China Studies Wiki - User contributions [en]

User:Shu Lin2

2024-12-31T08:41:05Z

Shu Lin2: /* Final Paper(English Version) */

<nowiki></nowiki>Hello everyone, my name is Shu Lin, and I am a graduate of the Foreign Studies College of Hunan Normal University, majoring in Translation. I am currently pursuing a master's degree in English Translation and have entered my second year of graduate studies. I have a strong interest in languages and cultures, and I have been committed to improving my language skills and cultural understanding. During my studies, I have not only systematically studied translation theories but also actively participated in practice to better understand and disseminate Chinese culture. I look forward to communicating with you in the course and exploring the rich connotations of Chinese language and culture together.

==Nov. 2, 2024==

Today I learnt some expressions to talk about my favorite book.

==Nov. 3, 2024==

I talked with Mira about Damino Pizza and my favorite type of crust.

==Nov. 4, 2024==

I did not learn anything today.

==Nov. 5, 2024==

I translated an passage of Chinese novel into English.

==Nov. 6, 2024==

I learnt a application called MAXQDA.

==Nov. 7, 2024==

I talked with Mira about a book named Educated by Tara.

==Nov. 8, 2024==

I talked with Mira about my favorite vegetable with Mira.

==Nov. 9, 2024==

I made some translation practice today.

==Nov. 10, 2024==

I wrote a research proposal today.

==Nov. 11, 2024==

I talked with Mira about volunteering today.

==Nov. 12, 2024==

I talked with Mira about my favorite type of painting today.

==Nov. 13, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the healthy lifestyle today.

==Nov. 14, 2024==

I talked with Mira about living in the city.

==Nov. 15, 2024==
I attended an academic lecture today

==Nov. 16, 2024==

I did some translation practice and talked about my favorite type of puzzle.

==Nov. 17, 2024==

I talked with Mira about my favorite music today.

==Nov. 18, 2024==

I talked with Mira about energetic activities today.

==Nov. 19, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the whether today.

==Nov. 20, 2024==

I talked with Mira about my favorite job today.

==Nov. 21, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the lunch today.

==Nov. 22, 2024==

I learned restrictive relative clause today

==Nov. 23, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the fiction book today.

==Nov. 24, 2024==

I learned about the preposition in, on and at.

==Nov. 25, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the film today.
==Nov. 26, 2024==

I learned some translation skills today.

==Nov. 27, 2024==

I watched a movie and talked about the beauty standard today.

==Nov. 28, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the tomatoes today.

==Nov. 29, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the oranges today.

==Nov. 30, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the sound effects today.

==Dec. 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the special effects today.

==Dec. 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the benefits of using my favorite cup.

==Dec. 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the news today

==Dec. 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the oranges again today because I loving eating oranges.

==Dec. 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Milk Tea today.

==Dec. 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Spring festival and the new semester today.

==Dec. 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the standard of beauty.

==Dec. 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite podcast today

==Dec. 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the exams.

==Dec. 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the autumn today .

==Dec. 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the postcards today.

==Dec. 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Harry Potter today.

==Dec. 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the McDonald today.

==Dec. 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the power bank today.

==Dec. 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the postgraduate entrance examination today.

==Dec. 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the English language education today.

==Dec. 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Great Wall today.

==Dec. 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the National Day today.

==Dec. 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the colorful roses today, and I like the purple rose most.

==Final Paper(English Version)==
'''Chinese traditional ornament: Bu Yao'''

Shu Lin/ Shirleen

'''Abstract'''

The Bu Yao is a traditional Chinese ornament, named for the way it sways with the wearer’s steps, as described in the ''Explanations of Terms'': “Bu Yao, with hanging beads above, sways when walking.” The Bu Yao originated in the Warring States period and was typically worn in a woman’s hair bun. It holds both decorative and symbolic meanings. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, its craftsmanship and design had reached their peak.

'''The Origin of the Bu Yao'''

The Bu Yao was an important head ornament for women in ancient China, with a long history of development. Its origins can be traced back to the Warring States period. In ''Satirical Poems'' by Song Yu, it is written: “The mistress’s daughter, draped in the radiant light of the sun, wears a green cloud cloak and a white single robe, with hanging beads and a Bu Yao.” This passage describes the scene of a woman wearing the Bu Yao as part of her elaborate attire. The combination of “hanging beads and Bu Yao” paired with the “jade hairpin” reflects the fashion of the Chu state during the late Warring States period (Chi Wenhui, 2022).

In the Western Han dynasty, Liu Xi, an expert in philology during the Eastern Han, recorded in the ''Explanations of Terms'': “Bu Yao, with hanging beads above, sways when walking.” This description details the appearance of the Bu Yao and explains the origin of its name. This shows that by the late Warring States to early Western Han period, the Bu Yao had already evolved into a well-established ornament.

'''The Evolution and Development of the Bu Yao'''

During the Han dynasty (202 BC–220 CE), the Bu Yao became an integral part of China’s traditional attire system, evolving into a ceremonial ornament worn by empresses during temple visits or ancestral rites. It symbolized the rank and status of female members of the imperial family. ''The Book of the Later Han'' records the use of the Bu Yao as follows: “When the empress enters the temple, the Bu Yao is made of gold in the shape of a mountain peak, with white pearls strung together like osmanthus branches, adorned with eight symbols of nobility and nine types of jewels, including the bear, tiger, red bear, celestial deer, and symbols of protection.” Additionally, “Empress Dowager He Xi bestowed a red sash to Lady Feng, who had no Bu Yao or jade pendants, and granted her one of each." This shows that during this period, the Bu Yao was strictly reserved for the empress. Other imperial concubines could only wear it if granted as a reward, and commoners were not allowed to wear such ornaments.

[[File:BuYao.png]]

In the Jin dynasty (266–420 CE), the use of the Bu Yao expanded beyond the empress to include other imperial concubines (Ji Xiajin, 2023). During the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589 CE), gold Bu Yao became widespread, and its usage further broadened. Noblemen and women alike began wearing it, although the designs were simpler compared to those of the imperial court.

Throughout the Han, Wei, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Bu Yao became increasingly popular and was loved by both the Han Chinese and the Xianbei people. For the Han people, who valued rituals, the Bu Yao was a symbol of ceremonial status and nobility, a prized possession. For the Xianbei peoples and other nomadic tribes, who valued gold, the Bu Yao symbolized wealth and social standing, making it a luxurious item. As a result, many Bu Yao from this period were crafted from gold, and the ornament became known as the “gold Bu Yao” (Chen Junnan, 2022). During this time, the main styles of Bu Yao included the Bu Yao flower and the Bu Yao crown. Additionally, designs with multiple pendants resembling tassels, known as “dangling Bu Yao,” became popular. The Bu Yao thus evolved into a richly varied and artistically distinctive ornament, undergoing continuous development and innovation.

During the Tang dynasty(618–907 CE), a period marked by economic prosperity, well-established institutions, and an open social atmosphere, the use of the Bu Yao expanded significantly. In this era, the Bu Yao was predominantly of the Han style, while tree-shaped Bu Yao crowns gradually fell out of favor and eventually disappeared in the history. Tang aristocratic women favored elegant and luxurious styles, which led to increasingly intricate and refined headpieces. The materials and designs of the Bu Yao became more lavish, incorporating precious metals such as gold and silver, as well as gemstones and jade. The design became more complex, with elements like chains and pendants adding a sense of movement. As the wearer moved, the Bu Yao swayed, enhancing the graceful and elegant aura of women. Bai Juyi’s Song of Everlasting Regret vividly describes the golden Bu Yao worn by the imperial consort Consert Yang: “With cloud-like tresses and flower-like face, she wore a golden Bu Yao, and spent warm spring nights beneath the lotus-patterned curtains,” highlighting her extraordinary beauty and grace.

