropped out of school and herded animals for people. At the age of 12, he followed his uncle and caravan of merchants to do business in areas such as Syria, Palestine, Mediterranean East Coast, where he had extensive contact with and witnessed social conditions of the Arabian Peninsula and Syria region, and learned about the primitive religions of Peninsula, Judaism and Christianity. All these provided a great amount of social knowledge and religious materials to his preach afterwards.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:24, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、信条、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。此外，历代神学家企图结合其时代的观念阐释和辨明基督教的信仰要理。
Generally speaking, Christians think that they derive their basic doctrines from the Bible. The historical churches have made many concise summaries of the basic doctrines in the form of creeds, tenets, confessions, etc. , which are seen as sources of doctrines by scholars studying doctrines. In addition, many theologians throughout the ages have attempted to explain and distinguish key points of beliefs of Christian faith in the light of the ideas of their time.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:24, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Generally speaking, it is believed that the basic doctrines of Christianity derive from the Bible. Historical churches have given many concise summaries of the basic doctrines in the form of creeds, tenets and confessions, which are regarded as the source of doctrines by scholars studying dogmatics. Besides, theologians throughout the ages attempted to expound and clarify the essential points of beliefs of Christain faith in the light of the concepts of their time.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 12:43, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

1. 佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。

The spread of Buddhism to Asia can be divided into two routes: Southward to Sri Lanka, then from Sri Lanka to Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and other countries. In the north, Buddhism spread to China via the Pamir High Plain, and then from China to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and other countries.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 02:23, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

The spread of Buddhism to Asia can be divided into two routes: Southward to Sri Lanka, then from Sri Lanka to Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and other countries. In the north, Buddhism spread to China via the Pamirs Plateau, and then from China to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and other countries.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 13:56, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

2. 新中国成立后，对旧社会道教中存在的一些不合理制度和陋习进行了改革，道教的面目为之一新。中国道教协会的成立实现了全国道教徒的大联合，广大爱国道教徒开始为发展道教事业共同努力。道教在反右斗争、大跃进、人民公社化等政治运动中受到波及。

After the founding of New China, some of the unreasonable systems and bad habits of Taoism in the old society were reformed, and Taoism was given a new face. The founding of the Chinese Taoist Association brought about a great union of Taoists throughout the country, and the majority of patriotic Taoists began to work together for the development of Taoism. Taoism was affected by the Anti-Rightist Struggle, the Great Leap Forward, the Communization of the People's Republics and other political movements.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 02:23, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

After the founding of New China, some of the unreasonable systems and bad habits of Taoism in the old society were reformed, and Taoism was given a new face. The founding of the Chinese Taoist Association brought about a great union of Taoists throughout the country, and the majority of patriotic Taoists began to work together for the development of Taoism. Taoism was affected by the Anti-Rightist Struggle, the Great Leap Forward, the Movement of People's Commune and other political movements.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 13:56, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

3. 穆罕默德是一位杰出的历史人物。生于麦加城古莱什部落哈希姆家族。他自幼父母双亡，由祖父和伯父抚养。早年失学替人放牧，12岁时跟随伯父及商队，曾到叙利亚、巴勒斯坦和地中海东岸一带经商，广泛接触和目睹了阿拉伯半岛和叙利亚地区的社会状况，了解到半岛原始宗教、犹太教、基督教的情况，为他后来的传教活动提供了大量社会知识和宗教素材。

Muhammad is an outstanding historical figure. He was born into the H1ashemite family of the Quraysh tribe in the city of Mecca. His parents died at an early age and he was raised by his grandfather and uncle. At the age of 12, he followed his uncle and his caravan to Syria, Palestine and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, where he was exposed to and witnessed the social conditions in the Arabian Peninsula and Syria, and learned about the primitive religions of the Peninsula, Judaism and Christianity, which provided him with a great deal of social knowledge and religious materials for his later missionary activities.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 02:23, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Muhammad is an outstanding historical figure. He was born into the H1ashemite family of the Quraysh tribe in the city of Mecca. His parents died when he was was a kid and he was raised by his grandfather and uncle since then. At the age of 12, he followed his uncle and his caravan to Syria, Palestine and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, where he was exposed to and witnessed the social conditions in the Arabian Peninsula and Syria, and learned about the primitive religions of the Peninsula, Judaism and Christianity, which provided him with a great deal of social knowledge and religious materials for his later missionary activities.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 13:56, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

4. 宗教改革运动直接的导火线是教宗利奥十世以修建罗马圣彼得大教堂为名，于1517年派多明我会修士台彻尔到德国去兜售赎罪券，此事激起极大反感，据传马丁·路德于同年10月31日在维滕贝格教堂门前张贴反对兜售赎罪券的《九十五条论纲》,揭开这场宗教改革运动的序幕。

The direct trigger for the Reformation movement was Pope Leo X's sending of the Dominican friar Thacher to Germany in 1517 to sell atonement tickets under the guise of building St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, which aroused such disgust that Martin Luther is said to have opened the Reformation movement by posting a "95 Theses" against the sale of atonement tickets in front of the Wittenberg church on October 31 of the same year.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 02:23, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

The direct trigger for the Reformation movement was Pope Leo X's sending of the Dominican friar Thacher to Germany in 1517 to sell atonement tickets under the guise of building St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, which aroused such disgust that Martin Luther is said to have opened the Reformation movement by posting a "95 Theses" against the sale of atonement tickets in front of the Wittenberg Church on October 31 of the same year.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 13:56, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==
1.佛教是中国人得主要信仰之一，它相信轮回，认为有生命得东西会一直在六道中循环。佛教得一些教义包含着丰富得辩证思维内容，同时它给人们带来了新视野和新文体，因此，佛教是中国历史上灿烂辉煌得文化遗产之一。

Buddhism is one of the chief beliefs of Chinese people. And it believes in samsara, which means that living beings are always circling around the six spheres. The doctrines of Buddhism contains abundant dialectical thoughts in thinking mode, and it brings us a new vision and a literary style. Therefore, Buddhism is one of the splendid and magnificent cultural heritages in Chinese history.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 11:16, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道家思想的核心是“道”，老子用“道”来说明宇宙万物的产生和演变，认为人们在思想和行为上都要遵循“道”的规律，一切都要顺其自然。

The “Tao”, as the core of Taoism, was applied by Laozi to explain the origin and evolution of universe. Laozi maintained that the law of the “Tao” should be applied to guide people’s thinking as well as behavior, and everything should be in accordance with the nature.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 11:16, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.佛教、基督教、伊斯兰教，都是外来的宗教，中国都容纳了这些外来的不同文化。而且还主动走出去学习，吸纳不同地不同名族的异质文化。

Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, were foreign religions, and accommodated by Chinese cultures. Furthermore, Chinese take the initiative to go out to learn and absorb in cultural heterogeneity of different regions and different ethnic.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 11:16, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.儒家思想的核心是“仁”，主张仁爱之心是处理人际关系的有效方法。孟子认为统治者应爱护人民，保障人民权利。荀子强调社会秩序和个人的努力。作为中国古代传统思想的主要流派，儒家思想对中国人的思想观念特别是价值观念有着极其深远的影响。

The core of Confucianism is benevolence, which maintains that the effective way to harmonize interpersonal relationship is benevolence. Mencius advocated that the rulers should love people and guarantee people’s rights. Xunzi laid emphasis on social order and individual effort. As the main school of the traditional Chinese thinking in ancient times, Confucianism has an extremely far-reaching influence on Chinese ideology,values in particular.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 11:16, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==

1.菩提本无树，明镜亦无台。本来无一物，何处惹尘埃。

There was no bodhi tree, and it was not a bright mirror stage. It was all empty. No way for dust!--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 06:18, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。万物负阴而抱阳，冲气以为和。

Tao is unique and contains Yin Qi and Yang Qi. The intersection of Yin and Yang reaches an appropriate state in which all things are created. All things turn from Yin to Yang and thus form a new harmonious body through continuous interactions of the two.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 06:18, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

3.意念者，念念不忘于主，忘者丧心也，念者仁心也。

Those who are devout and determined will always hold Allah in mind and become a kind person, whereas those who don’t will lose humanity.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 06:18, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

4.“生命在他里头，这生命就是人的光。光照在黑暗里，黑暗却不接受光。”

“Life is in him and also the light of him. The light shines in the darkness, but the darkness rejects the light.”--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 06:18, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==

1.佛教发源于印度，其後能在中国弘传生根，便是通过经典的翻译。从东汉末年到唐代中叶，译经事业由初创到隆盛，历八百年之久。中国佛教译经事业的历时久远，可说是世界文化史上首屈一指的大业，而所译经论卷帙的庞复，诚为世界文化的瑰宝。

Buddhism originated in India, and later took root in China through the translation of the classics. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the middle of the Tang Dynasty, the translation of scriptures lasted for 800 years from its inception to its flourishing. The long history of Chinese Buddhist sutra translation is one of the greatest in the history of world culture, and the volume of sutras translated is a treasure of world culture.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:41, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2.新中国成立后，对旧社会道教中存在的一些不合理制度和陋习进行了改革，道教的面目为之一新。中国道教协会的成立实现了全国道教徒的大联合，广大爱国道教徒开始为发展道教事业共同努力。

After the founding of New China, some unreasonable systems and bad practices that existed in Taoism in the old society were reformed, and Taoism took on a new face. The establishment of the Chinese Taoist Association realized the unification of Taoists nationwide, and the majority of patriotic Taoists began to work together for the development of Taoism.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:41, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The development of Islam from a regional Arab mono-ethnic religion to a world-wide multi-ethnic religion is the result of the widespread spread of the Arab Islamic countries through continuous foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the sending of missionaries to various parts of the world.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:41, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、信条、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。

Christianity is generally believed to derive its basic doctrines from the Bible. The historical Church has given many concise summaries of the basic doctrines of Christianity in the form of creeds, creeds, confessions, etc., which are also regarded as the source of doctrine by scholars studying doctrine today.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 12:41, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Xuan 王轩==
1. 佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。
Buddhism spread to all parts of Asia in two ways: first to Sri Lanka in the south, and then to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries from Sri Lanka. It was introduced to China through the Pamir Plateau in the north, and then to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries from China.

2. 道教在中国发展的几千年来,形成了自己特有的文化.道教文化极其高雅,极其通俗。亦其中一部分已演化为民间世俗，成为劳动群众精神生活的组成部分。
With the development of Taoism in China for thousands of years, it has formed its own unique culture, which is extremely elegant and popular. Some of them have evolved into folk customs and become part of the spiritual life of the working people.

Taoism has developed its own unique culture in China for thousands of years. Taoism culture is extremely elegant and popular. Part of it has evolved into folk and secular, becoming a part of the spiritual life of the working people.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 06:44, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

3. 伊斯兰教的兴起，是阿拉伯半岛各部落要求改变社会经济状况和实现政治统一的反映。穆罕默德顺应了历史发展的需要，创传伊斯兰教，在宗教革命的旗帜下，领导了阿拉伯的社会变革运动，统一了阿拉伯半岛。
The rise of Islam is a reflection of the demands of various tribes in the Arabian Peninsula to change their social and economic conditions and achieve political unity. Muhammad complied with the needs of historical development, created and spread Islam. Under the banner of religious revolution, he led the Arab social change movement and unified the Arabian Peninsula.

The rise of Islam is a reflection of the demands of various tribes in the Arabian Peninsula to change their socio-economic conditions and achieve political unity. Muhammad conformed to the needs of historical development, created Islam, led the Arab social transformation movement under the banner of religious revolution, and unified the Arabian Peninsula.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 06:44, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

4. 基督宗教发端于公元1世纪罗马帝国统治下巴勒斯坦地区的犹太团体。1至5世纪是基督宗教创立并从以色列传向希腊罗马文化区域的时期，是基督宗教发展的早期阶段，是使徒和早期教父建立基督宗教基本教义和神学学说的时期。这一时期常被称为基督宗教发展上的第一个阶段。
Christianity originated in the Jewish community in Palestine under the rule of Roman Empire in the first century. From the 1st to the 5th century, Christianity was founded and spread from Israel to the Greek and Roman cultural areas. It was the early stage of the development of Christianity. It was the period when the apostles and early fathers established the basic doctrines and theological theories of Christianity. This period is often called the first stage in the development of Christianity.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 09:25, 12 December 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

1.由于传入的时间、途径、地区和民族文化、社会历史背景的不同，中国佛教形成三大系，即汉传佛教（汉语系）、藏传佛教（藏语系）和云南地区 [1] 上座部佛教（巴利语系）。
As a result of differences in time, route, region, ethnic culture, and socio-historical background, Chinese Buddhism has formed three major lineages, namely, Han Buddhism (Chinese), Tibetan Buddhism (Tibetan), and Shangban Buddhism (Pali) in Yunnan.

As a result of differences in time, routes, region, ethnic culture, and socio-historical background, Chinese Buddhism has formed three major lineages, namely, Han Buddhism (Chinese), Tibetan Buddhism (Tibetan), and Shangban Buddhism (Pali) in Yunnan.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 09:37, 12 December 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

2.道教继承和发展了先秦道家思想，将“道”作为最高信仰，从中演化出最高经典，最上道术及最高的神灵，构建了庞大的经典道术神仙体系。道教认为道可以修得，修炼的目的是得道成仙，最终目标是形神俱妙，与道合真。
Taoism inherits and develops the ideas of the pre-Qin Taoists, taking "Tao" as the highest belief, from which the highest classics, the highest Taoist techniques and the highest gods evolve, building a huge system of classical Taoism and immortality. Taoism believes that Tao can be cultivated, and that the purpose of cultivation is to attain immortality, with the ultimate goal of having both form and spirit, and being in harmony with Tao.

3.全世界穆斯林约有16亿人口（2018年），占同期世界人口总数的23.4％。在亚非40多个伊斯兰国家中，穆斯林占全国总人口的大多数。一些国家将伊斯兰教定为国教。
There are approximately 1.6 billion Muslims in the world (2018), representing 23.4% of the world's population over the same period. In more than 40 Islamic countries in Asia and Africa, Muslims make up the majority of the total population. Some countries have made Islam the state religion.

4.基督教一般认为，上帝的三位一体：基督教作为一神论的特色是基督教的神是“三位一体”的神，同一个上帝具有三个位格：圣父、圣子和圣灵。
Christianity generally holds that there is a trinity of God: Christianity as monotheism is characterized by the fact that the Christian God is a "triune" God, and that the same God has three persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 14:43, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==

1.隋唐佛教因有帝王的护持，得以迅速发展，其兴盛繁荣表现在许多方面，如译经、著述、艺术等，尤其中国化佛教宗派的成立，更是重要的特色之一。

Buddhist in Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty developed rapidly with support of emperors. Its prosperity was manifested in many ways, including scriptures, writings and art. The establishment of Chinese Buddhist sects in particular was one of the important features.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 12:28, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.解放前的道教中充满着浓厚的封建气息，对广大道教徒进行爱国主义教育，改革封建经济，废除道教中的封建残余，与反动会道门划清界限，成为道教在新中国面临的重大任务。

Before the Liberation, Daoism was full of strong feudalism. So it became a major task for Taoism in the new China to launch patriotic education to Taoists, reform the feudal economy and abolish the feudal remnants in Taoism and draw a clear line with the reactionary Huidao Sect.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 12:28, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.《古兰经》是穆斯林最重要的典籍，对猪肉的禁令就来自于《古兰经》的第五章，这一章规定了穆斯林的饮食戒律，尤其是第三节，明确规定死物，血液，猪肉和各种不是按照伊斯兰教的方式宰杀的动物，穆斯林都不能吃。

The Koran is the most important book for Muslims. And the prohibition on pork originates from the fifth chapter of this book, which sets out the dietary commandments for Muslims, especially the third verse. It clearly states that Muslims mustn’t eat any dead animals, blood, pork and all kinds of animals that are not slaughtered in the Islamic way.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 12:28, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.广义的基督教是指凡是信奉耶稣基督为救世主的所有教派，即包括了罗马公教、正教、新教三大派及其他一些小教派在内。

In a broad sense, Christianity refers to all denominations which believe in Jesus Christ as their Savior, including the three major denominations-- Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant, and some other small ones.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 12:28, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==

1.宗教是人类社会发展到一定历史阶段出现的一种文化现象，属于社会特殊意识形态。

1.Religion is a kind of cultural phenomenon that appears when human society develops to a certain historical stage, and it is a special social ideology.

1. Religion is a kind of cultural phenomenon in the development of human society at a certain historical stage, which belongs to the special ideology of society.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 09:57, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

Religion is a kind of cultural phenomenon in the development of human society at a certain historical stage, belonging to a special ideology of society.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 08:21, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2.伊斯兰教是世界性的宗教之一，与佛教、基督教并称为世界三大宗教。伊斯兰系阿拉伯语音译，原意为“顺从”“和平”。信奉伊斯兰教的人统称为“穆斯林”(意为“顺从者”)。

2.Islam is one of three major religions in the world together with Buddhism and Christianity.It is an Arabic word meaning "obedience" and "peace". People who have a religious belief of Islam are called "Muslims" (meaning "obedient").
2. Islam, together with Buddhism and Christianity, is one of the world's three major religions. Islam is transliteration of Arabic and its original meaning is "obedience" and "peace". People who believe in Islam are collectively referred to as "Muslims" (meaning "followers").--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 09:57, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

3.天主教强调罪与罚，天堂与地狱；基督教强调因信称义，和神之间的亲密关系，信奉耶稣。

3.Catholicism emphasizes sins and punishment,heaven and hell,while Christianism emphasizes honesty,intergrity,affinity of god ,and the firm belief of Jesus.
3. Catholicism emphasizes sin and punishment, heaven and hell; Christianity underlines righteousness by faith, close relationship with God, and believes in Jesus.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 09:57, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

4.虽然学者们对确切的日期争论不休，但许多人都认为，释迦牟尼可能出生于公元前490年左右的印度北部（印度年表将其出生时间定为公元前448年）。他的父母属于刹帝利种姓，他的父亲是一位受人尊敬的首领。他虽然比较富有，但从小就接触到了人间疾苦。

4.While scholars debate the exact date, many agree that Siddhartha Gautama is probably born around 490 BCE in northern India (Indian chronology dates his birth to 448 BCE). His parents belong to the Shakya caste, and his father is a respected head of the community. Although he is relatively wealthy, Gautama is exposed to human suffering from an early age.--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 09:13, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

4. Although scholars have been arguing about the exact date, many people believe that Sakyamuni may have been born in northern India around 490 B.C. (the Indian chronology sets his date of birth as 448 BC). His parents belonged to the shatiri caste, and his father was a respected leader. Although he is relatively rich, he has been exposed to human suffering since childhood.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 09:57, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==

1.佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。

1.Buddhism spread to all parts of Asia in two ways: first to Sri Lanka in the south, and then to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries from Sri Lanka. It was introduced to China through the Pamir Plateau in the north, and then to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries from China.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 06:29, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.作为一种宗教实体，道教不仅有其独特的经典教义、神仙信仰和仪式活动，而且还有其宗教传承、教团组织、科戒制度、宗教活动场所。

2.As a religious entity, Taoism not only has its unique classic doctrines, fairy beliefs and ritual activities, but also its religious inheritance, religious group organization, discipline system, and religious activities venues.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 06:29, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuanngling

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

3.Islam developed from a single ethnic religion in The Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world, which was the result of the extensive spread of Arab Islamic countries through foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 06:29, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

4.1至5世纪是基督宗教创立并从以色列传向希腊罗马文化区域的时期，是基督宗教发展的早期阶段，是使徒和早期教父建立基督宗教基本教义和神学学说的时期。

4.The first to the fifth centuries were the period in which Christianity was founded and spread from Israel to the Greco-Roman cultural regions. It was the early stage in the development of Christianity and the period in which the apostles and early fathers established the basic doctrines and theology of Christianity.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 06:29, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==
1. 峨眉山高出五岳、秀甲天下，山势雄伟、气象万千，素有“一山有四季，十里不同天”之妙喻。集自然风光与佛教文化为一体，著名的旅游胜地和佛教名山，1996年12月6日被列入《世界文化与自然遗产名录》。
Higher than any of the five great mountains of China, the awe-inspiring, majestic and picturesque Mount Emei is the perfect place to experience all four seasons in one day. Because of its natural beauty and Buddhist cultural heritage, Mount Emei, a tourist destination and a noteworthy Buddhist mountain, was listed as one of UNESCO’s World Natural and Cultural Heritages sites on Dec.6, 1996.

2. 穆罕默德是一位杰出的历史人物。生于麦加城古莱什部落哈希姆家族。他自幼父母双亡，由祖父和伯父抚养。早年失学替人放牧，12岁时跟随伯父及商队，曾到叙利亚、巴勒斯坦和地中海东岸一带经商，广泛接触和目睹了阿拉伯半岛和叙利亚地区的社会状况，了解到半岛原始宗教、犹太教、基督教的情况，为他后来的传教活动提供了大量社会知识和宗教素材。

Muhammad is an outstanding historical figure. Born into the Hashemite family of the Quraysh tribe in the city of Mecca , he was raised by his grandfather and uncle because his parents died when he was young . In his early years, he dropped out of school to graze for someone.At the age of 12, he followed his uncle and a caravan of merchants to Syria, Palestine and the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, where he had extensive contact with and witnessed the social conditions of the Arabian Peninsula and Syria, and learned about the primitive religions of the Peninsula, Judaism and Christianity, which provided him with a great deal of social knowledge and religious materials for his later missionary activities.

3. 天主教是基督教的一个派别，和东正教、新教并称基督教三大教派。亦称“公教”，有时也被称为“旧教”以区分于基督教的新教。其领导中心设在梵蒂冈，首脑是教皇，掌握世界各地的传教事业，是大部分的天主教徒的精神领袖。

Catholicism is one of the three major Christian denominations, along with the Orthodox and Protestant. It is also known as the "Catholic Church" and sometimes as the "Old Church" in order to be distinguished from Protestant Christianity. Its leadership is centered in the Vatican and is headed by the Pope, who is in charge of missionary work around the world and is the spiritual leader of most Catholics.

4.新中国成立后，广大道教徒拥护社会主义制度，拥护共产党的领导。他们自发成立学习小组，开展爱国主义、社会主义和时事政治的学习，发表《反帝爱国宣言》，开展捐献运动支援抗美援朝。
After the founding of People’s Republic of China,the majority of Taoists embraced the socialist system and the leadership of the Communist Party. They set up study groups on their own initiative, conducted studies on the doctrine of patriotism and socialism and current affairs and politics, issued the Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Manifesto, and carried out donation campaigns to support the Korean War.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:58, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

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==Xie Fan 解帆==

1.佛教信徒依照悉达多所悟到修行方法，发现生命和宇宙的真相，最终超越生死和苦、断尽一切烦恼，得到究竟解脱。

Based on Siddhartha's enlightenment, Buddhist believers hope to discover the truth of life and the universe, and finally be free from all the troubles brought by life and death. --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:07, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2.在五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。

Among the five major religions, Taoism is the only one that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also regarded as China's native religion.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:07, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Taoism is the only one that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese among the five major religions, so it is also known as the native religion.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:27, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam is the fruit of the wide spread of Islamic countries through the continuous aggression and expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries all over the world. --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:07, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

The widespread Islam results from the efforts of Islamic countries in terms of continuous aggression and expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries all over the world.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 13:04, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

4.耶稣为救赎人类，被钉十字架而死，故尊十字架为信仰的标记。

Jesus died by crucifixion for the redemption of mankind, so Christians honored the cross as a sign of faith.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:07, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jia 徐佳==

1.纵观日本佛教，教理上多源自中国宗派而发展，然在修行实践上则趋于易行及通俗化，二十世纪后，日本佛教各大宗派更各自发展法会祝祷、办学教育、社会慈善、学术研究等，佛教事业欣欣向荣，尤以佛学研究堪称代表。

Historically, the doctrines of Japanese Buddhism evolved from Han Buddhism and its practice turned to be easier and more secular. Since 20th century, Buddhist schools in Japan have greatly developed in rituals, education, charity, academic research, etc. Buddhism, particularly in Buddhist studies, is flourishing in the country.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:47, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

2.道教发源于中国本土，她以“道”作为最高信仰：道在有无之先，是生成宇宙万物的本体，但道之本身是窈冥难测的。

Taoism, which originated in China, regards Tao as its supreme belief. Taoists believe that Tao is the first thing that came into being, and the essence that generated all things in the universe, but Tao itself is mysterious and unpredictable.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:47, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

3.阿拉伯语 "伊斯兰教 "的意思是自愿承认并积极服从唯一的真主安拉的指导命令。凡是以这种方式行事的人都被称为穆斯林，即承认并服从唯一的真主的人。

The Arabic word islam means the willing recognition of and active submission to the guiding command of the One God, Allah. Whoever acts in this manner is called a muslim, one who acknowledges and submits to the sole, unique God.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:47, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

4.基督教的经典著作《圣经》也以其博大精深的思想内涵和丰富多彩的叙事模式，为西方艺术提供了取之不尽的精神资源。

The Bible, the classic work of Christianity, has provided inexhaustible spiritual resources for Western art with its profound ideological connotations and colorful narrative patterns.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:47, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

==Xu Jing 许静==

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==
1. 结束南北分裂局面而开展的隋唐，是中国历史上政治、经济、文化最强盛的朝代，也是中国佛教史上经典翻译、宗派竞立的巅峰时期，其影响不仅深入中国各阶层，而且远播至韩国(高丽、百济、新罗)、日本、越南，开启各国佛教的灿烂新页。

1. The Sui and Tang dynasties, which ended the division between the north and the south, were the most politically, economically and culturally powerful dynasties in Chinese history, also the peak period of classical translations and sects in the history of Chinese Buddhism, whose influence spread not only to all classes in China, but also to Korea (Koguryo, Silla and Paekche), Japan and Vietnam, opening a new page of Buddhism development in all countries.

2. 隋唐至北宋时期，由于统治阶级的尊崇，道教极为兴盛，社会影响极大，道教的哲学、养生术、符咒法、科仪规章也更为完善。

2. From the Sui and Tang dynasties to the Northern Song dynasties, Taoism flourished due to the respect of the ruling class, which influenced the society a lot. Besides, its philosophy, health preservation, spell and regulations were further implemented.

3. 伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

3. Islam was developed from a mono-ethnic Arab religion to a world-wide multi-ethnic religion, due to the widespread spread of Islam in Arab countries through continuous expansion, business, cultural exchanges, and the sending of missionaries to various parts of the world.

4. 基督教新教主要宗派包括信义宗、长老宗、圣公宗、浸礼宗、公理宗、卫斯理宗等。除这些较大派别外，新教还分化为众多的小教派和教会团体。

4. The main denominations of Protestant Christianity include Lutheranism, Presbyterianism, Anglicanism, Baptism, Congregationalism, Wesleyanism, and so on. In addition to these large denominations, Protestantism is also divided into numerous smaller denominations and church groups.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 06:34, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==
1.瑜伽行派传入中国是唐玄奘在大乘佛教时期入印求法，归国后创建了唯实宗，其思想根基主要来源于印度瑜伽行派。
The introduction of the Yoga to China was when Xuanzang entered India to seek Dharma during the Mahayana Buddhism period. After returning to China, he founded the Wei Shi Sect. Its ideological foundation mainly comes from the Indian Yoga.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 11:52, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.“无为”是不妄为，不乱来的意思。是说统治者行为要顺应自然、社会发展的规律，并按照规律去定相应的法律、制度、不轻易变更，人们在这样的法律、制度下尽情发挥自己的聪明才干，努力去做。
"Effortless action" means not to act rashly and not to mess around. It means that the behavior of the ruler should conform to the laws of nature and social development, and the corresponding laws and systems should be determined in accordance with the laws and not easily changed. People under such laws and systems can give full play to their talents and work hard.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 11:52, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教认为《古兰经》是安拉“神圣的语言”，是一部“永久法典”。它是伊斯兰教信仰和教义的最高准则，是伊斯兰教法的渊源和立法的首要依据，是穆斯林社会生活、宗教生活和道德行为的准绳，也是伊斯兰教各学科和各派别学说赖以建立的理论基础。
Islam believes that the "Kuran" is the "sacred language" of Allah and a "permanent code." It is the highest standard of Islamic beliefs and teachings, the origin of Islamic law and the primary basis for legislation, the criterion of Muslim social life, religious life and moral behavior, and the theoretical basis on which the various disciplines and sects of Islam rely.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 11:52, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.路德派在教义上主要强调因信称义，认为人要得到上帝的拯救，不在于遵守教会的规条，而在于对上帝的信心；不在于个人的功德或善行，而在于上帝给人的恩赐。
The Lutheran doctrine mainly emphasizes justification by faith, and believes that people's salvation from God does not lie in observing the rules of the church, but in faith in God; it does not lie in personal merit or good deeds, but in the gift that God gives to people.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 11:52, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Hui 阳慧==
1.佛教的宇宙观是缘起论，即它认为--切事物都是因缘合和而起的。就认识问题而言，佛教认为，认识的成立必须具备三个因素:认识的器官或机能(根)、客观的对象(境)和主观的认识。

Buddhism's world outlook is the theory of origin, that is, it believes that everything is the cause and effect.In terms of cognition, Buddhism believes that there must be three factors for the establishment of cognition: the organ or function of cognition (root), objective object (context) and subjective cognition.

2.伊斯兰国家：是指在全国总人口中大部分人都信奉伊斯兰教的国家。据有关资料介绍，在全世界180多个国家中，有69个伊斯兰国家，占全世界国家总数三分之一以上。

A country in which the majority of the population of the country believes in Islam.According to relevant information, there are 69 Islamic countries out of more than 180 countries in the world, accounting for more than one third of the total number of countries in the world.

Islamic countries refer to countries in which the majority of the population believe in Islam. According to relevant data, there are 69 Islamic countries out of 180 plus countries in the world, accounting for more than one third of the total number around the world.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:11, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

3.基督教信仰的对象为上帝，上帝(天主)是基督教的最高神。基督教宣称上帝是天地的主宰，是天地万物的唯一创造者。上帝虽然只有一个，但包括圣父、圣子、圣灵三个位格，三位一体，同受拜敬。

The object of a Christian belief is God, the supreme God of Christianity.Christianity claims that God is the master of heaven and earth and the sole creator of all things.Although God has only one, it includes the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.

4.道教是中国土生土长的宗教，它的理论广泛容纳了中国古代社会的宗教意识和学术思想，是古代宗教、民间巫术、神仙方术、阴阳五行及道家思想等汇聚、融合的产物，带着鲜明的中国特色。

Taoism is a religion born and bred in China . Its theory widely contains the religious consciousness and academic thought of ancient Chinese society . It is the product of the convergence and fusion of ancient religion, folk witchcraft, celestial magic, yin and yang, five elements and Taoist thought.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 11:53, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Yue 杨悦==
1、佛教是一种约有三亿人信仰的世界性宗教。这个词来自于'菩堤'，意思是'觉悟' 。佛教大约起源于2500年前，是悉达多乔达摩(称为佛陀)在35岁时觉悟后所发起的。

Buddhism is a religion to about 300 million people around the world. The word comes from 'budhi', 'to awaken'. It originates from about 2,500 years ago when Siddhartha Gotama, known as the Buddha, was himself awakened (enlightened) at the age of 35.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:23, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2、道教是中国固有的一种宗教，距今已有1800余年的历史。它深深扎根于中华沃土之中，具有鲜明的中国特色,并对中华文化的各个层面产生了深远影响。

Taoism, an inherent religion of China, has a history of over 1800 years. It is deeply rooted in the Chinese fertile soil with distinct Chinese characteristics, and have a profound impact on all levels of Chinese culture.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:23, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

3、“伊斯兰”是阿拉伯语音译，本意为“顺服”。从宗教意义上讲，“伊斯兰”是指一种顺服惟一的主宰——安拉的旨意和戒律的宗教。其宗教徒称为“穆斯林”，意为顺服安拉意志的人。

"Islam" is Arabic transliteration, intended for the" obedience". From the religious sense," Islam" refers to a kind of obedience -- only to dominate the will of Allah and the precepts of religion. Its religious believers are known as" Muslim", meaning to the will of allah. --[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:23, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4、基督教根源于犹太教，公元1世纪中叶耶稣创立。135年从犹太教中分裂出来成为独立的宗教。早期基督教曾受到罗马皇帝的残酷迫害和镇压。

Christianity is rooted in Judaism and founded by Jesus in the middle of 1st century. And it split from Judaism as an independent religion in 135 years. Early Christianity had been subjected to cruel persecution and repression of Roman emperors.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:23, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Christianity is rooted in Judaism and founded by Jesus in the middle of 1st century. And it was split from Judaism as an independent religion in 135. Early Christianity had been subjected to cruel persecution and repression of Roman emperors.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 09:23, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==
佛教与基督教、伊斯兰教并称的世界三大宗教之一。公元前6世纪至前5世纪，释迦牟尼创建于古印度。以后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam are the world's three major religions. From the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC, Shakyamuni was founded in ancient India. Since then, it has been widely spread in Asia and around the world, and has had a significant impact on the social, political and cultural life of many countries. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 17:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

隋唐至北宋时期，由于统治阶级的尊崇，道教极为兴盛，社会影响极大，道教的哲学、养生术、符咒法、科仪规章也更为完善。

From the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the respect of the ruling class, Taoism was extremely prosperous and had a great social influence. Taoism's philosophy, health-preserving techniques, spells, and ritual regulations were also more perfect. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 17:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

阿拉伯地区日益加剧的社会危机，外族的不断入侵，促进了阿拉伯人的觉醒，社会各阶级都在寻求出路。

The increasing social crisis in the Arab region and the constant invasion of foreigners have promoted the awakening of Arabs, and all classes of society are seeking a way out. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 17:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

由于历史原因，在华人中长期以来都习惯只把新教称为基督教。大陆的新教教会也从不称自己为新教，而只称基督教或耶稣教，而将罗马公教称为天主教，正教称为东正教。

Due to historical reasons, it has long been accustomed to call Protestantism only Christianity among Chinese. The Protestant churches on the mainland never call themselves Protestant, but only Christianity or Jesus, and the Roman Catholic Church is called Catholicism, and the Orthodox Church is called Eastern Orthodox. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 17:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==
1. 公元313年，罗马帝国皇帝君士坦丁一世发布“米兰敕令”，宣布基督教可与所有其他宗教同享自由，不受歧视。从此基督教成为官方认可的合法宗教。
In 313, the Roman Emperor Constantine I issued "Edict of Milan", declared common freedom with Christianity and all other religions, without discrimination. Since then, Christianity became an official recognition of the legitimate religion.
2. l6 世纪，随着西欧民族国家和市民阶级的兴起，爆发了反对罗马教皇封建统治的宗教改革运动，后陆续分化出脱离天主教会的一些新宗派，称为“新教”。所以，基督教是天主教、东正教和新教的总称。
In the 16 century, with the rise of Western European nation-state and public class, Rome, the Reformation movement broke out against rule of the Pope. After these, some of the new sect, known as the "Protestant", were split from the Catholic Church. So, Christianity is general of Catholic, Orthodox and Protestan.
3. 佛教是一种约有三亿人信仰的世界性宗教。这个词来自于'菩堤’，意思是'觉悟’。佛教大约起源于2500年前，是悉达多乔达摩(称为佛陀)在35岁时觉悟后所发起的
Buddhism is a religion to about 300 million people around the world. The word comes from '"budhi', 'to awaken'. It has its origins about 2,500 years ago when Siddhartha Gotama, known as the Buddha, was himself awakened (enlightened) at the age of35.
--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 03:12, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==You Yuting 游雨婷==
1.佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。

The spread of Buddhism throughout Asia can be roughly divided into two routes: the south route, to Sri Lanka first, then from Sri Lanka to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries.

2.道教界积极开展公益慈善活动，在长江流域特大洪水、汶川地震等重大灾难发生后，都及时组织祈福法会和捐款捐物活动，以道教特有方式为救灾工作作出贡献。

Taoism has actively carried out public welfare and charity activities. After the catastrophic floods in the Yangtze River basin and the Wenchuan earthquake, Taoism organized prayer meetings and donation activities in a timely manner, contributing to the relief work in a unique Daoist way.

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam developed from a single ethnic religion in The Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world, which was the product of the extensive spread of Arab Islamic countries through foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries to all over the world.

4.基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信条、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括。

Christianity is generally believed to originate its basic teachings from the Bible. The church in history has made many essential summaries of the basic tenets of Christianity in various forms, such as creed and epistle.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:35, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yu Ni 余妮==
1.佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。

Buddhism spread to all parts of Asia in two ways: first to Sri Lanka in the south, and then to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries from Sri Lanka. It was introduced to China through the Pamir Plateau in the north, and then to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries from China.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 09:20, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。新中国成立后，通过宗教制度民主改革，中国道教获得了新生，逐渐走上了与社会主义社会相适应的道路。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only religion originated in China and founded by Chinese people, so it is also known as local religion. Taoism had a profound impact on the politics, economy and culture of ancient China, and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, through the democratic reform of the religious system, Chinese Taoism gained a new life and gradually embarked on the road to adapt to the socialist society.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 09:20, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教的兴起，是阿拉伯半岛各部落要求改变社会经济状况和实现政治统一的反映。穆罕默德顺应了历史发展的需要，创传伊斯兰教，在宗教革命的旗帜下，领导了阿拉伯的社会变革运动，统一了阿拉伯半岛。

The birth of Islam is a reflection of the demands of various tribes in the Arabian Peninsula to change their social and economic conditions and achieve political unity. Muhammad complied with the needs of historical development, created and spread Islam. Under the banner of religious revolution, he led the Arab social change movement and unified the Arabian Peninsula.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 09:20, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督宗教是一个一神论的宗教，指所有相信主耶稣基督为救主的教会。虽然耶稣基督所建立的是一个合一的基督教会,但基督教在历史进程中却分化为许多派别，主要有天主教、东正教、新教三大传统教派。

Christianity is a monotheistic religion, which refers to all the churches that believe in the Lord Jesus Christ as the Savior. Although the church established by Jesus Christ is a United Christian Church, Christianity has been divided into many factions in the historical process, including three traditional sects, namely Catholicism, Orthodox Church and Protestantism.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 09:20, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

佛教传播到每一个地区以后，由于受到当地社会、政治、文化的影响，形式和内容都有相应的变化，形成许多宗派。

After the spread of Buddhism to every part of the world, due to the locally social, political and cultural influence, its form and content have changed accordingly, thus giving birth to many sects.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 07:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

After its spreading to other regions, forms and contents saw changes and various sects were formed. The reason is that Buddhism was influenced by different local social, political and cultural environments. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:50, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

明清两代，随着中国封建社会进入晚期，道教发展陷入停滞僵化。近代中国道教承明清余绪，除个别时期，一直处于低谷。

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the entering of the late period of feudal society in China, the development of Taoism stagnated and ossified. Taoism in modern China, inheriting fruit in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, except for a few periods, has been at a low ebb.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 07:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Developing from a single ethnic religion in the Arab region, Islam finally became a multi-ethnic religion in the world, which was the result of the extensive spread of Arab Islamic countries through foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 07:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

基督教一般认为，其基本教义都是出自于《圣经》。历史上的教会以信经、认信文等多种形式对基督教的基本教义作出了很多精要的概括,也被今天研究教义学的学者视为教义的渊源。

It is generally believed in Christianity that its basic teachings derived from the ''Bible''. The church in history has made many essential summaries of the basic doctrines of Christianity in various forms, such as creed and epistles, which are also regarded as the source of the doctrines by scholars studying the doctrines today.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 07:35, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

It is generally believed in Christianity that its basic teachings derived from the ''Bible''. The churches in history have made many summaries of the basic doctrines of Christianity in various forms, such as creed and epistles, which are also regarded as the source of the doctrines studyed today.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 08:50, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1.与世界其他主要宗教不同的是，佛教是唯一基于全人类所共知的苦难而产生发展起来的。佛教使哲学和宗教思想发生了根本转变。
Uniquely among the great world religions, Buddhism is rooted only in the universal experience of suffering known to all human beings. Buddhism have revolutionized philosophical and religious thought.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:50, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.儒道两家各有偏重又相互补充，相反相成地融合为共同的和谐美的思想。
Confucianism and Daoism oppose and complement and fuse into the thought of beauty of harmony.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:50, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教是世界性的宗教之一，与佛教、基督教并称为世界三大宗教。截至到2009年底，世界人口约68亿人，穆斯林总人数是15.7亿，分布在204个国家和地区，占全世界的百分之二十三。
Islam is one of the world’s religious, with Buddhism and Christianity as the three major religions in the world. By the end of 2009, the world population of 6 billion 800 million people, the total number of Muslims was 1 million 570 million, distributed in 204 countries and regions, accounting for twenty-three percent of the world.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:50, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教对西方文明产生了非常大的影响，自由、平等、博爱、为中心的人文主义传统，使得“生而平等”观点深入人心，成为《独立宣言》《人权宣言》的核心，成为后来西方民主政治的一种长远的精神推动力。
Christianity had a very big impact to Western civilization. Humanist tradition, as the center of freedom, equality, and fraternity, enjoyed “born equal” popular support, became heart of “Declaration of Independence,” “Declaration of Human Rights”, and a long-term spiritual driving force of the Western democratic. --[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:50, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==
religio一语，最原始之意义是指对超自然事物之畏怖、不安等感情而言，其后则有成为感情对象的超自然之事物，及成为感情外在表现的仪礼之意，由之更进而指团体性与组织性之信仰、教义、仪礼之体系。
The original meaning of word “religio” is that the feelings such as fear and unstable towards supernatural things, then it refers to supernatural things with feelings, and etiquette which is feeling appear to be, and further refers to the system of faith, tenet, and etiquette in groups and organizations.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 03:56, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

耶稣出来传道，宣讲天国的福音，劝人悔改，转离恶行。他的教训和所行的神迹，在民众中得到极大的回应。
Jesus preached the gospel of heaven, persuading people to repent and turning away from deviltry. His lessons and miracles were greatly responded to by the people.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 03:56, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。
The development of Islam from the religion of a single nation in the Arab region to a religion of multi-ethnic beliefs in the world is the result of the extensive spread of the Arab Islamic countries through various channels, such as continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, sending missionaries to all over the world.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 03:56, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

自19世纪下半叶，跨越传统教派的福音派教会异军突起，形成巨大影响。
Since the second half of the 19th century, evangelical churches, which span traditional sects, have sprung up and formed a great influence.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 03:56, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Hui 张慧==

1.佛教传播到每一个地区以后，由于受到当地社会、政治、文化的影响，形式和内容都有相应的变化，形成许多宗派。

After Buddhism spread to each region, due to local social, political, and cultural influences, there were corresponding changes in form and content, resulting in the formation of many sects.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:54, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

After Buddhism spread to every region, due to the influence of local society, politics, and culture, the form and content have changed accordingly, forming many sects.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

After Buddhism spread to every region, due to the influence of local social and political culture, its form and content changed accordingly, and many sects formed--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 14:31, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
2.改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the party and government’s religious policies in the new era, Taoism in China has shown an unprecedented new atmosphere, and has made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the reunification of the motherland and world peace.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:54, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the Party and government's new religious policy, Chinese Taoism has taken on an unprecedented new look, making positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the unification of the motherland, and world peace.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam has developed from a regional single-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a religion of multi-ethnic beliefs in the world. It is widely spread by Arab Islamic countries through continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and missions to the world. the result of.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:54, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

The development of Islam from a mono-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world is the result of the spread of Islam in Arab countries through expansion, trade, cultural exchange, and sending missionaries to all parts of the world.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4.虽然耶稣基督所建立的是一个合一的基督教会,但基督教在历史进程中却分化为许多派别，2013年全世界范围当中有超过一万个基督教派，主流的派别主要有天主教、基督新教、东正教三大传统教派，以及一些在信仰人数上虽不如传统教派多，但也有了相当的规模的非传统教派，如:摩门教。

Although Jesus Christ established a united Christian church, Christianity has divided into many sects in the course of history. In 2013, there were more than 10,000 Christian sects worldwide. The mainstream sects are mainly Catholicism, Protestantism, The three traditional sects of Eastern Orthodox Church, and some non-traditional sects that are not as large as traditional sects in the number of believers, such as Mormonism.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:54, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Although Jesus Christ established a unified Christian Church, Christianity has been divided into many denominations over the course of history; in 2013 there were more than 10,000 Christian denominations worldwide, with the dominant denominations being the three traditional denominations of Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodoxy, as well as some non-traditional denominations that are not as numerous as the traditional denominations, but have grown in size, such as Mormonism. --[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

1. 目前佛教已传播到世界各大洲。但主要仍集中在东亚和东南亚一带，这个地区的佛教信徒人数远远超过其他宗教信徒。

At this moment, Buddhism has spread to all continents of the world. However, it is still concentrated in East Asia and Southeast Asia, where the number of Buddhists is far more than that of other religions. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 01:52, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 道教是我国土生土长的宗教，是在汉代黄老道家思想基础上，吸收古代神仙家的方术和民间巫术及鬼神信仰，于东汉末年形成的。

Taoism, a native-born religion in China, was formed at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty by absorbing the ancient alchemy, folk witchcraft and belief in ghosts and gods on the basis of Taoist thought of Huang Lao in Han Dynasty. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 01:52, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 伊斯兰教有着一套具有自己从教特色的体系，它在神学信仰、政治主张、经济思想、道德规范等各方面所提倡的行为规范是每一个穆斯林都必须遵守的。

Islam has a system with its own religious characteristics. Every Muslim must abide by the code of conduct it advocates in theological belief, political opinion, economic thought and moral standards. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 01:52, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 天主教在教会体制上遵循“圣统制”，即各地的天主教会以罗马主教为尊，受罗马教宗管理，神权事务由罗马教宗授权，在天主教会看来，罗马教宗就是上帝在世的代表，是继承了耶稣门徒的传统，上帝授权他来管理教会。

Catholicism follows the “Hierarchy” in its church system, that is, the Catholic churches everywhere respect the Bishop of Rome and are under the management of the Pope, and the theocracy affairs are authorized by the Pope. In the view of the Catholic Church, the Roman Pope is the representative of God in the world, inheriting the tradition of Jesus' disciples, and God authorized him to manage the church. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 01:52, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==

玄奘少时家境贫困，跟着哥哥在洛阳净土寺，学习佛经。后来他从兰州出发，经河西走廊，到达瓜州，想要从那里出境，沿着我们现在所讲的“丝绸之路”去印度求法。
When he was young, Xuanzang came from a poor family and followed his brother to study Buddhist sutras in The Jingtui Temple in Luoyang. Later, he set out from Lanzhou and reached Guazhou through the Hexi Corridor. He wanted to leave from there and go to India to seek dharma along the Silk Road we now speak。--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 14:30, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

道教是中国的本土宗教，以历史唯物主义作为指导。道教从东汉诞生并演变，至近代大约有两千多年。
Taoism is the indigenous religion of China, which was guided by historical materialism from the birth and evolution of The Eastern Han Dynasty to the modern times over two thousand years--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 14:30, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
Islam
伊斯兰教主要分布地区有中东和北非等地。在我国，伊斯兰教也被称之为清真教。
Islam is mainly found in the Middle East and North Africa. It is also called “Qingzhen”in China。--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 14:30, 11 December 2020 (UTC)
Christianity
基督教发源于巴勒斯坦地区犹太人社会，创始人是耶稣。基督教在人类的发展史上有着不可替代的作用，尤其是当今的西方社会，许多发达国家都以基督教文化为主导。
Christianity originated from the Jewish society in Palestine, and its founder was Jesus Christ. Christianity has played an irreplaceable role in the development history of mankind, especially in today's Western society, where many developed countries are dominated by Christian culture。--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 14:30, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==
1. 佛教四大名山闻名遐迩，鲜为人知的是中国还有一座山——终南山，堪称佛教诸宗的祖山，大乘佛教九宗中有六宗祖庭集于此处。佛教进入中国初期，并没有宗派之分，而当佛教走入山川形胜的终南秘境，仰对峰峦、俯拾河溪，却体会出更多佛法的真味。

The four famous Buddhist mountains are well known. What is little known is that there is another mountain in China-Zhongnan Mountain, which can be called the ancestral mountain of all Buddhist sects. Six of the nine Mahayana Buddhist sects are gathered here. In the early days of Buddhism's entry into China, there was no sectarian distinction. However, when Buddhism entered the secret land of the south, where mountains and rivers prevailed, it realized more of the true flavor of Buddhism.
--[[User:Zhang Weihong|Zhang Weihong]] ([[User talk:Zhang Weihong|talk]]) 15:01, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 道教深深扎根于民间，体现着百姓最朴素的信仰——衣食住行的每个诉求，都可以在道教神灵那里得以满足。在中国道教石窟中，你依然能感受到道教在中国人日常生活中的重要。

Taoism is deeply rooted in the people and embodies the most simple belief of the people-every demand for food, clothing, housing and transportation can be satisfied by Taoist gods. In the Chinese Taoist grottoes, you can still feel the importance of Taoism in the daily life of the Chinese people.

3. 清真寺是伊斯兰教进行宗教活动的中心，主要是供信徒礼拜之处。伊斯兰教，发源于阿拉伯半岛的麦加，信奉独一无二的造物主安拉，信徒被称作穆斯林。它和基督教一样，是外来的宗教。

Mosque is the center of Islamic religious activities, mainly for believers to worship. Islam, which originated in Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula, believes in the unique Creator Allah and its followers are called Muslims. Like Christianity, it is a foreign religion.

4. 以“耶稣基督”诞辰为记的圣诞节，是属于基督教的节日。这个现今世界上最大的宗教信仰，建立在一个丰满的神话体系上，在这些故事中，不仅有曲折动人的情节，还充满了爱与人情味儿。
Christmas, which is marked by the birth of Jesus Christ, is a Christian festival. The largest religious belief in the world today is based on a full myth system. In these stories, there are not only tortuous and touching plots, but also full of love and human touch.
--[[User:Zhang Weihong|Zhang Weihong]] ([[User talk:Zhang Weihong|talk]]) 15:01, 9 December 2020 (UTC)Zhang Weihong

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==
1,佛教与基督教、伊斯兰教并称的世界三大宗教之一。公元前6世纪至前5世纪，释迦牟尼创建于古印度。以后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

Buddhism together with Christianity and Islam is one of the world's three major religions. Between the 6th century BC and the 5th century BC, Shakyamuni found Buddhism in ancient India. Since then, it has been widely spread in Asia and around the world and has had a significant impact on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.

2.明清两代，随着中国封建社会进入晚期，道教发展陷入停滞僵化。新中国成立后，对旧社会道教中存在的一些不合理制度和陋习进行了改革，道教的面目为之一新。

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, as China's feudal society entered its late stage, the development of Taoism fell into stagnation and ossification. After the founding of Republic of China, some unreasonable systems and bad habits in Taoism in the old society were reformed, and Taoism took on a new look.

3. 阿拉伯地区日益加剧的社会危机，外族的不断入侵，促进了阿拉伯人的觉醒，社会各阶级都在寻求出路。

The increasing social crisis in the Arab region and the constant invasion of foreigners have promoted the awakening of Arabs. All classes of society are seeking a way out.

4. 大陆的新教教会也从不称自己为新教，而只称基督教或耶稣教，而将罗马公教称为天主教，正教称为东正教。

The Protestants in the mainland never call themselves Protestants, but only Christians or Jesus, and the Roman Catholic Church is called Catholicism, and the Orthodox Church is called Eastern Orthodox--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 05:32, 14 December 2020 (UTC).

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.佛教中国本土化在隋唐时期已初步完成，而儒、释、道三教的合流则在两宋时期。

The localization of Buddhism in China has preliminarily finished in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, while the confluence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism was in the Song Dynasty.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

The localization of Buddhism in China has preliminarily completed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, while the confluence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism was in the Song Dynasty.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:36, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2.改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

Under the guidance of religious policy published by party and government in the new era, China’s Daoism has emerged an unprecedented new look since the reform and opening-up. It made positive contribution to promoting economic development, harmonious society, national unity and world peace.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教是科学的宗教，它鼓励人们通过真科学对宇宙、世界进行认识和思考，从而使信仰更加坚固。

Islam, as a scientific religion, encourages people to understand and reflect on the universe and the world through authentic science, making the belief more stable.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Islam, as a scientific religion, encourages people to understand and reflect on the universe and the world through authentic science, thus making the belief more stable.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 03:03, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Islam, as a scientific religion, encourages people to understand and reflect on the universe and the world through authentic science, making their beliefs more stable.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 07:55, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.在基督教早期阶段，教会曾实行财产共有，外界视其为一种秘密性的宗教组织。
In the early stage of Christianity, the church ever implemented the policy of common ownership. However, the outside world regarded it as a secret religious organization.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 12:36, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
公元前6世纪至前5世纪，佛教创建于古印度。以后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

In the 6th century BC or the 5th century BC, Buddhism was founded in ancient India. Since then, it has been widely spread in Asia and around the world, and has had a significant impact on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.

道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。

Taoism is the only religion that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also called the local religion.

伊斯兰教公元七世纪由麦加人穆罕默德在阿拉伯半岛上首先兴起，公元7世纪中叶自西亚、中东传入中国。

Islam first emerged on the Arabian Peninsula by Mecca, Muhammad, in the seventh century AD, and was introduced to China from West Asia and the Middle East in the middle of the seventh century.

基督教是对奉耶稣基督为救世主的各教派统称，亦称基督宗教。基督教与佛教、伊斯兰教并称三大宗教。

Christianity is the collective name for all denominations that hold Jesus Christ as the savior, also known as the Christian religion. Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam are called the three major religions.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 08:02, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

1.佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。

The spread of Buddhism throughout Asia can be roughly divided into two routes: southward to Sri Lanka first, and from Sri Lanka to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries. The northward spread to China via the Pamir Plateau, and then from China to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries.

2.改革开放以来，在党和政府新时期宗教政策的指导下，中国道教呈现出前所未有的新气象，为促进经济发展、社会和谐、祖国统一和世界和平做出了积极贡献。

Since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the religious policies of the Party and the government in the new era, Taoism in China, in an unprecedented new atmosphere, has made positive contributions to promoting economic development, social harmony, the reunification of the motherland and world peace.

3.伊斯兰教自创兴迄今已有1400多年的历史，它作为一种宗教信仰、意识形态和文化体系，传入世界各地后，与当地传统文化相互影响和融合，在不同历史条件下，对许多国家和民族的社会发展、政治结构、经济形态、文化风尚、伦理道德、生活方式等都发生了不同程度的影响。

Islam has a history of more than 1400 years since its inception. As a religious belief, ideology and cultural system, it has influenced and integrated with local traditional culture after it was introduced into various parts of the world. Under different historical conditions, it has influenced the social development, political structure, economic form, cultural fashion, ethics and morality, lifestyle of many countries and nationalities to varying degrees.

4.基督宗教各派都信奉耶稣基督为救主，都以《圣经》，又称《新旧约全书》为经典，其中《新约》各章节都相同，而《旧约》有所不同，东正教和天主教的内容比新教（基督教）要多几章。

All denominations of the Christian religion believe in Jesus Christ as their Savior, and all use the Bible, also known as the Old and New Testaments, as their classics, with all chapters of the New Testament being the same and the Old Testament being different as the Orthodox and Catholics having a few more chapters than the Protestants (Christianity).--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 10:09, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==
1.佛教产生于印度,最迟于东汉明帝时期传入内地。在魏晋南北朝时期快速发展,基于佛教思想意识体系完备,中国皇帝大力支持和寺院经济基础雄厚等原因,逐渐在中国广泛流传。

Buddhism grew out of India and was introduced to the mainland at least by the reign of the Ming emperor in the Eastern Han dynasty. In the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern dynasties, Buddhism developed rapidly and spread extensively and gradually in China due to complete Buddhist ideology systems, great support from Chinese emperors and strong economic fundamentals of temples.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 07:59, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

Buddhism, emerging in India, was introduced to the mainland at least by the reign of the Ming emperor in the Eastern Han dynasty. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Southern and Northern dynasties, Buddhism developed rapidly. With complete Buddhist ideology systems, great support from Chinese emperors and strong economic fundamentals of temples, it began to spreading extensively in China at that time.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 10:12, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

2.经过一千多年发展,道教已经形成了系统的养生理论与操作方法,得到社会的一定认可。在养生旅游蓬勃发展的今天,道教养生旅游成为养生旅游的重要形式之一,但就目前国内道教养生旅游开发来看,多处景区对道教养生文化资源的开发还有待深入,养生旅游产品特色不足。

After more than one thousand years of development, Taoism has formed its own systematic regiment and operational methods, which obtain certain approvals from the whole society. At present, with the booming development of wellness tourism, Taoism health tourism is one of the significant forms of health tourism. However, considering from the present development of domestic health tourism, many scenic spots still have a long way to go for developing Taoist health-keeping culture for lacking of characteristics of products.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 07:59, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

After more than one thousand years of development, Taoism has formed a system of health theory and operation methods, which has been recognized by the society. With the vigorous development of health tourism today, Taoist health tourism has become one of the important forms of health tourism. However, as far as the development of domestic Taoist health tourism is concerned, the tapping of Taoist health culture resources in many scenic spots remains to be deepened, and the characteristics of health tourism products are insufficient.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 13:44, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教自唐朝传入中国,到明清时完成了中国化进程,形成了回族这一特殊的民族。

Islam was introduced to China from the Tang dynasty and completed its process of Sinicization in the Ming and Qing dynasties, forming the Hui, such a special ethnic group.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 07:59, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

4.在世界基督教的历史中,依托于欧洲文明的西方基督教成为基督教史的主流,具有同样深厚渊源的东方基督教却在历史长河中湮没不闻。

In the world history of Christianity, the western Christianity based on European civilizations has become the mainstream of the history of Christianity while the eastern Christianity possessing the same profound origin has disappeared in the history.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 07:58, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==

1.佛教于公元前6世纪至前5世纪，释迦牟尼创建于古印度，以后广泛传播于亚洲及世界各地，对许多国家的社会政治和文化生活产生过重大影响。

Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in ancient India between the 6th and 5th centuries B.C. It spread widely throughout Asia and the rest of the world, and had a significant impact on the socio-political and cultural life of many countries.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:05, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Buddhism was founded in ancient India from the 6th century BC to the 5th century BC by Siddhartha Gautama. After that, it spread widely in Asia and all over the world, and had a significant impact on the social, political and cultural life of many countries.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:12, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教是一种多神教，沿袭了中国古代对于日月、星辰、河海山岳以及祖先亡灵都奉祖的信仰习惯，形成了一个包括天神、地祗和人鬼的复杂的神灵系统。

Taoism is a polytheistic religion, inheriting the ancient Chinese belief in the sun, moon, stars, rivers, oceans and mountains, as well as the spirits of ancestors and the dead, and has formed a complex system of gods and spirits, including the gods of heaven, earth, humans and ghosts.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:05, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

The development of Islam from a mono-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world is the result of the spread of Islam in Arab countries through expansion, trade, cultural exchange, and sending missionaries to all parts of the world.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:05, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Islam has developed from a regional single-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a religion of multi-ethnic beliefs in the world. It is widely spread by Arab Islamic countries through continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and missions to the world. the result of.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:12, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督教文化是一种以基督教为其存在基础和凝聚精神的文化形态，包括其崇拜上帝和耶稣基督的宗教信仰体系，以及相关的精神价值和道德伦理观念。

Christian culture is a cultural form that has Christianity as its foundation and unifying spirit, including its religious belief system of worshipping God and Jesus Christ, as well as the related spiritual values and moral and ethical concepts.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:05, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Christian culture is a cultural form that takes Christianity as its basis of existence and a cohesive spirit, including its religious belief system of worshiping God and Jesus Christ, as well as related spiritual values and moral and ethical concepts.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:12, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

1.佛教向亚洲各地传播，大致可分为两条路线：南向最先传入斯里兰卡，又由斯里兰卡传入缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝等国。北传经帕米尔高原传入中国，再由中国传入朝鲜、日本、越南等国。

The spread of Buddhism throughout Asia can be roughly divided into two routes: in the south to Sri Lanka first, and from Sri Lanka to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries. North spread through the Pamir plateau into China, and then from China into Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries.

The spread of Buddhism throughout Asia can be roughly divided into two routes: in the south to Sri Lanka first, and from Sri Lanka to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and other countries. In the north way, it was spread through the Pamir plateau into China, and then from China into Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 13:40, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.在我国五大宗教中，道教是唯一发源于中国、由中国人创立的宗教，所以又被称为本土宗教。道教对我国古时代的政治、经济和文化都发生过深刻的影响，是统治阶级的三大精神支柱之一。

Among the five major religions in China, Taoism is the only one that originated in China and was founded by the Chinese, so it is also known as the native religion. Taoism had a profound influence on the politics, economy and culture of ancient China and was one of the three spiritual pillars of the ruling class.

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam developed from a single ethnic religion in The Arab region to a multi-ethnic religion in the world, which was the result of the extensive spread of Arab Islamic countries through foreign expansion, business contacts, cultural exchanges, and the dispatch of missionaries to all over the world.

4.到了476年，罗马帝国在内部的矛盾和外族的入侵下分裂为以意大利的罗马城为中心的西罗马和以君士坦丁堡为首都的东罗马。随着东西罗马的分裂，基督宗教也开始分裂为罗马天主教和东正教。

In 476, due to internal conflicts and foreign invasions, the Roman Empire was divided into two empires, the west and the east, Italy and Constantinople as the capital respectively. With the division, Christianity began to split into Roman Catholicism and the Orthodox Eastern Church.--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 11:40, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

1.佛教典籍共分为经、律、论三藏。“藏”的原意是可以盛放东西的竹箧，有容纳、收藏的含义，佛教用以概括全部佛教典籍。经是释迦本人所说的教义；律是佛陀为教徒制定的必须遵守的规则及其解释；论是为阐明经、律而作的各种理论的解释和研究。

Buddhist scriptures are divided into three types: sutra, the law and the theory. The original meaning of "Zang" is a bamboo scaffold that can hold things, thus it has the meaning of containing and storing, used by Buddhism to summarize all Buddhist classics. Sutras are the doctrines that Sakyamuni himself said; laws are the rules and explanations that the must be followed by Budda's followers; theory is the interpretation and research accomplishment of various theories to clarify sutras and laws.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:10, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教以“道”为最高信仰。“道”无形无象，而又生育天地万物。“道”在人和万物中的显现就是“德”。故万物莫不尊道而贵德。道散则为气，聚则为神。神仙既是道的化身，又是得道的楷模。神仙以济世度人为宗旨。故道教徒既信道德，又拜神仙。

Taoism takes "Tao" as its highest belief. "Tao" is invisible, yet it gives birth to all things in the world. The manifestation of "Tao" in people and everything is "Virtue". Therefore, all things respect the Tao and the Virtue. When Dao scatters, it will be Qi (means air); gathers, be God. The gods are not only the incarnation of Tao, but also the models of attaining Tao. The purpose of immortals is to save the world and save people. Therefore, Taoists believe in virtue and worship gods.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:10, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

3.伊斯兰教由阿拉伯地区性单一民族的宗教发展成世界性的多民族信仰的宗教，是阿拉伯伊斯兰国家通过不断对外扩张、经商交往、文化交流、向世界各地派出传教士等多种途径而得到广泛传播的结果。

Islam has developed from a regional single-ethnic religion in the Arab region to a religion of multi-ethnic beliefs in the world. It is widely spread by Arab Islamic countries through continuous expansion, business exchanges, cultural exchanges, and sending missionaries to the world.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:10, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

4.基督的两性：基督既是完全的神，又是完全的人，兼具完全的神性和完全的人性。

The two natures of Christ: Christ is both a perfect God and a perfect man, with both perfect divinity and perfect humanity.--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 04:10, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

佛教于公元1世纪左右传入中国，对中国文化产生了极为深远的影响，中国艺术的发展，也深深打上了佛教的烙印，留下了灿烂的佛教艺术作品。

Buddhism was introduced to China around the 1st century A.D. It had an extremely profound impact on Chinese culture, and the development of Chinese art was deeply branded by Buddhism, leaving behind splendid works of Buddhist art.

道教是我国三大宗教之一，在传统文化中占有重要地位，创立于1800多年前的东汉时期。它经历了魏晋的发展成熟，隋唐的繁荣兴盛，宋朝的鼎盛，元朝的分化合流，明清走向世俗化，并逐渐衰落。

Daoism, founded more than 1800 years ago during the Eastern Han Dynasty, occupies an important place in traditional culture as one of the three major religions in China. After underwent development and maturity in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, prosperity and flourishing in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, its heyday in the Song Dynasty, divergence and merging in the Yuan Dynasty, secularization in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it gradually decline.

"要坚持新疆伊斯兰教中国化方向，实现宗教健康发展。”这是习近平总书记对新形势下做好新疆宗教工作提出的新要求新目标新任务，为做好新时代新疆宗教工作、推进新疆伊斯兰教中国化进程提供了根本遵循。

"We must adhere to the Sinicization of Islam in Xinjiang and realize its healthy development." This is General Secretary Xi Jinping’s new requirement, goal, and task for doing well in Xinjiang’s religious work under the new situation, which provides a fundamental guideline to the process of Sinicization of Islam.

