China Studies Wiki - User contributions [en]

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:48:49Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''

'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文:'''

1.引言

客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。

在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同

关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。

自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。

客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。

客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：

普通话；客家话

雨伞；遮；

绳子；索；

铁锅；镬头；

衣裤；衫裤；

干净；伶俐；

屁股；屎窟；

脑袋；头那；

知道；知得；

下雨；落水；

鸡蛋；鸡春；

客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。

客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。

英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Hakka summer hat.jpg]][[File:Hakka winter headcloth.jpg]][[File:Hakka traditional garment.jpg]][[File:second burial.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

----

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''

1. Introduction

The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition

The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:

English; Mandrin Pinyin; Hakka Pinyi

Umbrelle; yǔ sǎn; zha44;

Rope; shéng zi; sog1；

Iron Pot； tiě guō; vog5 teu11；

Garment; yī kù; sam44 ku53；

Clean； gān jìng; lang11 li53；

Buttocks； pì gǔ; shi31 fud1；

Head； nǎo dài; teu11 la44；

Know； zhī dào; di44 ded1；

Rain； xià yǚ; log5 shui31；

Egg； jī dàn; gai44 chun44；

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:46:35Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''

'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文:'''

1.引言

客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。

在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同

关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。

自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。

客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。

客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：

普通话；客家话

雨伞；遮；

绳子；索；

铁锅；镬头；

衣裤；衫裤；

干净；伶俐；

屁股；屎窟；

脑袋；头那；

知道；知得；

下雨；落水；

鸡蛋；鸡春；

客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。

客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。

英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Hakka summer hat.jpg]][[File:Hakka winter headcloth.jpg]][[File:Hakka traditional garment.jpg]][[File:second burial.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

----

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''

1. Introduction

The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition

The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:

English; Mandrin Pinyin; Hakka Pinyi

Umbrelle; yǔ sǎn; zha44;

Rope; shéng zi; sog1；

Iron Pot； tiě guō; vog5 teu11；

Garment yī kù; sam44 ku53；

Clean； gān jìng; lang11 li53；

Buttocks； pì gǔ; shi31 fud1；

Head； nǎo dài; teu11 la44；

Know； zhī dào; di44 ded1；

Rain； xià yǚ; log5 shui31；

Egg； jī dàn; gai44 chun44；

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:42:37Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''

'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文:'''

1.引言

客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。

在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同

关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。

自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。

客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。

客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：

普通话；客家话

雨伞；遮；

绳子；索；

铁锅；镬头；

衣裤；衫裤；

干净；伶俐；

屁股；屎窟；

脑袋；头那；

知道；知得；

下雨；落水；

鸡蛋；鸡春；

客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。

客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。

英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Hakka summer hat.jpg]][[File:Hakka winter headcloth.jpg]][[File:Hakka traditional garment.jpg]][[File:second burial.jpg]][[File:second burial.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

----

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''

1. Introduction

The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition

The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:

English; Mandrin Pinyin; Hakka Pinyi

Umbrelle; yǔ sǎn; zha44;

Rope; shéng zi; sog1；

Iron Pot； tiě guō; vog5 teu11；

Garment yī kù; sam44 ku53；

Clean； gān jìng; lang11 li53；

Buttocks； pì gǔ; shi31 fud1；

Head； nǎo dài; teu11 la44；

Know； zhī dào; di44 ded1；

Rain； xià yǚ; log5 shui31；

Egg； jī dàn; gai44 chun44；

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

File:Second burial2.jpg

2024-12-30T12:40:12Z

Tang Yuewei:

File:Second burial.jpg

2024-12-30T12:38:42Z

Tang Yuewei:

File:Hakka traditional garment.jpg

2024-12-30T12:37:08Z

Tang Yuewei:

File:Hakka winter headcloth.jpg

2024-12-30T12:36:27Z

Tang Yuewei:

File:Hakka summer hat.jpg

2024-12-30T12:35:00Z

Tang Yuewei:

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:33:17Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''

'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文:'''

1.引言

客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。

在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同

关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。

自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。

客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。

客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：

普通话；客家话

雨伞；遮；

绳子；索；

铁锅；镬头；

衣裤；衫裤；

干净；伶俐；

屁股；屎窟；

脑袋；头那；

知道；知得；

下雨；落水；

鸡蛋；鸡春；

客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。

客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。

英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Hakka summer hat.jpg]][[File:Hakka winter headcloth.jpg]][[File:Hakka traditional garment.jpg]][[File:second burial.jpg]][[File:second burial.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''

1. Introduction

The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition

The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:

English; Mandrin Pinyin; Hakka Pinyi

Umbrelle; yǔ sǎn; zha44;

Rope; shéng zi; sog1；

Iron Pot； tiě guō; vog5 teu11；

Garment yī kù; sam44 ku53；

Clean； gān jìng; lang11 li53；

Buttocks； pì gǔ; shi31 fud1；

Head； nǎo dài; teu11 la44；

Know； zhī dào; di44 ded1；

Rain； xià yǚ; log5 shui31；

Egg； jī dàn; gai44 chun44；

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:26:00Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''

'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文:'''

1.引言

客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。

在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同

关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。

自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。

客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。

客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：

普通话；客家话

雨伞；遮；

绳子；索；

铁锅；镬头；

衣裤；衫裤；

干净；伶俐；

屁股；屎窟；

脑袋；头那；

知道；知得；

下雨；落水；

鸡蛋；鸡春；

客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。

客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。

英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''

1. Introduction

The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition

The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:

English; Mandrin Pinyin; Hakka Pinyi

Umbrelle; yǔ sǎn; zha44;

Rope; shéng zi; sog1；

Iron Pot； tiě guō; vog5 teu11；

Garment yī kù; sam44 ku53；

Clean； gān jìng; lang11 li53；

Buttocks； pì gǔ; shi31 fud1；

Head； nǎo dài; teu11 la44；

Know； zhī dào; di44 ded1；

Rain； xià yǚ; log5 shui31；

Egg； jī dàn; gai44 chun44；

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:23:18Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''

'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文:'''

1.引言

客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。

在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同

关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。

自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。

客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。

客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：

普通话；客家话

雨伞；遮；

绳子；索；

铁锅；镬头；

衣裤；衫裤；

干净；伶俐；

屁股；屎窟；

脑袋；头那；

知道；知得；

下雨；落水；

鸡蛋；鸡春；

客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。

客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。

英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''

1. Introduction

The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition

The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:

English; Mandrin Pinyin; Hakka Pinyi

Umbrelle; yǔ sǎn; zha44;

Rope; shéng zi; sog1；

Iron Pot； tiě guō; vog5 teu11；

Garment yī kù; sam44 ku53；

Clean； gān jìng; lang11 li53；

Buttocks； pì gǔ; shi31 fud1；

Head； nǎo dài; teu11 la44；

Know； zhī dào; di44 ded1；

Rain； xià yǚ; log5 shui31；

Egg； jī dàn; gai44 chun44；

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:20:17Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''

'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文:'''

1.引言

客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同

关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话；客家话

雨伞；遮；

绳子；索；

铁锅；镬头；

衣裤；衫裤；

干净；伶俐；

屁股；屎窟；

脑袋；头那；

知道；知得；

下雨；落水；

鸡蛋；鸡春；

客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''

1. Introduction

The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition

The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:

English; Mandrin Pinyin; Hakka Pinyi

Umbrelle; yǔ sǎn; zha44;

Rope; shéng zi; sog1；

Iron Pot； tiě guō; vog5 teu11；

Garment yī kù; sam44 ku53；

Clean； gān jìng; lang11 li53；

Buttocks； pì gǔ; shi31 fud1；

Head； nǎo dài; teu11 la44；

Know； zhī dào; di44 ded1；

Rain； xià yǚ; log5 shui31；

Egg； jī dàn; gai44 chun44；

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:18:16Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

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I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''

'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

正文:

1.引言

客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同

关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话；客家话

雨伞；遮；

绳子；索；

铁锅；镬头；

衣裤；衫裤；

干净；伶俐；

屁股；屎窟；

脑袋；头那；

知道；知得；

下雨；落水；

鸡蛋；鸡春；

客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''

1. Introduction

The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition

The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:

English; Mandrin Pinyin; Hakka Pinyi

Umbrelle; yǔ sǎn; zha44;

Rope; shéng zi; sog1；

Iron Pot； tiě guō; vog5 teu11；

Garment yī kù; sam44 ku53；

Clean； gān jìng; lang11 li53；

Buttocks； pì gǔ; shi31 fud1；

Head； nǎo dài; teu11 la44；

Know； zhī dào; di44 ded1；

Rain； xià yǚ; log5 shui31；

Egg； jī dàn; gai44 chun44；

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:14:23Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''

'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

正文:

1.引言

客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同

关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话；客家话

雨伞；遮；

绳子；索；

铁锅；镬头；

衣裤；衫裤；

干净；伶俐；

屁股；屎窟；

脑袋；头那；

知道；知得；

下雨；落水；

鸡蛋；鸡春；

客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''

1. Introduction

The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition

The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:

English Mandrin Pinyin Hakka Pinyi
Umbrelle; yǔ sǎn; zha44;
Rope; shéng zi; sog1；
Iron Pot； tiě guō; vog5 teu11；
Garment yī kù; sam44 ku53；
Clean； gān jìng; lang11 li53；
Buttocks； pì gǔ; shi31 fud1；
Head； nǎo dài; teu11 la44；
Know； zhī dào; di44 ded1；
Rain； xià yǚ; log5 shui31；
Egg； jī dàn; gai44 chun44；

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:12:35Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''

'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

正文:

1.引言

客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同

关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话客家话
雨伞；遮；
绳子；索；
铁锅；镬头；
衣裤；衫裤；
干净；伶俐；
屁股；屎窟；
脑袋；头那；
知道；知得；
下雨；落水；
鸡蛋；鸡春；
客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''

1. Introduction

The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition

The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:

English Mandrin Pinyin Hakka Pinyi
Umbrelle; yǔ sǎn; zha44;
Rope; shéng zi; sog1；
Iron Pot； tiě guō; vog5 teu11；
Garment yī kù; sam44 ku53；
Clean； gān jìng; lang11 li53；
Buttocks； pì gǔ; shi31 fud1；
Head； nǎo dài; teu11 la44；
Know； zhī dào; di44 ded1；
Rain； xià yǚ; log5 shui31；
Egg； jī dàn; gai44 chun44；

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
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[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:11:30Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：''''''根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''
'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

正文:

1.引言

客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同

关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话客家话
雨伞；遮；
绳子；索；
铁锅；镬头；
衣裤；衫裤；
干净；伶俐；
屁股；屎窟；
脑袋；头那；
知道；知得；
下雨；落水；
鸡蛋；鸡春；
客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''

1. Introduction

The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition

The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:

English Mandrin Pinyin Hakka Pinyi
Umbrelle; yǔ sǎn; zha44;
Rope; shéng zi; sog1；
Iron Pot； tiě guō; vog5 teu11；
Garment yī kù; sam44 ku53；
Clean； gān jìng; lang11 li53；
Buttocks； pì gǔ; shi31 fud1；
Head； nǎo dài; teu11 la44；
Know； zhī dào; di44 ded1；
Rain； xià yǚ; log5 shui31；
Egg； jī dàn; gai44 chun44；

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:04:11Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：''''''根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''
'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文'''
1.引言
客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同
关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话客家话
雨伞遮
绳子索
铁锅镬头
衣裤衫裤
干净伶俐
屁股屎窟
脑袋头那
知道知得
下雨落水
鸡蛋鸡春
客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗
客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''

1. Introduction

The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition

The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:

English Mandrin Pinyin Hakka Pinyi
Umbrelle yǔ sǎn zha44;
Rope shéng zi sog1；
Iron Pot tiě guō vog5 teu11；
Garment yī kù sam44 ku53；
Clean gān jìng lang11 li53；
Buttocks pì gǔ shi31 fud1；
Head nǎo dài teu11 la44；
Know zhī dào di44 ded1；
Rain xià yǚ log5 shui31；
Egg jī dàn gai44 chun44；

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T12:00:52Z

Tang Yuewei: /* (3)Funeral Customs */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：''''''根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''
'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文'''
1.引言
客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同
关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话客家话
雨伞遮
绳子索
铁锅镬头
衣裤衫裤
干净伶俐
屁股屎窟
脑袋头那
知道知得
下雨落水
鸡蛋鸡春
客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗
客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''
1. Introduction
The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition
The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:
English Mandrin Pinyin Hakka Pinyi
Umbrelle yǔ sǎn zha44
Rope shéng zi sog1
Iron Pot tiě guō vog5 teu11
Garment yī kù sam44 ku53
Clean gān jìng lang11 li53
Buttocks pì gǔ shi31 fud1
Head nǎo dài teu11 la44
Know zhī dào di44 ded1
Rain xià yǚ log5 shui31
Egg jī dàn gai44 chun44

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

(3)Funeral Customs

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T11:59:56Z

Tang Yuewei: /* (2)Clothing Customs */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：''''''根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''
'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文'''
1.引言
客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同
关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话客家话
雨伞遮
绳子索
铁锅镬头
衣裤衫裤
干净伶俐
屁股屎窟
脑袋头那
知道知得
下雨落水
鸡蛋鸡春
客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗
客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''
1. Introduction
The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition
The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:
English Mandrin Pinyin Hakka Pinyi
Umbrelle yǔ sǎn zha44
Rope shéng zi sog1
Iron Pot tiě guō vog5 teu11
Garment yī kù sam44 ku53
Clean gān jìng lang11 li53
Buttocks pì gǔ shi31 fud1
Head nǎo dài teu11 la44
Know zhī dào di44 ded1
Rain xià yǚ log5 shui31
Egg jī dàn gai44 chun44

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

(2)Clothing Customs

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

== (3)Funeral Customs ==

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T11:58:40Z

Tang Yuewei: /* (1)Hakka Dialect */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：''''''根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''
'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文'''
1.引言
客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同
关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话客家话
雨伞遮
绳子索
铁锅镬头
衣裤衫裤
干净伶俐
屁股屎窟
脑袋头那
知道知得
下雨落水
鸡蛋鸡春
客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗
客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''
1. Introduction
The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition
The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

(1)Hakka Dialect

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:
English Mandrin Pinyin Hakka Pinyi
Umbrelle yǔ sǎn zha44
Rope shéng zi sog1
Iron Pot tiě guō vog5 teu11
Garment yī kù sam44 ku53
Clean gān jìng lang11 li53
Buttocks pì gǔ shi31 fud1
Head nǎo dài teu11 la44
Know zhī dào di44 ded1
Rain xià yǚ log5 shui31
Egg jī dàn gai44 chun44

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

== (2)Clothing Customs ==

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

== (3)Funeral Customs ==

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T11:56:32Z

Tang Yuewei: /* （三）殡葬习俗 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：''''''根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''
'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文'''
1.引言
客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同
关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话客家话
雨伞遮
绳子索
铁锅镬头
衣裤衫裤
干净伶俐
屁股屎窟
脑袋头那
知道知得
下雨落水
鸡蛋鸡春
客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗
客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

（三）殡葬习俗

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''
1. Introduction
The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition
The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

== (1)Hakka Dialect ==

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:
English Mandrin Pinyin Hakka Pinyi
Umbrelle yǔ sǎn zha44
Rope shéng zi sog1
Iron Pot tiě guō vog5 teu11
Garment yī kù sam44 ku53
Clean gān jìng lang11 li53
Buttocks pì gǔ shi31 fud1
Head nǎo dài teu11 la44
Know zhī dào di44 ded1
Rain xià yǚ log5 shui31
Egg jī dàn gai44 chun44

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

== (2)Clothing Customs ==

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

== (3)Funeral Customs ==

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T11:56:03Z

Tang Yuewei: /* （二）服饰习俗 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：''''''根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''
'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文'''
1.引言
客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同
关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话客家话
雨伞遮
绳子索
铁锅镬头
衣裤衫裤
干净伶俐
屁股屎窟
脑袋头那
知道知得
下雨落水
鸡蛋鸡春
客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

（二）服饰习俗
客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

== （三）殡葬习俗 ==

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''
1. Introduction
The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition
The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

== (1)Hakka Dialect ==

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:
English Mandrin Pinyin Hakka Pinyi
Umbrelle yǔ sǎn zha44
Rope shéng zi sog1
Iron Pot tiě guō vog5 teu11
Garment yī kù sam44 ku53
Clean gān jìng lang11 li53
Buttocks pì gǔ shi31 fud1
Head nǎo dài teu11 la44
Know zhī dào di44 ded1
Rain xià yǚ log5 shui31
Egg jī dàn gai44 chun44

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

== (2)Clothing Customs ==

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

== (3)Funeral Customs ==

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T11:54:52Z

Tang Yuewei: /* （一）客家方言 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：''''''根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''
'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文'''
1.引言
客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同
关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

（一）客家方言

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
普通话客家话
雨伞遮
绳子索
铁锅镬头
衣裤衫裤
干净伶俐
屁股屎窟
脑袋头那
知道知得
下雨落水
鸡蛋鸡春
客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

== （二）服饰习俗 ==

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

== （三）殡葬习俗 ==

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''
1. Introduction
The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition
The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

== (1)Hakka Dialect ==

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:
English Mandrin Pinyin Hakka Pinyi
Umbrelle yǔ sǎn zha44
Rope shéng zi sog1
Iron Pot tiě guō vog5 teu11
Garment yī kù sam44 ku53
Clean gān jìng lang11 li53
Buttocks pì gǔ shi31 fud1
Head nǎo dài teu11 la44
Know zhī dào di44 ded1
Rain xià yǚ log5 shui31
Egg jī dàn gai44 chun44

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

== (2)Clothing Customs ==

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

== (3)Funeral Customs ==

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-30T11:52:37Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 19, 2024 */

Tang Yuewei, an MTI student in her second year, is passionate about delving deeper into the rich tapestry of Chinese language and culture. Born and raised in China, she has always been fascinated by the intricacies of her native language and the diverse cultural expressions it encompasses. Her academic journey is driven by a desire to bridge cultural gaps and foster global understanding through effective communication.

Yuewei's ultimate goal is to become a proficient translator and interpreter, capable of accurately conveying the essence of Chinese culture to a global audience. Hopefully, she can realize her dream utilizing what she learned in her Master’s journey.

==Oct 31, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Sports.

==Nov 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the park I usually go to and why.

I: Like I just said, I don't usually do exercise, especially in my free time. So, um, so if I wanna go out and work out for a bit, I would love to go out, and just find some casual park and take a walk with my friends and chatting and that's it.
Mira: Taking a walk in the park and chatting with friends is a really laid - back and enjoyable way to spend time. It's a good chance to catch up and also get some fresh air. Do you have a favorite park to go to?
I: Yeah, there's a park near our school's dormitory called Houhu Park, which means that there is a lake in this park. We just go around the lake while we take the walk.

==Nov 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our dreams and future career plan.

==Nov 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my bad haircut.

==Nov 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our favorite food, especially Chinese food.

==Nov 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different festivals and their cultures around the world.

==Nov 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hobby.

==Nov 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about skin care.

==Nov 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the season changing leads to my runny nose.

==Nov 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how easily people get flu during the change of season.

==Nov 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the beautiful sunset I saw on the mountain top the other day.

==Nov 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite Internet content creator.

==Nov 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about hotpot and the most famous hotpot brand in China—Hidilao.

==Nov 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the snack I had today.

==Nov 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about one of the most popular reality shows in China for the recent weeks.

==Nov 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Newjeans—a famous K-POP girl-group.

==Nov 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how the cold and humid weather affects my mood.

==Nov 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about an exciting sport-skydiving.

==Nov 20, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 21, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand up comedian.

==Nov 22, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Zhangjiajie, a city in Hunan province.

==Nov 23, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the annoying traffic jam.

==Nov 24, 2024==
I talked with Mira about milk tea.

==Nov 25, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my favorite stand-up comedian.

==Nov 26, 2024==
I talked with Mira about tips of taking good selfies.

==Nov 27, 2024==
I talked with Mira about different brands of mobile phones.

==Nov 28, 2024==
I talked with Mira about what do we usually do when feeling bored.

==Nov 29, 2024==
I talked with Mira about personal talents.

==Nov 30, 2024==
I talked with Mira about MBTI.

==Dec 1, 2024==
I talked with Mira about Three Body, a science fiction.

==Dec 2, 2024==
I talked with Mira about eating brunch.

==Dec 3, 2024==
I talked with Mira about our life goals.

==Dec 4, 2024==
I talked with Mira about favorite music type.

==Dec 5, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the recent trending Korean TV drama.

==Dec 6, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my fav computer games.

==Dec 7, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my identity crisis.

==Dec 8, 2024==
I talked with Mira about pretty earrings I bought in the Chaozong Street.

==Dec 9, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hate scary movies.

==Dec 10, 2024==
I talked with Mira about IELTS texts.