[[File:TangBUYAO.jpg]]

In the Song and Yuan dynasties(960–1368), the Bu Yao inherited the traditions of the Tang dynasty but moved away from its ornate complexity. Instead, the Bu Yao became simpler, more understated, and refreshingly minimalist, gaining widespread popularity among women. During the Song dynasty, innovation was introduced to the traditional Tang Bu Yao design. Dragon and phoenix motifs were added to the crowns, and the design of the Bu Yao, with beads held in the mouth of the ornament, became a key component of the phoenix crown, blending seamlessly with the overall headpiece. This shift reflected the era’s aesthetic preferences, emphasizing elegance and balance while retaining the symbolism of power and virtue.

[[File:BUYAO.jpg]]

Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, references to the Bu Yao have become less common, but this doesn’t mean it fell out of fashion. Rather, its name evolved, and it gradually came to be known by other terms such as tassel and “mo li chan” (jasmine tremble). In ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', the “Five Phoenix Hanging Pearl Hairpin” worn by Wang Xifeng is actually a phoenix-shaped Bu Yao hairpin, a form of Tang-style Bu Yao. From the Ming and Qing periods onward, the Bu Yao became popular across all social classes, from the imperial court to the common folk. Artisans of these dynasties, as custodians of traditional craftsmanship, fused the finest techniques from earlier periods, significantly influencing the era’s evolving aesthetic tastes. During this time, Bu Yao craftsmanship reached its zenith, with more elaborate designs and intricate patterns.
As time went on, the Bu Yao’s popularity grew, and its design evolved from simplicity to complexity and eventually back to a more minimalist style. It gradually became a beloved headpiece for women.

'''The Cultural Significance of the Bu Yao'''

The Bu Yao is not just a decorative ornament but a symbol of status and good fortune, deeply rooted in Chinese culture. During the Han dynasty, it was a ceremonial piece reserved exclusively for the empress, reflecting the rigid social hierarchy and signifying rank.
By the Tang, Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the Bu Yao evolved in design, influenced by aesthetic trends and incorporating motifs like birds and hanging beads. It became a symbol of auspiciousness, prosperity, and happiness, with its designs often linked to blessings such as wealth and longevity. For example, some Bu Yao featured chicken-shaped hairpins, symbolizing good luck due to the homophonic connection between "chicken" and "auspicious."
As a unique cultural accessory, the Bu Yao not only symbolized wealth and joy but also expressed elegance and grace through its delicate movement.

'''Terms and Expressions'''

Bu Yao 步摇

Mo li chan 茉莉颤

Five Phoenix Hanging Pearl Hairpin 五凤挂珠钗

Ceremonial ornament 礼制首饰

Empress 皇后

Commoners 平民百姓

Hierarchical system 等级制度

Bird and animal motifs 鸟兽题材

Hanging beads and tassels 垂珠摇饰

Blessings, wealth, longevity, and happiness 福、禄、寿、禧

Good fortune and happiness 吉祥如意

Chicken-shaped hairpin 鸡形簪首

'''Questions'''

(1)What is Bu Yao?

(2)What is the symbolic significance of the Bu Yao in the Han Dynasty?

(3)What are the significant differences of the Bu Yao between the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty?

(4)What material is the ancient Bu Yao mainly made of?

'''Answers'''

(1)The Bu Yao is a traditional Chinese ornament, named for the way it sways with the wearer’ s step

(2)During the Han dynasty, it was a ceremonial piece reserved exclusively for the empress, reflecting the rigid social hierarchy and signifying rank

(3)The Bu Yao in the Song Dynasty is simpler in style than that in the Tang Dynasty.

(4)The main materials for making hair ornaments include precious materials such as gold, silver, jade and agate.

'''References'''

[1]Liu Xi (Eastern Han). Explanations of Terms [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press Collection, 1939: 74.

[2]Qu Yuan (Warring States), Song Yu, trans. and annotated by Yuan Mei. Translations and Notes on the Rhetoric of Qu Yuan and Song Yu: Revised Edition [M]. Hefei: Huangshan Publishing House, 2016: 472.

[3]Xu Bingkun. “Bu Yao and the Xianbei of Murong”[J]. Wenshi, 2014 (04): 5-35.

[4]Chen Junan. An Analysis of the Gold Bu Yao in the Han, Wei, and Northern and Southern Dynasties, and Its Cultural Significance [D]. Jiangnan University, 2022.

[5]Liu Zhongcai. “Elegance in Song: The Unique Craftsmanship of Song Dynasty Hair Ornaments” [J]. Study and Play, 2024 (12): 34-35.

[6]Ji Xiajin. “Bu Yao: A Unique Symbol for Costume and Emotion in Traditional Chinese Opera” [J]. Sichuan Drama, 2023 (07): 39-42.

[7]Guo Ping. “Gold Bu Yao: A Model of Cultural Integration Between Ancient East Asia and West Asia” [N]. Liaoning Daily, 2023-02-14 (012).

[8]Chi Wenhui, Hu Xiao. “A Study of the Origins and Morphological Restoration of the Chinese Bu Yao: A Discussion on the ‘Western Origin of the Bu Yao’Theory”[J]. History of Images, 2022 (01): 53-95.

[9]“Bu Yao (Ancient Chinese Women’s Ornament)”-- (baidu.com).

'''AI statement'''

I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

==期末论文(中文版)==
'''中国传统首饰：步摇'''

学生姓名：舒琳 Shirleen

'''摘要'''

步摇是中国的传统首饰，因佩戴其走路时会随步伐摇动而得名，正如《释名》所言：“步摇，上有垂珠，步则摇也。”步摇起源于战国时期，通常佩戴于女性的发髻上，具有装饰与象征意义，至明清时代，其制作工艺与设计达到巅峰。

'''步摇的起源'''

步摇是古代女子重要的头饰，步摇的发展源远流长，最早可追溯到战国时期，宋玉所著《讽赋》曰：“主人之女，翳承日之华，披翠云之裘，更披白縠之单衫，垂珠步摇。”该文描述了妇女盛装佩戴步摇的场景。其中“垂珠步摇”搭配 “翡翠之钗” 的装束，正是战国后期的楚风装扮（池文汇，2022）。西汉时期，东汉训诂学家刘熙在《释名》中记有：“步摇，上有垂珠，步则摇动也。”讲述了步摇的样子，也道出了其名称的因由，可见战国至西汉初期步摇套件已经成熟。

'''步摇的演变与发展'''

两汉时期（BC202年-220年），步摇被纳入中国传统衣冠制度，成为皇后谒庙祭祖时佩戴的礼制首饰，是皇族女性身份等级的象征。《后汉书·舆服志》记载了步摇的使用情况：“皇后入庙，步摇以黄金为山题，贯白珠为桂枝相缪，八爵九华，熊、虎、赤熊、天鹿、辟邪。”“……和熹邓后赐冯贵人王赤绶，以未有步摇、环佩，各加赐一具。”可见步摇在该时期的应用等级仍较为森严，仅为皇后专用，而皇后之外的其余妃嫔只有在获得赏赐时方可佩戴，平民百姓无资格使用。

晋代（266-420年），步摇的应用范围逐渐扩大，皇后之外的其余妃嫔也可以佩戴步摇（籍夏瑾，2023）。至南北朝时期，金步摇大量出现，其适用范围进一步扩展，贵族男女均可进行佩戴，只不过在工艺上更加简洁些。汉魏南北朝时期（220-589年），步摇风行时间长、流传范围广，深受汉族与鲜卑族的喜爱。汉族尚礼，视步摇为礼制和身份的象征，其乃尊贵之物；鲜卑等游牧民族贵金，视步摇为财产和地位的集中体现，其乃奢华之物。因此，该时期的步摇多呈金质，并被冠以“金步摇”之名（陈俊男，2022）。这一时期步摇发饰的主要形制有步摇花和步摇冠两类，多节摇饰穗状下垂的流苏步摇也开始流行，步摇呈现出丰富的造型与鲜明艺术特征，在不断发展与创新中演变。