基督教文化对于英美文学创作一直有着深远影响,这在路易莎·梅·奥尔科特基于自身经历所创作的《小妇人》中对马奇家四姐妹的塑造上也得到了清晰体现。

Christian culture has always had a profound influence on English and American literature, and this is clearly reflected in the portrayal of the four March sisters in Louisa May Alcott's Little Women, which is based on her own experience.

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==

1.藏传佛教法器类繁多，具有浓厚的神秘色彩。这些法器大体可以分为礼敬、称赞、供养、持验、护魔、劝导六大类。每件法器都有其不同的宗教含义，有的法器兼有数种用途。

There are many kinds of magical instruments in Tibetan Buddhism, which are full of mystery. These implements can be roughly divided into six categories: homage, praise, support, holding, magic protection, persuasion. Each has its own religious meaning, and some serve several purposes.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 10:21, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

2.道教文学艺术就是以宣传道教教义、神仙长生思想以及反映其宗教生活为题材的内容的各种形式的文学艺术作品。文学艺术可以扩大道教的社会影响，进而提高道教的宗教素质。反过来，道教的神仙信仰也给中国文学艺术的发展巨大的影响。

Taoist literature and art are all kinds of literature and art works with the theme of promoting Taoist Doctrine, immortal and longevity thought and reflecting religious life. Literature and art can enlarge the social influence of Taoism, and then improve the religious quality of Taoism. In turn, the immortal belief of Taoism also to the Chinese literature and art development profound influence.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 10:21, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

3.穆罕默德在早期的宣教中，告诫人们放弃多神信仰和偶像崇拜，宣称真主是宇宙万物的创造者，是唯一的主宰，要求人们信奉独一无二的真主。

In Muhammad's early preachings,he exhorted people to abandon polytheism and idolatry, declaring that God is the creator of all things in the universe and the only master, and asking people to believe in the one and only God.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 10:21, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

4.三位一体，基督教教义，谓上帝只有一个，但包括圣父、圣子耶稣基督和圣灵三个位格。三者虽位格有别，而本质绝无分别，同受钦崇，同享尊荣，同为永恒。三位一体把《圣经》中所记述的对上帝本性的认识的三个中心要素放在一起，即：神创造世界、神藉着耶稣基督救助人类、神藉着圣灵与基督徒和教会同在。

The Trinity, a Christian doctrine that there is only one God but includes the father, the son Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. Although the three positions are different, but there is no difference in nature. The Trinity brings together the three central elements of biblical knowledge of the nature of God: God’s creation of the world, God’s salvation through Jesus, and God’s presence with Christians and the church through the Holy Spirit.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 10:21, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==
1.佛教经由两条路径传入中国，一支由古印度经西域传入中原地区，尔后传入朝鲜半岛、越南、日本等处，称北传佛教。另一支则由东南亚传至中国南方，为南传佛教，但其影响力不及于中原，因此并不被包括在汉传佛教中。

Buddhism was introduced into China through two routes, one was introduced into the Central Plains from ancient India via the Western Regions, and then into the Korean Peninsula, Vietnam, Japan and other places, called Northern Buddhism. The other one was spread from Southeast Asia to southern China as Southern Buddhism, but its influence was not as great as that of the Central Plains, so it was not included in Chinese Buddhism.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 12:28, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

Buddhism was introduced to China through two routes: one was from ancient India to the Central Plains via the Western region, and then to the Korean Peninsula, Vietnam, and Japan, called Northern Buddhism. The other one came from Southeast Asia to Southern China, called Southern Buddhism, but its influence was not as good as in the Central Plains, so it was not included in the Chinese Buddhism. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:36, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

2.开光是道教特有的一种宗教科仪，道教认为凡是所塑的神像都要经过一道程序，即装藏。

Consecration is a religious ritual peculiar to Taoism. Taoism believes that all statues of gods must go through a process, which is to hide.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 12:28, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

Consecration (refers to invite benevolent spirit ) is a religious ritual unique to Taoism. Taoism believes that all statues of deities go through a process called ''zhuangzang'', which refers to a hole is left behind the statue and when consecrating, the monk will put scriptures, jewels, grains, and metal lungs and livers in and seal the hole. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:36, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

3.“伊斯兰”系阿拉伯语音译，意为“顺从”、“和平”，指顺从和信仰创造宇宙的独一无二的主宰安拉及其意志，信奉伊斯兰教的人统称为“穆斯林”，意为“顺从者”。

"Islam" is an Arabic transliteration, meaning "obedience" and "peace". It refers to obedience and belief in the unique ruler of Allah and its will that created the universe. People who believe in Islam are collectively referred to as "Muslims", meaning "submissive ".--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 12:28, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

"Islam" is a transliterated word of the Arabic, meaning "obedience" and "peace" which refers to obedience to and faith in Allah and his will, the unique master who created the universe. Those who believe in Islam are known as "Muslims", meaning "the obedient". --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:36, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

4.“基督”是希腊语的弥赛亚（救世主），当时在犹太人中传布着一种弥赛亚的预言，大致是说，犹太人将要出一个像古代名王大卫（公元前11世纪的一位犹太民族英雄，建立犹太王国，定都耶路撒冷）那样的民族救世主，实现“上帝的国”。

"Christ" is the Greek Messiah (Savior). At that time, a Messianic prophecy was preached among the Jews. It roughly means that the Jews will have a national savior like the ancient king David (a Jewish national hero in the 11th century BC who established the Jewish kingdom and set the capital in Jerusalem), and realize the "kingdom of God".--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 12:28, 10 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

"Christ" is the Greek word for Messiah (Savior). At that time, there was a Messianic prophecy spreading among the Jews that the Jews would have a national savior like the ancient king David (a Jewish national hero of the 11th century BC who founded the Jewish kingdom and set its capital in Jerusalem),and realize the "Kingdom of God". --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:36, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

1.The religion’s founder, Buddha, is considered an extraordinary man, but not a god.

宗教的创始人佛陀被认为是非凡的人，但不是神。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 05:32, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

2.Ancient philosophy-Taoism-was founded in the 4th century AD. B.C. Philosopher Lao Tzu.

古代哲学学说-道教-始建于公元4世纪。公元前。哲学家老子。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 05:32, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

3.The Hui Muslims of Shaanxi supported the revolutionaries and the Hui Muslims of Gansu supported the Qing.

陕西的回族人支持革命者，甘肃的回族人支持清政府。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 05:32, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

4.Christianity in China appeared in the 7th century, during the Tang dynasty, but did not take root until it was reintroduced in the 16th century by Jesuit missionaries.

在中国，基督教出现于7世纪的唐朝时期，但直到16世纪耶稣会传教士重新引入基督教之后，基督教才生根发芽。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 05:32, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

Chinese Languages and Cultures

2020-12-14T05:01:36Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Final Exam paper - You can write it now and improve and correct it until grading on Dec 15, 2020 */

Quicklinks: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual]

Welcome to our course website '''Chinese Languages and Cultures'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is welcome!

欢迎访问我们'''中国语言文化课'''网页。…………--[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 07:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

=Organizational Things=
*Please register for the Course Wiki.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
==Description of Homework==
===Regular students===
1. Please read and prepare all the texts for the next textbook unit.

2. Please find a Chinese sentence in the internet about each of the 3-4 topics we deal with in each session (see textbook content page or on this webpage here "schedule"). Copy these sentences on our homework webpage and write translations into English (for international students: find an English sentence and translate into Chinese). Do not forget to sign by typing - - ~ ~ ~ ~ (without spaces) at the end.

Then please help your fellow students to correct and improve their translations. Do not forget to sign by typing - - ~ ~ ~ ~ (without spaces) at the end.

3. Once in the semester, you give a presentation on a topic of the textbook. Please do not just repeat the content, but say something from the perspective of a translator: What problems do you encounter when translating the textbook text or when translating texts of this topic. One student can do a presentation, the other can do a handout. Both contributions are graded separately.

===Website Admin student===
Thank you for helping to watch the Wiki website! Please make sure that it looks nice (formatting, especially if a fellow students makes a mess by putting the wrong format etc., should not look to crowded, so make sub-websites for homework etc.).
===Online Survey students===
There will be several online surveys conducted throughout the semester. Please watch your WeChat Subgroup for the first tasks.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate a pragraph from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.

==Material==
Please download the course textbook from the WeChat Group.

=Schedule=
1st Session: Organizational things

2nd session: Unit 1 General Survey A. 1 Geography SAGARA SEYDOU; B. 2 Traditional Festivals: The Spring Festival, The Lantern Festival, The Dragon Boat Festival, The Mid-autumn Festival 汤伊然，杨子泠（The Dragon Boat Festival）; C. 3 Ancient Science and Technology 曾心媛陈涵

3rd session: Unit 2 Language and Calligraphy A. 4 Chinese characters and scripts 蒋凤仪顾东方, B. 5 Calligraphy 徐佳肖婷, C. 6 The Evolution of Calligraphy 肖双玲王轩

4th session: Unit 3 Traditional Crafts A. 7 Embroidery 瞿淼、娄灿灿, B. 8 Cloisonne, C. 9 Lacquerware Lô Minh Thảo- 卢明草, D. 10 Carving

5th session: Unit 4 Tea, Silk and Ceramics A. 11 Tea 祝美梅，周园曲, B. 12 Silk 吴琼张银柳, C. 13 Porcelain Zubareva Ekaterina, ANNA GROSHEVA, D. 14 Celadon 高明珠陈静静

Unit 5 Traditional Cuisine 15 Distinct Regional Cuisines 罗雨晴石海瑶, 16 The Art of Chinese Cooking 邹鑫雨曹润鑫 SAFFANA , HA THI THU HANG, C. 17 Two Famous Dishes 袁天翼张维虹, D. 18 Chopsticks 蒋淇玮胡瑾

Unit 6 Fine Arts A. 19 Painting 朱旭,莫玲 B. 20 Seal-cutting 赵茜张瑜， C. 21 Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi 吴子佳雷旷溪

Unit 7 Architecture and Gardens A. 22 Architecture 张毓婕，张佩闻, B. 23 Gardens 张宇星解帆, C. 24 The Summer Palace 刘艺谭媛媛

Unit 8 Literature A. 25 Classical Literature 游雨婷，许静, B. 26 Modern Literature 张玲杨海容, C. 27 Contemporary Literature 义子楚杨悦, D. 28 Selected Tang Poems 管钦清雷方 Ngo Thi Minh Huong (吴氏明红)

Unit 9 Peking Opera and Acrobatics A. 29 Peking Opera 甘奉玉丁代凤, B. 30 Mei Lanfang 曾良陈永相, C. 31 Acrobatics

Unit 10 Wushu and Qigong A. 32 Wushu 赵晓燕张慧, B. 33 Qigong Rajabov Anushervon, C. 34 Huo Yuanjia 周艺文欧阳玲

Unit 11 Traditional Medicine A. 35 Chinese Medicine B. 36 Diagnosis and Pharmacology, C. 37 Acupuncture and Moxibustion 吴一露司㚥, D. 38 The Development of Chinese Medicine 王美玲汤蓓

Unit 12 Major Religions A. 39 Buddhism 康浩宇刘欧 Phyo Su Kyi, B. 40 Daoism 桂一枝阳慧, C. 41 Islam 刘柳刘怡瑜, D. 42 Christianity 彭锐宏

Unit 13 Classical Philosophy A. 43 Confucius and Confucianism 罗维嘉李丽丽, B. 44 Daoism 余妮杨晨婷

Unit 14 China and the outside world A. 45 Zhang Qian and the Silk Road 李丽琴郭露, B. 46 Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road 胡百辉何长崎, C. 47 The Eastward Spread of Western Learning, D. 48 The Westernization Movement

Unit 15 Selected Readings in Classical Philosophy A. 49 Tao Te Ching Gennadii Dashkin, B. 50 The Analects GUIROU BARTHELEMY, PINGKI TANCHANGYA, C. 51 The Sutra of Hui-neng, D. 52 The Importance of Living

New topics suggested by students: ...

==1st Session==
Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
====Students' Homework of session 1 in preparation for session 2====
===Homework of Session 1 (Sep 21, 2020), due for Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020)===
1. Every student should find a sentence for each text of unit 2 (A. Geography, B. Traditional Festivals, C. Ancient Science) in English and translate it into Chinese. You can '''write it [[20200921_cult|here]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

==2nd Session: Unit 1==
===Text A Geography===

Classroom presentation [[Media:China_Geography_by_Seydou_Sagara_.ppt|Seydou Sagara's presentation on China-Geography ]]--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 05:07, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

===Text B Traditional Festivals===

Classroom presentation [[Media:Dragon_Boat_Festiva_by_Yang Zilin and Tang Yiran_S.pptx|Yang Zilin and Tang Yiran's presentation on Dragon Boat Festival]]--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 15:13, 7 October 2020 (UTC)

Handout [[Media:The Dragon Boat Festival by Tang Yiran and Yang Ziling.docx|Dragon Boat Festival]] --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 02:26, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Text C Traditional Science===
Classroom presentation [[Media:Paper-making_technology_by_Chen Han_S.pptx|Chen Han's presentation on Paper-making technology]] --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 05:40, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

Handout [[Media:Ancient_Science_and_Technology_.docx|Ancient Science and Technology]] --[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 06:48, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Zeng Xinyuan

==='''Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due for Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020)'''===
1. Every student should find a Chinese sentence in the internet for each text of the unit (a, b, c) and translate it into English. You can '''write it [[20200928_cult|here]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

==3rd Session: Unit 2==
===Text A Chinese Characters and Scripts===
Classroom presentation [[Media:Chinese Characters.ppt]] by Jiang Fengyi --[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 07:14, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

Handout [[Media:Chinese Characters.docx]]--[[User:Gudongfang|Gudongfang]] ([[User talk:Gudongfang|talk]]) 15:36, 6 October 2020 (UTC)Gu Dongfang

===Text B Calligraphy===

Classroom presentation [[Media:Chinese calligraphy.pptx|Chinese calligraphy]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:03, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Xu Jia

Handout [[Media:Chinese_calligraphy.docx|Chinese calligraphy]]--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 11:50, 10 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

===Text C Evolution of calligraphy===

Classroom presentation [[Media:The Evolution of Calligraphy.pptx|evolution of Calligraphy]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 02:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

Handout [[Media:calligraphy by Xiao Shuangling and Wang Xuan.docx]] --[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 09:10, 15 October 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 7, 2020), due for Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020)'''===
1. Every student should find a Chinese sentence in the internet for each text of the unit (a, b, c, d) and translate it into English. You can '''write it [[20201007_cult|here]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

==4th Session: Unit 3 Traditional Crafts==
===Text A, total text no. 7, Embroidery===
Classroom presentation [[Media:Embroidery.pptx]] by Qu Miao --[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 04:33, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Handout [[Media:Embroidery.docx]] by Lou Cancan --[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 04:24, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

Qu Miao 瞿淼、Lou Cancan 娄灿灿

===Text B, total text no. 8, Cloisonne===
Classroom presentation [[Media:...pptx]] by ...

===Text C, total text no. 9, Lacquerware===

Classroom presentation [[Media:China_Traditional_Craft_by_Lo_Minh_Thao_S.pptx|Lo Minh Thao's presentation on Chinese Traditional Crafts]]

===Text D, total text no. 10, Carving===
Classroom presentation [[Media:...pptx]] by ...

Handout [[Media:....docx]] by ...

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), due for Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020)'''===
1. Every student should find a Chinese sentence in the internet for each text of the unit (a, b, c, d) and translate it into English. You can '''write it [[20201012_cult|here]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

==5th Session: Unit 4==
===Text A Tea===

Classroom presentation[[Media: Tea_Chinese_Culture_Zhu_Meimei_S.pptx|Zhu Meimei's presentation on Tea]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 05:50, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

Handout [[Media:Tea_Zhou_Yuanqu_S.docx|Zhou Yuanqu's handout on Tea]]----[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 02:08, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

===Text B Silk ===
吴琼张银柳

Classroom presentation by Zhang Yinliu[[Media:Silk.pptx]]--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 02:30, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
Handout by--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 01:44, 19 October 2020 (UTC) [[Media:Handout for Silk.docx]]

===Text C Porcelain ===
Zubareva Ekaterina, ANNA GROSHEVA

Classroom presentation by [[Media:Porcelain_-_Grosheva_and_Zubareva.pptx]] --[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 08:17, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

Handout [[Media:Porcelain_handout.docx]] by --[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 07:25, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Text C Celadon ===

Classroom presentation [[Media:Celadon.pptx]]by --[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 06:48, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Handout by[[Media:Celadon.docx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:01, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), due for Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020)'''===
1. Every student should find a Chinese sentence in the internet for each text of the unit (a, b, c, d) and translate it into English. You can '''write it [[20201019_cult|here]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

==6th Session: Unit 5: Traditional Cuisine==

===Text A Four Distinct Regional Cuisines ===

Presentation by Shi Haiyao[[Media:Four_Distinct_Regional_Cuisines_Shi_Haiyao_S.pptx|Shi Haiyao's presentation on Four Distinct Regional Cuisines]]--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 02:16, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

Handout by Luo Yuqing[[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines.docx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 07:43, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Text B The Art of Chinese Cooking ===

Presentation by 曹润鑫 [[Media:The art of Chinese cooking.pptx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 15:00, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Handout by 邹鑫雨 [[Media:The art of Chinese cooking.docx]]--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 15:01, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Presentation by ALSIED SAFFANA [[Media:The Art of Chinese Cooking - SAFFANAALSIED and HATHITHUHANG_Final.pptx]] -- [[User:SAFFANA_ALSIED_2|SAFFANA_ALSIED_2]] ([[User talk:SAFFANA_ALSIED_2|talk]]) 15:25, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Handout by HA THI THU HANG [[Media:The Art of Chinese Cooking Handout Final.docx]] -- [[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] -- ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 15:38, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

===Text C Two Famous Dishes ===
Classroom Presentation [[Media:Two_Famous_Dishes_Yuan_Tianyi_S.pptx|Yuan Tianyi's Presentation on Two Famous Dishes]]--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 02:17, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Handout by Zhang Weihong [[Media:Two Famous Dishes.doc]] --[[User:Zhang Weihong|Zhang Weihong]] ([[User talk:Zhang Weihong|talk]]) 11:16, 25 October 2020 (UTC)ZhangWeihong

===Text D Chopsticks ===

Presentation by Jiang Qiwei[[Media:Chopsticks.pptx]]--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 04:33, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

Handout by Hu Jin[[Media:handout for chopsticks.docx]]--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 15:56, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), due for Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020)'''===
1. Every student should find a Chinese sentence in the internet for each text of the unit (a, b, c, d) and translate it into English. You can '''write it [[20201026_cult|here]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

3. Please answer the quiz on https://bit.ly/Unit-6 or on http://shijiehanxue.mikecrm.com/BNFafJP

==7th Session: Unit 6==

===Text A Painting ===

Presentation by Zhu Xu [[Media:Painting by Zhu Xu.pptx]]--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 03:29, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout [[Media:Chinese_Painting_Mo_Ling.docx|Mo Ling's Handout on Chinese Painting]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 04:17, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Text B Seal-cutting ===

Presentation by Zhao Xi [[Media:Seal-cutting by Zhao Xi.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 13:32, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

Handout by Zhang Yu [[Media:Seal-cutting by Zhang Yu and Zhao Xi.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:14, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

===Text C Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi ===

Presentation by Wu Zijia [[Media:Presentation.Badashanren and QiBaishi.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 05:35, 30 October 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Handout by Lei Kuangxi [[Media:Handout.Badashanren and Qi Baishi.docx ]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 05:05, 30 October 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

==='''Homework from Session 7 (Nov 02, 2020), due for Session 8 (Nov 09, 2020)'''===
1. Every student should find a Chinese sentence in the internet for each text of the unit (a, b, c) and translate it into English. You can '''write it [[20201102_cult|here]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

==8th Session: Unit 7==

===Text A Architecture ===

Presentation by Zhang Peiwen [[Media:Chinese Architecture.pptx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 11:57, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout by Zhang Yujie [[Media:Ancient Chinese Architecture.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:18, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

===Text B Gardens ===

Presentation by Zhang Yuxing [[Media:Gardens.pptx]]--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 08:37, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout by Xie Fan [[Media:Gardens on the Yangtze Delta.docx]] --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 13:12, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

===Text C The Summer Palace ===

Presentation by Tan Yuanyuan [[Media:The Summer Palace.pptx]]--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 14:38, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout by Liu Yi [[Media:The Summer Palace.docx]]--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 14:49, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 8 (Nov 09, 2020), due for Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020)'''===
1. Every student should find a Chinese sentence in the internet for each text of the unit (a, b, c, d) and translate it into English. You can '''write it [[20201109_cult|here]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

==9th Session: Unit 8==

===Text A Classical Literature ===

Presentation by [[Media:Classical Literature-Shi Jing as the Beginning.pptx]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 05:34, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout by [[Media:Classical Literature-Shi Jing as the Beginning.docx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 03:44, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Text B Modern Literature ===

Presentation by [[Media:Modern literature.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 02:39, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout by [[Media:Modern Literature.docx]] --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 14:53, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

===Text C Contemporary Literature ===

Presentation by [[Media:Contemporary Literature.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 16:34, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout by[[File:Handout-Contemporary Literature.docx]]--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 12:44, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Text D Selected Tang Poems ===

Presentation by [[Media:Selected_Tang_Poems_by_Lei_Fangyuan_S.pptx|Lei Fangyuan's presentation on Selected Tang Poems]]

Handout by [[Media:Selected_Tang_Poems_by_Guan_Qinqing_S.pdf|Guan Qinqing's handout on Selected Tang Poems]]

==='''Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), due for Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020)'''===
1. Every student should find a Chinese sentence in the internet for each text of the unit (a, b, c, d) and translate it into English. You can '''write it [[20201116_cult|here]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

==10th Session: Unit 9==

===Text A Peking Opera ===

Presentation by [[Media:Beijing opera.pptx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 07:14, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout by [[Media:Beijing Opera Hanout.docx]]--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 15:53, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Beijing or Peking?

From the English perspective, for some foreign names (city names, people‘s names etc.) there are English translations existing, e.g. for Roma it is „Rome“, for München it is Munich. Similarly, Beijing in English is Peking, Guangzhou Canton, Mao Zedong Mao Tse-tung etc. Also in Chinese, there are Chinese translations of foreign names, like Niuyue 纽约、Bali 巴黎 etc. Of course, in exceptional cases, e.g. if you want to say how Chinese people pronounce Peking („Beijing“) you may use the official Pinyin notation „Beijing“.

===Text B Mei Lanfang ===

Presentation by Zeng Liang[[Media:Mei Lanfang.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 06:21, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout by Chen Yongxiang [[Media:Mei Lanfang handout.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:16, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Text C Acrobatics ===

==='''Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), due for Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020)'''===
1. Every student should find a Chinese sentence in the internet for each text of the unit (a, b, c) and translate it into English. You can '''write it [[20201123_cult|here]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

==11th Session: Unit 10==
Unit 10 Wushu and Qigong

===Text A Wushu ===

Presented by 张慧 [[Media:Chinese Martial Arts.pptx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 07:58, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout by 赵晓燕,[[Media:Chinese martial arts.docx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 08:04, 28 November 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 08:38, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

===Text B Qigong ===

Presented by Rajabov Anushervon [[Media:Qigong_Ngo_Thi_Minh_Huong_and_Rajabov_Anushervon.pptx]]--[[User:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10]] ([[User talk:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|talk]]) 23:45, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout by Ngo Thi Minh Huong [[Media:Qigong.docx]] --[[User:Ngo Thi Minh Huong|Ngo Thi Minh Huong 10]] ([[User talk:Ngo Thi Minh Huong|talk]])

===Text C Huo Yuanjia ===

Presented by 欧阳玲 [[Media:Huo Yuanjia.pptx]]--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 05:04, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

Handout by 周艺文 [[Media:Huo Yuanjia Handout.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 11:13, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), due for Session 12 (Dec 07, 2020)'''===
1. Every student should find a Chinese sentence in the internet for each text of the unit (a, b, c) and translate it into English. You can '''write it [[20201130_cult|here]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

==12th Session: Unit 11==

Unit 11 Traditional Medicine

===Text A Chinese Medicine ===

===Text B Diagnosis and Pharmacology ===

===Text C Acupuncture and Moxibustion ===

[[File: Acupuncuture and Moxibustion.pptx]]Presented by 吴一露 --[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 02:30, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

[[File: Acupuncuture and Moxibustion_handout.docx]]Handout by 司妤--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 02:35, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Text D The Development of Chinese Medicine===

Presented by 汤蓓[[Media:The Development of Chinese Medicine.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 03:10, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

Handout by 王美玲[[Media:The Development of Chinese Medicine.docx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 03:06, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 12 (Dec 07, 2020), due for Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020)'''===
1. Every student should find a Chinese sentence in the internet for each text of the unit (a, b, c) and translate it into English. You can '''write it [[20201207_cult|here]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.

==13th Session: Unit 12==

Unit 12 Major Religions

===Text A Buddhism ===

Presented by 康浩宇 [[Media:Buddhism.pptx]]

Handout by 刘欧 [[Media:Buddhism.docx]]

Presented by Phyo Su Kyi [[Media: Life of the Buddha.pptx]]

Handot by Phyo Su Kyi [[Media: Life of the Gotama Buddha.docx]]

===Text B Daoism ===

Presented by桂一枝[[Media:Daoism.pptx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 12:09, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

Handout by 阳慧[[Media: Daoism.docx]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 01:58, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

===Text C Islam ===

Presented by 刘柳 [[Media:Islam.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 14:49, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

Handout by 刘怡瑜 [[Media:Islam Handout.docx]]--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 15:12, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

===Text D Christianity ===
Presented by 彭锐宏
[[Media:Christianity.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]]

Handout by 彭锐宏
[[Media:Christianity.docx]]--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]]

==14th Session: Unit 13==
Unit 13 Classical Philosophy A. 43 Confucius and Confucianism 罗维嘉李丽丽, B. 44 Daoism 余妮杨晨婷

==15th Session: Unit 14==
Unit 14 China and the outside world A. 45 Zhang Qian and the Silk Road 李丽琴郭露, B. 46 Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road 胡百辉何长琦, C. 47 The Eastward Spread of Western Learning, D. 48 The Westernization Movement

==16th Session: Unit 15==
Unit 15 Selected Readings in Classical Philosophy A. 49 Tao Te Ching Gennadii Dashkin, B. 50 The Analects GUIROU BARTHELEMY, PINGKI TANCHANGYA, C. 51 The Sutra of Hui-neng, D. 52 The Importance of Living

===The Analects===

Presented by [[Media:The Analects.pptx]]

The History :
So, what is Chinese astrology anyway? Chinese astrology is an ancient art, which uses the time of birth, including the year, month, day, and time, to reveal insights into a person’s personality traits, lifestyle, health, career direction, and compatibility with others. Although the exact origin of the system is unknown, Chinese astrology has guided the Chinese for over five thousand years and has a profound influence on our lives. The Chinese system of zodiac is actually based on a ten-year Sun-Moon cycle that conforms to the ancient Chinese agricultural calendar. The cycle is divided into the five elements: Water, Wood, Fire, Earth, and Metal as well as the twelve animals, which represent each year. The system is influenced by Yin (female) and Yang (male) cosmic force, which is said to be an interpretation of universal harmony and balance.
The Five Elements And YIN/YANG :
Chinese believe that the five basic elements, Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water form everything in the Universe. As a fundamental part of the Oriental philosophy, the five elements are divided into Conducive and Controlling interrelationships. A Conducive interrelationship means that these five elements will produce one another and help nourish each other. We get Fire from Wood because fire is produced by burning wood. We get Earth from Fire because fire can burn everything into ashes (earth). We get Metal from Earth because all metal has to be extracted from the earth. We get Water from Metal because metal will change into liquid when heated. And, from Water we get Wood because water nourishes plants, thus producing wood.
A Controlling interrelationship means that these five elements can control or be destroyed by another element. Wood controls Earth because trees draw nourishment out of the earth. Earth controls Water because the earth can absorb water and also blocks the flow of water through man-made dykes or naturally occurring phenomena. Water controls Fire because the water is used to put out fires. Fire controls Metal because the heat of a fire can melt metal. And, Metal controls Wood because trees can be chopped down by the metal blade of an ax. Under this philosophy, no element is considered the strongest or weakest. Each element is either controlled by another element or can produce another element. In fact, they are dependent on one another and therefore, are considered equal. In Chinese astrology, during the complete sixty-year cycle, each of the animal signs is combined with the five main elements: Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water. The element of your zodiac sign will exercise its influence on your life.
THE FORCES OF YIN / YANG :
Since ancient times, the Chinese have believed that two major forces, the Yin and the Yang, control the universe. These two forces are the foundation of Chinese philosophy, people, and even Chinese medicine. Generally speaking, the Yin signifies death whereas the Yang indicates life.
A well-known symbol called “Tai Chi” (the ultimate matter) embodies the Yin and the Yang. In the circle, the two forces equilibrate the energy and keep everything balanced. No force is stronger or weaker than the other, when one is at its highest, the other is at its lowest. Together the Yin and the Yang become a whole and thus keep the universe in harmony.
Chinese astrology was invented to achieve the two following goals;
1.) To predict the future,
2.) To determine days which are seen as the perfect days in which to initiate a particular project, especially a wedding ceremony or a new business enterprise.

According to Chinese astrology, a person's destiny is determined by the position of the major planets, the positions of the Sun, the moon and comets at the person's time of birth, as well as their Zodiac Sign. This comprehensive system of creating one's fate and destiny based on one's birthday, birth season and birth hours is known as Zi Wei Dou Shu, and is still used regularly in modern day Chinese astrology to predict one's fortune. Chinese Astrology Signs are based on the year that a person is born, with each of the twelve Chinese Zodiac Signs being represented by a particular animal. The twelve Chinese Zodiac Signs are; Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Lamb, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig. It is felt in Chinese astrology that the animal ruling the year of one’s birth has a profound influence on their life. Chinese astrology that the animal ruling
the year of one’s birth has a profound influence on their life. Eastern Chinese people consider that each Animal Sign embodies its Animal's characteristics, which are instilled within the people born that are born within that year.
Today, the Chinese Zodiac constitutes as a significant part of the traditional Chinese culture. At festive events paper-cut and New-Year pictures of the Chinese Zodiac are popular among the Chinese people. In addition, the Chinese Zodiac is also seen as the symbol of China itself, enforcing its vital role within Chinese culture, although the dragon is the most recognized totem of the Chinese nation.
The Chinese Zodiac plays a part within people's religious beliefs in China. The 12 animals are divided into two categories of Yin and Yang, which are the underlying principles of Chinese philosophy and medicine by ancient Chinese people in accordance with the Five Elements (Metal, Wood, Water, Fire, and Earth). A set of fortunetelling methods proclaim that the twelve Chinese horoscope animals decide people's, as a result, the Chinese Zodiac began to play a crucial part in people’s characters, friendships, marriages, careers, health, fortune and other vital parts of their life. Within Chinese astrology, it is considered that when a person comes to their attributed year, which is decided by the year when they were born, they must wear a red belt to pursue good fortune and avoid bad luck. This custom of 'Birth Year' is widespread throughout China.
You might also be surprised to hear that according to some astrologers, your Chinese Zodiac sign is considered more accurate than your astrological zodiac sign, for a variety of reasons.

Terms and Expressions:
1.Chinese Astrology 中国占星学
2.Chinese Zodiac 中国十二生肖
3.Agricultural calendar 农业日历
4.”Tai Chi” (the ultimate matter) “太极拳”（终极目标）
5. The Oriental philosophy 东方哲学

Questions:
1-Why was Chinese astrology invented?
2-How Chinese astrology relates to a person’s divine destiny?
3-What important role does the Chinese zodiac play in Chinese culture?
4- What is Chinese astrology based on?
5-Is Chinese astrology accurate?

Answers:
1.To predict the future, to determine days which are seen as the perfect days in which to initiate a particular project, especially a wedding ceremony or a new business enterprise.
2. a person's destiny is determined by the position of the major planets, the positions of the Sun, the moon and comets at the person's time of birth, as well as their Zodiac Sign. This comprehensive system of creating one's fate and destiny based on one's birthday, birth season and birth hours is known as Zi Wei Dou Shu.
3.The year of one’s birth has a profound influence on their life. Eastern Chinese people consider that each Animal Sign embodies its Animal's characteristics, which are instilled within the people born that are born within that year.
4. The Chinese zodiac is a classification scheme based on the lunar calendar that assigns an animal and its reputed attributes to each year in a repeating 12-year cycle. The 12-year cycle is an approximation to the 11.85-year orbital period of Jupiter.
5. Chinese Zodiac sign is considered more accurate than your astrological zodiac sign, for a variety of reasons.

References:
1.Ting, Julian (2014), 占星學量子, createspace, ISBN 978-149373455-9
2.何, 丙郁 (2003), Chinese mathematical astrology : reaching out to the stars, Routledge, ISBN 0415297591
3.Xiaochun Sun, Jacob Kistemaker, The Chinese sky during the Han: constellating stars and society, pp.3-4. BRILL, 1997. ISBN 978-90-04-10737-3
4.Kistemaker, Jacob, Sun, Xiaochun (1997). The Chinese sky during the Han: constellating stars and society. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10737-3.
5.""Almanac" "lunar" zodiac beginning of spring as the boundary dislocation? — China Network". 16 February 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
6.Wolfram Eberhard, A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols, p. 93, p. 105, p. 309, Routledge and Keegan Paul, London, 1986
7. "Five Elements(Wu Xing)". YourChineseAstrology.com

20201130 cult

2020-12-07T06:07:50Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Alsied, Saffana */

==Alsied, Saffana==
1.Traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology incorporates the yin (negative) and yang (positive) theory and the theory of the five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth), both containing naive dialectical ideas of ancient China.

中医和药理学结合了阴（阳）和阳（阳）论以及五种元素（金属，木材，水，火和土）的理论，都包含了中国古代的幼稚辩证法思想。

2.Doctors of Chinese medicine adopt various methods to treat diseases. One of them is utilizing medicinal herbs, animals and minerals. The legend about Shen Nong (God of Husbandry) tasting a hundred kinds of herbs shows that the ancient Chinese used natural substances to cure diseases.

中医采用多种方法治疗疾病。其中之一是利用草药，动物和矿物质。关于神农（牧神）品尝一百种草药的传说表明，古代中国人使用天然物质治病。

3.In acupuncture, a point means a specific spot on the body at which needling or moxibustion is applied to evoke a certain reaction in certain regions or viscera so as to produce therapeutic effects.

在针灸中，穴位是指身体上的特定部位，在该部位进行针刺或艾灸以引起某些部位或内脏的某种反应，从而产生治疗效果。

4.Chinese medicine could not have been invented by a single person. It was probably invented by ancient civilizations in the course of daily life. At ancient times, when people recovered from a disease on eating a 4.specific animal or plant, they would remember the formula or herb that had reputedly cured the disease. In Chinese mythology, Shennong collected these formulas or herbs.

中药不可能是一个人发明的。它可能是古代文明在日常生活中发明的。在远古时代，当人们通过食用某种特定的动物或植物而从疾病中康复时，他们会记得据说已经治愈该疾病的配方或草药。在中国神话中，神农收集了这些配方或草药。

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==
1 中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系

Traditional Chinese medicine carries the experience and theoretical knowledge of the ancient Chinese people in fighting against diseases. It is a medical theory system that has been gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient materialism and spontaneous dialectics.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2 望、闻、问、切四诊各具有独特的作用，又都有局限性，不能互相替代。必须四诊并用才能全面收集辨证论治所需要的各方面资料。

The four diagnoses of observing, listening , inquiring, and feeling the patient’s pulse each have their own unique functions, but they all have their limitations and cannot be substituted for each other. The four diagnoses must be used together to comprehensively collect all aspects of data needed for syndrome differentiation and treatment.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3 针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段，是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗全身疾病。

Acupuncture is a unique method of treating diseases in China. It uses the conduction of meridians and acupoints to treat systemic diseases.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4 周代已经使用望、闻、问、切等诊病方法。秦汉时期，形成了《黄帝内经》这样具有系统理论的著作，此书是现存最早的一部中医理论性经典著作。

The Zhou Dynasty has used the methods of diagnosis including observing,listening,inquiring and feeling the patient’s pulse. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, a book with a systematic theory such as "The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon" was formed, which is the earliest existing theoretical classic of Chinese medicine.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Han 陈涵==

1.气血津液都是机体腑脏、经络等组织器官进行生理活动所需要的能量，而气血津液又依赖于腑脏、经络等组织器官正常的生理活动。如果气血津液代谢不正常或腑脏、经络等组织器官不能进行正常的生理活动，就会引起疾病的发生。

Qi, blood and body fluid provide energy required for the body’s viscera, main and collateral channels, and other tissues and organs, and also depend on their normal physiological activities. If the metabolism of qi, blood and body fluid is abnormal or the viscera, main and collateral channels, and other tissues and organs cannot carry out normal physiological activities, it will cause diseases. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:11, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Qi, blood and body fluid provide energy required for the body issues such as viscera, main and collateral channels to engage in physiological activities, while the formers also depend on normal physiological activities of the latters. Any malfunction of them will cause diseases.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 05:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.简单来说，望诊包括一般望诊和舌诊两部分内容，一般望诊又包括望神察色，望形态、望五官等，舌诊包括望舌质望舌苔。

To put it simply, observing diagnosis includes two parts: general inspection and tongue inspection. General inspection includes observing appearance, body statue and movements, and five apertures. Tongue inspection consists of observing tongue body and tongue fur. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:11, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

In short, observing diagnosis includes general inspection and tongue inspection. The former includes observing appearance, body statue and movements, and five apertures. The latter consists of observing tongue body and tongue fur.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 05:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.我们将艾条的一端点燃后，距施灸部位皮肤约2-3厘米处进行熏灸，使患者局部产生温热感而无灼痛为宜，一般每穴施灸15分钟左右，以皮肤潮红为度。

We ignite one end of a moxa stick and place it 2 to 3 centimeters away from the specific point to bring a mild warmth to the local place. The patient do not have a burning sensation. It will last some 15 minutes until the skin turns slightly red. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:11, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

4.华佗五禽戏真实反映了中国人民群众健身文化的发展变迁，开创了祛病健身的体育医疗先河，展现了养生哲学和道家文化的深厚审美底蕴，具有重要的历史价值和养生医疗价值。

Five-Animal Exercises of Hua Tuo truly reflects the development and changes of Chinese people's fitness culture, leads the way in medical treatment through sports which helps to cure diseases and keep fit, and shows the profound aesthetic heritage of regimen philosophy and Taoist culture, thus it has important values in history, health preservation, medical treatment. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:11, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

1.中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。

Chinese medicine, complete with ancient people’s experience gained from fighting with ailments and theoretical knowledge, is a medical theory system gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectics.

Chinese medicine embodies the experiences and theoretical knowledge which gained from ancient Chinese’ fightings with diseases. It’s a medical theoretical system which gradually formed and developed through long time medical practices under the guidance of ancient Naive Materialism and spontaneous dialectics.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.远古时代人们为了生存从生活经验中得知某些天然物质可以治疗疾病与伤痛，这是药物的源始。

In ancient times, people came to find that some natural substances could help to cure diseases and pains when striving to survive. This lies the origin of medicine.

In ancient times, in order to survive, people found out from their living experiences that some natural substances could cure diseases and relieved pains, which is the origin of medicine.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸可以纠正患者的异常食欲，通过对神经系统的调节，可以抑制胃酸分泌过多，达到不乏力、不饥饿的目的。

Acupuncture, by dint of adjusting the patient’s abnormal diet and nervous system, can restrain stomach from secreting excessive acid, thus achieving the purpose of not being fatigued and hungry.

Acupuncture, by dint of adjusting patients’ nervous system, can improve their appetite, and restrain stomach from secreting excessive acid, so as to not being tired and hungry.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4."神农尝百草……一日而遇七十毒"是流传下来最早的典故，真实地反映了人与自然、疾病斗争，逐步地发现和应用药物，积累医学经验的艰辛过程。

“Shen Nong tried hundreds of herbs and became poisoned for seventy times...” is the earliest allusion handed down. It truly reflects what a tough process people have experienced from fighting against nature and diseases to gradually discovering and applying medicines to eventually accumulating medical experience.

“ Shen Nong tried hundreds of herbs …and met many poisonous weeds within a day” is the earliest allusion handed down. It truly reflects the tough process that people fight against nature and diseases. People have accumulated medical experiences from gradually discovering to applying medicines.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:41, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

1. The approaches that make up traditional Chinese medicine (such as acupuncture, tai chi, and herbal products) have been the subjects of many clinical studies and scientific reviews.
组成中药（如针灸，太极拳和草药产品）的方法已成为许多临床研究和科学评论的主题--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 09:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)。

中医的组成部分(如针灸、太极和草药)一直是许多临床研究和科学评论的主题。--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2. In Taoist thinking, the internal workings of the body were likened to phenomena seen in the natural world. Therefore, Chinese Medicine is often described in terms such as rivers, seas, fire, earth and wood.
在道家思想中，身体的内部运作被比作自然界中的现象。因此，经常用河流，海洋，火，泥土和木材等术语来描述中药。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 09:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

道家认为，身体内部的运作与自然界中的现象相似。所以中医往往是用江、海、火、土、木等术语来描述的。--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3. Results from a number of studies, however, suggest real acupuncture may help ease types of pain that are often chronic, such as low-back pain, neck pain, osteoarthritis/knee pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome.
然而，许多研究的结果表明，真正的针灸可以缓解通常为慢性的疼痛类型，例如腰背疼痛，颈部疼痛，骨关节炎/膝关节疼痛和腕管综合症。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 09:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

然而，许多研究结果表明，真正的针灸可能有助于缓解慢性疼痛类疾病，如腰痛、颈痛、骨关节炎或膝关节痛和腕管综合征。--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4. The history of Chinese medicine begins about the second century BC because there are no clear records of medical techniques that are older that. There exist written descriptions about disease from the Shang Dynasty era (1600-1046 BC), but there isn't a record of their medical techniques.
中医的历史大约始于公元前二世纪，因为尚无较早的医学技术记录。尚有关于商朝时期（公元前1600年至1046年）的疾病的书面描述，但没有关于其医疗技术的记录。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 09:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

中医的历史大约始于公元前二世纪，因为没有比这更为古老的明确的医学技术记录。商朝(公元前1600-1046年)就有关于疾病的文字描述了，然而并没有关于他们医疗技术的记录。--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==
1. 中医的阴阳说认为世上一切万物都是由阴阳两种互为补充的能量组成。阴阳说强调世间万物相互依存互相联系的关系。

TCM understands that everything is composed of two complementary energies; one energy is yin and the other is yang; one cannot exist without the other. This is the yin/yang principle of interconnectedness and interdependence.

2. 中药黄芩传统上用于治疗发烧,肝病和肺病.

The Chinese skullcap - known as Huang-Qin - is traditionally used for fever, liver and lung problems.

3. 研究发现，针灸可以极大地减少痛经的严重程度和持续时间。

Researchers have found that acupuncture can significantly reduce the severity and duration of period pain.

4. 自从“一带一路”倡议首次提出以来，中医药作为医疗行业不可或缺的一部分，不断挖掘发展的潜力，以推动其改革，从而更好地打入国际市场。

Since "The Belt and Road Initiative" proposed for the first time, as an indispensable part in medical industry, TCM has tapped the potential of development opportunity to boost its reform so as to better make inroads into the international market.
--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 06:39, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1.中医药与西医药优势互补，相互促进，共同维护和增进民众健康。

Traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine have their different strengths. They work together to protect people from diseases and improve public health.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:04, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.准确的诊断必须以四种诊断方法，即视诊、听嗅诊、问诊和触诊为基础。

An accurate diagnosis must be based on four diagnostic methods, namely observing, listening and smelling, inquiring, and palpating.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:04, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸是一种有效的能够替代药物治疗抑郁症、吸毒、酗酒、吸烟和暴饮暴食以及其他成瘾行为的疗法。

Acupuncture is an effective alternative to drugs for the treatment of depression, drug and alcohol addiction, and other addictive behaviors such as smoking and overeating. --[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:04, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中医药在历史发展进程中，兼容并蓄、创新开放、形成了独特的生命观、健康观、疾病观、防治观，实现了自然科学和人文科学的融合和统一,蕴含了中华民族深邃的哲学思想。

Traditional Chinese medicine has created unique views on life, on fitness, on diseases, and on the prevention and treatment of diseases during its long history of absorption and innovation. It represents a combination of natural sciences and humanities, embracing profound philosophical ideas of the Chinese nation.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 10:04, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
1.中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有发展。

The traditional Chineses medicine originated in primitive society and formed basic theory in the Warring States period, later made progress in all ages.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 03:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

2.望闻问切是中医用语,望，指观气色；闻，指听声息；问；指询问症状；切；指摸脉象。合称四诊。

Four Diagnostic Methods like look, listen, ask and feel the pulse are the terms of Traditional Chinese medicine. Look is for facial complexion, and listen is for sound and breath,and ask is for symptom and the last is for pulse condition.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 03:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

3.2006年中国中医科学院申报针灸经国务院列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

In 2006, the acupuncture was declared by the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and approved by the State Counil to be listed as the first batch of intangible cultural heritage list.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 03:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

4.唐代孙思邈总结前人的理论并总结经验，收集5000多个药方，并采用辨证治疗，因医德最高，被人尊为“药王”。

Summarizing the theories of predecessors and their experience, the Su Simiao in Tang Dynasty collected more than 5000 prescriptions and adopted a dialectic therapy. He was famed as the "king of medicine" due to his highest medical ethics.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 03:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==

1、中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。

Chinese medicine carries the experience and theories of ancient Chinese people's fighting against diseases and is a medical theory system which was gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practices following the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectic thought.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:27, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2、中医药学是中华民族在生存与发展过程中与疾病作斗争的实践经验总结。在其形成和发展中受到中国传统文化的熏陶,与之紧密融合,形成了以中国传统文化为底蕴的独特的理论体系。

Chinese pharmacy is the summary of practices and expirence of Chinese people's fighting against diseases in the course of its existence and development. It formed a unique theory system based on Chinese traditional culture because it had been influenced by and closely integrated with Chinese traditional culture during its formation and development.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:27, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3、“家有三年艾，郎中不用来”。艾灸使用的艾草需要经过三年的陈干置放，调理效果才好，但是如果使用劣质艾条的话会直接损伤到健康。

"If you have a three-year-old wormwood, you can keep doctors away." The wormwood used in moxa-moxibustion need to be hanged in the dry air for three years and only in this way can it bring a good conditioning effect, but it will directly harm our health if we choose inferior wormwood.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:27, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4、“中药”一词，最早记载于《神农本草经》，将药物按有毒无毒分为上、中、下三品。

"Sheng Nong's Herbal Classic" is the earliest book which recorded the word "Chinese Medicine" and it classified medicine into top grade, middle grade and lower grade according to its toxicity.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:27, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Grosheva, Anna==
1.Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners use various mind and body practices (such as acupuncture and tai chi) as well as herbal products to address health problems.

中医从业人员运用各种身心方法（例如针灸和太极拳）以及草药来解决健康问题。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:27, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

2.Early Chinese physicians had to depend on what they could see or feel like any sort of anatomical study or dissection was not widely practiced.

早期的中国医师不得不依靠自己能看到或感觉到的东西，因为没有进行任何形式的解剖学研究或解剖。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:27, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

3.Studies suggest that acupuncture stimulates the release of the body’s natural painkillers and affects areas in the brain involved in processing pain; however, some trials suggest that real acupuncture and sham acupuncture are equally effective, indicating a placebo effect.

研究表明，针灸刺激人体天然止痛药的释放，并影响大脑中涉及疼痛处理的区域；但是，一些试验表明，真正的针灸和假针灸是同等有效的，表明有安慰剂作用。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:27, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

研究表明，针灸刺激人体释放天然的止痛剂，并影响大脑中感知疼痛的区域；但是，一些试验表明，真正的针灸和假针灸具有同等功效，表现在都有安慰剂的效用。--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:54, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4.The first clear medical treatise is the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon. In the text, the use of moxibustion or acupuncture to manipulate the Yin and Yang are described in ways similar to that practiced nowadays.

第一个明确的医学论文是《黄帝内经》。在本文中，以类似于当今的方式描述了使用艾灸或针灸操纵阴阳的方法。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:27, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

《黄帝内经》是我国第一本医学专著，它描述了如何使用艾灸或针灸调理阴阳平衡，其方法跟现在使用的方法类似。--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==

1.中医起源于6000多年前的神农氏时代，这位著名的中国古代药王所生活的时代被认为是中医史上的萌芽阶段。中医学在长期的发展过程中，逐渐形成了一整套医学原则和观点。首先，中医认为“万物人为贵”。中医将“救死扶伤”视为职业道德规范。第二，中医注重无病防病，强调以食补来延缓衰老，减少疾病。第三，中医理论认为，社会环境与自然环境相互作用、互为依存，人的身心也是一种相互作用、互为依存的关系。

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) originated from Shennong, the famous king of medicine in ancient China who lived about 6000 years ago. The time Shennong lived is considered to be the embryo stage of the development of TCM. During its long process of development, TCM has gradually developed a set of medical principles and concepts. First, it believes that “nothing is more important than a human life”. It regards “healing the wounded and rescuing the dying” as its professional ethics. Second, it pays attention to the early prevention of diseases, advocating the food treatment to defer senility and reduce diseases. Third, in the TCM theory, the relationship between social and natural environment, as well as the relationship between human body and spirit, is of mutual influence and interdependence.

2.针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)。In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM，the purpose of acupuncture is to unchoke the channel so as to keep the body‘s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features internal diseases being treated with external therapies.With its unique advantages，acupuncture has been passed down over generationsand has now spread over the world.Nowadays， acupuncture，along with Chinese food，kung fu，and traditional Chinese medicine，has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national essences.”

3.秦汉时期（前221—公元220）的中医典籍《黄帝内经》，系统论述了人的生理、病理、疾病以及“治未病”和疾病治疗的原则及方法，确立了中医学的思维模式，标志着从单纯的临床经验积累发展到了系统理论总结阶段，形成了中医药理论体系框架。

The Huang Di Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) compiled during the Qin and Han times (221 BC-AD 220) offered systematic discourses on human physiology, on pathology, on the symptoms of illness, on preventative treatment, and on the principles and methods of treatment. This book defined the framework of TCM, thus serving as a landmark in TCM's development and symbolizing the transformation from the accumulation of clinical experience to the systematic summation of theories. A theoretical framework for TCM had been in place.

4.在数千年的发展过程中，中医药不断吸收和融合各个时期先进的科学技术和人文思想，不断创新发展，理论体系日趋完善，技术方法更加丰富，形成了鲜明的特点。

During its course of development spanning a couple of millennia, TCM has kept drawing and assimilating advanced elements of natural science and humanities. Through many innovations, its theoretical base covered more ground and its remedies against various diseases expanded, displaying unique characteristics.--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:42, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

1.Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy.

中医（TCM）是一种广泛的医学实践，它们具有2000多年的传统，并在中国已发展出一些共同的概念，包括各种形式的草药，针灸，推拿，运动（气功）和饮食疗法。

2.Acupuncture and Moxibustion are indispensable parts of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and control of disease. Since the founding of the Peoples' Republic of China, these arts have been developed and are highly regarded by the international academic community.

针灸是中医药防治疾病必不可少的部分。自中华人民共和国成立以来，这些艺术得到了发展，并受到了国际学术界的高度评价。

3.Bian Qiao, Wade-Giles romanization Pien Ch'iao, also called Bian Que, (born c. 5th century bce), Chinese physician, the first to rely primarily on pulse and physical examination for the diagnosis of disease. Although some facts are known about his life, Bian Qiao is also a somewhat mythical figure.

韦德·吉尔斯（Wade-Giles）罗马化片变迁，也称为边Qu（Bian Que）（生于公元前5世纪），中国医师，首先是依靠脉冲和体格检查来诊断疾病的人。尽管有关他一生的一些事实众所周知，但扁桥还是一个有点神秘的人物。

4.Zhang Zhongjing (Chinese: 張仲景; 150—219), formal name Zhang Ji (张机), was a Chinese pharmacologist, physician, inventor, and writer of the Eastern Han dynasty and one of the most eminent Chinese physicians during the later years of the Han dynasty.

Zhang Zhongjing（中文：张仲景； 150—219），正式名称为Zhang Ji（张机），是东汉朝代的中国药理学家，医师，发明家和作家，也是后来的最杰出的中国医师之一汉代。--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 05:22, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Guo Lu 郭露==

1. 简而言之，中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。

In short, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) refers to substances that are used for prevention, treatment and diagnosis of diseases and have functions of rehabilitation and health care under the guidance of TCM theories.

In short, Chinese medicine refers to substances that are used to prevent, treat, and diagnose diseases under the guidance of Chinese medicine theory and have the functions of rehabilitation and health care.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 13:29, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 药理学是基础医学与临床医学，医学与药学之间的桥梁学科。在药理学科学的理论指导下进行临床实践，在实验研究的基础上丰富药理学理论。

Pharmacology is a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine, medicine and pharmacy. To carry out clinical practice under the guidance of the theory of pharmacology and enrich the theory of pharmacology on the basis of experimental research.

Pharmacology is a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine, medicine and pharmacy. Clinical practice is carried out under the guidance of pharmacology theory, which has been enriched through experimental research.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 12:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

3. 针灸疗法的特点是治病不靠吃药，只是在病人身体的一定部位用针刺入，达到刺潋神经并引起局部反应，或用火的温热刺激烧灼局部，以达到治病的目的。前一种称作针法，后一种称作灸法，统称针灸疗法。

The characteristic of acupuncture therapy is that the treatment is not taking medicine, but a certain part of the patient's body is penetrated by acupuncture to reach the stinging nerve and cause the local reaction, or the warm stimulation of fire is used to cauterize the local part, so as to achieve the purpose of treating the disease. The former is called acupuncture and moxibustion, and the latter is called moxibustion.

The characteristic of acupuncture therapy is that the treatment has nothing to do with taking medicine,what needs to be done is pricking with needles in certain parts of the patient’s body to stimulate the nerve and cause local reaction, or burns the local part with the warm stimulation of fire,so as to achieve the purpose of curing the disease. The former is called acupuncture and moxibustion, and the latter is called moxibustion.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 12:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

4. 中药是中华民族五千年传统文化的瑰宝，是千百年医疗实践得出的结晶，也是世界优秀文化的精华。我国中药产业经过几十年的发展，已具有了一定的规模和研发能力，在中药材、中药饮片和剂型等方面取得了一定的成绩。同时中药产业由于自身的快速增长，加之有力的政策扶植，及城市化进程的加快都将进一步促进我国中药事业的发展，中药发展将进入一个新的时期。

Traditional Chinese medicine is the treasure of the traditional culture of 5000 years of Chinese nation, is thousands of years of medical practice that crystallization, is also the world 's outstanding culture essence. Traditional Chinese medicine industry after decades of development, already has a certain scale and R&D capability, in Chinese herbal medicines, Chinese herbal pieces and dosage form has made some achievements. At the same time, Chinese traditional medicine the industry due to its rapid growth, coupled with the strong policy support, and the city changes a course accelerate, will further promote the development of the cause of Chinese medicine,
Chinese medicine development will enter a new period.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 06:59, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

1. In short, traditional Chinese medicine refers to substances used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis of diseases, which are able to rehabilitate and care the body under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theories.

2. Pharmacology is a subject that bridges basic medicine and clinical medicine and between medicine and pharmacy. Clinical practice is guided by the theories of pharmacological sciences, and pharmacological theories are enriched on the basis of experimental research.

3. Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is characterized by the fact that the treatment does not rely on medicine, but only pricks with needles in certain parts of the patient’s body to stimulate the nerve and cause local reaction, or burns the local area with the warm stimulation of fire, so as to cure the disease. The former method is called acupuncture, and the latter is moxibustion, collectively known as acupuncture and moxibustion therapy.

4. Chinese medicine is the treasure of 5,000 years of Chinese traditional culture, the crystallization of thousands of years of medical practice, while the essence of the world’s excellent culture. After decades of development, China’ s TCM industry has reached a certain scale and R&D capability, and has made certain achievements in Chinese herbal medicines, Chinese herbal Yinpian and dosage forms, etc. At the same time, due to the rapid growth of the Chinese medicine industry, strong policies and the accelerating process of urbanization, the development of Chinese medicine will further be promoted, entering a new period.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 12:25, 2 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==

1. A rich treasure house created by ancient Chinese people in their long years of struggle against diseases, traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology forms an independent school within the healing arts.

中国古代人民在与疾病，传统医学和药理学的长期抗争中建立了一座丰富的宝库，构成了康复艺术领域的一所独立学校。

在与疾病的长期斗争中，中国古代人民在传统医学和药理学成就颇丰，建立了康复领域一个独立的流派。--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 01:00, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

2. Chinese medicine is concerned with the general physiological changes which may have brought about the condition and, beyond operating or applying some form of therapy, seeks to improve the patient’s ability to resist the disease.

中医关注可能引起疾病的一般生理变化，除了进行手术或采取某种形式的治疗外，中药还致力于提高患者抵抗疾病的能力。

3. Since the establishment of New China, the Chinese government has made great efforts to promote the development of natural medicines, which are believed to have minor or no side-effects.

新中国成立以来，中国政府为促进天然药物的发展做出了巨大的努力，人们认为天然药物的副作用很小或没有副作用。

新中国成立以来，中国政府为促进天然药物的发展做出了巨大的努力，人们认为其的副作用很小或没有副作用。--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 01:00, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

4. Acupuncture and moxibustion are important components of Chinese traditional medicine. The historical development of the two therapies shows Chinese people’s wisdom and creativity.

针灸是中药的重要组成部分。两种疗法的历史发展表明了中国人民的智慧和创造力。--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 17:08, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

针灸是中药的重要组成部分，这两种疗法的历史发展展现了中国人民的智慧和创造力。--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 01:00, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==He Changqi 何长琦==
1.中医药在历史发展进程中，兼容并蓄、创新开放，形成了独特的生命观、健康观、疾病观、防治观，实现了自然科学与人文科学的融合和统一，蕴含了中华民族深邃的哲学思想。
TCM has created unique views on life, on fitness, on diseases and on the prevention and treatment of diseases during its long history of absorption and innovation. It represents a combination of natural sciences and humanities, embracing profound philosophical ideas of the Chinese nation.

2.保健灸法是中国独特的养生方法之一，不仅可用于强身保健，也可用于久病体虚之人的康复。所谓保健灸法，就是在身体某些特定穴位上施灸，以达到和气血、调经络、养脏腑、延年益寿的目的。

Health moxibustion is one of the unique health methods in China, which can be used not only for strengthening the body, but also for the rehabilitation of people who are chronically ill and deficient. Moxibustion is a method of applying moxibustion to certain specific points on the body in order to harmonise Qi and blood, regulate the meridians, nourish the internal organs and prolong life.

3.《本草纲目》是一部集十六世纪以前中国本草学大成的著作。是中国古代药学史上部头最大、内容最丰富的药学著作。

The Compendium of Materia Medica is a collection of the major achievements of Chinese herbology before the 16th century. It is the largest and richest pharmacological work in the history of ancient Chinese medicine.

4.唐代孙思邈总结前人的理论并总结经验，采集5000多个药方，且使用辨证治疗的方法。During the Tang Dynasty, Sun Simiao summarised the theories and experiences of his predecessors, collected more than 5,000 prescriptions, and used methods of treatment based on the identification of evidence.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 04:03, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==
1. 中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本医学、韩国韩医学、朝鲜高丽医学、越南东医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。

Traditional Chinese medicine was born in the primitive society. The theory of traditional Chinese medicine has been basically formed in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. In addition, it has a far-reaching impact on the countries in the Chinese character cultural circle, such as Japanese medicine, Korean medicine, Korean medicine, Korean medicine, and Vietnam east medicine, which are all developed on the basis of traditional Chinese medicine.

Traditional Chinese medicine was born in primitive society. The theory of traditional Chinese medicine has been basically formed during the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. In addition, it has a far-reaching impact on the countries in the Chinese character cultural circle, such as Japanese medicine, Korean medicine, Korean medicine, and Vietnam east medicine, all of which are all developed on the basis of traditional Chinese medicine.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 08:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 问诊是指中医采用对话方式，向病人及其知情者查询疾病的发生、发展情况和现在症状、治疗经过等，以诊断疾病的方法。

Diagnosis refers to the way that TCM uses dialogue to inquire about the occurrence, development, current symptoms and treatment process of the disease from patients and their insiders, so as to diagnose the disease.

Diagnosis through inquiry refers to the way that TCM uses dialogue to inquire about the occurrence, development, current symptoms and treatment process of the disease from patients and their insiders, so as to diagnose the disease. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:22, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。它是一种“内病外治”的医术。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗全身疾病。

Acupuncture and moxibustion is a unique method of treating diseases in China. It is a kind of internal disease and external treatment. Acupoints, as well as the application of acupoints, are used to treat diseases.

Acupuncture is a unique method of treating diseases in China. It is a kind of method to treat an internal illness by external treatment. It treats systemic diseases through the transmission between meridians and acupuncture points and the application of certain manipulation methods. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:22, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 中医药学是中国古代科学的瑰宝，发展千年，留下了许多精华，近年来国家也越来越重视传统中医的发展，建立健全中医药规律的治理体系，深入实施中医药法，把中医药财富继承好、发展好、创新好、利用好。

Chinese medicine is a gem of China's ancient science. It has left many essences in the development of the millennium. In recent years, the state has paid more and more attention to the development of traditional Chinese medicine, established and improved the governing system of Chinese medicine, implemented the Chinese medicine law in depth, inherited, developed, innovating, and made good use of the wealth of Chinese medicine.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 09:44, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

TCM is the epitome of the ancient Chinses science and has created a numebr of presious heritage. In recent years, the state has also attached increasing importance to the development of traditional Chinese medicine, establishing and improving the governance system of the laws of Chinese medicine, implementing the law on Chinese medicine in depth, and making good use of the wealth of Chinese medicine by inheriting, developing, innovating and making good use of it.--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 06:04, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==

1. 中医是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为中华的繁荣昌盛做出了极大的贡献。如今，中医和西医都被世界各地的医生用来治疗疾病。中医，以其独特的诊断手法、悠久的历史和显著的疗效被用来医治各种癌症和重大疾病。中药不像西药那样会产生许多副作用。

1. Traditional Chinese Medicine is an indispensable part of Chinese culture. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Nowadays, both Traditional Chinese Medicine and western medicine are being used to cure people all around the world. The TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, long history and remarkable effects, have been used to treat cancer and other serious diseases. Unlike the western medicine, the TCM has fewer side effects.

1. As an indispensable part of Chinese culture, Traditional Chinese Medicine has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Nowadays, both Traditional Chinese Medicine and western medicine are being used for treatment all around the world. The TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, long history and remarkable effects, has been used to treat cancer and other serious diseases. Unlike the western medicine, the TCM has fewer side effects.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:34, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 在诊断方面，中医以四诊（望、闻、问、切）为技术原则，八纲辨证为指导总纲并把脏腑辨证、六经辨证、卫气营血辨证作为其辨证论治的基础。

2. In diagnosis, TCM takes the four diagnostic methods (inspection, inquiry, listening, smelling and palpitation) as its principal techniques,eight principal syndromes as its general guideline, and differentiation of syndrome according to the zang-fu theory, differentiation of syndromes according to the six-meridian theory, and differentiation of syndromes according to the theory of wei,qi, ying and xue as its basic theories of the differentiation of syndromes.

3. 针灸是治疗多种疾病的两种不同的治疗方法。针灸通过用不同类型的针穿刺身体的穴位来治疗疾病，而艾灸将点燃的木柴产生的热量施加在身体的某些穴位上。

3. Acupuncture and moxibustion are 2 distinct therapeutic approaches for curing a variety of diseases. Acupunture treats diseases by puncturing points of the body with different types of needles while moxibustion applies heat produced by ignited moxawood over certain points of the body.

4. 在中国，中药由国家中医药管理局管理。中医及其发展是有规律的。国家战略、法律和中医药法规已经到位，以指导和促进这一有前途的行业的研究和发展。

4. In China, TCM is under the administration of State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. TCM and its development are regulated. National strategies, law and regulations governing TCM are now in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 07:33, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

In China, TCM( Traditional Chinese Medicine ) is under the administration of State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. TCM and its development have their own rules. National strategies, law and regulations all have been in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 03:34, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本医学、韩国韩医学、朝鲜高丽医学、越南东医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。

Traditional Chinese medicine was born in primitive society, basically during the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. In addition, it has exerted profound influence on the countries of the Chinese character culture circle, and Japanese medicine, Korean medicine, Korean medicine, and Vietnamese medicine are all developed on the basis of Chinese medicine.

中医药事业是我国医药卫生事业的重要组成部分。国家大力发展中医药事业，实行中西医并重的方针，建立符合中医药特点的管理制度，充分发挥中医药在我国医药卫生事业中的作用。

Traditional Chinese medicine plays an important role in China's medical and health services. China has vigorously developed traditional Chinese medicine, implemented the policy of equal emphasis on Chinese and Western medicine to establish management system that is in accordance with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, giving full play to the role of traditional Chinese medicine in medical and health services.