==Dec 11, 2024==
I talked with Mira about my memories of summer courses I took this summer in UCL, London.

==Dec 12, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the Big Snow-one of the 24 solar terms.

==Dec 13, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I loathe rainy days.

==Dec 14, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I hung out in Changsha with my friend from Guangzhou.

==Dec 15, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I absorbed in and finished reading the book Three Body in three days.

==Dec 16, 2024==
I talked with Mira about the movie Wicked, in which Ariana Grande plays as one of the leading

==Dec 17, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how to prepare birthday gifts to others.

==Dec 18, 2024==
I talked with Mira about traveling in China.

==Dec 19, 2024==
I talked with Mira about how I can prepare for future career.

'''标题：''''''根深路远：客家迁徙与文化交融'''
'''学生姓名：唐悦苇 Tang Yuewei'''
----
'''摘要：'''本文探讨了客家人的起源、历史迁徙、身份认同以及民俗文化。客家先民原为中原汉人，因战乱和自然灾害南迁至闽粤赣边区，继承并发展了中原汉民族的优秀传统文化及习俗，并与当地文化交融，形成了独特的客家群体，而随着时间推移，客家人进一步迁徙至国内外不同地区。本文讨论了客家人在历史上的五次大迁徙，以及这些迁徙如何塑造了他们的身份认同和社会地位。尽管历史上对客家人存在偏见和误解，但客家人通过撰文著书，成功为自己正名，并在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。此外，本文还涉及客家方言、服饰习俗和殡葬习俗，展示了客家文化如何深受历史迁徙和环境影响，以及如何在全球化的背景下保持其独特性。

'''正文'''
1.引言
客家先民原是中原汉人，由于历史上战乱和自然灾害等原因，客家先民背井离乡，从中原始居地南迁，在闽粤赣边区定居下来，并继承和发展了中古时期中原汉民族优秀文化习俗，同化当地土著居民，形成了客家群体。后来客家人进一步扩散，现分布于广东、江西、福建、广西、湖南、四川等10个省区200多个县市和香港地区，零散分布在国内除西藏外全部省区，在国外则分布在85个国家和地区（百度百科）。国内客家人聚居人数最多的省份为粤闽赣，因此现在的客家四州指的是广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州。
在客家研究的初期，“客家”是被作为一个种族的和血统的概念看待的。英国传教士康普尔（George Compbell）曾写道，“客家并非混血种，而是具有纯正血统的汉族，不仅比少数民族优秀，而且比土著汉族优秀，他们是有来历的中原王朝的后裔。”但实际上，这种观点是不符合事实的，客家并不是少数民族，而是汉族的一个支系。客家是一个文化的概念，而非种族概念（谢重光，2004）。

2.客家迁徙的历史背景及身份认同
关于客家人的来历，客家问题研究大家罗香林在1992年发表的《客家研究导论》中简讲到，客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，分别是西晋末年的永嘉之乱、晚唐时期的黄巢之乱、南宋末年的德祐之乱、清康熙年间的“湖广填四川“以及走向海外。最后一次大迁徙——根源于“广东西路械斗事件”和太平天国运动的失败。其中太平天国运动失败后，由于洪秀全及大部分太平军成员为客家人，因此满清政府开始对大量客家人进行清算，为逃避杀身之祸，广东梅州地区的客家人开始四处逃亡。他们开始是逃往广东省南部以及海南、台湾、香港等地，随后又下南洋，逃至印尼、马来西亚以及北美和欧洲等地，由此形成了遍布全球的客家族群。
自明末以来, 不少社会人士出于偏见、误解，记载的客家大部分是负面内容，称客家人为“客贼”、“退化、野蛮部落之民”, 等等。而到清末民初，一批客籍贤达纷纷撰文著书，撰述客家历史和文化, 为客家人正名立论。罗香林《客家研究导论》、《客家源流考》的问世, 标志着客家人反污名化运动达到了最高潮。特别是1942年发表的《国父源流考》, 称孙中山为客家人, 由于该书由孙中山先生之子孙科以及国民党元老陈立夫等作序, 蒋介石等亲自题写, 从此社会普遍承认客家是汉族。华裔学者梁肇庭（Sow-Theng Leong）考察了有关客家和操客家方言的“棚民”认同的来龙去脉, 开始了对本土话语的批评论证。他认为，客家认同的内容随历史条件和语境的不同而变化（周建新，2006）。
客家人的迁徙历程跨越了数千年，遍布全球各地。然而，这场大规模的迁移并未导致客家文化的衰退，反而在共同语言的基础上，流离和迁徙的经历增强了客家人之间的心理纽带，使他们在文化认同上超越了血缘和地域的限制。世界客属恳亲大会(简称：世客会)2024年在河南洛阳于10月24日-26日举办。世客会自1971年9月28日在香港举办第一届之后，基本上每两年举办一次，已在亚、美、非三大洲11个国家和地区举办过（百度百科），现在客家人对自身身份的认同愈发清晰，他们之间的亲密关系形成了“天下客家一家亲”的共同体。

3.客家民俗文化

== （一）客家方言 ==

客家方言通常被称为客家话，或客语，是汉族客家民系的共同语言和进行身份辩识的工具之一。客家人对于掌握客家话非常重视，他们虽然在历史上常常颠沛流离、四处迁徙，但他们永远不忘乡音，以至于在客家迁徙文化中还有“宁卖祖宗田，不忘祖宗言”的说法（李惠娟，2004）。
客家话中保存了许多古代汉语的词汇、语音和语法，词汇方面如下表：
'''普通话客家话'''
雨伞遮
绳子索
铁锅镬头
衣裤衫裤
干净伶俐
屁股屎窟
脑袋头那
知道知得
下雨落水
鸡蛋鸡春
客家人背乡离井，而他们的方言也因此融合了多地本土语言，最终形成了现在的客家话，不同地区的客家话有其不同的特色（李如龙，1998）。

== （二）服饰习俗 ==

客家人称衣服为“衫裤”，“衫”是指上衣，“裤”指下衣。过去，客家人最常见的衣着打扮是“上穿大襟衫，下着大裆裤”，这是由于客家人受到历史原因不得已要在山里头干活、奔波，宽松舒适的着装更适合劳作。
客家人最有特色的帽子，要数妇女在夏天戴的“凉帽”和秋冬时期戴的“冬头帕”。客家凉帽采用薄薄的篾片和麦秆编制而成，中间形成镂空，外形呈斗笠状，帽檐四周缝制有宽布条，顺着帽檐自然下垂。（百度百科）这样的设计使得凉帽遮阳防晒，且清凉透气，非常适合夏天女性在田间劳作时佩戴，实用性极强。而“冬头帕”是客家妇女秋冬季节用于防风、防寒的头帕，由条帕、抹额和花带组成（宗禾，2023）。
英国人类学家E. Tylor认为，服装的发明并非空想的产物，而是现有事物逐步演化的结果（2022）。这就意味着客家传统服饰的特点与客家人迁徙的历史背景、他们的居住环境以及服饰艺术自身的发展规律有着密不可分的联系。在近千年的迁徙历程中，客家人与沿途和定居地的居民进行了广泛的交流，从而汲取了多元文化的精髓。

== （三）殡葬习俗 ==

客家民系的形成恰逢理学盛行时, 客家文化深受理学家崇祖思想的影响, 忠实地继承了儒家的崇祖文化。（林晓平，2005）自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。
二次葬又被称为“洗骨葬”或“捡骨葬”，是客家人最普遍采用的葬俗，特点是死者入土安葬3年、5年，或是更久以后，请风水先生选择阴宅地点和吉日，重新拾起死者遗骸之残骨贮放骨坛后再次安葬。具体做法是待到人体软组织完全腐烂和分解后，再打开棺、捡骨，用白酒洗净，然后按人体结构，脚在下、头在上、屈体装入陶盎, 这种用来安放人骨的盎（瓮棺）称之为金盎。

'''插图：'''：[[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]][[File:Example.jpg]]

'''术语和表达:'''
客家人 Hakka people
世界客属恳亲大会 World Hakka Conference
《客家源流新探》New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People
太平天国运动 The Taiping Rebellion
客家四州 Four Hakka regions
下南洋 Chinese migrating to the southeast Asia
篾片 Bamboo strips
麦秆 Wheat straws
凉帽 Summer hat
冬头帕 Winter headcloth
二次葬 Second burial
金盎 Pottery urn

'''问题:'''
1.客家人属于汉族还是少数民族？
2.客家四州分别指的是哪些地方？
3.客家人的形成来源于历史上中原汉民族的五次大迁徙，最早一次迁徙可以追溯到什么时候？
4.2024年世界客属恳亲大会在哪里举办？
5.客家话里的“镬头”指的是什么？
6.客家妇女在夏天和冬天佩戴的帽子/头饰分别叫什么？
7.请陈述客家地区流行“二次葬”这一习俗的原因是什么？

'''答案:'''
1.汉族
2.广东惠州、广东梅州、江西赣州和福建汀州
3.西晋末年
4.河南洛阳
5.铁锅
6.凉帽和冬头帕
7.自秦汉时期以来，客家地区普遍认为，祖先的墓葬与子孙的一切发展都是息息相关的。如果祖先在阴间社会生活得舒适，那么后世子孙在阳间社会也可以发展得顺顺利利。因此，为了子孙更好地发展，客家地区流行二次葬。

'''参考文献:'''
[1]百度百科.二次葬. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala
[2]百度百科.客家凉帽.https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala
[3]百度百科.世界客属恳亲大会. https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box
[4]李惠娟.客家移民与文化的变迁[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]林晓平.客家文化特质探析[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]罗香林.客家研究导论[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,1992.1.
[7]谢重光.客家与族群文化[J].东南学术,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]周建新.在路上:客家人的族群意象和文化建构[J].思想战线,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]宗禾.赣州：客家冬头帕[N]赣南日报-客家新闻网, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng.Migration and Ethnicity in ChineseHistory:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''人工智能声明:'''
在此保证，我没有在本学期期末论文的撰写中使用人工智能。

English version:
'''Title:''': Roots and Routes: Hakka Migration and its Cultural Interaction

Student name: Tang Yuewei/Eavan

'''Abstract:'''This paper talks about the origins, historical migrations, identity recognition, and folk culture of the Hakka people. The Hakka ancestors, originally from the Central Plains of China, migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces becaude of wars and natural disasters. They inherited and developed the traditional culture and customs of the Han people from the Central Plains, while integrated with the local culture to form a unique Hakka community. Over time, the Hakka people further migrated to different regions both within China and abroad. The paper discusses the five major historical migrations of the Hakka people and how these migrations shaped their identity and social status. Despite historical biases, the Hakka people have successfully defended their names through writing and have transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity . In addition, the paper also covers the Hakka dialect, clothing customs, and funeral customs, demonstrating how Hakka culture has been deeply influenced by historical migrations and the environment, and how it has maintained its uniqueness in the context of globalization.