唐朝时期（618–907年），经济繁荣、制度完备、社会风气开放，步摇的使用范围相应扩大。这一时期的步摇主要是汉式步摇，而树状步摇冠渐渐不再流行，在时代的浪潮中销声匿迹。唐朝的贵妇多偏爱雍容华贵的风格，因而女性头饰逐渐复杂，步摇的装饰材料和设计趋向华丽精致，常用金、银、玉、珠宝等珍贵材料。步摇的设计也更加繁复，链条、挂饰等元素增添了流动感，走动时步摇摇曳生姿，增加了女性的优雅气质。白居易在《长恨歌》中对杨贵妃的金步摇进行了描写，“云鬓花颜金步摇，芙蓉帐暖度春宵”，衬托出贵妃的非凡气质。

宋元时期的步摇继承前朝发展，但是摒弃了唐代繁复的风格，更加简洁质朴、清新简约，深受广大妇女喜爱。宋朝在唐制步摇的基础上加以创新，添龙凤形象于冠上，口衔珠的步摇形制便成为凤冠的组成部分，与冠融为一体。

明清时期以来，步摇的记载较少，但这并不表示步摇不再流行，而是因为步摇的名称发生了变化，渐渐被人们称为“流苏”、“茉莉颤”等。《红楼梦》中王熙凤的“五凤挂珠钗”，其实是凤形的步摇钗，也就是唐式步摇。自明清起，步摇普及至各阶层，从宫廷到民间皆可见其身影。明清工匠，作为传统工艺的传承者，融合历代技艺精华，对时代审美风格的发展起到了重要作用。步摇工艺在此时期不断精进，达到巅峰，步摇造型更加华美、图案更加精致。

随着时间的推移，步摇应用范围不断扩大，审美风格从简至繁再回归简约，渐渐成为女性喜爱的发饰。

'''步摇的文化内涵'''

图必有意，意必吉祥，步摇的设计与风格蕴含丰富的文化内涵。两汉时期，步摇不仅是女性的饰品，还是身份与地位的象征。汉代的步摇是礼制首饰，只有皇后可以佩戴，平民百姓不允许使用。该时期步摇的使用反映了严格的等级制度，也是身份和社会地位的象征。

唐宋明清时期，步摇处在继承的成熟阶段，步摇的风格主要取决于人们的审美意趣，鸟兽题材、垂珠摇饰等元素常见于步摇，此时步摇是吉祥与幸福的象征。吉祥纹样作为一种寄托趋吉避凶之愿望的精神符号，深深植根于中国民众的心中，反映了中国人独特的审美情趣，形成了富有中国特色的吉祥文化。步摇同样围绕着福、禄、寿、禧等吉庆元素，通过物象传达情感，寓意富贵与喜庆。有些步摇的簪首设计为鸡形，鸡嘴中衔着一串银链垂挂，因“鸡”与“吉”谐音，象征吉祥如意。整件步摇通过细致的设计，传递着幸福与吉祥的美好寓意。

步摇作为中国传统文化中一种特殊的首饰，其通过轻微的晃动，传递着丰富的情感，表现了女性的柔美和优雅。

'''问题'''

(1)什么是步摇？

(2)步摇在汉代有什么象征意义?

(3)唐朝与宋朝的步摇有什么显著区别？

(4)古代的步摇主要由什么材料制成？

'''答案'''

(1)步摇是中国的传统首饰，因佩戴其走路时会随步伐摇动而得名.

(2)在汉朝，步摇是专为皇后保留的仪式性饰品，反映了严格的社会等级制度，并象征着等级。

(3)宋朝的步摇相比唐朝的在款式设计上更加简约。

(4)古代步摇常用金、银、玉、珠宝等珍贵材料制作而成。

'''参考文献'''

[1](东汉) 刘熙. 释名·释首饰[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆丛书集成本, 1939:74.

[2](战国) 屈原, 宋玉著, 袁梅校注. 屈原宋玉辞赋译注(修订版)[M]. 合肥:黄山书社, 2016:472.

[3]徐秉琨. 步摇與慕容鮮卑[J]. 文史, 2014(04):5-35.

[4]陈俊男.汉魏南北朝服饰品金步摇的考析及文化内涵研究[D].江南大学,2022.

[5]刘中才.风雅有宋:独具匠心的宋代发饰[J].学与玩,2024,(12):34-35.

[6]籍夏瑾.步摇——戏曲角色装扮传情叙戏的独特符号[J].四川戏剧, 2023, (07): 39-42.

[7]郭平.金步摇: 古代东亚西亚服饰文化融合的典范[N].辽宁日报, 2023-02-14 (012).

[8]池文汇,胡晓.中国步摇源流考辨及形态复原——兼与“步摇西来说”商榷[J].形象史学,2022,(01):53-95.

[9]步摇（中国古代妇女首饰）_百度百科 (baidu.com)

'''AI声明'''

我在此保证，我没有借助人工智能帮助我撰写这门课程的期末论文

File:BUYAO.jpg

2024-12-31T08:39:21Z

Shu Lin2:

File:TangBUYAO.jpg

2024-12-31T08:38:24Z

Shu Lin2:

User:Shu Lin2

2024-12-31T08:37:49Z

Shu Lin2: /* Final Paper(English Version) */

<nowiki></nowiki>Hello everyone, my name is Shu Lin, and I am a graduate of the Foreign Studies College of Hunan Normal University, majoring in Translation. I am currently pursuing a master's degree in English Translation and have entered my second year of graduate studies. I have a strong interest in languages and cultures, and I have been committed to improving my language skills and cultural understanding. During my studies, I have not only systematically studied translation theories but also actively participated in practice to better understand and disseminate Chinese culture. I look forward to communicating with you in the course and exploring the rich connotations of Chinese language and culture together.

==Nov. 2, 2024==

Today I learnt some expressions to talk about my favorite book.

==Nov. 3, 2024==

I talked with Mira about Damino Pizza and my favorite type of crust.

==Nov. 4, 2024==

I did not learn anything today.

==Nov. 5, 2024==

I translated an passage of Chinese novel into English.

==Nov. 6, 2024==

I learnt a application called MAXQDA.

==Nov. 7, 2024==

I talked with Mira about a book named Educated by Tara.

==Nov. 8, 2024==

I talked with Mira about my favorite vegetable with Mira.

==Nov. 9, 2024==

I made some translation practice today.

==Nov. 10, 2024==

I wrote a research proposal today.

==Nov. 11, 2024==

I talked with Mira about volunteering today.

==Nov. 12, 2024==

I talked with Mira about my favorite type of painting today.

==Nov. 13, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the healthy lifestyle today.

==Nov. 14, 2024==

I talked with Mira about living in the city.

==Nov. 15, 2024==
I attended an academic lecture today

==Nov. 16, 2024==

I did some translation practice and talked about my favorite type of puzzle.

==Nov. 17, 2024==

I talked with Mira about my favorite music today.

==Nov. 18, 2024==

I talked with Mira about energetic activities today.

==Nov. 19, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the whether today.

==Nov. 20, 2024==

I talked with Mira about my favorite job today.

==Nov. 21, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the lunch today.

==Nov. 22, 2024==

I learned restrictive relative clause today

==Nov. 23, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the fiction book today.

==Nov. 24, 2024==

I learned about the preposition in, on and at.

==Nov. 25, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the film today.
==Nov. 26, 2024==

I learned some translation skills today.

==Nov. 27, 2024==

I watched a movie and talked about the beauty standard today.

==Nov. 28, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the tomatoes today.