针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。它是一种“内病外治”的医术。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗全身疾病。

Acupuncture is a unique method of curing patients in China, which focuses on kind of "treatment of internal disease and external treatment". Through the conduction of meridians and acupoints, as well as the application of certain manipulation methods, it treats systemic diseases.

李时珍念《本草》一书历代注解者谬误亦多，遂考古证今，辨疑订误，广采博收群书，在宋代唐慎微《经史证类备急本草》基础上编成《本草纲目》。

Li Shizhen read the book "The Herbal Medicine of Shennong" , and recognized that there are many mistakes in the commentator. By wildly searching and reading the ancient books, he solved doubts, corrected errors, and eventually compiled the "Compendium of Materia Medica" on the basis of Tang Shenwei in Song Dynasty ".--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 00:18, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==
1.中医是基于阴和阳的一套传统医疗体系，包括针灸治疗以及以动物和植物为来源的一系列药物治疗。

Chinese medicine refers to a traditional system of medical treatment based on the principles of Yin and Yang, involving such treatments as acupuncture and the use of a range of drugs derived from animal and vegetable sources.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 12:52, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.仅仅50毫克的咖啡因就能产生药理效果。

As little as 50 mg of caffeine can produce pharmacological effects.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 12:52, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸是针法和灸法的总称，是东方医学的重要组成部分，有着悠久的历史。人们利用金属针具或艾炷、艾卷，在人体特定的部位进针施灸，用以治疗疾病，解除病痛，并由此创立了独具特色的人体经络腧穴理论，在形成、应用和发展的过程中，具有鲜明的中华民族文化与地域特征。针灸于2006年经国务院列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

Acupuncture is a general term for acupuncture and moxibustion. It is an important and long-standing part of eastern medicine. People employ metal needles, moxa cones and moxa rolls on specific parts of human body to cure diseases and relieve ailments, and thus established the unique theory of meridians and acupoints, which has distinct Chinese cultural and regional characteristics in the process of formation, application and development. And acupuncture and moxibustion was listed in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage by The State Council in 2006.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 12:52, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中医药反映了中华民族对生命、健康和疾病的认识，具有悠久的历史传统和独特的理论及技术方法，凝聚着中国人民和中华民族的博大智慧。
Chinese medicine reflects the Chinese nation's understanding of life, health and disease. It has a long history and tradition, unique theories and technical methods, embodying the broad wisdom of the Chinese people and nation.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 12:52, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==

1. 天山雪莲生长于天山山脉海拔4000米左右的悬崖陡壁之上、冰渍岩缝之中；那里气候奇寒、终年积雪不化，一般植物根本无法生存，而雪莲却能在零下几十度的严寒中和空气稀薄的缺氧环境中傲霜斗雪、顽强生长。这种独有的生存习性和独特的生长环境使其天然而稀有，并造就了它独特的药理作用和神奇的药用价值，人们奉雪莲为“百草之王”、“药中极品”。

Saussurea involucrata grows on the steep cliffs and ice crevices at an altitude of about 4,000 meters in Tianshan Mountains. There, the climate is extremely cold and snow does not melt all the year round, where ordinary plants can't survive at all, while Saussurea involucrata can grow tenaciously in the cold of tens of degrees below zero and the oxygen-deficient environment. This unique living habit and unique growing environment make it natural and rare, thus bestowing it with unique pharmacological and medicinal value. People regard Saussurea involucrata as "the king of herbs" and "the best medicine".--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 党参为中国常用的传统补益药，古代以山西上党地区出产的党参为上品.党参有增强免疫力、扩张血管、降压、改善微循环、增强造血功能等作用。此外对化疗放疗引起的白细胞下降有提升作用。

Codonopsis pilosula is a traditional tonic commonly used in China. In ancient times, Codonopsis pilosula produced in Shangdang area of Shanxi Province was the top grade. Codonopsis pilosula has the functions of enhancing immunity, dilating blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, improving microcirculation and enhancing hematopoietic function. In addition, it can improve the leukopenia caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 艾灸对人体局部的温热刺激，能增强局部血液循环和淋巴循环，皮肤组织的代谢能力也会得到加强，炎症、粘连、渗出物、血肿等病理产物同时能得到很好的消散。

Moxibustion can enhance local blood circulation and lymphatic circulation, enhance metabolism of skin tissue, and dissipate pathological products such as inflammation, adhesion, exudate and hematoma.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Moxibustion can bring local warmth of the human body, which can enhance local blood circulation and lymphatic circulation, and the metabolism of skin tissues will be improved. Pathological products such as inflammation, adhesions, exudates, hematoma, etc. can also be well alleviated. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:33, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 饺子起源于东汉时期，为东汉河南邓州人张仲景首创。当时饺子是药用，张仲景用面皮包上一些祛寒的药材用来治病(羊肉、胡椒等)，避免病人耳朵上生冻疮。

Dumplings originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty and were initiated by Zhang Zhongjing, a native of Dengzhou, Henan Province in the Eastern Han Dynasty. At that time, dumplings were used for medicinal purposes. Zhang Zhongjing wrapped some cold-dispelling medicinal materials in his dough to treat diseases (mutton, pepper, etc.), so as to avoid frostbite on his ears.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Dumplings originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty and were first created by Zhang Zhongjing, a native of Dengzhou, Henan Province. At that time, dumplings were used for medicinal purposes. Zhang Zhongjing wrapped some cold-dispelling medicinal materials in dough to treat diseases (mutton, pepper, etc.) to prevent frostbite on the ears of patients. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:33, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==

1.说起中医文化，不得不从中华文化说起，我们知道中华文明已有上下五千年的沉淀，五千年虽然经历了风风雨雨，但其主线却从未动摇！

We know that Chinese civilization has been in existence for 5,000 years, and although it has experienced ups and downs in the past 5,000 years, its main thread has never wavered!

2.中医针灸在2010年入选"非遗"名录,是历史性的一刻,也是中医针灸走向世界的重要举措。中医针灸至今为止已有5 000多年历史,为中华民族健康事业做出了巨大的贡献。

The inclusion of TCM and acupuncture in the "Non-heritage" list in 2010 is a historic moment and an important step for TCM and acupuncture to go global. TCM acupuncture has a history of over 5,000 years and has made great contributions to the health of the Chinese people.
--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 19:08, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.中医诊断学，是历代医家临床诊病经验的积累，它的理论和方法起源很早。公元前五世纪著名医家扁鹊就以“切脉、望色、听声、写（犹审）形”等为人诊病。

TCM diagnostics is the accumulation of clinical experience of medical practitioners over the ages, and its theories and methods originated very early. In the fifth century B.C., magpie, a famous doctor, diagnosed people's illnesses by "cutting the pulse, looking at colors, listening to sounds and writing (Judgment)".

4.张仲景的著述除《伤寒杂病论》外，还有《辨伤寒》十卷、《评病药方》一卷、《疗妇人方》二卷、《五藏论》一卷、《口齿论》一卷，可惜都早已散失不存。然而仅此一部《伤寒杂病论》的杰出贡献，也足以使张仲景成为海内外景仰的世界医学伟人。

In addition to the Treatise on Miscellaneous Diseases of Typhoid Fever, Zhang Zhongjing's writings included ten volumes of the Treatise on the Identification of Typhoid Fever, one volume of the Treatise on Medical Formulas, two volumes of the Treatise on the Treatment of Women, one volume of the Treatise on Five Treasures, and one volume of the Treatise on Mouth and Teeth, all of which, unfortunately, have long been lost. However, the outstanding contribution of the "Treatise on Miscellaneous Diseases of Typhoid Fever" alone was enough to make Zhang Zhongjing a great medical figure admired at home and abroad.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 19:17, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

1、有些人认为中药越贵越补，常不惜花高价买鹿茸、人参之类的中药，其实进补功效未必就好。“缺什么，补什么”是进补的基本原则，中药不应以售价的贵贱来分功效的高低，关键是根据自身体质来选择相应补品。

Some people think that the more expensive traditional Chinese medicine is, the more healthy it is. They are often willing to pay a high price for traditional Chinese medicine such as deer antler and ginseng, but the effect of tonic is not necessarily good. The basic principle of tonic is "fill what you lack". Traditional Chinese medicine should not be graded according to its high or low price. The key is to choose the corresponding tonic according to your physical condition.

2、滑脉脉象跳动有力，因为怀孕后孕妇体内的血流量比平常增加20%以上，因此脉搏的跳动会比普通人的有力，这是最明显的区别，因此怀孕的脉象通常是滑脉。

The strong beating pulse is the most obvious difference because the blood flow in a pregnant woman's body increases by more than 20% compared to normal, so the pulse will beat more forcefully than that of an average person.

3、针灸疗法的特点是治病不靠吃药，只是在病人身体的一定部位用针刺入，达到刺潋神经并引起局部反应，或用火的温热刺激烧灼局部，以达到治病的目的。前一种称作针法，后一种称作灸法，统称针灸疗法。

The characteristic of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is that it does not rely on medicine to cure the disease, but only pricks the patient with needles in certain parts of the body to prick the nerves and cause local reaction, or burns the local area with the warm stimulation of fire to achieve the purpose of curing the disease. The first one is called acupuncture, and the second one is called moxibustion, collectively known as acupuncture therapy.--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 15:29, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

==Li Lili 李丽丽==
1.中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。中药主要来源于天然药及其加工品，包括植物药、动物药、矿物药及部分化学、生物制品类药物。

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) refers to the substances used in the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of diseases under the guidance of TCM theory, and has the function of rehabilitation and health care. Traditional Chinese medicine mainly comes from natural medicine and its processed products, including plant medicine, animal medicine, mineral medicine and some chemical and biological products. --[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:07, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) refers to the substances used in the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of diseases under the guidance of TCM theory, and has the function of rehabilitation and health care. Traditional Chinese medicine mainly comes from crude drug and its processed products, including plant medicine, animal medicine, mineral medicine and some chemical and biological medicine.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:07, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗疾病。

Acupuncture and moxibustion is a unique method of treating diseases in China，which is through the conduction of meridians and acupoints, as well as the application of certain operation, to treat diseases.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:07, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

Acupuncture and moxibustion is a unique method of treating diseases in China，which is through the conduction of meridians and acupoints, as well as the application of certain operations.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 12:56, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

Acupuncture is a unique method of treating diseases in China，which cures diseases through the conduction of meridians and acupoints, as well as the application of certain operation.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:07, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.中医诊断学是在中医基础理论指导下，研究如何诊察病情、辨别病证一门学科。

Under the guidance of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine is a basic theory of how to diagnose and identify diseases and syndromes.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:07, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

Under the guidance of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine is a discipline of studying how to diagnose and identify diseases and syndromes.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:07, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.扁鹊是一位能兼治各科疾病的多面手，扁鹊还能根据当地的需要，开展医疗活动。据记载，扁鹊还精于外科手术，而且应用了药物麻醉来进行手术。

Bian Que is a versatile person who can treat all kinds of diseases. He can carry out medical activities according to local needs. According to records, Bian Que is also good at surgery, and used drug anesthesia to carry out surgery.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:07, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

Bian Que was a versatile doctor who can cure various diseases. He carried out medical activities according to local needs. According to the records, Bian Que was also good at surgery, and used drug anesthesia to take surgery.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:07, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==
1. 中医可能不像西医那样有完整的、逻辑性很强的理论，有些方面要凭经验。中医的治疗手段建立在对病人全身的功能性分析基础上，应用药物和其他治疗手段来激发身体的自愈功能。在当今社会，在保持中医传统优势的基础上，使其规范化、科学化，必将促进现代中医的发展。

Traditional Chinese medicine, having no integrated and logical theory like that of western medicine, relies heavily on experience. TCM treatments are based on functional analysis of the patient’s entire body, and leverage the body’s self-healing abilities along with drugs and other medications. Today, on the basis of the traditional predomination, standardization of combination of TCM and Western medicine in recipe construction of TCM might promote the modernization of it. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 15:05, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 药理学是研究药物与机体间相互作用规律及其药物作用机制的一门科学，主要包括药效动力和药代动力两个方面。近年来逐渐发展而设立起来的临床药理学是以临床病人为研究和服务对象的应用科学，其任务是将药理学基本理论转化为临床用药技术。

Pharmacology is a science that studies the law of interaction between drugs and the body and the mechanism of drug effects, mainly including pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Clinical pharmacology, which has witnessed development in recent years, is an applied science that serves clinical patients. Its task is to transform the basic theories of pharmacology into clinical medication technology. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 15:05, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 针灸是一种有效的能够替代药物治疗抑郁症、吸毒、酗酒、吸烟和暴饮暴食以及其他成瘾行为的疗法。

Acupuncture is an effective alternative to drugs for the treatment of depression, drug and alcohol addiction, and other addictive behaviors such as smoking and overeating. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 15:05, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 中医是以阴阳五行学说为其基本理论，更注重人与自然界的关系，有着独特的理念和诊病治病方法。中医是我国优秀的民族文化遗产，它记录着中国人民几千年来同疾病作斗争的丰富经验和理论知识。

Based on the theory of Ying-yang and Five Elements, Chinese medicine pays more attention to the relationship between human and nature. It has unique concepts and methods of diagnosis and treatment. Chinese medicine is an excellent national cultural heritage in China. It records the rich experience and theoretical knowledge of the Chinese people in fighting against diseases for thousands of years. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 15:05, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1.新冠肺炎疫情中，中医药在救治工作中发挥了更加重要、更为广泛的作用。强化中西医结合、中医深度介入诊疗过程，成为医疗救治的鲜明特点，中医药在全国各地新冠肺炎防治中的价值被极大地肯定。

Traditional Chinese medicine has played a more important and more extensive role in the treatment of COVID-19.Medical treatment is characterized distinctively by the emphasis on the comnbination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine and in-depth involvement of traditional Chinese medicine in the process of diagnosis and treatment.The value of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 has been widely recognized.

2.人们生活水平的提高要求更多更好的新药，药物科学的发展为新药开发提供了理论基础和技术条件，市场经济竞争也促进了新药快速发展。

People demand more better new drugs because of the improvement of living standards.The development of pharmaceutical science provides theoretical basis and technical conditions for the development of new drugs and the competition in the market economy also promotes the rapid development of new drugs.

The improvement of people's living standard requires more and better new drugs, the development of drug science provides the theoretical basis and technical conditions for the development of new drugs, and the market economy competition also promotes the rapid development of new drugs.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 08:15, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3.中国有句老话叫“吃水不忘挖井人”，在记住我们的祖先发明了针灸术、创造了中华民族的健康和昌盛的同时，还应记住诸多为针灸西进而做过贡献的中外医生和科学家、社会活动家和患者们，同时也不要忘记美国记者罗斯顿和他30年前发表在纽约时报上的《北京之行》。

There is an old saying in China which goes "When you drink water,think of those who dug the well."While we bear in mind that our ancestors invented acupuncture and moxibustion and created the health and prosperity of the Chinese nation,we should also keep in mind so many Chinese and foreign doctors,scientists,social activists and patients who have contributed to the westward spread of acupuncture and moxibustion,and the American journalist Reston and his article ''The Trip To Beijing'' published in the New York Times 30 yeas ago.

4.《伤寒杂病论》奠定了张仲景在中医史上的重要地位，并且随着时间的推移，这部专著的科学价值越来越显露出来，成为后世从医者人人必读的重要医籍。

''On Typhoid and Other Diseases'' has built up Zhang Zhongjing's important position in the history of traditional Chinese medicine.As time goes by,its scientific value becomes increasingly apparent and it has been a significant book that every medical practitioner in later generations should read.--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 00:56, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1、中药剂量是指临床应用时的分量。它主要指明了每味药的成人一日量。中药绝大多数来源于生药，安全剂量幅度较大，用量不像化学药品那样严格，但用量得当与否，也是直接影响药效的发挥、临床效果好坏的重要因素之一。

The herbal dose is the amount of the medicine to be used clinically. It mainly indicates the adult daily dose of each medicine. The vast majority of Chinese medicines are derived from raw materials, and the safe dosage range is large, the dosage is not as strict as that of chemicals, but the proper dosage is also one of the important factors that directly affect the efficacy and clinical results.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:33, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2、药理学是基础医学与临床医学，医学与药学之间的桥梁学科。在药理学科学的理论指导下进行临床实践，在实验研究的基础上丰富药理学理论。药物的研究和应用除了要尊重科学规律，还要依照法律、法规和相关指导原则的规定，以保障人们的生命健康。

Pharmacology is a discipline that bridges the gap between basic medicine and clinical medicine, between medicine and pharmacy. Clinical practice is guided by the scientific theories of pharmacology, and the theories of pharmacology are enriched on the basis of experimental research. The research and application of drugs should not only respect scientific laws, but also comply with laws, regulations and relevant guidelines to protect people's life and health.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:33, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3、当前减肥方法很多，但针灸减肥有独特的疗效，即安全方便，又无不良反应。针灸减肥不同于药物减肥等，药物作用通常有一定的期限，而针灸减肥是通过调整患者内在功能而发挥内因作用，所以一般不会在针灸减肥治疗停止后很快又发胖。也就是说，针灸减肥一般不反弹。

There are many current weight loss methods, but acupuncture has a unique therapeutic effect that is safe, convenient and without adverse reactions. Acupuncture is different from drugs in that the effects of drugs usually have a certain time limit, but acupuncture plays an internal role by adjusting the patient's internal function, so the patient usually does not gain weight again soon after acupuncture treatment stops. In other words, acupuncture for weight loss generally does not bounce back.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:33, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4、中医药作为我国独特的卫生资源、潜力巨大的经济资源、具有原创优势的科技资源、优秀的文化资源和重要的生态资源，在经济社会发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。认真贯彻落实党中央、国务院发展中医药的方针政策，推进中医药振兴发展，更好地为建设健康中国服务，为全面建成小康社会服务。

As China's unique health resources, economic resources with great potential, scientific and technological resources with original advantages, excellent cultural resources and important ecological resources, Chinese medicine is playing an increasingly important role in economic and social development. We will conscientiously implement the guidelines and policies of the Central Committee of the Party and the State Council on the development of Chinese medicine, promote the revitalization and development of Chinese medicine, and better serve the building of a healthy China and the building of a well-off society in an all-round way.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:33, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==
1. 目前，国家药监局与国家中医药管理局紧密携手，正在加快清肺排毒汤等有效抗疫方药成果转化，开启中药经典名方由“方”到“药”的新路径。
The SFDA is working hand in hand with the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine to advance the transformation of anti-epidemic prescriptions, such as Lung Clearing Soup, to make a breakthrough from "prescription" to "medicine" in classical Chinese medicine prescriptions.

2.问诊应有目的地重点探问，围绕患者主诉，突出的主要症状、体征，深入查询其特点，及可能发生的兼症，了解病情发展及诊治经过，以提高判断的准确性。
Diagnosis require doctors inquiring with certain purpose, focusing on the main complaint of the patient from the main symptoms and signs, in-depth research of its characteristics, possible complications to the development of the disease and the history of diagnosis and treatment to improve the accuracy of diagnosis.

3.拔火罐既然是一种专业的治疗手段，拔火罐当然并不简单，如果不管三七二十一就自行在家拔火罐，容易造成危险，生活中并不乏拔火罐时出现意外的事件。如果乱施穴道，有时还会适得其反。
Moxibustion, as a professional treatment, is far from easy. If you do it at home without guidance, danger will be around the corner. There is no lack of accidents from that in life. If acupuncture points are used indiscriminately, sometimes it will backfire.

4.随着17—18世纪我国西学东渐速度的加快，西方医药输入日益增多。由于中西药之间有明显的差异，为便于区分，人们逐渐把中国传统药物称为“中药”。
With the acceleration of Western Learning from the 17th to the 18th centuries in China, the import of western medicine increased gradually. Given the obvious differences between Chinese and Western medicines, people gradually refer to traditional Chinese medicines as "Chinese medicines" for discrimination.--[[User:Liu Yiyu|Liu Yiyu]] ([[User talk:Liu Yiyu|talk]]) 02:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)Liu Yiyu

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==
1 受传统中医疗法的启发，1969年，在中国军方的一个项目中，屠呦呦发现了青蒿素，这种药物现在是治疗疟疾的主要药物。她说，这一荣誉“表明中医药已经引起了国际学术界的关注”。
Inspired by a classical traditional Chinese medicinal treatment, Tu Youyou discovered artemisinin, a drug that’s now the primary treatment against malaria, during a project for the Chinese military in 1969. She said the honor “shows that traditional Chinese medicine has drawn the attention of the international academia”.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 12:25, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

2 对于吃野生动物肉类容易染上疾病这件事，早在四五百年前的明代就已经被著名的医学家李时珍详细记载于《本草纲目》之中。
As early as four or five hundred years ago in the Ming Dynasty, the famous medical scientist Li Shizhen has recorded the fact that people eating meat from wild animals are prone to develop diseases in the Compendium of Materia Medica in detail.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 12:25, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

3 针灸起源于2000多年前的中国。从本质上说，它的作用是改善生命能量的顺畅流动，也就是中国人所说的“气”，从身体的主要器官到皮肤、肌肉、肌腱、骨骼和关节等身体组织。
Acupuncture originated in China more than 2,000 years ago. Essentially, it functions by improving the smooth flow of life force energy, known in Chinese as qi, from the body's primary organs to body tissues of the skin, muscles, tendons, bones, and joints.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 12:25, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

4 三国的时候，曹操常常头痛剧烈，寝食难安。于是就请来了神医华佗为他医治。华佗对曹操说，要想根治此病，除非抛开头颅，做一个手术。
During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao often had severe headaches and could not sleep well. So he invited hua Tuo, an outstanding doctor, to treat him. He told Cao Cao that the only way to cure the disease was to open his brain and perform an operation. --[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 12:25, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

During the Three Kingdoms period,Cao Cao often suffer severe headaches making him have trouble sleeping and eating.So he invited hua Tuo, an outstanding doctor, to treat him. He told Cao Cao that the only way to cure the disease was to open his brain and perform an operation.-[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 01:37, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==
1.中药剂量是指临床应用时的分量。它主要指明了每味药的成人一日量。中药绝大多数来源于生药，安全剂量幅度较大，用量不像化学药品那样严格，但用量得当与否，也是直接影响药效的发挥、临床效果好坏的重要因素之一。

The dosage of traditional Chinese medicine refers to the amount of clinical application. It mainly indicates the adult daily dose of each medicine. The vast majority of traditional Chinese medicine comes from crude drugs, the safe dose range is larger, the dosage is not as strict as chemical drugs, but the dosage is appropriate or not, is also one of the important factors that directly affect the efficacy and clinical effect.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 09:36, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.导致误诊的原因很多，医生责任心不强、病史采集不全、不细心体检、不适当解释和评价检查结果、不密切观察病情等均可引起误诊。其中以病史采集不全引起者最为多见。

There are many reasons for misdiagnosis, such as doctors' weak sense of responsibility, incomplete collection of medical history, careless physical examination, improper interpretation and evaluation of examination results, and lack of close observation of the disease, etc. Among them, incomplete history collection is the most common cause.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 09:36, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸疗法是祖国医学遗产的一部分，也是我国特有的一种民族医疗方法。千百年来，对保卫健康，繁衍民族，有过卓越的贡献，直到如今，仍然担当着这个任务，为广大群众所信赖。

Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a part of the medical heritage of the motherland, and also a unique national medical method in China. For thousands of years, he has made outstanding contributions to the protection of health and the reproduction of the nation. Up to now, he still undertakes this task and is trusted by the masses.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 09:36, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中国医药学具有数千年的悠久历史，它是中国人民长期以来与疾病作斗争的智慧结晶，是我们优秀民族文化遗产中的一颗璀灿明珠。千百年来，中国医药学为中华民族的繁衍昌盛和促进世界医学的发展作出了卓越的贡献。

Chinese medicine has a long history of thousands of years. It is the wisdom of the Chinese people to fight against diseases for a long time. It is also a shining pearl in our excellent national cultural heritage. For thousands of years, Chinese medicine has made outstanding contributions to the prosperity of the Chinese nation and the development of world medicine.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 09:36, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

1.中药指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。

Traditional Chinese medicine refers to the substance used in prevention, treatment and diagnosis of diseases under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory, and possesses the function of recovery and health care.

2.脉象的产生与心脏的波动，心气的盛衰，脉道的通利和和气血的盈亏直接相关。

The condition of pulse is directly related to the fluctuation of heart, the rise and fall of heart-qi, the degree of patency and the quantity of Qi and blood.

3.灸法以预制的灸炷或灸草在体表一定的穴位上烧灼、熏熨，利用热的刺激来预防和治疗疾病。

Moxibustion utilizes prefabricated moxibustion stick or moxibustion grass to cauterize and fumigate certain acupoints on the body surface to prevent and treat diseases by hot stimulation.

4.华佗医术全面，尤其擅长外科，精于手术。并精通内、妇、儿、针灸各科。

Hua Tuo mastered comprehensive medical skills, especially good at surgery and proficient in operation, internal medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, acupuncture and moxibustion.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 02:08, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==

1.中医重“德”的作用，所谓德，就是能够正确履行自己职责的一种品质。在传统中国哲学中，四季变化是天的德，生养万物是地的德。中医认为，如果一种生命不能正确发挥自己的职能，就可能导致疾病发生。

The traditional Chinese medicine emphasizes the “virtue”, which is the quality of being able to fulfill one’s duties. In the Chinese traditional philosophy, the virtue of heaven is to perform the changing of seasons while the virtue of earth is to grow all the living things. According to traditional Chinese medicine, if a living thing fails to perform duties, diseases may occur.

2.中药毒性有广义狭义之分，有别于现代药物毒性概念，同时，中药有严格的毒性分级和使用禁忌。“是药三分毒”，在中医理论指导下合理用药是问题关键，加强中药安全性评价研究是保证中药安全有效的基础。

The toxicity of traditional Chinese medicine has its broad sense and narrow sense, which is different from the concept of medicine toxicity in modern times. Meanwhile, there are strict classifications of toxicity and contraindications to prescribe the medicine. All medicine have certain toxicity. Therefore, to prescribe medicine directed by the theory of traditional Chinese medicine is the key to the problem, and to strengthen the research on safety evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine is the basis to ensure the safety and effectiveness of that.

3.我国古代医家早就认识到预防疾病的重要性，并提出了“防病于未然”的学术思想，而艾灸除了有治疗作用外，还有预防疾病和保健的作用，这在古代文献中有很多记载。

Chinese ancient doctors have long recognized the importance of disease prevention, and put forward the academic thought of "preventing disease before it happens". Moxibustion is not only a therapeutic method, but also helpful in disease prevention and health care, which was recorded in many ancient documents.

4.在西医未传入中国之前，我们的祖祖辈辈都用中医中药来治疗疾病，挽救了无数人的生命。中医对疾病的治疗是宏观的、全面的。但是到了现代，随着西方自然科学和哲学的进入，西方医学的思维方式和研究方法构成了对中医学的挑战。

Before the introduction of Western medicine into China, traditional Chinese medicine was used by our ancestors to treat diseases and saved countless lives. Traditional Chinese medication is a macro and comprehensive method. However, in modern times, along with the introduction of the western natural science and philosophy, the mode of thinking and research method are brought into China, thereby causing a threat to traditional Chinese medicine science. --[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 07:01, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

1.中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本医学、韩国韩医学、朝鲜高丽医学、越南东医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。

Traditional Chinese medicine was born in primitive society. The theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine has basically taken shape during the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. In addition, it has far-reaching influence on the countries of the Chinese character culture circle, such as Japanese medicine, Korean medicine, Korean medicine, and Vietnamese medicine are all developed on the basis of Chinese medicine.

2.在我国丰富的医药学遗产中，有一部闻名中外的药物大辞典——《本草纲目》。它是我国明代杰出的医药学家和药物学家李时珍用了毕生精力，总结前人和群众的经验，加上自己辛勤的劳动实践，才写成的。

Among the rich medical heritage in our country, there is a well-known dictionary of medicines at home and abroad-"Compendium of Materia Medica". It was written by Li Shizhen, an outstanding medical scientist and pharmacologist in the Ming Dynasty in my country, who spent his entire life, summing up the experience of predecessors and the masses, and his own hard work practice.

3.针法是指在中医理论的指导下把针具（通常指毫针）按照一定的角度刺入患者体内，运用捻转与提插等针刺手法来对人体特定部位进行刺激从而达到治疗疾病的目的。刺入点称为人体腧穴，简称穴位。根据最新针灸学教材统计，人体共有361个正经穴位。

Acupuncture refers to piercing a needle (usually a filiform needle) into the patient's body at a certain angle under the guidance of Chinese medicine theory, and using acupuncture techniques such as twisting and lifting to stimulate specific parts of the human body to achieve the purpose of curing diseases . The point of penetration is called acupoint of the human body, or acupoint for short. According to the latest statistics of acupuncture and moxibustion textbooks, there are 361 serious meridian points in the human body.

4.《黄帝内经》奠定了人体生理、病理、诊断以及治疗的认识基础，是中国影响极大的一部医学著作，被称为医之始祖。

"The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic" laid the foundation for the understanding of human physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment. It is a medical work with great influence in China and is known as the ancestor of medicine.--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 04:35, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
1-中医（TCM）是一种广泛的医学实践，它们具有2000多年的传统，并在中国已发展出一些共同的概念，包括各种形式的草药，针灸，推拿，运动（气功）和饮食疗法。

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy.

2-传统中药中常用的草药包括：黄芪,银杏叶,红色酵母米,肉桂,生姜,参,Gotu可乐,曹玉兴。
Herbs commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine include:Astragalus, Ginkgo biloba,Red yeast rice.Cinnamon.Ginger.Ginseng.Gotu kola.Yu Xing Cao.

传统中药中常用的草药包括：黄芪,银杏叶,红曲米,肉桂,生姜,人参,雷公根,鱼腥草。
Herbs commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine include:Astragalus, Ginkgo biloba,Red yeast rice,Cinnamon,Ginger,Ginseng,Gotu kola and Yu Xing Cao.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 12:40, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

3-针灸是中药的重要组成部分。
Acupuncture and moxibustion are important components of Chinese traditional medicine.

4-中国拥有世界上最古老的医疗系统之一。针灸和中药疗法至少可以追溯到2200年，尽管最早的中药书面记录是公元前3世纪的黄帝内经。
China has one of the world's oldest medical systems. Acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies date back at least 2,200 years, although the earliest known written record of Chinese medicine is the Huangdi neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic) from the 3rd century BC.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 13:15, 3 December 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

China has one of the world's oldest medical systems. Acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies date back at least 2,200 years, although the earliest known written record of Chinese medicine is The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic (Huangdi Neijing)from the 3rd century BC.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 03:35, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Pingki, Tanchangya==
1.传统中医已有2000多年的历史，在中医中阴主要指机体的物质方面，阳则指机能，中医通过实践来改善其思想观念。
Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history over 2000 years.In TCM, Yin refers largely to the material aspect of the organism and Yang to functions.Traditional Chinese medicine improve their ideas and views through practice.

2.一位中医观察患者的面部表情，呼吸，咳嗽，肤色并感觉到自己的脉搏。一个好的医生可以区分20多种脉冲。
A Chinese physician observes patient's facial expression, breathing, cough,skin colour and feels his pulse. A good doctor can distinguish more than 20 types of pulse.

3.在汉代，司马迁在《史记》中记录了针灸史学家的成功。
In Han Dynasty, a historian success with acupuncture and moxibustion is recorded in Records of the Historian by Sima Qian.

4.边是司马迁《史记》中的著名医生。他在医学和五个感觉器官方面非常熟练。
Bian Que was a famous doctor in Sima Qian's Records of the Historian. He was very skilled in medicine and five sense organs.

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==
1、中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本医学、韩国韩医学、朝鲜高丽医学、越南东医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。
Chinese medicine was born in primitive society. Its theory was basically formed in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States Period, and has been summarized and developed in successive dynasties. In addition, it has a profound influence on countries in the cultural circle of Chinese characters. For example, Japanese medicine, South Korean medicine, North Korean medicine, and Eastern Vietnamese medicine are all developed on the basis of Chinese medicine.
2、在长期的医疗实践活动中，历代医家积累了丰富的临床诊断经验，形成了中国特有的完整的诊病体系，即四诊(望、闻、问、切)、辨证与辨病。
In the long period of medical practice, doctors of all dynasties have accumulated rich experience in clinical diagnosis and formed a complete diagnostic system unique to China, namely, four diagnostic methods (observing, listening and smelling, inquiring, and palpating), syndrome differentiation and disease differentiation.

3、艾灸，是用艾叶制成的艾条，艾柱，产生的艾热刺激人体穴位或特定部位，通过激发经气的活动来调整人体紊乱的生理生化功能，从而达到防病治病目的的一种治疗方法。
Moxibustion is a treatment method that uses mugwort leaves to stimulate the acupuncture points or specific parts of the human body and adjust the physiological and biochemical functions of the human body by stimulating the activity of channels and collaterals, so as to achieve the purpose of disease prevention and treatment.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 03:31, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

1. Traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology embodies a great many valuable ideas.

中医和药理学蕴含着许多宝贵的思想.

2. In traditional Chinese medicine, doctors use four basic diagnostic methods: observing, listening and smelling, inquiring, and palpating.

在中医中，医生使用四种基本的诊断方法：观察，听和闻，询问和触诊。

3. Acupuncture and moxibustion are important components of Chinese traditional medicine.

针灸是中药的重要组成部分。

4. Preventive medicine, so highly acclaimed by people today, has always been stressed in traditional Chinese medicine.

预防医学在当今中医界中一直受到人们的高度赞扬，一直受到人们的高度重视。--[[User:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10]] ([[User talk:RAJABOV ANUSHERVON 10|talk]]) 04:44, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Seydou, Sagara==

1 Chinese medicinal refers to the medicines applied under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory. It is mainly composed of medicines from plants, animals, and minerals. Because most of the medicines are plants, traditional Chinese medicine is also known as “herbal medicine’’

2 Reading of the electric acupuncture are large and they coincide with indications of traditional acupuncture can also treat.

3 More than a thousand years ago, Chine medicine had already spread into and interacted with the medical culture in Asia, Europe and even appreciate by world health Organization. Chinese medicine is developing too fast and very efficient.

1中药是指在中医理论指导下应用的药物. 它主要由植物，动物和矿物质制成. 由于大多数药物都是植物，因此中药也被称为“草药”.

2 电针的阅读量很大，它们与传统针灸的适应症吻合，也可以治疗.

3一千多年前，中国医学已经在亚洲，欧洲传播并与医学文化互动，甚至受到世界卫生组织的赞赏。中药发展太快而且效率很高.--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 13:43, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==
1.中药熬制时长应该根据药材的性质以及患者的病情来决定，没有固定的最佳时间。一幅中药一般煎两次比较好，不宜多次煎煮。

The decocting time of traditional Chinese medicine should be determined by the nature of the medicinal material and the condition of patients. There is no fixed optimal time. A piece of Traditional Chinese medicine generally decocted twice is better, should not be decocted for many times.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 10:19, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.药理学的学科任务是要为阐明药物作用及作用机制、改善药物质量、提高药物疗效、防治不良反应提供理论依据；研究开发新药、发现药物新用途并为探索细胞生理生化及病理过程提供实验资料。

The mission of pharmacology is to provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the effects and mechanisms of drugs, improving drug quality, enhancing drug efficacy, and preventing adverse reactions; to research and develop new drugs, discover new uses for drugs, and provide experimental data for exploring cellular physiological, biochemical, and pathological processes.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 10:19, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.艾灸历史源远流长，纵观艾灸的发展，可分为两个里程，第一个是传统艾灸，第二个是现代艾灸，不论是传统艾灸还是现代艾灸都有各自的特点、优势和不足之处。

Moxibustion has a long history. Throughout the development of moxibustion, it can be divided into two milestones, the first is traditional moxibustion, the second is modern moxibustion, both of them have their own characteristics, advantages and deficiencies.
--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 10:19, 6 December 2020 (UTC)
4.中草药的使用从可以追溯到几千年前，是我们中华民族的宝贵财富。现在西医的发展，西药和抗生素的使用，由西方传来，引起了人们对中药的热议，近些年对于中草药的使用和发展，依然存在着一些问题和争议。

The use of Chinese herbal medicine dates back thousands of years and is a valuable asset of our Chinese nation. Nowadays, the development of Western medicine, the use of Western drugs and antibiotics, which came from the West, has caused a lot of discussion on Chinese medicine, and in recent years, there are still some problems and controversies regarding the use and development of Chinese herbs.----

==Si Yu 司妤==

1.我国劳动人民几千年来在与疾病作斗争的过程中，通过实践逐渐积累了丰富的医药知识。由于太古时期文字未兴，这些知识只能依靠师承口授，后来有了文字，便逐渐记录下来，中药出现了医药书籍。这些书籍起到了总结前人经验并便于流传和推广的作用。

In struggling with diseases for the past thousands of years, Chinese working people have accumulated rich medical knowledge through practice. In the immemorial time when words were not invented, these knowledge can only be inherited from teachers and be taught through oral languages. They were recorded after the invention of words, which were medicine books. These books summarize experience the forefathers to help its circulation and promotion.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 00:42, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

2.疾病是一个由发生到缓解的连续过程。在作诊断时，病人往往处于疾病的某一阶段，医生只能根据当时掌握的资料，经分析推理，得出诊断。这个诊断是否切合病的总体情况，还需要在临床实践中，通过进一步观察病情演变、继续收集资料以及客观地观察治疗反应来验看。
Disease is a serial process from its onset to remission. At the time of diagnosis, the patient is often at a certain stage of the disease and physician can only make a diagnosis based on the information available through analysis and reasoning. Whether the diagnosis fits in with the overall condition needs to be examined through further observation of the evolution of the disease, continued data collection and objective observation of the response to treatment in clinical practice.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 00:42, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

3.由于针灸疗法具有独特的优势，有广泛的适应性，疗效迅速显著，操作方法简便易行，医疗费用经济，极少副作用，远在唐代，中国针灸就如今传播到日本、朝鲜、印度、阿拉伯等国家，繁衍出具有异域特色的针灸医学。到如今为止，针灸已经传播世界140多个国家和地区，为保障全人类的生命健康发挥了巨大的作用。
Due to the unique its strengths including wide applicability, rapid effectiveness, easy operational approach, a small amount of medical expenses and few side effects, it was spread to countries such as Japan, the North Korea, India and Arab. And they developed acupuncture with their own characteristics. Until now, it has been spread to over 140 countries and regions and played a great role in securing health of all human kind.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 00:42, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

4.当今，电子商务已经进入市场。预计在不久的将来，作为医学咨询或医疗、预防等辅助手段，电子医疗和网上医院一定会走向社会，走入市场。但必须强调一句，无论科学怎样发达，电子医疗、远程会诊都不能代替最基本的医生与患者面对面的诊疗。
Nowadays, e-business has entered the market. Supposedly, e-medicare and online hospital which act as auxiliary approaches and boast functions of medical consultation, medicare and prevention will enter the market. But it is necessary to emphasize that e-medicare and long-distance consultation will not replace face-to-face diagnosis between doctors and patients no matter how advanced technology is.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 00:42, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

1. 所谓道地药材，又称地道药材，是优质纯真药材的专用名词，它是指历史悠久、产地适宜、品种优良、产量宏丰、炮制考究、疗效突出、带有地域特点的药材。如甘肃的当归，宁夏的枸杞，青海的大黄，内蒙的黄芪，东北的人参、细辛、五味子，山西的党参，河南的地黄、牛膝、山药、菊花等。

The so-called authentic medicinal materials, also known as authentic medicinal materials, is a term for high-quality pure medicinal materials. It refers to medicinal materials with a long history, suitable production area, excellent variety, great output, sophisticated processing, outstanding curative effect, and regional characteristics. Such as Angelica from Gansu, Chinese wolfberry from Ningxia, Rhubarb from Qinghai, Astragalus from Inner Mongolia, Ginseng, Asarum, Schisandra from Northeast, Codonopsis from Shanxi, Rehmannia, Achyranthes, Chinese yam, Chrysanthemum, etc.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:34, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 望诊，是对病人的神、色、形、态、舌象等进行有目的的观察，以测知内脏病变，中医通过大量的医疗实践，逐渐认识到机体外部，特别是面部、舌质，舌苔与脏腑的关系非常密切。

Inspection is a purposeful observation of the patient’s look, color, shape, state, tongue, etc. to detect visceral lesions. Through a large number of medical practices, Chinese medicine gradually recognizes the outside of the body, especially the face and tongue. The tongue coating has a very close relationship with the viscera.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:34, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 针灸疗法的特点是治病不靠吃药，只是在病人身体的一定部位用针刺入，达到刺潋神经并引起局部反应，或用火的温热刺激烧灼局部，以达到治病的目的。前一种称作针法，后一种称作灸法，统称针灸疗法。

The characteristic of acupuncture therapy is that it does not rely on taking medicine to cure the disease, but only punctures a certain part of the patient's body with a needle to pierce the nerve and cause a local reaction, or use the warm heat of fire to stimulate the local area to achieve the purpose of curing the disease. The former is called acupuncture, and the latter is called moxibustion, collectively referred to as acupuncture therapy.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:34, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 新中国成立后特别是改革开放以来，党中央、国务院高度重视中医药工作，制定了一系列政策措施，推动中医药事业发展取得了显著成就。中医药总体规模不断扩大，发展水平和服务能力逐步提高，初步形成了医疗、保健、科研、教育、产业、文化整体发展新格局，对经济社会发展贡献度明显提升。

After the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, the Party Central Committee and the State Council have attached great importance to the work of Chinese medicine, formulated a series of policies and measures, and made notable achievements in promoting the development of Chinese medicine. The overall scale of traditional Chinese medicine has continued to expand, and the level of development and service capabilities have gradually improved. A new pattern for the overall development of medical care, health care, scientific research, education, industry, and culture has initially formed, and its contribution to economic and social development has increased significantly.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:34, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==

1中医是中华文化不可分割的一部分。在定义上，中医是指导中国传统医药理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中医疗法、中草药、针灸、推拿和气功。中医为振兴华夏做出了巨大的贡献。如今，中医和西医在中国的医疗保健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料，备受世界而瞩目。

Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) is an integral part of Chinese culture. It is defined as a medical science governing the traditional Chinese medical theory and practice, and it includes Chinese therapies, herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage and Qigong. TCM has made great contributions to the prosperity of China, and today both western medicine and TCM are being used in providing medical and health services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, systematic treatment, abundant historical literature and materials, has attracted a lot of attention from the international community.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 03:16, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

2.针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络，调和气血，来达到阴阳平衡，脏腑调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络，治疗病痛的目的。

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 03:16, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

3.中药主要由植物药(根、茎、叶、果)、动物药(内脏、皮、骨、器官)和矿物药组成。因以植物药为主，故也称中草药。中药的应用理论独特，认为中药有四气五味。“四气”指的是药性的“寒热温凉”，“五味”指的是药物的“辛酸甘苦咸”。

Traditional Chinese medicine mainly consists of plant medicine(roots,stems,leaves,fruits), animal medicine(viscera,skins,bones,organs), and mineral medicine. Chinese herbal medicine is based on plant medicine. According to the unique application theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that it contains “four natures and flavors.” “Four matures” refers to the properties of “coldness, heat, mildness, and coolness,” while “five flavors” refers to the properties of being “pungent, sour, sweet,bitter and salty”.--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 03:16, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==

1.余知百病生于气也。怒则气上，喜则气缓，悲则气消，恐则气下，惊则气乱，思则气结。

I know that many diseases are caused by imbalance of Qi. Anger leads to upward-surging Qi, joy smoother Qi, sadness Qi depression, fear downward-flowing Qi, frightening Qi disorder and meditation Qi stagnation.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 12:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2.望而知之者，望见其五色，以知其病。望诊中的五色。按照五行学说，青属木属肝，黄属土属脾，赤属火属心，白属金属肺，黑属水属肾。

An excellent doctor can get to know the disease by observing his or her Wuse (According to the theory of five elements, Green relates to the liver, Yellow the spleen, Red the heart, White the lung, and Black the kidney.)--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 12:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3.人于无病时，常灸关元、气海、命门……虽未得长生，亦可得百余岁矣。

When there is no disease, people often acupuncture their Guanyuan, Qihai, Mingmen. In this way, they can live to be over 100 years old even if unable to be immortal.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 12:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4.太阳之为病，脉浮，头项强痛而恶寒。

Problems in Taiyang Meridian result in a floating pulse, strong pain on the head and aversion to cold.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 12:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==

1.中药在我国古代被称为“本草”。“本草”一词，沿用已有两千多年之久。一指中国传统医药学中的药物，二指中国传统药物学及药物学专著，如《本草纲目》。

Traditional Chinese medicine was called "Materia Medica" in ancient China,which has been used for more than 2000 years. On the one hand，it refers to the drugs in traditional Chinese medicine;on the the other hand,it refers to Chinese traditional pharmacology and pharmacology monographs, such as Compendium of Materia Medica.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 06:58, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.诊断内容可以是实体性疾病或某种生理状态，也可以是综合征。有时是某主要症状、体征或检查结果。完整的临床诊断应包括病因、病理形态和病理生理方面的内容。诊断就其内容的含义还可分为描述性和实体性两大类。

The diagnosis can range from a solid disease or a physical condition to a syndrome. Sometimes it is a major symptom, sign, or test result. A complete clinical diagnosis should include the etiological, morphological, and pathophysiological aspects of the disease. Diagnoses can also be classified as descriptive or substantive in terms of the meaning of their content.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 06:58, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸由“针”和“灸”构成，是东方医学的重要组成部分之一，其内容包括针灸理论、腧穴、针灸技术以及相关器具，在形成、应用和发展的过程中，具有鲜明的中华民族文化与地域特征，是基于中华民族文化和科学传统产生的宝贵遗产。

Acupuncture ,which consists of "needles" and "moxibustion", is one of the important components of Oriental medicine. It includes acupuncture theory, acupoints, acupuncture techniques and related instruments. In the process of its formation, application and development, acupuncture boasts distinctive Chinese cultural and regional characteristics,which is a valuable heritage based on the cultural and scientific traditions of the Chinese nation.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 06:58, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.综观中药学发展历史，我们可以看到，它的发展轨迹基本上遵循着由简单到复杂，由低级到高级的规律发展，并与社会各个时期的政治、经济、科学、文化密切相关，是系统的、科学的实践经验的总结，是一个伟大的宝库。

Throughout the development history of traditional Chinese medicine, we can see that its development track basically follows the law from simple to complex, from low to high end, and closely related to politics, economy, science and culture in various periods of society. It is a systematic and scientific summary of practical experience and a great treasure house. --[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 06:58, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Xuan 王轩==
1. 中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。
Traditional Chinese medicine carries the experience and theoretical knowledge of ancient Chinese people in fighting against diseases. It is a medical theoretical system gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectics.

2. 医学科学的任务是防治疾病，益寿延年，而诊断学对人体生命活动状态和疾病的认识，则是防治疾病、预防早衰的基础。对病证正确的诊断是有效防治的前提，中医诊断学是根据中医学基本理论，专门研究如何诊察病证临床表现、确定病证诊断、分析病证变化及其演变规律的一门科学。
The task of medical science is to prevent and cure diseases and prolong life, while the recognition of human life activity state and disease in diagnostics is the basis of disease prevention and premature aging prevention. The correct diagnosis of disease and syndrome is the premise of effective prevention and treatment. According to the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, diagnostics of traditional Chinese medicine is a science that studies how to examine the clinical manifestations of diseases and syndromes, determine the diagnosis of diseases and syndromes, and analyze the changes and evolution laws of diseases and syndromes.

3. 针灸疗法是祖国医学遗产的一部分，也是我国特有的一种民族医疗方法。千百年来，对保卫健康，繁衍民族，有过卓越的贡献，直到如今，仍然担当着这个任务，为广大群众所信赖。
Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a part of the medical heritage of the motherland, and also a unique national medical method in China. For thousands of years, he has made outstanding contributions to the protection of health and the reproduction of the nation. Up to now, he still undertakes this task and is trusted by the masses.

4. 在文化大革命期间，中医作为“古为今用”的医学实例得到中国共产党政策上的支持而得以发展。现代，中医在中国仍然是治疗疾病的常用手段之一。
During the cultural revolution, traditional Chinese medicine, as a medical example of making the past serve the present, was developed with the support of the Communist Party of China. In modern times, traditional Chinese medicine is still one of the commonly used means to treat diseases in China.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 05:29, 7 December 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

1.汤剂是中药最为常用的剂型之一。汤剂的制作对煎具、用水、火候、煮法都有一定的要求。煎药用具以砂锅、瓦罐为好，搪瓷罐次之，忌用铜铁锅，以免发生化学变化，影响疗效。
Decoction is one of the most commonly used dosage forms of Chinese medicine. The preparation of decoction has certain requirements for decoction, water, heat, and cooking methods. The decocting utensils are preferably casserole and earthenware pots, followed by enamel pots. Avoid using copper and iron pots to avoid chemical changes and affect the efficacy.

2.药理学是研究药物与机体间相互作用规律及其药物作用机制的一门科学，主要包括药效动力学和药代动力学两个方面。前者是阐明药物对机体的作用和作用原理,后者阐明药物在体内吸收、分布、生物转化和排泄等过程,及药物效应和血药浓度随时间消长的规律。
Pharmacology is a science that studies the law of interaction between drugs and the body and the mechanism of drug action, including pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. The former is to clarify the role and principle of the drug on the body, the latter clarifies the process of drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion in the body, and the law of drug effects and blood drug concentration with time.

3.针灸由“针”和“灸”构成，是东方医学的重要组成部分之一，其内容包括针灸理论、腧穴、针灸技术以及相关器具，在形成、应用和发展的过程中，具有鲜明的中华民族文化与地域特征，是基于中华民族文化和科学传统产生的宝贵遗产。
Acupuncture is composed of "needles" and "moxibustion". It is one of the important components of Oriental medicine. Its content includes acupuncture theory, acupoints, acupuncture techniques and related appliances. In the process of formation, application and development, it has a distinctive Chinese nation Cultural and regional characteristics are precious heritage based on the Chinese nation’s cultural and scientific traditions.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 03:16, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==

1.自古以来，中医药就是古丝绸之路沿线国家交流合作的重要内容，伴随早期的商贸活动在沿线国家落地生根，以不同形态成为沿线民众共享共建的卫生资源。

Since ancient time， Chinese medicine has been the essential part of exchanges and cooperation among countries along the ancient Silk Route. With the early commercial activities taking root in these countries, TCM has become a health resource jointly shared and built by the people along the Silk Road in different forms. --[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 11:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Since ancient time， Chinese medicine has been an integrated part to exchanges and cooperation among countries along the ancient Silk Route. With the early commercial activities taking root in these countries, TCM has become a health resource jointly shared and built by the people along the Silk Road in different forms.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:35, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

2.医学科学的任务是防治疾病，益寿延年，而诊断学对人体生命活动状态和疾病的认识，则是防治疾病、预防早衰的基础。

The task of medical science is to prevent and cure diseases and prolong life, while diagnosis, studying activities and diseases of human life, is the basis of preventing and curing diseases and preventing premature senility.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 11:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Medical science aims to prevent and cure diseases as well as to prolong longevity, while Diagnosis, studying activities and diseases of human body, is the basis of preventing and curing diseases and preventing premature senility.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 13:17, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

The task of medical science is to prevent and cure people's diseases and prolong life, while diagnosis, studying activities and diseases of human life, is the basis of preventing and curing diseases and preventing premature senility.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:35, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

3.灸法是有着上千年历史的中医外治法,其疗效已经被历朝历代无数医家临床实践所证实。随着艾灸疗法临床范围的不断扩大，对其治病机理的探究也在进一步深入。

Moxibustion is an external treatment of traditional Chinese medicine with a history of thousands of years. Its curative effect has been proved by clinical practices of countless doctors in successive dynasties. With the continuous expansion of the clinical scope of moxibustion therapy, the research on the mechanism of its treatment is further deepened. --[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 11:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Moxibustion is an external treatment of traditional Chinese medicine with a history of thousands of years, whose curative effect has been proved by clinical practices of countless doctors in successive dynasties. With the relentless expansion of the clinical scope of moxibustion therapy, the research on the mechanism of its treatment is further deepened.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:35, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

4.随着政府相关部门对中医药全产业链监管政策法规的日趋完善，中药材的质量将有大幅提升，生产工艺的不断优化和物流条件的改善使得中成药和中药饮片的质量也将随之迈上一个新台阶，中药疗效将愈加有保障。

With the improvement of the regulatory policies and regulations of relevant government and departments on the whole traditional Chinese medicine industry chain, the quality of TCM material will have a dramatic improvement. The continuous optimization of production technology and the improvement of logistics conditions will make the quality of TCM proprietary drugs and TCM prepared slices step up to a new level. In addition, the efficacy of TCM will be more and more guaranteed. --[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 11:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

With the gradual improvement of the regulatory policies and regulations of relevant government and departments on the whole traditional Chinese medicine industry chain, the quality of TCM material will have a dramatic improvement. The continuous optimization of production technology and the improvement of logistics conditions will make the quality of TCM proprietary drugs and TCM prepared slices step up to a new level. In addition, the efficacy of TCM will be more and more guaranteed.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:35, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==

1.传统中医理论描述了特殊的穴位，或指穴位，它们位于体内的经脉上。据信，在人体内的经脉（这些经脉并不真实存在）里流动着一股能量——一种叫做“气”的生命力。

1.Traditional Chinese medical theory describes special acupoints, or acupressure points, that lie along meridians, or channels, in your body. It is believed that through these invisible channels flows vital energy -- or a life force called qi (ch'i).

2.太阳穴在耳廓前面，前额两侧，外眼角延长线的上方。太阳穴在中医经络学上被称为“经外奇穴”，也是最早被各家武术拳谱列为要害部位的“死穴”之一。
2.Temple is in front of the auricle, both sides of the forehead and above the extension line of the outer corner of the eye. Temple in traditional Chinese medicine is known as "the magic point outside meridian ", and is also among the earliest one being considered as "killing point" by many martial arts books.

3.百会(GV20)是督脉(主脉)的重要穴位之一，常用于神经病学和精神病学，百会穴位于头部，前发际正中直上5寸。针灸和中医常通过按摩百会穴来“清觉”和“镇定精神”。

3.Baihui (GV20) is one of the most important points of the Du meridian (the government vessel) and is commonly used in neurology and psychiatry。It is located in the head, 5 inches perpendicular to the center of the front hairline. In the practice of acupuncture and Chinese Medicine, Bai Hui is used generally to “clear the senses” and “calm the Spirit.”

4.风池穴是人体的穴位，在头额后面大筋的两旁与耳垂平行处，所属经络为足少阳胆经。按摩风池穴可以缓解目眩、目昏、目痛等。

4.Fengchi is an point of human body that is parallel to the earlobe on both sides of the tendon behind the forehead, and belongs to the meridian of foot shaoyang gallbladder. Massaging the fengchi point can help relieve your dizziness, ease the pain of your eyes and so on .--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 13:58, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==

1.我国劳动人民几千年来在与疾病作斗争的过程中，通过实践，不断认识，逐渐积累了丰富的医药知识。由于太古时期文字未兴，这些知识只能依靠师承口授，后来有了文字，便逐渐记录下来，中药出现了医药书籍。

1.In the course of fighting against diseases for thousands of years, the working people of our country have gradually accumulated a wealth of medical knowledge through practice and continuous understanding.Due to the lack of literature in the Archaic period, these knowledge could only be taught orally by teachers. Later, when words were written, they were gradually recorded, and Chinese medicine books appeared.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 07:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

1. In the course of fighting against diseases for thousands of years, the working people of China have gradually accumulated rich medical knowledge through continuous practices and understanding. As the lack of written language in the Archaic period, these knowledge could only be handed down by teaching orally. Later, these knowlege were recorded since the appearencce of characters. Then there were Chinese medicine books.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 11:49, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2.药理学的方法是实验性的，即在严格控制的条件下观察药物对机体或其组成部分的作用规律并分析其客观作用原理。

2.The method of pharmacology is experimental, that is to observe the law of action of drugs on the body or its components under the condition of strict control and analyze its objective principle of action.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 07:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

The method of pharmacology is experimental：to observe the law of action of drugs on the body or its components under the condition of strict control and analyze its objective principle of action.--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 05:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

3.针灸疗法的特点是治病不靠吃药，只是在病人身体的一定部位用针刺入，达到刺潋神经并引起局部反应，或用火的温热刺激烧灼局部，以达到治病的目的。前一种称作针法，后一种称作灸法，统称针灸疗法。

3.The characteristic of acupuncture therapy is that it does not rely on taking medicine to cure the disease. It only pierces a certain part of the patient's body with a needle to pierce the nerve and cause a local reaction, or use the warm heat of fire to stimulate the local area to achieve the purpose of curing the disease. The former is called acupuncture, and the latter is called moxibustion, collectively referred to as acupuncture moxibustion.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 07:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

4.中国医药学已有数千年的历史，是我国人民长期同疾病作斗争的极为丰富的经验总结，对于中华民族的繁荣昌盛有着巨大的贡献。由于药物中草类占大多数，所以记载药物的书籍便称为“本草”。

4.Chinese medicine has a history of thousands of years. It is a summary of the extremely rich experience of our people in the long-term struggle against diseases, and has made a huge contribution to the prosperity of the Chinese nation. Since herbs account for the majority of medicines, books that record medicines are called "Materia Medica".--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 07:32, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==
1.以人名命药名：有些中药的用名带有传说色彩，这些药多半是以发现者或最初使用者的名字来做药名。

Naming after people:The names of some medicines are legendary. The names of these medicines are mostly based on the name of the discoverer or original user of the medicine.

Naming the medicine after a person’s name :The names of some medicines are legendary. The names of these medicines are mostly based on the names of the discoverers or original users of the medicine.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:55, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

Naming after people:The names of some medicines are legendary and most of them use the name of the discoverers or original users of the medicine.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 01:46, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.问诊内容涉及范围很广，是获取疾病信息的重要途径，很多名老中医非常重视问候，问诊包括问一般情况，问生活史，问家族病史和既往病史，问起病，问现在症。

The inquiring covers a wide range of topics which is an important way to obtain information about the disease, and many famous TCM physicians attach great importance to it, including inquiring about the general information, life history, family and past medical history, onset of illness, and present symptoms.

3.灸法是以预制的灸炷或灸草在体表一定的穴位上烧灼、熏熨，利用热的刺激来预防和治疗疾病。通常以艾草最为常用，故而称为艾灸，另有隔药灸、柳条灸、灯芯灸、桑枝灸等方法。如今人们生活中也经常用到的多是艾条灸。

Moxibustion is the use of ignited preprepared moxa cones or grass to heat over the points of skin or certain locations in the human body by using heat to prevent and treat disease. The most common use of moxibustion is usually moxahood thus named moxibustion,and there are also many different equipment and materials being used,such as moxibustion through herbs, wicker moxibustion, wicker moxibustion, and mulberry moxibustion.Nowadays, moxibustion is very popular used in people's lives.

4.新中国成立以后，对中医药事业高度重视，先后制定了许多有利于中药发展的措施，中医药的教育、科研事业也有了空前的发展。

After the founding of People's Repulic of China, it has attached great importance to TCM, and has formulated many conducive measures to the development of TCM, thus the education and scientific research of TCM have also achieved unprecedented development

Since the founding of People's Republic of China, great attention has been paid to Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) that a lot of measures benificial to its development have been implemented and great progress has been made in the education and scientific research of TCM.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 02:17, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Xie Fan 解帆==
1.中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。

Under the guidance of the theory, traditional Chinese medicine is used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and has the function of rehabilitation and health care.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 13:09, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese medicine refers to the substances used in the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of diseases under the guidance of TCM theory, and has the function of rehabilitation and health care.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 12:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.中医药方是传统中医文化的智慧结晶和组成部分。可以说，如果没有那些神奇灵妙的药方，中医必将黯淡无光，奇迹也将无从谈起。

Chinese medicine prescription is the crystallization and essential component of TCM culture. It can be said that without those magic ones, Chinese medicine will lose its luster, let alone any miracles.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 13:09, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese medicine prescription is the wisdom crystallization and component of TCM culture. It can be said that without those miraculous ones, traditional Chinese medicine will be dim, let alone any miracles.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 12:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸以通经脉，调气血，使阴阳归于相对平衡，脏腑功能趋于调和，从而达到防疾病的目的。

By connectting the meridians,regulating qi and blood,Acupuncture and moxibustion break a balance between Yin and Yang,and harmonize the functions of viscera, so as to prevent diseases.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 13:09, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

By connectting the meridians,regulating qi and blood,Acupuncture and moxibustion bring a relative balance between Yin and Yang,and harmonize the functions of viscera, so as to prevent diseases.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 12:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中医学以阴阳五行作为理论基础，将人体看成是气、形、神的统一体，通过“望闻问切”四诊合参的方法，探求病因、病性、病位。

Based on the Yin and Yang theory and the theory of five elements, TCM regards the human body as the unity of qi, form and spirit, and explores the etiology, pathogenesis and location of diseases through the method of "observing the overall way the patient looks, listening to the voice and observing any odor, asking questions, and feeling the patient’s pulse".--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 13:09, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Based on the theory of Yin, Yang and five elements, TCM regards the human body as the unity of Qi, form and spirit, and explores the etiology, nature and location of the disease through the method of "look, listen, ask and feel the pules".--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 12:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jia 徐佳==

1.中药绝大多数来源于生药，安全剂量幅度较大，用量不像化学药品那样严格，但用量得当与否，也是直接影响药效的发挥、临床效果好坏的重要因素之一。

The vast majority of Chinese medicines are made of raw materials, which allows a high safe dosage. They are not so strict as chemicals in terms of dosage but whether it is appropriate or not will directly affects the drug efficacy and clinical results.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:18, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

2.传统的中医诊法包括望、闻、问、切四诊，主要依靠医生的视觉、触觉、听觉、嗅觉等感觉器官收集病情资料，但依据人体五官收集的资料，其分辨率低、信息量少，难以合参；模糊性大，有很大的主观性，且量化与客观化不足，缺少定性与定量结合的综合分析。

Traditional diagnostic methods include looking, listening, asking and pulse feeling, which mainly rely on the doctor's senses such as sight, touch, hearing, and smell to collect information about the patient's condition. Such information is rough, vague and subjective, and it is difficult to be quantified, so there is a lack of comprehensive analysis using qualitative and quantitative methods.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:18, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

3.出针时医生应先以左手拇、食指按住针孔周围皮肤，右手持针作轻微捻转，慢慢将针提至皮下，然后将针起出，用消毒干棉球揉按针孔，以防出血。

When withdrawing the needle, the doctor should first press the skin around the needle hole with the left thumb and index finger, then twist the needle slightly with the right hand and slowly lift the needle to the subendothelial layer, then draw the needle out and press the needle hole with a sterile dry cotton ball to prevent bleeding.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:18, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

4.清朝末年，中国受西方列强侵略，国运衰弱。同时现代医学（西医）大量涌入，严重冲击了中医发展。中国出现许多人士主张医学现代化，中医学受到巨大的挑战。

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, China was invaded by Western powers, and then went through a difficult time. At the same period, the modern medicine was brought into China, which severely impacted the development of traditional Chinese medicine. Voices of advocating medical modernization emerged in China, and position of the Chinese medicine was greatly challenged.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 12:18, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

==Xu Jing 许静==
1. 东汉末年，社会动荡，民不聊生，人祸导致疫灾，成千上万贫民百姓死于以伤寒病为代表的疾病和瘟疫。一个叫张机的河南人，面对处于水深火热之中的百姓，痛下决心要悬壶济世，造福一方。

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, social unrest and discontent led to epidemics, with tens of thousands of poor people dying from diseases and epidemics such as typhoid fever. In the face of the people stranded in this plight, Zhang Ji, a man in Henan province, was determined to practise medicine to help and benefit the people.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 11:28, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 古人很早就注意到，由于体力活动、精神、饮食之干扰，都能使脉象出现一时性变化，如疾行、剧动后脉弦数有力，愤怒后脉多弦大，饮酒之后洪大弦滑，食后右脉浮滑等。以上所述系诊脉理想时间，但非指其它时间不能诊脉。

The ancients had long noted that physical activity, mental and dietary disturbances could cause temporary changes in the pulse, such as a stronger and tenser pulse after walking fast and vigorously, a wirier and larger pulse after anger, a louder and more slippery pulse after drinking alcohol, and a more superficial and slippery right pulse after eating. The above mentioned times are ideal for diagnosing the pulse, but they do not mean that the pulse cannot be diagnosed at other times.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 11:28, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 现代研究表明，以艾灸治疗气滞血瘀所致的疼痛性疾病具有较好的疗效，从中医的角度来理解，就是艾灸的温通效应。主要用于各种痛症、以肿胀为特点的疾病（如腹胀）及各种气滞所导致的病症（如气滞所致的便秘）等。临床可局部灸、循经灸、对症灸。

Modern research has shown that moxibustion is effective in treating painful conditions caused by Qi stagnation and blood stasis, which in Chinese medicine is the warming effect of moxibustion. It is mainly used for a variety of painful conditions, diseases characterised by swelling (e.g. abdominal distension) and various conditions caused by Qi stagnation (e.g. constipation due to Qi stagnation). Clinical moxibustion can be applied topically, via the meridians or symptomatically.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 11:28, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 对一些地方在中小学尝试“识百草”、加强中医药文化教育的做法，专家们表示肯定。安徽中医药大学校长王键说，中医药传承更为根本的是要“从娃娃抓起”，中医药知识要写进中小学课本，为中医药的传承创造良好的社会土壤和环境。

The experts commented favourably that some places have tried to promote "learning about all kinds of herbs" in primary and secondary schools and strengthen the education of TCM culture. Wang Jian, president of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, said that it is more fundamental to grasp the heritage of TCM from childhood, and that knowledge of TCM should be written into primary and secondary school textbooks to create a good social soil and environment for the inheriting of TCM.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 11:28, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==
1. “中药”一词在不同的历史时期存在不同的内涵，随着中医药理论实践的发展，其内涵不断得以丰富，形式不断得到拓展。

1. The term “traditional Chinese medicine” has different connotations in different historical periods, and with the development of Chinese medicine theory and practice, its connotations are constantly enriched and its forms are constantly expanded.