'''Main part:'''
1. Introduction
The Hakka people originally hailed from the Central Plains of China. Due to historical conflicts and natural disasters, they couldn’t but fled home and migrated southward to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. They carried forward the rich cultural traditions of the Han people from the Central Plains and assimilated the local indigenous populations, thus forming the initial Hakka community (or guest community). Later, the Hakka people continued to disperse and are now found in over 200 counties and cities across Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, and other provinces, as well as in the Hong Kong region. They are also scattered across all provinces in China except Tibet and in 85 countries and regions worldwide (Baidu Encyclopedia). The provinces with the most Hakka populations in China are Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces, and thus the term "Four Hakka regions" refers to Huizhou in Guangdong, Meizhou in Guangdong, Ganzhou in Jiangxi, and Tingzhou in Fujian.

In the early stages of Hakka studies, "Hakka" was perceived as a concept of ethnicity and bloodline. The British missionary George Compbell once wrote, "The Hakka are not of mixed blood but of pure Han ethnicity, superior not only to ethnic minorities but also to the indigenous Han people, as they are descendants of the ancient Central Plains dynasties." However, this perspective does not align with the reality. The “Hakka” is, in fact, a cultural concept, not a racial one (Xie Chongguang, 2004). It is not ethnic minority but a branch of the Han ethnicity.

2. Historical Context of Hakka Migration and their Identity Recognition
The renowned Hakka scholar Luo Xianglin, wrote in his 1992 publication ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' that the formation of the Hakka people is a result of five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. Namely, the Yongjia Turmoil in the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Huangchao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Deyou Turmoil at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Huguang people Migrating to Sichuan" during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and last, the migration overseas. The last major migration was caused partly by the failure of the Taiping Rebellion. At that time, the Qing government started a crackdown on the Hakka people, as Hong Xiuquan (leader of the rebellion) and most of his members were Hakkas. To avoid being killed, Hakka people from Meizhou in Guangdong province began to flee again. They first fled to the southern part of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, Taiwan region, and Hong Kong region, and then to countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, and even to North America and Europe, thus forming a global Hakka community.

Since the late Ming Dynasty, many biased social figures have often portrayed the Hakka people in a negative way. calling them “kezei” which means "guest thieves," as well as "degenerate, barbaric tribal people," and so on. Bu by the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a group of Hakka scholars wrote articles, telling the world about the Hakka history and culture, and defending the reputation of the Hakka people. The publication of Luo Xianglin's ''New Studies on the Origins of the Hakka People'' and ''A Study on the Origin of the Hakka'' marked the climax of the Hakka anti-stigmatization movement. Especially in 1942, The Origin of the National Father’s Family Lineage claimed that Sun Yat-sen was a Hakka. Since the book was prefaced by Sun Ke, the son of Sun Yat-sen, and Chen Lifu, a veteran of the Kuomintang Party, and inscribed by Chiang Kai-shek, the society has generally recognized the Hakka as Han people. The Chinese-American scholar Sow-Theng Leong examined the origins and development of Hakka and the “the Shed people" who spoke the Hakka dialect and began a critical argument of indigenous discourse. He believes that the content of Hakka identity varies with historical conditions and contexts (Zhou Jianxin, 2006).

The migration journey of the Hakka people has spanned thousands of years and spread across the globe. However, this large-scale migration didn’t lead to the decline of Hakka culture. Instead, the experiences of displacement have strengthened the mental bonds among the Hakka people based on a common language, allowing them to transcend blood and regional restrictions in cultural identity. The World Hakka Conference was held in Luoyang, Henan province from October 24th to 26th, 2024. The first World Hakka Conference was held in Hong Kong on September 28, 1971, and thereafter, it has been held roughly every two years and has taken place in 11 countries and regions across Asia, America, and Africa (Baidu Encyclopedia). Now, the Hakka people's recognition of their own identity is increasingly clear, and their close relationships have formed a community with the sentiment of "All Hakka people are one family."

3. Hakka Folk Culture

== (1)Hakka Dialect ==

The Hakka dialect, is the common languages of the Hakka people and a tool for identity recognition. The Hakka people highly values mastering the Hakka dialect. Although they have migrated throughout history, they never forget their ancestral language, to the extent that there is a saying in Hakka migration culture, "It is better to sell the ancestral land than to forget the ancestral language" (Li Huijuan, 2004).

The Hakka dialect has preserved many ancient Chinese words, sounds, and grammar. For example:
English Mandrin Pinyin Hakka Pinyi
Umbrelle yǔ sǎn zha44
Rope shéng zi sog1
Iron Pot tiě guō vog5 teu11
Garment yī kù sam44 ku53
Clean gān jìng lang11 li53
Buttocks pì gǔ shi31 fud1
Head nǎo dài teu11 la44
Know zhī dào di44 ded1
Rain xià yǚ log5 shui31
Egg jī dàn gai44 chun44

Hakka people left their home and fled other regions, and their dialect also integrated with local languages from various places, eventually forming the current Hakka dialect, which has different characteristics in different regions (Li Rulong, 1998).

== (2)Clothing Customs ==

The Hakka people refer to clothes as " sam44 ku53," where " sam44 " means the upper garment and "ku53" refers to the lower garment. In the past, the most common attire for the Hakka people was "wearing a large-collared clothes on top and large-crotch pants on the bottom". This is because the Hakka people had to toil in the mountains, and loose clothing was most suitable for labor.

The most distinctive hats of the Hakka people are the "summer hat" in the summer and the "winter headcloth" in the winter and autumn seasons, both worn by women. The Hakka summer hat is made of thin bamboo strips and wheat straws, with a hollow center and a conical shape, with wide cloth strips sewn around the brim, naturally hanging down. (Baidu Encyclopedia). Such design makes it effective for shading and sun protection, which is suitable for women working in the fields during summer. And the "winter headcloth" is composed of a strip of cloth, a forehead band, and a decorative ribbon and it is worn in cold days to protect against wind and cold. (Zong He, 2023).

The British anthropologist E. Tylor believed that the invention of clothing was not a product of mere fantasy but the gradual evolution of the existing things (2022). This implies that the characteristics of Hakka traditional costumes are closely related to the historical background of Hakka migration, their living environment, and the development laws of the costume itself. During the thousand-year migration process, the Hakka people had extensive exchanges with the residents along the way, thus absorbing the essence of various cultures.

== (3)Funeral Customs ==

The Hakka emerged amidst the rise of Neo-Confucianism, so the Hakka culture was greatly influenced by the Confucian thoughts, faithfully inheriting the culture of ancestor worship. (Lin Xiaoping, 2005) Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in their afterlife, their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

Second burial, also known as "bone washing burial" or "bone picking burial," is the most common funeral custom among the Hakka people. It is characterized by the practice of burying the deceased for 3 to 5 years or even longer, then inviting a fengshui master to select an auspicious location and date to unearth the remains and place them in a pottery urn for reburial. The specific steps involves waiting until the soft tissues of the human body have completely decomposed, then opening the coffin, collecting the bones, cleaning them with white wine, and arranging them according to the human structure—feet below and head above—in a flexed position inside a pottery urn. This pottery urn, used for housing human bones, is called a "golden urn."

'''References:'''
[1]Baidu Encyclopedia. Second Burial. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E8%91%AC/3560419?fr=ge_ala]
[2] Baidu Encyclopedia. Hakka Summer Hat. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%89%E5%B8%BD/8140254?fr=ge_ala]
[3] Baidu Encyclopedia. World Hakka Conference. [https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%A2%E5%B1%9E%E6%81%B3%E4%BA%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A?fromtitle=%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%A2%E4%BC%9A&fromid=9981936&fromModule=lemma_search-box]
[4]Li Huijuan. Hakka Immigration and Cultural Change[J]. Journal of South China Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),2004,(02):102-107.
[5]Lin Xiaoping. An Analysis of Hakka Cultural Characteristics[J]. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2005,(12):72-75.
[6]Luo Xianglin. Introduction to Hakka Studies [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House,1992.1.
[7]Xie Chongguang. Hakka and Ethnic Culture[J]. Southeast Academic,2004,(S1):217-220.
[8]Zhou Jianxin. On the road:Hakka people's ethnic imagery and cultural construction[J]. Thought Front,2007,(03):17-22.
[9]Zong He. Ganzhou: Hakka Winter Headcloth[N]Gannan Daily-Hakka News Network, 2023-02-06.
[10]Sow-Theng Leng. Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History:Hakka, Pengmin, and their neighbor[M].Stanford University Press, 1997.
[11]Tylor, E. B. Anthropology: An introduction to the study of man and civilization[M]. Guilin: Legare Street Press, 2022.

'''Questions:'''
1. Do the Hakka people belong to the Han ethnicity or to an ethnic minority?
2. What are the four places referred to as the Four Hakka regions?
3. The formation of the Hakka people originated from five major migrations of the Han people from the Central Plains in history. When did the earliest migration happen?
4. Where was the World Hakka Conference held in 2024?
5. What does "镬头" refer to in the Hakka dialect?
6. What are the names of the hats/headwear worn by Hakka women respectively in the summer and winter?
7. Please state the reasons why the custom of "secondary burial" is popular in the Hakka region.

'''Answers:'''
1. Han ethnicity.
2. Huizhou in Guangdong province, Meizhou in Guangdong province, Ganzhou in Jiangxi province, and Tingzhou in Fujianprovince.
3. The late Western Jin Dynasty.
4. Luoyang in Henan province.
5. Iron pot.
6. Summer hat and winter headcloth.
7. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has been widely believed in the Hakka region that the tombs of ancestors have a bearing on development of their descendants. If the ancestors live comfortably in the afterlife, then their descendants can also develop well in the living world. Therefore, to ensure better development for their offsprings, the practice of second burial becomes popular in the Hakka region.