==Nov. 29, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the oranges today.

==Nov. 30, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the sound effects today.

==Dec. 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the special effects today.

==Dec. 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the benefits of using my favorite cup.

==Dec. 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the news today

==Dec. 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the oranges again today because I loving eating oranges.

==Dec. 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Milk Tea today.

==Dec. 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Spring festival and the new semester today.

==Dec. 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the standard of beauty.

==Dec. 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite podcast today

==Dec. 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the exams.

==Dec. 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the autumn today .

==Dec. 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the postcards today.

==Dec. 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Harry Potter today.

==Dec. 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the McDonald today.

==Dec. 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the power bank today.

==Dec. 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the postgraduate entrance examination today.

==Dec. 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the English language education today.

==Dec. 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Great Wall today.

==Dec. 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the National Day today.

==Dec. 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the colorful roses today, and I like the purple rose most.

==Final Paper(English Version)==
'''Chinese traditional ornament: Bu Yao'''

Shu Lin/ Shirleen

'''Abstract'''

The Bu Yao is a traditional Chinese ornament, named for the way it sways with the wearer’s steps, as described in the ''Explanations of Terms'': “Bu Yao, with hanging beads above, sways when walking.” The Bu Yao originated in the Warring States period and was typically worn in a woman’s hair bun. It holds both decorative and symbolic meanings. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, its craftsmanship and design had reached their peak.

'''The Origin of the Bu Yao'''

The Bu Yao was an important head ornament for women in ancient China, with a long history of development. Its origins can be traced back to the Warring States period. In ''Satirical Poems'' by Song Yu, it is written: “The mistress’s daughter, draped in the radiant light of the sun, wears a green cloud cloak and a white single robe, with hanging beads and a Bu Yao.” This passage describes the scene of a woman wearing the Bu Yao as part of her elaborate attire. The combination of “hanging beads and Bu Yao” paired with the “jade hairpin” reflects the fashion of the Chu state during the late Warring States period (Chi Wenhui, 2022).

In the Western Han dynasty, Liu Xi, an expert in philology during the Eastern Han, recorded in the ''Explanations of Terms'': “Bu Yao, with hanging beads above, sways when walking.” This description details the appearance of the Bu Yao and explains the origin of its name. This shows that by the late Warring States to early Western Han period, the Bu Yao had already evolved into a well-established ornament.

'''The Evolution and Development of the Bu Yao'''

During the Han dynasty (202 BC–220 CE), the Bu Yao became an integral part of China’s traditional attire system, evolving into a ceremonial ornament worn by empresses during temple visits or ancestral rites. It symbolized the rank and status of female members of the imperial family. ''The Book of the Later Han'' records the use of the Bu Yao as follows: “When the empress enters the temple, the Bu Yao is made of gold in the shape of a mountain peak, with white pearls strung together like osmanthus branches, adorned with eight symbols of nobility and nine types of jewels, including the bear, tiger, red bear, celestial deer, and symbols of protection.” Additionally, “Empress Dowager He Xi bestowed a red sash to Lady Feng, who had no Bu Yao or jade pendants, and granted her one of each." This shows that during this period, the Bu Yao was strictly reserved for the empress. Other imperial concubines could only wear it if granted as a reward, and commoners were not allowed to wear such ornaments.

[[File:BuYao.png]]

In the Jin dynasty (266–420 CE), the use of the Bu Yao expanded beyond the empress to include other imperial concubines (Ji Xiajin, 2023). During the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589 CE), gold Bu Yao became widespread, and its usage further broadened. Noblemen and women alike began wearing it, although the designs were simpler compared to those of the imperial court.

Throughout the Han, Wei, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Bu Yao became increasingly popular and was loved by both the Han Chinese and the Xianbei people. For the Han people, who valued rituals, the Bu Yao was a symbol of ceremonial status and nobility, a prized possession. For the Xianbei peoples and other nomadic tribes, who valued gold, the Bu Yao symbolized wealth and social standing, making it a luxurious item. As a result, many Bu Yao from this period were crafted from gold, and the ornament became known as the “gold Bu Yao” (Chen Junnan, 2022). During this time, the main styles of Bu Yao included the Bu Yao flower and the Bu Yao crown. Additionally, designs with multiple pendants resembling tassels, known as “dangling Bu Yao,” became popular. The Bu Yao thus evolved into a richly varied and artistically distinctive ornament, undergoing continuous development and innovation.

During the Tang dynasty(618–907 CE), a period marked by economic prosperity, well-established institutions, and an open social atmosphere, the use of the Bu Yao expanded significantly. In this era, the Bu Yao was predominantly of the Han style, while tree-shaped Bu Yao crowns gradually fell out of favor and eventually disappeared in the history. Tang aristocratic women favored elegant and luxurious styles, which led to increasingly intricate and refined headpieces. The materials and designs of the Bu Yao became more lavish, incorporating precious metals such as gold and silver, as well as gemstones and jade. The design became more complex, with elements like chains and pendants adding a sense of movement. As the wearer moved, the Bu Yao swayed, enhancing the graceful and elegant aura of women. Bai Juyi’s Song of Everlasting Regret vividly describes the golden Bu Yao worn by the imperial consort Consert Yang: “With cloud-like tresses and flower-like face, she wore a golden Bu Yao, and spent warm spring nights beneath the lotus-patterned curtains,” highlighting her extraordinary beauty and grace.

[[File:TangBUYAO.jpg]]

In the Song and Yuan dynasties(960–1368), the Bu Yao inherited the traditions of the Tang dynasty but moved away from its ornate complexity. Instead, the Bu Yao became simpler, more understated, and refreshingly minimalist, gaining widespread popularity among women. During the Song dynasty, innovation was introduced to the traditional Tang Bu Yao design. Dragon and phoenix motifs were added to the crowns, and the design of the Bu Yao, with beads held in the mouth of the ornament, became a key component of the phoenix crown, blending seamlessly with the overall headpiece. This shift reflected the era’s aesthetic preferences, emphasizing elegance and balance while retaining the symbolism of power and virtue.

[[File:BUYAO.jpg]]

Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, references to the Bu Yao have become less common, but this doesn’t mean it fell out of fashion. Rather, its name evolved, and it gradually came to be known by other terms such as tassel and “mo li chan” (jasmine tremble). In ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', the “Five Phoenix Hanging Pearl Hairpin” worn by Wang Xifeng is actually a phoenix-shaped Bu Yao hairpin, a form of Tang-style Bu Yao. From the Ming and Qing periods onward, the Bu Yao became popular across all social classes, from the imperial court to the common folk. Artisans of these dynasties, as custodians of traditional craftsmanship, fused the finest techniques from earlier periods, significantly influencing the era’s evolving aesthetic tastes. During this time, Bu Yao craftsmanship reached its zenith, with more elaborate designs and intricate patterns.
As time went on, the Bu Yao’s popularity grew, and its design evolved from simplicity to complexity and eventually back to a more minimalist style. It gradually became a beloved headpiece for women.

'''The Cultural Significance of the Bu Yao'''

The Bu Yao is not just a decorative ornament but a symbol of status and good fortune, deeply rooted in Chinese culture. During the Han dynasty, it was a ceremonial piece reserved exclusively for the empress, reflecting the rigid social hierarchy and signifying rank.
By the Tang, Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the Bu Yao evolved in design, influenced by aesthetic trends and incorporating motifs like birds and hanging beads. It became a symbol of auspiciousness, prosperity, and happiness, with its designs often linked to blessings such as wealth and longevity. For example, some Bu Yao featured chicken-shaped hairpins, symbolizing good luck due to the homophonic connection between "chicken" and "auspicious."
As a unique cultural accessory, the Bu Yao not only symbolized wealth and joy but also expressed elegance and grace through its delicate movement.