1. The term “traditional Chinese medicine” has different connotations in different historical periods. With the development of Chinese medicine theory and practice, its connotations are constantly enriched and its forms are constantly expanded.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:50, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 对于人体疾病的诊断过程是一个认识过程，认识的目的在于进一步指导实践。而望、闻、问、切四诊，是认证识病的主要方法。

2. The process of diagnosing is about understanding, aiming to further guide practice. The four diagnostic methods of looking, listening, questioning and feeling the pulse are the main methods to know about the disease.

3. 针灸的原理是刺激能量中心以达到治疗效果。人体的本质是一个能量体，经络是能量网格。

3.The principle of acupuncture is to stimulate the energy center to achieve a therapeutic effect. The nature of the human body is an energy body, and the meridians are energy grids.

4. 早在几千年前的远古时代，我们的祖先在日常饮食劳作和与大自然的抗争中就积累了一些用药知识。

4. Thousands of years ago, in ancient times, our ancestors accumulated some knowledge of medicine in their daily life and struggle with nature.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 12:12, 2 December 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

Ancestors in ancient times accumulated some knowledge of medical and pharmacy in their daily life and in the fight with nature.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 03:38, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==

1. 如今，随着对中药资源的开发和研究，许多民间药物也归入中药的范畴。所以，中药是以中医理论为基础，用于防治疾病的植物，动物矿物及其加工品，不论产于中国，外国均称中药。 Nowadays, with the development and research of Chinese medicine resources, many folk medicines are also included in the category of Chinese medicine. Therefore, Chinese medicine is based on the theory of Chinese medicine. Plants, animal minerals and processed products used to prevent and treat diseases are called Chinese medicine regardless of whether they are produced in China or abroad.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 02:50, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 四诊的基本原理是建立在整体观念和恒动观念的基础上的，是阴阳五行、藏象经络、病因病机等基础理论的具体运用。The basic principles of the Four Diagnoses are based on the overall concept and the concept of perpetual movement, and are the specific application of basic theories such as Yin-Yang and Five Elements, Zangxiang Meridian, etiology and pathogenesis.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 02:50, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 艾叶实际上是一种中药，而且具有着非常大的作用，能够宣理气血、除湿开郁。艾叶针灸的方法是通过安火的温热刺激，达到治疗的作用。Mugwort is actually a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, and it has a very great effect, which can regulate qi and blood, remove dampness and relieve depression. The method of acupuncture and moxibustion of mugwort is to achieve the therapeutic effect through the warm stimulation of Anhuo.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 02:50, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 清代医家张志聪说过：“不明四书者不可以为儒，不明本论（《伤寒论》）者不可以为医。”后该书流传海外，亦颇受国外医学界推崇，成为研读的重要典籍。 Zhang Zhicong, a physician in the Qing Dynasty, said: “Those who do not understand the Four Books cannot be Confucianism, and those who do not understand the original theory ("Treatise on Febrile Diseases") cannot be medical." Later, the book spread overseas and was highly praised by foreign medical circles and became an important study.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 02:50, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Hui 阳慧==

1.中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。
Traditional Chinese medicine bears the experience and theoretical knowledge of the ancient Chinese people's struggle against disease . It is a medical theory system gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectics.

Traditional Chinese medicine carries the experience and theoretical knowledge of the ancient Chinese people's struggle against disease . It is a medical theory system gradually shaped and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectics.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 03:23, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.食疗与药疗是相对而言的，只是食物的作用缓，和，副作用小;药物的作用显著，副作用大。因此，食疗应该是日常生活中比较方便的既廉价，方便又健康的。
Dietotherapy and drug therapy are relative, but the effect of food is slow, and, side effects are small ;The action of the medicine shows off, the side effect is big.Therefore, dietotherapy should be more convenient in daily life both cheap, convenient and healthy.

Dietotherapy and drug therapy are relative, but the effect of food is slow and side effects are minor while the effect of the medicine is remarkable and the side effects are major. Therefore, dietotherapy is more convenient in daily life, cheap, convenient and healthy.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 12:49, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

3.经络是运行全身气血，联络脏腑肢节，沟通上下内外的通路。经，有路径的意思，是经络系统的主干;络，有网络的意思，是经脉的分支，纵横交错，网络全身。
The channels and collaterals are the way to run the whole body qi and blood, connect the viscera and limbs, and communicate the upper and lower internal and external.Classics, has the meaning of the path, is the main trunk of the meridian system ;Collateral, have network meaning, is the branch of meridian, crisscross, network whole body.

4.中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本医学、韩国韩医学、朝鲜高丽医学、越南东医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。
Chinese medicine was born in primitive society, the theory of Chinese medicine in the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period has been basically formed, and has been summarized and developed throughout the ages.Besides, it has a profound influence on the countries of Chinese cultural circle, such as Japanese medicine, Korean medicine, Korean medicine, East Vietnamese medicine and so on.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 08:08, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was born in primitive society. TCM theory was basically formed in the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States Period, and has been summarized and developed in successive dynasties. In addition, it has a far-reaching impact on the countries in the Chinese character cultural circle, such as Japanese medicine, Korean medicine, North Korean medicine, Korean medicine, and East Vietnam medicine, which are all developed on the basis of TCM. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 08:27, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Yue 杨悦==
1、中医师中华文化不可分割的一部分，为中华的繁荣昌盛做出了极大的贡献。中医，以其独特的诊断手法、悠久的历史和显著的疗效被用来医治各种癌症和重大疾病。

Traditional Chinese Medicine is an indispensable part of Chinese culture. The TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, long history and remarkable effects, have been used to treat cancer and other serious diseases.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 07:42, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese Medicine is an indispensable part of Chinese culture. The TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, long history and remarkable effects, has been used to treat cancer and other serious diseases.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 13:02, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

2、望、闻、问、切是中医的四诊。望诊，是对病人的神、色、形、态、舌象等进行有目的的观察，以测知脏病变，中医通过大量的医疗实践，逐渐认识到机体外部，特别是面部、舌质，舌苔与脏腑的关系非常密切。

Looking, smelling, asking, and cutting are the four diagnoses of Chinese medicine. Inspection is the purposeful observation of the patient’s look, color, shape, state, tongue, etc. to detect visceral lesions. Through a large number of medical practices, Chinese medicine gradually recognizes that the outside of the body, especially the face, tonguet and tongue coating has a very close relationship with the viscera.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 07:42, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3、灸法是以艾绒作为主要原料，制成艾炷或艾条，或将艾绒置于特制的容器中，点燃后，在体表一定的穴位上熏灼、温熨，借助灸火的温和热力的刺激，并通过经络的传导，腧穴的功用，起到温通经络，行气活血，扶正祛邪的作用，从而达到治疗疾病和防病保健目的的一种疗法。

Moxibution is a therapy which treats and prevents diseases by means of moxa wool, the main material in the therapy inthe forms of moxa cones or sticks. The combustion of the moxa wool permits transmission of heat to points or certain locations of human body. With the heat, the points and meridians would be stimulated so that the purpose of warning the meridians and collaterals, invigorating the flow of Qi and blood, strengthening the body resistance and eliminating pathogens from the body is achieved.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 07:42, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4、中医产生于原始社会，春秋战国中医理论已经基本形成，出现了解剖和医学分科，已经采用“四诊”。

Traditional Chinese medicine was born in primitive society. The theory of Chinese medicine in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period has basically taken shape. Anatomy and medical divisions have appeared, and the "four diagnosis" has been adopted.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 07:42, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==

1. 中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。Traditional Chinese medicine carries the experience and theoretical knowledge of the Chinese people in fighting against diseases. It is a medical theory system that has been gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient simple materialism and spontaneous dialectics. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:05, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 病史采集和体格检查是医生的基本功，而正是这项基本技能却随着临床检查仪器和设备的不断更新，正被越来越多的医生所轻视，“望、闻、问、切”正逐渐成为医学历史的痕迹。
Medical record and physical examination are regarded as basic skills of medical workers. But now more and more doctors despise these basic skills as clinical equipments are renewed continually. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:05, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 有人质疑针灸的效用极其微弱不足以创建临床关系，认为显示针灸有效果的研究结论可能是安慰剂效应、不完全双盲实验或发表偏倚的结果。
Some people questioned that the effectiveness of acupuncture is extremely weak and insufficient to create a clinical relationship. They believe that the conclusions of studies showing the effectiveness of acupuncture may be the result of placebo effects, incomplete double-blind experiments, or publication bias. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:05, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 中医上的理物论主要体现在" 人禀天地之气而生" 、" 形与神俱，不可分离" 与" 疾病可知，又可防治" 这些观点中。
In TCM, materialism means that the existence of human beings depends on the interaction between the celestial qi and terrestrial qi. The spirit and the body are inseparable. Diseases are cognizable and curable. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:05, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==
1. 中医学在长期的发展过程中，逐渐形成了一整套医学原则和观点。中医认为“万物人为贵”，将救死扶伤作为职业道德规范
During its long process of development , TCM has gradually developed a complete set of medical principles and concepts. It believes that “nothing is more important than a human life.” It regards healing the sick and rescuing the dying as its professional ethics.
2.中医注重无病防病，强调以食补来延缓衰老，减少疾病
TCM pays attention to the prevention of diseases, advocating the food treatment approach to defer senility and reduce diseases.
3.中医理论认为，社会环境与自然环境相互作用，相互依存，人的身心也是一种相互作用，互为依存的关系
According to TCM theory, the relationship between the social environment and natural environment, as well as relationship between the human body and spirits is of mutual influence and independence --[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 02:31, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

==You Yuting 游雨婷==
1.中医中药在中国古老的大地上已经运用了几千年的历史，经过几千年的临床实践，证实了中国的中医中药无论是在治病上、在防病上，还是在养生上，都是确凿有效可行的。

Traditional Chinese medicine has been applied for thousands of years in the ancient land of China. After thousands of years of clinical practice, it has been proved that Traditional Chinese medicine is effective and feasible in treating and preventing disease and maintaining health.

2.中药药理学是以中医基本理论为指导，用药理学的方法研究中药对机体各种功能的影响及其作用原理的科学。重点研究与中医理论有关的现代科学研究中药的成果，通过研究和实验了解中药药理研究的概貌。

Chinese medicine pharmacology is the science of studying the effects of Chinese medicine on various functions of the body and the principles of action by means of pharmacology under the guidance of the basic theories of Chinese medicine. Attention is paid on the research of modern scientific research on Traditional Chinese medicine related to the theory of Traditional Chinese medicine, through research and experiment to understand the general picture of pharmacological research on traditional Chinese medicine.

3.针灸疗法是祖国医学遗产的一部分，也是我国特有的一种民族医疗方法。千百年来，对保卫健康，繁衍民族，有过卓越的贡献，直到如今，仍然担当着这个任务，为广大群众所信赖。

Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a part of the Chinese medical heritage, as well as a unique ethnic medical method in China. For thousands of years, it has made outstanding contributions to the protection of health and the reproduction of the nation. Until now, it still bears this task and is trusted by the broad masses.

Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a part of the Chinese medical heritage, as well as a unique ethnic medical method in China. For thousands of years, it has made outstanding contributions to keeping health and breeding the nation. Until now, it still bears this task and is trusted by the broad masses.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 08:18, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.在西医未传入中国之前，我们的祖祖辈辈都用中医中药来治疗疾病，挽救了无数人的生命。中医对疾病的治疗是宏观的、全面的。但是到了现代，随着西方自然科学和哲学的进入，西方医学的思维方式和研究方法构成了对中医学的挑战。

Before western medicine was introduced into China, generations of our ancestors used traditional chinese medicine to treat diseases and save countless lives. The treatment of diseases in TCM is macroscopic and comprehensive. However, in modern times, with the introduction of western natural science and philosophy, the way of thinking and research methods of western medicine have posed a great challenge to Traditional Chinese medicine.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 03:21, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yu Ni 余妮==

1.这部本草载药844种，并附有药物图谱，开创了我国本草著作图文对照的先例，不但对我国药物学的发展有很大影响，而且不久即流传国外；对世界医药的发展作出了重要贡献。

There are 844 kinds of herbal medicines in this book, which is attached with drug atlas. It sets a precedent for the comparison of Chinese herbal works with pictures and texts. It not only has a great influence on the development of Chinese pharmacology, but also spreads abroad soon, making an important contribution to the development of medicine in the world.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 08:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.李时珍的《本草纲目》(1596)在药物发展史上有巨大贡献，是我国传统医学的经典著作，全书共52卷，约190万字，收载药物1892种，插图1160帧，药方11000余条，是现今研究中药药理学的必读书籍，在国际上有七种文字译本流传。

Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica (1596) has made great contributions to the development of drug. It is a classic work of traditional Chinese medicine with 52 volumes and about 1.9 million words. It contains 1892 kinds of drugs, 1160 pictures and more than 11000 prescriptions, which is a necessary book for the study of Pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine. There are seven versions of it in the world.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 08:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸疗法的特点是治病不靠吃药，只是在病人身体的一定部位用针刺入，达到刺潋神经并引起局部反应，或用火的温热刺激烧灼局部，以达到治病的目的。前一种称作针法，后一种称作灸法，统称针灸疗法。

The characteristic of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is not to take medicine, but to prick nerves and cause reactions, or to burn skin with warm fire stimulation, so as to achieve the purpose of treatment. The former is called acupuncture, and the latter is called moxibustion.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 08:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中药产业是我国医药产业中独具特色和优势的领域，中药在我国使用已有五千年的历史积累，拥有系统的中医理论和丰富的临床经验。以现代科技手段开发中药，与化学药物和生物技术药物相比，具有风险低、命中率高、周期短、成本低的显著优势。

Traditional Chinese medicine industry is a unique and advantageous field in China's pharmaceutical industry. Chinese medicine has been used in China for 5000 years, and has systematic TCM theory and rich clinical experience. Compared with chemical drugs and biotechnological drugs, the development of traditional Chinese medicine by modern scientific and technological means has obvious advantages of low risk, high hit rate, short cycle and low cost.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 08:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

中医认为人体是一个有机整体，是由若干脏器和组织、器官所组成的。各个组织、器官都有着各自不同的功能，决定了机体的整体统一性。

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) holds that human body is integral, composed of numerous organs, and tissues. Each tissue and organ boasts sundry functions, determining the whole body’s integral unity.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 05:20, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) holds that human body is integral, composed of numerous organs and tissues. Each tissue and organ boasts respective functions, determining the whole body’s integral unity.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:28, 3 December 2020 (UTC)
TCM emphasis the human body as a organic whole, comprising numerous organs and tissues. Respective function of each organ or tissue makes up this entity.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 09:45, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

新冠肺炎疫情中，中医药在救治工作中也发挥了更加重要、更为广泛的作用。强化中西医结合、中医深度介入诊疗过程，成为医疗救治的鲜明特点，中医药在全国各地新冠肺炎防治中的价值被极大地肯定。

During the COVId-19 pandemic, TCM has played a more significant and widespread role on the medical work. The strengthening of the combination between TCM and Western medicine, and the deep intervention into therapy of TCM have become vivid specialties of medical therapy, thus gaining great affirmation for its value in the process of the prevention and diagnosis of COVID-19 across China.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 05:20, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

药理学的学科任务是要为阐明药物作用及作用机制、改善药物质量、提高药物疗效、防治不良反应提供理论依据；研究开发新药、发现药物新用途并为探索细胞生理生化及病理过程提供实验资料。

The academic task of pharmacy is to offer theoretical gists for the explanation of the effects and effective mechanism of medicine, improvement of the quality of medicine, improvement of effects of medicine, prevention and control of side effects, and to provide experimental data for the exploration of the new functions of medicine and the discovery of the physiological, biological, chemical and pathological processes of cells.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 05:20, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。它是一种“内病外治”的医术。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗全身疾病。

Acupuncture, as an approach to curing illnesses, is unique to China. It is a medical skill appealing to” taking external measures to treat internal illnesses”. And it also remedies sickness through conducting the meridians and acupoints, and applying certain methods of operation.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 05:20, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1. 她的团队从2000多种传统中药配方中提取了数百种药物，在疟疾感染的老鼠身上进行试验，最终锁定了一种青蒿提取物。
Starting from 2000 traditional Chinese medicine remedies, her team made hundreds of herbal extracts and tested them in malaria-infected mice, finally settling on one made from sweet wormwood.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 11:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2.金莲花在生物学、药物化学、药理学、药剂学和临床等方面具有很高的应用价值。
Trollius chinensis Bge in pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacy and clinical application has higher application value.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 11:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3.针灸在中国自远古以来就被用作医疗手段了。针刺麻醉在外科手术上正在得到广泛应用。
Acupuncture has been used as medical means since antiquity in China. Acupuncture anesthesia is rapidly gaining ground in surgical operations.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 11:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Acupuncture has been used as a medical treatment in China since ancient times. Acupuncture anesthesia is being widely used in surgery.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 05:50, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.随着人类回归大自然愿望的增强，以及崇尚天然药物和传统疗法的兴起，中医药发展方兴未艾，并已经传播到世界120多个国家和地区，受到各国人民的欢迎。
As the aspiration of mankind for coming back to the mature increase, the natural medicine and the traditional therapy are now arising and being beeo development quite well. The traditional Chinese medicine has been given warm welcome by the people all over the world.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 11:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

With the increasing desire of mankind to return to nature, and the rise of respect for natural medicine and traditional therapies, the TCM is flourishing, and has spread to more than 120 countries and regions around the world, and is welcomed by people from all over the world. --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 12:42, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==

中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。
Chinese medicine embodies the experiences and theoretical knowledge which gained from ancient Chinese’ fightings with diseases. It’s a medical theoretical system which gradually formed and developed through long time medical practices under the guidance of ancient Naive Materialism and spontaneous dialectics.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

四诊指的是望、闻、问、切。古称“诊法”。
The Four Diagnosis refers to inspection, olfaction, and auscultation, also known as diagnostic methods in ancient times.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

根据中国传统医学，健康的身体取决于一种极其重要的能量循环，这就是身体中的“气”。
According to traditional Chinese medicine, a healthy body depends on a significant energy circulation, which refers to “Qi” in one’s body.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

就宏观来看，中医发展前景由于近些年的宣传和支持算是打开了一定局面，但由于中医学科的特殊性，良莠不齐的现象还是很普遍，
In the bigger picture, Chinese medicine is opening up a new prospect with publicity and supports in recent years. However, due to specialty of the subject of Chinese medicine, it’s still popular that the good and bad are intermingled.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:12, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Hui 张慧==
1.中医药事业是我国医药卫生事业的重要组成部分。国家大力发展中医药事业，实行中西医并重的方针，建立符合中医药特点的管理制度，充分发挥中医药在我国医药卫生事业中的作用。

The state vigorously develops the cause of Chinese medicine, implements the policy of equal emphasis on Chinese and Western medicine, establishes a management system that meets the characteristics of Chinese medicine, and gives full play to the role of Chinese medicine in my country's medical and health services.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an important part of China's medical and health undertakings. The state vigorously develops TCM, implements the policy of giving equal emphasis to both Chinese and Western medicine, establishes a management system in line with the characteristics of TCM, and gives full play to the role of TCM in China's medical and health undertakings.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:11, 3 December 2020 (UTC)
2.药理学是基础医学与临床医学，医学与药学之间的桥梁学科。在药理学科学的理论指导下进行临床实践，在实验研究的基础上丰富药理学理论。

Pharmacology is a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine, medicine and pharmacy. We can carry out clinical practice under the theoretical guidance of pharmacological science and enrich pharmacological theory on the basis of experimental research.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Pharmacology is a discipline that bridges the gap between basic medicine and clinical medicine, between medicine and pharmacy. Clinical practice is guided by the theories of the science of pharmacology, and the theories of pharmacology are enriched on the basis of experimental research.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:11, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3.艾灸历史源远流长，纵观艾灸的发展，可分为两个里程，第一个是传统艾灸，第二个是现代艾灸，不论是传统艾灸还是现代艾灸都有各自的特点、优势和不足之处。

Moxibustion has a long history. From the development of moxibustion, it can be divided into two milestones. The first is traditional moxibustion and the second is modern moxibustion. Both traditional and modern moxibustion have their own characteristics, Strengths and weaknesses.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Moxibustion has a long history. Throughout the development of moxibustion, it can be divided into two milestones, the first is traditional moxibustion, the second is modern moxibustion, both traditional and modern moxibustion have their own characteristics, advantages and shortcomings.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:11, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中医药作为我国独特的卫生资源、潜力巨大的经济资源、具有原创优势的科技资源、优秀的文化资源和重要的生态资源，在经济社会发展中发挥着日益重要的作用。

As China's unique health resources, economic resources with huge potential, scientific and technological resources with original advantages, excellent cultural resources and important ecological resources, Chinese medicine plays an increasingly important role in economic and social development.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

As China's unique health resources, economic resources with great potential, scientific and technological resources with original advantages, excellent cultural resources and important ecological resources, Chinese medicine plays an increasingly important role in economic and social development.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:11, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

1. 中国历史上有“神农尝百草，日遇七十二毒”的传说，反映了古代劳动人民在与自然和疾病作斗争的过程中发现药物、积累经验的艰苦过程，也是中药起源于生产劳动的真实写照。

In Chinese history, there is a legend that "Shen Nong ever suffered 72 poisons in trying herb medicines”, which reflects the hard process of discovering drugs and accumulating experience in the process of fighting against nature and diseases. It is also a true portrayal of the origin of traditional Chinese medicine from productive labor. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 08:18, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

2. 脉诊在我国有悠久的历史，它是我国古代医学家长期医疗实践的经验总结。据不完全统计，清代以前脉学著述已不下一百多种。其中虽有重复，但是仍不同程度地反映了我国古代脉学的发展。

Pulse-feeling has a long history in China. It is the experience summary of ancient Chinese medical practice. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 100 kinds of studies about pulse-feeling before Qing Dynasty. Although there are some repetitions, they still reflect the development of the sphygmology in ancient China. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 08:18, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 灸法的起源与火的发现和使用有着密切的关系，当身体有某种不适时，用火去烘烤得以减轻，继而用各种树枝作为施灸工具，逐渐发展到艾灸。

The origin of moxibustion is closely related to the discovery and use of fire. When one feels unwell, the uncomfortable symptom can be reduced by baking with fire, and then various branches are used as moxibustion tools, which gradually developed into moxibustion. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 08:18, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

The origin of moxibustion is closely related to the discovery and use of fire. When one feels bad, the uncomfortable symptom can be reduced by baking with fire, and then various branches are used as moxibustion tools, which gradually developed into moxibustion. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:14, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4. 华佗是一位精通医术的著名医生，尤其出名的是他在外科方面的成就。当华佗成功地应用麻沸散麻醉病人而进行腹部手术时，世界其它国家的外科麻醉术尚处于摸索阶段。

Hua Tuo is a distinguished doctor who is proficient in medical skills, and he is especially famous for his achievements in surgery. When Hua Tuo successfully used mafeisan to anesthetize patients for abdominal surgery, the surgical anesthesia in other countries in the world was still in the exploratory stage. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 08:18, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Hua Tuo was a distinguished doctor proficient in medical skills, and he was especially famous for his achievements in surgery. When Hua Tuo successfully used mafeisan to anesthetize patients for abdominal surgery, the surgical anesthesia in other countries in the world was still in the exploratory stage. --[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:14, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==
中医是研究人体生理病理以及疾病的诊断和防治的一门学科。
TCM is a subject focus on the physiology, pathology and the prevention and diagnose of disease.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 09:38, 4 December 2020 (UTC)
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a subject that explores the physiology and pathology of human body and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:20, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

把脉是中国古代传统医学家独创创，即用手指按脉，根据脉象来诊断疾病。
pulse taking, invented in ancient China, needs somebody use the finger to feel the pulse so as to diagnose.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 09:38, 4 December 2020 (UTC)
Pulse monitoring, initiated by ancient Chinese traditional medicine researchers, is a method of pressing the pulse with the finger and diagnosing diseases according to the pulse condition.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:20, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

针灸治疗很温和，无痛，也很放松。
Acupuncture treatment is gentle, painless and relaxing.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 09:38, 4 December 2020 (UTC)
Acupuncture is mild, painless and relaxing--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:20, 4 December 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==

1. 每种中药都有自己特定的适宜生长环境。中药的地域特色——“道地性”——是指特定的地域所产的药材具有独特的药效。道地药材在某种意义上代表着药材的优异品质,也就是药材中的名牌了。

Each Chinese medicine has its own specific suitable growth environment. The regional characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine-"authentic"-refer to the unique efficacy of the medicinal materials produced in a specific region. Genuine medicinal materials represent the excellent quality of medicinal materials in a sense, that is, the famous brand of medicinal materials.

2. 用自然之物养生或治病的生活智慧，是中国人留传亘古的宝贵遗产。这就是至今仍让一些外国人以为是迷信、妖术的中医学。追溯中医学的历史可知，“世间百草皆入药”，是人类逐步认识自然和总结实践经验的产物。

The wisdom of using natural things to preserve one's health or cure diseases is a precious legacy left by the Chinese people. This is traditional Chinese medicine, which still makes some foreigners think it is superstition and witchcraft. Tracing back to the history of traditional Chinese medicine, we can see that "all herbs in the world are used as medicines", which is the product of human beings' gradual understanding of nature and summing up practical experience.

3. 针刺疗法简称“针刺”，是古人将金属制作的细针刺入人体的某些部位，即穴位，来达到治病的目的。由于汉语为单音词，人们通常习惯于将“针刺疗法”与“灸法”并称为“针灸”。“灸”法是烧灼的意思，是用草纸将干燥的艾叶等卷成圆柱状，点燃一端靠近皮肤，利用艾叶燃烧时所散发出来的热量刺激人体穴位治疗疾病。

Acupuncture therapy is referred to as "acupuncture" for short. The ancients put fine needles made of metal into some parts of the human body, i.e. Acupuncture points, to achieve the purpose of curing diseases. As Chinese is a monosyllabic word, people are usually used to calling "acupuncture therapy" and "moxibustion method" acupuncture and moxibustion ". "Moxibustion" means cauterization. It is to roll dry Artemisia argyi leaves and the like into a cylinder with straw paper, ignite one end close to the skin, and use the heat emitted by the burning of Artemisia argyi leaves to stimulate human acupuncture points to treat diseases.

4. 近几十年来，中医在海外尤其是在西方发展迅猛。从某种角度看，这显示了传统医学与占主流的西方医学的一次互补。实际上，中医与西医在海外的相遇已有几百年了；奇妙的是，我们在这一历史中，始终可以感觉到隐含在中医里的那种柔和似水的力量。
In recent decades, traditional Chinese medicine has developed rapidly overseas, especially in the West. From a certain point of view, this shows a complementarity between traditional medicine and mainstream western medicine. In fact, Chinese medicine and Western medicine have met overseas for hundreds of years. Amazingly, in this history, we can always feel the soft and watery power hidden in traditional Chinese medicine.

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==

1. 中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。除此之外对汉字文化圈国家影响深远，如日本汉方医学，韩国韩医学，朝鲜高丽医学、越南东医学等都是以中医为基础发展起来的。

Traditional Chinese Medicine was born in primitive society. The theory of Chinese medicine has basically taken shape during the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period and developed in later dynasties. In addition, it has a far-reaching influence on the countries which have Chinese character culture. For example, Japanese Kampo medicine, Korean medicine, North Korean medicine, and Vietnamese Dong medicine are all developed on the basis of Chinese medicine.

2. 药理学是基础医学与临床医学，医学与药学之间的桥梁学科。在药理学科学的理论指导下进行临床实践，在实验研究的基础上丰富药理学理论。

Pharmacology is a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine, medicine and pharmacy. We should carry out clinical practice under the theoretical guidance of pharmacological science and enrich pharmacological theory on the basis of experimental research.

3. 灸法是以预制的灸炷或灸草在体表一定的穴位上烧灼、熏熨，利用热的刺激来预防和治疗疾病。通常以艾草最为常用，故而称为艾灸。

Moxibustion uses prefabricated moxibustion sticks or moxibustion grass to burn and iron on certain acupoints on the body surface, using heat stimulation to prevent and treat diseases. Moxa is usually the most commonly used, so it is called moxibustion.

4. 扁鹊是中医学的开山鼻祖,世人敬他为神医。从司马迁的不朽之作《史记》及先秦的一些典籍中可以看到扁鹊既真实又带有传奇色彩的一生。

Bian Que is the originator of Traditional Chinese medicine. The world respected him as a highly skilled doctor. From Sima Qian's immortal work "Historical Records" and some of the classics of the pre-Qin period, we can see that Bian Que's life is both true and legendary.--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 13:37, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.中医药，是包括汉族和少数民族医药在内的我国各民族医药的统称，反映了中华民族对生命、健康和疾病的认识。

Traditional Chinese Medicine, the general term for China’s medicine of ethnic groups including Han and minorities, reflects Chinese nation’s cognition to life, health and diseases.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:45, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese Medicine, reflecting Chinese people's knowledge about life, health and illness, is the general term for medicines of all ethnic groups of China including medicines of Han nationality and other ethnic minorities.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 05:24, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2.古代医药先贤对中草药和中医药学的深入探索、研究和总结，使得中草药得到了最广泛的认同与应用。如《本草纲目》被誉为“东方药物巨典”，对人类近代科学以及医学方面影响最大。

The ancient Chinese wise man of medicine deeply explored, researched and concluded the Chinese herbal medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, leading to the wide recognition and application of the Chinese herbal medicine. For example, ''Compendium of Materia Medica'', honored as the great masterpiece of oriental medicine, has a far-reaching influence on modern human science and medicine.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:45, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3.到如今为止，针灸已经传播世界140多个国家和地区，为保障全人类的生命健康发挥了巨大的作用。

By now acupuncture has spread to more than 140 countries and regions around the world, playing a great role in safeguarding the life and health of the whole of humanity.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:45, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

So far, acupuncture has spread to more than 140 countries and regions in the world, which has played a huge role in protecting the life and health of all mankind.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 07:45, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中医诞生于原始社会，春秋战国时期中医理论已基本形成，之后历代均有总结发展。

Traditional Chinese Medicine was born in primitive society, formed the fundamental theory of traditional Chinese medicine in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and further concluded and developed in other dynasties.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 10:45, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese Medicine was born in primitive society, formed its fundamental theory in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and further concluded and developed in the later dynasties.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:15, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
1.宋朝是我国成药大发展时期，设立有专门的制药、售药机构.

The Song Dynasty was a period of great development of medicines, when specialized pharmaceutical and drug sales agencies were established.

2.《黄帝内经》、《难经》、《神农本草经》和《伤寒杂病论》四部经典著作奠定了中医的理论基础。

The four classics "Huangdi Neijing", "Difficulty Classics", "Shen Nong's Materia Medica" and "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" laid the theoretical foundation of Chinese medicine.

3.明代是针灸发展的鼎盛时期，名医辈出，针灸理论研究逐渐深化，也出现了大量的针灸专著.

The Ming dynasty was the heyday of the development of acupuncture, when famous doctors appeared in large numbers, the theoretical research of it deepened, and a large number of acupuncture works appeared.

4.综观我国药物发展历程，可以看到其发展轨迹基本上遵循着由简单到复杂，由低级到高级的规律发生发展，并与社会各个时期的政治、经济、科学、文化密切相关.

Looking at the development history of drugs in my country, we can see that its development trajectory basically follows the law of development from simple to complex, from low-level to high-level, and is closely related to the politics, economy, science, and culture of society.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 02:00, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

1.中医学是“以中医药理论与实践经验为主体，研究人类生命活动中医学中健康与疾病转化规律及其预防、诊断、治疗、康复和保健的综合性科学”。

Traditional Chinese medicine is "a comprehensive science that takes the theory and practical experience of traditional Chinese medicine as the main body, and studies the transformation laws of health and diseases, and its prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and health care in human life activities".

2.中医医生运用望、闻、问、切等对病人辩证审因，推断病机，确定病证，为预防、治疗疾病提供判断依据；运用中药方剂对病人进行整体治疗，或结合现代科技手段进行综合治疗。

Doctors of traditional Chinese medicine use looking, smelling, asking and cutting (Wang, Wen, Wen, Qie) to dialectically examine the causes of patients, infer the pathogenesis, determine the disease and syndrome, and provide judgment basis for preventing and treating diseases. They also use traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions to treat patients as a whole, or combine modern scientific and technological means to carry out comprehensive treatment.

3.艾灸，简称灸疗或灸法，是用艾叶制成的艾条，艾柱，产生的艾热刺激人体穴位或特定部位，通过激发经气的活动来调整人体紊乱的生理生化功能，从而达到防病治病目的的一种治疗方法。

Moxibustion, abbreviated as moxibustion or moxibustion, is a treatment method that uses moxa sticks and moxa pillars made of mugwort leaves to stimulate acupuncture points or specific parts of the human body, and adjusts the physiological and biochemical functions of human body disorders by stimulating the activities of meridians and qi, thus achieving the purpose of preventing and treating diseases.

4.中医药，是包括汉族和少数民族医药在内的我国各民族医药的统称，反映了中华民族对生命、健康和疾病的认识，具有悠久历史传统和独特理论及技术方法的医药学体系。

Traditional Chinese medicine is a general designation for the medicines of all ethnic groups in our country, including the medicines of the Han nationality and ethnic minorities. It reflects the Chinese nation's understanding of life, health and diseases and has a long historical tradition and unique theories and technical methods.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 08:29, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==
1.中医学凝聚着中华民族的健康养生理念和实践经验,在应对复杂疾病及慢性病、促进人类健康等方面具有独特的优势,并在国外掀起传播的热潮。

Traditional Chinese medicine represents the health regiment idea and practice experience, which has unique advantages in dealing with complicated diseases and chronic diseases, promoting human health and other aspects.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:40, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Traditional Chinese medicine embodies the concept and practical experience of health preservation of the Chinese nation. It has unique advantages in dealing with complex diseases and chronic diseases and promoting human health, and it has set off an upsurge of spread abroad.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2.一名好中医既要会号脉作出诊断，还要能根据病人情况开出一个最适合的药方。中药的汤药是不固定的。可以说每一个中医都要从头学起，号脉、开方的能力决定治疗水平。

A good Chinese medicine doctor is required to not only diagnose by feeling the pulse, but also write a most suitable prescription based on the patient’s condition. A decoction of medicinal ingredients of Chinese medicine is fixed. It can be said that every Chinese medicine doctor needs to study from the beginning and the ability of feeling the pulse and writing a prescription decides the treatment levels.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:40, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3.简单来说艾灸就是利用艾草燃烧之后产生的温热能量来刺激人体特定部位，从而激发人体内部气的活动，进而达到保健养生的效果。

Briefly speaking, moxibustion is an activity that uses the thermal energy produced by burning the artemisia to stimulate specified parts of body, promoting the movement of qi within the body and further reaching the effect of health care.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:40, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4.没有传承，中医药发展就没有根和魂；没有创新，中医药发展就没有活力和未来。

Without heritage, the development of TCM will be lack of its root and spirit; without innovation, the development of TCM will be short of vitality and future.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:40, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Without inheritance, the development of Chinese medicine will have no root and soul; without innovation, the development of Chinese medicine will have no vitality and future.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 10:44, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==
1.中国传统医学的治疗理念正逐渐被世界所接受，传统医药受到国际社会越来越多的关注，世界范围内对中医药的需求日益增长，这为中医药的发展提供了广阔的空间。

The treatment concept of traditional Chinese medicine is gradually being accepted by the world, receiving more and more attention from the international community. The demand for traditional Chinese medicine is increasing worldwide, which provides a broad space for the development of traditional Chinese medicine.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 10:24, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

The healing philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine is gradually being accepted by the world, traditional medicine is receiving more and more attention from the international community, and the demand for TCM is increasing worldwide, which provides a broad space for the development of TCM.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:35, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

2.诊病，亦称辨病，是在中医学理论指导下，综合分析四诊资料，对疾病的病种作出判断，得出病名诊断的思维过程。

Diagnosis, also known as disease differentiation, is the thought process of comprehensively analyzing the data of the four diagnoses under the guidance of the theory of Chinese medicine, making judgments on the type of disease, and deriving the diagnosis of the disease name.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 10:24, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Diagnosis of diseases, also known as disease identification, is a thought process to comprehensively analyze the information of the four diagnoses under the guidance of Chinese medicine theory, make judgments on the types of diseases, and arrive at a diagnosis of disease names.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:35, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

3.在战国时代的《黄帝内经》中，已形成了人体完整的经络系统，并对针灸方法、针刺适应证等做了详细论述。

In the ''Huangdi Neijing'' of the Warring States Period, a complete meridian system of the human body has been formed, and acupuncture methods and indications of acupuncture are discussed in detail.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 10:24, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

In the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine of the Warring States period, the complete meridian system of the human body has been formed, and acupuncture methods, acupuncture indications, etc. have been discussed in detail.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:35, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4.中药在中国古籍中通称“本草”。我国最早的一部中药学专著是汉代的《神农本草经》，唐代由政府颁布的《新修本草》是世界上最早的药典。

Traditional Chinese medicine is commonly called "Materia Medica" in ancient Chinese books. The earliest monograph on traditional Chinese medicine in China is the ''Shen Nong's Materia Medica'' in the Han Dynasty. The ''Xinxiu Materia Medica'' promulgated by the government in the Tang Dynasty is the world's earliest pharmacopoeia.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 10:24, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Chinese medicine is commonly referred to as "materia medica" in ancient Chinese texts. China's earliest monograph on TCM is the Divine Husbandman's Classic of the Materia Medica (Divine Husbandman's Classic of the Materia Medica) from the Han Dynasty, and the Xin Xiu Ben Cao (Newly Revised Classic of the Materia Medica) from the Tang Dynasty is the world's oldest pharmacopoeia.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 10:35, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

1.中医承载着中国古代人民同疾病作斗争的经验和理论知识，是在古代朴素的唯物论和自发的辩证法思想指导下，通过长期医疗实践逐步形成并发展成的医学理论体系。

Traditional Chinese medicine bears the experience and theoretical knowledge of the ancient Chinese people's struggle against diseases. It is a medical theoretical system gradually formed and developed through long-term medical practice under the guidance of ancient naive materialism and spontaneous dialectics.

2. 问诊是询问病人及其家属，了解现有证象及其病史，为辨证提供依据的一种方法。

Inquiring is a method to inquire the patient and his family members, understand the existing syndromes and their medical history, and provide the basis for syndrome differentiation.

Interrogation is a method of asking patients and their family members, understanding the existing symptoms and medical history, and providing a basis for syndrome differentiation.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 03:01, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

3. 针灸是一种中国特有的治疗疾病的手段。它是一种“内病外治”的医术。是通过经络、腧穴的传导作用，以及应用一定的操作法，来治疗全身疾病。

Acupuncture is a unique Chinese treatment for diseases. It is a kind of medical method to treat internal diseases by external treatment". It is through the conduction of channels and acupoints, as well as the application of certain operations, to treat systemic diseases.

Acupuncture is a unique Chinese treatment for diseases and a medical method to "treat internal diseases by external treatments" which treat systemic diseases through the conduction of channels and acupoints, as well as the application of certain operations.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:19, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

4.东汉出现了著名医学家张仲景，他已经对“八纲”（阴阳、表里、虚实、寒热）有所认识，总结了“八法”。华佗则以精通外科手术和麻醉名闻天下，还创立了健身体操“五禽戏”。唐代孙思邈总结前人的理论并总结经验，收集5000多个药方，并采用辨证治疗，因医德最高，被人尊为“药王”。

Zhang Zhongjing, a famous medical scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He had already understood the "eight principal syndromes" (yin and yang, exterior and interior, cold and heat, under activity and over activity) and summarized the "eight methods". Hua Tuo was well known for his expertise in surgery and anesthesia, and founded the "the frolics of five animals" exercise program. Sun Simiao in the Tang Dynasty summarized the theories and experiences of his predecessors, collected more than 5,000 prescriptions, and treated them with syndrome differentiation. He was respected as the "king of medicine" for his highest medical ethics.--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 09:20, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

1.简而言之，中药就是指在中医理论指导下，用于预防、治疗、诊断疾病并具有康复与保健作用的物质。由于中药以植物药居多，故有“诸药以草为本”的说法。

2.中药学是研究中药的基本理论和临床应用的学科，是中医药各专业的基础学科之一。

3.针灸如今可以治疗的病症达800多种，其中30%～40%治疗效果显著。包括一些常见疾病，功能性疾病，慢性病，某些疑难病症与急性病用以针灸辅助更见疗效。

4.现知的最早本草著作称为《神农本草经》，著者不详，根据其中记载的地名，可能是东汉医家修订前人著作而成。

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

中医预防医学首先强调人体在能量摄入上的平衡。没有能量，人的生命将无法维持。

TCM preventive medicine emphasizes first and foremost the balance of energy intake in the body. Without energy, human life cannot be sustained.

中医批评那种不注重整体性的诊治方式，是“头痛医头，脚痛医脚“。

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has criticized that kind of diagnosis and treatment as "stop-gap" and "removal of lesion" without focusing on a holistic approach.

针灸是中医的中药治疗方法，它的神奇疗效已为世人所知。

Acupuncture is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) treatment method that has been well- known for its miraculous healing properties.

当前中药产业国际化进程还面临着出口产品结构单一、中药文化壁垒、海外准入门槛较高、出口分类不规范等挑战。

The current internationalization process of the TCM industry is still facing challenges such as single export product structure, cultural barriers to TCM, high threshold for overseas entry, and irregular export classification.--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 14:49, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==
1.中医是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为中华的繁荣昌盛做出了极大的贡献。如今，中医和西医都被世界各地的医生用来治疗疾病。中医，以其独特的诊断手法、悠久的历史和显著的疗效被用来医治各种癌症和重大疾病。中药不像西药那样会产生许多副作用。

Traditional Chinese Medicine is an indispensable part of Chinese culture. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Nowadays, both Traditional Chinese Medicine and western medicine are being used to cure people all around the world. The TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, long history and remarkable effects, have been used to treat cancer and other serious diseases. Unlike the western medicine, the TCM has fewer side effects.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 12:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.中医开得药方多包括植物的根、茎、树皮、叶子、种子或花，以及一些矿物质和动物器官。这些草药通常需要熬煮。为了配方，中医会将一些具有特殊功效的药草混合在一起。

Prescriptions are made from the roots, stems,bark, leaves, seeds or flowers of many plants, as well as some mineral and animal parts.The herbs are usually decocted into a soup.To make up a prescription, the TCM doctor carefully blends together a number of herbs which have specific functions.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 12:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.刮痧是以中医经络腧穴理论为指导，通过特制的刮痧器具和相应的手法，蘸取一定的介质，在体表进行反复刮动、摩擦。

Gua Sha is form guided by the theory of Meridians and collaterals and acupoints in traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) . By using special scraping instruments and corresponding ways to irritate repeatedly on the body surface with a certain medium.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 12:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.葛洪，东晋人，预防医学介导者，其理论包括了免疫学的萌芽思想。

Ge Hong is the mediator of preventive medicine,he was born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and his theory contains the sprout idea of immunity.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 12:33, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==
1.中医药学是中华民族的传统医学，具有浓郁民族文化特色和天人合一的哲学认知优势，历史悠久，博大精深。

Traditional Chinese Medicine is the traditional medicine of the Chinese nation. It has strong national cultural characteristics and the philosophical cognition advantage of harmony between man and nature, which has a long history and is broad and profound.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 15:34, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

2.中医认为，疾病的发生发展及转归的过程，实质上就是正邪相争、损伤与抗损伤的博弈过程。中医治病运用的是扶正祛邪、标本兼治的辨证思想。

Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the process of the occurrence, development and outcome of a disease is essentially a game between good and evil, injury and anti-injury. TCM treatment uses the dialectical thought of strengthening the body and eliminating evils, and treating both symptoms and root causes.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 15:34, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

3.针灸是以中医经络腧穴理论为指导，运用针具与艾叶等主要工具和材料，通过刺入或薰灼身体的特定部位，以调节人体平衡状态，从而达到保健和治疗疾病的传统知识与实践。

Acupuncture is guided by the theory of meridians and acupoints in Chinese medicine. It uses needles, wormwood and other main tools and materials to pierce or burn specific parts of the body to adjust the balance of the body, thereby achieving traditional knowledge and practice of health care and treatment of diseases.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 15:34, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

4.中医药文化作为我国传统文化的重要组成部分，蕴涵着丰富的哲学思想和精神价值，是前人留下的宝贵的非物质文化遗产，推进中医药文化的对外传播，对于提高国家软实力以及国际影响力，维护世界文化的多样性发展都具有重要的意义。

As an important part of our country’s traditional culture, TCM culture contains rich philosophical thoughts and spiritual values. It is a precious intangible cultural heritage left by predecessors. Promoting the external dissemination of TCM culture is of great significance for improving the country’s soft power and international Influence and maintaining the diversity of world culture.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 15:34, 6 December 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

1.Traditional Chinese medicine aims to restore the body’s balance and harmony between the natural opposing forces of yin and yang, which can block qi and cause disease.

传统中药的目的是恢复人体自然平衡的阴阳力量之间的平衡与和谐。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 14:49, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

2.Of major importance to clinical pharmacology are recent Traditional Chinese Medicine evidenced-based empirical studies, correlations, and interactions between herbs and pharmaceuticals, updated data on toxicity, adverse reactions, quality assurance, and herbal medicine standardization.

对于临床药理学而言，最重要的是最近的基于中医证据的实证研究，草药与药物之间的相关性和相互作用，毒性，不良反应，质量保证和草药标准化的最新数据。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 14:49, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

3.The purpose of moxibustion, as with most forms of traditional Chinese medicine, is to strengthen the blood, stimulate the flow of qi, and maintain general health.

与大多数传统中药一样，艾灸的目的是增强血液，刺激气血流动和维持整体健康。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 14:49, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

4.Traditional Chinese Medicine evolved as a system of medical practice from ancient China more than 2000 years ago.

中医从2000年前的古代中国发展成为一种医疗实践体系。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 14:49, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

20201123 cult

2020-11-29T17:59:36Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Alsied, Saffana */

==Alsied, Saffana==
1.Chinese Wushu is more than kungfu. It embodies a profound philosophy and a sense of human life and social values.--[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|SAFFANA ALSIED 2]] ([[User talk:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|talk]]) 17:59, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

中国武术不仅仅是功夫。它体现了深刻的哲学以及对人类生活和社会价值的感知。

2.According to traditional Chinese medicine, it is the channels and collaterals that link the five viscera and six entrails, limbs and bones, five senses and nine orifices with the various tissues and organs of the superficial portion of the body, giving the body an organic integrity.

按照中医的说法，是将五脏和六内脏，四肢和骨头，五种感官和九个小孔与人体浅表部分的各种组织和器官联系起来的通道和侧支。有机完整性。

3.Many Japanese judo wrestlers in Shanghai grudged Huo Yuanjia his name and success. They arranged competitions between Huo and some of the best judo athletes from Japan. However, all of them were defeated by this Chinese wushu master.

上海的许多日本柔道摔跤手都对霍元佳的名字和成功表示了憎恨。他们安排了Huo和一些日本最好的柔道运动员之间的比赛。但是，他们都被这位中国武术大师击败。

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==

1 中国武术不仅涵盖了西方体育的多种运动形式，而且，还拥有独特的东方传统运动形式、深邃的思想和厚重的文化。

Chinese martial arts not only covers multiple sports forms of western sports, but also has a unique eastern traditional sports form, profound thoughts and culture.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 08:53, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

2 气功的内容非常广泛，其特点是通过练功者的主观努力对自己进行身心锻炼，主要包括调身、调心、调息、自我按摩和肢体活动等。

The content of Qigong is very extensive, and its characteristic is to exercise the body and mind through the practitioner‘s efforts , which mainly includes body adjustment, heart adjustment, breath adjustment, self-massage and physical activities.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 08:53, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

3 霍元甲故居纪念馆从建成之日起已有数万的爱国人士前来参观瞻仰，重温霍元甲这位爱国英雄的传奇事迹和感人精神。如今，纪念馆已列为天津市重点文物保护单位和天津市青少年爱国主义教育基地。

Tens of thousands of patriots have come to visit and admire the Former Residence Memorial Hall of Huo Yuanjia since it was completed, relive the legendary deeds and moving spirit of this patriotic hero. Today, the memorial hall has been listed as a key cultural relic protection unit and a youth patriotism education base in Tianjin.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 08:53, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Han 陈涵==

1. 新中国为顺应国际形势，以全国之力全民发展竞技体育，导致中国武术被卷入体育范畴，以比赛、竞技等形式进行“发展”。

Since its founding, China developed competitive sports along with the international trend supported by the whole nation. Therefore, wushu was involved in sports and developed in the form of competition and athletics. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:05, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

To be kept abreast of the international trend, China promoted competitive sports for all as a national effort, thus Chinese martial arts being included in sports and developing in the form of competition.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 10:32, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 与体育锻炼相比，气功更强调人的心理状态对人体健康的影响，强调通过主动的自我精神活动来调整自身的生理活动。

Compared with physical exercise, qigong emphasizes the influence of men’s psychological states on their own health, and it focuses on regulating physiological processes through mental activities on their own initiative. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:05, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

Compared with physical exercise, qigong places more emphasis on the influence of the psychological states on human health, and on regulating physiological processes through spontaneous spiritual cultivation.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 10:32, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 1901年，有一俄国人来津在戏园卖艺，他在报纸上发广告，自称“世界第一大力士”，打遍中国无敌手。霍元甲看了广告极为气愤，并提出要与之决一雌雄。或许是迫于霍元甲的气势，“俄国大力士”竟灰溜溜地逃离了天津。

In 1901, a Russian came to Tianjin and made a living as a performer in an opera garden. He advertised on newspaper that he was the most powerful man in the world and was undefeated in China. When reading that, Huo Yuanjia was furious and asked for fighting it out. Forced by the momentum of Huo, the so-called "Russian strongman" departed Tianjin in disgrace. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 12:05, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

In 1901, a Russian came to Tianjin and made a living as a performer in a theater. He advertised in the newspaper that he was the “World’s Greatest Hercules” and that he had no rivals in China. Huo Yuanjia was furious at the advertisement and proposed a duel with him. Perhaps due to Huo’s deterrence, the “Russian Hercules” fled Tianjin in disgrace.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 10:32, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

1.若舍弃我武之魂，去炫耀，去张扬，去异门竞技，去追逐异族之魂（譬如奥林匹克精神），则只会自我主动降损安全性，和制造仇敌，对自身并无任何裨益。

Showing off power and seeking competence and spirit like Olympic spirit instead of keeping the spirit of our martial art only incur self-damaging and more enemies and will not do any good to yourself.

2.遗憾的是文化大革命把中国的传统文化——气功打入十八层地狱的最底层。搞气功的都成了“牛鬼蛇神”。

Unfortunately, due to the Cultural Revolution, Qigong, Chinese traditional culture, was dumped to the lowest depth of the hell and was disdained by people. People engaged in this are deemed to be evil and bad.

3.霍元甲死于日本人的恶意下毒，这样的剧情处理是比较经济的选择，因为这样编织剧情比较简单，轻松，不必像荷马先生那样绞尽脑汁想出个阿喀琉斯的脚后跟却费力不讨好。

Huo Yuanjia was maliciously poisoned by Japanese, which seemed to be a relatively reasonable choice to deal with the plot, much more simple and easy, unlike Homer, who racked up his mind and came up with the Achilles’s Heel but get little reward.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:54, 28 November 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

1. So a definition of Chinese martial arts is the art of stopping war or the art of stopping violence.
因此，中国武术的定义是制止战争的艺术或制止暴力的艺术。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:54, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2. Qigong is a philosophy of physical and meditative routines, and the tai chi exercise people practice in the parks can be considered a type of qigong too.
气功是一种身体和冥想活动的哲学，人们在公园里练习太极拳也可以被认为是一种气功。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:54, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3. He would spend hours peeping through a hole he’d made in the courtyard wall.
他会花几个小时从他在院墙上挖的洞里偷窥.--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 15:54, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==
1.武术（功夫）起源于中国古代约2500年以前。在众多武术套路中，太极拳最流行,而少林拳亦历史悠久，享有盛名。

Wushu (or Kungfu) appeared in ancient China as early as 2, 500 years ago. Among the many forms, Taijiquan may enjoy the highest popularity. Shaolin-quan is one of the well-known forms of Wushu with a long history.

2.气功，中国的一种健身运动，动作轻柔，注重冥想和吐纳，功效广泛，比如改善身体协调能力，降血压，甚至还有缓解抑郁的功能。

Qigong, a Chinese health practice based on gentle movements, meditation and breathing, has wide-ranging benefits, including improving balance, lowering blood pressure and even easing depression.

3.霍元甲的生活故事被改编成许多电影和电视连续剧。在这些改编作品中，他被描绘成一位英雄武术家，在面对外国侵略时竭力维护中国人民的尊严。

Huo's life story has been adapted into a number of films and television series. In these adaptations, Huo is typically depicted as a heroic martial artist who fights to uphold the dignity of the Chinese people in the face of foreign aggression. --[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 13:45, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1. 武术的本质是阴阳学说、五行学说和八卦理论。根据黄河所划分的地理区域，中国武术的风格可分为北方风格和南方风格。

The essence of Wushu rests on the theories of Yin and Yang, the five elements and eight diagrams. Styles of Chinese martial arts can be categorized as the Northern style and the Southern style according to the geographical regions divided by the Yellow River.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 16:12, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 自中华人民共和国成立以来，气功得到进一步发展，主要用于康复和保健，成为医学、生理学、生物学等学科的重要学习科目。

Since the founding of People’s Republic of China, qigong has been further developed for healing and health preservation purposes, and has been studied as an important subject not just within medicine, but also in physiology and biochemistry.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 16:12, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Since the founding of People’s Republic of China, qigong has been further developed. It is mainly for healing and health care and has been an important subject of medicine, physiology and biochemistry.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 07:34, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3.霍元甲一生虽然短暂，却因其武艺出众、执仗正义、扬我国威而家喻户晓。

Although Huo Yuanjia's life was short, he became a household name because of his outstanding martial arts, upholding justice and promoting China's prestige.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 16:12, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Although Huo Yuanjia's life was short, he became known to every household because of his outstanding martial arts, upholding justice and promoting China's prestige.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 07:34, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==

1.改革开放后,武术一般按其内容分为套路和搏击格斗两个类别。
After the reform and opening up, martial art is generally divided into two categories of routine and fighting.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 07:42, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

After the reform and opening up, martial art is generally divided into two categories--routine and fighting.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 08:56, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2.气功是一种中国传统的保健、养生、祛病的方法。
Qigong is a traditional Chinese method of health care, health preservation and disease elimination.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 07:42, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3.在国人的印象中，北有霍元甲，南有黄飞鸿，南北双侠都是中国武林有史可查的大英雄。
In the impression of Chinese people, there are Huo Yuanjia in the north, Huang Feihong in the south, and both the northern and southern swordsmen are great heroes in the history of Chinese martial arts.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 07:42, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==
1、中国武术，有着悠久的历史，最早可以追溯到商周时期，具有极其广泛的群众基础，是中国劳动人民在长期的社会实践中不断积累和丰富起来的一项宝贵的文化遗产。

Wushu with a long history can be dated back to Shang and Zhou dynasties. It has a broad mass base and is a precious cultural heritage being accumulated and enriched by Chinese labors through long-term social practices.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 14:05, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

2、气功认为人有三宝:精气神。通过修炼人身体内的这三宝，积精累气，凝神静心，达到经络通达，强壮身体，祛除疾病，甚至挖掘人体潜力的目的。

It is believed in Qigong that people have three treasures: essence, energy and spirit. Cultivating the three treasures in our bodies through saving essence and energy and calming down spirit can help dredge meridians, build up a strong body, remove diseases and even exploit our potentials.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 14:05, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

3、孙中山对霍元甲“以武保国强种”的胆识给予了很高的评价。在精武会成立10周年之际，他亲临大会，题写了“尚武精神”四个大字，以示对霍元甲的纪念。
Sun Yat-sen spoke very highly of Huo Yuanjia’s courage and insight that Chinese people should protect the country and strengthen themselves through force. On the 10th anniversary of the Jingwu Association, Sun Yat-sen was present and wrote the four Chinese characters “尚武精神” (the spirit of martial arts) to memorize Huo Yuanjia.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 14:05, 28 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

==Grosheva, Anna==

1.In contemporary times, wushu has become an international sport through the International Wushu Federation (IWUF), which holds the World Wushu Championships every two years.
在当代，武术已通过国际武术联合会成为一项国际运动，该联盟每两年举行一次世界武术锦标赛.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 15:55, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2.Qigong exercise is an internal exercise routine to move the qi around in the body and learn to control the qi.
气功锻炼是一种内部锻炼程序，可以使体内的气举运动和学习控制气势。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 15:55, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3.This was their own brand of kung fu, developed for service as bodyguards, taught in full to sons of the family and in part to any students who had the money to learn.
这是他们自己的功夫品牌，是作为保镖服务而开发的，完全传授给全家的儿子，部分教导有钱学习的学生。--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 15:55, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==

1. 中国武术的起源可以追溯到原始社会。当时的人类用棍棒等工具与野兽搏斗，逐渐积累了一些攻防经验。而商代产生田猎更被视为武术训练的重要手段。

The origin of Chinese martial arts can be traced back to primitive society. At that time, humans used sticks and other tools to fight with wild animals, and gradually accumulated some experience in attack and defense. In the Shang Dynasty, hunting was considered an important means of martial arts training.

2.气功在保健方面有独特的功效。他是建立在整体生命观理论基础上，通过主动的内向性运用意识活动的锻炼，改造、完美、提高人体的生命功能，把自然的本能变为自觉智能的实践。气功与中医、武术一起，被认为是重要中华传统文化之一，受到世界范围内许多人的喜爱。

Qigong has unique effects on health care. It is based on the theory of a holistic view of life. It is a practice that transforms, perfects and improves the life functions of the human body through the active inward application of conscious activity, turning natural instincts into conscious intelligence. Along with Chinese medicine and martial arts, qigong is considered to be one of the most important traditional Chinese cultures and is loved by many people around the world.

3. 也许，历史迷雾中的霍元甲故事，有这样或者那样艺术加工的部分，但是，霍元甲所创精武体育会时倡导的“国民欲拒辱，必当自强”的尚武自强意识，确实是那个时代以来前赴后继的国人的真实愿望和想法。

The story of Huo Yuanjia in the fog of history may have one or more artistic processing, but Huo Yuanjia created the Jingwu Sports Association advocated that "the people want to resist humiliation, must be self-improvement," the sense of self-strengthening martial arts, is indeed the real wishes and thoughts of the people since that era.

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==
1.中国是东方武术的主要发源地，有着世界上独一无二的“武文化”。中国武术又被称为“功夫”，是中国传统文化的很重要一环，是中国民族体育的主要内容之一，是几千年来中国人民用以锻炼身体和自卫的一种方法。以往，人们只能在一些书中或者表演中感受到中国武术的影响力，现在它的影响力已经体现在一些电影电视中，有了更多的观众群体。中国武术已经传播到国外，吸引了全世界的广泛注意。

As one of the main birth places of Oriental martial arts, China has the unique “martial culture” in the world. Chinese martial arts, also known as Kung Fu, is an important component of Chinese culture, a major part of Chinese national sport, as well as a way for Chinese people to build their bodies and defend themselves over the past thousands of years. In the past, the influence of Chinese martial arts could be felt only in books or performances. Nowadays, the influence has found expression in some movies and television programs, so that it is reaching a much wider audience. As a result, Chinese martial arts have spread beyond China’s borders and captured the wide attention of the people around the world.

2.气功是中国文化的杰出遗产，也是传统中医的一个重要组成部分。它是以调心、调息、调身为手段的身心锻炼方法。气功能解乏并改善睡眠质量，从而提高工作效率。因此，在当代中国气功仍然很流行。气功分为医疗气功和健身气功两类：医疗气功用于治疗身体疾病;健身气功主要用于强健体魄，延缓衰老。越来越多的外国人加入练气功的行列。

Qigong is an outstanding legacy of Chinese culture as well as an important part of traditional Chinese medicine.It is to exercise both the body and the mind through the regulation of the mind,the breath and the body.Qigong relieves fatigue and improves sleep quality so as to improve work efficiency,which is why it is still popular in China now.There are two kinds of Qigong practices,that is,healing Qigong and fitness Qigong. The former serves as a treatment for diseases while the latter is used for strengthening the body and delaying aging.An increasing number of foreigners join the ranks of practicing Qigong.

3.在我国武术史上一共有几个与帝国主义侵略者斗争的武术大师，其中最为让后世子孙和国人所敬仰的就是霍元甲。后来在新中国成立之后，有不少影视公司以霍元甲的原型拍电影以作纪念。

In the history of Chinese Wushu, there are several masters who fought against imperialist invaders. Among them,Huo Yuanjia is the one that is most admired by future generations and people. Later, after the founding of New China, many film and television companies used his prototype to make movies as a commemoration.--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 03:12, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

1-Chinese martial arts, often named under the umbrella terms kung fu, kuoshu or wushu, are several hundred fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in China. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families", "sects" or "schools" of martial arts.

中国武术，通常以“功夫”，“武术”或“武术”等统称命名，是数百年来在中国发展起来的数百种格斗风格。这些格斗风格通常根据共同特征进行分类，即武术的“家庭”，“教派”或“学校”。

2-Qigong (pronounced chee-gong) is an ancient Chinese exercise and healing technique that involves meditation, controlled breathing and movement exercises. Qi is a concept from traditional Chinese culture that roughly means vital energy, information, breath or spirit.

气功（发音为气功）是一种古老的中国运动和康复技术，涉及冥想，控制呼吸和运动锻炼。气是中国传统文化中的一个概念，大致意味着生命力，信息，呼吸或精神。

3-Huo Yuanjia, courtesy name Junqing, was a Chinese martial artist and a co-founder of the Chin Woo Athletic Association, a martial arts school in Shanghai.

霍元嘉（Junqing）有礼貌，是中国武术家，是上海武术学校进和田径协会的联合创始人。--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 16:04, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

霍元甲，字俊卿，中国武术家，精武体育会、上海体育学校共同创始人之一。--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 03:18, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Guo Lu 郭露==

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==
1. Many Japanese judo wrestlers in Shanghai grudged Huo Yuanjia his name and success.

上海的许多日本柔道摔跤手都对霍元佳的名字和成功表示了憎恨。

许多在上海的日本柔道摔跤手都嫉妒霍元甲的名声和成就。--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:11, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

2. A museum and an arena for martial contests have also been built to memorialize Huo’s heritage.

为了纪念霍的遗产，还建立了一个博物馆和一个武术比赛场地。

为纪念霍元甲留下的武术遗产，还建立了一所博物馆和一个武术竞技场。--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:11, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

3. According to traditional Chinese medicine, it is the channels and collaterals that link the five viscera and six entrails, limbs and bones, five senses and nine orifices with the various tissues and organs of the superficial portion of the body, giving the body an organic integrity.

在古代，气功被称为金枪鱼（呼气和吸气），练气（生命力的训练），倒阴，内功（内部自我锻炼），静静地坐着，冥想或呼吸运动。--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 09:12, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

根据中医的说法，经络将五脏六腑、四肢骨骼、五官九孔同人体浅表部位的各种组织和器官相连，形成人体的有机整体性。--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:11, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==He Changqi 何长琦==

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==
1.武术是古代军事战争一种传承的技术。习武可以强身健体，亦可以防御敌人进攻。

Wushu is a kind of inherited technology in ancient military war. Practicing martial arts can strengthen the body and defend the enemy's attack.

2.气功是一种中国传统的保健、养生、祛病的方法。以呼吸的调整、身体活动的调整和意识的调整为手段，以强身健体、防病治病、健身延年、开发潜能为目的的一种身心锻炼方法。

Qigong is a traditional Chinese method of health care and health preservation. It is a kind of physical and mental exercise method which takes the adjustment of breath, physical activity and consciousness as the means to strengthen the body, prevent and treat diseases, keep fit and prolong life, and develop potential.