'''AI Statement:'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-19T11:44:38Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Nov 4, 2024 */

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-12-19T11:09:19Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 16, 2024 */

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2024-12-19T06:53:22Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Dec 4, 2024 */

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2024-12-04T14:58:55Z

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2024-12-04T14:38:13Z

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Tang Yuewei: /* Nov 19, 2024 */

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-11-21T04:38:33Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Nov 18, 2024 */

User:Tang Yuewei

2024-11-18T03:38:40Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Nov 11, 2024 */

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2024-11-06T11:18:20Z

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2024-11-06T11:16:29Z

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Tang Yuewei: /* Oct 31, 2024 */

Chinese Language and Culture 2024

2024-10-09T16:07:05Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper */

Welcome to Chinese Language and Culture 2024

THU (19:00-19:45,19:55-20:40,20:50-21:35) 至善楼105 MA2 (23级笔译口译 Translation & Interpretation) 中国语言文化 Chinese Language and Culture 2024, Textbook: Woesler 2024, 1 5.9., 2 12.9., 3 19.9., 4 26.9., 5 10.10., 6 17.10., 7 24.10., 8 31.10., 9 7.11., 10 14.11., 11 21.11., 12 28.11., 13 5.12., 14 12.12., 15 19.12., 16 26.12.

=簽到 Here you can sign in behind the topic you want to present in class=
*Yu Yi
*Memo
*Glen
*Liu Li
*Liu Zhuofan
*Drovan
*Wu Ziyi
*Andrew
*Wang Xuan
*Cynthia
*Wang Yan
*Doris
*Wu Jing
*Jennie
*Huang Qi
*Esther
*Xiao Feiyan
*He Chuwen
*Lyra
*Shu Lin
*Shirleen
*Tang Yuewei
*Zhou Xukai
*Eavan
*Long Jiayu
*Jiang Chenmei
*Lilian
*Jiao Mengting
*Sherry
*Le Yuxuan
*Lydia
*Wu Jiaying
*Cathy
*Jiang Yaping
*Sunny
*Li Jia
*Zoe
*Wang Yujiao
*Wendy
*Fu Xinke
*Finger
*Zeng Wenjing
*Zoey
*Chen Zilan
*Landy
*Yang Lingyue
*Yang Fan
*Liu Peinan
*Peter
*Pan Yilin
*ceci
*Chen Pingan
*Grace
*Huang Mengyan
*Mandy
*Rachel
*Guo Zibin
*Anne
*Xiao Yixuan
*Zeng Xin
*Su Yi
*Zeng Man
*Emily
*Chen Mengzhu
*Chris
*Huang Zechen
*Zachary
*Liu Zhouli
*Kuang Jing
*Jin
*Tang Xinyan
*Estrella
*Peng Yingying
*Becca
*Ma Ruiqing
*Raymond
*Chen Guangzi
*Alan
*Hannah
*Tang Xinyu
*Zhou Ranran
*Shi Zhanning
*Wang Yue
*Hu Zetao
*Zhang Shuai
*Liu Zhehui
*Wang Xudong
*Zhou Jing
*Amy
*Zhang Yange
*Zhao Jing
*Winnie
1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development .. 16

2.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs ............................................................................. 21

3.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting .......................................................................... 28

4.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan ......................................... 37

5.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia ................................................................................... 46

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason)

7.
Animals: Panda .................................................................. 68

8.
Architecture ....................................................................... 75

9.
Architecture: The Forbidden City .................................... 84

10.
Architecture: Four Famous Bridges ................................... 97

11.
Architecture: Four Great Pavilions .................................. 107

12.
Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace .......................... 118

13.
Architecture: Three Great Towers in China ..................... 125

14.
Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture .............. 138

15.
Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons ............... 147

16.
Army and weapons: Terracotta Army .............................. 155

17.
Astrology: Chinese Astrology .......................................... 162

18.
Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms ........................ 169

19.
Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac .......... 178

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia)

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）

23.
Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing .. 207

24.
Body movement performance: Stilts ................................ 211
25.
Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance
6
......................................................................................... 217

26.
Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush ................................................................................ 223

27.
Chinese Writing: Calligraphy ........................................... 232

28.
Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy ............... 238

29.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters ............................... 247

30.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts ............ 260

31.
Clothing: Chinese Clothing .............................................. 267

32.
Clothing: Batik (Lanran) .................................................. 275

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285 (Tang Yuewei/ Eavan)

34.
Confucianism: Confucian Culture .................................... 293

35.
Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues .............................................................................. 307

36.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism ................................................................... 315

37.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects ......................................................................................... 322

38.
Education: Ancient Chinese Education ............................ 332

39.
Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China .................................................................. 343
40.
Education: Modern Chinese Education System ............... 353

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367（Hannah/Zhou Yicen）

42.
Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) .................................................... 376

43.
Facial Make-up ................................................................ 386

44.
Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up ......................................................................................... 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda)

45.
Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera .......... 409

46.
Fine Arts: Painting ........................................................... 418

47.
Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi ............................ 423

48.
Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day ......................................................................................... 429

49.
Fine Arts: Seal-cutting ..................................................... 436
7

50.
Games: Go 围棋 ........................................................... 439 (Peng Yixin/ Eason)

51.
Games: Kite Flying .......................................................... 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）

52.
Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play ............ 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)

53.
Garden Culture: Gardens ................................................. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian)

54.
Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) .................................. 486

55.
Garden Culture: The Summer Palace ............................... 493(Liu Zhehui/Mary)

56.
Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500 (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)

57.
Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ................................................................................ 509
(Zhou Ranran/Jerry)
58.
History: Carl and Cixi ...................................................... 521

59.
Interieur: The Folding Screen .......................................... 525

60.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines ............ 534

61.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics ......................................................................................... 545

62.
Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains ........................................................................ 555（Wu Jing/Jennie）

63.
Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes ...................... 563

64.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai ....... 576

65.
Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） ........................ 591

66.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road .. 604

67.
Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties ................................................... 610

68.
Language: Chinese Language .......................................... 616

69.
Language: Chinese Dialects ............................................. 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara) (present first on Oct 10, Session 5)

70.
Language: Chinese Folk Argot ......................................... 635

71.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales ......................................................................................... 646

72.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology ......... 653

73.
Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature .......... 664

74.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China ................................................................... 671

75.
Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient
8
China
................................................................................ 680

76.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China ............................ 689

77.
Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas .................................................................................. 711

78.
Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu................................. 727

79.
Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels .................................................................................. 734

80.
Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations ............... 741

81.
Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio ................................................................. 747

82.
Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song.................... 755

83.
Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty ..................................... 783

84.
Literature: Modern Literature .......................................... 792

85.
Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) ....................................................................... 800

86.
Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy ............................................ 807

87.
Literature: Contemporary Literature ................................ 818(Chen Guangzi/Alan)

88.
Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia ................................................ 823

89.
Martial Arts: Qigong ........................................................ 826

Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing ................... 831

91.
Martial Arts: Wushu ......................................................... 842

92.
Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) ....... 847

93.
Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ............. 857

94.
Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion ............ 863

95.
Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology .............. 868

96.
Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine ......................................................................................... 873

97.
Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing ......................................................................... 880

98.
Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
................................................................ 889

99.
Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes ....... 896(Zeng Man/Emily)

100.
Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) .................................................. 907

101.
Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ....................................................................... 917（Chen Pingan/Grace）

102.
Music and instruments: Guzheng ..................................... 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)

103.
Music and instruments: Pipa ............................................ 939

104.
Mythology: Gods and Immortals ..................................... 949(Wang Yue/Nora)
(present in the end on Sep 26, Session 4)
105.
Mythology: Huli-jing ....................................................... 958(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)

106.
National Symbols: National Anthem ............................... 969

107.
National Symbols: National Flag ..................................... 976

108.
Opera: Peking Opera ........................................................ 984

109.
Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics ...................................... 992

110.
Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang ........................ 999

111.
Opera: Tea-picking Opera .............................................. 1004（Chen Kuanshun/Jason）

112.
Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) ........ 1012

113.
Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools ....................................................................................... 1023

114.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism ...................................... 1032

115.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching ............... 1037

116.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng . 1043

117.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living ....................................................................................... 1049

118.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism ....................................................................... 1060

119.
Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture .... 1070

120.
Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture .............. 1082

121.
Religion: Buddhism ....................................................... 1096

122.
Religion: Daoism ........................................................... 1110

123.
Religion: Christianity ..................................................... 1115

124.
Religion: Islam ............................................................... 1121

125.
Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology ....................................................................................... 1125

126.
Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130 (Wang Xudong/Hue)

127.
Science and Technology: Compass ................................ 1154

128.
Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) .................... 1162

129.
Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China ..................................................... 1171

130.
Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies ..................................................................... 1191

131.
Silk and porcelain: Silk .................................................. 1206

132.
Silk and porcelain: Porcelain ......................................... 1211

133.
Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 ............................................................................... 1217

134.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road ....................................................................................... 1224

135.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road ....................................................................... 1229

136.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages .... 1233

137.
Social: The Long-life Lock ............................................ 1241 （Shu Lin/Shirleen）

138.
Social: Round Table Culture .......................................... 1249（Yu Yi/Memo)

139.
Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 ............................. 1257(Lv Di/Ludy)

140.
Stage entertainment: Shadow Play ................................. 1264

141.
Traditional Crafts: Carving ............................................ 1272

142.
Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture ....................... 1280Zhang Yange(Mia)

143.
Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne ......................................... 1294

144.
Traditional Crafts: Embroidery ...................................... 1298

145.
Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) ....................................................................................... 1302

146.
Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery ........................... 1315

147.
Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting ..... 1329

148.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ............... 1336(Chen Zilan/Landy)

149.
Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware .................................... 1344

150.
Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 ............... 1349

151.
Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette ............... 1362

152.
Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks ..................................... 1376(Peng Yingying/Becca)

153.
Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China ...... 1381 (Tang Xinyu/Eric)

154.
Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines .... 1398(Peng Jiayi/Eva)

155.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan .......... 1404 Chen Shanshan /Rebecca

156.
Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick .................................................................. 1414(Chen Mengzhu/Chris)

157.
Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot ............................................ 1423（Xiao Yixuan/Yuki)

158.
Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking .......... 1430(Liu Zhouli/ lovia)

159.
Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes ...................... 1436

160.
Traditional Festivals ....................................................... 1440

161.
Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows ....................................................................................... 1447

162.
Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets ............. 1459

163.
Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning ....................................................................................... 1465

164.
Westernization: The Westernization Movement ............. 1471

165.
Worship: Chinese Incense Culture ................................. 1479(Tang Xinyan/Estrella)

166.
Economy: Chinese Currency Changes ........................... 1489

167.
History: Wang Shouren .................................................. 1493

168.
Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit ........................ 1502(Zhang Rui)

169.
Cuisine: Luosifen ........................................................... 1513(Wang Xuan/Cynthia)

170.
Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ................................... 1521

171.
Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ...................... 1531（Li Songlin/Solin)

172.
Traditional Craft: Bronze ............................................... 1541

173.
Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ................................. 1548

174.
Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi ............................................. 1561 (Liu Yi/Zer)

