2025-06-17T09:03:30Z

Tao Yao: /* 医药学：中医——拔罐疗法 */

[https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Language_and_Culture,_Spring_2025 Link to Course Homepage] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chin_Lang_Cult_Fin_Exam_Spring_2025 Link to List of final exam chapters]

2024 MTI Tao Yao

= '''Medicine——TCM: Cupping Therapy''' =
Known in ancient times as the “horn method” (角法) for its use of animal horn cups, cupping is an ancient TCM physical therapy that prevents and treats diseases by creating negative pressure through cup adhesion on the body surface. Its origins trace back to the Warring States period (475-221 BCE). The Fifty-two Medical Formulas (五十二病方), unearthed at the tomb in Mawangdui(a region in Changsha), documents using animal horns to drain pus from sores. Ge Hong (283-343), a Taoist physician of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, recorded the earliest emergency cupping technique in Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies (肘后备急方): using heated bamboo cups to extract venom from snakebite wounds. By the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), Tao Hongjing systematically described bamboo cupping in Collected Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (本草经集注), establishing it as an officially recognized TCM therapy. During the Ming and Qing periods, the Golden Mirror of Medicine (医宗金鉴) detailed “medicated cupping” (药罐法), integrating herbal medicine with cupping, marking the technique's maturity. It later evolved to include bamboo, ceramic, and modern glass cups (Yang Jinsheng1999, 82).

== '''Theoretical Basis''' ==
Cupping perfectly embodies the TCM pathological view: “Obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain” (不通则痛，通则不痛). As its mechanisms are scientifically elucidated, this ancient art bridges traditional wisdom with evidence-based medicine (Wang Meijuan et al2022, 4823). Based on the TCM theory of “negative pressure expelling pathogens”(负压引邪), cupping unblocks meridians, dispels wind-cold-damp pathogens, and regulates qi-blood circulation. Modern studies confirm that negative pressure dilates capillaries, enhances local blood-oxygen perfusion, and activates immune responses.

== '''Practical Application''' ==
=== Cupping Tools ===
Cups vary widely, including bamboo, ceramic, glass, silicone, and pump-controlled types. Each material offers distinct advantages: bamboo cups are lightweight and affordable for home use; glass cups allow visual monitoring; pump cups enable easy, adjustable pressure. Selection depends on individual needs and preferences.
=== Cupping Techniques ===
1. Flash Fire Method: A cotton ball soaked in alcohol is clamped with forceps, ignited, swirled inside the cup, then quickly removed before placing the cup on the skin. Simple but requires fire safety awareness.

2. Fire Insertion Method: A burning cotton ball is dropped into the cup, which is then rapidly placed on the skin. Suitable for flame-resistant cups.

3. Pump Method: Air is extracted using a pump to create negative pressure. Safe, controllable, and ideal for sensitive skin or special groups like pregnant women.

4. Wet Cupping: Water is added to the cup; heating creates suction while providing warm stimulation to enhance efficacy. (Zeng Ke, Wang Jianwei2016, 302)
=== Duration ===
Cupping typically lasts 15-30 minutes, adjusted based on the patient’s constitution, condition, treatment area, and cup type. Longer durations suit robust patients with severe conditions or thick-muscled areas; shorter sessions are advised for frail individuals or sensitive/thin-skinned areas.

== '''Modern Applications and Development''' ==
=== Medical Use ===
Cupping is widely integrated into modern healthcare—both as standalone therapy or combined with acupuncture/massage for synergistic effects. For chronic fatigue syndrome, it alleviates exhaustion and improves function. In rehabilitation, it enhances blood flow, relieves muscle tension/pain, and accelerates recovery post-surgery or injury. A 2021 Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion study noted a 40% reduction in pain scores, emphasizing standardized protocols (Zeng Ke, Wang Jianwei2016, 302).
=== Health and Aesthetics ===
Rising health consciousness has popularized cupping in beauty and wellness. By boosting skin circulation and metabolism, it enhances elasticity and radiance. Facial cupping tightens muscles, reduces wrinkles, and evens skin tone. It also regulates endocrine function and aids detoxification, supporting weight management. Spas and wellness centers globally now offer cupping services.
=== Global Recognition ===
As TCM gains international traction, cupping’s visibility has soared. Western medical institutions in the US, UK, and Germany employ it for musculoskeletal disorders and chronic pain. Swimmer Michael Phelps’s purple cupping marks at the 2016 Rio Olympics spotlighted it as a cultural ambassador for TCM. The WHO included cupping in its 2019 Traditional Medicine Catalogue. Notably, post-treatment dark ecchymosis (紫黯色瘀斑) signifies normal “pathogenic factors being expelled” (病邪外泄), distinct from bruising (Zheng Rong, 2018).

== '''Terms and Expressions''' ==
cupping therapy 拔罐疗法

horn method角法

medicated cupping药罐

meridians 经络

Qi 气

ecchymosis 瘀斑

stationary cupping 留罐

moving cupping 走罐

obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain 不通则痛，通则不痛

negative pressure expelling pathogens 负压引邪

pathogenic factors being expelled 病邪外泄

the Fifty-two Medical Formulas 《五十二病方》

Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies 《肘后备急方》

the Classic of Materia Medica 《本草经集注》

the Golden Mirror of Medicine 《医宗金鉴》

== '''Questions''' ==
1. What are the three main techniques of cupping therapy?

2. How does cupping alleviate pain according to TCM theory?

3. What are the key benefits of cupping? Give examples of their practical uses.

4. List two safety innovations in modern cupping.

5. Which ancient text first documented cupping?

== '''References''' ==
[1] Wang Fei & Li, Ming王菲, 李明. (2020) 拔罐技术的分类与操作规范[Classification and Operational Standards of Cupping Techniques]. 上海针灸杂志Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture, 39(2): 111-114.

[2] Wang Meijuan et al王美娟等. (2022) 从辨象论治探讨拔罐疗法的中医理论基础探析[Analysis of the Theoretical Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cupping Therapy from the Perspective of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment]. 中华中医药杂志China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 37(8): 4822-4825.

[3] Yang Jinsheng杨金生. (1999) 拔罐疗法的历史沿革[Historical Evolution of Cupping Therapy]. 中华医史杂志Chinese Journal of Medical History, 29(2): 82-84.

[4] Zhang, Yu张瑜. (2017) 葛洪《肘后备急方》对拔罐疗法的贡献[Ge Hong’s Contributions to Cupping in Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies]. 中医文献杂志Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Literature, 35(5): 40-42.

[5] Zeng Ke & Wang Jianwei曾科, 王建伟. (2016) 拔罐疗法的临床应用与研究进展[Clinical Application and Research Progress of Cupping Therapy]. 针灸推拿医学Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science, 14(4): 300-304.

[6] Zheng, Rong郑蓉. (2018) 拔罐疗法的国际化传播与接受度研究[Internationalization and Acceptance of Cupping Therapy]. 环球中医药Global Traditional Chinese Medicine, 11(4): 28–31.

= '''医药学：中医——拔罐疗法''' =
拔罐疗法古称“角法”——因使用兽角罐得名，其是中医古老的物理疗法，通过罐具吸附体表产生负压以防治疾病。最早可追溯至战国时期（公元前475-221年）。马王堆出土的《五十二病方》记载用兽角吸拔脓疮。东晋道医葛洪（283-343）所著《肘后备急方》记载了最早的急救拔罐法：以热竹罐吸拔蛇咬伤口排毒。至唐代（公元618-907年），陶弘景在《本草经集注》中系统描述竹罐拔罐法，使其成为官方认可的中医疗法。明清时期，《医宗金鉴》详述“药罐法”，将中药与拔罐结合，标志技术成熟。后逐渐发展出竹罐、陶罐与现代玻璃罐。（杨金生1999, 82）
[https://img95.699pic.com/photo/50168/2834.jpg_wh300.jpg][[File:https://img95.699pic.com/photo/50168/2834.jpg_wh300.jpg]]

== '''拔罐的理论基础''' ==
拔罐是以罐为工具，利用燃烧、抽吸、蒸气等方法造成罐内负压，使罐吸附于穴位或体表其他部位，使局部皮肤充血、瘀血，通过通经活络、提高痛阈、加快新陈代谢、调整免疫功能、兴奋神经等作用机制发挥疗效，以调整机体功能、防治疾病。（洪寿海等2011, 932）拔罐疗法基于中医“负压引邪”理论，完美诠释了中医“不通则痛，通则不痛”的病理观。随着作用机制被科学解析，这项古老技艺正架起传统智慧与现代循证医学的桥梁。（王美娟等2022, 4823）现代研究证实：负压可扩张毛细血管，增加局部血氧灌注，激活免疫应答。
== '''拔罐的具体实践''' ==
=== 拔罐器具 ===
拔罐器具的种类繁多，常见的有竹罐、陶罐、玻璃罐、橡胶罐、抽气式拔罐器等。不同材质的拔罐器具各有特点，如竹罐轻便、廉价，适用于家庭使用；玻璃罐透明，便于观察罐内情况；抽气式拔罐器操作简便，容易控制负压强度等。在选择拔罐器具时，应根据实际需求和个人偏好进行选择。
=== 拔罐方法 ===
1. 闪火法：用镊子夹着酒精棉球，点燃后伸进罐内绕一圈再抽出，然后迅速将火罐扣在皮肤上。此方法操作简便，但需要注意防火安全。