3.在国人的印象中，北有霍元甲，南有黄飞鸿，南北双侠都是中国武林有史可查的大英雄。霍元甲拳打西洋力士、脚踢东洋武士；黄飞鸿虎鹤双形名扬武林，威震香江。

In the impression of Chinese people, there are Huo Yuanjia in the north and Huang Feihong in the south. Both the northern and southern swordsmen are great heroes in the history of Chinese martial arts. Huo Yuanjia punches Western warriors and kicks Japanese warriors; Huang Feihong, tiger and crane, is famous in the Wulin and famous in Xiangjiang.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 09:11, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==
1. 武术不仅以外在的形体美著称，如架势、动作以及技巧，而且其内在美更为独特，被称为“生活之本，力量之源”。武术的本质是阴阳学说、五行学说和八卦理论。

1. Wushu is characterized not only by exterior beauty, found in postures, movements and techniques, but also deep interior beauty, emphasizing “life essence, vital energy, and spirit”. The essence of Wushu rests on the theories of Yin and Yang, the five elements and eight diagrams. --[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 13:06, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

1. Wushu is known not only for exterior beauty, found in postures, movements and techniques, but also for deep interior beauty, referred to as “the essence of life and the source of energy”. The essence of Wushu rests on the theories of Yin and Yang, the Five Elements (Wu Xing) and the Eight Trigrams (Ba Gua).--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 04:42, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 气功是一种心身锻炼，锻炼姿势、呼吸和精神集中度，以疏通经络，重建身体平衡.中医认为这种生理变化是通过经络在全身循环的气的流动和功能的波动和变化的结果。

2. Qigong is a psychopneumatological exercise,drills posture, respiration and focus of the mind in order to unclog the channels and collaterals and re-established body equilibrium. Traditional chinese medicine regards such physiological changes as results of fluctuations and changes in the flow and functions of Qi which circulate throughout the body through channels and collaterals. --[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 13:06, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 霍元甲是一位中国武术家，也是上海金宇体育协会的创始人之一。作为武术大师，霍在中国被视为英雄，因为他在备受关注的比赛中击败了外国拳手，而此时中国的主权正受到外国帝国主义、租界和势力范围的侵蚀。

3. Huo Yuanjia was a Chinese martial artist and a co-founder of the Chin Woo Athletic Association, a martial arts school in Shanghai. A practitioner of the martial art mizongyi, Huo is considered a hero in China for defeating foreign fighters in highly publicised matches at a time when Chinese sovereignty was being eroded by foreign imperialism, concessions and spheres of influence. --[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 13:06, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Huo Yuanjia was a Chinese martial artist and a co-founder of the Chin Woo Athletic Association, a martial arts school in Shanghai. As a practitioner of martial arts, Huo is considered a hero in China for defeating foreign fighters in highly publicised matches when Chinese sovereignty was being eroded by foreign imperialism and concessions.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 03:03, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==
1. 武术发源于传统中国武术，是一种展示性运动，也是一种全接触型运动。1949年后，武术在中国得到发展，以推动传统中国武术的标准化，以及多样而分散的武术传统的结构化。

Wushu is both an exhibition and a full-contact sport derived from traditional Chinese martial arts. It was developed in China after 1949, in an effort to standardize the practice of traditional Chinese martial arts and attempt to structure the various decentralized martial arts traditions.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 02:56, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 气功是一种中国传统的保健、养生、祛病的方法。古代或名“丹道”，以呼吸的调整、身体活动的调整和意识的调整为手段，以强身健体、防病治病、健身延年、开发潜能为目的的一种身心锻炼方法。我国古代气功文献资料浩如烟海，在道家、儒医、医家书记中有大量气功文献记载。挖掘整理工作，是一项既重要又艰巨的任务，它不仅要求研究者有较高的医学、气功学及古汉语、现代汉语等方面的知识，还须自身有较高的气功功底。

Qigong is a traditional Chinese method of health care, keeping fit and eliminating diseases. In ancient times, it was also called "Dan Dao", a physical and mental exercise method with the means of adjusting breath, physical activities and consciousness, aiming at strengthening the body, preventing and treating diseases, keeping fit, prolonging life and developing potentials. And there is a vast amount of qigong literature in ancient China, which is recorded in Taoist, Confucian and medical works. So founding and sorting related materials is an important and arduous task, which requires the researchers to have not only rich knowledges of medicine, qigong, ancient Chinese and modern Chinese, but also a great foundation of qigong.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 02:56, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 霍元甲（Fearless，1868年1月18日-1910年9月14日），字俊卿，生于天津静海县，清末著名爱国武术家，沧州十大武术名人之一。霍元甲喜行侠仗义，曾打败俄国大力士、英国大力士、日本柔道会，后在上海创办中国精武体育会，掀起习武热潮。

Huo Yuanjia ( English name: Fearless, January 18th, 1868 - September 14th, 1910), whose style name is Junqin, was born in Jinghai County, Tianjin. He was a noted patriotic martial artist in late Qing Dynasty, one of the ten famed martial artists in Cangzhou. Huo Yuanjia had a strong sense of justice and was ready to help the weak. He once defeated Russian hercules, British hercules and Japanese judo association. After that, he founded China Jingwu Sports Association in Shanghai and set off a wave of martial arts practice.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 02:56, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==
1. 咏春拳是一种十分科学、实战性强的拳术，它拳快而防守紧密，马步灵活而上落快，攻守兼备及守攻同期，注重刚柔并济，气力消耗量少。

Wing Chun Boxing is a very scientific and practical boxing. It is fast in attack and tight in defense, flexible in horse stance and fast in going up and down, both offensive and defensive at the same time, both rigid and soft, and less in strength consumption.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:40, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 八段锦为传统医学中的绚丽多彩之瑰宝。一般有八节，锦者，誉其似锦之柔和优美。

Baduanjin Exercise is a colorful treasure in traditional medicine. Generally, there are eight sections, and the word "jin", which means brocade in Chinese, represents that the exercise has both softness and beauty like brocade.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:40, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 霍元甲是清末著名爱国武术家。1910年6月1日，霍元甲结合时势，在农劲荪等武术界同仁协助下，在上海创办了“中国精武体操会”（后改名精武体育会）。

Huo Yuanjia was a famous patriotic martial artist in the late Qing Dynasty. On June 1, 1910, with the help of Nong Jinsun and other martial arts colleagues, Huo Yuanjia founded the "Chinese Jingwu Gymnastics Club" (later renamed Jingwu Sports Club) in Shanghai.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:40, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

1. Yongchun is a very scientific and practical boxing style. It is fast and defensive, flexible and quick while emphasizing strength and flexibility, thus consuming little energy.

2. Baduanjin is the colorful treasure of traditional medicine. There are generally eight sections, and “Jin” is described as soft and graceful like brocade.

3. Huo Yuanjia was a famous patriotic martial artist of the late Qing Dynasty, who founded the “China Jingwu Gymnastics Association” (later renamed “Jingwu Sports Association”) in Shanghai on June 1, 1910, with the assistance of Nong Jinsun and other martial artists, taking into account the current situation.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 07:20, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==
1.中国武术作为中国传统文化的瑰宝，能够深刻反映出中华文化的特质和哲学智慧，其蕴含的文化、思想、智慧，至今仍发挥着重要的价值。

As the treasure of the traditional Chinese culture, Chinese martial can deeply reflect the characteristics and philosophical wisdom of Chinese culture, and the culture, thoughts, and wisdom they contain still play an important value.

As the treasure of the traditional Chinese culture, Chinese martial arts can deeply reflect the distinguish characteristics and philosophical wisdom of Chinese culture, and the culture, thoughts, and wisdom they contain still hold great value.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 12:02, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

2.中华气功,是人类养生、健身、强身的重要方法,是开启生命科学的金钥匙。

Chinese qigong is an important method for human health, fitness, and health strengthening, and is the golden key to open the life sciences.

Qi gong of China is an important way for people to stay healthy,work out and get stronger,which is also an golden key for the door of life sciences.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]])Xiao Ting

3.电影《精武英雄》中的主角是精武门五弟子陈真,而精武门中除了陈真之外,还有另一位传奇人物,那就是陈真的师父,也就是精武门的创立人——霍元甲。

In the movie "Hero of Jingwu," the main character is Chen Zhen, one of the five disciples of the Jingwu Sect, and in addition to Chen Zhen, there is another legendary figure, Chen Zhen's master, Huo Yuanjia, the founder of the Jingwu Sect.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 09:10, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

1、表演与竞技、体育等，是近代对武术的曲解。当我们以表演、竞技、体育等来衡量我们的武术，其实，是以我们非常有限的几十年、上百年的"知识认知"，来定义我们沉淀进化亿万年而得的身体的使用价值，是非常局限的。

Performance and competition, sports and so on, are modern misinterpretations of martial arts. When we measure our martial arts in terms of performance, competition, sports, etc., in fact, it is very limited to define the use value of our bodies, which we have accumulated and evolved over hundreds of millions of years, based on our very limited "knowledge cognition" of decades or hundreds of years.

2、气功的好处除了保健作用外，也有治疗疾病的作用。如果病人选择气功作为辅助疗法，那么应根据不同的疾病选择不同的气功。

The benefits of Qigong are not only health care, but also the treatment of diseases. If patients choose qigong as adjuvant therapy, different qigong should be selected according to different diseases.

3、作为一个经常在电视荧幕上出现的武术家，霍元甲的种种传奇故事已经被很多人所熟知。但是，在很多人眼里，霍元甲仅仅是一个武林高手，却忘了，他同样是一位爱国人士。从生到死，他都在以自己独特的方式为国家民族争取尊严。

The legend of Huo Yuanjia, a martial artist who often appears on TV, is well known to many people. However, in the eyes of many people, Huo yuanjia is just a martial arts master, but forget that he is also a patriot. From birth to death, he fought for the dignity of his country and nation in his own unique way.--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 08:46, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

==Li Lili 李丽丽==
1.武术是古代军事战争一种传承的技术。习武可以强身健体，亦可以防御敌人进攻。
Wushu is a kind of inherited technology from ancient military war. Practicing martial arts can strengthen the body and defend the enemy's attack.

2.我国古代气功文献资料浩如烟海，在道家、儒家、医家书中有大量气功文献记载。挖掘整理工作，是一项既重要又艰巨的任务，它不仅要求研究者有较高的医学、气功学及古汉语、现代汉语等方面的知识，还须自身有较高的气功功底。
There are a myriad of Qigong documents in ancient China, which are recorded in Taoist, Confucian and medical books. Mining and sorting out process is an important and arduous task. It requires researchers not only to have a higher knowledge of medicine, qigong, ancient Chinese and modern Chinese, but also to have a good level of Qigong.

3.在国人的印象中，北有霍元甲，南有黄飞鸿，南北双侠都是中国武林有史可查的大英雄。
In the impression of Chinese people, there are Huo Yuanjia in the north of China, Huang Feihong in the south, and the both men are great heroes in the history of Chinese martial arts.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 09:46, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

1.Wushu is a technology inherited from ancient military wars. Martial arts can strengthen the body and defend against the enemy's attack.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 16:33, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

2.There are numerous documents related to qigong in ancient China, which are recorded in Taoist, Confucian and medical books. Excavating and sorting work is an important and arduous task, which requires researchers not only to have higher knowledge of medicine, qigong, ancient Chinese and modern Chinese, but also to master qigong skills.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 16:33, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

3.In the impression of Chinese people, there are Huo Yuanjia in the north of China, Huang Feihong in the south, and both the men are great heroes in the history of Chinese martial arts.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 16:33, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==

1. 武术具有消停战事、维护和平的实力。作为中华民族炎黄子孙的生存技能，中国传统武术伴随着中国历史与文明发展，走过了几千年的风雨历程，成为维系这个民族生存和发展的魂。中国武术最早起始于原始时代，当时的人们为了生存经常需要和动物打斗，于是在打斗过程中产生了一系列的格斗技巧和防护技巧。

Wushu has the power to stop wars and maintain peace. As the survival skills of the descendants of the Chinese people, it has gone through thousands of years of ups and downs in the course of Chinese history and civilization, becoming a bond that sustains the survival and development of this nation. Wushu originated in primitive times, when people had to fight with all kinds of animals in order to survive. It is in this process that a series of fighting and protecting skills were generated. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:12, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Martial arts have the power to stop wars and maintain peace. As a survival skill of the Chinese people, traditional Chinese martial arts have accompanied the development of Chinese history and civilization for thousands of years and have become the soul that sustains the survival and development of the nation. The earliest Chinese martial arts began in primitive times, when people often had to fight with animals in order to survive, so a series of fighting skills and protective techniques were developed during the fighting process.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:24, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 气功是源于中国的一种自我身心锻炼的方法，尽管气功功法种类很多，但是强调放松入静是共同的。气功包含身心两部分活动，并从天、地、人的关系中获得启示。气功作为中国传统文化的组成部分和民族传统体育项目，具有一定的强身健体作用，千百年来受到许多群众的喜爱。

Qigong originating in China is a self-training approach of the body and mind. Although there are varieties of Qigong exercises, it is common to emphasize relaxation and meditation. The Qigong, involving both physical and mental activity, drew inspiration from the relationship between heaven, earth and man. It can improve people’s physical health, and is an integral part of Chinese traditional culture and national sport. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:12, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Although there are many different types of qigong methods, the emphasis on relaxation and meditation is common to all. Qigong consists of both physical and mental activities and draws inspiration from the relationship between heaven, earth and man. As a part of traditional Chinese culture and a traditional national sport, qigong has a certain role in strengthening the body and has been enjoyed by many people for thousands of years.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:24, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 霍元甲幼年体弱，因此父亲不让他学习武术，担心元甲习武日后有损霍家名声。但元甲志存高远，想尽各种办法学艺苦练。

Huo Yuanjia was weak at an early age, so his father restrained him from learning Wushu for fear that he would damage the reputation of the Huo family. Inspired by lofty ambitions, he was committed to learning it and practicing whenever he could. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:12, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Huo Yuanjia was weak at a young age, so his father forbade him from learning martial arts, fearing that Yuanjia's martial arts training would harm the Huo family's reputation later on. However, Yuanjia was ambitious and tried every possible way to learn and practice.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:24, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Huo Yuanjia was weak at a young age, so his father forbade him from learning martial arts, fearing that Yuanjia would damage the Huo family's reputation later on. However, Yuanjia was ambitious and tried every possible way to learn and practice.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 04:02, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1.作为中华民族炎黄子孙的生存技能，中国传统武术伴随着中国历史与文明发展，走过了几千年的风雨历程，成为维系这个民族生存和发展的魂和承载中华儿女基因构成的魄。

As the survival skills of the descendants of the Chinese nation,Chinese traditional martial arts has gone through ups and downs along with the development of Chinese history and civilization for thousands of years.It has become the soul sustains the survival and development of the Chinese nation and that carries the genetic composition of the Chinese people.

As a survival skill of the Chinese descendants,traditional martial arts has gone through ups and downs in the course of the development of Chinese history and civilization for thousands of years.It has become the soul that sustains the survival and development of the Chinese nation and carries the genes of the Chinese people.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:27, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

2.体育锻炼非常重视心理状态的影响，几乎所有体育项目的竞技成绩都与运动员的心理稳定性有关，只是影响的程度不同，情绪的任何波动都可能大大影响成绩。

Physical exercise attaches great importance to the influence of psychological states, almost all the performances of sports events are related to the psychological stability of athletes, only the degree differs.Any emotional fluctuation may greatly affect the performances.

3.据说农劲荪是霍元甲在政治上的启蒙者及几乎所有事业的幕后支持者，正是在他的谆谆教诲及不懈的包装下，霍元甲从靠拳头吃饭的一介武夫，最终树立了民族英雄的光辉形象。

It is said that Nong Jinsun was Huo Yuanjia’s enlightenment politically and backer of almost all his careers.It was under Nong’s inculcation and unremitting package that Huo finally set up a glorious image as national hero when initially made a living as rough-neck.--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 02:57, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

It is said that Nong Jinsun was Huo Yuanjia’s enlightenment politically and backer of almost all his careers.It was under Nong’s inculcation and unremitting package that Huo finally set up a glorious image as a national hero while he initially made a living as a rough-neck.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:27, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

1．《卧虎藏龙》是由李安执导，周润发、杨紫琼和章子怡等联袂主演的一部武侠动作电影。影片讲述一代大侠李慕白有退出江湖之意，托付红颜知己乐秀莲将自己的青冥剑带到京城，作为礼物送给贝勒爷收藏。李慕白隐退江湖的举动实际却是惹来更多的江湖恩怨。

The Wuxia film ''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon'' was directed by Li An and acted by Chow Yunfat, Michelle Yeoh and Zhang Ziyi, which depicted a story that the martial art master Li Mubai (act by Chow Yunfat) intended to withdraw from the martial art community so that asked his female bosom friend Xiu Lian (act by Michelle Yeoh) to bring his Qing Ming sword as a gift to Beile (a royal family member). However, Li’s withdraw brought about more enmity from the martial art community. --[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 10:14, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2．王林自称用气功能做到空盆来蛇、空杯来酒等绝活，及为外国首脑高官治病的特异功能。

Wang Lin, the charlatan who self-announced as a Qigong master, said that he can fetch snake or wine with empty cups and possessed the mystical skill which had cured the foreign high rank officials. --[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 10:14, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3．霍元甲生在一个迷踪拳的世家。父亲霍恩第以保镖（护送财物或保护雇主人身安全）为业，因霍恩第的迷踪拳出神入化，所以很多大商人都求他保镖，霍恩第只镖穷苦百姓、清白之人，对贪官污吏决不保镖。

Huo Yuanjia was born in a family which holding reputation for Mizong Boxing for generations. His father Huo Endi was a master of boxing and dealing with envoy business, so many merchants wanted to invite him to work. Huo Endi, however, rejected the corrupt officials and only serviced for the decent merchants and poor people.--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 10:14, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1、中国武术，伴随中华文明4000多年流传至今，是捍卫我族文明迄今屹立不倒的、重要的文化组成部分，不可割裂。它将引导我族携中国文化带领世界人民走向精神与物质并存的高度文明，是我国以文化崛起、文明治国不可或缺的核心元素之一。

Chinese martial arts, which have been handed down along with Chinese civilization for more than 4,000 years, are an important and inseparable part of the culture that has safeguarded our civilization so far. It is one of the indispensable core elements of our country's cultural rise and civilizational rule.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:21, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

2、武术气功是锻炼人体内的气与力在意志支配下自由上下来去，是一种气与力的内在运动。它是旁人所看不见的，只能自己体会，因此必须自下决心，一旦练到量变到质变，即是功成之日。

Wushu qigong is the inner movement of qi and force within the human body that is exercised to come up and go down freely under the control of the will. It is invisible to others and can only be experienced by oneself, so one must make up one's own mind, and once one's practice has changed from quantitative to qualitative, that is the day one's work is accomplished.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:21, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

3、霍元甲逝世。“下毒说”是武侠小说、影视安排主角之死采用得最普遍的一种做法，一个武功高强、智慧过人、道德高尚的侠客和英雄，如果他非死不可的话，他的死一般来说总是对手卑鄙暗算的结果。霍元甲死于日本人的恶意下毒，这样的剧情处理是比较经济的选择。

Huo Yuanjia passed away. "A highly skilled, intelligent, morally upright swordsman and hero, if he had to die, his death would generally be the result of a dastardly plot by his opponent. Huo Yuanjia's death by Japanese poisoning was a more economical choice for this scenario.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:21, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==
1 少林武术是我国极具代表性的传统武术流派，在历史发展过程中不断延伸，形成了庞大的体系和丰富的文化积淀。长久以来，少林功夫以武艺精湛闻名于世，同时远遁世俗，颇具高深莫测的神秘之感。

The Shaolin Temple is one of the most famous traditional schools in China. Throughout history, it has developed and formed a rich system with abundant cultural accumulation. For a long time, shaolin kungfu has been renowned for its magnificent techniques, as well as a sense of mystical seclusion.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 08:59, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

The Shaolin martial art is one of the most representative traditional schools in China. Throughout history, it has developed and formed an enormous system with abundant cultural accumulation. For a long time, Shaolin kungfu has been renowned for its consummate techniques as well as a sense of mystical seclusion.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 14:29, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

The Shaolin Temple is one of the most representative traditional schools in China. Throughout history, it has developed and formed a rich system with abundant cultural deposits. For a long time, shaolin kungfu has been renowned for its magnificent techniques, as well as a sense of mystical seclusion.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 12:56, 28 November 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

2 气功是一种中国传统的保健、养生、祛病的方法。古代或名“丹道”，以呼吸的调整、身体活动的调整和意识的调整为手段，以强身健体、防病治病、健身延年、开发潜能为目的的一种身心锻炼方法。

Qigong is a traditional Chinese method of health care, keeping fit and curing diseases. In ancient times, it was also called "Dan Dao", a physical and mental exercise method with the meeans of adjusting breath, physical activity and consciousness, aimed at strengthening the body, preventing and treating diseases, keeping fit, extending the longevity and developing the potential.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 08:59, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

3 霍元甲是一代武术传奇，以一套千变万化的“迷踪艺”声震四方，曾在国家危难之际，参与建立成立于1910的精武会。

Huo Yuanjia was a legendary kung fu master famous for the complicated art called Mizongyi (literally "lost track fist"). He helped established the Chin Woo Athletic Association in 1910 when the country was vulnerable to imperialism.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 08:59, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Huo Yuanjia was a legendary kung fu master famous for the complicated art called Mizongyi (literally "lost track fist"). He helped establish the Chin Woo Athletic Association in 1910 when the country was vulnerable to imperialism.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 12:56, 28 November 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==
1、中国武术，有着悠久的历史，最早可以追溯到商周时期，具有极其广泛的群众基础，是中国劳动人民在长期的社会实践中不断积累和丰富起来的一项宝贵的文化遗产。

Wushu, with a long history, can be dated back to Shang and Zhou dynasties. It has a broad mass base and is a precious cultural heritage accumulated and enriched by Chinese labors through long-term social practices.

2.气功是一种中国传统的保健、养生、祛病的方法。以呼吸的调整、身体活动的调整和意识的调整为手段，以强身健体、防病治病、健身延年、开发潜能为目的的一种身心锻炼方法。

Qigong is a traditional Chinese method of health care and health preservation. It is a kind of physical and mental exercise method which takes the adjustment of breath, physical activity and consciousness as the means to strengthen the body, prevent and treat diseases, keep fit and prolong life, and develop potential.

3. 霍元甲幼年体弱，因此父亲不让他学习武术，担心元甲习武日后有损霍家名声。但元甲志存高远，想尽各种办法学艺苦练。

Huo Yuanjia was weak at a young age, so his father forbade him from learning martial arts, fearing that Yuanjia would damage Huo family's reputation later. But Yuanjia was ambitious and tried every possible way to learn and practice.--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 11:54, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

1.中国武术，延衍流长，流传迄今可考证史实有4200年的中华文明史，文武相承相传。然当今武门外人对中国武术的理解，大部分局限在将武术定义为观赏性与竞技性范围内，而忽略武术给修习者带来的高度安全的核心价值，同时不注重自身身体的锻练，导致出现对中国传统武术的误解，不利于真正中国武术的修习和传播。

Chinese martial arts have a long history and can be verified by a 4200 year history of Chinese civilization, showing that civil and military traditions are handed down from generation to generation. However, most of laymen's understanding of Chinese martial arts is limited in the definition of Wushu as ornamental and competitive, while neglecting the core value of high security brought by martial arts to practitioners, and neglecting their own body training, which leads to misunderstanding of Chinese traditional martial arts, which is not conducive to the cultivation and dissemination of real Chinese martial arts.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 11:44, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

2.如果从现代行为医学的角度看，气功锻炼是对一种有利于心身健康的良性行为进行学习训练，最终以条件反射方式固定下来的行为疗法。

From the perspective of modern behavioral medicine, Qigong exercise is a kind of behavior therapy which is beneficial to mental and physical health and which is fixed in the form of conditioned reflex.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 11:44, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

From the perspective of modern behavioral medicine, Qigong exercise is a kind of behavior therapy which is beneficial to mental and physical health.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 09:13, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

3.元甲天资聪颖，毅力惊人，功艺长足进步，在兄弟之中出类超群，并在24岁那年5分钟之内击败了一位打败了霍元甲的哥哥与弟弟的人。父见此，一改旧念，悉心传艺于他。后元甲以武会友，融合各家之长，将祖传“秘宗拳”发展为“迷踪艺”，使祖传拳艺达到了新的高峰。

Huo Yuanjia is talented and has made great progress in his skills with his sheer will-power. He is outstanding among his brothers. He defeated a man who had defeated his brother and younger brother in five minutes when he was 24 years old. After having seen this, his father changed his old thoughts and devoted all his attention to passe on his skills to Huo Yuanjia. Later Yuanjia met friends with martial arts , combined the strengths of various schools, and developed the ancestral "secret boxing" into "lost track school", which made the ancestral boxing reach a new peak.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 11:44, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

1.先有舞，后有武。武，举戈而舞，旌旗、震慑。

Dancing is the predecessor of martial arts,which is a kind of dance with weapons and flags for deterrence.

2.练气要诀：专心呼吸，轻松舒适，静观其变，顺其自然，自然而然，聚精会神，感生化力。

There are some knacks when practising Qigong:firstly people should concentrate their breath and be relaxed and comfortable;secondly they should wait and see the changeand then let nature take its course;finally they can feel the emergence of energy with high concentration.

3.在国人的印象中，北有霍元甲，南有黄飞鸿，南北双侠都是中国武林有史可查的大英雄。霍元甲拳打西洋力士、脚踢东洋武士；黄飞鸿虎鹤双形名扬武林，威震香江。

Upon the perception of Chinese people,Huo Yuanjia from the North and Huang Feihong from the South are both renowned heroes among Chinese martial-arts circle.The former beat the Western hercule by pugilism and kicked the Japanese warrior;the latter was famous for his tiger-crane shaped boxing and was honored by the whole Xiang River region.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 14:21, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==

1. 武术，止戈的技术，消停战事的技术，是物质文明的保障和导向。武术分别体现在国家的国防实力、和个人的安全防卫方面，在不同的时期和不同地方，有不同形式的应用和进步。

Wushu, the skill to avert conflicts and stop warfare, provides security and guidance in the material civilization. It is represented in the national defense capabilities and personal security. From time to time and place to place, it has different forms of application and progress.

2. 直到“文革”结束之后，气功事业发生了空前的变化，正道功派发展成为一门独特的科学。大家都懂得“气功”并非玄虚之事，而是一门特殊的学问，“气功”成了关于人们身心健康的一门特殊学问的代名词了。

After the Cultural Revolution, unprecedented changes happened to the development of Qigong, through which the authentic schools developed into a special science. Since eople got to know Qigong is not a matter of mystery, but a special science, it has become a term of a special science on people's physical and mental health.

After the Cultural Revolution, unprecedented changes happened to the development of Qigong, through which the authentic schools developed into a special science. Since people started to know Qigong is not a matter of mystery, but a special science, it has become a term of a special science on people's physical and mental health.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:34, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

3. 电影《霍元甲》所表现出来的民族精神包括自强不息，崇尚武德，爱国主义，博大宽容和团结互助等方面。这些民族精神给观众以强烈的震撼，并在社会主义建设事业中发挥着精神激励和民族凝聚力的作用。

The film ''Huo Yuanjia'' present several national spirits including self-striving, promoting Wushu virtuousness, patriotism, fraternity and tolerence and unity and mutual help, which greatly shock the audience and provide the spiritual encouragement and national cohesion for the task of socialist construction. --[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 06:46, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

The film ''Huo Yuanjia'' presents several national spirits including self-striving, promoting Wushu virtuousness, patriotism, fraternity and tolerence and unity and mutual help, which greatly shock the audience and provide the spiritual encouragement and national cohesion for the task of socialist construction.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 13:02, 28 November 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

1.中国武术，首先是一门制止侵袭的技术；在这个基础上，我们可以获得从身体到头脑、到心性方面融汇贯通的个人修习、获得从安全到快乐的满足，安以常乐。

Chinese martial arts, first of all, is a technique to stop invasion; on this basis, we obtain personal training that integrates the transition from the body to the mind, to the mind and nature, obtains the satisfaction from safety to happiness, and enjoys constant happiness.

2.气功的好处除了保健作用外，也有治疗疾病的作用。如果病人选择气功作为辅助疗法，那么应根据不同的疾病选择不同的气功。

The benefits of Qigong are not only health care, but also disease treatment. If the patient chooses Qigong as an auxiliary therapy, then different Qigong should be chosen according to different diseases.

3.霍元甲故居纪念馆从建成之日起已有数万的爱国人士前来参观瞻仰，重温霍元甲这位爱国英雄的传奇事迹和感人精神。如今，纪念馆已列为天津市重点文物保护单位和天津市青少年爱国主义教育基地。

Tens of thousands of patriots have come to visit and admire the Fearless Former Residence Memorial Hall since it was completed, relive the legendary deeds and moving spirit of this patriotic hero. Today, the memorial hall has been listed as a key cultural relics protection unit in Tianjin and a youth patriotism education base in Tianjin.--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 09:32, 28 November 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 09:32, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
1-武术既有武术元素，也有中国传统体操甚至中国戏曲的元素。

Wushu has martial elements, but also elements taken from traditional Chinese gymnastics and even Chinese opera.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 03:46, 26 November 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

Wushu is a kind of martial art and contains elements taken from traditional Chinese gymnastics and even Chinese opera.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 12:58, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

2-气功可以协调，增强所有内脏和身体系统的功能，并具有治愈作用。它增加了能量在整个身体中的供应和流动，可以具有多种恢复活力的作用，被认为可以延长寿命，并且可以诱发镇定的精神和情绪状态。

Qigong can harmonise, strengthen, and have a healing effect on the functioning of all the internal organs and bodily systems. It increases the supply and flow of energy throughout the body, can have a variety of rejuvenating effects and is believed to increase longevity, and it induces calm mental and emotional states.--[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 03:46, 26 November 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

3-霍元嘉（1868年1月18日至1910年8月9日），[1]礼貌名俊俊，是中国武术家，也是上海武术学校进和田径协会的联合创始人。霍先生是武术武术宗师[2]，在中国主权受到外国帝国主义，让步和势力范围侵蚀的时候，因在公开宣传的比赛中击败外国战士而被认为是中国的英雄。

Huo Yuanjia (18 January 1868 – 9 August 1910),[1] courtesy name Junqing, was a Chinese martial artist and a co-founder of the Chin Woo Athletic Association, a martial arts school in Shanghai. A practitioner of the martial art mizongyi,[2] Huo is considered a hero in China for defeating foreign fighters in highly publicised matches at a time when Chinese sovereignty was being eroded by foreign imperialism, concessions and spheres of influence. --[[User:Phyo Su Kyi 1|Phyo Su Kyi 1]] ([[User talk:Phyo Su Kyi 1|talk]]) 03:46, 26 November 2020 (UTC)Phyo Su Kyi

==Pingki, Tanchangya==
1.武术是中国传统的搏击风格，在中国发展了很长的历史，被称为``功夫''。

Wushu is a Chinese traditional fighting style which has developed over a long historical period in China, known as Kung Fu.Wushu came under the influence of Buddhism and taoism.

2.气功被认为是中国功夫的精髓，它是一个古老的中国保健系统，集体育锻炼，呼吸控制和心理训练于一体。

Qigong is considered an essence of China kung fu, it is an ancient chinese Health care system that integrates physical exercise, breath control and mental training.

3.霍元嘉是中国武术家，是上海武术学校的联合创始人。霍被视为中国英雄。

Huo Yuanjia is known as a Chinese martial artist and co-founder of a martial arts school in Shanghai. Huo is considered as a hero in China.--[[User:PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4|PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4]] ([[User talk:PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4|talk]]) 11:31, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==
1. 我们的承传的中国武术文化，就是一套全面精湛的“自保”文化，而非“攻击”文化。因为攻击最终也是为了获得生存、生活、快活、快乐，而不是为了攻击、而攻击。
Chinese martial arts that we inherit is a set of comprehensive and consummate culture of “self-defense” culture, instead of “attack”, since even if it contains attack actions, it attacks ultimately for substance, living, joviality and happiness, rather than attacking for the sake of attacking.

2. 气功是一种中国传统的保健、养生、祛病的方法。古代或名“丹道”，以呼吸的调整、身体活动的调整和意识的调整为手段，以强身健体、防病治病、健身延年、开发潜能为目的的一种身心锻炼方法。
Qigong is a Chinese traditional way to keep healthy, cultivate onself and dispelling disease. Also named Dandao in ancient times, it is a method of exercising physically and mentally, which aims at body building, preventing and curing disease, and prolonging life through adjusting breathe, body motion, and conciousness.

3. 霍元甲的徒弟和朋友们拿着霍元甲每日吃的药去化验，才知是一瓶慢性烂肺药，明白了这是日本人暗下的毒手。逝世时年仅42岁。
After assaying the medicine that Huo Yuanjia took everyday, his apprentices and friends finally got to know that it was those Japanese who murdered Huo. He passed away when he was only fourty-two years old.--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 15:08, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

==Seydou, Sagara==

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==
1. 少林武功是中国武术最具代表性，最具权威性，又最具神秘感的中国武功流派，它无疑已成为中国武术的主流学派。

Shaolin Kung Fu is the most representative, authoritative and mysterious school of Chinese martial arts. It has undoubtedly become the mainstream school of Chinese martial arts.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 01:38, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

Shaolin Kung Fu is the most representative and authoritative school of Chinese martial arts with mystery. Undoubtedly, it has become the mainstream school of Chinese martial arts.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 08:26, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

2.气功之兴于中国，由来尚矣。其于保健强身及防病治病，功亦伟矣。然学术界中，议论纷纷，褒贬不一。

With a long history, Qigong originated from China. It contributes to health care and disease prevention and treatment. However, in the academic circles, there are many comments on it, including both praise and criticism.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 01:37, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

3.周杰伦作为中国歌坛流行天王，几乎每一首歌都受到热捧。其中《霍元甲》这首歌，更是因为旋律动人，歌词出彩，传唱度极高。

As the king of pop music in China, almost every song of Jay Chou makes a hit，among which "Huo Yuanjia" is widely sung owing to its moving melody and excellent lyrics.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 01:37, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Si Yu 司妤==

1.中国武术，延衍流长，流传迄今可考证史实有4200年的中华文明史。然当今武门外人对中国武术的理解，大部分局限在将武术定义为观赏性与竞技性范围内，而忽略武术对修习者带来"消停侵袭"所达到的高度安全的核心价值，导致对中国传统武术的误解，不利于真正中国武术的修习和传播。
China’s Wu Shu can be dated back to 4200 years ago. But laymen are limited in defining it as ornamental and competitive sports and ignore the core value that it can bring practitioner high safety from “preventing attack”, which adds to their misunderstandings of China’s Wu Shu. It can thus bring negative influence to the practice and spread of Wu Shu.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:09, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

2.气功养生，就是通过有意识的自我身心调整，来达到养生保健、防病治病的锻炼方法。在学习气功养生前，首先要了解和掌握一下气功养生有哪些禁忌，以便日后练习中达到事半功倍的效果。
Health-keeping Qigong is an exercise that helps maintain health and prevent diseases through conscious mental adjustments. Before learning it, one has to know and grasp taboos in health-keeping Qigong so that achievements can be gained with only half work done.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:09, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

3.霍元甲生在一个迷踪拳的世家。父亲霍恩第以保镖为业，因霍恩第的迷踪拳出神入化，所以很多大商人都求他保镖，霍恩第只镖穷苦百姓、清白之人，对贪官污吏决不保镖。
Huo Yuanjia was born in a family that had the tradition of practicing Mizong strike. His father Huo Endi worked as a bodyguard. As he was excellent in playing Mizong strike, many businessmen asked him to be their bodyguard. However, Huo Endi only protected the poor and the innocent but not corrupt officials.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:09, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

1.武术最初作为军事训练手段, 与古代军事斗争紧密相连，其技击的特性是显而易见的。在实用中，其目的在于杀伤、制限对方，它常常以最有效的技击方法，迫使对方失去反抗能力。这些技击术至今仍在军队、公安中被采用。

Wushu was originally used as a means of military training and was closely related to ancient military combat. Its martial arts characteristics are obvious. In practice, its purpose is to kill and restrict the opponent, and it often uses the most effective combat methods to force the opponent to lose the ability to resist. These martial arts are still used in the army and police.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:54, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

2.直到"文革"结束之后，气功事业发生了空前的变化，正道功派发展成为一门独特的科学。大家都懂得"气功"并非玄虚之事，而是一门特殊的学问，"气功"成了关于人们身心健康的一门特殊学问的代名词了。

Until the end of the "Cultural Revolution", the cause of Qigong has undergone unprecedented changes, and the Zhengdao Gong school has developed into a unique science. Everyone knows that "Qigong" is not a mystery, but a special knowledge, a synonymy to people's physical and mental health.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:54, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

3.孙中山对霍元甲“以武保国强种”的胆识给予了很高的评价。在精武会成立10周年之际，他亲临大会，题写了“尚武精神”四个大字，以示对霍元甲的纪念。

Sun Yat-sen spoke highly of Huo Yuanjia's courage to "strengthen the country with military force". On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the Jingwu Association, he personally visited the conference and inscribed the four characters "尚武精神" （Spirit of Martial Arts） to commemorate Huo Yuanjia.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 13:54, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==

1.少林拳发展到近现代，运动特点表现为禅拳一体、神形一片，硬打快攻、齐进齐退。

Shaolin boxing in modern times is characterized by the integration of the spirit and form of Zen boxing, hard hitting and fast attacking, and advancing and retreating together.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 01:11, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

2.练功时，以坐势为主，立势为辅，坐即盘腿而坐，单盘，双盘，任其自便。身体平正，目视东方周身放松。心平气和，精神集中双手互握轻轻放在腿根或腹前。

When practicing Qigong, the sitting posture is the mainstay, supplemented by the standing posture. Sitting is sitting with legs crossed, one leg crossed or both, as you like. The body is flat and relaxed with the eyes looking east. The mind is calm and concentrated, and the hands are gently placed on the roots of the legs or in front of the abdomen.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 01:11, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 精武以体，智，德三星会旗和三星会徽为标记，代表精武以体，智，德三育为宗旨，倡导和发扬爱国，修身，正义和助人的精武精神。

The flag and emblem of the three stars represent the Jingwu spirit of patriotism, self-cultivation, justice and helping others.--[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 01:11, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==

1.武术，是修习一门制止侵袭的高度自保技术，它在切实解决安全问题的基础上，使我们的头脑得到应变能力的训练，简便易行、能够轻松提升人的精神和身体素质，防卫健身.

Wushu is a highly self-protection technology to stop being attacked. On the basis of solving the security problems, it can train our minds to improve the adaptability. Easily operative and convenient,it can easily enhance people's mental and physical quality, defend yourself and keep you fit. --[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 13:09, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2.气功的好处除了保健作用外，也有治疗疾病的作用。如果病人选择气功作为辅助疗法，那么应根据不同的疾病选择不同的气功。如胃溃疡胃病患者可练习内养功;肿瘤患者可选择行步功或郭林新气功、自控气功等;高血压、神经衰弱及疼痛病人可选择放松功。

Qigong has the benefits of health care and treatment of diseases. If patients choose Qigong as auxiliary therapy, they should choose different kinds of Qigong according to different diseases. For example, patients with gastric ulcer and stomach disease can choose internal nourishing work; cancer patients walking exercise or Guo Linxin Qigong and self-control Qigong; patients with hypertension, neurasthenia and pain relaxation exercise.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 13:10, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3.在国人的印象中，北有霍元甲，南有黄飞鸿，南北双侠都是中国武林有史可查的大英雄。霍元甲拳打西洋力士、脚踢东洋武士；黄飞鸿虎鹤双形名扬武林，威震香江。

In Chinese people’s minds, there was Huo Yuanjia in the North, Huang Feihong in the South, both of whom were great heroes in the history of Chinese martial arts. Huo Yuanjia punched Western warriors and kicked Japanese warriors; Huang Feihong, was greatly well-known and deterrent in the Wushu circle and Xiangjiang region with his unique skill of Tiger and Crane .--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 13:09, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Xuan 王轩==

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==
1. 2020年1月8日，在瑞士洛桑举行的国际奥委会执委会会议通过了武术列入第四届青年奥林匹克运动会正式比赛项目的申请，这是武术首次成为奥林匹克系列运动会正式比赛项目。

On January 8, 2020, the application of martial arts to be included in the official event of the Fourth Youth Olympic Games. has been approved in the International Olympic Committee Executive Committee Cinference in Lausanne, Switzerland. And this is the first time that martial arts has become an official event of the Olympic series.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 02:39, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

On January 8, 2020, the application of martial arts to be included in the official event of the Fourth Youth Olympic Games. has been approved in the International Olympic Committee Executive Committee Cinference in Lausanne, Switzerland，which is the first time that martial arts has become an official event of the Olympic series.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 13:15, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2.我国古代气功文献资料浩如烟海，在道家、儒医、医家书记中有大量气功文献记载。挖掘整理工作，是一项既重要又艰巨的任务。

There are a vast array of ancient Qigong documents in my country, and there are a large number of qigong documents recorded in Taoism, Confucian medicine, and medical secretaries. Digging and settling is an important and arduous task.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 02:39, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

There are a vast variety of ancient Qigong documents in ancient Chinese,and a large number of qigong documents recorded in Taoism, Confucian medicine, and medical secretaries. Digging and settling these docements is an important and arduous task.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 13:15, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 霍元甲逝世后，当时精武会弟子和上海武术界爱国人士为霍元甲举行了隆重葬礼，敬献了“成仁取义”挽联，安葬于上海北郊。

After Huo Yuanjia's death, disciples of the Jingwu Club and patriots from the Shanghai martial arts circle held a grand funeral for him, and presented the elegiac couplet of "sacrificed live for justice". He was buried in the northern suburbs of Shanghai.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 02:39, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

After Huo Yuanjia's death, disciples of the Jingwu Club and patriots from the Shanghai martial arts circle held a grand funeral for him, and presented the elegiac couplet of "sacrificed live for justice". Huo was buried in the northern suburbs of Shanghai.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 13:15, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==
1.中国武术，伴随中华文明4000多年流传至今，是捍卫我族文明迄今屹立不倒的、重要的文化组成部分，不可割裂。它将引导我族携中国文化带领世界人民走向精神与物质并存的高度文明，是我国以文化崛起、文明治国不可或缺的核心元素之一。

Chinese martial arts, which have been handed down with the Chinese civilization for more than 4,000 years, are an essential and inseparable part of the Chinese culture . It will lead the Chinese people with Chinese culture to be the guide of the world to a highly civilized coexistence of spirit and material. In addition, it is one of the indispensable core elements of China’ s rise and governance by culture and civilization.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 08:22, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

2.气功养生，就是通过有意识的自我身心调整，来达到养生保健、防病治病的锻炼方法。在学习气功养生前，首先要了解和掌握一下气功养生有哪些禁忌，以便日后练习中达到事半功倍的效果。

Qigong can preserve one’s health. Consciously adjusting one’s body and mind is the way to keep health, prevent and treat diseases. Before learning Qigong to keep health, one should learn and master the taboo of it so as to yield twice the result with half the effort in the future practice.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 08:22, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

Health-keeping Qigong is an exercise that helps adjust one’s body and mind to keep health, prevent and treat diseases. Before learning it, one should learn and master the taboo of it so as to yield twice the result with half the effort done.--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 12:38, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

3.霍元甲幼年体弱，父亲霍恩第不让他习武，担心元甲习武日后有损霍家名声，拒不授艺于他。但元甲志存高远，偷艺于父传兄弟之机。

As Huo Yuanjia（1868-1910）was weak in his childhood, his father, Huo Endi didn’t allow him to learn Martial art. He also worried that Yuanjia would humiliate the reputation of Huo family after his learning of Martial art, so he refused to teach him. But Yuanjia had high aspiration so that he learned secretly while his father was teaching his brothers.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 08:22, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==

1.武指军事或武术，术指艺术。武术运动是从20世纪40年代中国武术发展起来的，目的是规范传统武术。

1.Wushu actually means martial arts in Chinese: Wu means military or martial, and Shu means art. The sport of wushu was developed from Chinese martial arts in the 1940’s. The goal was to standardize the practice of traditional martial arts.

2.传统中医理论描述了特殊的穴位，或指穴位，它们位于体内的经脉上。据信，在人体内的经脉（这些经脉并不真实存在）里流动着一股能量——一种叫做“气”的生命力。

2.Traditional Chinese medical theory describes special acupoints, or acupressure points, that lie along meridians, or channels, in your body. It is believed that through these invisible channels flows vital energy -- or a life force called qi (chi).

3.霍元甲（1868年1月18日－1910年9月14日），清末著名爱国武术家，字俊卿，生于天津静海县。霍元甲出身镖师家庭，继承家传“秘宗拳”绝技。

3.Huo Yuanjia(1868.1.18-1910.9.14),whose name is junqin,was a famous martial arts master and patriots in the late Qing dynasty.Born in a guard family in jinghai, Tianjin,he was the heir of "mizongquan" (the secert of punch).--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 05:59, 28 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

3.Huo Yuanjia(1868.1.18-1910.9.14),whose courtesy name is junqin,was a famous martial arts master and patriots in the late Qing dynasty.Born in a guard family in jinghai, Tianjin,he was the heir of "mizongquan" (the secert of punch).--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 08:51, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==

1.中国武术，伴随中华文明4000多年流传至今，是捍卫我族文明迄今屹立不倒的、重要的文化组成部分，不可割裂。它将引导我族携中国文化带领世界人民走向精神与物质并存的高度文明，是我国以文化崛起、文明治国不可或缺的核心元素之一。

1.Chinese Wushu, which has been handed down for more than 4000 years with Chinese civilization, is an important part of Chinese culture, which can not be separated. It will guide our nation to carry Chinese culture and lead the people of the world to a high degree of civilization where spirit and material coexist. It is one of the essential core elements for China's cultural rise and civilized governance.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 12:08, 26 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.气功在保健方面有独特的功效。他是建立在整体生命观理论基础上，通过主动的内向性运用意识活动的锻炼，改造、完美、提高人体的生命功能，把自然的本能变为自觉智能的实践。

2.Qigong has a unique effect on health care. It is based on the overall theory of life, through the active internality of the use of conscious exercise, to transform, perfect, improve the life function of the human body, the nature of the instinct into conscious intelligence practice.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 12:08, 26 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.Qigong has a unique effect on health care. It is based on the overall theory of life. Through the active internality, it uses conscious exercise to transform, perfect, improve the life function of the human body and transfer the nature of the instinct into conscious intelligence practice.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 04:44, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

3.两次打擂霍元甲都不战而胜，人们其实佩服的是霍元甲的精神和勇气，在别人都不敢站出来的时候他站了出来，这种精神是不死的。

3.Huo Yuanjia won the two fights without a fight. What people actually admire is Huo Yuanjia's spirit and courage. He stood up when others were afraid to stand up. This spirit is immortal.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 12:08, 26 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

In both attempts, Huo Yuanjia won without a fight. In fact, what people admire most is his spirit and courage. He stood up bravely when others were afraid of failure, and it is an immortal spirit. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:20, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==
1. 功夫，是在中国清末出现的、关于“武术”的别称，主要体现在个人在武术上的应用和造诣。杀伤性强，观赏性较之武术略显不足。

Kung Fu, a nickname for "martial arts" that appeared in late Qing China, is a term used to describe an individual's application and attainment in martial arts. It is highly lethal and slightly less ornamental than martial arts.

Kung fu, as known as "martial arts", which appeared in the late Qing dynasty of China, mainly to show one's application and talent on Kung fu. It has strong lethality, but slightly less ornamental than martial arts.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 03:01, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

2.随着科学的向前发展，我们可以用现代科学的有关知识来认识气功，这将更加深化我们对气功实质的认识。

With the development of science, we can use the relevant knowledge of modern science to understand Qigong, which will deepen our understanding of qigong's essence.

With the further development of science, we can use the relevant knowledge of modern science to learn about Qigong, and it will deepen our understanding to the essence of Qigong.

3.有传说霍元甲被日本人下毒药害死之后，他的爱徒陈真替他报仇。这个传说在1972年首次被搬上大银幕（电影《精武门》）。但其实历史上并没有“陈真”这个人物，“陈真”是艺术家们根据刘振声的若干事迹塑造出来的，目的是为了让电影情节更好看。

Legend has it that after Huo Yuanjia was killed by poison from the Japanese, then his beloved disciple Chen Zhen avenged his death. This legend was first brought to the big screen in 1972 (the movie "Jing Wu Men"). However, there is no "Chen Zhen" in history, but rather he was created by artists based on some of Liu Zhensheng's deeds in order to make the plot of the movie more exciting.--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 02:01, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao ting

According to the tale, after Huo Yuanjia was murdered by Japanese poison medicine, ChenZhen, his beloved disciple, avenged for him. And this tale was firstly moved to the big screen in 1972. (the movie "Fist of Fury"). However there is no such a person in history actually, Chenzhen is a virtual character wrote in terms of some stories of Liu Zhensheng by artists, thus to make the movie's plots more vivid.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 03:01, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

==Xie Fan 解帆==

==Xu Jia 徐佳==

1.武术是一种哲学。在汉字里，武是由止和戈两个字组合成的，止戈为武，因此武术蕴含着终止战争的意思，是一种停止战斗的艺术，而非发起战斗的技术。

Kung Fu, formally called martial arts, is a philosophy. In Chinese character, martial is composed of two words meaning stop and weapon. Therefore Kung Fu contains the meaning of termination of war. It stops fighting rather than starts fighting.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:49, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

Martial arts is a kind of philosophy. In Chinese character, Wu is composed of two words which means stop and weapon respectively. Therefore, martial arts contains the meaning of termination of war. It is a technique that stops a fighting rather than starts a fighting.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:49, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

2.疫情期间，很多人都注意到了包括健身气功在内的中国传统功法在增强抵抗力、防病治病方面的积极作用，健身气功广为流行。

During the epidemic, many people have noticed the benefits of traditional Chinese exercises such as Health Qigong, which has gained popularity for it can help to strengthen resistance and prevent and treat diseases.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:49, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

During the outbreak of the epidemic, many people have noticed the positive roles that traditional Chinese exercises play such as Health Qigong which has gain a great popularity for it helps to strengthen resistence,and prevent and treat diseases.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:49, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

3.孙中山对霍元甲“以武术保国”的胆识给予了很高的评价。在精武会成立10周年之际，他亲临大会，题写了“尚武精神”四个大字，以示对霍元甲的纪念。

Sun Yat-sen thought highly of Huo Yuanjia for his courage to defend the country with martial arts. To commemorate him, Sun attend the celebration for the 10th anniversary of the Jingwu Association 's establishment and wrote four character"Shang Wu Jing Shen", which means paying tribute to warrior spirit.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:49, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

Sun Yat-sen thought highly of Huo Yuanjia for his courage to "defend the country with martial arts“. To commemorate him, Sun attended the celebration for the 10th anniversary of the Chin Woo Federation's establishment and wrote four characters "Shang Wu Jing Shen", which means paying tribute to militarism.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 09:49, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jing 许静==

1. 先是从捕猎和战斗中被创造出来，接着到冷兵器时期具备了不俗的技击属性，再到后来为了便于武术的流传和官方的管理开始逐渐出现武术套路......中国武术伴随着中国历史和文明发展，流传了几千年。

It was first created from hunting and fighting, then during the Cold War it developed its remarkable striking properties, and then martial arts routines gradually appeared in order to facilitate the spread and official management of the martial arts...... The Chinese martial arts have accompanied the development of Chinese history and civilisation for thousands of years.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 12:25, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 今天人们所说的“气功”，内容非常宽泛，不仅包括古代的行气、导引，还附会易理，掺杂数术，融合医、儒、释、道，旁涉武术技击和幻化之术，连国外的同类也包括在内，比如印度瑜伽，甚至还吸收了现代科学的概念和术语，比如“场”“能量”“分子结构”等，可谓芜杂，金子都被沙子掩盖了。再加上有一些人浑水摸鱼，自封大师，招摇撞骗，败坏了气功的声誉。

What people today call "qigong" is very broad in scope, including not only the ancient methods of qi movement and guidance, but also Yi Li, mixed with mathematical techniques, and a mixture of medicine, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, as well as martial arts techniques and illusions. Moreover, some foreign counterparts, such as Indian yoga, and modern scienctic terms, such as "fields", "energies", "molecular structures", etc., are also included, which can be described as a mishmash, with the gold being covered up by the sand. Besides, some people who fish in troubled waters, appoint themselves masters, and beckon and deceive, ruin the reputation of qigong as well.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 12:25, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3. “据老人们传说，霍元甲少年时期身体较弱，父亲霍恩第就害怕他练武不成，反倒坏了霍家‘迷踪拳’的名声，所以不允许他习武。”

"According to old stories, when Huo Yuanjia was young, his weak constitution prevented him from being allowed to learn martial arts, for his father, Huo Endi, feared that he would ruin the Huo family's reputation of a 'elusive punch'."--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 12:25, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==
1. 中国武术，有着悠久的历史，最早可以追溯到商周时期，具有极其广泛的群众基础，是中国劳动人民在长期的社会实践中不断积累和丰富起来的一项宝贵的文化遗产。

Chinese Wushu, with a long history dating back to the Shang and Zhou dynasties, have an extremely broad mass base. It is an invaluable cultural heritage that has been accumulated and enriched by Chinese working people in their long-term social practice.

Chinese martial art, with a long history which can be traced as early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties, has an extremely broad mass base. It is a precious cultural heritage which has been accumulated and enriched by the Chinese working people in their long-term social practice.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 15:25, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

The time-honored Chinese Wushu, a precious cultural heritage constantly accumulated and enriched during Chinese labor people's long-term social practices, which can be dated back to Shang and Zhou Dynasties, boasts supremely wide mass basis. --[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 04:34, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 如果从现代行为医学的角度看，气功锻炼是对一种有利于心身健康的良性行为进行学习训练，最终以条件反射方式固定下来的行为疗法。

If we look at it from the perspective of modern behavioral medicine, Qigong is a kind of behavioral therapy for learning and training a virtuous behavior conducive to mental and physical health, eventually fixing it in a reflexive manner.

If it is viewed from the perspective of modern behavioral medicine, Qigong is a behavioral therapy that learns and trains a virtuous behavior conducive to mental and physical health, and is finally fixed in a reflexive way.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 01:11, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 综合以上，关于霍元甲死亡的说法现今主要有两种，一种是被日本人毒死，还有一种就是少年练气功致病，死于自身病症。

To summarize, there are two main theories about Huo Yuanjia’ s death. One is that he was poisoned by the Japanese, and the other is that he died of his own illness, caused by practicing qigong when he was young.--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 07:16, 24 November 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

To sum up, there are two main claims about the death of Huo Yuanjia, one is poisoned by the Japanese, and the other is that young people practice Qigong to cause disease, death from their own diseases.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 09:14, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==
1.武术，制止侵袭、停止战斗的技术。拥有消停战事、维护和平的实力，通过武化流传，是物质文明的保障和导向。
Martial arts, the art of stopping aggression or fighting. It is the guarantee and guidance of material civilization to have the strength to stop wars and maintain peace and spread through military civilization.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 08:47, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Martial arts has the power to stop aggression and maintain peace. Its spread provides guarantees and guide for the material civilisation.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 13:04, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

2.中国气功强调天人合一，人和自然界有着密切不可分割的联系，人的机体受到气候、环境等因素的影响。中国气功重视人与自然界的动态适应。
Chinese Qigong emphasizes the unity of individual and nature. Individual and nature have a close and inseparable relationship. Human organism is affected by climate, environment and other factors. Chinese Qigong attaches importance to the dynamic adaptation between human and nature.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 08:47, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3.孙中山先生对霍元甲将迷踪拳公之于世的高风亮节非常赞许，亲笔写下了“尚武精神”四个大字，赠送给精武体育会。
Sun Yat-sen expressed his approval to the world that Huo Yuanjia had unveiled his fan boxing to the public. He wrote down in his handwriting the four-character "Martial Spirit" and presented it to the Jingwu Sports Association.--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 08:47, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Hui 阳慧==
1.穷文富武，真正传统武术家都和宗教、帮会、官僚、商人有着密切关系。一九四九年以后历次政治运动，很多武术家被作为反革命、牛鬼蛇神、封建会道门]成员镇压迫害下放逐，境遇非常悲惨。

Poor and rich, the real traditional martial artists and religion, gangs, bureaucrats, businessmen have a close relationship.In all political movements since 1949, many martial artists have been subjected to oppression and devolution as counter-revolutionaries, ghosts and monsters, and members of the feudal society.

Poor people learn arts while affluent people learn martial arts. The real traditional martial artists have a close relationship with religion, gangs, bureaucrats and businessmen.In all political movements since 1949, many martial artists have been subjected to oppression and devolution as counter-revolutionaries, ghosts and monsters, and members of the feudal society.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 14:03, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

2.气功本分两类，一类是静立、静坐、静卧，使精神集中，并用特殊的方式进行呼吸，促进循、消化等系统的机能。另一类是用柔和的运动操、按摩等方法，坚持经常锻炼，以增强体制。
Qigong is divided into two categories: standing still, sitting still and lying still, concentrating the mind, breathing in special ways, promoting the functions of the following systems, such as digestion and so on.The other is to use gentle exercise, massage and other methods, adhere to regular exercise, to enhance the system.

There are two types of Qigong. One is standing still, sitting still and lying still, which can help to concentrate on the mind and to promote the functions of circulation and digestion system by breathing in a special way. The other is to use some methods like soft exercise, massage etc.and adhere to regular exercise to strengthen the system.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 12:01, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

3.霍元甲幼时体弱多病。其父霍恩第是名显一时的秘宗拳师。他担心元甲习武日后有损霍家名声，拒不授艺于他。但元甲志存高远，他日日留心，处处参察，偷艺于父传兄弟之机。
Huo yuanjia is weak and sickly when young.His father, Horndie, was a one-time secret boxer.He feared that Yuan Jia's martial arts would harm his family's reputation and refused to teach him.But Yuan Jia's aim is high, and he keeps an eye on it every day.--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 09:09, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Huo Yuanjia was weak and sickly when he was young. His father, hohendi ,a famous secret boxer, was afraid that Yuanjia would damage the reputation of Huo family and refused to teach him martial arts. However, having set his aims high. Yuanjia paid close attention to martial art day by day and seized the opportunity to learn it when his father was passing on martial atr to his brother.--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 12:01, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Yue 杨悦==
1、武术不仅以外在的形体美著称，如架势，动作以及技巧，而且其内在美更为独特，被称为“生活之本，力量之源”。武术的本质是阴阳学说、五行学说和八卦理论

Wushu is characterized not only by exterior beauty, found in postures, movements and techniques, but also deep interior beauty, emphasizing “ life essence, vital energy and spirit.” The essence of Wushu rests on the theories of Yin and Yang, the five elements and eight diagrams.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:35, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

2、气功是源于中国的一种自我身心锻炼的方法，尽管气功功法种类很多，但是强调放松入静是共同的。气功是中华民族文化的瑰宝，是孕育中华文化人文精神一颗明珠，是传承中国传统文化的重要形式。

Qigong, originating from China, is a self-training approach of the body and mind. Although there are varieties of qigong exercises, it is common to emphasize relaxation and meditation. Qigong is the gem of Chinese culture , a bright pearl which gives birth to the humane spirits of Chinese culture, and an important form which inherits our traditional culture.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:35, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

3、霍元甲是清末著名爱国武术家，他的武艺出众，继承家传“迷踪拳”绝技。他的一生虽然短暂，但却轰轰烈烈，充满传奇色彩。

Huo Yuanjia is a famous patriotic martial artist in the late Qing Dynasty. His skill in martial arts is outstanding and he inherits his family’ s unique skill“Mi Zong Boxing”. His whole life is brief, but magnificent and victorious, be full of legend color.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:35, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==
中国武术，伴随中华文明4000多年流传至今，是捍卫我族文明迄今屹立不倒的、重要的文化组成部分，不可割裂。
Chinese martial arts, which has passed on with Chinese civilization for more than 4,000 years, is an important cultural component that has stood up to defend our civilization and cannot be separated.

Chinese martial art, which has passed on with Chinese civilization for more than 4,000 years, is an important cultural component that has stood up to defend our civilization and cannot be separated.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 09:21, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

如果从现代行为医学的角度看，气功锻炼是对一种有利于心身健康的良性行为进行学习训练，最终以条件反射方式固定下来的行为疗法。
From the perspective of modern behavioral medicine, qigong exercise is a behavioral therapy that trains a benign behavior that is conducive to mental and physical health, and is finally fixed in a conditioned way.

From the perspective of modern behavioral medicine, Qigong exercise trains a benign behavior that is conducive to mental and physical health and is finally fixed in a conditional reflex way.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 09:21, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

霍元甲的品牌在上海滩立足后，同盟会再接再厉，于1909年当年就开始在闸北的王家宅筹备 “精武体操会”.
After Huo Yuanjia’s brand gained a foothold in Shanghai, Tongmenghui continued its efforts. In 1909, it began preparations for the "Martial Arts Gymnastics Club" at Wangjiazhai in Zhabei.

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==

==You Yuting 游雨婷==
1.中国武术是一种中国特色的文化。当然，它首先应该是一种格斗术。武术起源和流传的意义都在于它的格斗价值，但与拳击不一样，它除了格斗部分外还融入了医学与哲学的成分。

Chinese Wushu is a culture with Chinese characteristics. Of course, it should be a fighting art in the first place. The origin and the point of spreading martial arts lie in its fighting value, but unlike boxing, it also integrates itself with medical and philosophical elements in addition to the fighting part.

2.如果从心理生理学过程看的话，可将气功定义为: 主要是通过使用自我暗示为手段，促使意识进入到自我催眠状态，通过心理-生理-形态自调机制调整心身平衡，达到健身治病目的方法。

From the perspective of the psychophysiological process, Qigong can be defined as a method that mainly uses self-suggestion to promote consciousness into a self-hypnosis state, and adjusts the balance between mind and body through the self-adjustment mechanism of psychology-physiology-form, so as to achieve the purpose of fitness and treatment.