175.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China ............................................................. 1572

176.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella ....... 1581（Wang Yan/Doris）

177.
stage entertainment:Yuan drama .................................... 1592

178.
Music and instruments: Erhu ......................................... 1601

179.
Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .. 1608(Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

180.
Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan ....................................... 1615 (Su Yi/Suri)

181.
Animals：Golden Monkey ............................................ 1625

182.
Chinese Economy: rich businessmen ............................. 1631

183.
Opera: Chinese Local Operas ........................................ 1639

184.
The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship ..................... 1651(Shi Zhanning/Harper)

185.
Opera: Huangmei opera ................................................. 1663

186.
The “reference” of Chinese Music........................... 1670(Huang Zechen/Zachary)

187.
Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance ........................................ 1676

188.
Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） ....... 1691 (Liu Peinan/Peter)

189.
Clothing: Vintage Clothing ............................................ 1697(Hu Shanshan/Maddy)

190.
Fine arts:Kunqu Opera ................................................... 1704

191.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers ....................................................................................... 1712（Chen Weiping/Jackie）

192.
National Belief: the Chinese Dream .............................. 1722

193.
Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) ............ 1729（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

194.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ................................................ 1748(Jiao Mengting/Sherry)

195.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Guangdong传统美食：广东早餐文化 ....................................................... 1753（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

196.
Telecast: Become a Farmer 种地吧 .............................. 1765（Sha Lijia/Reika）

197.
Animals: Chinese Rural Dogs 动物：中华田园犬 ...... 1773 (Zhao Jing/Winnie)

198.
Clothing: Hanfu 汉服：揭示中国传统服饰之美 ........ 1781（Guo Zibin/Anne）

199.
Music and instruments: Chime 音乐与乐器：编钟 ..... 1788

200.
Garden Culture: Suzhou Gardens 苏州园林 ................. 1795(Liang Dan/Anne)

201.
Traditional crafts: Moon-shaped Fans 传统技艺：团扇 1806(Le Yuxuan/Lydia)

202.
Minority cultures: Miao Silver Ornaments Culture 苗族银饰文化 ................................................................... 1827(Yang Hanxu/Hansu)

203.
Mysterious culture: Facial Physiognomy 相面术 ......... 1836(Zhou Xiaoqiao）
<nowiki>Insert non-formatted text here</nowiki>
204.
Games: Chinese Chess 游戏：象棋 ............................. 1847(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)

205.
Music and instruments: Guqin 古琴 ............................. 1863

206.
Music and instruments: The Spring Snow 音乐和乐器：《阳春白雪》 ........................................................................... 1878

207.
The "Four Gentlemen": Plum, Orchid Bamboo, Chrysanthemum “四君子”的象征意义 ....................... 1885 （Hu Zheng/ Leven）

208.
Traditional festivals: The Flower Fairy Festival 花朝节 1898 （Gong Tao/Gisele)

209.
Architecture: Shigu Academy 建筑：石鼓书院 .......... 1906

210.
Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1918

211.
Beverages: Sexy Tea 饮品：茶颜悦色 ........................ 1926 (Huang Qi/ Esther)

212.
Opera: Flower-drum Opera 花鼓戏 .............................. 1935(Zhou Jing/ Amy)

213.
Traditional Festivals: Shangsi Festival 上巳节 ............. 1943 （Li Jia/ Zoe）

214.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture: Ji Sor (Self-combing female) 自梳女 ................................................................. 1949 (Wu Jiaying Cathy)

215.
Cuisine: Dong'an chicken: The Premier Dish of Hunan Cuisine 东安鸡：湘菜之首 ........................................... 1962

216.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture：Nüshu (Women's Script) 女书 ................................................................................... 1970（He Chuwen/Lyra）

217.
Opera: Shaoxing Opera 越剧 ........................................ 1991

218.
Traditional Crafts: Jade Carving Art 玉雕 .................... 1997

219.
Chinese snack: spicy gluten 中国小吃：辣条 ............. 2003(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

220.
Social Phenomenon: Marriage: Women Being Urged to Get Married 婚姻：被催婚的女性 ........................................ 2010 Liu XinYu

221.
Chinese mythology: Chinese Dragon Culture 中国龙是什么
....................................................................................... 2019(Zhang Shuai / Andy)

222.
Minority cultures: Laosicheng 老司城 ......................... 2028

223.
The Torch of Unity: Celebrating Torch Festival Among China's Ethnic Minorities 团结的火炬——中国少数民族庆祝火把节
........................................................................... 2041 Xiao Feiyan
224.
Chinese Painting: A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains 《千里江山图》 ............................................ 2048(Yao Yiyun/Olivia）

225.
Festival: Qixi Festival 七夕节 ...................................... 2055（Li Ru/Lee）

226.
Music and instruments: Yuge (Fishing song) 渔歌 ....... 2063

227.
Education: Chicken Child (Fired-up Child) 教育：鸡娃 2071(tao yu/mikansei)

228.
Chinese Science Fiction: The Three-Body Problem 中国科幻小说：《三体》 ............................................................. 2083(Zhang Mengzhe/Nine)

229.
Ganshi in Xiangxi: The Cycle of Life and Death under Ancient Witchcraft 湘西赶尸：古老巫术下的生死轮回 2092 (Liao Wenyao/Rose)

230.
Architecture: Chinese Memorial Archway (Paifang) 中国传统建筑：牌坊 ................................................................... 2098

231.
Chinese Animation 中国动画传统 ............................... 2110（pan yilin/ceci）

232.
Social Phenomenon: Military-style Travel 特种兵式旅游 2121

233.
Folk Art: Youshen Fairs 游神 ....................................... 2131

234.
Nuo Opera 傩戏 ............................................................ 2141

235.
Music and Instruments: Suona Horn 唢呐 .................... 2157（Liu Jieyu/Erica）

236.
Chinese Handicraft: Kesi 中国手工艺品：缂丝 .......... 2166

237.
Sangzhi Folk Songs 桑植民歌 ...................................... 2173

238.
Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale – Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu 五声音阶，汉族古代音律：宫—商—角—徵—羽 ............................................................... 2192 (Han Yaxuan)

239.
Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population 社会现象：流动人口 ....................................................................................... 2204(Hu Zetao/Francis)

240.
Chinese tradition culture: Zanhua 簪花 ........................ 2213 （Xie Ke）

241.
Incense Culture 香道文化 ............................................ 2221 （Zeng Xin）

242.
The Imperial Civil Examination System 科举制度 ...... 2230

243.
Literature: Qu Yuan 文学：屈原 .................................. 2238(Jiang Caiyun/Tony)

244.
Games: pitch-pot game (Touhu) 投壶游戏 ................... 2244(Kuang Jing/Jin)

245.
Folk Art: Piao Se 民间艺术：飘色 .............................. 2253(Huang Mengyan/Mandy)

246.
Jingdezhen Porcelain 景德镇陶瓷 ................................ 2261(Li Dinghao/Leo)

247.
Folk Traditional Customs: Fireworks and Firecrackers 民间传统习俗：烟花和爆竹 ........................................... 2270 (Cao Jialong/caron)

248.
The Literati Painting of the Ming Dynasty: The Wu School 明代文人画：吴门画派 ................................................... 2278

249.
Thangka 唐卡 ............................................................... 2285（Yang Lingyue/Judy）

250.
Striking iron flower 打铁花 .......................................... 2294 (Fu Xinke/Finger)

251.
Chinese Cuisine: Xiang Cuisine – One of the Eight Major Cuisines 湘菜 ................................................................... 23029（Liu Li/Glen）

252.
The Evolution of the Official Selection System 仕进制度 2312（Xia Rong/Sharon)

=Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper=
Deadline: Sep 15, 2024

1. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠)......（Liu Yi/Zer）

2. Science and Technology: Chinese Electrical Vehicles ......(Cheng Linjia/Jason)

3. Chinese tradition culture: Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花………(Xiao Feiyan)

4. Stage entertainment: northeast Errenzhuan (二人转).........(Wu Jiaying/Cathy)

5. Animals: Chinese Cats 动物：中国猫 ...... (Zhao Jing/winnie)

6. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty (Yao Yiyun)

7. Grass cloth 夏布（Yu Yi/Memo）

8. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》(Yang Lingyue/ Judy)

9.Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片......(Zhou Xiaoqiao/ Summer)

10. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧......(Huang Zechen/ Zachary)

11.Chinese tradition culture: birde-price（彩礼）……（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

12. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片......（Liu Peinan/Peter）

13.Xiang Embroidery蜀绣······（Liu Zhehui/Mary

14.Chinese traditional jewellery: Buyao(dangling ornament worn by women) （步摇）……（Shu Lin/Shirleen）

15. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) （Su Yi/Suri）

16. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) …… (Li Jia/Zoe)

17. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛）……（Li Ru/ Lee）

18. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班）……（Jiang Caiyun/Tony）

19. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) ……（Tao Yu/Mikansei）

20.Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班）……（Xiao Yixuan/Yuki）

21. Live-stream shopping（直播带货）……（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦）......(Sha Lijia/Reika)

23. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) …… （Fu Xinke/Finger）

23.Herbal tea（凉茶）……（Huang Mengyan/Mandy）

24.Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻）……（Wang Yan/Doris ）

25.Rice cake(年糕）……（Chen Pingan/Grace）

26.Zhongyuan festival……(Pan Yilin/Ceci)

27.Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面)……（Zeng Xin）

27.The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格）……（Zeng Wenjing/Zoey）

28.Tourism:"Special Forces" Style Tourism（特种兵式旅游）……（Jiao Mengting/Sherry）

29. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛）……（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

30. Chinese Musical Instrument: Konghou(箜篌)…… (Chen Zilan/Landy)

31. Chinese Bossy Fictions&Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧）……（Zhang Mengzhe/Nine）

32. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）……（Kuang Jing/Jin）

33. Jingdezhen Porcelain……(Le Yuxuan/Lydia)

34. Music and instruments: Erhu ……（Hu Zheng/Leven）

35.The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联）……（Jiang Chenmei/Lilian）

36. Sun Wukong（孙悟空）……（Liu Huixaun/ Polly）

37. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料）……(Liu Zhuofan/Drovan)

38. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯）……（Zhou Jing/Amy）

39. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） ......（Zeng Man/ Emily)

40. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) ...... (Chen Mengzhu/ Chris)

41. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan)……(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

42. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山)......(Liang Dan/Anne)

43. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian......(Zhou Ranran/Jerry)

44. Hotpot(火锅）……(Liu Jieyu/Erica)

45. Velvet flowers(绒花）……(Zhang Yange/Mia)

46. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） ……(Cao Jialong/Caron)

47. Yao-Chinese folktales（中国奇谭）……(Chen Weiping/Jackie)

48. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”）……(Liu Xinyu/Layla)

49. Douzhi (豆汁儿) ……(Lv Di/Ludy)

50.oilpaper umbrella(油纸伞）......(Chen Shanshan/Rebecca)

51.The rural revitalization （乡村振兴）......（Liu Zhouli/lovia）

52. Jing Gang Mountain(井冈山）......(Chen Kuanshun/Jason)

53. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑）......（Peng Lu/Julia）

54. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话）……（Tang Yuewei/Eavan）

=Session 1 Thursday Sep 5, 2024 19:00-21:35=
Please download the powerpoint presentation of the teacher here: [[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_2024.pptx]].