2. 投火法：将燃烧的纸片或酒精棉球投入罐内，然后迅速将火罐扣在皮肤上。这种方法适用于不易燃烧的罐具。

3. 负压吸引法：利用抽气装置将罐内空气抽出，形成负压后吸附在皮肤上。这种方法操作简单、安全，容易控制负压强度，适用于各种人群，尤其是皮肤敏感者和孕妇等特殊人群。

4. 水罐法：先将罐内装入适量的水，然后通过加热或其他方式使罐内形成负压，吸附在皮肤上。水罐法具有温热刺激的作用，能够增强拔罐的疗效。（曾科,王建伟2016, 302）
=== 拔罐时间 ===
拔罐时间通常是指从开始拔罐到结束拔罐的整个过程所持续的时间。一般情况下，拔罐时间应控制在15-30分钟左右，具体时间应根据患者的体质、病情、拔罐部位以及所选用的拔罐器具等因素灵活掌握。对于体质较好、病情较重、拔罐部位肌肉丰厚的患者，拔罐时间可适当延长；而对于体质虚弱、皮肤敏感、拔罐部位皮肤较薄的患者，则应相应缩短拔罐时间。

== '''拔罐在现代社会中的应用与发展''' ==
=== 医疗领域的应用 ===
在现代医疗领域，拔罐疗法被广泛应用于多种疾病的治疗过程中。拔罐疗法中的闪罐、留罐、走罐等治疗方法可以与其他医疗手段相结合，发挥协同作用，提高治疗效果。（曾科,王建伟2016,301）例如，在治疗慢性疲劳综合征时，拔罐疗法与针灸、按摩等疗法相结合，能够有效缓解患者的疲劳症状，改善身体机能。此外，拔罐疗法在康复医学中也发挥着重要作用。对于一些术后康复、运动损伤康复的患者，拔罐能够促进局部血液循环，缓解肌肉紧张和疼痛，加速康复进程。2021年《中国针灸》研究指出：拔罐可使疼痛评分降低40%，但需规范操作流程。
=== 美容养生领域的应用 ===
随着人们生活水平的提高和美容养生意识的增强，拔罐疗法在美容养生领域得到了广泛的应用。拔罐可以通过改善皮肤的血液循环，促进新陈代谢，增强皮肤的弹性和光泽，从而达到美容养颜的效果。例如，面部拔罐能够缓解面部肌肉的松弛，淡化皱纹，改善肤色不均等问题。同时，拔罐还能调节人体的内分泌系统，促进毒素的排出，对于减肥塑形、改善体质等方面也具有一定的作用。许多美容院和养生会所都推出了拔罐美容养生项目，受到了广大消费者的青睐。
=== 国际交流与传播 ===
随着中医文化的不断传播，拔罐疗法在国际上的知名度和影响力也日益增强。越来越多的外国人士开始了解和接受拔罐疗法，一些西方国家的医疗机构也开始将拔罐纳入其医疗体系中。例如，在美国、英国、德国等国家，拔罐疗法被用于治疗肌肉骨骼疾病、慢性疼痛等病症，并取得了一定的疗效。在2016年里约奥运会中，游泳名将菲尔普斯肩背的罐印引发全球关注，使拔罐成为“中医文化输出”的标志性符号。世卫组织2019年将其纳入传统医学名录。需澄清的是：治疗后紫黯色瘀斑属“病邪外泄”的正常反应，与普通淤青有本质区别。

== '''术语对照表''' ==
cupping therapy 拔罐疗法

horn method角法

medicated cupping药罐

meridians 经络

Qi 气

ecchymosis 瘀斑

flashing Cupping 闪罐

retained Cupping 留罐

moving cupping 走罐

obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain 不通则痛，通则不痛

negative pressure expelling pathogens 负压引邪

pathogenic factors being expelled 病邪外泄

the Fifty-Two Medical Formulas 《五十二病方》

Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies 《肘后备急方》

the Classic of Materia Medica 《本草经集注》

the Golden Mirror of Medicine 《医宗金鉴》

== '''问题''' ==
1. 拔罐疗法主要有哪几种操作方法？

2. 根据中医理论，拔罐如何缓解疼痛？

3. 拔罐有哪些主要好处？

5. 记载拔罐疗法的最早古代文献是什么？

== '''答案''' ==
1.闪火法、投火法、负压吸引法、水罐法
2.拔罐疗法基于中医“负压引邪”理论，完美诠释了中医“不通则痛，通则不痛”的病理观。现代研究证实：负压可扩张毛细血管，增加局部血氧灌注，激活免疫应答。
3.
1) 吸毒排脓:负压吸引是拔罐疗法最直接、最直观的作用机制。《五十二病方》(Wu Shi Er Bing Fang) 记载，我们的祖先曾用兽角覆盖皮肤病变处以排出脓血；如今，临床医生将拔罐应用于炎性伤口、疔疮、痈疽和毒蛇咬伤以清除毒素。从物理学角度看，拔罐产生的负压吸引有利于吸拔出脓液、渗出液、病菌产生的毒素以及组织溶解酶，同时也能促进肉芽组织生长和伤口恢复。
2) 提高痛阈：研究人员通过压痛测量法观察拔罐前后的痛阈变化，发现拔罐后罐内及罐周区域的痛阈显著提高。随着痛阈的提高，主观疼痛强度明显降低，进而由疼痛引起的功能障碍得到改善。因此，在治疗颈、肩、腰、腿疼痛时，拔罐一般在其他疗法之后使用，以此帮助增强疗效、促进康复。
3）促进新陈代谢：拔罐会导致局部充血，表现为瘀斑，临床医生可据此判断病情和治疗效果。研究证明拔罐能扩张局部毛细血管，增加皮肤血流量。血流量的增加可以促进毒素和废物的排出，改善局部营养状态，最终促进新陈代谢。通常，从中医角度看，拔罐是一个扶正祛邪的过程。
4）提高机体免疫力：拔罐对人体免疫球蛋白具有双向调节作用：它能纠正异常的免疫球蛋白水平，而对正常的免疫球蛋白影响不大，其调节效果与原有的功能状态有关。拔罐还能上调氧合血红蛋白和脱氧血红蛋白。作为血红蛋白的载体，红细胞是重要的防御系统，具有识别抗原、清除免疫复合物、肿瘤细胞和效应细胞，以及结合病菌和病毒、调节免疫功能的作用。从体内来看，走罐后红细胞C3b受体花环和免疫复合物花环的绝对值显著增加，表明走罐能提高红细胞的免疫功能。从体表来看，拔罐形成的瘀斑是自体溶血的表现，能产生类组胺物质，从而增强组织和器官的活性以及免疫力。
4.《五十二病方》

== '''参考文献''' ==
[1] 洪寿海，吴菲，卢轩等. 拔罐疗法作用机制探讨[J]. 中国针灸, 2011, 31(10): 932—934.

[2] 马王堆汉墓帛书整理小组. 五十二病方[M]. 北京: 文物出版社, 1979: 87.

[3] 王美娟等. 从辨象论治探讨拔罐疗法的中医理论基础[J]. 中华中医药杂志2022(8): 4822-4825.

[4] 杨金生. 拔罐疗法的历史沿革[J]. 中华医史杂志1999(2): 82-84.

[5] 曾科,王建伟. 拔罐疗法的临床应用与研究进展[J]. 针灸推拿医学2016(4): 300-304.

特此说明，本人在撰写本课程论文时未调用任何AI模型及软件。

File:Cupping.jpeg

2025-06-17T08:40:12Z

Tao Yao:

User:Tao Yao

2025-06-11T09:26:18Z

Tao Yao:

[https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Language_and_Culture,_Spring_2025 Link to Course Homepage] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chin_Lang_Cult_Fin_Exam_Spring_2025 Link to List of final exam chapters]

2024 MTI Tao Yao

= '''Medicine——TCM: Cupping Therapy''' =
Known in ancient times as the “horn method” (角法) for its use of animal horn cups, cupping is an ancient TCM physical therapy that prevents and treats diseases by creating negative pressure through cup adhesion on the body surface. Its origins trace back to the Warring States period (475-221 BCE). The Fifty-two Medical Formulas (五十二病方), unearthed at the tomb in Mawangdui(a region in Changsha), documents using animal horns to drain pus from sores. Ge Hong (283-343), a Taoist physician of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, recorded the earliest emergency cupping technique in Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies (肘后备急方): using heated bamboo cups to extract venom from snakebite wounds. By the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), Tao Hongjing systematically described bamboo cupping in Collected Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (本草经集注), establishing it as an officially recognized TCM therapy. During the Ming and Qing periods, the Golden Mirror of Medicine (医宗金鉴) detailed “medicated cupping” (药罐法), integrating herbal medicine with cupping, marking the technique's maturity. It later evolved to include bamboo, ceramic, and modern glass cups (Yang Jinsheng1999, 82).