From the perspective of the psychophysiological process, qigong can be defined as: mainly through the use of self-suggestion as a means to promote consciousness into a state of self-hypnosis, through the psychological-physiological-morphological self-regulation mechanism to adjust the balance of mind and body, and achieve the purpose of fitness and treatment.--[[User:ANNA GROSHEVA|ANNA GROSHEVA]] ([[User talk:ANNA GROSHEVA|talk]]) 15:59, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3.霍元甲故居纪念馆从建成之日起已有数万的爱国人士前来参观瞻仰，重温霍元甲这位爱国英雄的传奇事迹和感人精神。

Since the memorial hall of Huo Yuanjia's former residence was built, tens of thousands of patriotic people have come to visit and paid their respects, reviewing the legendary deeds and moving spirit of Huo Yuanjia, a patriotic hero.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:14, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Since the memorial hall of Huo Yuanjia's former residence was built, tens of thousands of patriotic people have come to visit and shown their respects, to review the legendary deeds and moving spirit of Huo Yuanjia, a patriotic hero.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 13:56, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yu Ni 余妮==

1.中国传统武术，是修习一门制止侵袭的高度自保技术，它在切实解决安全问题的基础上，使我们的头脑得到应变能力的训练，简便易行、能够轻松提升人的精神和身体素质，防卫健身，精进卓越，快乐通融。

Chinese traditional martial arts is a highly self-protection technology to stop the invasion. On the basis of solving the security problems, it can train our minds to adapt to the changes, which is easy to improve people's mental and physical quality, defend and keep fit, making great progress and beinh happy and flexible.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 13:20, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2.我国古代气功文献资料浩如烟海，在道家、儒医、医家书记中有大量气功文献记载。气功主要是通过使用自我暗示为核心的手段，促使意识进入到自我催眠状态，通过心理—生理—形态自调机制调整心身平衡，达到健身治病目的的自我锻炼方法。

There are a lot of Qigong documents in ancient China, which are recorded in Taoism, Confucian and medical books. Qigong is a kind of self exercise method, which mainly uses self suggestion as the core to promote consciousness to enter into self hypnosis state, to adjust the balance of mind and body through the self regulating mechanism of psychology, physiology and morphology, so as to achieve the purpose of fitness and treatment.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 13:20, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3.孙中山对霍元甲“以武保国强种”的胆识给予了很高的评价。在精武会成立10周年之际，他亲临大会，题写了“尚武精神”四个大字，以示对霍元甲的纪念。

Sun Yat Sen spoke highly of Huo Yuanjia's courage of "protecting the country and strengthening the species by military means". On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the Jingwu Association, he personally attended the meeting and inscribed the four characters "warrior spirit" to commemorate Huo Yuanjia.--[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 13:20, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

孙中山对霍元甲“以武保国强种”的胆识给予了很高的评价。在精武会成立10周年之际，他亲临大会，题写了“尚武精神”四个大字，以示对霍元甲的纪念。

Sun Yat-sen gave a high praisel of Huo Yuanjia for his courage to "protect the country and strengthen the nation by means of Chinese martial arts". He, on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the Jingwu Association, personally attended the conference and inscribed "Warrior Spirit" to commemorate Huo Yuanjia.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 04:29, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Sun Yat-sen highly praised Huo Yuanjia for his courage to "protect the country and strengthen the nation by means of Chinese martial arts". He, on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the Jingwu Association, attended the conference in person and inscribed "Warrior Spirit" to commemorate Huo Yuanjia.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 03:59, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Sun Yat-sen spoke highly of Huo Yuanjia for his courage to "protect the country by means of Wu". On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the Jingwu Association, he personally attended the conference and inscribed the four characters "Warrior spirit" to commemorate Huo Yuanjia.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:17, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

如果从气功作用的心理生理学过程看的话，可将气功定义为：主要是通过使用自我暗示为核心的手段，促使意识进入到自我催眠状态，通过心理—生理—形态自调机制调整心身平衡，达到健身治病目的的自我锻炼方法。

In terms of the psychological and physiological process of Qigong, it can be defined as a self-exercise method that mainly utilizes self-suggestion as the kernel to promote consciousness into a self-hypnosis state, and adjusts the mind-body balance through the self-adjustment mechanism of psychology-physiology-shape, so as to keep fit and cure diseases.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 04:29, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

中国武术，以中国文化为基础的、停止战斗的技术。武术，使用打斗等手法、来达到停止战斗的目的、的技术。武，是停止战斗的技术，而并非发起战斗的技术。所以，但凡主动发起、挑衅起战斗的，都违背了武，是灭武的行为。

Chinese Wushu is a technique based on Chinese culture that stops fighting. Wushu uses techniques such as fighting to stop fighting. Wushu is the art of stopping combat, not starting it. Therefore, whoever initiates or provokes a battle violates the basic rules of Wushu, which disobeys Wushu.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 04:29, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1.武术是古代军事战争一种传承的技术。习武可以强身健体，亦可以防御敌人进攻。
Martial art is a technique inherited from the ancient military wars. Learning martial arts can not only build up our body, but also defend attacks from enemies.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 08:54, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

2.随着科学的向前发展，我们可以用现代科学的有关知识来认识气功，这将更加深化我们对气功实质的认识。
With the development of science, we can use the relevant knowledge of modern science to know qigong, which will deepen our understanding to the essence of it.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 08:54, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

3.霍元甲逝世后，当时精武会弟子和上海武术界爱国人士为霍元甲举行了隆重葬礼。
After Huo Yuanjia’s death, the disciples of Chin Woo Federation and patriots from the circle of martial arts in Shanghai then held a grand funeral for him. After Huo Yuanjia's death, disciples of the Jingwu Club and patriots from the Shanghai martial arts circle held a grand funeral for Huo Yuanjia.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 08:54, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==

我们修习武术，是让我们从身到心、由魂而魄得到提升而充满安全感，精壮神足，具有安然自胜的实力。Learning and practicing martial arts is to improve and fulfill us with sense of security from exterior to interior, through which we can be energetic, so as to be comfort and composed.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:52, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

我国古代气功文献资料浩如烟海，在道家、儒医书记中有大量气功文献记载
Files of qigong in ancient China are as vast as the open sea, in which have many recordings of qigong, including medical books of Taoism, and Confucianism.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:52, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

霍元甲，清末著名爱国武术家，字俊卿，生于天津静海县。
Huo Yuanjia, a famous patriotic martial artist in the late Qing Dynasty, with Junqing as his surname, was born in Jinghai county in Tianjin Province.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 12:52, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Hui 张慧==
1.中国武术不仅涵盖了西方体育的多种运动形式，而且，还拥有独特的东方传统运动形式、深邃的思想和厚重的文化。

Chinese martial arts not only covers a variety of sports forms of Western sports, but also has a unique oriental traditional sports form, profound thoughts and profound culture.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 08:43, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

The Chinese martial arts not only encompasses many forms of Western sports, but also has a unique oriental tradition of sports, profound thoughts and a strong culture.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 08:54, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

The Chinese martial arts contains many forms of Western sports, what's more, it has a unique oriental tradition sports form, profound thoughts as well as profound culture.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 10:05, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

2.如果从现代行为医学的角度看，气功锻炼是对一种有利于心身健康的良性行为进行学习训练，最终以条件反射方式固定下来的行为疗法。

From the perspective of modern behavioral medicine, Qigong exercise is a behavioral therapy that learns and trains a benign behavior that is conducive to mental and physical health, and is finally fixed in a conditioned reflex way.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 08:43, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

If we look at it from the perspective of modern behavioral medicine, qigong exercises are behavioral therapies for learning and training a virtuous behavior conducive to mental and physical health, and eventually fixing it in a reflexive manner.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 08:54, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

From the perspective of modern behavioral medicine, practicing Qigong is a behavioral therapy that learns and trains a benign behavior that is conducive to mental and physical health, and is finally fixed in a conditioned reflexive way.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 10:05, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

3.霍元甲故居纪念馆从建成之日起已有数万的爱国人士前来参观瞻仰，重温霍元甲这位爱国英雄的传奇事迹和感人精神。

Tens of thousands of patriots have come to visit and admire the Huo Yuanjia Former Residence Memorial Hall since it was completed, relive the legendary deeds and moving spirit of this patriotic hero.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 08:43, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

From the day it was built, tens of thousands of patriots have visited Huo Yuanjia's former residence to relive the legendary deeds and touching spirit of the patriotic hero.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 08:54, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Tens of thousands of patriots have come to visit and admire the Huo Yuanjia Former Residence Memorial Hall since it was completed, reliving the legendary deeds and moving spirit of the patriotic hero.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 10:05, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

1. 武术是中国社会重要的集体记忆之一，在各种文学、电影、戏剧中经常出现，对中国社会有着深刻而无可取代的人文意义。

As one of the important collective memories in Chinese society, Wushu often appears in various literature, movies and dramas, and has profound and irreplaceable humanistic significance to Chinese society. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 09:18, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 气功强调天人合一，人和自然界有着密切不可分割的联系，人的机体受到气候、环境等因素的影响。

Qigong emphasizes that man is an integral part of nature. Man and nature are closely linked. Human body is affected by climate, environment and other factors. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 09:18, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 霍元甲逝世后，当时精武会弟子和上海武术界爱国人士为霍元甲举行了隆重葬礼，敬献了“成仁取义”挽联，安葬于上海北郊。

After Huo Yuanjia passed away, the disciples of Chinwoo and patriots of Shanghai Wushu circle held a grand funeral for him, presented the elegiac couplet of "die for a just cause", and buried him in the northern suburb of Shanghai. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 09:18, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==
武术气功霍元甲
中国的武术，是包括有着悠久的历史，最早可以追溯到商周时期，具有极广泛的群众基础。
Wu Shu,which can date back to the Shang and Zhou Dynisties, has a prfound history and widespread public recorgnition.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 09:56, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Wu Shu, with a profound history dating back to the Shang and Zhou Dynisties, has a widespread public recorgnition.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 15:32, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Chinese martial arts, with a long history, which can be traced back to the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, is supported by a lot of people.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 13:25, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

气功是中国传统的保健、养生、祛病的方法，以呼吸作为手段。
Qigong(a system of deep breathing exercises), is a method to achieve fitness, health and illneses.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 09:56, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Qigong(a system of deep breathing exercises), can help people get rid of illnesses to keep fitness and health.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 15:32, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Qigong is a method of health care, recuperation, and elimination of disease in Chinese tradition, the method of which is to breathe.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 13:25, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

霍元甲是清朝末年的武术家。他年幼体弱，但志向高远。
Hu Yuanjia is a martial artist of China in the late Qing Dynasty, who was frail in health in his childhood but had high aspiration.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 09:56, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Hu Yuanjia, a martial artist of China in the late Qing Dynasty, owned high aspirationwas although was frail in his childhood.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 15:32, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Huo Yuanjia, a martial artist in the late Qing Dynasty, who was frail in his childhood, but had high aspirations.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 13:25, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==

1. Wushu
相比于中国武术，“中国功夫”的称法更具有国际性，它甚至使英语世界为之创造了一个新词汇“Kongfu”。但是，中国功夫只是一种搏击术，而武术不是。武术蕴含着世界上独一无二的“武文化”，它是在中国历史和文化土壤中培育出来的中华之花。
Compared with Chinese martial arts, the term "Chinese Kung Fu" is more international. It even makes the English-speaking world create a new word "Kongfu". However, Chinese kung fu is only a kind of martial arts, while martial arts are not. Wushu contains a unique "martial arts culture" in the world. It is the flower of China cultivated in the soil of Chinese history and culture.

2. Qigong
我国古代气功文献资料浩如烟海，在道家、佛医、儒医、医家书记中有大量气功文献记载。挖掘整理工作，是一项既重要又艰巨的任务，它不仅要求研究者有较高的医学、气功学及古汉语、现代汉语等方面的知识，还须自身有较高的气功功底。
There are numerous Qigong documents in ancient China, and there are a large number of Qigong documents recorded in Taoism, Buddhist medicine, Confucian medicine and doctor secretaries. Digging and sorting out is an important and arduous task. It requires researchers not only to have higher knowledge of medicine, Qigong, ancient Chinese, modern Chinese and other aspects, but also to have higher Qigong skills.

3. Huo Yuanjia
霍元甲是清朝末年的一位武术大师，在国内外享有盛名。有人据此推想，霍元甲是被日本医生借给他看病之机毒死的。也有人认为真正导致霍元甲死亡的原因是肺病。1901年，霍元甲33岁。
Huo Yuanjia was a martial arts master in the late Qing Dynasty and enjoyed a great reputation at home and abroad. According to this, some people infer that Huo Yuanjia was poisoned by a Japanese doctor who lent him a chance to see a doctor. Some people also believe that the real cause of Huo Yuanjia's death is lung disease. In 1901, Huo Yuanjia was 33 years old.
--[[User:Zhang Weihong|Zhang Weihong]] ([[User talk:Zhang Weihong|talk]]) 14:48, 29 November 2020 (UTC) Zhang Weihong

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.作为炎黄子孙的生存技能，中国传统武术伴随着中国历史与文明发展，走过了几千年的风雨历程，成为维系这个民族生存和发展的魂、和承载中华儿女基因构成的魄。

As the survival skills of Chinese people, with the development of Chinese history and civilization, traditional Chinese Wushu went through the trials and hardships for thousands of years. It became the spirit of maintaining the national subsistence and development as well as carrying the Chinese people’s genetic make-up.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 06:48, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

As the survival skills of Chinese people, traditional Chinese Wushu, with the development of Chinese history and civilization, has gone through the trials and hardships for thousands of years, becoming the spirit of maintaining the national subsistence and development as well as carrying the Chinese people’s genetic make-up.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 11:52, 26 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.随着科学的向前发展，我们可以用现代科学的有关知识来认识气功，这将更加深化我们对气功实质的认识。

With the progressive development of science, we are able to make use of the modern scientific knowledge to recognize the Qigong, which will deepen our understanding to the essence of Qigong.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 06:48, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

With the development of science, we can make use of the modern scientific knowledge to recognize the Qigong, which will deepen our understanding to the essence of Qigong.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 11:52, 26 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

With the advancement of science, we can give a full play to the role of relevant knowledge of modern science in understanding the Qigong, which will deepen our understanding of its essence.--[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:25, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

3.孙中山在精武会成立10周年之际，他亲临大会，题写了“尚武精神”四个大字，以示对霍元甲的纪念。

In the 10th anniversary of the founding of the Jingwu Society, Sun Yat-sen made a personal appearance at the event and inscribed four characters “Shang Wu Jing Shen” (encouragement of a military spirit), showing the honor to Huo Yuanjia.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 06:48, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the founding of the Jingwu Society, Sun Yat-sen made a personal appearance at the event and inscribed four characters “Shang Wu Jing Shen” (encouragement of a military spirit), showing the honor to Huo Yuanjia.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 11:52, 26 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
1.武术是古代军事战争一种传承的技术。习武可以强身健体，亦可以防御敌人进攻。

Martial arts is an inherited technique in ancient military warfare. Practicing martial arts can strengthen the body, and can also defend against enemy attacks.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 10:41, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2.气功是一种中国传统的保健、养生、祛病的方法。

Qigong is a traditional Chinese method of health care, health preservation, and disease healing.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 10:41, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3.霍元甲是清末著名爱国武术家，沧州十大武术名人之一。霍元甲喜行侠仗义，曾打败俄国大力士、英国大力士、日本柔道会，后霍元甲在上海创办中国精武体育会，掀起习武热潮。

Huo Yuanjia is a famous patriotic martial artist in the late Qing Dynasty and one of the top ten martial arts celebrities in Cangzhou. Huo Yuanjia was a knight of action, and once defeated Russian Hercules, British Hercules, and Japanese Judo Club. After that, Huo Yuanjia founded the Chinese Jingwu Sports Association in Shanghai, which set off a wave of martial arts.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 10:41, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

1. 武术更应有着它的文化和智慧，有着它的精神内涵，这是一种道，包括儒家思想、道家精神、释家涵养等丰富内涵。

Martial arts should have its culture, wisdom and spiritual connotation, which is a kind of Tao, including Confucianism, Taoist spirit, Buddhist self-restraint and other rich connotations.

Martial arts should boast culture, wisdom and spirit of its own, which is a kind of Tao, including rich connotations like Confucianism, Taoist spirit, Buddhist self-restraint and so on.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 01:47, 28 November 2020 (UTC)
Matial arts should have its culture, wisdom and spiritual connotation, which is a kind of Tao, comprising Confucianism, Tao spirit, Buddihist self-restraint.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 03:43, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 如果从现代行为医学的角度看，气功锻炼是对一种有利于心身健康的良性行为进行学习训练，最终以条件反射方式固定下来的行为疗法。

From the perspective of modern behavioral medicine, Qigong is a behavioral therapy that learns and trains a benign behavior beneficial to mental and physical health and is finally fixed in condition reflex.

3. 坐落在天津市西青区小南河村，1986年天津市西青区人民政府整修了霍元甲故居、修建了霍元甲陵园，用以纪念这位名震中外的爱国武术家。

Located in Xiaonanhe Village, Xiqing District, Tianjin, the People's Government of Xiqing District of Tianjin renovated Huo Yuanjia's former residence and built Huo Yuanjia Cemetery in 1986 to commemorate this famous patriotic martial artist at home and abroad.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 15:27, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==
1.武术，是修习一门制止侵袭的高度自保技术，它在切实解决安全问题的基础上，使我们的头脑得到应变能力的训练，简便易行、能够轻松提升人的精神和身体素质，防卫健身，精进卓越，快乐通融。

Martial art is a highly self-protective technique, which trains the ability to deal with emergencies based on practically solving security problems. It is convenient to act, easy to improve people’s mental and physical health, and beneficial to self defend and bodybuilding, diligent, outstanding, delighted and harmonious.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 03:39, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Martial art is a highly self-protective technique to stop invasions. It is based on the practical solution of safety problems, so that our minds can be trained in resilience. It is simple and easy to use, and easily improve people's mental and physical fitness with the features of fitness, diligence and excellence, happiness and harmony.--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:34, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

2.蒋维乔、刘贵珍、王乡斋、周潜川、胡耀贞等一代气功先驱，从发挥气功的健身治病角度，采用通俗语言，简化功法程序，推广了气功。

Such generations of pioneers as Jiang Weiqiao, Liu Guizhen, Wang Xiangzhai, Zhou Qianchuan and Hu Yaozhen have adopted popular language, simplified exercise procedures and successfully promoted Qigong.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 03:39, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

A generation of qigong pioneers such as Jiang Weiqiao, Liu Guizhen, Wang Xiangzhai, Zhou Qianchuan, Hu Yaozhen, etc., from the perspective of exerting qigong for fitness and treatment, adopted popular language, simplified exercise procedures, and successfully promoted qigong.--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:36, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

A generation of pioneers such as Jiang Weiqiao, Liu Guizhen, Wang Xiangzhai, Zhou Qianchuan and Hu Yaozhen, based on the goal of making Qigong play the role of keeping fit and curing diseases, adopted popular language, simplified exercise procedures and successfully promoted Qigong.--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 09:12, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

3.二十世纪初开始不断被表述的霍元甲故事，既承接了长期以来社会心理对英雄的需要，也体现在近代西方文明的冲击下，国人对侠客的诉求出现新的变化。

At the beginning of 20th century, the stories of Huo Yuanjia started to be expressed constantly, which not only carried on the long-term needs of the social psychology to heroes, but also symbolized the new changes of demands to knife-errant. --[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 03:39, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Huo Yuanjia's story, which has been constantly told since the beginning of the twentieth century, has not only undertaken the long-term social psychological need for heroes, but also embodied in the impact of modern Western civilization, new changes in the Chinese people's demands for knights.--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 09:33, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==
1.武术具有极其广泛的群众基础，是中国人民在长期的社会实践中不断积累和丰富起来的一项宝贵的文化遗产，是中国民族的优秀文化遗产之一。

Wushu has an extremely broad mass foundation, which is a precious cultural heritage that the Chinese people have accumulated and enriched in long-term social practice, as well as one of the outstanding cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 08:51, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Wushu has an extremely broad mass base, and is a valuable cultural heritage that has been accumulated and enriched by the Chinese people in their long-term social practice, and is one of the outstanding cultural heritages of the Chinese nation.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 09:14, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

2.气功作为中华古老文化中的一朵奇葩，对中华文化产生了深远的影响,它与古代的政治哲学思想、宗教医学观念和文学艺术思潮都有着密切的联系。

As a wonderful flower in the ancient Chinese culture, Qigong has had a profound impact on Chinese culture, closely relating to ancient political and philosophical thoughts, religious medical concepts, and literary and artistic trends of thought.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 08:51, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Qigong, as a wonderful flower in ancient Chinese culture, has had a profound impact on Chinese culture and is closely related to ancient political and philosophical thought, religious and medical concepts, and literary and artistic trends.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 09:14, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

3.霍元甲天资聪颖，毅力惊人，功艺长足进步，在兄弟之中出类超群，并在24岁那年5分钟之内击败了一位打败了霍元甲的哥哥与弟弟的人。

Huo Yuanjia was a brilliant and resilient man who had made great strides in his skills,standing out among his brothers. and at the age of 24, he defeated a man who had defeated both his older and younger brothers in five minutes.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 08:51, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Huo Yuanjia was a brilliant and resilient man who had made great strides in his skills,standing out among his brothers.He defeated a man who had defeated both his older and younger brothers in five minutes when he was 24 years old. --[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 11:49, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

1. 中国武术，延衍流长，流传迄今可考证史实有4200年的中华文明史，文武相承相传。然当今武门外人对中国武术的理解，大部分局限在将武术定义为观赏性与竞技性范围内，而忽略武术对修习者带来“消停侵袭”所达到的高度安全的核心价值，导致对中国传统武术的误解，不利于真正中国武术的修习和传播。

Wushu in China has a long history and can be traced back to 4,200 years of Chinese civilization. However, nowadays, most laymen's understanding to wushu is limited to appreciation and competition, and they ignore the core value of eliminating invasion that wushu brings to the learners, which leads to the misunderstanding of traditional Chinese martial arts and is not conducive to the practice and dissemination of real Chinese martial arts.

2.气功就是通过特定的修炼方法使机体的组织、器官在功能上更佳有序化与协同化的生理变化过程。由于修炼的方法不同，所导致的生理变化也会不一样，这种不一样就是气功的生理效应。是通过心理活动使生物能对机体或事物产生作用。气功学即心理物理学。

Qigong is a physiological change process in which the tissues and organs of the body are better organized and coordinated in function through specific methods of training. Due to the different methods of practice, the physiological changes will be different, which is the physiological effects of Qigong. It is through psychological activities that biology can produce effects on the organism or things. Qigong is psychophysics.

3.精武会创办于1910年，初由：陈公哲，农劲荪，陈其美，陈铁生等倡导，是中国建立最早的体育团体。精武以体，智，德三星会旗和三星会徽为标记，代表精武以体，智，德三育为宗旨，倡导和发扬爱国，修身，正义和助人的精武精神，还订有包括人格，风度，言行，服务，友谊等行为规范。

Chin Woo Athletic Association was founded in 1910, initiated by Chen Gongzhe, Nong Jinsun, Chen Qimei and Chen Tiesheng. It is the earliest sports association in China. Jingwu is marked by the three-star flag and the three-star emblem of physical, intellectual and moral education, advocating the spirit of patriotism, self-cultivation, justice and helping others, as well as the code of conduct including personality, demeanor, words and deeds, service and friendship.--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:15, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

在中国武术界，有一个寺院极负盛名，这就是少林寺，在这个寺院产生的少林功夫，是中国宝贵的文化遗产。
there is a extremely famous monastery in the Chinese martial arts，which is the Shaolin Temple. The Shaolin Kungfu produced in this monastery is a precious cultural heritage of China.

五禽戏最初是东汉著名中医学家华佗根据虎、鹿、熊、猿、鸟五种动物的动作和神态创编而成的中医保健气功。

Wu Qin Xi was originally a traditional Qigong created by the famous Chinese medicine expert Hua Tuo in the Eastern Han Dynasty based on the movements and expressions of five animals: tiger, deer, bear, ape and bird to keep health.

霍元甲、黄飞鸿和叶问是三位实有其人的武者,也是香港功夫片的著名角色。
Huo Yuanjia, Huang Feihong and Ye Wen are three real warriors, and they are also famous roles in Hong Kong kung fu movies.--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 06:58, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==

1.中国武术作为中华民族传统文化的一个有机组成部分和独特表现形式，一方面跟中国的古典哲学、政治伦理、军事思想、文化艺术、医学理论、社会习俗等等互相联系，相互作用，共同组成绚烂多姿的中国文化整体；另一方面则从一个侧面反映出整个中国文化的基本特征。

As an integral part of traditional Chinese culture and a unique form of expression, Chinese martial arts are interconnected with classical Chinese philosophy, political ethics, military ideology, culture and art, medical theory, social customs, and so on, to form a gorgeous and colorful Chinese cultural whole.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 08:54, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

2.气功还有助于免疫系统。研究表明，它能刺激白血球类型的形成，这对淋巴系统是有益的。淋巴系统又是强大免疫系统的重要组成部分，因为淋巴管是免疫系统的重要运输通道，也是病菌和毒素的过滤站。

Qigong also helps the immune system. Studies showed that it stimulates the formation of white blood cell types, which is beneficial for the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system, in turn, is an important component of a strong immune system, since the lymphatic vessels are key transport channels for the immune system, and filter stations for germs and toxins.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 08:54, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

3.霍元甲故居纪念馆从建成之日起已有数万的爱国人士前来参观瞻仰，重温霍元甲这位爱国英雄的传奇事迹和感人精神。

Tens of thousands of patriots have come to visit and admire the Huo Yuanjia's Former Residence Memorial Hall since it was completed, relive the legendary deeds and moving spirit of this patriotic hero.--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 08:54, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==
1.武术在其发生、发展的过程中，和中国历史上的哲学、政治、经济、军事、宗教、伦理道德、教育等许多方面都有密不可分的联系，具有浓厚的中华民族的色彩，是我国珍贵民族文化遗产的瑰宝。

In the process of its occurrence and development, Wushu is closely related to philosophy, politics, economy, military, religion, ethics, education and many other aspects in Chinese history. It has a strong Chinese national color and is a precious treasure in our national cultural heritage.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 01:46, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

In the course of its occurrence and development, martial art is closely related with the philosophy, politics, economy, military, religion, ethics, education and many other aspects of Chinese history, and is a precious treasure of national cultural heritages with a strong color of Chinese nation.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 03:54, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

2.移魂换体、灵魂出窍、身体变大变小，这些其实都是气功书里面常常提到的练功感受，也是练功不同层次的阶段性目标，但是却可以在实验室中可靠地复现。所以说，气功的本质很可能就是一种练功者对自己的大脑进行的神经系统实验。

Those, like moving the soul into another body, moving the soul out of the body, and getting body bigger or smaller, are actually the exercise experience often mentioned in qigong books, and are also the stage goals of different levels of exercise. But they can be reliably reproduced in the laboratory. Therefore, the essence of qigong is probably a kind of neurological experiment performed by practitioners in their own brains.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 01:46, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

3.霍元甲在药栈期间，因为力大无比，一直被身边的人称为霍力士，于是他结合特点，对燕青拳加以改进，使拳法中花哨的套路变得更加实用，但并未与人交手，直至其去世前，才与日本武士有过一次正式交手，并将其臂骨磕断，此后没过多久，霍元甲就与世长辞。

During his stay in the pharmacy, Huo Yuanjia was always called Huo Lishi(Lishi means a man of great strength.)by people around him because of his immense power, so he combined his characteristics and improved Yanqing pugilism to make its fancy routines more practical, but he hadn't used it to fight with others. It was not until his death that he had a formal fight with a Japanese samurai and broke samura's arm. And not long after that, Huo passed away.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 01:46, 27 November 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

20201116 cult

2020-11-21T23:31:28Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Alsied, Saffana */

==Alsied, Saffana==

1.An all-round top-notch performer of Beijing Opera, for instance, must be good- looking or attractive when appearing in make-up, of pleasing physical proportions, with a pair of expressive eyes and a rich variety of facial expressions.

例如，京剧的一位顶级表演者在化妆时必须好看或有吸引力，具有令人愉悦的身体比例，一双富有表情的眼睛和丰富多样的面部表情。--[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|SAFFANA ALSIED 2]] ([[User talk:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|talk]]) 23:31, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

2. He was the first to change the tradition that female characters paid attention only to the art of singing or acrobatic skills.

他是第一个改变传统的女性角色只关注歌唱或杂技技巧的传统。--[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|SAFFANA ALSIED 2]] ([[User talk:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|talk]]) 23:31, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

3.As acrobatics became a folk art, it absorbed rich nourishment from the lives of ordinary people.

随着杂技成为一种民间艺术，它从普通百姓的生活中吸收了丰富的营养。--[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|SAFFANA ALSIED 2]] ([[User talk:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|talk]]) 23:31, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==

1 京剧以历史故事为主要演出内容，传统剧目约有一千三百多个，常演的在三四百个以上。

The main performance of Peking Opera is historical stories. There are more than 1,300 traditional repertoires, and more than 300 or 400 are often performed.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 12:22, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

2 梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。

In more than 50 years of stage life, Mei Lanfang has developed and improved the singing and performing arts of “Dan” in Peking Opera, forming a unique style of art genre, known as "Mei School" in the world.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 12:22, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

3 解放后，杂技艺术获得新生。杂技艺术从简单的技巧表演发展到有乐队、舞蹈、灯光等配合的综合艺术表演。

After liberation, acrobatics gained a new life. Acrobatics have developed from simple technical performances to comprehensive art performances with bands, dances, and lighting.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 12:22, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Han 陈涵==

1. 京剧脸谱，是具有民族特色的一种特殊的化妆方法，由于每个历史人物或某一种类型的人物都有一种大概的模式，就像唱歌、奏乐都要按照乐谱一样，所以称为“脸谱”。

Beijing Opera facial makeup is a kind of special makeup method with national characteristic. As each historical figure or a certain type of person has an approximate style, like singing, playing music according to the music score, it is called “facial makeup in operas”. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:08, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 梅派最大的特点就是没有特点，抓住某一个特点很难抓，讲究的是范本之美，一招一式、一字一腔、发声运气都强调非常规范。

The main feature of the Mei Langfang school is featurelessness. It is quite difficult to capture one characteristic from the school as it focuses on the beauty of model. Every gesture and motion, word and tune, and the process of modulating air current to utter the sound all follows the requirements of the model. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:08, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 跟头本来是杂技技巧中重要一项，在清代戏曲中，它被戏曲表演所吸收化用在方方面面，故清末有所谓“京剧里的跟斗，杂技里的顶”的俗话。

Turning a somersaults is an important skill in acrobatics. During the Qing Dynasty, it was absorbed by opera and became a part of its performance. Therefore, there is an old saying in the late Qing Dynasty, "Where there is somersault in Beijing opera, there is handstand in acrobatics". --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:08, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

1.清初，京城戏曲舞台上盛行昆曲与京腔。乾隆中叶后，昆曲渐而衰落，京腔兴盛取代昆曲一统京城舞台。

During the early Qing Dynasty, Kunqu opera and Beijing accent were frequently performed on the stage in Beijing. After the mid-Qing period, Kunqu opera gradually declined and was replaced by the Beijing accent, which started to prosper and dominate the Beijing stage.

2.梅兰芳苦涩地回忆着这几年的沧桑历程，心境忧闷地对朋友说：“一个演员正在表演力旺盛之际，因为抵抗恶劣的社会环境，而蓄须谢绝舞台演出，连嗓子都不敢吊，这种痛苦我无法用语言来形容。我之所以绘画，一半是为了维持生活，一半是借此消遣。否则，我真是要憋死了。”

Looking back the past bitter years, Mei Lanfang said to her friend in a depressing mood, "A singer was forced to step back from the stage due to the adverse social environment and was even afraid to do vioce exercises. This kind of sorrow was beyond words. I chose to draw both for livelihood and amusement, otherwise, I will suffer to death."

3.春秋战国时代很多杂技艺术的创造者是诸侯的门客和武士，他们以一技之长，投身公卿大夫，并不完全为了表演，但关键时候，却往往以其技辅助主人，创造出一些轰轰烈烈的事业。

A great number of creators of acrobatics during the Spring and Autumn(770-476 BC) and Warring States(475-221 BC) periods belong to hangers-on and men of great physical prowess of the feudal princes. They go and seek refuge with high-ranking officials in court by dint of their professional skill though not wholly for performing. However, they would always rely on this skill to assist their masters to achive a grand career.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 13:29, 21 November 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

1. Some of the newer operas were adopted from literature and classical novels during the rise of communism.

在共产主义兴起期间，一些较新的歌剧被文学和古典小说所采用。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 13:34, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

共产主义崛起时期，一些新歌剧改编自文学和古典小说。--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:09, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

2.At age 13 he joined the Xiliancheng Theatrical Company and, through performances in Shanghai and elsewhere, acquired a national reputation.

13岁那年，他加入了戏联城剧院公司，并通过在上海和其他地方的演出获得了全国声誉。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 13:34, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

13岁那年，他加入了“喜连成”戏剧班，在上海和全国各地进行演出，享誉全国。--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 02:09, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

3.The acrobats may perform scenes from popular legends, stories, or novels of the ancient past such as The Monkey King.

杂技演员可以表演诸如《孙悟空》之类的古代传说，故事或小说中的场景。--[[User:Gennadii Dashkin|Gennadii Dashkin]] ([[User talk:Gennadii Dashkin|talk]]) 13:34, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

杂技演员可以表演诸如《美猴王》之类的民间传说、故事或古代小说中的场景。--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 14:45, 19 November 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1. 京剧，曾称平剧，中国五大戏曲剧种之一。场景布置注重写意，腔调以西皮、二黄为主，用胡琴和锣鼓等伴奏。

Beijing Opera, once called pingju, is one of the five major operas in China.The scene layout pays attention to freehand brushwork, tone to xipi, erhuang mainly, with the accompaniment of huqin, gongs and drums.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 07:37, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 梅兰芳成功地进行了一系列京剧艺术的改革，为整个戏剧文化的改革发展提供了榜样，对今天戏剧文化的发展具有重要的提示意义。

Mei Lanfang successfully made a series of reformation of Beijing opera and made an example of the opera culture reformation, which laid an important influence on the today's opera culture.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 07:37, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Mei Lanfang has successfully carried out a series of reforms of Beijing Opera art, which provids an example for the reform and development of the whole drama culture, and is of great significance to the development of drama culture today.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 11:07, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 吴桥县是中国杂技的发源地，其杂技历史悠久，表演艺术完善，为中外人士所熟知。据说，当地的人都或多或少地会表演杂技，不管他是99岁还是刚学会走路。

With a long acrobatics history and perfect performing arts, Wuqiao county is well known by Chinese people and foreigners as the birthplace of the famous Chinese acrobatics. It is said that the local people there are all able to perform acrobatics more or less, no matter he is just 99 or just learning to walk.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 07:37, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Wuqiao County is the origin of Chinese acrobatics, with long acrobatic history and perfect performing arts, known to Chinese and foreign people. It is said that locals can perform acrobatics more or less, whether he is 99 or just learning to walk.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 11:07, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
1.2006年5月，京剧被国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。2010年，被列入联合国教科文组织非物质文化遗产名录人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。

In May 2006, Beijing Opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. Then in 2010, it was included as representatives in the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 01:31, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。

In his stage lifetime of more than 50 years, Mei Lanfang has developd and improved the singing and performing arts of the role "Dan" in Beijing Opera, finally formed an art school with a unique style, whinch is known as "Mei" school.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 01:31, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

3.杂技艺术在中国已经有2000多年的历史。杂技在汉代称为“百戏”，隋唐时叫“散乐”，唐宋以后为了区别于其他歌舞、杂剧，才称为杂技。

Acrobatics has a history of more than 2,000 years in China. It was called "baixi" in the Han Dynasty, "Sanle" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Later in the Tang and Song dynasties, it was called "Acrobatics" in order to distinguish from other songs, dances and zaju.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 01:31, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==
1、京剧是融唱念做打于一体的戏剧表演形式，19世纪中期，孕育于民间，融合了中国南北方戏剧元素的京剧，在北京发展成熟，广泛流布于全国。

Beijing opera is a kind of opera performances which consists of singing, reading, doing and playing. Being conceived in Chinese folk and developing into maturity in Beijing, it integrated opera elements from north and south China and was spread widely across the country.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:10, 20 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

2、绘画大师刘海粟：“梅先生的表演风格，以画相喻，应是工笔重彩的牡丹花，花叶则以水墨写意出之，雍容华贵中见洒脱，浓淡相宜，艳而不俗。”

The drawing master Liu Haisu once said:”If drawing an analogy with painting, Mr Mei’s performance style should be a painting of heavy-colored peonies with ink-wash flowers and leaves, being free and easy amongst elegance, shading appropriate, and being showy but not vulgar. ”--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:10, 20 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

3、杂技艺术在中国已经有2000多年的历史。杂技在汉代称为“百戏”，隋唐时叫“散乐”，唐宋以后为了区别于其他歌舞、杂剧，才称为杂技。

Acrobatics has a long history of more than 2000 years in China. It was called “Bai Xi”(a general term for folk performing arts) in the Han dynasty and “San Yue”(a synonym of Bai Xi) in the Sui and Tang dynasties. It was not until the Tang and Song dynasties that we had the name “Za Ji”(Acrobatics) for it in order to distinguish it from songs and dances as well as other performing arts. --[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:10, 20 November 2020 (UTC) Gao Mingzhu

==Grosheva, Anna==

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==
1.京剧走遍世界各地，分布地以北京为中心，遍及中国，成为介绍、传播中国传统艺术文化的重要媒介。在2010年11月16日，京剧被列入“世界非物质文化遗产代表作名录”

Peking Opera is distributed all over the world, mainly in Beijing , and has become an important medium for introducing and spreading Chinese traditional art and culture. On November 16, 2010, Peking Opera was inscribed on the "Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the World".

2.梅兰芳的戏剧艺术并非完全没有现实主义的成分，它并不具有立体派绘画、抽象的阿拉伯装饰或几何舞蹈设计所具有的那种涵义。跟它确切相似的是中国绘画和雕刻。遗留在我们记忆里的是对他们的抽象画和装饰性的印象，但是我们往往对那种精确性感到惊讶，自然界，一片叶子，一束花朵，一只鸟，一只手，一件斗篷，都被观察得极为精确细致，同时我们也对它们那具有特征的细节所呈现的使人眼花缭乱的色彩缤纷标志感到惊奇。

Mei Lanfang's theatrical art is not completely devoid of realism, and it does not have the same connotations as Cubist painting, abstract arabesques, or geometric choreography. Its exact resemblance is to Chinese painting and sculpture. What remains in our memory are impressions of their abstract paintings and ornamentation, but we often surprized at the precision with which nature, a leaf, a bouquet of flowers, a bird, a hand, a cloak, are observed with great precision and detail, and we are amazed at the dazzling array of colorful symbols in their characteristic detail!

Mei Lanfang's theatrical art is not completely devoid of realism, and it does not have the same connotations as Cubist painting, abstract arabesques, or geometric choreography. It bears a close resemblance to Chinses painting and sculpture. What remains in our memory are impressions of their abstract paintings and ornamentation, but we often surprize at the precision with which nature, a leaf, a bouquet of flowers, a bird, a hand, a cloak, are observed and we are amazed at the dazzling array of colorful symbols in their characteristic details.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 13:49, 21 November 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

3.大约在新石器时代，中国的杂技就已经萌芽。原始人在狩猎中形成的劳动技能和自卫攻防中创造的武技与超常体能，在休息和娱乐时，在表现其猎获和胜利的欢快时，被再现为一种自娱游戏的技艺表演，这就形成了最早的杂技艺术。

Around the Neolithic period, acrobatics had already sprouted in China. The labor skills developed by primitive man in hunting and the martial skills and extraordinary physical abilities created in self-defense were reproduced as a technical performance of self-entertaining games during rest and recreation, while expressing the joy of their hunt and victory, which led to the earliest acrobatic art.

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==
1.京剧是中国的国粹。作为一门古老的艺术，京剧的服饰、脸谱等很受观众欢迎。精致的面部化妆和华丽的服饰是京剧的两大特色。不同的服装类型反映不同人物的身份特征。脸谱是京剧中塑造人物形象的重要手段，它是用不同的颜色在脸上勾画出来的。脸谱的颜色让人一看便知角色的善恶。

Beijing Opera is the quintessence of Chinese culture.As an ancient art,the costume and facial makeup of Beijing Opera are very popular among audience.Elaborate and gorgeous facial make-up and costumes are two distinguished characteristics of Beijing Opera. Different styles of costumes are used to reflect the identity of different characters.
Painting faces with different colors are important ways to portray a character.People can tell a hero from a villain by the colors of the masks.

Beijing Opera is the quintessence of Chinese culture.As an ancient art,the costume and facial makeup of Beijing Opera are very popular among audience.Elaborate facial make-up and gorgeous costumes are two distinguished characteristics of Beijing Opera. Different styles of costumes are used to reflect the identity of different characters.
Painting faces with different colors is an important way to portray a character.People can tell a hero from a villain by the colors of the masks.--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 14:31, 21 November 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

2.梅兰芳出生于京剧世家，8岁开始学习表演艺术，10岁开始登台演出，在二十世纪初成为了超级明星，使花旦成为京剧中重要的角色。在其60年的戏剧生涯中，梅兰芳演出创作了200多部剧，在唱腔、台词、舞蹈、音乐、服饰、化妆等方面做出了贡献，逐渐形成了自己独特的风格，被称为“梅派”。

Born in the family of Beijing Opera actors,Mei Lanfang began to laern the performing art at eight,to make his debut at ten and become a super star in the early 20 centuries,thus turning Dan (female roles) to a prominent role of Beijing Opera.During his 60 years of performing years,Mei performed and created over 200 plays,making contributions in such aspects as singing patters, speaking lines, dance, music, costumes and make-up and gradually forming his unique style, the so called ‘Mei School’.

Born in the family of Beijing Opera actors,Mei Lanfang began to learn the performing art at eight and made his debut at ten, a super star in the early 20th century,thus turning Dan (female roles) to a prominent role of Beijing Opera.During his 60 years of performing years,Mei performed and created over 200 plays,making contributions in such aspects as singing patters, speaking lines, dance, music, costumes and make-up and gradually forming his own unique style, called ‘Mei School’. --[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 14:31, 21 November 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

3.中国杂技(acrobatics)有着悠久的历史和浓郁的民族特色。它是中国人最喜爱的艺术形式之一。杂技的表演融合了力量和技巧。它与人们的生产和日常生活有着密切的联系。表演的道具(props)包括碗、盘子和梯子等。在旧中国，因为被封建阶级(feudal class)瞧不起，杂技从未在剧场里表演过。自新中国成立以来，中国政府大力发展民族艺术，使杂技获得了新的生命。

The Chinese acrobatics has a long history and rich national flavor. It is one of the Chinese favorite art forms.It is one of the Chinese favorite art forms. Acrobatics combines strength and skill. It closely relates to people's production and daily life activities with props being bowls, plates, ladders, and so on. In old China, acrobatics was never performed in theatres because it was looked down upon by the feudal class. Since the founding of new China, the Chinese government has made great efforts to develop national arts, giving acrobatics a new life.--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 02:15, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

==Guirou, Barthelemy==
1-The Beijing Opera is considered the quintessential Chinese performance art. It originated in Beijing but has spread all around China to become a symbol of Chinese culture. Combining singing, dancing, dialogue and martial arts, it has five main types of characters: Sheng, Dan, Jing, Mo, Chou. These refer to male characters, female characters, forceful characters, middle-aged male characters and comedic figures respectively. Because the Beijing Opera was originally a feature of the imperial palace, it had stricter requirements for the performance, costumes, makeup and songs.

京剧被认为是中国典型的表演艺术。它起源于北京，但已遍布中国各地，成为中国文化的象征。结合唱歌，跳舞，对话和武术，它具有五个主要类型的字符：圣，旦，京，莫，仇。这些分别指男性角色，女性角色，有力角色，中年男性角色和喜剧人物。由于京剧最初是皇宫的特色，因此对表演，服装，化妆和歌曲有更严格的要求。

2-Mei Lanfang, Wade-Giles Romanization Mei Lan-fang, (born October 22, 1894, Beijing, China—died August 8, 1961, Beijing), Chinese theatrical performer, one of the greatest singer-actor-dancers in Chinese history.

梅兰芳（Wade-Giles Romanization）梅兰芳（1894年10月22日生于中国北京，1961年8月8日卒于北京），中国戏曲演员，中国历史上最伟大的歌手，演员和舞者之一。

3-Chinese acrobats focus especially on developing strength in the waist and legs. Strong abdominal muscles are the key to all precisely controlled movement involving the torso. Strong legs are essential for maintaining perfect balance while standing on a tightrope or other objects or on other acrobats.

中国的杂技演员特别注重腰部和腿部力量的发展。强大的腹部肌肉是所有精确控制躯干运动的关键。站立在绳索或其他物体或其他杂技演员上时，强壮的腿对于保持完美的平衡至关重要。--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 12:07, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Guo Lu 郭露==

1. 京剧结合音乐，杂技舞蹈和壮观的服饰，讲述中国历史和民间传说的故事。演员使用富有戏剧性意义的抽象，象征性手势，代表了英雄，神圣和动物界的人物，常常是在武术中使用。面具般的妆容和精致服装的传统特征立即为认识的观众标识了角色。

Beijing Opera combines music, acrobatic dance, and spectacular costumes to tell stories from Chinese history and floklore. Using abstract, symbolic gestures rich in dramatic meaning, actors represent personages from the heroic, divine, and animal worlds, often in martial exploits. The traditional features of the masklike makeup and elaborate costumes immediately identify the characters to a knowing audience.

Beijing Opera, combining music and acrobatic dance with spectacular costumes, tells stories from Chinese history and floklore. Often in martial arts, the actors plays the role from the heroic, divine, and animal worlds by using abstract and symbolic gestures rich in dramatic meaning. The traditional features of the masklike makeup and elaborate costumes immediately identify the characters to a knowing audience.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 16:17, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 梅兰，艺名梅兰芳，是中国现代戏剧中著名的京剧演员。梅兰芳被称为“京剧大师”。他以女性角色“旦”而出名，尤其以青衣为主，即年轻或中年的优雅女子。梅兰芳和尚小云、程砚秋、荀慧生一起，被誉为“四大名旦”。

Mei Lan, better known by his stage name Mei Lanfang, was a notable Peking opera artist in modern Chinese theater. Mei was known as "Queen of Peking Opera". Mei was exclusively known for his female lead roles (dan) and particularly his "verdant-robed girls" (qingyi), young or middle-aged women of grace and refinement. He was considered one of the "Four Great Dan", along with Shang Xiaoyun, Cheng Yanqiu, and Xun Huisheng.

Mei Lan, with a stage name Mei Lanfang, was a notable Peking opera artist in modern Chinese theater. Mei Lanfang was famed as "Queen of Peking Opera". He was exclusively famous for his femal role "Dan" and particularly his verdant-robed girl "Qingyi", namely, young or middle-aged elegance woman. He was fameded the "Four Great Dan", along with Shang Xiaoyun, Cheng Yanqiu, and Xun Huisheng.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 16:17, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Mei Lan, whose stage name was Mei Lanfang, represented one of the most famous Peking Opera actors in the history of modern Chinese opera. He was also famed as "the Master of Peking Opera". And he was notable for his performance as a female character "Dan", especially "verdant-robed girls" (qingyi), namely, young or middle-aged elegant women. Mei Lanfang, as well as Shang Xiaoyun, Cheng Yanqiu, and Xun Huisheng, was fameds as "the Four Great Dan".--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 07:46, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

3.杂技是各种技艺表演的总和，以高、难、险、奇而和谐的技能为特征。杂技的艺术语言主要是超高技巧肢体动作，包括柔身术、绳技、顶碗、滚杯等。

Characterized by high, difficult, dangerous, strange and harmonious skills, acrobatics is the sum of various performances, its artistic language mainly includes super-skilled body movements, including contortionist, rope skill, bowling, and cup rolling.

--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 02:48, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Acrobatics is the sum of various technical performances, marked by high, difficult, dangerous, strange and harmonious skills. It’s artistic language is the highly-skilled body movements, including contortionist, rope skill, bowling and cup rolling. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 03:37, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==
1. Beijing Opera was the product of the merging in Beijing of Anhui and Hubei opera styles in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

京剧是18世纪末至19世纪初融合安徽和湖北京剧风格的产物。

2. Mei was born in Beijing into a family of Beijing Opera performers. He started to learn the art of opera when he was a little boy. He made his debut at the age of 11 and became well-known before he reached 20.

梅出生于北京一个京剧演员家庭。他从小就开始学习歌剧艺术。他在11岁时首次亮相，并在20岁之前就广为人知。

梅兰芳出生于北京的一个京剧世家。他从小就开始学习戏剧艺术，11岁时首次表演，并在20岁之前就广为人知。--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 06:33, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

3. Chinese Acrobatics became an independent and highly skilled art form about 2,000 years ago. Han Dynasty acrobatics programs included items such as walking on a tight rope, along with conjuring tricks such as legerdemain, knife swallowing and fire eating.

大约2000年前，中国杂技成为一种独立的高技能艺术形式。汉代的杂技节目包括紧绳走动等项目，还有莱格德（Legerdemain），吞刀和吞火等魔术。--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 03:21, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==He Changqi 何长琦==

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==

1.京剧是中国五大戏曲剧种之一，另外四种分别为越剧、黄梅戏、评剧和豫剧。

Peking Opera is one of the five major operas in China. The other four are Yue opera, Huangmei Opera, Ping opera and Henan opera.

Beijing Opera is one of the five major operas in China, and the other four are Yue opera, Huangmei Opera, Ping opera and Henan opera.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 08:20, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

2.梅兰芳先生是世人景仰的京剧艺术大师，他创造的独树一帜“梅派”艺术，在国内外享有盛誉。他所取得的辉煌成就，给我们留下了弥足珍贵的艺术遗产，他为中国戏剧艺术做出的杰出贡献，将永载戏剧史册。

Mr. Mei Lanfang is a Beijing Opera master admired by the world. His unique "Mei school" art has enjoyed a high reputation at home and abroad. His brilliant achievements have left us a precious artistic heritage. His outstanding contributions to Chinese drama will be forever recorded in the history of drama.

Mr. Mei Lanfang, a master of Beijing Opera, is admired by the world. His unique “Mei School” art enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad. His brilliant achievements have left us with precious artistic heritage, and his outstanding contribution to Chinese drama will be recorded in the history of drama forever.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 08:20, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

3.中国杂技大约在新石器时代就已经萌芽。秦统一中国后，吸收各国角抵的优点，形成了一种娱乐性的杂技节目——角抵戏。汉代，角抵戏的内容更充实，品种更丰富，技艺更高超。到东汉时，则形成了一种以杂技艺术为中心，汇集各种表演艺术于一堂的新品种——“百戏”体系。

Chinese acrobatics began to sprout in the Neolithic age. After the unification of China, Qin Dynasty absorbed the advantages of Jiaodi from other countries and formed an entertainment acrobatic program called Jiaodi opera. In the Han Dynasty, the content of Jiaodi opera was more substantial, the variety was richer, and the skill was more excellent. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, a new variety of "Baixi" system with acrobatics as the center and various performing arts in one hall was formed.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 03:37, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Chinese acrobatics began to sprout around the Neolithic Age. After unifying China, Qin Dynasty absorbed the advantages of Jiaodi from various countries and formed an entertaining acrobatic program called Jiaodi Opera. In the Han Dynasty, Jiaodi Opera was richer in content, more abundant in variety and more excellent in skill. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, a new variety named “Baixi” was formed. It was a system which centered on acrobatic art and brought together various performing arts.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 08:20, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==
1. 京剧结合了音乐、杂技舞蹈和华贵的戏服来讲述中国历史和民间传说。演员使用抽象的象征性手势，富有戏剧性的含义，饰演英雄、神和动物世界的人物，并且通常是军功累累。

1. Peking Opera combines music, acrobatic dance, and spectacular costumes to tell stories from Chinese history and folklore. Using abstract, symbolic gestures rich in dramatic meaning, actors represent personages from the heroic, divine, and animal worlds, often in martial exploits.

2. 梅兰芳是伟大的京剧表演艺术家。可他小时候却被认为是“言不出众，貌不惊人”，不是学戏的料。梅兰芳小时候是个没人管的野孩子。

2. Mei Lanfang was a great performer of Beijing opera. As a child, he was judged to be “mediocre in speech and plain in apperance,” without the markings of an actor. In his childhood, Mei Lanfang was a neglected child.

3. 中国杂技是一门结合了身体力量和技巧的表演艺术。它是最受中国人欢迎的艺术形式之一。杂技在中国已经存在了两千多年。早在战国时期就已经出现了杂技的雏形。到了汉代，杂技或“百戏”进一步丰富了其内容和种类。古往今来，杂技表演融入了许多不同的表演艺术，例如传统戏剧、舞蹈和武术的优点，作为回报，它也为后者提供了灵感。

3. The Chinese acrobatics is a performing art which combines physical strength and skills. It is one of the most popular art forms welcomed by the Chinese people. The acrobatic art has existed in China for more than two thousand years. As early as the Warring States Period, there appeared embryonic form of acrobatics. By the time of the Han Dynasty, the acrobatic art or “Baixi” was further enriched both in contents and varieties. Acrobatic performances through the ages have incorporated strong points of many different performing arts such as traditional operas, dance and martial art, and provided the latter with inspiration in return.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 12:54, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==
1. 京剧曾称平剧，亦称乱弹、国剧，是中国五大戏曲剧种之一，被视为中国国粹，位列中国戏曲三鼎甲“榜首”，是中国和世界的非物质文化遗产。京剧场景布置注重写意，腔调以西皮、二黄为主，用胡琴和锣鼓等伴奏，是清代四大徽班陆续进入北京，与湖北的汉调艺人合作，同时又接受了昆曲、秦腔的部分剧目、曲调和表演方法，吸收地方民间曲调，通过不断的交流、融合的结晶。它走遍世界各地，是介绍、传播中国传统艺术文化的重要媒介。

Peking Opera, once called Ping Opera, also known as Luantan and national opera, is one of the five major operas in China. It is regarded as the quintessence of Chinese culture and ranked the top among the three operas in China. And it is an intangible cultural heritage of China and the world. With setting featuring freehand style, Peking Opera holds Xipi and Er'huang as its main tunes, accompanied by huqin, gong, drum and so on. The four Hui Combos of the Qing Dynasty successively entered Beijing and cooperated with Han melody artists from Hubei province. At the same time, they assimilated some plays, tunes and performance methods of Kunqu Opera and Qinqiang Opera, absorbed local folk tunes, then became the crystallization of continuous communication and integration. Advancing around the world, Peking Opera plays a vital role in introducing and disseminating Chinese art and culture.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 07:01, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

2.梅兰芳（名澜，字畹华，1894年10月22日－1961年8月8日），出生于北京，祖籍江苏泰州，中国京剧表演艺术大师，与程砚秋、尚小云、荀慧生并称“四大名旦”。其生前曾任中国京剧院院长、中国戏曲研究院院长、中国戏剧家协会副主席。在梅兰芳50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。其代表作有《贵妃醉酒》、《天女散花》、《打渔杀家》等。 1961年8月8日，梅兰芳因病在北京病逝，享年67岁。

Mei Lanfang ( personal name, Lan, style name Wanhua, October 22, 1894 - August 8, 1961), was born in Beijing, with ancestral home in Taizhou, Jiangsu province. He is a grand master of Chinese Peking Opera performing art, who, together with Cheng Yanqiu, Shang Xiaoyun and Xun Huisheng, is known as the "four greatest Dans". He was the president of the Chinese Peking Opera Theatre, president of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Opera, and vice chairman of the Chinese Dramatists' Association. During his more than 50 years of performing life, he developed and improved the singing and performing arts of Dan in Peking Opera, and formed an artistic school with a unique style, known as the "Mei School". His representative works include Drunken Concubine, Heavenly Maids scattering blossoms, Revolt of the Fishing Folks, etc. On August 8, 1961, Mei Lanfang died of illness in Beijing at the age of 67.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 07:01, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 杂技是集平衡、敏捷、运动协调等非凡技艺于一体的表演。许多表演艺术、运动赛事以及武术中都有其身影。

Acrobatics is the performance of extraordinary feats of balance, agility, motor coordination and so on. It can be found in many of the performing arts as well as in many sports events, and martial arts. --[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 07:01, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==
1. 京剧《贵妃醉酒》取材于中国唐朝帝王唐玄宗的宠妃杨玉环的部分人生经历，通过优美的动作和华美的唱词、曲调，表达杨贵妃由期盼到失望，再到怨恨的复杂心情。

The Peking Opera The Drunken Beauty is based on some life experiences of Yang Yuhuan, the favorite concubine of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty in China. Through beautiful movements, gorgeous lyrics and tunes, it expresses Yang Guifei's complex mood from expectation to disappointment and resentment.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 02:30, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 梅兰芳的一生，体现了不断革新、精益求精的敬业精神，他将诸多艺术领域的创作思想融于了京剧艺术舞台表演之中，使京剧旦行的唱腔、表演艺术臻于完美的境界，成为旦行中影响深远的流派。--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 02:30, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Mei Lanfang's whole life embodies his dedication to his diligence of continuous innovation and Excellence. He has integrated his creative ideas in many artistic fields into the stage performances of Peking Opera, making the singing and performing arts of Peking Opera perfect and becoming a far-reaching school in female roles.

3. 中国的杂技艺术历史悠久，源远流长，是中华民族珍贵的优秀文化遗产。

Acrobatic art in China has a long history, which is a precious and excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 02:30, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

With a time-honored history, Acrobatic is a precious and excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. --[[User:Zhang Weihong|Zhang Weihong]] ([[User talk:Zhang Weihong|talk]]) 06:33, 20 November 2020 (UTC)Zhang Weihong

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==
1.京剧是国粹，是积淀了民族审美习惯和文化传统的艺术瑰宝。中国人含蓄、稳健、精致、典雅的精神品格在京剧艺术里有着最丰富、最集中、最生动的体现。

Peking Opera is a national treasure that has accumulated national aesthetic habits and cultural traditions. The subtlety, steadfastness, refinement and elegance of the Chinese spirit are most abundant, concentrated and vividly embodied in the art of Peking Opera.

2.梅兰芳是一个稀世之才,一个中国奉献给世界的超级明星。在他精彩纷呈的艺术生涯之外,梅先生本人的人生故事,也和他演绎的那些才子佳人的悲欢离台一样真实,甚至更为美丽。

Mei Lanfang was a rare talent, a superstar that China dedicated to the world. In addition to his brilliant artistic career, Mr. Mei's own life story is just as real, if not more beautiful, than his rendition of the tragic and joyous departure of those talented and beautiful women from the stage.

3.民间杂技是一种有着两千五百多年历史的民间表演艺术，深深地根植于民众的土壤之中，有着悠久的历史和深厚的传统。

The folk traditional acrobatics is one kind of folk performing art with a history of 2500 years, and is deeply rooted in populaces soil with a long history and deep tradition.

--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 12:47, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

The folk acrobatics is a kind of performing art extending for more than 2500 years, and is deeply rooted in populaces with a long history and deep tradition.--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 07:08, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

1、京剧享誉全国，影响甚广，有"国剧"之称。以梅兰芳命名的京剧表演体系被视为东方戏剧表演体系的代表，为世界三大表演体系之一。京剧是中华民族传统文化的重要表现形式，其中的多种艺术元素被用作中国传统文化的象征符号。

Peking Opera is well known throughout the country and has a wide influence. It is called "National opera". The Peking Opera performance system named after Mei Lanfang is regarded as a representative of the Oriental drama performance system, and is one of the three major performance systems in the world. Peking Opera is an important manifestation of Chinese traditional culture, in which various artistic elements are used as symbols of Chinese traditional culture.

2、梅兰芳八岁学艺，11岁登台。梅兰芳是近代杰出的京昆旦行演员，“四大名旦”之首，“梅派”艺术创始的人；同时也是享有国际盛誉的表演艺术大师，其表演被推为“世界三大表演体系”之一。在西方人的眼中，梅兰芳就是京剧的代名词。

Mei Lanfang studied the Opera at the age of eight and went on stage at the age of 11. Mei Lanfang , an outstanding actor of Jingkun Dan in modern times, the first of the "four famous Dan" and the founder of the "Mei School" art. At the same time, he is also an international renowned master of performing arts whose performance has been promoted as one of the "three major performance systems in the world". In the eyes of westerners, Mei Lanfang is synonymous with Peking Opera.

3、特别重视腰腿顶功的训练是中国杂技的第一个特点。中国杂技自古重视顶功。汉代画像砖石和壁画、陶俑中，有许多拿顶和翻筋斗的形象。中国杂技艺人，即使是表演古代戏法的演员也要有扎实的功夫基础。

One of the characteristics of Chinese acrobatics isthat stressed the basic training of the waist and legs. Since ancient times, Chinese acrobatics have attached great importance to top up art. In the han Dynasty, there are many figures of holding the top and somersaulting in the wall paintings, murals and clay figures. Chinese acrobats, even those performing ancient tricks, must have a solid foundation in kung fu.--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 04:30, 20 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kaungxi

==Li Lili 李丽丽==

1.京剧，又称平剧、京戏，是中国影响最大的戏曲剧种，分布地以北京为中心，遍及全国各地。
Beijing opera, also known as Pingju and Peking Opera, is the most influential opera in China, with Beijing as the center and across all over the country.

2.梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。
Mei Lanfang has developed and improved the singing and performing arts of Dan roles in Peking Opera in his more than 50 years of stage life, forming an art school with unique style, known as "Mei school" .

3.杂技艺术在中国已经有2000多年的历史。杂技在汉代称为“百戏”，隋唐时叫“散乐”，唐宋以后为了区别于其他歌舞、杂剧，才称为杂技。在我国古代文献中，很早就有关于杂技的文学记载了。
Acrobatics enjoys a history of more than 2000 years in China. It was called "Baixi" in Han Dynasty and "Sanyue" in Sui and Tang Dynasties. But it was called acrobatics after this period in order to distinguish it from other songs, dances and zaju. It has been long recorded in ancient Chinese literature.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 07:37, 20 November 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==

1. 京剧是中国影响最大的戏曲剧种，分布地以北京为中心，遍及全国各地。2006年5月，京剧被国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。然而，京剧发展当前存在一些问题：一是创作人才匮乏；二是缺乏固定的演出场所；三是经费投入不足。令人担忧的是京剧是否会像旧城区一样，成为中国疯狂的商业化和现代化进程的牺牲品。

Beijing Opera is the most influential opera in China, with Beijing as the center and all over the country. In May 2006, it was approved by the State Council to be included in the first national intangible heritage list. However, it has encountered some problems, including the lack of creative talents, fixed performance venues, and investment funds. The worry, though, is that, like the old neighborhoods, Beijing opera could fall victim to China’s rampant commercialism and modernization. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 03:21, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 梅兰芳、程砚秋、尚小云和苟慧生被合称为京剧四大名旦，梅兰芳被公认为是中国表演艺术的代表。在他的演艺生涯中，他将自我天赋加入传统的人物性格中，形成了自己的风格，并且成立了“梅兰芳京剧学校”。

Mei Lanfang, Cheng Yanqiu, Shang Xiaoyun, and Gou Huisheng are recognized as the four greatest artists of Beijing Opera, of which Mei Landang is acknowledged to be the symbol of China’s performing art. Over the course of his career, he added his own flair to traditional characters, shaping a style of his own and forming “The Mei Lanfang School”. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 03:21, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Mei Lanfang, Cheng Yanqiu, Shang Xiaoyun, and Gou Huisheng are recognized as the four greatest female role players of Beijing Opera, of which Mei Landang is acknowledged to be the symbol of China’s performing art. Over his career, he added his own flair to traditional characters, shaping a style of his own and establishing “The Mei Lanfang School”. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 03:21, 19 November 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 02:32, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 杂技艺术在中国已经有2000多年的历史。 “杂技”一词，是1950年中国杂技团成立时，由周恩来总理定名的。近年来，中国杂技界以发展先进文化为己任，与时俱进，已经成为对外文化交流，弘扬中华民族优秀文化的重要渠道。

In China, acrobatics has a history of more than 2000 years. The term “acrobatics” was given by Premier Zhou Enlai in 1950 when the Chinese Acrobatic Troupe was founded. Over the years, the Chinese Acrobatics Society has been developing advanced culture and keeping pace with the times. It has become an significant channel for advancing foreign cultural exchanges and promoting the brilliant culture of the Chinese nation. --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 03:21, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Acrobatics has a history of more than 2000 years in China. The term "acrobatics" was named by Premier Zhou Enlai when the Chinese acrobatic troupe was founded in 1950. In recent years, China's acrobatic circle has taken the development of advanced culture as its own responsibility and kept pace with the times, which has become an important channel for foreign cultural exchange and the promotion of the excellent culture of the Chinese nation.--[[User:Hu Baihui|Hu Baihui]] ([[User talk:Hu Baihui|talk]]) 03:39, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1. 京剧舞台艺术在文学、表演、音乐、唱腔、锣鼓、化妆、脸谱等各个方面，通过无数艺人的长期舞台实践，构成了一套互相制约、相得益彰的格律化和规范化的程式。

2. 梅兰芳的一生，体现了不断革新、精益求精的敬业精神，他将诸多艺术领域的创作思想融入了京剧艺术舞台表演之中，使京剧旦行的唱腔、表演艺术臻于完美的境界，成为旦行中影响深远的流派，形成独特的艺术风格。

3. 近半个世纪以来，中国杂技演员足迹遍世界，在五大洲的一百多个国家留下了他们的艺术风采，甚至当时一些尚未与中国建交的国家，也都欢迎中国杂技团的演出，并在他们的艺术表演中感受到中国人民的友谊，加速了与这些国家友好交往的进程。--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 15:38, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

1.京剧，又称平剧、京戏，是中国影响最大的戏曲剧种，分布地以北京为中心，遍及全国各地。

Beijing Opera, or Ping Opera and Jing Opera, is the most influential opera in China, which centered in Beijing and extend all over the nation.--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 14:30, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

2.电影《梅兰芳》讲述了一代京剧大师梅兰芳先生传奇的一生。围绕着这两个人之间的故事展开的，以梅兰芳引路人和保护者自居的邱如白因为不能忍受梅兰芳和孟小东的爱情，在幕后导演了刺杀梅兰芳的事件。

The film Mei Lanfang tells a story of the whole life of Mei Lanfang, who was the Master of Beijing Opera. The main content of the film was Qiu Rubai, the self-appointed instructor and protector of Mei, intended to kill him for his falling in love with Meng Xiaodong.--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 14:30, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

3.现代杂技特指演员靠自己身体技巧完成一系列高难动作的表演性节目。"杂技"一词，是1950年中国杂技团成立时，由周恩来总理定名的。

The modern acrobatics refers to the acrobat completes a series of complicated actions by his movement skills. The name “Zaji” was settled by Premiere Zhou Enlai in 1950 when the China National Acrobatic Troupe was founded.--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 14:30, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1、在表演艺术上广征博采吸取诸家剧种之长，融于徽戏之中。兼之演出阵容齐整，上演的剧目丰富，颇受京城观众欢迎。自魏长生被迫离京，秦腔不振，秦腔艺人为了生计，纷纷搭入徽班，形成了徽、秦两腔融合的局面。

In terms of performance art, it draws on the strengths of all kinds of plays and incorporates them into the Huizhou opera. In addition, with a complete performance lineup and a rich repertoire, it was quite popular with the audience in the capital. Since Wei Changsheng was forced to leave the capital, the Qin opera was sluggish, and the Qin opera artists, in order to make a living, had to join the Hui class, forming a fusion of Hui and Qin operas.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 02:31, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

2、梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。梅兰芳的艺术造诣正如北大书法史巨匠李志敏的狂草一样耐人回味，可谓炉火纯青、臻入胜境。

In more than 50 years of stage life, Mei Lanfang developed and improved the art of singing and performing the female roles in Peking Opera, forming a unique school of art with a unique style, known as the "Mei School. Mei Lanfang's artistic attainments are just as evocative as the wild grasses of Li Zhimin, a master calligrapher at Peking University, which can be said to be pure and perfect.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 02:31, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

3、南北朝时期，各族艺术交流频繁，使这一时期的杂技呈现出兼收并蓄，多姿多彩的特点，不仅民间基础丰厚，而且各朝宫廷表演也异彩纷呈。

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were frequent artistic exchanges among various ethnic groups, which made the acrobatics of this period eclectic and colorful, not only with a rich folk base, but also with various court performances.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 02:31, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were frequent artistic exchanges among various ethnic groups, which made the acrobatics of this period eclectic and colorful. As such, the acrobatics not only had a rich folk foundation, but also had a variety of court performances. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 11:42, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

1.随着社会经济的发展和戏曲声腔昆山腔的兴起，徽州商人纷纷蓄养家班，角色斗艺，并卖力为乾隆下江南收集声色歌舞，不惜重金包装徽剧色艺，客观上为徽剧进京创造了条件。

With the development of economy and the emergence of Kunshan Opera,merchants in Huizhoul successively fostered their own family troupes,competed skills and devoted to collect wonderful songs and dances for Emperor Qianlong’s coming to the south of Yangtze River.Besides,they spent numerous money in polishing the appearances and skills of those performers,which created favorable conditions for Huizhou Opera marching into the Forbidden City.