'''Terms and Expressions'''

Bu Yao 步摇

Mo li chan 茉莉颤

Five Phoenix Hanging Pearl Hairpin 五凤挂珠钗

Ceremonial ornament 礼制首饰

Empress 皇后

Commoners 平民百姓

Hierarchical system 等级制度

Bird and animal motifs 鸟兽题材

Hanging beads and tassels 垂珠摇饰

Blessings, wealth, longevity, and happiness 福、禄、寿、禧

Good fortune and happiness 吉祥如意

Chicken-shaped hairpin 鸡形簪首

'''Questions'''

(1)What is Bu Yao?

(2)What is the symbolic significance of the Bu Yao in the Han Dynasty?

(3)What are the significant differences of the Bu Yao between the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty?

(4)What material is the ancient Bu Yao mainly made of?

'''Answers'''

(1)The Bu Yao is a traditional Chinese ornament, named for the way it sways with the wearer’ s step

(2)During the Han dynasty, it was a ceremonial piece reserved exclusively for the empress, reflecting the rigid social hierarchy and signifying rank

(3)The Bu Yao in the Song Dynasty is simpler in style than that in the Tang Dynasty.

(4)The main materials for making hair ornaments include precious materials such as gold, silver, jade and agate.

'''References'''

[1]Liu Xi (Eastern Han). Explanations of Terms [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press Collection, 1939: 74.

[2]Qu Yuan (Warring States), Song Yu, trans. and annotated by Yuan Mei. Translations and Notes on the Rhetoric of Qu Yuan and Song Yu: Revised Edition [M]. Hefei: Huangshan Publishing House, 2016: 472.

[3]Xu Bingkun. “Bu Yao and the Xianbei of Murong”[J]. Wenshi, 2014 (04): 5-35.

[4]Chen Junan. An Analysis of the Gold Bu Yao in the Han, Wei, and Northern and Southern Dynasties, and Its Cultural Significance [D]. Jiangnan University, 2022.

[5]Liu Zhongcai. “Elegance in Song: The Unique Craftsmanship of Song Dynasty Hair Ornaments” [J]. Study and Play, 2024 (12): 34-35.

[6]Ji Xiajin. “Bu Yao: A Unique Symbol for Costume and Emotion in Traditional Chinese Opera” [J]. Sichuan Drama, 2023 (07): 39-42.

[7]Guo Ping. “Gold Bu Yao: A Model of Cultural Integration Between Ancient East Asia and West Asia” [N]. Liaoning Daily, 2023-02-14 (012).

[8]Chi Wenhui, Hu Xiao. “A Study of the Origins and Morphological Restoration of the Chinese Bu Yao: A Discussion on the ‘Western Origin of the Bu Yao’Theory”[J]. History of Images, 2022 (01): 53-95.

[9]“Bu Yao (Ancient Chinese Women’s Ornament)”-- (baidu.com).

'''AI statement'''

I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

'''中国传统首饰：步摇'''

学生姓名：舒琳 Shirleen

'''摘要'''

步摇是中国的传统首饰，因佩戴其走路时会随步伐摇动而得名，正如《释名》所言：“步摇，上有垂珠，步则摇也。”步摇起源于战国时期，通常佩戴于女性的发髻上，具有装饰与象征意义，至明清时代，其制作工艺与设计达到巅峰。

'''步摇的起源'''

步摇是古代女子重要的头饰，步摇的发展源远流长，最早可追溯到战国时期，宋玉所著《讽赋》曰：“主人之女，翳承日之华，披翠云之裘，更披白縠之单衫，垂珠步摇。”该文描述了妇女盛装佩戴步摇的场景。其中“垂珠步摇”搭配 “翡翠之钗” 的装束，正是战国后期的楚风装扮（池文汇，2022）。西汉时期，东汉训诂学家刘熙在《释名》中记有：“步摇，上有垂珠，步则摇动也。”讲述了步摇的样子，也道出了其名称的因由，可见战国至西汉初期步摇套件已经成熟。

'''步摇的演变与发展'''

两汉时期（BC202年-220年），步摇被纳入中国传统衣冠制度，成为皇后谒庙祭祖时佩戴的礼制首饰，是皇族女性身份等级的象征。《后汉书·舆服志》记载了步摇的使用情况：“皇后入庙，步摇以黄金为山题，贯白珠为桂枝相缪，八爵九华，熊、虎、赤熊、天鹿、辟邪。”“……和熹邓后赐冯贵人王赤绶，以未有步摇、环佩，各加赐一具。”可见步摇在该时期的应用等级仍较为森严，仅为皇后专用，而皇后之外的其余妃嫔只有在获得赏赐时方可佩戴，平民百姓无资格使用。

晋代（266-420年），步摇的应用范围逐渐扩大，皇后之外的其余妃嫔也可以佩戴步摇（籍夏瑾，2023）。至南北朝时期，金步摇大量出现，其适用范围进一步扩展，贵族男女均可进行佩戴，只不过在工艺上更加简洁些。汉魏南北朝时期（220-589年），步摇风行时间长、流传范围广，深受汉族与鲜卑族的喜爱。汉族尚礼，视步摇为礼制和身份的象征，其乃尊贵之物；鲜卑等游牧民族贵金，视步摇为财产和地位的集中体现，其乃奢华之物。因此，该时期的步摇多呈金质，并被冠以“金步摇”之名（陈俊男，2022）。这一时期步摇发饰的主要形制有步摇花和步摇冠两类，多节摇饰穗状下垂的流苏步摇也开始流行，步摇呈现出丰富的造型与鲜明艺术特征，在不断发展与创新中演变。

唐朝时期（618–907年），经济繁荣、制度完备、社会风气开放，步摇的使用范围相应扩大。这一时期的步摇主要是汉式步摇，而树状步摇冠渐渐不再流行，在时代的浪潮中销声匿迹。唐朝的贵妇多偏爱雍容华贵的风格，因而女性头饰逐渐复杂，步摇的装饰材料和设计趋向华丽精致，常用金、银、玉、珠宝等珍贵材料。步摇的设计也更加繁复，链条、挂饰等元素增添了流动感，走动时步摇摇曳生姿，增加了女性的优雅气质。白居易在《长恨歌》中对杨贵妃的金步摇进行了描写，“云鬓花颜金步摇，芙蓉帐暖度春宵”，衬托出贵妃的非凡气质。

宋元时期的步摇继承前朝发展，但是摒弃了唐代繁复的风格，更加简洁质朴、清新简约，深受广大妇女喜爱。宋朝在唐制步摇的基础上加以创新，添龙凤形象于冠上，口衔珠的步摇形制便成为凤冠的组成部分，与冠融为一体。

明清时期以来，步摇的记载较少，但这并不表示步摇不再流行，而是因为步摇的名称发生了变化，渐渐被人们称为“流苏”、“茉莉颤”等。《红楼梦》中王熙凤的“五凤挂珠钗”，其实是凤形的步摇钗，也就是唐式步摇。自明清起，步摇普及至各阶层，从宫廷到民间皆可见其身影。明清工匠，作为传统工艺的传承者，融合历代技艺精华，对时代审美风格的发展起到了重要作用。步摇工艺在此时期不断精进，达到巅峰，步摇造型更加华美、图案更加精致。

随着时间的推移，步摇应用范围不断扩大，审美风格从简至繁再回归简约，渐渐成为女性喜爱的发饰。

'''步摇的文化内涵'''

图必有意，意必吉祥，步摇的设计与风格蕴含丰富的文化内涵。两汉时期，步摇不仅是女性的饰品，还是身份与地位的象征。汉代的步摇是礼制首饰，只有皇后可以佩戴，平民百姓不允许使用。该时期步摇的使用反映了严格的等级制度，也是身份和社会地位的象征。

唐宋明清时期，步摇处在继承的成熟阶段，步摇的风格主要取决于人们的审美意趣，鸟兽题材、垂珠摇饰等元素常见于步摇，此时步摇是吉祥与幸福的象征。吉祥纹样作为一种寄托趋吉避凶之愿望的精神符号，深深植根于中国民众的心中，反映了中国人独特的审美情趣，形成了富有中国特色的吉祥文化。步摇同样围绕着福、禄、寿、禧等吉庆元素，通过物象传达情感，寓意富贵与喜庆。有些步摇的簪首设计为鸡形，鸡嘴中衔着一串银链垂挂，因“鸡”与“吉”谐音，象征吉祥如意。整件步摇通过细致的设计，传递着幸福与吉祥的美好寓意。

步摇作为中国传统文化中一种特殊的首饰，其通过轻微的晃动，传递着丰富的情感，表现了女性的柔美和优雅。

'''问题'''

(1)什么是步摇？

(2)步摇在汉代有什么象征意义?