=Session 2 Thursday Sep 12, 2024 19:00-21:35=
During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason) [[Media:Handsome_Men_2024.pptx]]

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia) [[Media:Milk_Tea_2024.pptx]]

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）[[Media:Tea_2024_fall.pptx]] (Please compare with old presentation from Spring 2024: [[Media:Tea_2024.pptx]].)

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）[[Media:Liquor_2024.pptx]]

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285 (Tang Yuewei/ Eavan) [[Media:Cheongsam_fall_2024.pptx]] (Please compare with old presentation from Spring 2024: [[Media:Cheongsam_2024.pptx]].)

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367（Hannah/Zhou Yicen）[[Media:Official_Selection_System_2024.pptx]]

=Session 3 Thursday Sep 19, 2024 19:00-21:35=

All students: Please prepare these three texts in the textbook for today.

During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up, p. 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda) [[Media:Cosmetics_2024.pptx]]

50. Games: Go 围棋, p. 439 (Peng Yixin/ Eason) [[Media:Go_2024.pptx]]

51. Games: Kite Flying p. 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）[[Media:Kite_2024.pptx]]

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play, p. 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)[[Media:Mahjong_2024.pptx]]

53. Garden Culture: Gardens, p. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian) [[Media:Gardens_2024.pptx]]

55. Garden culture: the Summer Palace, p. 493(Liu Zhehui/Mary) [[Media:Summer_Palace_2024.pptx]]

Homework:

1. Please read the six texts for next time in the textbook.

2. Please add your final exam paper topic and your name in the respective section above.

3. Take the surveys (EU: https://wn8ae3qwafbc11zv.mikecrm.com/9gdWrQT, 2024: https://wn8ae3qwafbc11zv.mikecrm.com/CTrdOjm).

=Session 4 Thursday Sep 26, 2024 19:00-21:35=

During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500 (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)[[Media:Qingming_2024.pptx]]

57.Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China (Zhou Ranran/Jerry)[[Media:wuzetian.pptx]]

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains p. 555（Wu Jing/Jennie）[[Media:Five_Mountains 1_2024.pptx]]，[[Media:Five_Mountains 2_2024.pptx]]

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature p. 818 (Chen Guangzi/Alan) [[Media:Cont_Chin_Lit_2024.pptx]]

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes p. 896(Zeng Man/Emily)[[Media:Costumes_2024.pptx]]

=Session 5 Thursday Oct 10, 2024 19:00-21:35=

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals p. 949 (Wang Yue/Nora) p.949 [[Media:Gods and Immortals1_2024.pptx]], [[Media:Gods and Immortals2_2024.pptx]], [[Media:Gods and Immortals3_2024.pptx]]

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara)[[Media:Dialects_2024.pptx]]

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money p. 917
（Chen Pingan/Grace）[[Media:Red_Envelope_2024.pptx]]

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng p. 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)[[Media:Guzheng_2024.pptx]]

105. Mythology: Huli-jing p. 958(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)[[Media:Huli-jing_2024.pptx]]

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera p. 1004（Chen Kuanshun/Jason）[[Media:Tea-picking_Opera_2024fall.pptx]]

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130 (Wang Xudong/Hue) [[Media:Four_New_Inventions_2024.pptx]]

File:Cheongsam fall 2024.pptx

2024-09-11T15:52:43Z

Tang Yuewei:

Chinese Language and Culture 2024

2024-09-05T14:57:45Z

Tang Yuewei: /* Headline text */

Welcome to Chinese Language and Culture 2024

THU (19:00-19:45,19:55-20:40,20:50-21:35) 至善楼105 MA2 (23级笔译口译 Translation & Interpretation) 中国语言文化 Chinese Language and Culture 2024, Textbook: Woesler 2024, 1 5.9., 2 12.9., 3 19.9., 4 26.9., 5 10.10., 6 17.10., 7 24.10., 8 31.10., 9 7.11., 10 14.11., 11 21.11., 12 28.11., 13 5.12., 14 12.12., 15 19.12., 16 26.12.

== Headline text ==

----
[[Media:Example.ogg]]=簽到 Here you can sign in behind the topic you want to present in class=
*Yu Yi
*Memo
*Glen
*Liu Li
*Liu Zhuofan
*Drovan
*Wu Ziyi
*Andrew
*Wang Xuan
*Cynthia
*Wang Yan
*Doris
*Wu Jing
*Jennie
*Huang Qi
*Esther
*Xiao Feiyan
*He Chuwen
*Lyra
*Shu Lin
*Shirleen
*Tang Yuewei
*Zhou Xukai
*Eavan
*Jiao Mengting
*Sherry
*Le Yuxuan
*Lydia
*Wu Jiaying
*Cathy
*Jiang Yaping
*Sunny
*Li Jia
*Zoe
*Wang Yujiao
*Wendy
*Fu Xinke
*Finger
*Zeng Wenjing
*Zoey
*Chen Zilan
*Landy
*Yang Lingyue
*Yang Fan
*Liu Peinan
*Peter
*Pan Yilin
*ceci
*Chen Pingan
*Grace
*Huang Mengyan
*Mandy
*Rachel
*Guo Zibin
*Anne
*Xiao Yixuan
*Zeng Xin
*Su Yi
*Zeng Man
*Emily
*Chen Mengzhu
*Chris
*Huang Zechen
*Zachary
*Liu Zhouli
*Kuang Jing
*Jin
*Tang Xinyan
*Estrella

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development .. 16

2.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs ............................................................................. 21

3.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting .......................................................................... 28

4.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan ......................................... 37

5.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia ................................................................................... 46

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason)

7.
Animals: Panda .................................................................. 68

8.
Architecture ....................................................................... 75

9.
Architecture: The Forbidden City .................................... 84

10.
Architecture: Four Famous Bridges ................................... 97

11.
Architecture: Four Great Pavilions .................................. 107

12.
Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace .......................... 118

13.
Architecture: Three Great Towers in China ..................... 125

14.
Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture .............. 138

15.
Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons ............... 147

16.
Army and weapons: Terracotta Army .............................. 155

17.
Astrology: Chinese Astrology .......................................... 162

18.
Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms ........................ 169

19.
Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac .......... 178

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia)

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）

23.
Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing .. 207

24.
Body movement performance: Stilts ................................ 211
25.
Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance
6
......................................................................................... 217

26.
Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush ................................................................................ 223

27.
Chinese Writing: Calligraphy ........................................... 232

28.
Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy ............... 238

29.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters ............................... 247

30.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts ............ 260

31.
Clothing: Chinese Clothing .............................................. 267

32.
Clothing: Batik (Lanran) .................................................. 275

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285 (Tang Yuewei/ Eavan)

34.
Confucianism: Confucian Culture .................................... 293

35.
Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues .............................................................................. 307

36.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism ................................................................... 315

37.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects ......................................................................................... 322

38.
Education: Ancient Chinese Education ............................ 332

39.
Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China .................................................................. 343
40.
Education: Modern Chinese Education System ............... 353

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367

42.
Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) .................................................... 376

43.
Facial Make-up ................................................................ 386

44.
Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up ......................................................................................... 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda)

45.
Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera .......... 409

46.
Fine Arts: Painting ........................................................... 418

47.
Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi ............................ 423

48.
Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day ......................................................................................... 429

49.
Fine Arts: Seal-cutting ..................................................... 436
7

50.
Games: Go 围棋 ........................................................... 439 (Peng Yixin/ Eason)

51.
Games: Kite Flying .......................................................... 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）

52.
Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play ............ 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)

53.
Garden Culture: Gardens ................................................. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian)

54.
Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) .................................. 486

55.
Garden Culture: The Summer Palace ............................... 493

56.
Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500 (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)

57.
Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ................................................................................ 509

58.
History: Carl and Cixi ...................................................... 521

59.
Interieur: The Folding Screen .......................................... 525

60.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines ............ 534

61.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics ......................................................................................... 545

62.
Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains ........................................................................ 555（Wu Jing/Jennie）

63.
Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes ...................... 563

64.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai ....... 576

65.
Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） ........................ 591

66.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road .. 604

67.
Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties ................................................... 610

68.
Language: Chinese Language .......................................... 616

69.
Language: Chinese Dialects ............................................. 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara)

70.
Language: Chinese Folk Argot ......................................... 635

71.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales ......................................................................................... 646

72.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology ......... 653

73.
Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature .......... 664

74.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China ................................................................... 671

75.
Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient
8
China
................................................................................ 680

76.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China ............................ 689

77.
Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas .................................................................................. 711 (Gong Tao/Gisele)

78.
Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu................................. 727

79.
Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels .................................................................................. 734

80.
Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations ............... 741

81.
Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio ................................................................. 747

82.
Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song.................... 755

83.
Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty ..................................... 783

84.
Literature: Modern Literature .......................................... 792

85.
Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) ....................................................................... 800

86.
Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy ............................................ 807

87.
Literature: Contemporary Literature ................................ 818

88.
Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia ................................................ 823

89.
Martial Arts: Qigong ........................................................ 826

Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing ................... 831

91.
Martial Arts: Wushu ......................................................... 842

92.
Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) ....... 847

93.
Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ............. 857

94.
Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion ............ 863

95.
Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology .............. 868

96.
Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine ......................................................................................... 873

97.
Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing ......................................................................... 880

98.
Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
................................................................ 889

99.
Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes ....... 896(Zeng Man/Emily)

100.
Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) .................................................. 907

101.
Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ....................................................................... 917（Chen Pingan/Grace）

102.
Music and instruments: Guzheng ..................................... 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)

103.
Music and instruments: Pipa ............................................ 939

104.
Mythology: Gods and Immortals ..................................... 949(Wang Yue/Nora)

105.
Mythology: Huli-jing ....................................................... 958

106.
National Symbols: National Anthem ............................... 969

107.
National Symbols: National Flag ..................................... 976

108.
Opera: Peking Opera ........................................................ 984

109.
Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics ...................................... 992