With the socio-economic development and the rise of the Kunshan opera voice, Huizhou merchants have saved up their families and roles to fight art, and worked hard for Qianlong to go to the south of the Yangtze River to collect voices and dances, at great expense to package Huizhou opera color art, which objectively created the conditions for Huizhou opera to enter the Beijing.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 02:33, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

2.梅兰芳之青衫亦为都中第一流人物，色艺之佳，早已名满都下二难兼并，必有特异之技艺以动人，观听者有梨园癖者自必联翩往观，第一台又将座物隙地矣。《申报》

Green shirt played by Meilanfang ranked first in Beijing for his splendid appearance and skills.Those spectators who were keen on Beijing Opera always flooded to his show and all seats were occupied.---''Shen Bao''

Mei Lanfang's blue shirt is also a first-class figure in the city, the color art of the good, has long been famous in the city two difficult to merge, there must be a special technique to move people, listeners who have a pear garden fetish will be linked to the view, the first Taiwan will be the gap between the object and the ground.---''Shen Bao''--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 02:33, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

3.《简明不列颠百科全书》称杂技是“一种有悠久历史的专门艺术，包括跳、身体技巧和平衡动作，较晚时又使用长杆，独轮自行车、球、桶、绷床及吊架等器械”。

''Concise Encyclopedia Britanica'' calls acrobatics “a kind of special art with a long history,including jumping,body skills and balanced motions.Later,there emerged other apparatuses such as long rods,unicycles,balls,buckets and hangers,etc.--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 14:39, 19 November 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

The Concise Encyclopedia Britannica describes acrobatics as "a specialized art with a long history that includes jumping, body tricks, and balancing movements and, later, the use of instruments such as long poles, wheeled bicycles, balls, barrels, bandages, and hammocks."--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 02:33, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==
1.在京剧表演中，通常越精彩的戏越往后排，防止观众中途离场，同时营造出演出气氛节节高的效果，而排在最后的大轴戏无疑是整场演出最重头的戏码。

As a routine, the best Beijing Opera shows are always saved to the end, in case the audience leave too early, and to help raising audience’s anticipation. The “grand finale” is undoubtedly the most important show.

2.此后，一出又一出脱胎于传统文化经典的古装新戏在梅兰芳和梅党文人们的集体创作中连续推出，他们广泛地从昆曲和中国古典绘画、雕塑和舞蹈等艺术中吸取营养，同时又严格遵循传统京剧中的写意风格，从而真正契合了京剧从听戏向看戏转变的时代潮流。

Since then, Mei Lanfang and scholars of the Mei Party created a series of new ancient-costumed operas, based on traditional cultural classics. They extracted the essence from Kunqu Opera, classical Chinese paintings, the art of sculpting and dancing. They gave people a brand new impression on traditional Beijing Opera while preserved its traditional style. Audiences therefore gradually shifted from listening to traditional Chinese opera to watching it.

3.中国杂技艺术要创新，思想观念必须转变，体制机制必须突破。需要有新的经营理念来指导艺术生产，颠覆以往“一招鲜，吃遍天”的创作思路，形成“创意为先”、“以销定产”的新理念，认真研究演出市场，细分目标观众群，根据观众的欣赏口味创作构思。

The transformation of ideas and breakthrough of the system must be made in the innovation of Chinese acrobatic art. People need to come up with a new business philosophy in the industry as a guideline. They have to transform the previous idea of relying on the only one attraction into the new one, which is to put the creativity first and produce based on demands. They should make a careful analysis of the performance market, classify the target audience and arrange and preform based on audiences’ taste.--[[User:Ouyang Ling|Ouyang Ling]] ([[User talk:Ouyang Ling|talk]]) 08:00, 21 November 2020 (UTC)Ouyang Ling

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

1.京剧流播全国，影响甚广，有“国剧”之称。以梅兰芳命名的京剧表演体系被视为东方戏剧表演体系的代表，为世界三大表演体系之一。京剧是中华民族传统文化的重要表现形式，其中的多种艺术元素被用作中国传统文化的象征符号。

Peking opera is broadcast throughout the country and has a wide impact, and is known as the "national opera". The Peking Opera performance system named after Mei Lanfang is regarded as the representative of the Oriental theater performance system and is one of the three major performance systems in the world. Peking opera is an important form of expression of the traditional Chinese culture, and a variety of artistic elements are used as symbols of traditional Chinese culture.

2.梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。

In more than 50 years of stage life, Mei Lanfang has developed and improved the singing and performing arts of Peking Opera Danjiao, forming a unique style of art genre, known as "Mei School" in the world.

Mei Lanfang has developed and improved the singing and performing arts of female roles in Peking Opera for over 50 years of stage life, forming a unique style of art school, known as "Mei School" around the world.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 06:43, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

3.中国的杂技艺术历史悠久，源远流长，是中华民族珍贵的优秀文化遗产。中国的杂技之乡有多个，像河南的濮阳东北庄、山东的菏泽，德州、聊城、江苏的盐城、河南的周口，湖北的天门、安徽的广德、天津的武清、河北的沧州吴桥、肃宁、霸州、以及2014年成为杂技之乡的广西博白等。

China's acrobatics have a long history and a long history. It is a precious and outstanding cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. There are many acrobatics hometowns in China, such as Puyang Dongbei Village in Henan, Heze in Shandong, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Yancheng in Jiangsu, Zhoukou in Henan, Tianmen in Hubei, Guangde in Anhui, Wuqing in Tianjin, Wuqiao in Cangzhou, Hebei , Suning, Bazhou, and Guangxi Bobai, which became the hometown of acrobatics in 2014.
--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 03:57, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
1- 京剧已有近200年的历史。 ...它是中国所有歌剧中最重要的一部，拥有丰富的曲目和众多著名艺术家，在中国具有深远的影响。传统戏剧在保护下一代中国文化方面发挥着重要作用。

Beijing Opera has a history of nearly 200 years. ... It is the most significant of all operas in China, and it has a richness of repertoire and a large number of famous artists that give it a profound influence in China. The traditional plays share a large role in preserving Chinese culture for new generations.

2-梅兰以艺名梅兰芳而闻名，他是中国现代戏剧界著名的京剧艺术家。梅被誉为“京剧皇后”。梅因其女主角而著称，尤其是他的“翠绿抢劫的女孩”，年轻或中年女性风度翩翩而又优雅。

Mei Lan, better known by his stage name Mei Lanfang, was a notable Peking opera artist in modern Chinese theater. Mei was known as "Queen of Peking Opera". Mei was exclusively known for his female lead roles and particularly his "verdant-robed girls", young or middle-aged women of grace and refinement.

3- 1：杂技演员的艺术，表演或活动。 2：涉及敏捷性或复杂性的壮观，艳丽或令人震惊的表演或演示。

1 : the art, performance, or activity of an acrobat. 2 : a spectacular, showy, or startling performance or demonstration involving great agility or complexity.

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

==Seydou, Sagara==
1京剧或京剧，是中国戏曲的最主要形式，集音乐，演唱，哑剧，舞蹈和杂技于一体. 它起源于清朝中叶（1636年至1912年），并在19世纪中叶得到充分发展和认可.
Peking Opera is the main form of Chinese opera, which integrates music, singing, pantomime, dance and acrobatics. It originated in the middle of Qing Dynasty (1636-1912), and was fully developed and recognized in the middle of 19th century--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 07:43, 20 November 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

2梅兰芳是一位艺术收藏家，也是一位经验丰富的业余书法家。他对中国历史的兴趣促使他根据比明朝更早的原型制作了新的舞台服装. 他指出，演员应该具有良好的历史知识.
Mei Lanfang is an art collector and an experienced amateur calligrapher. His interest in Chinese history prompted him to make new stage costumes based on earlier prototypes than the Ming Dynasty. He pointed out that actors should have good knowledge of history. --[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 07:43, 20 November 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

3在中国奥运会期间，观众对中国杂技表演印象深刻.--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 03:58, 20 November 2020 (UTC)
During the Chinese Olympic Games, the audience was deeply impressed by Chinese acrobatics.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 07:43, 20 November 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==
1. 京剧是我国的国粹。从清末徽班进京到今天，京剧作为一种独具魅力的艺术形式，见证了社会的更替，经历了历史的淘沙。

As the quintessence of China, Beijing Opera is an art form with unique charm, which has witnessed the change of society and gone through the course of history since the end of the Qing Dynasty, Anhui Opera has been in Beijing until today.

2. 梅兰芳先生是一个爱国主义者，在抗日战争期间，他坚决拒绝为敌演出，有着强烈的爱国情感和崇高的民族气节。

Mei Lanfang was a patriot. During the Anti-Japanese War, he resolutely refused to perform for the enemy with a strong sense of patriotism and lofty national integrity.

3. 中国杂技从石器时代就已经开始了，古人在日常的劳作和捕猎过程中，逐渐的创造出令人惊叹的超强体能，捕猎成功庆祝之时，就有人开始展现自己创造的神器绝活，慢慢的这种绝活演变成了娱乐表演，也就形成了最早的杂技表演形式。

Chinese acrobatics has begun since the Stone Age, at that time, ancient people gradually created amazing physical strength through their daily work and hunting. As the hunt was celebrated, people began to show off their creations of unique techniques, which gradually evolved into entertainment and formed the earliest acrobatics.--[[User:Shi Haiyao|Shi Haiyao]] ([[User talk:Shi Haiyao|talk]]) 07:40, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Si Yu 司妤==

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

1.京剧流播全国，影响甚广，有“国剧”之称。以梅兰芳命名的京剧表演体系被视为东方戏剧表演体系的代表，为世界三大表演体系之一。京剧是中华民族传统文化的重要表现形式，其中的多种艺术元素被用作中国传统文化的象征符号。

Peking opera is widely performed throughout the country and is known as the "national opera". Peking Opera, named after Mei Lanfang, is regarded as the representative of the oriental theater performance system, and is one of the three major performance systems in the world. Peking Opera is an important expression of traditional Chinese culture, and many of its artistic elements are used as symbols of traditional Chinese culture.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 10:29, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Peking opera is broadcast throughout the country and has a wide impact, and is known as the "national opera". The Peking Opera performance system named after Mei Lanfang is regarded as the representative of the Oriental theater performance system and is one of the three major performance systems in the world. Peking opera is an important form of expression of the traditional Chinese culture, and a variety of artistic elements are used as symbols of traditional Chinese culture.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:32, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

2.二十世纪二三十年代，梅巧玲之孙梅兰芳继承并发展了梅派艺术，当时的男旦艺术在京剧史上出现了“梅尚程荀”四大名旦，让整个京剧发展步入了巅峰时期，这是京剧走向兴盛的重要标志。

In the 1920s and 1930s, Mei Lanfang, the grandson of Mei Qiaoling, inherited and developed the art of the Mei School, when the art of male dancers appeared in the history of Peking Opera, "Mei Shangcheng Xun" four famous dancers, so that the development of the entire Peking Opera entered the peak period, which is an important symbol of the prosperity of Peking Opera.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 10:29, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

3.唐代时，一些节目得到了惊人的发展，出现了前所未有的高超技艺。其中“载竿”之艺极高，马术节目也有很大发展，驯兽也达到了相当高的水平。

During the Tang dynasty, a number of shows developed in an astonishing way, and unprecedented skills emerged. Among them, the art of "Jie Guan" was extremely high, equestrian shows also developed greatly, and the taming of animals also reached a very high level.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 10:29, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

In the Tang Dynasty, some programs developed astonishingly, with unprecedented superb skills. Among them, the art of "carrying poles" is extremely high, equestrian programs have also developed greatly, and animal training has reached a very high level.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:32, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==
1.京剧舞台艺术在文学、表演、音乐、唱腔、锣鼓、化妆、脸谱等各个方面，通过无数艺人的长期舞台实践，构成了一套互相制约、相得益彰的格律化和规范化的程式。它作为创造舞台形象的艺术手段是十分丰富的，而用法又是十分严格的。不能驾驭这些程式，就无法完成京剧舞台艺术的创造。

Through the long-term stage practice of countless and endless artists, the stage art of Peking Opera has formed a set of rhythmic and standardized procedures that restrict and complement each other in the aspects of literature, performance, music, singing, gongs and drums, makeup and facial makeup. As an artistic means of creating stage image, it is of great variety,whose usage, nevertheless, is of pretty restriction. If these programs couldn’t be controlled, Beijing opera won’t deliver its creation of stage art. --[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 09:33, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

2.他是个勤勉好学的演员，从青年时代起就认真钻研古典文学、国画、民族音乐、民族舞蹈、民俗学、音韵学和服饰学等多方面的祖国传统文化，并把这些知识融合到他的艺术中去，从而创造了大量优秀剧目，形成了具有独特风格、大家风范的艺术流派——梅派。

What an industrious and studious actor he is.Since his youth, he had been studying the traditional Chinese culture in many aspects, such as classical literature, traditional Chinese painting, national music, national dance, folklore, phonology and costume science . Moreover,he integrated these knowledge into his art, thus creating a large number of excellent plays and forming Mei school, a art school with unique and everybody style.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 09:33, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

3.中国的杂技演员从第一次出国演出，就成为中国文化的使者、和平友谊的使者。近半个世纪以来，中国杂技演员足迹遍世界，在五大洲的一百多个国家留下了他们的艺术风采，甚至当时一些尚未与中国建交的国家，也都欢迎中国杂技团的演出，并在他们的艺术表演中感受到中国人民的友谊，加速了与这些国家友好交往的进程。

Chinese acrobats have been envoys of Chinese culture, peace and friendship since their first performance abroad. For nearly half a century, Chinese acrobats have traveled all over the world, leaving their artistic style in more than 100 countries on five continents. Even some countries that had not established diplomatic relations with China at that time also welcomed the performances of Chinese acrobatics troupes, and caught the feelings of friendship from Chinese people in their artistic performances, which accelerated China’s process of friendly exchanges with these countries.--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 09:33, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Xuan 王轩==

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

1. 京剧是中华民族传统文化的重要表现形式，其中的多种艺术元素被用作中国传统文化的象征符号。
Beijing opera is a significant expression form of the traditional Chinese culture, and a variety of artistic elements are used as symbols of traditional Chinese culture.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 03:47, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 以梅兰芳命名的京剧表演体系被视为东方戏剧表演体系的代表，为世界三大表演体系之一。
The Beijing Opera performance system named after Mei Lanfang is regarded as the representative of the Oriental theater performance system and is one of the world's top three.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 03:47, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 现代杂技特指演员靠自己身体技巧完成一系列高难动作的表演性节目。
Modern acrobatics refer specifically to performers who rely on their own physical skills to complete a series of highly difficult performances.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 03:47, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==
1.新中国成立后，京剧的对外交流主要是由文化部和外交部组织的，京剧成为国家的文化使者。

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China，overseas exchanges of Beijing Opera mainly have been organized by the Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Foreign Fairs，and it becomes the cultural emissary of our country.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 03:25, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

2.1919—1935年梅兰芳的海外京剧演出消除了当时西方对中国戏剧甚至中国人的偏见，促进了中国京剧在海外的传播，增进了东西方文化交流。中国京剧这一东方艺术瑰宝在世界戏剧舞台上大放光彩。

From 1919 to 1935，Mei Lanfang’s overseas performance of Beijing Opera removed the prejudice and misunderstanding of the western to China’s opera，even to Chinese people，which promoted the spread of Beijing Opera in foreign countries and enhanced cultural exchanges between the west and east world. Since then，Beijing Opera，the eastern art treasure，started to shine in the world stage for opera. --[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 03:25, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

3.中国杂技艺术保留着历史最悠久的传统节目，以无与伦比的精湛技艺，绚丽多姿的传统节目，独特鲜明的民族风格，博得了国内外广大观众的赞赏和喜爱。

Chinese acrobatics reserves the most time-honored traditional programs and won appreciation and affection of the audience at home and abroad with its incomparable skills，diversified traditional programs and unique and distinctive national style.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 03:25, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

Chinese acrobatics retains the longest history of traditional programs. With unparalleled superb skills, colorful traditional programs, and unique and distinctive national styles, it has won the appreciation of audiences at home and abroad.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 03:50, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==

1.京剧行当的划分，除依据人物的自然属性（性别、年龄）和社会属性（身份、职业）外，主要是按人物的性格特征来分类。

1.In addition to the natural attributes (gender, age) and social attributes (identity, occupation) of the characters, Peking Opera is mainly classified according to their personality characteristics.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 02:15, 21 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.梅兰芳先生的理性阐述，根植于中华民族文艺理论的沃土之中，深入浅出、通俗易懂。

2.Mr. Mei Lanfang's rational exposition, rooted in the fertile soil of Chinese literary theory, is simple and easy to understand.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 02:15, 21 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

3.通过国粹中华濒危艺术这个大舞台，让中华民族杂技艺术释放无穷的魅力，成为连接世界和平使者的纽带，并通过这个特殊的文化纽带架起世界人民友谊的桥梁。

3.Through the great stage of Chinese endangered art, the acrobatic art of the Chinese nation releases its infinite charm, becomes the link of world peace messenger, and builds the bridge of friendship among people of the world through this special cultural bond.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 02:15, 21 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==

==Xie Fan 解帆==
1.京剧是中华民族传统文化的重要表现形式，其多种艺术元素被用作中国传统文化的象征符号。

Beijing Opera is an important form of Chinese traditional culture, whose various artistic elements are the symbols of Chinese traditional culture.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:21, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Beijing Opera is an important form of traditional Chinese culture, the various artistic elements of which are symbols of traditional Chinese culture.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 11:51, 20 November 2020 (UTC)
2.梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。

During her 50 plus years of stage life, Mei Lanfang improved the singing and performing arts of female roles in Beijing Opera, forming an art school with a unique style, which is known as the "Mei School".--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:21, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

3.现代杂技特指演员靠自己身体技巧完成一系列高难动作的表演性节目，包括口技、顶碗、走钢丝、变戏法、舞狮子等技艺。

Modern acrobatics refers to a series of highly difficult program performed by acrobats with their physical techniques, including ventriloquism，pagoda of bowls，wirewalking，conjuring tricks，lion dances and other skills. --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 09:21, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jia 徐佳==

==Xu Jing 许静==
1. 而京剧舞台上的人物造型也是在程式规定中尽出变化，在运用眼神和面部表情方面也要做到“眉目传情”。

The actor performing the Beijing Opera must be as dyanamic as possible based on all the restrictions, with the use of the eyes and facial expressions being expressive and attractive.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 06:55, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 二十世纪，梅兰芳大师为了加强女性角色在演唱中浓重和深沉的韵律增加了京二胡，配合京胡的演奏丰富了京剧乐队的声部，从而增加了演唱韵味。

In the 20th century, Master Mei Lanfang added the Jing Erhu in order to enhance the strong and deep rhythms of the female characters in singing, which, together with the playing of the Jing Hu, enriched the vocal parts of the Peking Opera orchestra, thus adding to the charm of the singing.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 06:55, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 近年来，杂技节目以及杂技剧的发展趋势主要是在“技”与“情节”中寻找融合点，借鉴舞蹈、戏曲等姊妹艺术的表现形式和手法，通过音乐、舞美等多种舞台元素配合，实现艺术的综合创新。

In recent years, the trend of acrobatic shows and acrobatic theatre has been to look for a fusion of "technique" and "plot" to realise comprehensive artistic innovation, mainly through the co-ordination of various stage elements such as music and choreography, and through the practice of the expressions and techniques of relative arts such as dance and opera.--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 06:55, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==

==Yang Hui 阳慧==

==Yang Yue 杨悦==
1、京剧脸谱，是具有民族特色的一种特殊的化妆方法。由于每个历史人物或某一种类型的人物都有一种大概的谱式，就像唱歌、奏乐都要按照乐谱一样，所以称为“脸谱”。

Beijing opera types of facial makeup in operas, is a special cosmetic method with national characteristics. As each historical figure or a certain type of person has a general spectral type, just like singing and playing music, it is so called“ types of facial makeup in operas”.

Beijing opera facial makeup is a special makeup method with national characteristics. Since each historical figure or a certain type of character has a general notation, just like singing and playing music, it is called "facial makeup in Beijing Opera".--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 06:59, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

2、梅兰芳是著名京剧表演艺术家。他刻苦学习昆曲、练功，经过长期的舞台实践，对京剧旦角的唱腔、念白、舞蹈、音乐、服装、化妆等各方面都有所创造发展，形成了自己的艺术风格，世称“梅派”。--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:32, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Mei Lanfang is a famous artist of Beijing Opera performance. He worked hard in learning Kun Opera and practicing his skills. After long period of stage practice, he made great progress in the aspects of the aria of female role in Beijing Opera, the spoken part, the dance performance, the music, the costume and the make-up. Thus he formed his own artistic style, which was called“ Mei School”.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:32, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

3、中国杂技是历史悠久的传统表演艺术之一。秦统一中国后，吸收各国角抵的优点，形成了一种娱乐性的杂技节目——角抵戏。

Chinese acrobatics is one of the traditional performance arts with a long history. After Qin unified China, it absorbed the advantages of different countries and formed a kind of entertaining acrobatics show—— Jiao-Di opera.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:32, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Chinese acrobatics is one of the traditional performance arts with a long history. After Qin unified China, it absorbed the advantages of a special type called "Jiao Di" in different countries and formed a kind of entertaining acrobatics show—— Jiao-Di opera.--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 06:59, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==
1. 京剧是中华民族传统文化的重要表现形式，其中的多种艺术元素被用作中国传统文化的象征符号。

Peking opera is an important form of expression of the traditional Chinese culture, and a variety of artistic elements are used as symbols of traditional Chinese culture.--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 06:50, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Peking opera is an important form of expression of the traditional Chinese culturethe,various artistic elements of which are symbols of traditional Chinese culture.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:15, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。

Mei Lanfang has been on stage for more than 50 years, and he has developed and improved the singing and performing arts of female roles in Peking Opera , forming a unique style of art genre, known as "Mei School" in the world.--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 06:50, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

In the past 50 years or so on the stage, Mei Lanfang has developed and improved his singing and performing skills of female roles in Beijing Opera, forming a unique style of art genre, known as "Mei School" in the world.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:15, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 中国杂技早在汉代就形成以“顶功”为中心的形体技巧，顶功就要求有过硬的腰功、腿功、倒立和跟斗基本功，这种传统一直至今。

As early as the Han Dynasty, Chinese acrobatics formed body skills centered on "top skills". Top skills require excellent waist skills, leg skills, handstands and solid somersault skills. This tradition has continued to the present day.--[[User:Yang Ziling|Yang Ziling]] ([[User talk:Yang Ziling|talk]]) 06:50, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

As early as the Han Dynasty, Chinese acrobatics formed body skills centered on "top skills", which requires excellent waist skills, leg skills, handstands and solid somersault skills. This tradition has continued to the present day.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:15, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==

==You Yuting 游雨婷==
1.京剧的发展已有2百多年的历史,它是我国传统文化与历史的积淀,也是我国传统文化的载体。它的博大精深值得广大有知识，有抱负，有热情的青年学子去发掘与体验。京剧与大学在某些方面具有互补性。大学作为莘莘学子求学探索与攀登的殿堂,需要具有更高内涵和素养的文化来丰富和完善;

The development of Peking Opera has a history of more than 200 years which is the accumulation of China's traditional culture and history, as well as the carrier of China's traditional culture. Its extensiveness and profoundness is worth of being explored and experienced by young students with knowledge, ambition and enthusiasm. Peking Opera and university are complementary in some ways. As a palace for students to explore and climb, universities need to enrich and improve their culture with higher connotation and accomplishment.

2.梅兰芳是中国近代杰出的表演艺术家，举世闻名的中国戏曲艺术大师，“四大名旦”之首，其表演被推为“世界三大表演体系”之一。他不但有精妙的艺术，更有高尚的品德，是中国向海外传播京剧艺术的先驱。

Mei Lanfang is an outstanding performing artist in modern China, a world-renowned master of Chinese Opera art, and the first of the "four famous denier", whose performance has been promoted as one of the "three world performance systems". He has not only the exquisite art, but also the noble moral character. He is the pioneer of Spreading Peking Opera art to overseas.

3.大约在新石器时代，中国的杂技就已经萌芽。原始人在狩猎中形成的劳动技能和自卫攻防中创造的武技与超常体能，在休息和娱乐时，在表现其猎获和胜利的欢快时，被再现为一种自娱游戏的技艺表演，这就形成了最早的杂技艺术。

Acrobatics emerged in China around the Neolithic Age. The primitive man's labor skill formed in hunting and the martial skill and extraordinary physical strength created in the self-defense attack and defense were redeemed as a kind of self-entertaining game performance in the rest and entertainment, showing the joy of hunting and victory, which formed the earliest acrobatic art.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:18, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yu Ni 余妮==

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

大约在新石器时代，中国的杂技就已经萌芽。原始人在狩猎中形成的劳动技能和自卫攻防中创造的武技与超常体能，在休息和娱乐时，在表现其猎获和胜利的欢快时，被再现为一种自娱游戏的技艺表演，这就形成了最早的杂技艺术。

Acrobatics sprang up in China around the Neolithic Age. The labor skills of primitive men formed in hunting and the martial skills and extraordinary physical strength created in the self-defense attack and defense were reproduced as a kind of self-entertaining game skill performance in the rest and entertainment, showing the joy of hunting and victory, thus giving birth to the earliest acrobatic art.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 07:40, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。

During his more than 50 years of stage life, Mei Lanfang developed and improved the singing and performing arts of Danjiao in Peking Opera, forming an art school with a unique style, which is known as the "Mei School".--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 07:40, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

京剧流播全国，影响甚广，有“国剧”之称。以梅兰芳命名的京剧表演体系被视为东方戏剧表演体系的代表，为世界三大表演体系之一。京剧是中华民族传统文化的重要表现形式，其中的多种艺术元素被用作中国传统文化的象征符号。

Peking Opera is famed as “the National Opera” for its spread and influence across the whole nation. The performing system of Peking Opera named by Mei Lanfang was viewed as the representative of the Eastern opera performing art, belonging to one of the three major performing systems in the world. Peking Opera is also a significant form of expressing traditional Chinese culture, in which numerous artistic elements are utilized as traditional Chinese culture symbols.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 07:40, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1.当你来到中国的时候，一定要去看一场京剧，就像是你到了意大利一定要去听一场歌剧一样。
It is necessary to see Peking Opera while you are in China, just as seeing an opera while in Italy.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:00, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

It is necessary to see Peking Opera while you are in China, just as to see an opera while in Italy.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 02:29, 21 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.梅先生还是一位伟大的爱国主义者，抗战期间蓄须明志，拒绝演出，靠写字卖画为生。
Mr. Mei, who was also a great patriot, once started the pogonotrophy, rejected all the perform opportunities, and made a living by writing and selling paints. --[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:00, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

Mr. Mei, who was also a great patriot, once started the pogonotrophy, rejected all the opportunities to perform, and made a living by writing and selling paints during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 02:29, 21 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

3.各种戏剧表演，杂技表演，绘画，书法和美食会让你眼花缭乱。
A variety of opera performances, acrobatics shows, paintings, calligraphy and food will dazzle you.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 02:00, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

A variety of opera performances, acrobatic shows, paintings, calligraphy and food will dazzle you.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 02:29, 21 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==

清代乾隆五十五年（1790年）起，原在南方演出的三庆、四喜、春台、和春四大徽班陆续进入北京，与来自湖北的汉调艺人合作，同时接受了昆曲、秦腔的部分剧目、曲调和表演方法，又吸收了一些地方民间曲调，通过不断的交流、融合，最终形成京剧。 [1]
Since the 55th year of Qianlong’s reign in the Qing Dynasty, the four troupes of Hui School which are Sanqing, Sixi, Chuntai, and Hechun went to Beijing consecutively, and cooperated with artists of Handiao( a local drama in Wuhan, Hubei Province). Meanwhile, they accepted part of operas, melodies, and perform methods of Kunqu Opera and Shanxi Opera, and absorbed some folk musics, through unceasingly communicate and integrate of which, the Beijing Opera was formed.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 02:28, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。
During his 50 years’ stage life, Mei Lanfang developed and improved singing and performing art of Dan or female role in Beijing Opera, forming a art school with unique style, which is known as “ Mei School”.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 02:28, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

这些奇技异巧，场面盛大的演出，使四方来客大为惊叹，深服汉帝国的广大和富强。
These wonderful skills, pomp and pageantry of performance make visitors from all over the world surprised and admired the immensity and prosperity of the Empire of Han.--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 02:28, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Hui 张慧==

1.京剧是中华民族传统文化的重要表现形式，其中的多种艺术元素被用作中国传统文化的象征符号。

Peking opera is an important form of expression of the traditional Chinese culture, and a variety of artistic elements are used as symbols of traditional Chinese culture.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:27, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Peking Opera is an important expression of traditional Chinese culture, and many of its artistic elements are used as symbols of traditional Chinese culture.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:38, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Beijing Opera,as an important form expressing the traditional Chinese culture,including many artistic elements that symbolize Chinese tradition culture.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 02:14, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

2.梅兰芳先生是世人景仰的京剧艺术大师，他创造的独树一帜“梅派”艺术，在国内外享有盛誉。

Mr. Mei Lanfang is a well-respected master of Peking opera. He has created a unique "Mei School" art and enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:27, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Mr. Mei Lanfang is a universally admired master of the Peking Opera, and his creation of the unique "Mei School" of art is highly regarded both at home and abroad.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:38, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

3.杂技艺术作为一种古老的原始艺术，与舞蹈一样，它产生的文化机制是多方面的。

Acrobatic art is an ancient primitive art. Like dance, the cultural mechanism it produces is multifaceted.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 11:27, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

As an ancient and primitive art, acrobatics, like dance, has a variety of cultural mechanisms at work.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 11:38, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

1.京剧艺术是在我国许多民族古老戏曲艺术创作成果的基础上成长起来的，它所以取得今天的辉煌成就，是经过几辈人悉心继承，努力创新的结果。

The art of Beijing opera has grown up on the basis of the artistic achievements of many ancient operas of many nationalities in China. Its brilliant achievements today are the result of painstaking inheritance and innovation of several generations. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 11:33, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 梅兰芳在促进东西方文化交流方面作出了卓越的贡献，也是中国向海外传播京剧艺术的先驱。在国内外，梅兰芳先生被誉为伟大的演员和美的化身。

Mei Lanfang has made outstanding contributions to the promotion of cultural exchanges between the East and West, and he is also a pioneer in spreading Beijing opera abroad. At home and abroad, Mr. Mei Lanfang is known as a great actor and the embodiment of beauty. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 11:33, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 新石器时代开始，中国的杂技就已经萌芽。原始人在狩猎中形成的劳动技能和自卫攻防中创造的武技与超常体能。在休息和娱乐时，在表现其猎获和胜利的欢快时，被再现为一种自娱游戏的技艺表演。这就形成了最早的杂技艺术。

Chinese acrobatics germinates from the Neolithic age. The labor skills formed by primitive people in hunting and the martial arts and extraordinary physical fitness created in self-defense and attack are reproduced as a skill performance of self entertainment games. This formed the earliest acrobatic art. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 11:33, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==

国粹，是指一个国家固有的文化精华，中国的国粹有很多，其中与誉满中外的中国京剧、中国武术、中国书法、中国医学，被世人称为“中国的四大国粹”。

The quintessence of the nation is the inherent essence of it culture. There are many nation treasures in China, among which, Peking Opera, Chinese martial arts, Chinese calligraphy and Chinese medicine, which are well known at home and abroad, are called" the four national treasures of China."--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 02:08, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

The quintessence of a nation is its inherent cultural essence . There are many nation treasures in China, among which, Beijing Opera, Chinese kungfu, Chinese calligraphy and Chinese medicine are well known at home and abroad.They are called‘the four national treasures of China .’--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 02:29, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

梅兰芳是伟大的京剧表演艺术家。可他从小就被认为“言不出众，貌不惊人”，不是学戏的料。

Mei Lanfang is a great performing artist of Beijing Opera. As a boy, he was considered to be "mediocre in speech and plain in appearance", without the making of an actor.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 02:08, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

杂技的艺术语言主要是超高技巧肢体动作，包括柔身术、顶碗、滚杯等。

The artistic language of acrobatics is mainly the body movements of super high skills, including the soft body technique of top bowl rolling cup and so on--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 02:08, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==

1. “生旦净末丑、神仙老虎狗”，这句话常被用来形容行当俱全的京剧角色。锣鼓咚锵响起，舞台两侧“出将”、“入相”门帘一挑一合，一个个鲜活的人物走马灯似的登台下场，这时观众们可想不起，后台演员正在如同打仗一样地紧张扮着呢。

This sentence is often used to describe Peking Opera roles with all kinds of professions, such as "being clean and ugly at the end of life, being immortal, tiger and dog". The gongs and drums rang loudly, the curtains of "going out" and "entering the phase" on both sides of the stage were picked and closed one by one, and the vivid characters came off the stage like lanterns. At this moment, the audience could not remember that the backstage actors were playing up as nervously as a war.

2. 梅兰芳先生是个严谨自律的人。烈酒伤身，尤其伤嗓子，他自然不会多饮。而百年老店精心炮制的药酒，饮用有助于健康。作为演员，难捱的夏日仍要粉墨登场，借助一杯绿茵陈酒解暑解乏，再合适不过。

Mr. Mei Lanfang is a strict and self-disciplined person. Strong liquor hurts the body, especially his throat. Naturally, he will not drink more. However, drinking the medicated liquor carefully prepared by the century-old shop is helpful to health. As an actor, it is still necessary to take part in the difficult summer days. It is most appropriate to use a cup of green wine to relieve summer heat and fatigue.

3. 杂技，亦作“杂伎”，是柔术、车技、口技、顶碗、走钢丝、变戏法、舞狮子等技艺的泛称。河北吴桥不仅是中国杂技的发祥地，也是世界杂技艺术的重要摇篮。作为一门在贫穷土壤中生长的艺术，吴桥民间杂技生活气息浓厚淳朴。

Acrobatics, also known as "miscellaneous performers", is a general term for jujitsu, car skills, ventriloquism, bowl-topping, tightrope walking, magic tricks, lion dance and other skills. Wuqiao in Hebei Province is not only the birthplace of Chinese acrobatics, but also an important cradle of acrobatic arts in the world. As an art growing in poor soil, Wuqiao folk acrobatic life has a strong and simple atmosphere. --[[User:Zhang Weihong|Zhang Weihong]] ([[User talk:Zhang Weihong|talk]]) 06:34, 20 November 2020 (UTC)Zhang Weihong

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.京剧表演的四种艺术手法:唱、念、做、打，也是京剧表演四项基本功。

Singing, recitation, acting and acrobatic fighting are the four artistic means and the four basic skills of Beijing Opera.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 01:48, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

The four artistic techniques of Peking opera performance are singing, chanting, acting and acrobatic fighting , which are also the four basic skills of Peking opera performance.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:38, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

2.梅兰芳所创新的京剧梅派艺术，不仅是中国京剧与整个中国戏曲艺术的高峰，而且还位列世界三大表演体系之一。

The art of Mei School of Beijing Opera, innovated by Mei Lanfang, not only is the peak of Beijing Opera and Chinese opera art, but also lists on the three major performance systems in the world.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 01:48, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

3.这些传统杂技节目经过初步整理，在服装道具、音乐伴奏上都作了初步加工，使之面貌一新。

These traditional acrobatic items have taken on a new look after preliminary processing in costumes and props as well as music and accompany.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 01:48, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

These traditional acrobatic performances have taken on a new look after preliminary processing in costumes, props as well as music.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 13:27, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
徽班进京的出发地在扬州，身怀绝技的优伶们，出发前一定要到位于苏唱街的梨园总局碰碰头，商量一下出发日程和演出剧目，并在那里一起摆个身段、甩两下水袖、扬几声珠圆玉润的歌喉。有时干脆排演几出折子戏，或是《游园》，或是《思凡》，声情并茂，婀娜多姿，那时的苏唱街，十分热闹。

The departure of HuiBan into Beijing was Yangzhou, where talented opera singers would get together in the opera bureau on the bustling Suchang Street to deliberate the time of their departure and the plays for their performances. They would also do some practice and
even emotionally and elegantly rehearse several highlights from operas such as Youyuan and Sifan from time to time.

梅兰芳是伟大的京剧表演艺术家，可他小时候却被认为“言不出众，貌不惊人”，不是学戏的料。

Mei Langfang was a great performing artist of Beijing Opera. But in his childhood, he was judged to be “mediocre in speech and plain in appearance” without the makings of an actor.

表演者乘小马从刀丛剑林之间穿驰而过。如果技艺不精，坐骑驾驭不灵，触及刀剑，人马立毙。

The acrobat should get through the forest of swords quickly with a small running horse. If he was not skilled in driving the horse, he would be killed at once with it.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 11:41, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

1. 京剧的表演风格是安详的，既不过分高亢激昂，也不刻意一唱三叹，从不强调暴力和血腥。

2. 梅兰芳是近代杰出的京昆旦行演员，“四大名旦”之首;同时也是享有国际盛誉的表演艺术大师，其表演被推为“世界三大表演体系”之一。

3. 杂技在汉代称为“百戏”，隋唐时叫“散乐”，唐宋以后为了区别于其他歌舞、杂剧，才称为杂技。

1. The performance style of Peking Opera is serene, neither too high and passionate, nor deliberately singing and sighing, never emphasizing violence and blood.

2. Mei Lanfang is an outstanding Beijing-Kunming actor in modern times and the top figure of the "Four Famous Actors". At the same time, he is also a master of performing arts with international reputation. His performance has been promoted to one of the "three major performing systems in the world".

3. Acrobatics was called "Baixi" in Han Dynasty and “Sanyue" in Sui and Tang Dynasties. In order to distinguish it from other songs, dances and zaju, is was named acrobatics after Tang and Song Dynasties.--[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 13:23, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==
1.京剧,是中华民族戏剧界长期辛勤劳动与不懈探索的艺术结晶,其历史可以追溯到十八世纪末至十九世纪初清政府统治时期。当时活跃在北京的诸多戏曲种类有昆曲、京腔、秦腔、微调、汉调、梆子等。

Beijing Opera is an artistic fruit of long-term industrious work and unremitting explore of Chinese nation’s drama circle. Its history can date back from the end of 19th century to the beginning of 20th century when the Qing Government reigned. At that time, many kinds of traditional opera active in Beijing were Kunqu, Beijing, Shaanxi opera, fine-tuning, Han opera, Bangzi and so on.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:56, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

2.在中国戏曲跨文化传播的过程中,梅兰芳先生既是第一位登上世界舞台的京剧艺术家,也是第一位得到国际戏剧界和绝大多数海外观众所肯定的中国戏剧名家。

During the process of cross-cultural exchanges of Chinese traditional opera, Mr. Mei Lanfang is the first artist of Beijing Opera to step onto the world stage and the first drama master who has been recognized by the international theatrical circle and most overseas audience as well. --[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:56, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

3.临泉是“中国民间文化艺术之乡”“中国杂技之乡”，临泉民间杂技艺术具有鲜明特色，其源于民间、活跃于民间，具有浓厚的生活生产气息，同时又有着中原文化的奔放、厚重、自由、创新，深受广大人民群众喜爱。

Linquan is home to Chinese folk culture and art and Chinese acrobatics. Folk acrobatic art in Linquan possesses distinguished features which originated from people and flourished among people, heavy living and producing flavor and expressiveness, abundance, freedom, and innovation of Central Plains culture at the same time, which is much loved by masses.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 10:56, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

Linquan is home to Chinese folk culture and art and Chinese acrobatics. Folk acrobatic art in Linquan bearing distinguished features derived from people and flourished among people, heavy living and producing flavor and expressiveness, abundance, freedom, and innovation of Central Plains culture at the same time, which is much loved by masses.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:21, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==
1.京剧在文学、表演、音乐、舞台美术等各个方面都有一套规范化的艺术表现形式。

Peking opera has a set of standardized artistic expressions in various aspects such as literature, performance, music, and stage art.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 08:14, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

2.梅兰芳在50余年的舞台生活中，发展和提高了京剧旦角的演唱和表演艺术，形成一个具有独特风格的艺术流派，世称“梅派”。

In more than 50 years of stage life, Mei Lanfang has developed and improved the singing and performing arts of female character in Peking Opera, forming a unique style of art genre, known as "Mei School" in the world.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 08:14, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

In more than 50 years of stage life, Mei Lanfang has developed and improved the singing and performing arts of female character in Peking Opera, forming a unique style of art genre, known as "Mei School" .--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 10:33, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

3.杂技艺术在中国已经有2000多年的历史。杂技在汉代称为“百戏”，隋唐时叫“散乐”，唐宋以后为了区别于其他歌舞、杂剧，才称为杂技。

Acrobatic art has a history of more than 2,000 years in China, which were called "Hundred Operas" in the Han Dynasty and "San Yue" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, they were called acrobatics in order to distinguish them from other songs, dances and performances.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 08:14, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

1.京剧前身是清初流行于江南地区，以唱吹腔、高拨子、二黄为主的徽班。徽班流动性强，与其他剧种接触频繁，在声腔上互有交流渗透，因此在发展过程中也搬演了不少昆腔戏，还吸收了啰啰腔和其他一些杂曲。

The predecessor of Bejing Opera was the Anhui Opera combo, which was popular in Jiangnan in the early Qing Dynasty, and mainly featured by music for voices and blowing, the instrument high plectrum, and the erhuang tune. With its high mobility, frequent contact with other operas, and mutual communication and penetration of music for voices, the Anhui Opera also adopted a lot of elements of kunqu opera and absorbed lo lo tunes and other miscellaneous operas in the process of development.

2.梅兰芳的一生，体现了不断革新、精益求精的敬业精神，他将诸多艺术领域的创作思想融于了京剧艺术舞台表演之中，使京剧旦行的唱腔、表演艺术臻于完美的境界，成为旦行中影响深远的流派。形成独特的艺术风格。其中最能体现梅派艺术代表剧有《霸王别姬》《贵妃醉酒》《穆桂英挂帅》等。

Mei Lanfang's life embodied the dedication spirit of continuous innovation and striving for perfection. He integrated the creative ideas of many artistic fields into the stage performance of Beijing Opera, so that the singing and performing arts of Dan in Beijing Opera reached the perfect realm and became a far-reaching school. It has formed a unique artistic style.The most representative repertoires of the Mei School are "Conqueror Xiang Yu Parts with His Concubine", "The Drunken Beauty", and "Mu Guiying Takes Command".

3.汉代杂技的卓越成就，首先表现在它的各种节目已成系列，具备了后世杂技体系的主要内容，这在全世界各国的表演艺术中，恐怕是绝无仅有的。

The outstanding achievement of the Han dynasty acrobatics is first of all reflected in the fact that its various repertoires have become a series, possessing the main elements of the later acrobatic system, which is probably unique among the performing arts of all countries in the world.--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 08:29, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

京剧的脸谱几乎成了中国文化的一个代表性的符号，一种象征。许多国家举办“中国文化年”，招贴画上往往画着一个大大的京剧脸谱。

The facial makeup of Peking Opera has almost become a representative mark and symbol of Chinese culture as many countries often have a big one on their posters at activities of the "Year of Chinese Culture" .

梅兰芳是旦角演员，和程砚秋、尚小云、荀慧生并称“京剧四大名旦”。

Mei Lanfang is an actor in the role of Dan, and is also known as one of the "Four Famous Dan in Peking Opera" along with Cheng Yanqiu, Shang Xiaoyun and Xun Huisheng.

杂技作为中华传统文化,源远流长,传承两千余年。从先秦的"角抵戏"起源,到汉唐成为融诗、歌、舞于一体的"百戏",再到元明清之时融入戏曲、歌舞表演而为"杂戏"。

Acrobatics, as a traditional Chinese culture, has a long history and passed on for more than two thousand years. From the origin of "Jue Di Xi" in the Pre-Qin Dynasty, it became to "baixi" by integrating poetry, song and dance in the Han and Tang Dynasties , and by combining opera, song and dance as "Miscellaneous opera" in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 07:35, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==
1.中国的传统戏曲京剧形成于道光年间，最初是被封建统治者称之为俚俗文化而加以排斥的。随着京剧艺术的日臻完美，以及京剧社会地位的日益提高，清朝统治者对京剧也逐渐发生了兴趣，从而使京剧进入了宫廷。

Beijing opera, the traditional Chinese opera, was formed during the Daoguang period and was initially rejected by the feudal rulers as slang culture. As the art of Beijing opera became more and more perfect and its social status gradually increased, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty gradually became interested in it, which brought Beijing opera into the court.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 07:50, 20 November 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

2.梅兰芳的一生，体现了不断革新、精益求精的敬业精神，他将诸多艺术领域的创作思想融于了京剧艺术舞台表演之中，使京剧旦行的唱腔、表演艺术臻于完美的境界，成为旦行中影响深远的流派。

Mei Lanfang’s life embodies the professionalism of continuous innovation and excellence. He has integrated creative ideas in many artistic fields into the stage performances of Beijing Opera, making the singing and performing arts of Beijing Opera a perfect realm, and thus has bacome the most influential genre in the Danish industry.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 07:50, 20 November 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

3.汉代杂技的卓越成就，首先表现在它的各种节目已成系列，具备了后世杂技体系的主要内容，这在全世界各国的表演艺术中，恐怕是绝无仅有的。

The outstanding achievements of acrobatics in the Han dynasty are first manifested in the series of its various programs which have the main content of the acrobatics system of later generations. And that is probably unique in the performing arts of various countries in the world.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 07:50, 20 November 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

1.Beijing Opera is developed from absorbing many other dramatic forms, mostly from the local drama 'Huiban' which was popular in South China during the 18th century. It is a scenic art integrating music, performance, literature, aria, and face-painting.

京剧是从吸收许多其他戏剧形式而发展而来的，主要是从18世纪在华南流行的本地话剧《回班》中获得的。这是一种结合了音乐，表演，文学，咏叹调和面部绘画的风景艺术。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 11:21, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

京剧是在吸收了许多其他戏曲形式的基础上发展起来的，主要是从18世纪流行于中国南方的地方戏曲“徽班”中发展而来。这是集音乐、表演、文学、咏叹调、脸谱于一体的舞台艺术。--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:01, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

2.He played mostly female roles, becoming especially known for his portrayal of the “Flower-Shattering Diva”; his style of dance won such acclaim over the years that it came to be known as the “Mei Lanfang school.”

他主要扮演女性角色，以对“花碎女神”的刻画而闻名。多年来，他的舞蹈风格广受赞誉，因此被称为“梅兰芳学校”。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 11:21, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

他主要扮演女性角色，并因其在《天女散花》的表演而闻名。多年来，他的舞蹈风格广受赞誉，因此被称为“梅派”。--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:01, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

3.Chinese acrobats tend to emphasize balance and extreme flexibility more than the troupes do in Russia or the West. This might be due to the influence of martial arts styles that emphasize developing fine flexibility and balance.

中国杂技演员比俄罗斯或西方的剧团更强调平衡和极端的灵活性。这可能是由于武术风格的影响，强调发展出良好的柔韧性和平衡感。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 11:21, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

中国杂技演员比俄罗斯或西方的剧团更强调平衡和极度柔韧性。这可能是受武术的影响，即在武术中强调发展良好的柔韧性和平衡感。--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 13:01, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

20201215 cultexam

2020-11-18T17:07:11Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Alsied, Saffana */

Link to return to [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Languages_and_Cultures Course Homepage].

'''Final Exam Paper. Please write now and improve until grading on 2020 12 15'''

You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. Please also add a vocabulary list and questions.

==Alsied, Saffana==
"Chinese Astrology"--[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|SAFFANA ALSIED 2]] ([[User talk:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|talk]]) 17:07, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==
'''Spring Festival Couplets'''

==Chen Han 陈涵==

Chinese traditional musical instrument

Gu Zheng --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 08:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==
===A. Facial makeup===

===B. Terms and Expressions===
===C. Questions===

==Dashkin, Gennadii==
=== Four Worldwide Famous Chinese Novelists of Modern Science Fiction and Fantasy===

1.Liu Cixin（刘慈欣）

2.Chen Qiufan( 陈楸帆）

3.Rebecca F.Kuang( 匡蘦秀）

4.Li Jun(李俊）or Baoshu(宝树）

===Vocabulary List===
===Questions===

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

Lion dance

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
===A. The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters===
The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters are Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong in Song Dynasty. This title was first appeared in the Banknotes of Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties.
Among them, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan are the leaders of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, while Ouyang Xiu and Three Su(Su Xun, Su shi, Su Zhe) are the core figures of the ancient prose movement in the Song Dynasty, and Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong are the representative figures of Linchuan Literature. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan are the advacators of the "Ancient Prose Movement". Su Shi, Su Xun and Su Zhe are called Three Su. Among them. Su Xun is the their father and Su Shi is the older brother. While Su Shi's teacher is Ouyang Xiu, who is also the teacher of Wang Anshi and Zeng Gong.
In a word, they both advocated prose and opposd parallel prose, which has exerted profound influence on the literary world at that time and later generations. Their sucessive waves of innovation of ancient ancient prose has changed the obsolete appearence of poetry and prose.
'''1.Han Yu'''
'''2. Liu Zongyuan'''
'''3. Ouyang Xiu'''
'''4. Su Xun'''
'''5. Su Shi'''
'''6. Su Zhe'''
'''7. Wang Anshi'''
'''8. Zeng Gong'''

===B. Terms and Expressions===
The Eight Tang-Song Prose Masters 唐宋八大家
Banknotes of Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties 《唐宋八大家文钞》
Ancient Prose Movement 古文运动
parallel prose 骈文

===C. Questions===

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==
Pipa--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 08:22, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

==Grosheva, Anna==
=== Huli-jing figure in Chinese mythology and its analogs in Japan and Korea ===

1. Huli-jing (狐狸精) in China

2. Kitsune (キツネ) in Japan

3. Kumiho (구미호) in Korea

===Vocabulary List===
===Questions===

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==
Chinese Characters

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

Chinese Mythology

A. Pan Gu Created the Universe

B. Nu Wa Created Human Beings

C. Fushi Taught the People

D. Yu Rebuilt the Earth

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==
Chinese gods and immortals--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 16:09, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

==Guo Lu 郭露==

===Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties===

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==

The culture of Red envelope and Lucky money--[[User:HATHITHUHANG2|HATHITHUHANG2]] ([[User talk:HATHITHUHANG2|talk]]) 09:02, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==He Changqi 何长琦==
the 24 solar terms--[[User:He Changqi|He Changqi]] ([[User talk:He Changqi|talk]]) 09:46, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==
===Collection of Yue Fu Poetry《乐府诗集》===

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==
===Chinese Red Culture===
Chinese red culture is unique in the world. As a very important cultural resource, it has both tangible culture and intangible culture. Red culture in China refers to the advance culture with Chinese characteristics created by party and people in revolutionary years.

1. Development

2. Values

3. Red Culture in Nanchang

===Vocabulary List===
===Questions===

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

Four satirical novels in ancient China--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 08:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

==Li Lili 李丽丽==
Shadow Puppets(皮影戏)

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==
Confucian culture 儒家文化 --[[User:Li Liqin|Li Liqin]] ([[User talk:Li Liqin|talk]]) 14:44, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

Qian Zhongshu--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 02:19, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==
相声 Cross Talk

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
Go 围棋--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 08:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==
The four most handsome men in ancient China

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==

The Four Grottoes of China--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 08:23, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

'''Ancient Chinese Education'''

'''1. The History of Ancient Education'''

'''2.Classification of Ancient Chinese Education'''

'''3.Civil Service Examination System'''

'''4.Ancient China Academies'''
--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 08:27, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

'''The Imperial Palace'''--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 08:30, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

'''Chinese Marriage Customs'''--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 08:24, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

'''A.Procedures'''

'''B.Development'''

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

'''Topic: Chinese cinema (dramas and movies) and its popularity and affection in Vietnam'''

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==

'''Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac''' --Ouyang Ling

'''A.Origin'''

'''B.Development'''

'''C.Influence'''

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==
Green Tea--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 08:20, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

[[File:Example.jpg]]==Phyo, Su Kyi==

Chinese Traditional clothing Phyo Su Kyi talk 5-11-202

==Pingki, Tanchangya==
Chinese traditional dance--[[User:PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4|PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4]] ([[User talk:PINGKI TANCHANGYA 4|talk]]) 02:46, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
Chinese Traditional clothing
1- History
2- Different types of style

Vocabulary
Questions

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==
the Yuelu Academy--[[User:Qu Miao|Qu Miao]] ([[User talk:Qu Miao|talk]]) 07:52, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

==Seydou, Sagara==

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==
The Four Talented Women of Ancient China
(中国古代四大才女)

A.Cai Wenji 蔡文姬

B.Zhuo Wenjun 卓文君

C.Li Qingzhao 李清照

D.Ban Zhao 班昭

----

==Si Yu 司妤==

The Four New Great Inventions In Contemporary China--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 08:44, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

1.High-Speed Rail

2.Online Shopping

3.Alipay

4. Sharing Bike

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==

Five famous mountains.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 08:00, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

1.Mount Song

2.Mount Tai

3.Mount Hua

4.Mount Heng

5.Mount Heng

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==

Dining Etiquette and Table Manner

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==
Nalan Rongruo--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 08:11, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Wang Xuan 王轩==

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

China‘s Four New Inventions--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 03:24, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

1. High-speed rail

2. Scanning code payment

3. Sharing bikes

4. Online shopping

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==
Four Domestic Mobile Phones

1. Huawei

2. Mi

3. Vivo

4. OPPO

--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 15:26, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==
Chinese Dialects方言

1.Cantonese

2.Hunan dialect
--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 08:23, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==
Su Shi (January 8, 1037 –August 24, 1101), also known as Su Tungpo, was a Chinese writer, poet, painter, calligrapher, pharmacologist, gastronome, and a statesman of the Song dynasty.
A B C D

==Xie Fan 解帆==

==Xu Jia 徐佳==
Four Folk Stories of China 中国民间四大传说--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 09:03, 8 November 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

==Xu Jing 许静==
'''Four Great Pavilions'''--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 06:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==
Chinese 4 great towers
A. origin
B. development
--[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 08:17, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==
Nanjing, An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 08:28, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Hui 阳慧==
The Five Constant Virtues
A Benevolence

B Righteousness

C Propriety

D Wisdom

F Fidelity

==Yang Yue 杨悦==

Cheongsam--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 13:16, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==

Stinky Tofu

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==
Panda--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 14:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==You Yuting 游雨婷==
'''Legalism'''--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 08:29, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

'''1.Representative figures'''

'''2.Values'''

'''3.Works'''

'''References'''

'''Vocabulary List'''

'''Questions'''

==Yu Ni 余妮==

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

Milk Tea--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 14:42, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
Qingming Riverside Landscape Garden

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==
Batik
History

Types

Technical Process

Materials

Patterns
--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 08:38, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Hui 张慧==
Ancient Chinese weapons中国古代兵器--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 08:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

Terra-Cotta Warriors --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 02:32, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==
bonsai 盆景

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==

Rural Tourism in China --[[User:Zhang Weihong|Zhang Weihong]] ([[User talk:Zhang Weihong|talk]]) 08:22, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Zhang Weihong
"Nong Jia Le"
1. Introduction
2. Development
3. Models
4. Discussion
5. Tips for trips

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==
San Mao -三毛 OR Four Buddhist Shrines - 佛教四大名山

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
'''A.The Four Great Inventions'''

The Four Great Inventions, as symbols of ancient China's advanced science and technology, are inventions that are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical significance. They include papermaking, compass, gunpowder and printing.

'''1. Papermaking'''

Papermaking has traditionally been traced to China about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste. However, a recent archaeological discovery has been reported from Gansu of paper with Chinese characters on it dating to 8 BC.
The invention of papermaking technology is one of the most outstanding contributions made by the Chinese people to the world civilization. It is not only a revolution in writing materials, but also a perquisite for the subsequent invention of typography. (Fan 2015, 161)

'''2. Compass'''

A lodestone compass was used in China during the Han Dynasty between the 2nd century BCE and 1st century CE, where it was called the "south-governor"(Si Nan).
[[File:Ming_Compass.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Diagram of a Ming dynasty mariner's compass, Public Domain license by Wikimedia. Click [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions#/media/File:Ming-marine-compass.jpg] for original source.]]

'''3. Gunpowder'''

Gunpowder was invented in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. By the time the Song Dynasty treatise, Wujing Zongyao, was written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide in 1044, the various Chinese formulas for gunpowder held levels of nitrate in the range of 27% to 50%.

'''4. Printing'''

Printing in Northern China was further advanced by the 11th century, as it was written by the Song Dynasty scientist and statesman Shen Kuo (1031–1095) that the common artisan Bi Sheng (990-1051) invented ceramic movable type printing.

'''References'''
*Fan, Jialu, Han, Qi, Wang, Zhaochun, Dai, Nianzu. "The four great inventions." A History of Chinese Science and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2015. 161-299
*Andrade, Tonio, ed. (2016). The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
*Boruchoff, David A. (2012), "The Three Greatest Inventions of Modern Times: An Idea and Its Public", in Hock, Klaus, Gesa; Mackenthun (eds.), Entangled Knowledge: Scientific Discourses and Cultural Difference, Münster: Waxmann, pp. 133–163, ISBN 978-3-8309-2729-7
*Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006). Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5259-9.
*Deng Yinke (2005). Ancient Chinese Inventions. Translated by Wang Pingxing. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 7-5085-0837-8.
*Li Shu-hua (1954). "Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole". Isis. Vol. 45 no. 2: July. Oxford. pp. 175–196.
*Needham, Joseph (1962). Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics. Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 4. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
*Needham, Joseph, ed. (1985). Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Tsien Hsuen-Hsuin, Paper and Printing. Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Needham, Joseph, ed. (1994). Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Robin D.S. Yates, Krzysztof Gawlikowski, Edward McEwen, Wang Ling (collaborators) Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* "World Archaeological Congress eNewsletter 11 August 2006" (PDF). [http://worldarch.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/enews_11.pdf]

'''Vocabulary List'''
*The Four Great Inventions 四大发明

'''Questions'''
*When was paper invented? (8 BCE)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==
Four Treasures of the Study 文房四宝

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==

Chinese Fairy Tales

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

===Kunqu Opera===

===Vovabulary list===

===Questions===
--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 11:42, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

Chinese screen（中式屏风）

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

Classical Chinese Doors & Windows --[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 09:27, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==

Yuelu Academy--[[User:Zhu Xu|Zhu Xu]] ([[User talk:Zhu Xu|talk]]) 02:29, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==

'''Chinese Paper Currency'''--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 07:51, 11 November 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

'''1.Jiaozi(A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty)'''

'''2.Huizi(A Paper Currency in Southern Song Dynasty）'''

'''3.The Paper Currency in Qing Dynasty'''

'''4.The Paper Currency in the Chinese Soviet Area Period'''

'''5.Renminbi'''

'''References'''

'''Vocabulary List'''

'''Questions'''

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==
'''Chinese traditional make up--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 15:02, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
'''

'''I.Base make up'''

'''II.Color make up'''

'''III.Tang dynasty make up'''

'''References'''

'''Vocabulary List'''

'''Questions'''

20201109 cult

2020-11-14T18:45:29Z

SAFFANA ALSIED 2: /* Alsied, Saffana */

==Alsied, Saffana==--[[User:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|SAFFANA ALSIED 2]] ([[User talk:SAFFANA ALSIED 2|talk]]) 18:45, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
1.The book provides precious biographical records of various kinds of people who lived during the 3,000 years from the legendary Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty. It is also valued as a literary work and has a great influence on the literary development of subsequent prose, fiction and drama.

这本书提供了从传说中的黄帝到汉武帝三千年间各种生活的各种珍贵的传记记录。它也被认为是文学作品，并且对随后的散文，小说和戏剧的文学发展产生重大影响。

2.Chinese literature from the Opium War of 1840 to the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 is known as modern Chinese literature.

从1840年鸦片战争到1949年中华人民共和国成立的中国文学被称为现代中国文学。

3.During the 10-years Great Cultural Revolution, literature withered. But the great victory in smashing the Gang of Four in 1976 ushered in a new period.

在文化大革命的十年中，文学萎缩了。但是，1976年粉碎四人帮的巨大胜利迎来了一个新时期。

4.My forehead covered by my hair cut straight,
I played with flowers pluck’d before the gate.
On a hobby-horse you came on the scene,
Around the well we played with plums still green.