(3)唐朝与宋朝的步摇有什么显著区别？

(4)古代的步摇主要由什么材料制成？

'''答案'''

(1)步摇是中国的传统首饰，因佩戴其走路时会随步伐摇动而得名.

(2)在汉朝，步摇是专为皇后保留的仪式性饰品，反映了严格的社会等级制度，并象征着等级。

(3)宋朝的步摇相比唐朝的在款式设计上更加简约。

(4)古代步摇常用金、银、玉、珠宝等珍贵材料制作而成。

'''参考文献'''

[1](东汉) 刘熙. 释名·释首饰[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆丛书集成本, 1939:74.

[2](战国) 屈原, 宋玉著, 袁梅校注. 屈原宋玉辞赋译注(修订版)[M]. 合肥:黄山书社, 2016:472.

[3]徐秉琨. 步摇與慕容鮮卑[J]. 文史, 2014(04):5-35.

[4]陈俊男.汉魏南北朝服饰品金步摇的考析及文化内涵研究[D].江南大学,2022.

[5]刘中才.风雅有宋:独具匠心的宋代发饰[J].学与玩,2024,(12):34-35.

[6]籍夏瑾.步摇——戏曲角色装扮传情叙戏的独特符号[J].四川戏剧, 2023, (07): 39-42.

[7]郭平.金步摇: 古代东亚西亚服饰文化融合的典范[N].辽宁日报, 2023-02-14 (012).

[8]池文汇,胡晓.中国步摇源流考辨及形态复原——兼与“步摇西来说”商榷[J].形象史学,2022,(01):53-95.

[9]步摇（中国古代妇女首饰）_百度百科 (baidu.com)

'''AI声明'''

我在此保证，我没有借助人工智能帮助我撰写这门课程的期末论文

User:Shu Lin2

2024-12-31T08:36:07Z

Shu Lin2:

<nowiki></nowiki>Hello everyone, my name is Shu Lin, and I am a graduate of the Foreign Studies College of Hunan Normal University, majoring in Translation. I am currently pursuing a master's degree in English Translation and have entered my second year of graduate studies. I have a strong interest in languages and cultures, and I have been committed to improving my language skills and cultural understanding. During my studies, I have not only systematically studied translation theories but also actively participated in practice to better understand and disseminate Chinese culture. I look forward to communicating with you in the course and exploring the rich connotations of Chinese language and culture together.

==Nov. 2, 2024==

Today I learnt some expressions to talk about my favorite book.

==Nov. 3, 2024==

I talked with Mira about Damino Pizza and my favorite type of crust.

==Nov. 4, 2024==

I did not learn anything today.

==Nov. 5, 2024==

I translated an passage of Chinese novel into English.

==Nov. 6, 2024==

I learnt a application called MAXQDA.

==Nov. 7, 2024==

I talked with Mira about a book named Educated by Tara.

==Nov. 8, 2024==

I talked with Mira about my favorite vegetable with Mira.

==Nov. 9, 2024==

I made some translation practice today.

==Nov. 10, 2024==

I wrote a research proposal today.

==Nov. 11, 2024==

I talked with Mira about volunteering today.

==Nov. 12, 2024==

I talked with Mira about my favorite type of painting today.

==Nov. 13, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the healthy lifestyle today.

==Nov. 14, 2024==

I talked with Mira about living in the city.

==Nov. 15, 2024==
I attended an academic lecture today

==Nov. 16, 2024==

I did some translation practice and talked about my favorite type of puzzle.

==Nov. 17, 2024==

I talked with Mira about my favorite music today.

==Nov. 18, 2024==

I talked with Mira about energetic activities today.

==Nov. 19, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the whether today.

==Nov. 20, 2024==

I talked with Mira about my favorite job today.

==Nov. 21, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the lunch today.

==Nov. 22, 2024==

I learned restrictive relative clause today

==Nov. 23, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the fiction book today.

==Nov. 24, 2024==

I learned about the preposition in, on and at.

==Nov. 25, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the film today.
==Nov. 26, 2024==

I learned some translation skills today.

==Nov. 27, 2024==

I watched a movie and talked about the beauty standard today.

==Nov. 28, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the tomatoes today.

==Nov. 29, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the oranges today.

==Nov. 30, 2024==

I talked with Mira about the sound effects today.

==Dec. 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the special effects today.

==Dec. 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the benefits of using my favorite cup.

==Dec. 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the news today

==Dec. 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the oranges again today because I loving eating oranges.

==Dec. 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Milk Tea today.

==Dec. 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Spring festival and the new semester today.

==Dec. 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the standard of beauty.

==Dec. 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite podcast today

==Dec. 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the exams.

==Dec. 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the autumn today .

==Dec. 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the postcards today.

==Dec. 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Harry Potter today.

==Dec. 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the McDonald today.

==Dec. 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the power bank today.

==Dec. 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the postgraduate entrance examination today.

==Dec. 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the English language education today.

==Dec. 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Great Wall today.

==Dec. 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the National Day today.

==Dec. 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the colorful roses today, and I like the purple rose most.

==Final Paper(English Version)==
'''Chinese traditional ornament: Bu Yao'''

Shu Lin/ Shirleen

'''Abstract'''

The Bu Yao is a traditional Chinese ornament, named for the way it sways with the wearer’s steps, as described in the ''Explanations of Terms'': “Bu Yao, with hanging beads above, sways when walking.” The Bu Yao originated in the Warring States period and was typically worn in a woman’s hair bun. It holds both decorative and symbolic meanings. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, its craftsmanship and design had reached their peak.

'''The Origin of the Bu Yao'''

The Bu Yao was an important head ornament for women in ancient China, with a long history of development. Its origins can be traced back to the Warring States period. In ''Satirical Poems'' by Song Yu, it is written: “The mistress’s daughter, draped in the radiant light of the sun, wears a green cloud cloak and a white single robe, with hanging beads and a Bu Yao.” This passage describes the scene of a woman wearing the Bu Yao as part of her elaborate attire. The combination of “hanging beads and Bu Yao” paired with the “jade hairpin” reflects the fashion of the Chu state during the late Warring States period (Chi Wenhui, 2022).

In the Western Han dynasty, Liu Xi, an expert in philology during the Eastern Han, recorded in the ''Explanations of Terms'': “Bu Yao, with hanging beads above, sways when walking.” This description details the appearance of the Bu Yao and explains the origin of its name. This shows that by the late Warring States to early Western Han period, the Bu Yao had already evolved into a well-established ornament.

'''The Evolution and Development of the Bu Yao'''

During the Han dynasty (202 BC–220 CE), the Bu Yao became an integral part of China’s traditional attire system, evolving into a ceremonial ornament worn by empresses during temple visits or ancestral rites. It symbolized the rank and status of female members of the imperial family. ''The Book of the Later Han'' records the use of the Bu Yao as follows: “When the empress enters the temple, the Bu Yao is made of gold in the shape of a mountain peak, with white pearls strung together like osmanthus branches, adorned with eight symbols of nobility and nine types of jewels, including the bear, tiger, red bear, celestial deer, and symbols of protection.” Additionally, “Empress Dowager He Xi bestowed a red sash to Lady Feng, who had no Bu Yao or jade pendants, and granted her one of each." This shows that during this period, the Bu Yao was strictly reserved for the empress. Other imperial concubines could only wear it if granted as a reward, and commoners were not allowed to wear such ornaments.

[[File:BuYao.png]]

In the Jin dynasty (266–420 CE), the use of the Bu Yao expanded beyond the empress to include other imperial concubines (Ji Xiajin, 2023). During the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589 CE), gold Bu Yao became widespread, and its usage further broadened. Noblemen and women alike began wearing it, although the designs were simpler compared to those of the imperial court.

[[File:BUYAO.jpg]]
Throughout the Han, Wei, and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Bu Yao became increasingly popular and was loved by both the Han Chinese and the Xianbei people. For the Han people, who valued rituals, the Bu Yao was a symbol of ceremonial status and nobility, a prized possession. For the Xianbei peoples and other nomadic tribes, who valued gold, the Bu Yao symbolized wealth and social standing, making it a luxurious item. As a result, many Bu Yao from this period were crafted from gold, and the ornament became known as the “gold Bu Yao” (Chen Junnan, 2022). During this time, the main styles of Bu Yao included the Bu Yao flower and the Bu Yao crown. Additionally, designs with multiple pendants resembling tassels, known as “dangling Bu Yao,” became popular. The Bu Yao thus evolved into a richly varied and artistically distinctive ornament, undergoing continuous development and innovation.

During the Tang dynasty(618–907 CE), a period marked by economic prosperity, well-established institutions, and an open social atmosphere, the use of the Bu Yao expanded significantly. In this era, the Bu Yao was predominantly of the Han style, while tree-shaped Bu Yao crowns gradually fell out of favor and eventually disappeared in the history. Tang aristocratic women favored elegant and luxurious styles, which led to increasingly intricate and refined headpieces. The materials and designs of the Bu Yao became more lavish, incorporating precious metals such as gold and silver, as well as gemstones and jade. The design became more complex, with elements like chains and pendants adding a sense of movement. As the wearer moved, the Bu Yao swayed, enhancing the graceful and elegant aura of women. Bai Juyi’s Song of Everlasting Regret vividly describes the golden Bu Yao worn by the imperial consort Consert Yang: “With cloud-like tresses and flower-like face, she wore a golden Bu Yao, and spent warm spring nights beneath the lotus-patterned curtains,” highlighting her extraordinary beauty and grace.

In the Song and Yuan dynasties(960–1368), the Bu Yao inherited the traditions of the Tang dynasty but moved away from its ornate complexity. Instead, the Bu Yao became simpler, more understated, and refreshingly minimalist, gaining widespread popularity among women. During the Song dynasty, innovation was introduced to the traditional Tang Bu Yao design. Dragon and phoenix motifs were added to the crowns, and the design of the Bu Yao, with beads held in the mouth of the ornament, became a key component of the phoenix crown, blending seamlessly with the overall headpiece. This shift reflected the era’s aesthetic preferences, emphasizing elegance and balance while retaining the symbolism of power and virtue.

Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, references to the Bu Yao have become less common, but this doesn’t mean it fell out of fashion. Rather, its name evolved, and it gradually came to be known by other terms such as tassel and “mo li chan” (jasmine tremble). In ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', the “Five Phoenix Hanging Pearl Hairpin” worn by Wang Xifeng is actually a phoenix-shaped Bu Yao hairpin, a form of Tang-style Bu Yao. From the Ming and Qing periods onward, the Bu Yao became popular across all social classes, from the imperial court to the common folk. Artisans of these dynasties, as custodians of traditional craftsmanship, fused the finest techniques from earlier periods, significantly influencing the era’s evolving aesthetic tastes. During this time, Bu Yao craftsmanship reached its zenith, with more elaborate designs and intricate patterns.
As time went on, the Bu Yao’s popularity grew, and its design evolved from simplicity to complexity and eventually back to a more minimalist style. It gradually became a beloved headpiece for women.

'''The Cultural Significance of the Bu Yao'''

The Bu Yao is not just a decorative ornament but a symbol of status and good fortune, deeply rooted in Chinese culture. During the Han dynasty, it was a ceremonial piece reserved exclusively for the empress, reflecting the rigid social hierarchy and signifying rank.
By the Tang, Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the Bu Yao evolved in design, influenced by aesthetic trends and incorporating motifs like birds and hanging beads. It became a symbol of auspiciousness, prosperity, and happiness, with its designs often linked to blessings such as wealth and longevity. For example, some Bu Yao featured chicken-shaped hairpins, symbolizing good luck due to the homophonic connection between "chicken" and "auspicious."
As a unique cultural accessory, the Bu Yao not only symbolized wealth and joy but also expressed elegance and grace through its delicate movement.

'''Terms and Expressions'''

Bu Yao 步摇

Mo li chan 茉莉颤

Five Phoenix Hanging Pearl Hairpin 五凤挂珠钗

Ceremonial ornament 礼制首饰

Empress 皇后

Commoners 平民百姓

Hierarchical system 等级制度

Bird and animal motifs 鸟兽题材

Hanging beads and tassels 垂珠摇饰

Blessings, wealth, longevity, and happiness 福、禄、寿、禧

Good fortune and happiness 吉祥如意

Chicken-shaped hairpin 鸡形簪首

'''Questions'''

(1)What is Bu Yao?

(2)What is the symbolic significance of the Bu Yao in the Han Dynasty?

(3)What are the significant differences of the Bu Yao between the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty?

(4)What material is the ancient Bu Yao mainly made of?

'''Answers'''

(1)The Bu Yao is a traditional Chinese ornament, named for the way it sways with the wearer’ s step

(2)During the Han dynasty, it was a ceremonial piece reserved exclusively for the empress, reflecting the rigid social hierarchy and signifying rank

(3)The Bu Yao in the Song Dynasty is simpler in style than that in the Tang Dynasty.

(4)The main materials for making hair ornaments include precious materials such as gold, silver, jade and agate.

'''References'''

[1]Liu Xi (Eastern Han). Explanations of Terms [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press Collection, 1939: 74.

[2]Qu Yuan (Warring States), Song Yu, trans. and annotated by Yuan Mei. Translations and Notes on the Rhetoric of Qu Yuan and Song Yu: Revised Edition [M]. Hefei: Huangshan Publishing House, 2016: 472.

[3]Xu Bingkun. “Bu Yao and the Xianbei of Murong”[J]. Wenshi, 2014 (04): 5-35.

[4]Chen Junan. An Analysis of the Gold Bu Yao in the Han, Wei, and Northern and Southern Dynasties, and Its Cultural Significance [D]. Jiangnan University, 2022.

[5]Liu Zhongcai. “Elegance in Song: The Unique Craftsmanship of Song Dynasty Hair Ornaments” [J]. Study and Play, 2024 (12): 34-35.

[6]Ji Xiajin. “Bu Yao: A Unique Symbol for Costume and Emotion in Traditional Chinese Opera” [J]. Sichuan Drama, 2023 (07): 39-42.

[7]Guo Ping. “Gold Bu Yao: A Model of Cultural Integration Between Ancient East Asia and West Asia” [N]. Liaoning Daily, 2023-02-14 (012).

[8]Chi Wenhui, Hu Xiao. “A Study of the Origins and Morphological Restoration of the Chinese Bu Yao: A Discussion on the ‘Western Origin of the Bu Yao’Theory”[J]. History of Images, 2022 (01): 53-95.