== '''Theoretical Basis''' ==
Cupping perfectly embodies the TCM pathological view: “Obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain” (不通则痛，通则不痛). As its mechanisms are scientifically elucidated, this ancient art bridges traditional wisdom with evidence-based medicine (Wang Meijuan et al2022, 4823). Based on the TCM theory of “negative pressure expelling pathogens”(负压引邪), cupping unblocks meridians, dispels wind-cold-damp pathogens, and regulates qi-blood circulation. Modern studies confirm that negative pressure dilates capillaries, enhances local blood-oxygen perfusion, and activates immune responses.

== '''Practical Application''' ==
=== Cupping Tools ===
Cups vary widely, including bamboo, ceramic, glass, silicone, and pump-controlled types. Each material offers distinct advantages: bamboo cups are lightweight and affordable for home use; glass cups allow visual monitoring; pump cups enable easy, adjustable pressure. Selection depends on individual needs and preferences.
=== Cupping Techniques ===
1. Flash Fire Method: A cotton ball soaked in alcohol is clamped with forceps, ignited, swirled inside the cup, then quickly removed before placing the cup on the skin. Simple but requires fire safety awareness.

2. Fire Insertion Method: A burning cotton ball is dropped into the cup, which is then rapidly placed on the skin. Suitable for flame-resistant cups.

3. Pump Method: Air is extracted using a pump to create negative pressure. Safe, controllable, and ideal for sensitive skin or special groups like pregnant women.

4. Wet Cupping: Water is added to the cup; heating creates suction while providing warm stimulation to enhance efficacy. (Zeng Ke, Wang Jianwei2016, 302)
=== Duration ===
Cupping typically lasts 15-30 minutes, adjusted based on the patient’s constitution, condition, treatment area, and cup type. Longer durations suit robust patients with severe conditions or thick-muscled areas; shorter sessions are advised for frail individuals or sensitive/thin-skinned areas.

== '''Modern Applications and Development''' ==
=== Medical Use ===
Cupping is widely integrated into modern healthcare—both as standalone therapy or combined with acupuncture/massage for synergistic effects. For chronic fatigue syndrome, it alleviates exhaustion and improves function. In rehabilitation, it enhances blood flow, relieves muscle tension/pain, and accelerates recovery post-surgery or injury. A 2021 Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion study noted a 40% reduction in pain scores, emphasizing standardized protocols (Zeng Ke, Wang Jianwei2016, 302).
=== Health and Aesthetics ===
Rising health consciousness has popularized cupping in beauty and wellness. By boosting skin circulation and metabolism, it enhances elasticity and radiance. Facial cupping tightens muscles, reduces wrinkles, and evens skin tone. It also regulates endocrine function and aids detoxification, supporting weight management. Spas and wellness centers globally now offer cupping services.
=== Global Recognition ===
As TCM gains international traction, cupping’s visibility has soared. Western medical institutions in the US, UK, and Germany employ it for musculoskeletal disorders and chronic pain. Swimmer Michael Phelps’s purple cupping marks at the 2016 Rio Olympics spotlighted it as a cultural ambassador for TCM. The WHO included cupping in its 2019 Traditional Medicine Catalogue. Notably, post-treatment dark ecchymosis (紫黯色瘀斑) signifies normal “pathogenic factors being expelled” (病邪外泄), distinct from bruising (Zheng Rong, 2018).

== '''Terms and Expressions''' ==
cupping therapy 拔罐疗法

horn method角法

medicated cupping药罐

meridians 经络

Qi 气

ecchymosis 瘀斑

stationary cupping 留罐

moving cupping 走罐

obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain 不通则痛，通则不痛

negative pressure expelling pathogens 负压引邪

pathogenic factors being expelled 病邪外泄

the Fifty-two Medical Formulas 《五十二病方》

Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies 《肘后备急方》

the Classic of Materia Medica 《本草经集注》

the Golden Mirror of Medicine 《医宗金鉴》

== '''Questions''' ==
1. What are the three main techniques of cupping therapy?

2. How does cupping alleviate pain according to TCM theory?

3. What are the key benefits of cupping? Give examples of their practical uses.

4. List two safety innovations in modern cupping.

5. Which ancient text first documented cupping?

== '''References''' ==
[1] Wang Fei & Li, Ming王菲, 李明. (2020) 拔罐技术的分类与操作规范[Classification and Operational Standards of Cupping Techniques]. 上海针灸杂志Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture, 39(2): 111-114.

[2] Wang Meijuan et al王美娟等. (2022) 从辨象论治探讨拔罐疗法的中医理论基础探析[Analysis of the Theoretical Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cupping Therapy from the Perspective of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment]. 中华中医药杂志China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 37(8): 4822-4825.

[3] Yang Jinsheng杨金生. (1999) 拔罐疗法的历史沿革[Historical Evolution of Cupping Therapy]. 中华医史杂志Chinese Journal of Medical History, 29(2): 82-84.

[4] Zhang, Yu张瑜. (2017) 葛洪《肘后备急方》对拔罐疗法的贡献[Ge Hong’s Contributions to Cupping in Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies]. 中医文献杂志Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Literature, 35(5): 40-42.

[5] Zeng Ke & Wang Jianwei曾科, 王建伟. (2016) 拔罐疗法的临床应用与研究进展[Clinical Application and Research Progress of Cupping Therapy]. 针灸推拿医学Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science, 14(4): 300-304.

[6] Zheng, Rong郑蓉. (2018) 拔罐疗法的国际化传播与接受度研究[Internationalization and Acceptance of Cupping Therapy]. 环球中医药Global Traditional Chinese Medicine, 11(4): 28–31.

= '''医药学：中医——拔罐疗法''' =
拔罐疗法古称“角法”——因使用兽角罐得名，其是中医古老的物理疗法，通过罐具吸附体表产生负压以防治疾病。最早可追溯至战国时期（公元前475–221年）。马王堆出土的《五十二病方》记载用兽角吸拔脓疮。东晋道医葛洪（283–343）所著《肘后备急方》记载了最早的急救拔罐法：以热竹罐吸拔蛇咬伤口排毒。（张瑜，2017）至唐代（公元618–907年），陶弘景在《本草经集注》中系统描述竹罐拔罐法，使其成为官方认可的中医疗法。明清时期，《医宗金鉴》详述“药罐法”，将中药与拔罐结合，标志技术成熟。后逐渐发展出竹罐、陶罐与现代玻璃罐。（杨金生，1999）
[https://img95.699pic.com/photo/50168/2834.jpg_wh300.jpg][[File:https://img95.699pic.com/photo/50168/2834.jpg_wh300.jpg]]

== '''拔罐的理论基础''' ==
拔罐疗法完美诠释了中医“不通则痛，通则不痛”的病理观。随着作用机制被科学解析，这项古老技艺正架起传统智慧与现代循证医学的桥梁。（王美娟等，2022）基于中医“负压引邪”理论，拔罐通过吸拔力疏通经络、驱散风寒湿邪、调节气血运行。现代研究证实：负压可扩张毛细血管，增加局部血氧灌注，激活免疫应答。

== '''拔罐的具体实践''' ==
=== 拔罐器具 ===
拔罐器具的种类繁多，常见的有竹罐、陶罐、玻璃罐、橡胶罐、抽气式拔罐器等。不同材质的拔罐器具各有特点，如竹罐轻便、廉价，适用于家庭使用；玻璃罐透明，便于观察罐内情况；抽气式拔罐器操作简便，容易控制负压强度等。在选择拔罐器具时，应根据实际需求和个人偏好进行选择。
=== 拔罐方法 ===
1. 闪火法：用镊子夹着酒精棉球，点燃后伸进罐内绕一圈再抽出，然后迅速将火罐扣在皮肤上。此方法操作简便，但需要注意防火安全。

2. 投火法：将燃烧的纸片或酒精棉球投入罐内，然后迅速将火罐扣在皮肤上。这种方法适用于不易燃烧的罐具。（王菲, 李明，2020）

3. 负压吸引法：利用抽气装置将罐内空气抽出，形成负压后吸附在皮肤上。这种方法操作简单、安全，容易控制负压强度，适用于各种人群，尤其是皮肤敏感者和孕妇等特殊人群。