我的额头被头发遮住了
我玩着在大门前摘的花。
在一辆业余马中，您来到了现场，
在井周围，我们打着仍然绿色的李子。

==Cao Runxin 曹润鑫==

1. 《诗经》在艺术创作上很有特色。首先，《诗经》里的作品多方面描写了现实生活，表现了不同阶层人民在现实生活中的各种感受，真实地反映了现实生活，这是它的一大特色。

"The Book of Songs" is very distinctive in artistic creation. First of all, the works in "The Book of Songs" describe real life in many ways, showing the various feelings of people of different classes in real life, which is a major characteristic of it.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 07:33, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

''The Book of Songs'' is very distinctive in artistic creation. First of all, the works in ''The Book of Songs'' describe real life in many ways, show the feelings of people of different classes in real life, and truly reflect real life, which is one of its major characteristics.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 01:47, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 中国现代文学的发展，是吸收外来文学营养使之民族化，继承民族传统使之现代化的过程。

The development of Chinese modern literature is a process in which we nationalize foreign culture by absorbing its nutrition, and modernize national tradition by inheriting it.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 07:33, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

The development of modern Chinese literature is a process of absorbing the nutrition of foreign literature to make it nationalized and inheriting the national tradition to make it modernized.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 01:47, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 当代文学是指1949年新中国成立以后的文学，其中出现了许多文学流派。大致可以划分为四个阶段：新时期文学、80年代文学、90年代文学、新世纪文学。

Contemporary literature refers to the literature after the founding of New China in 1949, in which many literary schools have appeared. It can be roughly divided into four stages:new era literature,80s literature,90s literature and new century literature.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 07:33, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

Contemporary literature refers to the literature after the founding of People’s Republic of China in 1949, in which many literary schools appeared. It can be roughly divided into four stages: literature in the new period, literature in the 1980s, literature in the 1990s and literature in the new century.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 01:47, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Han 陈涵==

1. 《诗经》内容丰富，反映了劳动与爱情、战争与徭役、压迫与反抗、风俗与婚姻、祭祖与宴会，甚至天象、地貌、动物、植物等方方面面，是周代社会生活的一面镜子。

''The Book of Songs'' is a mirror reflecting the social life of the Zhou Dynasty. It is rich in content, including labor and love, wars and corvee, oppression and resistance, customs and marriage, ancestor worship and feast, as well as astronomical phenomena, landforms, animals, plants, etc. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:32, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 《呐喊》深刻反映了19世纪末到20世纪20年代间中国社会生活的现状，有力揭露和鞭挞了封建旧恶势力，表达了作者渴望变革，为时代呐喊，希望唤醒国民的思想。

''Call to Arms'' deeply reflects the status quo of Chinese social life and profoundly exposes and castigates vicious old feudalism, expressing the author‘ s aspiration for the transformation of the times and his desire to arouse the citizens. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:32, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

3. “伤痕文学”大都是以真实、质朴甚至粗糙的形式，无所顾忌地揭开文革给人们造成的伤疤，从而宣泄1966-1976年以来积郁心头的大痛大恨，这恰恰契合了文学最原始的功能：“宣泄”。

Scar Literature boldly uncovered the people’s wounds caused by the Cultural Revolution mostly in a real, plain and even rough form，thus releasing their pain and hatred from 1966 to 1976 hidden deep in their hearts, which fitted properly the primary function of literature——catharsis. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:32, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

==Chen Jingjing 陈静静==

==Dashkin, Gennadii==

==Chen Yongxiang 陈永相==

==Ding Daifeng 丁代凤==

1. 李白想象力丰富，一生创作了大量的诗歌，其诗歌对以后的历代诗人产生了重要影响，即使到现在中国人还非常喜欢他的诗。

Rich in imagination, Li Bai created a large number of poems throughout his life, which have great influence on the poets after him. Even now, his poems are still popular with many Chinese people.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 01:34, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Rich in imagination, Li Bai created a large number of poems throughout his life, which has great influence on the poets after him. Even now, his poems are still popular with many Chinese people.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 02:47, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

2.中国现代文学集中地表现为大大加强了文学与人民群众的结合﹐文学与进步的社会思潮及民族解放﹑人民革命运动的自觉联系。

Modern Chinese literature is concentrated on strengthening the combination of literature and people, the social ideological trend of literature and progress, and the conscious connection between national liberation and people's revolutionary movement.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 01:34, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Modern Chinese literature is concentrated on greatly strengthening the combination of literature and people, the social ideological trend of literature and progress, and the conscious connection between national liberation and people's revolutionary movement.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 02:47, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

3.新中国成立带来的巨大历史变革﹐为社会主义文学的发展提供了坚实的生活基础。新中国的作家坚持真实地﹑历史地﹑在现实的变革和发展中反映生活﹐自觉地把社会主义现实主义作为最根本的创作原则与方法。

The great historical changes brought about by the founding of People’s Republic of China have provided a solid foundation for the development of socialist literature. Writers in New China insist on reflecting life truly, historically and in the change and development of reality, and consciously regard socialist realism as the most fundamental creative principle and method.--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 01:34, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

The foundation People's Republic of China in 1949 has brought great historical changesand provided a solid foundation for the development of socialist literature.The Writers in New China insist on reflecting life under the change and development of reality in a true and historical way, and they also take socialist realism as the most fundamental creative principle and method.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 02:47, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

==Gan Fengyu 甘奉玉==
1. 古代文学一般包括欧洲古代文学和中国古代文学。欧洲古代文学又包括古希腊文学和罗马文学，中国古代文学按时间分类，包括先秦两汉文学，魏晋南北朝文学，唐宋文学，元明清文学。
The classical literature generally includes European classical literature and Chinese classical literature. The former consists of Ancient Greek and Rome literature, while the latter can be classified as four literatures according to different time. They are literature of Pre-Qin and Han Dynasty, Wei Jin South and North Dyansty, Tang and Song Dynasty, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasty.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 07:38, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

The classical literature generally includes European classical literature and Chinese classical literature. The former consists of Ancient Greek and Roman literature, while the latter can be classified chronologically as four kinds. They are literature of Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, Wei Jin South and North Dyansties, Tang and Song Dynasties, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 08:32, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
2. 近代文学的成就在于它的反帝反封建的进步主流，它的反映现实和追求理想的精神和方法，它的语文合一、走向通俗化的探索和努力，为“五四”时代新文学运动准备了一定的历史条件。

The modern literature achieved progress in the mainstream of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism. It reflected reality and the pursuit of ideals through explorations ands efforts for language unity toward the popular. All these prepare certain historical conditions for the new literature movement in the May 4th Era.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 07:38, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

The modern literature achieved progress in its mainstream of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism.Its spirit and methods of reflecting reality and pursuing ideals, along with its exploration and efforts in unifying and popularizing language and words, had made some historical prepare for the new literature movement in the May 4th Era.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 02:45, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

The modern literature achieved progress in its mainstream of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism.Its spirit and methods of reflecting reality and pursuing ideals, along with its exploration and efforts in unifying and popularizing language and words, had made some historical preparations for the new literature movement in the May 4th Era.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 08:32, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 中国当代文学，首先指的是1949年以来的中国文学；其次指的是发生在特定的社会主义历史语境中的文学.
The Chinese contemporary literature, first of all, refers to Chinese literature since 1949. Secondly, it means the literature that takes place in the context of specific socialist history. --[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 07:38, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Chinese contemporary literature firstly refers to Chinese literature since 1949; secondly, it refers to literature that occurred in a specific historical context of socialism.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 12:26, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

Chinese contemporary literature firstly refers to Chinese literature since 1949; secondly, it refers to literature that occurs in a specific historical context of socialism.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 08:32, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

4. 李白既有清高傲岸的一面，又有世俗的一面，他的理想和自由，只能到山林、仙境、醉乡中去寻求。

Li Bai is not only lofty and proud, but also seculoar. To seek his ideals and ferredom, he can only search in the mountain forest, fairland and drunken state.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 02:20, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Li Bai is not only lofty and proud, but also secular. To seek his ideals and freedom, he can only seek in mountain forest, fairland and dazed state.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 08:32, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

==Gao Mingzhu 高明珠==
1、《楚辞》是西汉刘向把屈原的作品及宋玉等人“承袭屈赋”的作品编辑而成的一部诗歌总集，它作为我国积极浪漫主义诗歌创作的源头，对后世文学影响深远。

The Songs of Chu is a collection of ancient Chinese poems which was authored by Liuxiang in western Han dynasty who piled Quyuan’s poems as well as those following Qu’s style written by Songyu and other poets into it.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 12:36, 14 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

2、郭沫若的代表作《女神》是中国现代新诗的奠基之作，在艺术上取得了新诗最辉煌的成就，是“五四”时期浪漫主义的瑰丽奇峰，其形式自由多变，依感情的变化自然地形成“情绪的节奏”。

The master work “Goddess” of Guo Moruo was the cornerstone in Chinese modern new-style poetry(free verse written in the vernacular). It obtained the most brilliant achievement in the art of the new-style poetry and was the magnificent peak of the romanticism during May Fourth period with its free and varied form, naturally producing emotional rhythm according to the changes of sentiments.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 12:36, 14 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

3、伤痕文学带有强烈的感情色彩，但由于主客观方面的原因，作品还缺乏深度，作家“先天不足，后天失调”，知识结构不健全。

Trauma literature had intense emotions, but lacked depth due to subjective and objective reasons. The writers of trauma literature had inherent weaknesses and lacked instruction which resulted in the unsound structure of knowledge in their writings.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 12:36, 14 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

4、这首诗按照故事情节可简单分为上下两端，上段写美好，下段写悲伤，几乎完整地写出了一对恋人的前世今生，使读者能够完全代入，深深钻进这个凄美的故事里。

The poem(The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter) can be divided into two parts according to its plot. The former part describes happiness while the latter one describes sadness. The poem tells us almost a complete love story between one couple which makes the readers totally place themselves into the beautiful but painful story deeply. --[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 12:36, 14 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

==Grosheva, Anna==

==Gu Dongfang 顾东方==

==Guan Qinqing 管钦清==

==Gui Yizhi 桂一枝==

==Guirou, Barthelemy==

1.中国文学的历史已有数千年的历史，从最早的朝代宫廷档案到明代兴起的成熟的乡土小说，都应运而生。

The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years, from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature vernacular fiction novels that arose during the Ming dynasty to entertain the masses of literate Chinese.

The history of Chinese literature extends thousands of years, and different types of literature emerged from the earliest court records of dynasties to the mature local novels arising in the Ming Dynasty.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:35, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

2.中国现代文学史记载了至少3000年前的不间断历史，其历史至少可以追溯到公元前14世纪。中国现代文学以丰富的文化为基础，蓬勃发展。

Chinese Modern Literature is a record of an uninterrupted history of more than 3,000 years, dating back at least to the 14th century BC. Based on luxuriant culture, Chinese Modern literature developed flourishingly.

3.中国当代文学可以定义为古典文学向现代的过渡。

Chinese contemporary literature can be defined as a transition of classical literature to the present-age.--[[User:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|GUIROU BARTHELEMY]] ([[User talk:GUIROU BARTHELEMY|talk]]) 12:09, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

Chinese contemporary literature can be defined as the transition from classical literature to the modern literature.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:35, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

==Guo Lu 郭露==

1. 小说中曹雪芹没有直接描写皇室的生活，而是通过刘一贾、史、王、薛四大家族的描写，其中又集中到贾府的兴衰。

In Cao Xueqin's display，his angle shifted from kinsmen of the emperor to focusing on Jia，Shi，Wang,and Xue Families，and then shifted from these four families to Jia Fami1y.

2.于千万人之中遇见你所遇见的人，于千万年之中，时间的无涯的荒野里，没有早一步，也没有晚一步，刚巧赶上了，那也没有别的话可说，惟有轻轻的问一声：“哦，你也在这里吗？”

When you meet the one among the millions, or in many years, across the borderless wastes of time, you happen to catch him or her, neither a step too early nor a step too late, what else is there to do except to ask softly: "So you're here, too?"

3. 他出身贫寒家庭，20岁参军的同时开始写小说。他的第一部小说《太阳下山》（The Sun Goes Down）是一本非官方英文译本，讲述的是两位军人英雄，他们因一名年轻的陆军厨师自杀而互相指责，从而毁了他们的声誉和友谊。

Born into a poor family, he began writing fiction at the same time as he joined the Chinese army at the age of 20. His first novel, called The Sun Goes Down in an unofficial English translation, was about two soldier-heroes who destroy their reputations and the friendship between them when they blame each other for the suicide of a young army cook.

4. 这首诗对商妇的各个生活阶段，通过生动具体的生活侧面的描绘，在读者面前展开了一幅幅鲜明生动的画面。

This poem unfolds a vivid picture for the readers through a concrete description of the various life of the Shang women.--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 16:28, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

==Ha, Thi Thu Hang==

==He Changqi 何长琦==

==Hu Baihui 胡百辉==

==Hu Jin 胡瑾==
1. 中国古典文学广义的指自先秦至清代末年的中国文学，包括作家、作品、文学事件，文体起源与发展历程，文学运动、流派，文学理论，作家作品的考据、研究等等。

1. Chinese classical literature broadly refers to Chinese literature from pre-Qin to the end of Qing Dynasty, including writers, works, literary events, stylistic origin and development, literary movements, schools, literary theories, textual research and research of writers' works, and so on.

2. 中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。它不仅用现代语言表现现代科学民主思想﹐而且在艺术形式与表现手法上都对传统文学进行了革新﹐建立了话剧﹑新诗﹑现代小说﹑杂文﹑散文诗﹑报告文学等新的文学体裁.

2. Chinese modern literature is a new literature which is widely influenced by foreign literature under the condition of historic changes in Chinese society. It not only expresses modern scientific and democratic thoughts in modern language, but also innovates traditional literature in both artistic forms and expression techniques, and establishes new literary genres such as drama, new poetry, modern novels, essays, prose poems and reportage.

3. 在当代文学面向世界的新的历史条件下，有选择地吸收外来文化中一切好的内容和形式，溶化到本民族文艺的血液之中,以丰富和提高本民族的文艺,成为新时期作家艺术探索的重要课题。

3. Under the new historical conditions of contemporary literature facing the world, it has become an important topic for writers to explore art in the new period by selectively absorbing all the good contents and forms from foreign cultures and melting them into the blood of their own literature and art.

4. 唐诗是我国诗歌发展的最高成就。它继承了魏晋以来的诗歌精华，而且由于唐代开放的风气，清明的政治，以及统治者的推崇，使唐代诗歌有了长足的发展，如唐代科举制就要专门的考诗歌。

4. Tang poetry is the highest achievement in the development of Chinese poetry. It inherited the essence of poetry since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and due to the open atmosphere, clear politics and the esteem of rulers in Tang Dynasty, the poetry in Tang Dynasty has made great progress. For example, the imperial examination system in Tang Dynasty required special examination of poetry.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 03:18, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

==Jiang Fengyi 蒋凤仪==

==Jiang Qiwei 蒋淇玮==

==Kang Haoyu 康浩宇==
1. 《孔雀东南飞》主要讲述了焦仲卿、刘兰芝夫妇被迫分离并双双自杀的故事，控诉了封建礼教的残酷无情，歌颂了焦刘夫妇的真挚感情和反抗精神。

Peacock Flies Southeast mainly tells the story of Jiao Zhongqing and Liu Lanzhi who were forced to separate and committed suicide, accuses the ruthlessness of feudal ethics and extols the sincere love and rebellious spirit of Jiao and Liu.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 02:37, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 《雷雨》以1925年前后的中国社会为背景，描写了一个带有浓厚封建色彩的资产阶级家庭的悲剧。该剧情节扣人心弦、语言精炼含蓄，人物各具特色，是“中国话剧现实主义的基石”，中国现代话剧成熟的里程碑。

Thunderstorm, with Chinese society around 1925 as the background, describes the tragedy of a bourgeois family with a strong feudal color. The drama is exciting in story, concise and subtle in language, and the characters have their own features. It is "the cornerstone of Chinese drama realism" and a milestone of the maturity of Chinese modern drama.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 02:37, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

3.《平凡的世界》以中国70年代中期到80年代中期十年间为背景，以孙少安和孙少平两兄弟为中心，刻画了当时社会各阶层众多普通人的形象,深刻地展示了普通人在大时代历史进程中所走过的艰难曲折的道路。

"Ordinary World" is set in China from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s and centered on two brothers, Sun Shaoan and Sun Shaoping. It depicts the images of many ordinary people from all classes at that time, and profoundly shows the difficult and tortuous road that ordinary people have gone through in the historical process of the great times.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 02:37, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

4.《长干行》描绘了商妇各个生活阶段的各个生活侧面，展现了一幅幅鲜明生动的画面，塑造出了一个对理想生活执着追求和热切向往的商贾思妇的艺术形象.

"The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter" depicts every aspect of the life of a businesswoman at every stage of her life, showing vivid pictures, and shaping an artistic image of a businesswoman who pursues and longs for her ideal life.--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 02:37, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Fangyuan 雷方圆==
1、改革开放 40 年来，中国古典文学研究事业在经典中寻找方向，在传统中汲取力量，在创新中积累经验，在回归中实现超越。

Over the past 40 years since the reform and opening up, the research on Chinese classical literature has been looking for direction in classics, gaining strength from tradition, accumulating experience in innovation and
surpassing predecessors when going back to the tradition.

2、鲁迅先生为现代文学第一人，小说代表作《呐喊》、《彷徨》和《故事新编》，鲁迅先生未创作创篇小说，以上所述都为中短篇小说集。

Mr. Lu Xun is the first person in modern literature, and his representative novels are The Scream, Wandering and New Stories.Mr. Lu Xun has not written any creative novels, and all of the above are collections of short stories.

3、《边城》寄托着沈从文“美”与“爱”的美学理想，是他的作品中最能表现人性美的一部。

Frontier City embodies Shen Congwen's aesthetic ideals of "beauty" and "love," and is the one of his works that best expresses the beauty of human nature.

4、《江雪》是唐朝诗人柳宗元经典的诗作。在中国，这首诗被选入国内小学课本和许多对外汉语教材之中，是脍炙人口的名篇。
Fishing in Snow is a classical poem by Liu Zongyuan, a poet of the Tang Dynasty. In China, this poem was selected into elementary school textbook and many Foreign-Chinese textbooks，and it is a well-known poem.--[[User:Lei Fangyuan|Lei Fangyuan]] ([[User talk:Lei Fangyuan|talk]]) 06:37, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

==Lei Kuangxi 雷旷溪==

==Li Lili 李丽丽==
1.中国古代文学是中华文明的重要组成部分，它的历史悠久，其起源，约略同中华文明的起源同步。
Ancient Chinese literature is an important part of Chinese civilization. With a long history, it came into being as early as Chinese civilization.

2.近代文学的成就在于它的反帝反封建的进步主流，它的反映现实和追求理想的精神和方法，它的语文合一、走向通俗化的探索和努力，为“五四”时代新文学运动准备了一定的历史条件。
The achievements of modern literature lie in its progressive mainstream of anti- imperialism and anti-feudalism, its spirit and method of reflecting reality and pursuing ideal, and its exploration and efforts towards language integration and popularization, which provided certain historical conditions for the New Literature Movement in the May 4th movement.

3.现代文学不仅用现代语言表现现代科学民主思想﹐而且在艺术形式与表现手法上都对传统文学进行了革新﹐建立了话剧﹑新诗﹑现代小说﹑杂文﹑散文诗﹑报告文学等新的文学体裁﹐
Contemporary culture not only expresses modern scientific and democratic thoughts in modern language, but also innovates traditional literature in artistic forms and expression techniques, which establishes new literary genres such as drama, new poetry, modern novel, essay, prose poem, reportage, etc.

4.唐诗是中华民族珍贵的文化遗产之一，是中华文化宝库中的一颗明珠，同时也对世界上许多国家的文化发展产生了很大影响，对于后人研究唐代的政治、民情、风俗、文化等都有重要的参考意义。
Tang poetry is one of the precious cultural heritages of the Chinese nation and a pearl in the treasure house of Chinese culture. At the same time, it has a great influence on the cultural development of many countries in the world. It also has important reference significance for the later generations to study the politics, folk lifestyles, customs and culture of the Tang Dynasty.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 11:54, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

==Li Liqin 李丽琴==
1. 中国古典文学名著有诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧、词、赋等多种表现形式，从而使中国古典文学呈现多姿多彩、壮丽辉煌的图景。《诗经》是我国第一部诗歌总集，收入自西周初年至春秋中叶五百多年的诗歌311篇，又称《诗三百》。《诗经》共有风、雅、颂三个部分，对中国的文学史、政治、语言、甚至思想上都有着非常深远的影响。

2. 中国现代文学不仅用现代语言表现现代科学民主思想，而且在艺术形式与表现手法上都对传统文学进行了革新。鲁迅是新文化运动的重要参与者，也是中国现代文学的奠基人之一。

==Liu Liu 刘柳==

1. 中国古典文学是中国文学史上闪烁着灿烂光辉的优秀作品，它是世界文学宝库中令人瞩目的瑰宝。几千年来，中国传统文化养育了中国古典文学，中国古典文学又大大丰富了中国传统文化，使传统文化更具有深刻的影响力。

Chinese classical literature is an excellent work with brilliant brilliance in the history of Chinese literature. It is a remarkable treasure in the world literature.For thousands of years, Chinese traditional culture has nurtured Chinese classical literature, which in turn has greatly enriched Chinese traditional culture and made it more profoundly influential.

Chinese classical literature is an excellent work shining brilliant glory in the history of Chinese literature. It is a remarkable treasure in the world literature.For thousands of years, Chinese traditional culture has nurtured Chinese classical literature, which in turn has greatly enriched Chinese traditional culture and made it more profoundly influential.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 01:58, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

2. 中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下，广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Chinese modern literature is a new literature formed under the condition of historical changes in Chinese society,which is greatly influenced by foreign literature.

Chinese modern literature is a new literature formed by greatly aborsobing foreign literature under the condition of historical changes in Chinese society.--[[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 01:58, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 中国自由文学在民间又称贫民窟文学，其概念出现于上世纪九十年代，以中国自由作家为代表，数十年扎根中国社会底层及贫民窟，极大的同情与关注社会底层贫民的生存状态，所创作的小说均表现中国社会边缘知识分子与社会底层贫民以及下层妓女的悲怆爱情故事，为新时期中国当代文学的代表作。

Chinese free literature is also known as slum literature among the people,which appeared in the 1990s.It’s represented by Chinese free writers who have been rooted in the bottom of Chinese society and slums for decades,showing great empathy and concern for the living conditions of the poor at the bottom of Chinese society.Their novels depicted the pathetic love stories between the marginal intellectuals of Chinese society and the poor at the bottom of society as well as the prostitutes of the lower class,which are the representative works of Chinese contemporary literature in the new era.

4. 诗人李白写过许多反映妇女生活的作品，《长干行》就是其中杰出的诗篇。它以一位居住在长干里的商妇自述的口气，叙述了她的爱情生活，倾吐了对于远方丈夫的殷切思念。它塑造了一个具有丰富深挚的情感的少妇形象，具有动人的艺术力量。

The poet Li Bai has written many works reflecting women’s life,among which Ballad of a Merchant’s Wife is an outstanding one.It narrated the love life of a merchant’s wife living in Chokan in her own words and expressed her ardent yearning for his husband far away.It portrayed an image of a young woman with rich and deep emotions,which had touching artistic power.--[[User:Liu Liu|Liu Liu]] ([[User talk:Liu Liu|talk]]) 09:18, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

The poet Li Bai has written many works reflecting women’s lives, among which ''Changgan Song'' is an outstanding one. It narrated the love life of a merchant’s wife living in Changganli (in Nanjing) in her own words and expressed her ardent yearning for his husband far away. It presented a moving power of art by creating an image of a young woman with rich and deep emotions. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:24, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Ou 刘欧==

==Liu Yi 刘艺==
1、中国古典文学是中国文学史上闪烁着灿烂光辉的经典性作品或优秀作品，它是世界文学宝库中令人瞩目的瑰宝。中国古典文学有诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种表现形式，在各种文体中，又有多种多样的艺术表现手法，从而使中国古典文学呈现出多姿多彩、壮丽辉煌的图景。

Classical Chinese literature is a classical work or excellent work in the history of Chinese literature that shines with brilliant light, and it is a remarkable treasure among the treasures of world literature. Classical Chinese literature has a variety of expressions such as poetry, prose, novel, and lyrics, fu, and song, and a variety of artistic expressions in a variety of styles, thus making classical Chinese literature present a colorful, magnificent and glorious picture.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:13, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

2、现代文学在“五四”文学革命以后的60多年发展过程中﹐随著中国革命与社会性质的演变﹐以1949年10月中华人民共和国成立为转折﹐经历了新民主主义革命时期与社会主义时期两个历史阶段。两个阶段的文学既有各自的历史面貌﹐显示出不同阶段的差异性﹔

In the more than 60 years since the May Fourth Literary Revolution, modern literature has gone through two historical stages: the period of the New Democratic Revolution and the period of socialism, following the Chinese Revolution and the evolution of the nature of society, with the founding of the People's Republic of China in October 1949 as a turning point. The literature of the two stages has its own historical outlook and shows the differences between the different stages.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:13, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

Following the Chinese Revolution and the evolution of the nature of society in more than 60 years since the May Fourth Literary Revolution, modern literature has gone through two historical stages: the period of the New Democratic Revolution and the period of socialism,with the founding of the People's Republic of China in October 1949 as a turning point. The literature of the two stages has its own historical outlook and shows the differences at the different stages.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 09:08, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

3、中国平民作家特别是自由作家所具有的独立思想，通常在作品中以令人恐怖的真实表现出思想的光芒。在批判现实主义基础上开创了一整套独立特行的现代美学与完整的思想价值体系，为中国当代坚持探究思想之源的文学巨匠的群体，同时也是具有非凡忍耐力和巨大牺牲精神的真正的作家群体。

The independent thoughts of Chinese commoner writers, especially freelance writers, usually shine through with terrifying truth. On the basis of critical realism, they have created a set of independent and unique modern aesthetics and a complete system of ideological values, and are contemporary Chinese literary giants who insist on exploring the source of ideas, as well as genuine writers with extraordinary endurance and great sacrifice.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:13, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

==Liu Yiyu 刘怡瑜==

==Lo, Minh Thao==

==Lou Cancan 娄灿灿==

==Luo Weijia 罗维嘉==

==Luo Yuqing 罗雨晴==

==Mo Ling 莫玲==

1.只缘感君一回顾，使我思君暮与朝。——《古相思曲》

A single glimpse of you haunts me day and night.---''Ancient Lovesick Songs''

2.四奶奶站在三爷背后，笑了一声道：“自己骨肉，照说不该提钱的话。提起钱来，这话可就长了！”——张爱玲《倾城之恋》

The fourth concubine,standing behind the third master,chuckled and said :"Normally,it is undue to mention money between parents and kids,If bothered,there will be countless expenditures！" ---Zhang Ailing ''Love in a Fallen City''

3.县城真热闹：官盐店，税务局，肉铺里挂着成边的猪，一个驴子在磨芝麻，满街都是小磨香油的香味，布店，卖茉莉粉、梳头油的什么斋，卖绒花的，卖丝线的，打把式卖膏药的，吹糖人的，耍蛇的，……他什么都想看看。——贾平凹《受戒》

The county seat is so bustling that there stand various of buildings,such as official-operating salt shop,tax bureau and the butchers' with half piece of pork.A donkey is grinding sesame,the fragrance of the oil suffuing the whole street.He wants to wander over all the attractions:cloth shops,thr unknown shop selling jasmine powder and comb oil,shop selling velvet flowers and threads as well as some acrobatic shows for advertising,sugar figure making as well as snake charmers' performance.---Jia Pingao ''Ordained''--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 11:09, 12 November 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

==Ngo, Thi Minh Huong==

==Ouyang Ling 欧阳玲==

1.明清是中国小说史上的繁荣时期。这个时代的小说从思想内涵和题材表现上来说，最大限度地包容了传统文化的精华，而且经过世俗化的图解后，传统文化竟以可感的形象和动人的故事而走进了千家万户。

Chinese novel had its heyday during the Ming and Qing dynasties when the thoughts and themes of novels tended to embody the essence of traditional culture. After popularized, Chinese traditional culture was disseminated through the vivid characters and moving stories in the novels.

2.鸦片战争过后所带来的的民族危机极大地震动了当时的思想界，人们纷纷寻求救国真理。中国近代文学题材的扩大，新人物、新意境、新思想、新名词的出现，新的艺术手法的吸取，都无不与西方文化的撞击有关。

The Opium War and the consequent national crisis posed a great shock in the intellectual field, and Chinese people sought for the truth of how to save the country from foreign invaders. In Chinese modern literature, the expansion of themes, arising of new characters, new artistic conception, new ideas and new terms, and absorption of new artistic technique are associated with the impact of western culture.

3.中国当代文学是“为人民服务，为社会主义服务”的文学，70多年来，在社会主义革命和建设的各个历史时期，中国当代文学致力于反映人民群众从事社会主义革命和建设的历史活动，歌颂他们以主人翁精神为社会主义事业所作出的创造性的劳动。

Chinese contemporary literature was aimed at ”serving the Chinese people as well as the socialism ”. For more than 70 years, in every period of socialist reform and construction Chinese contemporary literature has been committed to reflecting the historical activities of the masses and singing the praises of their creative labour and spirit of ownership in the cause of socialism.

==Peng Ruihong 彭锐宏==

1.《水浒传》通过描写梁山好汉反抗欺压、水泊梁山壮大和受宋朝招安，以及受招安后为宋朝征战，最终消亡的宏大故事，艺术地反映了中国历史上宋江起义从发生、发展直至失败的全过程，深刻揭示了起义的社会根源，满腔热情地歌颂了起义英雄的反抗斗争和他们的社会理想，也具体揭示了起义失败的内在历史原因。

"Water Margin" articulates the grand story of Liangshan heroes resisting oppression, waterbo Liangshan growing and being recruited by the Song Dynasty, as well as fighting for the Song Dynasty after being recruited, and finally dying out. It artistically reflects the Songjiang Uprising in Chinese history from its occurrence, development to failure. The whole process deeply revealed the social roots of the uprising, enthusiastically praised the resistance struggle of the uprising heroes and their social ideals, and also specifically revealed the inherent historical reasons for the failure of the uprising.

2.《平凡的世界》是中国作家路遥创作的一部全景式地表现中国当代城乡社会生活的百万字长篇小说。全书共三部。1986年12月首次出版。该书以中国70年代中期到80年代中期十年间为背景，通过复杂的矛盾纠葛，以孙少安和孙少平两兄弟为中心，刻画了当时社会各阶层众多普通人的形象。

"The Ordinary World" is a million-character novel created by Chinese writer Lu Yao, which is a panoramic view of contemporary urban and rural social life in China. There are three parts in the book. First published in December 1986.
The book takes China’s mid-70s to mid-1980s as a background, through complex contradictions and entanglements, centering on the two brothers Sun Shaoan and Sun Shaoping, it portrays the images of many ordinary people from all walks of life at that time.

3.《三体》是刘慈欣创作的系列长篇科幻小说，由《三体》、《三体Ⅱ·黑暗森林》、《三体Ⅲ·死神永生》组成，第一部于2006年5月起在《科幻世界》杂志上连载，第二部于2008年5月首次出版，第三部则于2010年11月出版。

"Three-Body" is a series of long science fiction novels created by Liu Cixin, composed of "Three-Body", "Three-Body Ⅱ·Dark Forest", "Three-Body Ⅲ·Eternal Life of Death". It was serialized in World magazine, the second part was first published in May 2008, and the third part was published in November 2010.

4.李白（701年－762年），字太白，号青莲居士，又号“谪仙人”，唐代伟大的浪漫主义诗人，被后人誉为“诗仙”，与杜甫并称为“李杜”，为了与另两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别，杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。

Li Bai (701-762), whose name was Taibai, was named Qinglianjushi, also known as "the banished immortal". A great romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty, he was called "the fairy of poetry" by later generations and was called "Li Du" together with Du Fu. In order to distinguish them from the other two poets, Li Shangyin and Du Mu, namely "little Li and Du", Du Fu and Li Bai are collectively called "big Li and Du".--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 06:12, 14 November 2020 (UTC)--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 06:12, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

==Phyo, Su Kyi==
1-水Mar传，西游记，三国浪漫史和红楼梦；这四本小说构成了中国古典文学的核心，并仍在传播着现代文化。

Water Margin, Journey to the West, Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Dream of the Red Chamber; these four novels form the core of Chinese classical literature and still inform modern culture.

2-《中国现代文学》记录了至少3000年前的不间断历史，其历史至少可以追溯到公元前14世纪。中国现代文学以丰富的文化为基础，蓬勃发展。

Chinese Modern Literature is a record of an uninterrupted history of more than 3,000 years, dating back at least to the 14th century BC. Based on luxuriant culture, Chinese Modern literature developed flourishingly.

3-现代文学与当代文学之间的主要区别在于时代。现代文学指的是十九世纪末至十六世纪六十年代的文学，而当代文学指的是第二次世界大战至今的文学。

The key difference between modern and contemporary literature is their time period. Modern literature refers to the literature dating from late nineteenth century to nineteen sixties while the contemporary literature refers to the literature dating from the Second World War to the present.

==Pingki, Tanchangya==

==Qu Miao 瞿淼==

==Rajabov, Anushervon==

==Seydou, Sagara==

==Shi Haiyao 石海瑶==

==Si Yu 司妤==

==Tan Yuanyuan 谭媛媛==
1.春秋战国时期，是一个社会发生急剧变化的时代，此一时期，在中国文学史上占有重要一席之地的即是先秦散文。百花齐放、百家争鸣的文化氛围促进了文学的繁荣，也迎来了文化光辉灿烂的时代，尤其是儒、墨、道、法几家学说，奠定了中国传统文化的基础。

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was an era of rapid social changes. During this period, pre-Qin prose occupies an important place in the history of Chinese literature. The cultural atmosphere of "a hundred flowers blossoming and a hundred schools of thought" has promoted the prosperity of literature and ushered in an era of splendid culture, especially the doctrines of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, and Law, which laid the foundation of Chinese traditional culture.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 09:01, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

2.中国现代文学发端于五四运动时期，但以鸦片战争后的近代文学为其先导。现代文学是新民主主义革命时期现实土壤上的新的产物，同时又是旧民主主义革命时期文学的一个发展。广义上的中国现代文学史是指1917年到1997年。

Modern Chinese literature originated during the May Fourth Movement, but was guided by modern literature after the Opium War. Modern literature is a new product on the soil of the new democratic revolution, and at the same time a development of literature in the old democratic revolution. The history of modern Chinese literature in a broad sense refers to the period from 1917 to 1997.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 09:01, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

3.如果我们把百余年来中国文学的演进历程视为一个不断走向开放的矛盾、艰难、曲折，坎坷的现代化进程的话，那么，毫无疑问，这一进程发轫于近代。

If we regard the evolution of Chinese literature over the past 100 years as a contradictory, difficult, tortuous, and bumpy modernization process that continues to open, then there is no doubt that this process began in modern times.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 09:01, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

If we regard the evolution of Chinese literature in the past hundred years as a contradictory, difficult, tortuous and bumpy modernization process, then there is no doubt that this process originated in modern times.--[[User:Hu Jin|Hu Jin]] ([[User talk:Hu Jin|talk]]) 03:22, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

==Tang Bei 汤蓓==

==Tang Yiran 汤伊然==

==Wang Meiling 王美玲==

==Wang Xuan 王轩==

==Wu Qiong 吴琼==

1.《离骚》艺术上有着极高成就。首先，整部作品都具有强烈的浪漫主义色彩，在后半部分，这种色彩更为浓烈。
"Li Sao" has extremely high artistic achievements. First, the whole work has a strong romantic color, and in the second half, it becomes more intense.
"Li Sao" enjoys extremely high artistic achievements. First, it has a strong sense of romantic color, which becomes more intense in the second half part of the work.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 12:00, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

2.《茶馆》人物众多但性格鲜明，能够“闻其声知其人”，“三言两语就勾出一个人物形象的轮廓来”。
There are too many characters with distinct personalities in "Tea House", and people can distinguish everyone only by hearing their voices, and the outline of a character can be drawn in a few words.

3.《平凡的世界》是用温暖的现实主义的方式来讴歌普通劳动者的文学作品。
"The Ordinary World" is a literary work that eulogizes ordinary laborers in a warm and realistic way.

4.唐诗把我国古曲诗歌的音节和谐、文字精炼的艺术特色，推到前所未有的高度，为古代抒情诗找到一个最典型的形式，至今还特别为人民所喜闻乐见。
Tang poetry pushed the syllable harmony and refined artistic characteristics of Chinese ancient poetry to unprecedented heights, and helped find the most typical form of ancient lyric poetry, which is still popular among the people.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 10:04, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Yilu 吴一露==
1.四大古典名著是中国文学史中的经典作品，是世界宝贵的文化遗产。此四部巨著在中国文学史上的地位是难分高低的，极高的文学水平和艺术成就，细致的刻画和所蕴含的深刻思想都为历代读者所称道，其中的故事、场景、人物已经深深地影响了中国人的思想观念、价值取向。

Four Great Classical Novels are classics in the history of China’s literature，as well as a precious cultural heritage of the world. It is difficult to distinguish which one is better, as they all enjoy high-level of literature and artistic achievement. Delicate description and profound thoughts contained in these four books are praised by readers through the ages. Their stories, scene and characters deeply influence Chinese people’s ideology and value orientations.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 02:02, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

2.中国现代文学是在积极的思想斗争中向前发展的, 现代中国面临一个动荡的大变革的时代﹐处于这样历史时代的中国现代文学﹐呈现出不同阶级﹑不同趋向的文学作品和文学思潮纷然杂陈﹐彼此冲突而又互相影响与吸收的复杂面貌。

China’s modern literature is developing among positive ideological struggle. As modern China confronts a turbulent age of great reform, China’s modern literature of this times presents various literature works and literature trends of different classes with different tendency. They conflict with each other while influencing and absorbing each other.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 02:02, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

3.90年代的文学具有的"无名"特征：出现了无主潮，无定向，无共名的现象，几种文学走向同时并存，表达出多元的价值取向.其次是作家的叙事立场发生了变化，从共同社会理想转向个人叙事立场.

Literature of 1990s is of indefinable, without main trend, orientation and unified theme. In this period, some different kinds of literature existed together, which showed diverse values orientations. Besides, writers’ narrative position shift from the common social ideal to the personal narrative position.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 02:02, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

4.李白的诗歌不仅具有典型的浪漫主义精神，而且从形象塑造、素材摄取、到体裁选择和各种艺术手法的运用，无不具有典型的浪漫主义艺术特征。

Li Bai's (701－762) poems not only have typical romantic spirit, but also have typical characteristics of romanticism from those images and materials in his poems to genre selection and various artistic techniques.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 02:02, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

==Wu Zijia 吴子佳==

==Xiao Shuangling 肖双玲==
1.《诗经》是我国第一部诗歌总集。编成于春秋时期，大抵是西周初年至春秋中叶500年间的作品，共305篇，代表了2500多年以前诗歌创作的最高成就。

The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China. Compiled during the Spring and Autumn Period, it is approximately a 500-year-old work from the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. There are 305 poems in total, representing the highest achievement of poetry creation more than 2,500 years ago.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 11:35, 12 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in China. Compiled during the Spring and Autumn Period, it approximately costs 500 years from the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. There are 305 poems in total, representing the highest achievement of poetry creation more than 2,500 years ago.--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 02:20, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

2.评价一个相当长时段的文学现象，决不可以使用"一言以蔽之"的断语来论定，比如"最好时期"、"达到前所未有的高度"或"跌入低谷"等等。

To evaluate a literary phenomenon over a long period of time, one should never use "a single word" assertion, such as "best time", "reaching an unprecedented height" or "falling into a trough".--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 11:35, 12 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

3.20世纪70年代中后期，在摆脱了思想与文化的10年禁锢之后,文学的现代化与民族化进入了一个新的阶段。

In the middle and late 1970s, the modernization and nationalization of literature entered a new stage after getting rid of the ten-year imprisonment of ideology and culture.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 11:35, 12 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

In the middle and late 1970s, after getting rid of the 10-year confinement of thought and culture, the modernization and nationalization of literature entered a new stage.--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 10:07, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

4.李白生活在盛唐时期，他性格豪迈，热爱祖国山河，游踪遍及南北各地，写出大量赞美名山大川的壮丽诗篇。

Li Bai lived in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty. He has a heroic personality and loves the mountains and rivers of the motherland. He traveled all over the north and south, and wrote a large number of magnificent poems praising famous mountains and rivers.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 11:35, 12 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Xiao Ting 肖婷==

==Xie Fan 解帆==
1.《红楼梦》展现了真正的人性美和悲剧美，是一部从各个角度展现女性美以及中国古代社会世态百相的史诗性著作。

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' shows the real beauty of human nature and tragedy. It is a historical and poetic work that shows the beauty of women and the state of the ancient Chinese society from every aspect.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 10:23, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' shows the real beauty of human nature and tragedy. It is an epic work showing the beauty of women and the social landscape in ancient China from various perspectives.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:27, 14 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

2.中国现代文学不仅用现代语言表现现代科学民主思想﹐而且在艺术形式与表现手法上都对传统文学进行了革新。

Modern Chinese literature not only expresses modern scientific and democratic thoughts with modern language, but also refeshes traditional literature in both art form and expression techniques.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 10:23, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

3.以莫言的作品为代表，字里行间充满着怀乡与怨乡复杂情感，被归类为“寻根文学”。

Represented by Mo Yan's works, which are full of complex feelings combined with nostalgia and resentment, they are classified as "Root-seeking Literature".--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 10:23, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

Represented by Mo Yan's works, which are characterized by the feelings like nostalgia and resentment, these books are deemed as "Root-seeking Literature".--[[User:Guo Lu|Guo Lu]] ([[User talk:Guo Lu|talk]]) 16:32, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

4.《长歌行》表达了作者期望尽早建功立业、功垂千古、名留史册的强烈用世之心。

"Changgexing" expresses the author's strong desire to make achievements as soon as possible, to be immortal, and to leave his mark on history.--[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 10:23, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

==Xu Jia 徐佳==

1.《水浒传》主要描写的是北宋末年，以宋江为首的一百零八条好汉在梁山聚义、受宋朝招安、以及受招安后为宋朝征战，最终消亡的宏大故事。

The story of Water Margin, set in the late Song dynasty, tells of how a group of 108 outlaws led by Song Jiang gathers at Mount Liang to form a sizable army before they are eventually granted amnesty by the government and sent on campaigns to resist foreign invaders and suppress rebel forces, and disbanded in the end. --[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 07:07, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

2. 现代文学在“五四”文学革命以后的60多年发展过程中﹐随著中国革命与社会性质的演变﹐以1949年10月中华人民共和国成立为转折﹐经历了新民主主义革命时期与社会主义时期两个历史阶段。

During the 60 years after the May 4th literature revolution, modern literature, in step with the development of Chinese revolution and social nature, went through two historical stages which take the founding of the People's Republic of China in October,1949 as the turning point, including the new democratic revolution period and the socialist period.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 07:07, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

3. 20世纪70年代中后期，在摆脱了思想与文化的10年禁锢之后,文学的现代化与民族化进入了一个新的阶段。

Since the late 1970s, Chinese literature has entered a new stage in modernization and nationalization after getting rid of the ten-year confines in ideology and culture.--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 07:07, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

In the middle and late 1970s,, the modernization and nationalization of literature entered a new stage after getting rid of the ten-year confinement of thought and culture.--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 07:42, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

4. 李白（701年－762年），字太白，号青莲居士，是唐代伟大的浪漫主义诗人，被后人誉为“诗仙”。据《新唐书》记载，李白为兴圣皇帝（凉武昭王李暠）九世孙，与李唐诸王同宗。其人爽朗大方，爱饮酒作诗，喜交友。

LI Bai (701-762), Venus by courtesy name and Green Lotus Householder by literary name, an excellent romantic poet in the Tang dynasty, has been praised as God of Poetry. According to ''New Book of Tang'', Li descended from Emperor Xingsheng and had the same ancestry with the royal family in the Tang dynasty. He was hearty, generous, and keen on drinking, composing poems and making friends. --[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 07:07, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

==Xu Jing 许静==

==Yang Chenting 杨晨婷==

==Yang Hairong 杨海容==

==Yang Hui 阳慧==

==Yang Yue 杨悦==
1、中国古典文学的作品形式主要有诗、词、曲、赋、散文、小说等，大量篇章脍炙人口。中国古典文学是中华民族最宝贵的文化遗产之一。

The works of Chinese classical literature mainly include Poems, Ci, Song, Fu, Prose, Novels etc. and a large number of chapters have won universal praise. Chinese classical literature is one of the most precious cultural heritages of the Chinese nation.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:26, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

Chinese classical literature mainly takes the form of poetry, lyrics, songs, fu, essays, novels and so on, and a large number of chapters are popular. Classical Chinese literature is one of the most valuable cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:16, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

2、晚清时期是现代文学的起步，知识分子开始寻求解决中国问题的新方法。他们开始翻译西方文学作品以打开视野，融入新的文化思潮。

The late Qing Dynasty was the beginning of Chinese modern literature, and intellectuals began to seek new solutions to Chinese problems. They began to translate Western literary works to open their horizons and integrate into new cultural trends.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:26, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

The late Qing dynasty marked the beginning of modern literature, and intellectuals began to seek new solutions for China's problems. They began to translate Western literature in order to open their horizons to new cultural trends.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:16, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

3、中国当代文学，首先指的是1949年以来的中国文学；其次指的是发生在特定的社会主义历史语境中的文学.1947年7月召开的第一次全国文代会标志着中国新文学以此为起点，进入了当代文学的阶段。

Chinese contemporary literature firstly refers to Chinese literature since 1949; secondly, it refers to literature that occurred in a specific historical context of socialism. The first National Congress of Literature and Art held in July 1949 marked the beginning of Chinese New Literature and entered the stage of contemporary literature.--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 08:26, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

Contemporary Chinese literature refers, firstly, to Chinese literature since 1949; and secondly, to literature that takes place in a specific socialist historical context. The First National Literary Congress held in July 1947 marked the starting point from which China's new literature entered the stage of contemporary literature.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:16, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

==Yang Ziling 杨子泠==

==Yi Zichu 义子楚==
1，李白的诗充满了个人色彩，无拘无束，自由豪放，天马行空，但是，语言却平白朴素

His poems are characterized by subjectivity,freedom, liberty, imagination combined with simple language.

Libai's poems are characterized by his personal consciousness of being free, bold and unconstrained, imaginative while using simple and plain words.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:44, 14 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

2, 《三国演义》是中国古代长篇章回体小说的开山之作，描写的是从东汉末年到西晋初年之间一百多年的历史风云

''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' is the first chapter novel in ancient China. It describes the historical events of over 100years from the end of the East Han Dynasty to the beginning of the West Jin Dynasty.

''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' is the first long chapter novel in ancient China. It describes the historical events of over 100 years from the end of the East Han Dynasty to the beginning of the West Jin Dynasty.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:44, 14 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

3，孙悟空的形象最为鲜明突出，他勇敢机智之余，又喜欢与师弟斗气，充满人性

There is the vivid image of Monkey King, fearless and intelligent, but human enough to keep wrangling with his junior fellow disciples.
--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 03:33, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Monkey King has the most vivid and prominent image who is fearless and intelligent and likes to keep wrangling with his junior fellow disciples, being full of humanity.--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 13:44, 14 November 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

==You Yuting 游雨婷==
1.古典文学泛指各民族的古代文学作品，是文学的一部分，是现代文学的发展基础，它是承上启下的，是文学发展史上不可缺少的部分。它是中国文学最根本的东西。

In general, classical literature refers to the ancient literary works of various nationalities. It is a part of literature, and the foundation of modern literature development; It is a link connecting the preceding with the following and an indispensable part of the history of literary development; It is the most fundamental thing in Chinese literature.

Generally, classical literature refers to the ancient literary works of various nationalities, which is a part of literature, and the foundation of modern literature development. It is a link connecting the preceding with the following as well as an indispensable part of the history of literary development. More, it is the most fundamental issues in Chinese literature.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 09:14, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

2.中国现代文学的发展﹐是吸收外来文学营养使之民族化﹑继承民族传统使之现代化的过程。中国是一个有著悠久的文化传统的文明古国。

The progress of Chinese modern literature is the process of absorbing outstanding foreign literature to make it nationalized and inheriting national tradition to make it modernized. China is an ancient civilization with a long cultural tradition.

The development of Chinese modern literature is a process of absorbing the nourishment of foreign literature to make it nationalized and inheriting the national tradition to make it modernized. China is an ancient civilization with a long cultural tradition.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 09:14, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

3.当代文学是指1949年新中国成立以后的文学，其中出现了许多文学流派。大致可以划分为四个阶段:新时期文学、80年代文学、90年代文学、新世纪文学。

Contemporary literature refers to the literature after the founding of new China in 1949, among which many literary schools have emerged. It can be roughly divided into four stages: new period literature, literature in 1980s , literature in 1990s and literature of the new century.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 13:11, 12 November 2020 ()

Contemporary literature refers to the literature after the founding of New China in 1949, among which many literary schools have emerged. It can be roughly divided into four stages: literature of the new period, literature in 1980s , literature in 1990s and literature of the new century.--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 09:14, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

==Yu Ni 余妮==

==Yuan Tianyi 袁天翼==

中国是诗歌的国度。尤其到了唐代，中国古典诗歌进入全盛时期。唐代近三百年间涌现出了大批优秀诗人和杰出的诗歌作品。唐代诗歌数量极大，题材广泛，意象和风格多样化，出现了大量思想性和艺术性完美结合的作品。

China is a country of poetry, and especially in the Tang Dynasty, classic Chinese poetry reached its heyday. Over the nearly 300 years of the Tang Dynasty, myriads of excellent poets and outstanding works mushroomed. The Tang Dynasty boasts a great number and extensive themes of poetry with varied images and styles, as well as numerous works combining great thoughts and artistry.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 08:11, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

《西游记》是根据民间流产的有关唐代高僧玄奘前往天竺取经的轶事创作而成。小说故事情节曲折生动，奇幻精彩，充满了浓厚的艺术魅力。小说充满了浪漫主义精神，作者想象力丰富，人物构思奇特，化人与妖为一体。

''Journey to the West'' is based on the popular folk legends about the journey of Xuanzang to India for the purpose of introducing Buddhist sutras into China. The infinite charm of the novel comes from its delightful twists and turns in its unique and fantastic setting. The novel adds much imagination and a touch of romanticism into the historical event, and even creates many truly fantastic, half-human and half-monster characters.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 08:11, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

近代文学，指1840年鸦片战争至1919年五四运动前夕的文学，即中国现代化孕育期的文学，反映了中国文学挥别传统、重塑现代的特殊精神追求。

Chinese modern literature refers to the one reflecting the origin of Chinese modernization drive from the First Opium War in 1840 to the May 4th Movement in 1919, expressing the special spiritual pursuit of Chinese literature reshaping the modern era while discarding traditions.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 08:11, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

中国当代文学，首先指的是1949年以来的中国文学；其次指的是发生在特定的社会主义历史语境中的文学，它限定在“中国大陆”这一范围之中。

Chinese contemporary literature, firstly refers to the one since 1949, secondly to the one about specific historical language context of socialism limited in “Mainland China”.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 08:11, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

中国古典文学有诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种表现形式，在各种文体中，又有多种多样的艺术表现手法，从而使中国古典文学呈现出多姿多彩、壮丽辉煌的图景。几千年来，中国传统文化养育了中国古典文学，中国古典文学又大大丰富了中国传统文化，使传统文化更具有深刻的影响力。

Chinese classical literature boasts poetry, prose, novels, Ci, Fu, Qu and other forms of expression， among which are miscellaneous artistic expression methods, endowing Chinese classical literature with a colorful and glorious landscape. Over thousands of years, traditional Chinese culture has bred Chinese classical literature, while Chinese classical literature, in turn, has greatly enriched traditional Chinese culture thus endowing it with deeper influential power.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 08:11, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Liang 曾良==
1.古典文学泛指各民族的古代文学作品，是文学的一部分，是现代文学的发展基础。
Classical literature generally refers to ancient literary works of various nationalities. It is a part of literature and the developmental foundation of modern literature.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 07:45, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

2.现代文学是中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下，广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。
Modern literature is, under the conditions of historical changes in Chinese history, a new literature formed by the wide acceptance of foreign literature.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 07:45, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

3.在评价“中国当代文学”的时候，我们一方面要克服沾沾自喜的自诩和自大，另一方面，要具有放眼世界、虚心向善的态度。
When evaluating “contemporary Chinese literature”, we must overcome self-satisfaction and arrogance on the one hand, and on the other hand, we must have an attitude of modesty and openning our eyes to the whole world.--[[User:Zeng Liang|Zeng Liang]] ([[User talk:Zeng Liang|talk]]) 07:45, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zeng Xinyuan 曾心媛==

==Zhang Hui 张慧==
1.春秋战国时期，是一个社会发生急剧变化的时代，此一时期，在中国文学史上占有重要一席之地的即是先秦散文。

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was an era of rapid social changes. During this period, pre-Qin prose occupies an important place in the history of Chinese literature.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 14:20, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was an era with dramatic social changes. During this period, pre-Qin prose occupies an important place in the history of Chinese literature.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 14:26, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

2.现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Modern literature is a new literature that has been widely accepted by foreign literature under the conditions of historical changes in Chinese society.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 14:20, 11 November 2020 (UTC)
Modern literature is a new literature that has been formed with wide influence of the foreign literature under the conditions of historical changes in Chinese society.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 14:26, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

3.中国当代文学，首先指的是1949年以来的中国文学;其次指的是发生在特定的社会主义历史语境中的文学.

Contemporary Chinese literature firstly refers to Chinese literature since 1949; secondly, it refers to literature that occurred in a specific historical context of socialism.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 14:20, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

Chinese contemporary literature, firstly refers to the one since 1949, secondly to the one about specific historical language context of socialism limited in “Mainland China.--[[User:Yuan Tianyi|Yuan Tianyi]] ([[User talk:Yuan Tianyi|talk]]) 08:12, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Ling 张玲==

1. 春秋战国时期，是一个社会发生急剧变化的时代，此一时期，在中国文学史上占有重要一席之地的即是先秦散文。

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was an era of drastic social changes. During this period, the prose of Pre-Qin Time occupies an important place in the history of Chinese literature. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 09:06, 11 November 2020 (UTC)
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was an era with drastic social changes, during which, the prose of Pre-Qin Time occupies an important place in the history of Chinese literature.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 12:08, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

2. “五四”以后，无产阶级作为独立的力量登上政治舞台，并在社会生活中日益显示出自己的力量；与历史的这一发展相适应，20年代中后期起在文学上提出了以“农工大众”为主要服务对象与表现对象的要求。

After the May 4th movement, the proletariat, as an independent force, stepped on the political stage and increasingly showed its strength in social life. In line with this development of history, since the middle and late 1920s, it has been proposed in literature that "the masses of farmers and workers" should be the main object of service and performance. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 09:06, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

3. 20世纪70年代中后期，在摆脱了思想与文化的10年禁锢之后, 文学的现代化与民族化进入了一个新的阶段。

In the middle and late 1970s, the modernization and nationalization of literature entered a new stage after getting rid of the ten-year imprisonment of thought and culture. --[[User:Zhang Ling|Zhang Ling]] ([[User talk:Zhang Ling|talk]]) 09:06, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

In the middle and late 1970s, the modernization and nationalization of literature entered a new stage after breaking the shackle of thought and culture for ten years.--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 13:14, 12 November 2020 (UTC)
In the middle and late 1970s, the literature entered a new stage in terms of its modernization and nationalization after getting out of the shackle of thought and culture for ten years.--[[User:Li LIli|Li LIli]] ([[User talk:Li LIli|talk]]) 12:08, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Li Lili

==Zhang Peiwen 张佩闻==
诗歌发展历程中的先驱之作便是以诗经和楚辞为代表的。诗歌从始至终都离不开情感的作用，诗情是强烈的，真诚的。
The Book of Songs and The Songs of Chu is the representative works in the development of poetry, and the intense and sincere emotion is the key factor.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 10:05, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

现代文学属于二十世纪资本主义文化的一部分。
Modern literature is the product of the 21st century capitalist society.--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 10:05, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Weihong 张维虹==

==Zhang Yinliu 张银柳==

==Zhang Yu 张瑜==
1.几千年来，中国传统文化养育了中国古典文学，中国古典文学又大大丰富了中国传统文化，使传统文化更具有深刻的影响力。

For thousands of years, traditional Chinese culture cultivated the classical Chinese literature. At the same time the classical Chinese literature also greatly enriched the traditional Chinese culture and made it have more profound influence.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 09:27, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

For thousands of years, traditional Chinese culture cultivated the classical Chinese literature, which in turn greatly enriched the traditional Chinese culture and made it have more profound influence.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 08:47, 14 November 2020 (UTC)
2.现代文学不仅用现代语言表现现代科学民主思想﹐而且在艺术形式与表现手法上都对传统文学进行了革新﹐建立了话剧﹑新诗﹑现代小说﹑杂文﹑散文诗﹑报告文学等新的文学体裁。

Modern literature not only manifested the modern theories of science and democracy with modern language, but also renovated the traditional literature in art form and methods of performance, building some new literary genres including drama, modern Chinese poetry, modern novels, essays, prose poems and reportage.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 09:27, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

Modern literature not only expressed modern scientific and democratic ideas with modern language, but also innovated traditional literature in art forms and expressive methods, introducing some new literary genres including drama, modern Chinese poetry, essays, prose poems and reportage. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 08:03, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

3.当代文学是指1949年新中国成立以后的文学，其中出现了许多文学流派。大致可以划分为四个阶段:新时期文学、80年代文学、90年代文学、新世纪文学。

Contemporary literature refers to the literature since the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, among which it appeared a lot of literary schools. It can be divided into four stages, that is, new-era literature, 80s literature, 90s literature and new-century literature.--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 09:27, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yujie 张毓婕==
中国古典文学名著是中国文学史上闪烁着灿烂光辉的经典性作品或优秀作品。

The masterpieces of Chinese classical literature are classics or outstanding works shining brilliantly in the history of Chinese literature.

中国现代文学是在中国社会内部发生历史性变化的条件下﹐广泛接受外国文学影响而形成的新的文学。

Modern Chinese literature is a new literature formed under the condition of historical changes in Chinese society and the influence of foreign literature.

中国的当代文学，不同于以反帝反封建为主的现代文学，其发展是在社会主义领导下进行的，并与国家政治息息相关.

Contemporary Chinese literature is different from modern literature, which is mainly anti-imperialist and anti-feudal. It develops under the leadership of socialism and is closely related to national politics.--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 08:39, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhang Yuxing 张宇星==

==Zhao Xi 赵茜==

1.中国古典文学有诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种表现形式，在各种文体中，又有多种多样的艺术表现手法，从而使中国古典文学呈现出多姿多彩、壮丽辉煌的图景。

Chinese classical literature has poetry, prose, novels and words, assignments, songs and other forms of expression. In a variety of styles, there are all kinds of artistic expressions, so that Chinese classical literature presents a colorful and magnificent picture.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 05:24, 12 November 2020 (UTC)
--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 05:24, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

2.无论是从思想上还是从艺术上看，五四新文学是一种与传统文学迥异的现代文学，是中国文学史上名副其实的革命。

Whether ideologically or artistically, May 4th New Literature is a kind of modern literature which is very different from traditional literature and is a veritable revolution in the history of Chinese literature.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 05:24, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

3.中国现当代文学的源头是五四文学。五四文学是中国文学发展史上一次前所未有的本质性变异，它划定了从传统文学到现代文学的不同历史时代。

The source of contemporary Chinese literature is May 4th literature. May 4th literature is an unprecedented essential variation in the history of Chinese literature, which delimits different historical times from traditional literature to modern literature.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 05:24, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

The source of modern and contemporary Chinese literature is May 4th literature. May 4th literature is an unprecedented essential variation in the history of Chinese literature, which delimits different historical times from traditional literature to modern literature. --[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 07:48, 13 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhao Xiaoyan 赵晓燕==
1.中国古典文学是中国文学史上闪烁着灿烂光辉的经典性作品或优秀作品，它是世界文学宝库中令人瞩目的瑰宝。

Classical Chinese literature is the classic or excellent work shining brilliantly in the history of Chinese literature， which is a remarkable treasure in the treasure house of the world literature.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 14:19, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

Chinese classical literature is a classic or excellent work with brilliant brilliance in the history of Chinese literature. It is a remarkable treasure in the world literature treasure house.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 14:28, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

2.现代文学在“五四”文学革命以后的60多年发展过程中﹐随著中国革命与社会性质的演变﹐以1949年10月中华人民共和国成立为转折﹐经历了新民主主义革命时期与社会主义时期两个历史阶段。

In the more than 60 years of development after the "May 4th" literary revolution, modern literature, marked by the founding of the People's Republic of China in October 1949, has undergone the period of the new democratic revolution and the period of socialism with the evolution of the Chinese revolution and the nature of society.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 14:19, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

In the more than 60 years after the "May 4th" literary revolution, modern literature, with the evolution of Chinese revolution and social nature, went through two historical stages: the new democratic revolution period and the socialist period with the founding of the People's Republic of China in October 1949 as the turning point.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 14:28, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

In the course of more than 60 years of development after the May 4th literary revolution, modern literature has experienced two historical stages, the period of the New Democratic Revolution and the period of socialism, with the evolution of the Chinese revolution and social nature, taking the founding of the People's Republic of China as a turning point in October 1949.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 05:30, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

3.中国平民作家特别是自由作家所具有的独立思想，通常在作品中以令人恐怖的真实表现出思想的光芒。

The independent ideas of Chinese civilian writers, especially freelance writers, usually show the light of ideas in their works with terrifying truth.--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 14:19, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

The independent thoughts of Chinese civilian writers, especially the free writers, usually show the light of their thoughts in their works with horrible truth.--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 14:28, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

The independent thought of Chinese civilian writers, especially free writers, usually shows the light of thought with terrible truth in their works.--[[User:Zhao Xi|Zhao Xi]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xi|talk]]) 05:30, 12 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yiwen 周艺文==

1.文学发展到西晋开始了明显的转变。西晋的士族制度加深了阶级鸿沟，士族文人远离社会和人民，他们的创作缺乏现实内容，就只能追求形式的华美，逐渐走上形式主义的道路。

The development of literature to the Western Jin Dynasty began an obvious change. The scholastic system in the Western Jin Dynasty deepened the class gap, and the literati were far away from the society and the people. Their creations lacked realistic content, so they could only pursue the beauty of form and gradually embarked on the road of formalism.

2.“五四”文学革命在中国文学史上引起的历史性变革﹐集中地表现为大大加强了文学与人民群众的结合﹐文学与进步的社会思潮及民族解放﹑人民革命运动的自觉联系。

The historical changes caused by the "May 4th" literary revolution in the history of Chinese literature are concentrated in the combination of literature and the masses, the conscious connection between literature and progressive social trends of thought, national liberation and the people's revolutionary movement.

3.中国当代文学发展到今天主要分为“社会主义初期文学”、改革开放后的“新时期文学”、“中国先锋文学”、“中国自由文学”、以及“通俗流行文学”等五大类。

Today, Chinese contemporary literature is mainly divided into five categories, namely, "literature of the early socialism", "literature of the New Era" after the reform and opening up, "Chinese avant-garde literature", "Chinese liberal literature" and "popular literature".--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 10:28, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

==Zhou Yuanqu 周园曲==

1、先秦散文主要可分为历史散文和诸子散文。就大体情况而言，历史散文主要是叙事的，诸子散文主要是说理的。

2.、严复、林纾是这个时期著名的翻译家，他们分别以各自熟练的古文翻译西方社会科学和文学作品，对传播新思想、新文化，起了积极的作用和广泛的影响。

3、在抗日战争时期，民族危难使作家和人民有了共同命运，推动着许多曾经有过脱离人民的倾向，“为艺术而艺术”的作家走出个人小天地。

4、诗人李白写过许多反映妇女生活的作品，《长干行二首》就是其中杰出的诗篇。它以一位居住在长干里的商妇自述的口气，叙述了她的爱情生活，倾吐了对于远方丈夫的殷切思念。

==Zhu Meimei 祝美梅==

==Zhu Xu 朱旭==

==Zou Xinyu 邹鑫雨==
1.中国古典文学包括诗歌、小说、戏曲、散文，是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，是中国文化与中国精神的体现，是当代青年学习与认识我国传统文化的重要手段。

Chinese classical literature, which concludes poetry, novels, operas, and prose, is an important composition of Chinese traditional culture, the embodiment of Chinese culture and Chinese spirit, and an important means for contemporary youth to learn and understand Chinese traditional culture.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 09:08, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

2.近代文学的成就在于它的反帝反封建的进步主流，它的反映现实和追求理想的精神和方法，它的语文合一、走向通俗化的探索和努力，为“五四”时代新文学运动准备了一定的历史条件。

The achievement of modern literature lies in its anti-imperialist and anti-feudal progressive mainstream, its spirit and method of reflecting reality and pursuing ideals, its integration of language and literature, and its exploration and efforts towards popularization have prepared certain historical conditions for the New Literature Movement of the "May Fourth" era.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 09:08, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

3.中国现代文学既是作家作品的历史，也是文学和文化思想的历史，也是中国社会接受和运用现代文学的历史。

Modern Chinese literature is not only the history of writers' works, but the history of literature and cultural thoughts, as well as the history of Chinese society's acceptance and use of modern literature.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 09:08, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

4.诗仙李白的《长干行》有多种英译本，其中美国诗人庞德译为The River-Merchant's Wife: A letter，中国著名翻译家许渊冲教授翻译为Ballad of A Trader's Wife，王玉书先生则译为A Merchant's Wife Complaint，这三个英译本分别用韵味深长的遣词和造句，传神地塑造了异彩纷呈的女主人公形象。

There are many English translations of ''Chang Gan Xing'' by the poet Li Bai. Among them, the American poet Pound translated it as ''The River-Merchant's Wife: A letter'', the famous Chinese translator Xu Yuanchong translated it as ''Ballad of A Trader's Wife'', and Wang Yushu translated it as ''A Merchant's Wife Complaint''. These three English translations use provocative words and sentences to vividly portray the colorful heroine image.--[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 09:08, 13 November 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

==Zubareva, Ekaterina==

1.The term "classic novels", writes Andrew H. Plaks, is a "neologism of twentieth-century scholarship" which seems to have come into common use under the influence of C. T. Hsia's Classic Chinese Novel.--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 13:19, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

安德鲁·H·普拉克斯（Andrew H. Plaks）写道，“经典小说”一词是“二十世纪学术的新神学”，似乎在夏·夏亚的中国经典小说的影响下得到了普遍使用。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 13:19, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

2.The literary reform movement that began with these and other “calls to arms” was an important part of the larger New Culture Movement for cultural and sociopolitical reform, which was greatly strengthened by a student protest on May 4, 1919, against the intellectual performance of the Chinese delegates to the Paris Peace Conference formally terminating World War I. --[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 13:19, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

从这些和其他“呼吁武器”开始的文学改革运动是规模更大的文化和社会政治改革新文化运动的重要组成部分，该运动在1919年5月4日针对学生的智力表现提出的学生抗议活动得到了极大的加强。参加巴黎和平会议的中国代表正式结束了第一次世界大战。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 13:19, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

3.The contemporary period refers to the glorious thirty years from the May Fourth Movement in 1919 until the foundation of the Peoples' Republic of China in 1949.--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 13:19, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

当代时期指的是从1919年“五四”运动到1949年中华人民共和国成立的三十年。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 13:19, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

4.The most popular Tang Poems collection might be the so-called 300 Tang Poems compiled by Qing dynasty scholar Sun Zhu. It is so popular that many poems in it have been adopted by Chinese language text books of China's primary schools and secondary schools. Some of the poems in it are normally regarded as must-recite ones.--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 13:19, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

最受欢迎的唐诗集可能是清代孙子编纂的所谓《唐诗三百首》。它是如此流行，以至于其中许多诗歌被中国中小学的汉语课本所采用。其中的一些诗歌通常被认为是必须朗诵的诗歌。--[[User:ZubarevaEkaterina|ZubarevaEkaterina]] ([[User talk:ZubarevaEkaterina|talk]]) 13:19, 14 November 2020 (UTC)