[9]“Bu Yao (Ancient Chinese Women’s Ornament)”-- (baidu.com).

'''AI statement'''

I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

'''中国传统首饰：步摇'''

学生姓名：舒琳 Shirleen

'''摘要'''

步摇是中国的传统首饰，因佩戴其走路时会随步伐摇动而得名，正如《释名》所言：“步摇，上有垂珠，步则摇也。”步摇起源于战国时期，通常佩戴于女性的发髻上，具有装饰与象征意义，至明清时代，其制作工艺与设计达到巅峰。

'''步摇的起源'''

步摇是古代女子重要的头饰，步摇的发展源远流长，最早可追溯到战国时期，宋玉所著《讽赋》曰：“主人之女，翳承日之华，披翠云之裘，更披白縠之单衫，垂珠步摇。”该文描述了妇女盛装佩戴步摇的场景。其中“垂珠步摇”搭配 “翡翠之钗” 的装束，正是战国后期的楚风装扮（池文汇，2022）。西汉时期，东汉训诂学家刘熙在《释名》中记有：“步摇，上有垂珠，步则摇动也。”讲述了步摇的样子，也道出了其名称的因由，可见战国至西汉初期步摇套件已经成熟。

'''步摇的演变与发展'''

两汉时期（BC202年-220年），步摇被纳入中国传统衣冠制度，成为皇后谒庙祭祖时佩戴的礼制首饰，是皇族女性身份等级的象征。《后汉书·舆服志》记载了步摇的使用情况：“皇后入庙，步摇以黄金为山题，贯白珠为桂枝相缪，八爵九华，熊、虎、赤熊、天鹿、辟邪。”“……和熹邓后赐冯贵人王赤绶，以未有步摇、环佩，各加赐一具。”可见步摇在该时期的应用等级仍较为森严，仅为皇后专用，而皇后之外的其余妃嫔只有在获得赏赐时方可佩戴，平民百姓无资格使用。

晋代（266-420年），步摇的应用范围逐渐扩大，皇后之外的其余妃嫔也可以佩戴步摇（籍夏瑾，2023）。至南北朝时期，金步摇大量出现，其适用范围进一步扩展，贵族男女均可进行佩戴，只不过在工艺上更加简洁些。汉魏南北朝时期（220-589年），步摇风行时间长、流传范围广，深受汉族与鲜卑族的喜爱。汉族尚礼，视步摇为礼制和身份的象征，其乃尊贵之物；鲜卑等游牧民族贵金，视步摇为财产和地位的集中体现，其乃奢华之物。因此，该时期的步摇多呈金质，并被冠以“金步摇”之名（陈俊男，2022）。这一时期步摇发饰的主要形制有步摇花和步摇冠两类，多节摇饰穗状下垂的流苏步摇也开始流行，步摇呈现出丰富的造型与鲜明艺术特征，在不断发展与创新中演变。

唐朝时期（618–907年），经济繁荣、制度完备、社会风气开放，步摇的使用范围相应扩大。这一时期的步摇主要是汉式步摇，而树状步摇冠渐渐不再流行，在时代的浪潮中销声匿迹。唐朝的贵妇多偏爱雍容华贵的风格，因而女性头饰逐渐复杂，步摇的装饰材料和设计趋向华丽精致，常用金、银、玉、珠宝等珍贵材料。步摇的设计也更加繁复，链条、挂饰等元素增添了流动感，走动时步摇摇曳生姿，增加了女性的优雅气质。白居易在《长恨歌》中对杨贵妃的金步摇进行了描写，“云鬓花颜金步摇，芙蓉帐暖度春宵”，衬托出贵妃的非凡气质。

宋元时期的步摇继承前朝发展，但是摒弃了唐代繁复的风格，更加简洁质朴、清新简约，深受广大妇女喜爱。宋朝在唐制步摇的基础上加以创新，添龙凤形象于冠上，口衔珠的步摇形制便成为凤冠的组成部分，与冠融为一体。

明清时期以来，步摇的记载较少，但这并不表示步摇不再流行，而是因为步摇的名称发生了变化，渐渐被人们称为“流苏”、“茉莉颤”等。《红楼梦》中王熙凤的“五凤挂珠钗”，其实是凤形的步摇钗，也就是唐式步摇。自明清起，步摇普及至各阶层，从宫廷到民间皆可见其身影。明清工匠，作为传统工艺的传承者，融合历代技艺精华，对时代审美风格的发展起到了重要作用。步摇工艺在此时期不断精进，达到巅峰，步摇造型更加华美、图案更加精致。

随着时间的推移，步摇应用范围不断扩大，审美风格从简至繁再回归简约，渐渐成为女性喜爱的发饰。

'''步摇的文化内涵'''

图必有意，意必吉祥，步摇的设计与风格蕴含丰富的文化内涵。两汉时期，步摇不仅是女性的饰品，还是身份与地位的象征。汉代的步摇是礼制首饰，只有皇后可以佩戴，平民百姓不允许使用。该时期步摇的使用反映了严格的等级制度，也是身份和社会地位的象征。

唐宋明清时期，步摇处在继承的成熟阶段，步摇的风格主要取决于人们的审美意趣，鸟兽题材、垂珠摇饰等元素常见于步摇，此时步摇是吉祥与幸福的象征。吉祥纹样作为一种寄托趋吉避凶之愿望的精神符号，深深植根于中国民众的心中，反映了中国人独特的审美情趣，形成了富有中国特色的吉祥文化。步摇同样围绕着福、禄、寿、禧等吉庆元素，通过物象传达情感，寓意富贵与喜庆。有些步摇的簪首设计为鸡形，鸡嘴中衔着一串银链垂挂，因“鸡”与“吉”谐音，象征吉祥如意。整件步摇通过细致的设计，传递着幸福与吉祥的美好寓意。

步摇作为中国传统文化中一种特殊的首饰，其通过轻微的晃动，传递着丰富的情感，表现了女性的柔美和优雅。

'''问题'''

(1)什么是步摇？

(2)步摇在汉代有什么象征意义?

(3)唐朝与宋朝的步摇有什么显著区别？

(4)古代的步摇主要由什么材料制成？

'''答案'''

(1)步摇是中国的传统首饰，因佩戴其走路时会随步伐摇动而得名.

(2)在汉朝，步摇是专为皇后保留的仪式性饰品，反映了严格的社会等级制度，并象征着等级。

(3)宋朝的步摇相比唐朝的在款式设计上更加简约。

(4)古代步摇常用金、银、玉、珠宝等珍贵材料制作而成。

'''参考文献'''

[1](东汉) 刘熙. 释名·释首饰[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆丛书集成本, 1939:74.

[2](战国) 屈原, 宋玉著, 袁梅校注. 屈原宋玉辞赋译注(修订版)[M]. 合肥:黄山书社, 2016:472.

[3]徐秉琨. 步摇與慕容鮮卑[J]. 文史, 2014(04):5-35.

[4]陈俊男.汉魏南北朝服饰品金步摇的考析及文化内涵研究[D].江南大学,2022.

[5]刘中才.风雅有宋:独具匠心的宋代发饰[J].学与玩,2024,(12):34-35.

[6]籍夏瑾.步摇——戏曲角色装扮传情叙戏的独特符号[J].四川戏剧, 2023, (07): 39-42.

[7]郭平.金步摇: 古代东亚西亚服饰文化融合的典范[N].辽宁日报, 2023-02-14 (012).

[8]池文汇,胡晓.中国步摇源流考辨及形态复原——兼与“步摇西来说”商榷[J].形象史学,2022,(01):53-95.

[9]步摇（中国古代妇女首饰）_百度百科 (baidu.com)

'''AI声明'''

我在此保证，我没有借助人工智能帮助我撰写这门课程的期末论文

2024-12-31T07:54:14Z

Shu Lin2:

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