4. 水罐法：先将罐内装入适量的水，然后通过加热或其他方式使罐内形成负压，吸附在皮肤上。水罐法具有温热刺激的作用，能够增强拔罐的疗效。
=== 拔罐时间 ===
拔罐时间通常是指从开始拔罐到结束拔罐的整个过程所持续的时间。一般情况下，拔罐时间应控制在 15 - 30 分钟左右，具体时间应根据患者的体质、病情、拔罐部位以及所选用的拔罐器具等因素灵活掌握。对于体质较好、病情较重、拔罐部位肌肉丰厚的患者，拔罐时间可适当延长；而对于体质虚弱、皮肤敏感、拔罐部位皮肤较薄的患者，则应相应缩短拔罐时间。

== '''拔罐在现代社会中的应用与发展''' ==
=== 医疗领域的应用 ===
在现代医疗领域，拔罐疗法被广泛应用于多种疾病的治疗过程中。它不仅可以作为单一的治疗方法，还可以与其他医疗手段相结合，发挥协同作用，提高治疗效果。例如，在治疗慢性疲劳综合征时，拔罐疗法与针灸、按摩等疗法相结合，能够有效缓解患者的疲劳症状，改善身体机能。此外，拔罐疗法在康复医学中也发挥着重要作用。对于一些术后康复、运动损伤康复的患者，拔罐能够促进局部血液循环，缓解肌肉紧张和疼痛，加速康复进程。2021年《中国针灸》研究指出：拔罐可使疼痛评分降低40%，但需规范操作流程。（曾科,王建伟, 2016）
=== 美容养生领域的应用 ===
随着人们生活水平的提高和美容养生意识的增强，拔罐疗法在美容养生领域得到了广泛的应用。拔罐可以通过改善皮肤的血液循环，促进新陈代谢，增强皮肤的弹性和光泽，从而达到美容养颜的效果。例如，面部拔罐能够缓解面部肌肉的松弛，淡化皱纹，改善肤色不均等问题。同时，拔罐还能调节人体的内分泌系统，促进毒素的排出，对于减肥塑形、改善体质等方面也具有一定的作用。许多美容院和养生会所都推出了拔罐美容养生项目，受到了广大消费者的青睐。
=== 国际交流与传播 ===
随着中医文化的不断传播，拔罐疗法在国际上的知名度和影响力也日益增强。越来越多的外国人士开始了解和接受拔罐疗法，一些西方国家的医疗机构也开始将拔罐纳入其医疗体系中。例如，在美国、英国、德国等国家，拔罐疗法被用于治疗肌肉骨骼疾病、慢性疼痛等病症，并取得了一定的疗效。在2016年里约奥运会中，游泳名将菲尔普斯肩背的罐印引发全球关注，使拔罐成为“中医文化输出”的标志性符号。世卫组织2019年将其纳入传统医学名录。需澄清的是：治疗后紫黯色瘀斑属“病邪外泄”的正常反应，与普通淤青有本质区别。（郑蓉，2018）

== '''术语对照表''' ==
cupping therapy 拔罐疗法

horn method角法

medicated cupping药罐

meridians 经络

Qi 气

ecchymosis 瘀斑

stationary cupping 留罐

moving cupping 走罐

obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain 不通则痛，通则不痛

negative pressure expelling pathogens 负压引邪

pathogenic factors being expelled 病邪外泄

the Fifty-two Medical Formulas 《五十二病方》

Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies 《肘后备急方》

the Classic of Materia Medica 《本草经集注》

the Golden Mirror of Medicine 《医宗金鉴》

== '''问题''' ==
1. 拔罐疗法主要有哪三种操作方法？

2. 根据中医理论，拔罐如何缓解疼痛？

3. 拔罐有哪些主要好处？你能给出具体实例吗？

4. 列举两项现代拔罐的安全创新。

5. 记载拔罐疗法的最早古代文献是什么？

== '''参考文献''' ==
[1] 王菲, 李明. (2020). 拔罐技术的分类与操作规范[J]. 上海针灸杂志39(2): 111-114.

[2] 王美娟等. 从辨象论治探讨拔罐疗法的中医理论基础探析[J]. 中华中医药杂志2022(8): 4822-4825.

[3] 杨金生. 拔罐疗法的历史沿革[J]. 中华医史杂志1999(2): 82-84.

[4] 张瑜. (2017). 葛洪《肘后备急方》对拔罐疗法的贡献[J]. 中医文献杂志35(5): 40-42.

[5] 曾科,王建伟. 拔罐疗法的临床应用与研究进展[J]. 针灸推拿医学2016(4): 300-304.

[6] 郑蓉. (2018). 拔罐疗法的国际化传播与接受度研究[J]. 环球中医药11(4): 28-31.

特此说明，本人在撰写本课程论文时未调用任何AI模型及软件。

User:Tao Yao

2025-06-11T07:33:20Z

Tao Yao:

[https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Language_and_Culture,_Spring_2025 Link to Course Homepage] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chin_Lang_Cult_Fin_Exam_Spring_2025 Link to List of final exam chapters]

2024 MTI Tao Yao

= '''Medicine——TCM: Cupping Therapy''' =
Known in ancient times as the “horn method” (角法) for its use of animal horn cups, cupping is an ancient TCM physical therapy that prevents and treats diseases by creating negative pressure through cup adhesion on the body surface. Its origins trace back to the Warring States period (475-221 BCE). The Fifty-two Medical Formulas (五十二病方), unearthed at the tomb in Mawangdui(a region in Changsha), documents using animal horns to drain pus from sores. Ge Hong (283-343), a Taoist physician of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, recorded the earliest emergency cupping technique in Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies (肘后备急方): using heated bamboo cups to extract venom from snakebite wounds (Zhang Yu, 2017). By the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), Tao Hongjing systematically described bamboo cupping in Collected Commentaries on the Classic of Materia Medica (本草经集注), establishing it as an officially recognized TCM therapy. During the Ming and Qing periods, the Golden Mirror of Medicine (医宗金鉴) detailed “medicated cupping” (药罐法), integrating herbal medicine with cupping, marking the technique's maturity. It later evolved to include bamboo, ceramic, and modern glass cups (Yang Jinsheng, 1999).

== '''Theoretical Basis''' ==
Cupping perfectly embodies the TCM pathological view: “Obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain” (不通则痛，通则不痛). As its mechanisms are scientifically elucidated, this ancient art bridges traditional wisdom with evidence-based medicine (Wang Meijuan et al, 2022). Based on the TCM theory of “negative pressure expelling pathogens”(负压引邪), cupping unblocks meridians, dispels wind-cold-damp pathogens, and regulates qi-blood circulation. Modern studies confirm that negative pressure dilates capillaries, enhances local blood-oxygen perfusion, and activates immune responses.

== '''Practical Application''' ==
=== Cupping Tools ===
Cups vary widely, including bamboo, ceramic, glass, silicone, and pump-controlled types. Each material offers distinct advantages: bamboo cups are lightweight and affordable for home use; glass cups allow visual monitoring; pump cups enable easy, adjustable pressure. Selection depends on individual needs and preferences.
=== Cupping Techniques ===
1. Flash Fire Method: A cotton ball soaked in alcohol is clamped with forceps, ignited, swirled inside the cup, then quickly removed before placing the cup on the skin. Simple but requires fire safety awareness (Wang Fei, Li Ming, 2020).

2. Fire Insertion Method: A burning paper/alcool ball is dropped into the cup, which is then rapidly placed on the skin. Suitable for flame-resistant cups.

3. Pump Method: Air is extracted using a pump to create negative pressure. Safe, controllable, and ideal for sensitive skin or special groups like pregnant women.

4. Wet Cupping: Water is added to the cup; heating creates suction while providing warm stimulation to enhance efficacy.
=== Duration ===
Cupping typically lasts 15-30 minutes, adjusted based on the patient’s constitution, condition, treatment area, and cup type. Longer durations suit robust patients with severe conditions or thick-muscled areas; shorter sessions are advised for frail individuals or sensitive/thin-skinned areas.

== '''Modern Applications and Development''' ==
=== Medical Use ===
Cupping is widely integrated into modern healthcare—both as standalone therapy or combined with acupuncture/massage for synergistic effects. For chronic fatigue syndrome, it alleviates exhaustion and improves function. In rehabilitation, it enhances blood flow, relieves muscle tension/pain, and accelerates recovery post-surgery or injury. A 2021 Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion study noted a 40% reduction in pain scores, emphasizing standardized protocols (Zeng Ke, Wang Jianwei, 2021).
=== Health and Aesthetics ===
Rising health consciousness has popularized cupping in beauty and wellness. By boosting skin circulation and metabolism, it enhances elasticity and radiance. Facial cupping tightens muscles, reduces wrinkles, and evens skin tone. It also regulates endocrine function and aids detoxification, supporting weight management. Spas and wellness centers globally now offer cupping services.
=== Global Recognition ===
As TCM gains international traction, cupping’s visibility has soared. Western medical institutions in the US, UK, and Germany employ it for musculoskeletal disorders and chronic pain. Swimmer Michael Phelps’s purple cupping marks at the 2016 Rio Olympics spotlighted it as a cultural ambassador for TCM. The WHO included cupping in its 2019 Traditional Medicine Catalogue. Notably, post-treatment dark ecchymosis (紫黯色瘀斑) signifies normal “pathogenic factors being expelled” (病邪外泄), distinct from bruising (Zheng Rong, 2018).

== '''Terms and Expressions''' ==
cupping therapy 拔罐疗法

horn method角法

medicated cupping药罐

meridians 经络

Qi 气

ecchymosis 瘀斑

stationary cupping 留罐

moving cupping 走罐

obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain 不通则痛，通则不痛

negative pressure expelling pathogens 负压引邪

pathogenic factors being expelled 病邪外泄

the Fifty-two Medical Formulas 《五十二病方》

Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies 《肘后备急方》

the Classic of Materia Medica 《本草经集注》

the Golden Mirror of Medicine 《医宗金鉴》

== '''Questions''' ==
1. What are the three main techniques of cupping therapy?

2. How does cupping alleviate pain according to TCM theory?

3. What are the key benefits of cupping? Give examples of their practical uses.

4. List two safety innovations in modern cupping.

5. Which ancient text first documented cupping?

== '''References''' ==
[1] Wang Fei & Li, Ming王菲, 李明. (2020) 拔罐技术的分类与操作规范[Classification and Operational Standards of Cupping Techniques]. 上海针灸杂志Shanghai Journal of Acupuncture, 39(2): 111-114.

[2] Wang Meijuan et al王美娟等. (2022) 从辨象论治探讨拔罐疗法的中医理论基础探析[Analysis of the Theoretical Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cupping Therapy from the Perspective of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment]. 中华中医药杂志China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 37(8): 4822-4825.

[3] Yang Jinsheng杨金生. (1999) 拔罐疗法的历史沿革[Historical Evolution of Cupping Therapy]. 中华医史杂志Chinese Journal of Medical History, 29(2): 82-84.

[4] Zhang, Yu张瑜. (2017) 葛洪《肘后备急方》对拔罐疗法的贡献[Ge Hong’s Contributions to Cupping in Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies]. 中医文献杂志Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Literature, 35(5): 40-42.

[5] Zeng Ke & Wang Jianwei曾科, 王建伟. (2016) 拔罐疗法的临床应用与研究进展[Clinical Application and Research Progress of Cupping Therapy]. 针灸推拿医学Journal of Acupuncture and Tuina Science, 14(4): 300-304.

[6] Zheng, Rong郑蓉. (2018) 拔罐疗法的国际化传播与接受度研究[Internationalization and Acceptance of Cupping Therapy]. 环球中医药Global Traditional Chinese Medicine, 11(4): 28–31.

= '''医药学：中医——拔罐疗法''' =
拔罐疗法古称“角法”——因使用兽角罐得名，其是中医古老的物理疗法，通过罐具吸附体表产生负压以防治疾病。最早可追溯至战国时期（公元前475–221年）。马王堆出土的《五十二病方》记载用兽角吸拔脓疮。东晋道医葛洪（283–343）所著《肘后备急方》记载了最早的急救拔罐法：以热竹罐吸拔蛇咬伤口排毒。（张瑜，2017）至唐代（公元618–907年），陶弘景在《本草经集注》中系统描述竹罐拔罐法，使其成为官方认可的中医疗法。明清时期，《医宗金鉴》详述“药罐法”，将中药与拔罐结合，标志技术成熟。后逐渐发展出竹罐、陶罐与现代玻璃罐。（杨金生，1999）
[https://img95.699pic.com/photo/50168/2834.jpg_wh300.jpg][[File:https://img95.699pic.com/photo/50168/2834.jpg_wh300.jpg]]

== '''拔罐的理论基础''' ==
拔罐疗法完美诠释了中医“不通则痛，通则不痛”的病理观。随着作用机制被科学解析，这项古老技艺正架起传统智慧与现代循证医学的桥梁。（王美娟等，2022）基于中医“负压引邪”理论，拔罐通过吸拔力疏通经络、驱散风寒湿邪、调节气血运行。现代研究证实：负压可扩张毛细血管，增加局部血氧灌注，激活免疫应答。

== '''拔罐的具体实践''' ==
=== 拔罐器具 ===
拔罐器具的种类繁多，常见的有竹罐、陶罐、玻璃罐、橡胶罐、抽气式拔罐器等。不同材质的拔罐器具各有特点，如竹罐轻便、廉价，适用于家庭使用；玻璃罐透明，便于观察罐内情况；抽气式拔罐器操作简便，容易控制负压强度等。在选择拔罐器具时，应根据实际需求和个人偏好进行选择。
=== 拔罐方法 ===
1. 闪火法：用镊子夹着酒精棉球，点燃后伸进罐内绕一圈再抽出，然后迅速将火罐扣在皮肤上。此方法操作简便，但需要注意防火安全。

2. 投火法：将燃烧的纸片或酒精棉球投入罐内，然后迅速将火罐扣在皮肤上。这种方法适用于不易燃烧的罐具。（王菲, 李明，2020）

3. 负压吸引法：利用抽气装置将罐内空气抽出，形成负压后吸附在皮肤上。这种方法操作简单、安全，容易控制负压强度，适用于各种人群，尤其是皮肤敏感者和孕妇等特殊人群。

4. 水罐法：先将罐内装入适量的水，然后通过加热或其他方式使罐内形成负压，吸附在皮肤上。水罐法具有温热刺激的作用，能够增强拔罐的疗效。
=== 拔罐时间 ===
拔罐时间通常是指从开始拔罐到结束拔罐的整个过程所持续的时间。一般情况下，拔罐时间应控制在 15 - 30 分钟左右，具体时间应根据患者的体质、病情、拔罐部位以及所选用的拔罐器具等因素灵活掌握。对于体质较好、病情较重、拔罐部位肌肉丰厚的患者，拔罐时间可适当延长；而对于体质虚弱、皮肤敏感、拔罐部位皮肤较薄的患者，则应相应缩短拔罐时间。

== '''拔罐在现代社会中的应用与发展''' ==
=== 医疗领域的应用 ===
在现代医疗领域，拔罐疗法被广泛应用于多种疾病的治疗过程中。它不仅可以作为单一的治疗方法，还可以与其他医疗手段相结合，发挥协同作用，提高治疗效果。例如，在治疗慢性疲劳综合征时，拔罐疗法与针灸、按摩等疗法相结合，能够有效缓解患者的疲劳症状，改善身体机能。此外，拔罐疗法在康复医学中也发挥着重要作用。对于一些术后康复、运动损伤康复的患者，拔罐能够促进局部血液循环，缓解肌肉紧张和疼痛，加速康复进程。2021年《中国针灸》研究指出：拔罐可使疼痛评分降低40%，但需规范操作流程。（曾科,王建伟, 2016）
=== 美容养生领域的应用 ===
随着人们生活水平的提高和美容养生意识的增强，拔罐疗法在美容养生领域得到了广泛的应用。拔罐可以通过改善皮肤的血液循环，促进新陈代谢，增强皮肤的弹性和光泽，从而达到美容养颜的效果。例如，面部拔罐能够缓解面部肌肉的松弛，淡化皱纹，改善肤色不均等问题。同时，拔罐还能调节人体的内分泌系统，促进毒素的排出，对于减肥塑形、改善体质等方面也具有一定的作用。许多美容院和养生会所都推出了拔罐美容养生项目，受到了广大消费者的青睐。
=== 国际交流与传播 ===
随着中医文化的不断传播，拔罐疗法在国际上的知名度和影响力也日益增强。越来越多的外国人士开始了解和接受拔罐疗法，一些西方国家的医疗机构也开始将拔罐纳入其医疗体系中。例如，在美国、英国、德国等国家，拔罐疗法被用于治疗肌肉骨骼疾病、慢性疼痛等病症，并取得了一定的疗效。在2016年里约奥运会中，游泳名将菲尔普斯肩背的罐印引发全球关注，使拔罐成为“中医文化输出”的标志性符号。世卫组织2019年将其纳入传统医学名录。需澄清的是：治疗后紫黯色瘀斑属“病邪外泄”的正常反应，与普通淤青有本质区别。（郑蓉，2018）

== '''术语对照表''' ==
cupping therapy 拔罐疗法

horn method角法

medicated cupping药罐

meridians 经络

Qi 气

ecchymosis 瘀斑

stationary cupping 留罐

moving cupping 走罐

obstruction causes pain; free flow prevents pain 不通则痛，通则不痛

negative pressure expelling pathogens 负压引邪

pathogenic factors being expelled 病邪外泄

the Fifty-two Medical Formulas 《五十二病方》

Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies 《肘后备急方》

the Classic of Materia Medica 《本草经集注》

the Golden Mirror of Medicine 《医宗金鉴》

== '''问题''' ==
1. 拔罐疗法主要有哪三种操作方法？

2. 根据中医理论，拔罐如何缓解疼痛？

3. 拔罐有哪些主要好处？你能给出具体实例吗？

4. 列举两项现代拔罐的安全创新。

5. 记载拔罐疗法的最早古代文献是什么？

== '''参考文献''' ==
[1] 王菲, 李明. (2020). 拔罐技术的分类与操作规范[J]. 上海针灸杂志39(2): 111-114.