110.
Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang ........................ 999

111.
Opera: Tea-picking Opera .............................................. 1004（Chen Kuanshun/Jason）

112.
Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) ........ 1012

113.
Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools ....................................................................................... 1023

114.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism ...................................... 1032

115.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching ............... 1037

116.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng . 1043

117.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living ....................................................................................... 1049

118.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism ....................................................................... 1060

119.
Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture .... 1070

120.
Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture .............. 1082

121.
Religion: Buddhism ....................................................... 1096

122.
Religion: Daoism ........................................................... 1110

123.
Religion: Christianity ..................................................... 1115

124.
Religion: Islam ............................................................... 1121

125.
Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology ....................................................................................... 1125

126.
Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130

127.
Science and Technology: Compass ................................ 1154

128.
Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) .................... 1162

129.
Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China ..................................................... 1171

130.
Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies ..................................................................... 1191

131.
Silk and porcelain: Silk .................................................. 1206Xiaoyixuan(Yuki)

132.
Silk and porcelain: Porcelain ......................................... 1211

133.
Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 ............................................................................... 1217(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)

134.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road ....................................................................................... 1224

135.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road ....................................................................... 1229

136.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages .... 1233

137.
Social: The Long-life Lock ............................................ 1241 （Shu Lin/Shirleen）

138.
Social: Round Table Culture .......................................... 1249（Yu Yi/Memo)

139.
Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 ............................. 1257(Lv Di/Ludy)

140.
Stage entertainment: Shadow Play ................................. 1264

141.
Traditional Crafts: Carving ............................................ 1272

142.
Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture ....................... 1280Zhang Yange(Mia)

143.
Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne ......................................... 1294

144.
Traditional Crafts: Embroidery ...................................... 1298

145.
Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) ....................................................................................... 1302

146.
Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery ........................... 1315

147.
Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting ..... 1329

148.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ............... 1336(Chen Zilan/Landy)

149.
Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware .................................... 1344

150.
Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 ............... 1349

151.
Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette ............... 1362

152.
Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks ..................................... 1376

153.
Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China ...... 1381

154.
Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines .... 1398(Peng Jiayi/Eva)

155.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan .......... 1404 Chen Shanshan /Rebecca

156.
Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick .................................................................. 1414(Chen Mengzhu/Chris)

157.
Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot ............................................ 1423（Wang Yan/Doris）

158.
Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking .......... 1430(Liu Zhouli/ lovia)

159.
Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes ...................... 1436

160.
Traditional Festivals ....................................................... 1440

161.
Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows ....................................................................................... 1447

162.
Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets ............. 1459

163.
Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning ....................................................................................... 1465

164.
Westernization: The Westernization Movement ............. 1471

165.
Worship: Chinese Incense Culture ................................. 1479(Estrella/Tang Xinyan)

166.
Economy: Chinese Currency Changes ........................... 1489

167.
History: Wang Shouren .................................................. 1493

168.
Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit ........................ 1502

169.
Cuisine: Luosifen ........................................................... 1513(Wang Xuan/Cynthia)

170.
Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ................................... 1521

171.
Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ...................... 1531

172.
Traditional Craft: Bronze ............................................... 1541

173.
Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ................................. 1548

174.
Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi ............................................. 1561 (Liu Yi/Zer)

175.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China ............................................................. 1572

176.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella ....... 1581

177.
stage entertainment:Yuan drama .................................... 1592

178.
Music and instruments: Erhu ......................................... 1601

179.
Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .. 1608(Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

180.
Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan ....................................... 1615 (Su Yi/Suri)

181.
Animals：Golden Monkey ............................................ 1625

182.
Chinese Economy: rich businessmen ............................. 1631

183.
Opera: Chinese Local Operas ........................................ 1639

184.
The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship ..................... 1651(Shi Zhanning/Harper)

185.
Opera: Huangmei opera ................................................. 1663

186.
The “reference” of Chinese Music........................... 1670(Huang Zechen/Zachary)

187.
Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance ........................................ 1676

188.
Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） ....... 1691 (Liu Peinan/Peter)

189.
Clothing: Vintage Clothing ............................................ 1697(Hu Shanshan/Maddy)

190.
Fine arts:Kunqu Opera ................................................... 1704

191.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers ....................................................................................... 1712（Chen Weiping/Jackie）

192.
National Belief: the Chinese Dream .............................. 1722

193.
Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) ............ 1729（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

194.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ................................................ 1748(Jiao Mengting/Sherry)

195.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Guangdong传统美食：广东早餐文化 ....................................................... 1753（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

196.
Telecast: Become a Farmer 种地吧 .............................. 1765（Sha Lijia/Reika）

197.
Animals: Chinese Rural Dogs 动物：中华田园犬 ...... 1773 (Zhao Jing/winnie)

198.
Clothing: Hanfu 汉服：揭示中国传统服饰之美 ........ 1781（Guo Zibin/Anne）

199.
Music and instruments: Chime 音乐与乐器：编钟 ..... 1788

200.
Garden Culture: Suzhou Gardens 苏州园林 ................. 1795(Liang Dan/Anne)

201.
Traditional crafts: Moon-shaped Fans 传统技艺：团扇 1806(Le Yuxuan/Lydia)

202.
Minority cultures: Miao Silver Ornaments Culture 苗族银饰文化 ................................................................... 1827

203.
Mysterious culture: Facial Physiognomy 相面术 ......... 1836(Zhou Xiaoqiao）
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204.
Games: Chinese Chess 游戏：象棋 ............................. 1847

205.
Music and instruments: Guqin 古琴 ............................. 1863

206.
Music and instruments: The Spring Snow 音乐和乐器：《阳春白雪》 ........................................................................... 1878

207.
The "Four Gentlemen": Plum, Orchid Bamboo, Chrysanthemum “四君子”的象征意义 ....................... 1885 （Hu Zheng/ Leven）

208.
Traditional festivals: The Flower Fairy Festival 花朝节 1898 （Gong Tao/Gisele)

209.
Architecture: Shigu Academy 建筑：石鼓书院 .......... 1906

210.
Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1918

211.
Beverages: Sexy Tea 饮品：茶颜悦色 ........................ 1926 (Huang Qi/ Esther)

212.
Opera: Flower-drum Opera 花鼓戏 .............................. 1935

213.
Traditional Festivals: Shangsi Festival 上巳节 ............. 1943 （Li Jia/ Zoe）

214.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture: Ji Sor (Self-combing female) 自梳女 ................................................................. 1949 (Wu Jiaying Cathy)

215.
Cuisine: Dong'an chicken: The Premier Dish of Hunan Cuisine 东安鸡：湘菜之首 ........................................... 1962

216.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture：Nüshu (Women's Script) 女书 ................................................................................... 1970（He Chuwen/Lyra）

217.
Opera: Shaoxing Opera 越剧 ........................................ 1991

218.
Traditional Crafts: Jade Carving Art 玉雕 .................... 1997

219.
Chinese snack: spicy gluten 中国小吃：辣条 ............. 2003(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

220.
Social Phenomenon: Marriage: Women Being Urged to Get Married 婚姻：被催婚的女性 ........................................ 2010 Liu XinYu

221.
Chinese mythology: Chinese Dragon Culture 中国龙是什么
....................................................................................... 2019.

222.
Minority cultures: Laosicheng 老司城 ......................... 2028

223.
The Torch of Unity: Celebrating Torch Festival Among China's Ethnic Minorities 团结的火炬——中国少数民族庆祝火把节
........................................................................... 2041 Xiao Feiyan
224.
Chinese Painting: A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains 《千里江山图》 ............................................ 2048(Yao Yiyun/Olivia）

225.
Festival: Qixi Festival 七夕节 ...................................... 2055（Li Ru/Lee）

226.
Music and instruments: Yuge (Fishing song) 渔歌 ....... 2063

227.
Education: Chicken Child (Fired-up Child) 教育：鸡娃 2071(tao yu/mikansei)

228.
Chinese Science Fiction: The Three-Body Problem 中国科幻小说：《三体》 ............................................................. 2083(Zhang Mengzhe/Nine)

229.
Ganshi in Xiangxi: The Cycle of Life and Death under Ancient Witchcraft 湘西赶尸：古老巫术下的生死轮回 2092 (Liao Wenyao/Rose)

230.
Architecture: Chinese Memorial Archway (Paifang) 中国传统建筑：牌坊 ................................................................... 2098

231.
Chinese Animation 中国动画传统 ............................... 2110（pan yilin/ceci）

232.
Social Phenomenon: Military-style Travel 特种兵式旅游 2121

233.
Folk Art: Youshen Fairs 游神 ....................................... 2131

234.
Nuo Opera 傩戏 ............................................................ 2141

235.
Music and Instruments: Suona Horn 唢呐 .................... 2157（Liu Jieyu/Erica）

236.
Chinese Handicraft: Kesi 中国手工艺品：缂丝 .......... 2166

237.
Sangzhi Folk Songs 桑植民歌 ...................................... 2173

238.
Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale – Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu 五声音阶，汉族古代音律：宫—商—角—徵—羽 ............................................................... 2192

239.
Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population 社会现象：流动人口 ....................................................................................... 2204

240.
Chinese tradition culture: Zanhua 簪花 ........................ 2213

241.
Incense Culture 香道文化 ............................................ 2221 （Zeng Xin）

242.
The Imperial Civil Examination System 科举制度 ...... 2230

243.
Literature: Qu Yuan 文学：屈原 .................................. 2238

244.
Games: pitch-pot game (Touhu) 投壶游戏 ................... 2244(Kuang Jing/Jin)

245.
Folk Art: Piao Se 民间艺术：飘色 .............................. 2253(Huang Mengyan/Mandy)

246.
Jingdezhen Porcelain 景德镇陶瓷 ................................ 2261(Li Dinghao/Leo)

247.
Folk Traditional Customs: Fireworks and Firecrackers 民间传统习俗：烟花和爆竹 ........................................... 2270 (Cao Jialong/caron)

248.
The Literati Painting of the Ming Dynasty: The Wu School 明代文人画：吴门画派 ................................................... 2278

249.
Thangka 唐卡 ............................................................... 2285（Yang Lingyue/Judy）

250.
Striking iron flower 打铁花 .......................................... 2294 (Fu Xinke/Finger)

251.
Chinese Cuisine: Xiang Cuisine – One of the Eight Major Cuisines 湘菜 ................................................................... 23029（Liu Li/Glen）

252.
The Evolution of the Official Selection System 仕进制度 2312

=Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper=