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Datong Shu

2024-02-11T09:07:06Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* TXL */

=The Book of Great Unity=

Original text: [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=306261&remap=gb]

Title: 大同书 (The Book of Great Unity)

Author: 康有为 Kang Youwei

Presentation: [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AqsF4GTNUGSnsTQAxJSdM5WQwJ5I?e=PtMoYy]

=Introduction by the Teacher: Early utopias, Kang Youwei and the Book of Great Unity=

I Compulsory Part: Modernisation

Just as we find early literary utopias in the Occident, e.g. in Gilgamesh (earliest version ca. 2600 BC), there were also first literary testimonies in China (e.g. "Great Unity" in the Book of Rites ca. 2500 c.) .

Utopias became popular through translations of Jules Verne's utopian novels into Chinese around 1902-1903 (e.g. Lu Xun (transl.): Jules Verne: Journey to the Moon, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea).

Utopias played an important role especially at the end of the imperial era (around 1900): They heralded the social transformation process towards modernity. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao launched the first attempt at reform, but it lasted only 100 days.

Kang Youwei wrote the utopian essay "The Book of Great Unity大同書". Liang Qichao wrote a fragment (see below).

The concept of Great Unity was later taken up by Sun Yat-sen and appears in several places in the national anthem of the Republic of China (Taiwan).

As the texts are very long and not available in English or German, I have put together a few summaries and excerpts from secondary literature for you. Read as much as you can in the short time available or as much as arouses your interest, in the session we will mainly discuss on the basis of the following tasks:

Task 1. Please read some of the texts with the following questions in mind:

a) What role does money play?

b) What role do physical labour and machines play?

c) How are nations characterised, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

d) What is the relationship between technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

e) What is China's position in Asia / in the world?

e) What is the system of government? How did it come about?

f) How is peace valued?

g) How are differences between people treated?

Task 2: Compare the results with those of previously studied seminar texts.

II Freestyle: Present

The real China of the present as a dystopia.

There is no free literary creation in China today; authors are almost exclusively employed by the state and are subject to censorship. Even foreign dystopian novels like 1984 and Animal Farm are partly banned in China.

There are utopian propaganda novels of poor literary quality that predict a bright future for China. But even the 30-minute evening news of the present is characterised by viewers in China with the following joke:

"前十分钟领导很忙。

中间十分钟人民生活很幸福。

最后十分钟外国人民生活在水生火热之中。

What does the 30 minutes of television news consist of?

In the first 10 minutes, the leaders are very busy.

In the middle 10 minutes the people live very happily.

In the last 10 minutes, foreigners live in floods and conflagrations.

3. compare the following phenomena of contemporary China with dystopian/utopian novels:

a) The will of primary school pupils, students and professionals is broken, they are educated with obviously false information (e.g. regarding Chinese history and the relationship to Europe), which they are taught and have to repeat until they credibly affirm that they believe the false to be true.

b) Workers in a Shanghai factory are given protective helmets in which brain scanners are mounted so that brain waves and especially emotional fluctuations can be immediately detected by the employer and measures (up to and including dismissal) can be taken.

c) There is a regime loyalty point system, according to which every Chinese has a point value, especially based on his internet behaviour.

d) In China there is total surveillance with millions of cameras (teachers have 3 bullet-head cameras above them in the classroom, students another half dozen), there is no privacy and no data protection (except for party officials).

e) The internet, the press and books are censored and synchronised; if a term becomes hype, an algorithm decides whether all the corresponding posts and, if necessary, the users are blocked.

Kang Youwei: The Book of Great Unity

(ca. 1900, 2nd ed. 1937) 2010, Beijing: People's Publishing House

Kang developed his ideas in lecture notes in 1884. His students encouraged him to elaborate them into a book, the first version of which he did not complete until about two decades after his return from exile in India. The first two chapters appeared in Japan at the beginning of the 20th century, the entire book only posthumously in 1935, some seven years after his death.

Kang proposed a future (utopian) world free of political boundaries and racial differences, and centrally governed democratically. The world would be divided into rectangular administrative zones, self-governing with direct democracy but loyal to the central government. According to Kang's eugenics, the "brown and black" races would disappear within a millennium, leading to a more homogeneous human race. Its members would be "of the same skin colour, appearance, height and endowed with the same intelligence". He hoped for an end to traditional clan structures, which he saw as a major evil. Families would be replaced by state institutions such as midwifery schools, kindergartens and schools. Marriage would be replaced by annual contracts between husband and wife. Kang considered the contemporary form of marriage to be particularly anti-women because they would be trapped in it for life. Kang believed in the equality of men and women and there should be no social institution or obstacles why women should not be able to do everything that men were allowed to do.