[2] 王美娟等. 从辨象论治探讨拔罐疗法的中医理论基础探析[J]. 中华中医药杂志2022(8): 4822-4825.

[3] 杨金生. 拔罐疗法的历史沿革[J]. 中华医史杂志1999(2): 82-84.

[4] 张瑜. (2017). 葛洪《肘后备急方》对拔罐疗法的贡献[J]. 中医文献杂志35(5): 40-42.

[5] 曾科,王建伟. 拔罐疗法的临床应用与研究进展[J]. 针灸推拿医学2016(4): 300-304.

[6] 郑蓉. (2018). 拔罐疗法的国际化传播与接受度研究[J]. 环球中医药11(4): 28-31.

特此说明，本人在撰写本课程论文时未调用任何AI模型及软件。

User:Tao Yao

2025-06-11T07:29:16Z

2025-02-23T10:31:27Z

Tao Yao:

[[Media:Example.ogg]]Welcome to our course website [[Chinese Language and Culture, Spring 2025]]!

=Session 1 Fri Feb 21 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Organizational issues=

==What we learn in this class==
*We learn about Chinese culture from international, especially Western perspective.
*We learn about cultural phenomena, traditional Chinese culture.
*We learn English and Chinese terminology in the area of Chinese culture.
*We learn to think critically about cultural traditions and to appreciate the benefits from cultural traditions.
*We learn how to determine the location and role of Chinese culture within global culture.
*We learn basics of theories and models of intercultural communication and comparison.
*We learn the appreciate and respect the diversity of multipolar cultures and of integration.
*We become aware of the dangers of cultural discrimination (colonialism, religious missions, imperialism etc.).

==Students' contribution==
*Every student needs to prepare the 1-2 textbook texts of the respective chapters in the textbook ahead each week of class.
*Every student selects a topic, prepares 2 ppt presentations of 15 min. (one without AI, one with AI, and please indicate references and an AI statement at the end of the presentation) and a mentimeter.com quiz for everybody to take live in class with results shown after all will have answered. The topics and contents of the sessions are determined by the selection of the students.
*For the final exam, you write another chapter of the textbook in both Chinese and English, with "Terms and Expressions", References, Questions and Answers, Statement regarding AI

==Textbook==
You will receive the textbook for our class. We need a volunteer who integrates the last 92 new chapters into the word file. After tha, you will receive an updated version of the textbook. There are more than 200 topics of our textbook. Here you find all topics in the order of the book and with the names of the students who will translate the chapters into Chinese. Please select two topics by writing your name behind it and by setting it in '''bold'''. These topics will be presented in the form of a powerpoint presentation.

==Agreement on use of classroom time==
Should we read the texts in class or should the students read the text ahead of class (especially learning the terms and expressions) and come to class prepared? How should we use our classroom time? (presentations, quizzes, discussions, exercise to translate adhoc an unknown text from the same area)

==Homework for every session==
Please prepare the topics of the following session by reading the respective texts in the textbook (if you have not much time, you can read it in Chinese), learn the vocabulary and make yourself familiar with the questions asked under the text.

==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]

[[File:Example.jpg]]==Homework for Session 2==
Please register on the Wiki and wait for the teacher to approve. You can click on http://bit.ly/WIKIREG, then input two times your pinyin name for username and real name in the way "Wang Jianguo", type in some info about yourself and submit the form with accepting the terms and conditions as well as typing in the captcha password "wikicaptcha". More detailed instructions for registration you find in the powerpoint presentation which you can download from here ("Teacher presentation").

Please select one of the following chapters of our textbook by writing your name behind the topic to give a 20 minute presentation on plus a MikeCRM quiz: The first three presenters will have to present next week!

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development 17

2. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 22

3. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 31

4. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan 40

5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia 49

6. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 63

7. Animals: Panda 71

8. Architecture 78

9. Architecture: The Forbidden City 89

10. Architecture: Four Famous Bridges 102

11. Architecture: Four Great Pavilions 113

12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace 124

13. Architecture: Three Great Towers in China 131

14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 145

15. Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons 154

16. Army and weapons: Terracotta Army 163

17. Astrology: Chinese Astrology 170

18. Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms 178

19. Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 188

20. Beverages: Milk Tea 197

21. Beverages: Tea 203

22. Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 209

23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing 218

24. Body movement performance: Stilts 223

25. Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance 230

26. Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush 236

27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy 246

28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy 252

29. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters 262

30. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts 276

31. Clothing: Chinese Clothing 283

32. Clothing: Batik (Lanran) 291

33. Clothing: Cheongsam 301

34. Confucianism: Confucian Culture 309

35. Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues 324

36. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism 332

37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects 339 (Duan Binyao)

38. Education: Ancient Chinese Education 350

39. Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 361

40. Education: Modern Chinese Education System 371

41. Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 386

42. Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) 395

43. Facial Make-up 406

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 413

45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 431

46. Fine Arts: Painting 440

47. Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi 445

48. Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day 452

49. Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 459

50. Games: Go 围棋 462

51. Games: Kite Flying 468

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）

53. Garden Culture: Gardens 505

54. Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) 511

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 526

57. Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 535

58. History: Carl and Cixi 548

59. Interieur: The Folding Screen 552

60. Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines 561

61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics 573

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains 585

63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes 593

64. Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606

65. Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） 621

66. Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road 635

67. Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties 642

68. Language: Chinese Language 649

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 660

70. Language: Chinese Folk Argot 669

71. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 681

72. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology 688

73. Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature 699

74. Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 706

75. Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 715

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao)

77. Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 748

78. Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu 765

79. Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels 773 (Duan Binyao)

80. Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 780

81. Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio 786

82. Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song 794

83. Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty 823

84. Literature: Modern Literature 832

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) 841

86. Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy 848

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature 859

88. Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia 865

89. Martial Arts: Qigong 868

90. Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing 873

91. Martial Arts: Wushu 885

92. Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) 890

93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 900

94. Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion 907

95. Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology 912

96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine 917

97. Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing 924

98. Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority 934

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes 941

100. Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) 952

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng 975

103. Music and instruments: Pipa 986

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals 996

105. Mythology: Huli-jing 1005

106. National Symbols: National Anthem 1018

107. National Symbols: National Flag 1026

108. Opera: Peking Opera 1035

109. Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics 1043

110. Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera 1055

112. Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) 1064

113. Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools 1076

114. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism 1087

115. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching 1093

116. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng 1099

117. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living 1106

118. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism 1119

119. Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture 1129

120. Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture 1141

121. Religion: Buddhism 1155

122. Religion: Daoism 1170

123. Religion: Christianity 1175

124. Religion: Islam 1181

125. Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology 1185

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1191

127. Science and Technology: Compass 1217

128. Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) 1226

129. Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China 1235

130. Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies 1257

131. Silk and porcelain: Silk 1272

132. Silk and porcelain: Porcelain 1277

133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 1283

134. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road 1291

135. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road 1296

136. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages 1300

137. Social: The Long-life Lock 1308

138. Social: Round Table Culture 1317

139. Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 1325
140. Stage entertainment: Shadow Play 1332

141. Traditional Crafts: Carving 1340

142. Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture 1348
143. Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne 1363

144. Traditional Crafts: Embroidery 1369

145. Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) 1373

146. Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery 1386

147. Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting 1400

148. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots 1409

149. Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware 1418

150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 1423（Chen Lin）

151. Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette 1436

152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks 1450

153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456(Liu peini)

154. Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 1473

155. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480

156. Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 1491
157. Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501

158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 1508

159. Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 1514

160. Traditional Festivals 1518……

161. Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows 1525

162. Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 1538

163. Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning 1544

164. Westernization: The Westernization Movement 1550

165. Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 1558

166. Economy: Chinese Currency Changes 1569

167. History: Wang Shouren 1573

168. Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit 1582

169. Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 （Zeng Zhi）

170. Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting 1601 （Luo Jiaxin）

171. Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) 1611

172. Traditional Craft: Bronze 1623

173. Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 1631

174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 1644

175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China 1655

176. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella 1664 (Tao Yao)

177. stage entertainment:Yuan drama 1676

178. Music and instruments: Erhu 1685

179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 1694

180. Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 1701

181. Animals：Golden Monkey 1712

182. Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 1719

183. Opera: Chinese Local Operas 1727

184. The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship 1740

185. Opera: Huangmei opera 1752

186. The “reference” of Chinese Music 1759

187. Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance 1767

188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） 1783

189. Clothing: Vintage Clothing 1790

190. Fine arts:Kunqu Opera 1798

191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807

192. National Belief: the Chinese Dream 1818

193. Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825

194. Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People 1845

195. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845

196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845

197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花 1845

198. Stage entertainment: Northeast Errenzhuan (二人转) 1845

199. Traditional Crafts: Dough Sculpture 面塑 1845

200. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty 1845

201. The culture of Grass cloth 夏布 1845 (Huang Qiaoqiao)

202. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 （Xing Xueqing）

203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845

204. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845

205. Bride-price（彩礼） 1845

206. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片 1845

207. Shandong cuisine鲁菜 1845

208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao （步摇） 1845

209. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) 1845 （Li Ting2）

210. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) 1845

211. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛） 1845

212. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845

213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) 1845

214. Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班） 1845

215. Live Streaming E-commerce（直播电商） 1845 (Tao Yao)

216. The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦） 1845

217. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) 1845 (Tao Yao)

218. Guangdong Herbal tea（广东凉茶） 1845

219. Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） 1845(Huang Qiaoqiao)

220. Rice cake (年糕) 1845

221. Zhongyuan festival 1845 （Ou Huang）

222. Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面) 1845

223. The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格） 1845

224. Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜） 1845

225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛） 1845 (Chen Zhen)

226. Landscapes and Tourism: Junshan Island (君山岛) 1845

227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)

228. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）——— Mortise and Tenon Joint（榫卯结构） 1845

229. Jingdezhen Porcelain 1845

230. Gayageum（伽倻琴） 1845

231. The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联） 1845

232. Sun Wukong（孙悟空） 1845

233. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料） 1845

234. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯） 1845

235. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） 1845

236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) 1845

237. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan) 1845

238. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山) 1845

239. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian 1845

240. Clay sculpture (泥塑） 1845

241. Abacus (中国珠算） 1845

242. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） 1845 （Ou Huang）

243. Chinese name（中国姓名文化） 1845

244. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”） 1845(Xiao Yikang)

245. Douzhi (豆汁) 1845 (Chen Zhen)

246. New Year Wood-block Paintings (木版年画） 1845

247. Carved lacquer（雕漆） 1845

248. Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山） 1845

249. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑） 1845

250. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话） 1845

251. Rice noodle roll（肠粉） 1845 ( Li Mingfeng )

252. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜） 1845

253. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山) 1845

254. Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染） 1845（Zhang Qi）

255. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒） 1845

256. Danmu (弹幕） 1845 (Zhou Le)

257. Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化） 1845

258. Indigo Dyeing (蓝染) 1845

259. Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua 1845

260. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty (宋代婚服) 1845 (Liu Chao)

261. The cultural idea oft he great unification in ancient China (中国古代的大一统文化思想) 1845

262. The Four Pillars of Destiny (八字) 1845 （Ou Huang）

263. Shaolin Temple (少林寺) 1845

264. Single bamboo drifting（独竹漂） 1845

265. Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1845 （Xing Xueqing）

266. Hui Culture (徽文化) 1845(Liu Jianan)

267. Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化) 1845 (Yan Jidong)

268. Table Manners 1845

269. Music of the Mongol nationality (蒙古族音乐) 1845

270. The Yingge Dance（英歌舞） 1845

271. Palace Lantern（宫灯） 1845

272. Chinese Term of Endearment（中国亲昵称谓） 1845

273. Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐) 1845(Luo Sicheng)

274. God of Wealth(财神) 1845 （Zeng Zhi）

275. Zhuazhou（抓周） 1845 （Zeng Xiaohui）

276. Nail art（美甲） 1845

277. Mirror (镜子) 1845

278. The Beef Board Noodle (牛肉板面) 1845

279. Huo Qubing (霍去病） 1845 （Luo Jingyan）

280. Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院） 1845

281. Music and instruments: Yangqin（扬琴） 1845

282. Black Myth: Wukong（黑神话悟空） 1845 (Chen Zhen)

283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化） 1845

=Session 02 Fri Feb 28 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Topics for today==
Please copy and paste your presentation topic, your name here and add your powerpoint file (size limit 10 MB)

=Session 03 Fri Mar 07 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 04 Fri Mar 14 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 05 Fri Mar 21 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 06 Fri Mar 28 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=HOLIDAY Session 07 Fri Apr 04 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
清明节4月4日——4月6日
=Session 08 Fri Apr 11 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 09 Fri Apr 18 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 10 Fri Apr 25 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=HOLIDAY Session 11 Fri May 02 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
劳动节5月1日——5月5日
=Session 12 Fri May 09 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 13 Fri May 16 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 14 Fri May 23 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 15 Fri May 30 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
端午节5月31日——6月2日
=Session 16 Fri Jun 28 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Final Exam=
Please write your paper here: [[Chin_Lang_Cult_Fin_Exam_Spring_2025]]

Chinese Language and Culture, Spring 2025

2025-02-23T10:24:24Z

Tao Yao:

Welcome to our course website [[Chinese Language and Culture, Spring 2025]]!

=Session 1 Fri Feb 21 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Organizational issues=

==What we learn in this class==
*We learn about Chinese culture from international, especially Western perspective.
*We learn about cultural phenomena, traditional Chinese culture.
*We learn English and Chinese terminology in the area of Chinese culture.
*We learn to think critically about cultural traditions and to appreciate the benefits from cultural traditions.
*We learn how to determine the location and role of Chinese culture within global culture.
*We learn basics of theories and models of intercultural communication and comparison.
*We learn the appreciate and respect the diversity of multipolar cultures and of integration.
*We become aware of the dangers of cultural discrimination (colonialism, religious missions, imperialism etc.).

==Students' contribution==
*Every student needs to prepare the 1-2 textbook texts of the respective chapters in the textbook ahead each week of class.
*Every student selects a topic, prepares 2 ppt presentations of 15 min. (one without AI, one with AI, and please indicate references and an AI statement at the end of the presentation) and a mentimeter.com quiz for everybody to take live in class with results shown after all will have answered. The topics and contents of the sessions are determined by the selection of the students.
*For the final exam, you write another chapter of the textbook in both Chinese and English, with "Terms and Expressions", References, Questions and Answers, Statement regarding AI

==Textbook==
You will receive the textbook for our class. We need a volunteer who integrates the last 92 new chapters into the word file. After tha, you will receive an updated version of the textbook. There are more than 200 topics of our textbook. Here you find all topics in the order of the book and with the names of the students who will translate the chapters into Chinese. Please select two topics by writing your name behind it and by setting it in '''bold'''. These topics will be presented in the form of a powerpoint presentation.

==Agreement on use of classroom time==
Should we read the texts in class or should the students read the text ahead of class (especially learning the terms and expressions) and come to class prepared? How should we use our classroom time? (presentations, quizzes, discussions, exercise to translate adhoc an unknown text from the same area)

==Homework for every session==
Please prepare the topics of the following session by reading the respective texts in the textbook (if you have not much time, you can read it in Chinese), learn the vocabulary and make yourself familiar with the questions asked under the text.

==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]

[[File:Example.jpg]]==Homework for Session 2==
Please register on the Wiki and wait for the teacher to approve. You can click on http://bit.ly/WIKIREG, then input two times your pinyin name for username and real name in the way "Wang Jianguo", type in some info about yourself and submit the form with accepting the terms and conditions as well as typing in the captcha password "wikicaptcha". More detailed instructions for registration you find in the powerpoint presentation which you can download from here ("Teacher presentation").

Please select one of the following chapters of our textbook by writing your name behind the topic to give a 20 minute presentation on plus a MikeCRM quiz: The first three presenters will have to present next week!

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development 17

2. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 22

3. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 31

4. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan 40

5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia 49

6. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 63

7. Animals: Panda 71

8. Architecture 78

9. Architecture: The Forbidden City 89

10. Architecture: Four Famous Bridges 102

11. Architecture: Four Great Pavilions 113

12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace 124

13. Architecture: Three Great Towers in China 131

14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 145

15. Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons 154

16. Army and weapons: Terracotta Army 163

17. Astrology: Chinese Astrology 170

18. Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms 178

19. Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 188

20. Beverages: Milk Tea 197

21. Beverages: Tea 203

22. Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 209

23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing 218

24. Body movement performance: Stilts 223

25. Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance 230

26. Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush 236

27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy 246

28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy 252

29. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters 262

30. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts 276

31. Clothing: Chinese Clothing 283

32. Clothing: Batik (Lanran) 291

33. Clothing: Cheongsam 301

34. Confucianism: Confucian Culture 309

35. Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues 324

36. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism 332

37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects 339 (Duan Binyao)

38. Education: Ancient Chinese Education 350

39. Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 361

40. Education: Modern Chinese Education System 371

41. Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 386

42. Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) 395

43. Facial Make-up 406

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 413

45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 431

46. Fine Arts: Painting 440

47. Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi 445

48. Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day 452

49. Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 459

50. Games: Go 围棋 462

51. Games: Kite Flying 468

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）

53. Garden Culture: Gardens 505

54. Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) 511

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 526

57. Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 535

58. History: Carl and Cixi 548

59. Interieur: The Folding Screen 552

60. Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines 561

61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics 573

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains 585

63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes 593

64. Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606

65. Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） 621

66. Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road 635

67. Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties 642

68. Language: Chinese Language 649

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 660

70. Language: Chinese Folk Argot 669

71. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 681

72. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology 688

73. Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature 699

74. Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 706

75. Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 715

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao)

77. Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 748

78. Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu 765

79. Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels 773 (Duan Binyao)

80. Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 780

81. Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio 786

82. Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song 794

83. Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty 823

84. Literature: Modern Literature 832

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) 841

86. Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy 848

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature 859

88. Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia 865

89. Martial Arts: Qigong 868

90. Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing 873

91. Martial Arts: Wushu 885

92. Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) 890

93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 900

94. Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion 907

95. Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology 912

96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine 917

97. Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing 924

98. Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority 934

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes 941

100. Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) 952

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng 975

103. Music and instruments: Pipa 986

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals 996

105. Mythology: Huli-jing 1005

106. National Symbols: National Anthem 1018

107. National Symbols: National Flag 1026

108. Opera: Peking Opera 1035

109. Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics 1043

110. Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera 1055

112. Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) 1064

113. Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools 1076

114. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism 1087

115. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching 1093

116. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng 1099

117. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living 1106

118. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism 1119

119. Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture 1129

120. Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture 1141

121. Religion: Buddhism 1155

122. Religion: Daoism 1170

123. Religion: Christianity 1175

124. Religion: Islam 1181

125. Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology 1185

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1191

127. Science and Technology: Compass 1217

128. Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) 1226

129. Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China 1235

130. Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies 1257

131. Silk and porcelain: Silk 1272

132. Silk and porcelain: Porcelain 1277

133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 1283

134. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road 1291

135. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road 1296

136. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages 1300

137. Social: The Long-life Lock 1308

138. Social: Round Table Culture 1317

139. Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 1325
140. Stage entertainment: Shadow Play 1332

141. Traditional Crafts: Carving 1340

142. Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture 1348
143. Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne 1363

144. Traditional Crafts: Embroidery 1369

145. Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) 1373

146. Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery 1386

147. Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting 1400

148. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots 1409

149. Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware 1418

150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 1423（Chen Lin）

151. Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette 1436

152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks 1450

153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456(Liu peini)

154. Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 1473

155. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480

156. Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 1491
157. Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501

158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 1508

159. Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 1514

160. Traditional Festivals 1518……

161. Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows 1525

162. Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 1538

163. Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning 1544

164. Westernization: The Westernization Movement 1550

165. Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 1558

166. Economy: Chinese Currency Changes 1569

167. History: Wang Shouren 1573

168. Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit 1582

169. Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 （Zeng Zhi）

170. Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting 1601 （Luo Jiaxin）

171. Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) 1611

172. Traditional Craft: Bronze 1623

173. Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 1631

174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 1644

175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China 1655

176. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella 1664 (Tao Yao)

177. stage entertainment:Yuan drama 1676

178. Music and instruments: Erhu 1685

179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 1694

180. Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 1701

181. Animals：Golden Monkey 1712

182. Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 1719

183. Opera: Chinese Local Operas 1727

184. The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship 1740

185. Opera: Huangmei opera 1752

186. The “reference” of Chinese Music 1759

187. Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance 1767

188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） 1783

189. Clothing: Vintage Clothing 1790

190. Fine arts:Kunqu Opera 1798

191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807

192. National Belief: the Chinese Dream 1818

193. Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825

194. Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People 1845

195. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845

196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845

197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花 1845

198. Stage entertainment: Northeast Errenzhuan (二人转) 1845

199. Traditional Crafts: Dough Sculpture 面塑 1845

200. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty 1845

201. The culture of Grass cloth 夏布 1845 (Huang Qiaoqiao)

202. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 （Xing Xueqing）

203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845

204. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845

205. Bride-price（彩礼） 1845

206. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片 1845

207. Shandong cuisine鲁菜 1845

208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao （步摇） 1845

209. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) 1845 （Li Ting2）

210. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) 1845

211. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛） 1845

212. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845

213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) 1845

214. Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班） 1845

215. Live Streaming E-commerce（直播电商） 1845

216. The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦） 1845

217. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) 1845

218. Guangdong Herbal tea（广东凉茶） 1845

219. Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） 1845(Huang Qiaoqiao)

220. Rice cake (年糕) 1845

221. Zhongyuan festival 1845 （Ou Huang）

222. Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面) 1845

223. The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格） 1845

224. Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜） 1845

225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛） 1845 (Chen Zhen)

226. Landscapes and Tourism: Junshan Island (君山岛) 1845

227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)

228. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）——— Mortise and Tenon Joint（榫卯结构） 1845

229. Jingdezhen Porcelain 1845

230. Gayageum（伽倻琴） 1845

231. The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联） 1845

232. Sun Wukong（孙悟空） 1845

233. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料） 1845

234. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯） 1845

235. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） 1845

236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) 1845

237. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan) 1845

238. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山) 1845

239. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian 1845

240. Clay sculpture (泥塑） 1845

241. Abacus (中国珠算） 1845

242. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） 1845 （Ou Huang）

243. Chinese name（中国姓名文化） 1845

244. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”） 1845(Xiao Yikang)

245. Douzhi (豆汁) 1845 (Chen Zhen)

246. New Year Wood-block Paintings (木版年画） 1845

247. Carved lacquer（雕漆） 1845

248. Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山） 1845

249. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑） 1845

250. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话） 1845

251. Rice noodle roll（肠粉） 1845 ( Li Mingfeng )

252. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜） 1845

253. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山) 1845

254. Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染） 1845（Zhang Qi）

255. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒） 1845

256. Danmu (弹幕） 1845 (Zhou Le)

257. Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化） 1845

258. Indigo Dyeing (蓝染) 1845

259. Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua 1845

260. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty (宋代婚服) 1845 (Liu Chao)

261. The cultural idea oft he great unification in ancient China (中国古代的大一统文化思想) 1845

262. The Four Pillars of Destiny (八字) 1845 （Ou Huang）

263. Shaolin Temple (少林寺) 1845

264. Single bamboo drifting（独竹漂） 1845

265. Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1845 （Xing Xueqing）

266. Hui Culture (徽文化) 1845(Liu Jianan)

267. Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化) 1845 (Yan Jidong)

268. Table Manners 1845

269. Music of the Mongol nationality (蒙古族音乐) 1845

270. The Yingge Dance（英歌舞） 1845

271. Palace Lantern（宫灯） 1845

272. Chinese Term of Endearment（中国亲昵称谓） 1845

273. Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐) 1845(Luo Sicheng)

274. God of Wealth(财神) 1845 （Zeng Zhi）

275. Zhuazhou（抓周） 1845 （Zeng Xiaohui）

276. Nail art（美甲） 1845

277. Mirror (镜子) 1845

278. The Beef Board Noodle (牛肉板面) 1845

279. Huo Qubing (霍去病） 1845 （Luo Jingyan）

280. Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院） 1845

281. Music and instruments: Yangqin（扬琴） 1845

282. Black Myth: Wukong（黑神话悟空） 1845 (Chen Zhen)

283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化） 1845

=Session 02 Fri Feb 28 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Topics for today==
Please copy and paste your presentation topic, your name here and add your powerpoint file (size limit 10 MB)

=Session 03 Fri Mar 07 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 04 Fri Mar 14 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 05 Fri Mar 21 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 06 Fri Mar 28 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=HOLIDAY Session 07 Fri Apr 04 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
清明节4月4日——4月6日
=Session 08 Fri Apr 11 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 09 Fri Apr 18 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 10 Fri Apr 25 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=HOLIDAY Session 11 Fri May 02 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
劳动节5月1日——5月5日
=Session 12 Fri May 09 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 13 Fri May 16 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 14 Fri May 23 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
=Session 15 Fri May 30 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Student presentations=
端午节5月31日——6月2日
=Session 16 Fri Jun 28 12:45-14:15 room 613 - Final Exam=
Please write your paper here: [[Chin_Lang_Cult_Fin_Exam_Spring_2025]]