=Comparison: The New Story of the Stone=
Wu Jianren, The New Story of the Stone

[Excerpts, summary.]

[Baoyu's peaceful meditation is disturbed when he suddenly remembers his failed mission, his failed attempt to fix the' fractured Tian-sky or Tian-heaven. Dun Wang, 41]

"When the Goddess produced stones of five colours, she meant to use them to mend Heaven. While the other thirty-six thousand and five hundred have been put to use, only I have been neglected. Although I was later endowed with supernatural power, I only wasted it by squandering some years with those girls [in the Garden View Grand]. I have yet to carry out my purpose of mending Heaven. If I could fulfill this wish, I would have no regrets even if I disappeared into smoke and ashes" (Wu 1986, 3, transl. by David Der-wei Wang in David E. Pollard 1998, p. 322)

[As a result, he cannot stay in the stagnant mythical realm any longer, and he embarks on a journey which leads him to Shanghai, a semi-colonial metropolis in pre-industrial China. The journey symbolizes an ambivalent search for "modern" China.

The first half of The New Story of the Stone relates the resurrected Baoyu's disappointing, dystopian adventures in the late Qing society. He encounters a race of humans that is degenerating along with their society. The novel's second part transports him into an imaginary utopian future called the "Civilized Realm" (文明境界). Appropriately, the portal to this utopia is located somewhere close to Confucius' hometown in Shandong province. The new, utopian adventure starts from Chapter 21. Baoyu-having narrowly escaped a political murder-is taking an excursion to Northern China. Ironically, at Qufu, (曲阜) Confucius' hometown, he is robbed twice during the night. Being helpless and lost, Baoyu roams the main road from dark until daybreak. At the precise point where the sun rises Baoyu sees a high memorial arch with the inscription "Civilized Realm. A gentleman with the name "Old Youth" greets him. After Baoyu passes the inspection of his "nature" at a border office, Old Youth becomes his companion on a tour of the territory.

Baoyu now finds this Civilized Realm to be in every respect superior to both a decaying China and an aggressive West, which the citizens of this utopia call the "Barbarian Realm" (野蠻境界) and the "Falsely Civilized States" (假文明國), respectively. The Civilized Realm imaginatively fulfils the late Qing dream of not only equaling but surpassing Western technology. Dun Wang, 41]

[On top of this amazing technology we also have a traditionally Confucian moral order, the true governing power. Its "civilized authoritarianism" (文明專制) is thought to be the most advanced political system in the world, far superior to Western "falsely civilized" values. Dun Wang, 42]

[Summary by David Wang:

Wu Jianren casts Jia Baoyu as a lonely traveller in time, who adventures to late Qing China and then to a futuristic utopia. Baoyu's old passion for the girls of the Garden View Grand is now replaced by a compassion for the people of the Middle Kingdom; romantic yearning gives way to an eager practicality [...] The Civilized World is a country strong in military power, political structure, scientific advancement, educational institutions, and moral cultivation. It is a tremendous technocratic empire that in every aspect leads its time. [...]

In chapter 25, after watching a military review of flying cars, Baoyu sighs, "What fiction about 'flying amid the clouds and riding the fog' - the well-known skill of deities and humans endowed with supernatural powers - could be more fantastic than this flying car?" [One of his escorts replies: "We have come a long way in experimenting with the flying car, the idea of which was derived from our ancestors. It is laughable that Europeans and Americans have by now only come up with inventions like those dangerous and clumsy balloons. How can a balloon match our flying cars?"[Wang: Fin-de-siècle splendor..... p. 275].

Dongfang Qiang divides his territory into eight districts named after the eight Chinese virtues (ba de: loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, compassion, fidelity, righteousness, peacefulness, equality). His three sons, Dongfang Ying (Eastern England), Dongfang De (Eastern Germany), Dongfang Fa (Eastern France), and one daughter, Dongfang Mei (Eastern America), are administrators of state affairs [...] all the rulers of the Dongfang family are [Wang p. 276] "gifted with the talent to administer the world, and the will to rule the state."

To Baoyu's puzzlement, towards the end of their conversation, Dongfang Qiang [which means "Strong East"] calls Baoyu "brother", as if they were of the same generation despite their apparent difference in ages. Upon Baoyu's departure, Dongfang Qiang reveals his true identity: he is Zhen Baoyu, the worldly double of Jia Baoyu, from The Story of the Stone! This revelation takes us back into the intricate world of similitude and illusion as presented by the original. Zhen Baoyu, it will be recalled, was a duplicate of Jia Baoyu in appearance, but he grew up to become what Jia Baoyu refused to become, a success in the secular world of the red dust. [...]

In a manner reminiscent of Cao Xueqin's novel, at the end of Wu Jianren's search for an ideal utopia, a dream sequence appears. In the dream, Baoyu takes a voyage back to China. To his amazement, a World's Fair exhibition is about to take place in Beijing, while the Yangtze valley has been so industrialized that one sees hundreds of factories on either bank and ships sailing busily up and down the river. Bao Yu attends an international conference on world peace. When the keynote speaker, the Emperor of China, is welcomed to the stage, he turns out to be none other than Zhen Baoyu/Dongfang Qiang. In great shock, Bao Yu falls off his chair and wakes up].

"How sad I feel about all the miseries of the world,
And how sad I feel for those who are born in the world.
Time does not endow me with the skill to mend heaven,
Instead it lets busy rats run everything." (p. 323)

Text

吳趼人 (Wu, Jianren 1866-1910) 1905. 老少年 ("Old Youth") [i.e. Wu Jianren (吳趼人; 1866-1910)], 新石頭記 (New Story of the Stone), 南方報 (Nanfang Bao) in 1905 (8.21-11.29), book reprint "Wo Fo Shan Ren" (我佛山人): Illustrated new Story of the Stone, Shanghai Reform Fiction Press (上海改良小說社 Shanghai gailiang xiaoshuoshe), 1908, reprint Zhongzhou Guji Chubanshe (中州古籍出版社) 1986, edited and annotated by Wang Liyan (王立言).

Based on early Chinese translations by Jules Verne, which were available since around 1900.

References

Wang, David Derwei. Fin-de-siecle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849-1911. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997.

Wang, David Derwei. "Translating Modernity." Pollard, David E., ed. Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840-1918. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 303-30.

Wang Dun (王敦). "The Late Qing's Other Utopias: China's Science-Fictional Imagination, 1900-1910", in: Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 34.2, September 2008: 37-61.

=Fragment and homework《庚部　去产界公生业》=

In this fragment, Kang Youwei explains how to get rid of the industrial boundary and the suffering it causes.

==YL==

人生之所赖，农出之，工作之，商运之，资生之学日精，则实业之依倍切。至于近世，奖劝日加，讲求日精，凡农工商皆有学校，农耕皆用机器化料。若工事之精，制造之奇，汽球登天，铁轨缩地，无线之电渡海，比之中古，有若新世界矣。商运之大，轮舶纷驰，物品交通，遍于五洲，皆创数千年未有之异境。文明日进，诚过畴昔。然新业虽瑰玮，不过世界之外观，于民生独人之困苦，公德之缺乏，未能略有补救也。

今以农夫言之，中国许人买卖田产，故人各得小区之地，难于用机器以为耕，无论农学未开，不知改良。而田主率非自耕，多为佃户，出租既贵，水旱非时，终岁劳动，胼手胝足，举家兼勤，不足事畜，食薯煮粥，犹不充饥，甚者鬻子以偿租税，菜色褛衣，其困苦有不忍言者。即使农学遍设，物种大明，化料具备，机器大用，与欧美齐；而田区既小，终难均一，大田者或多荒芜，而小区者徒劳心力；或且无田以为耕，饥寒乞丐，流离沟壑。此不惟中国为然，自美洲新辟得有大田外，各国殆皆不能免焉；而亚洲各旧国，地少人多，殆尤甚者也。

The author says that life depends on agriculture, work and business, students will be dependent on the undustry if they improve their studies. In modern times rewards are important, everyday improvements should be emphasized. The industry has schools and farming uses machine-made materials. If they work hard to keep the fortifications strong and the manufacturing good quality then the country has a chance to develop/everything will be good. Author says that it feels like a new world compared with the past. Trasport is also great. The civilization is advancing every day and they should try to live up to the past. Author also says that although the business is good, it's all just an appearance, doesn't compensate for people's hardships and the lock of morality.
Framers can buy and sell their land. Everybody has their land but it's difficult to use machines in farming. Most of the land owners are tenants. Rent is high and the natural disasters are not helping. Whole families work hard the whole year. Sometimes they can't raise animals, so they only eat potatoes and porridge. They also have to pay taxes. The land areas are usually quite small so it's difficult to be uniform/people work in vain. Bigger areas are deserted. That causes hunger. The author says its not only like that in China, but in other countries.

==ZYX==

孔子昔已忧之，故创井田之法，而后人人不忧饥寒；而此方格之事，非新辟之国实不能行。若孔子所谓「盖均无贫」，则义之至也。

后儒日发均田之说，又为限民名田之法，王莽不得其道而妄行之，则适以致乱。英人傅氏之论生计，欲以十里养千人为大井田，其意仁甚，然亦不可行也；盖许人民买卖私产，既各有私产，则贫富不齐，终无由均。若如荷兰之治爪哇，有地头主，领地于国而下税于民，则为重税如诸侯天子矣，盖非太平之道。然则虽有仁人，欲使全地养民，无冻馁之患，无不均之忧，实不可得也。

故以今之治法，虽使机器日出精奇，人民更加才智，政法更有精密，而不行大同之法，终无致生民之食安乐，农人之得均养也。或亦能倡共产之法，而有家有国，自私方甚；有家则一身而妻子待养，有国则陈兵而租税日增，以此制度而欲行共产之说，犹往南而北其辙也，无论法国革命时不能行之，即美国至今亦万不能行也。

Because of his concern, Confucius created the well-field system so that people would not live in hunger and cold. Later, Confucians put forward the theory of land equalisation and also introduced a law to restrict land to people. However, Wang Mang shouldn't do that, otherwise it could lead to chaos. From the examples of equal distribution of land among people in Britain and The Netherlands, it can be argued that even if there are benevolent people who want people to own all the land without suffering from cold and hunger, it is really impossible to achieve equality in this matter. Also, to solve this problem, the system of communism is being considered.

==JL==

若夫工业之争，近年尤剧。盖以机器既创，尽夺小工，畴昔手足之烈，一独人可为之者，今则皆为大厂之机器所攘，而小工无所谋食矣。而能作大厂之机器者，必具大资本家而后能为之。故今者一大制造厂、一大铁道轮船厂、一大商厂，乃至一大农家，皆大资本家主之。一厂一场，小工千万，仰之而食；而资本家复得操纵轻重小工之口食而控制之，或抑勒之，于是富者愈富，贫者愈贫矣。

机器之在今百年，不过萌芽耳，而贫富之离绝如此；过是数十年，乃机器发达长上之秋，树干分枝布叶之时也。自尔之后，资本家之作厂商场，愈大愈远；银行周国土，铁道贯大地，商舶横五洲，电线裹大地，其用工人至为亿为兆而不止，如小国焉。其富主如国君，其百执事如士大夫，其作工如小民，不止贫富之不均，远若天渊，更虑昔者争土地、论贵贱之号为国者，改而争作厂、商场，以论贫富为国焉。则旧国土之争方息，而新国土之争又出也，此其贻祸于人群，岂可计哉！

The author talks about the conflict between those that work and those that hold a capital. With more and more machines taking over jobs, those that hold power over their production (capitalists) will abuse their privileges to enrich themselves. In turn workers will only lose.
With development of the machines the gap between poor and rich will only grow. It will cause extreme mechanization in the society and cause workers life to become nothing more but a commodities. It will cause the enterprises to morph into small kingdoms/states with capitalists as princes and rulers. It will stop war of the past but lead to others.

==AD==

夫人事之争，不平则鸣，乃势之自然也，故近年工人联党之争，挟制业主，腾跃于欧美，今不过萌蘖耳。又工党之结联，后此必愈甚，恐或酿铁血之祸，其争不在强弱之国，而在贫富之群矣。从此百年，全地注目者必在于此。故近者人群之说益昌，均产之说益盛，乃为后此第一大论题也。然有家之私未去，私产之义犹行，欲平此非常之大争而救之，殆无由也。

若夫商业之途，竞争尤烈。高才并出，骋用心计，穿金刻石，巧诈并生，由争剥之故，故造作伪货以误害人，若药食、舟车，其害尤烈者矣。即不作伪，而以劣楛之货妄索高资，欺人自得，信实全无，廉耻暗丧。及其同业之争，互相倾轧，甲盛则乙妒之，丙弱则丁快之；当其争利，跃先恐后，虽有至亲，不相顾恤，或设阱陷，机诈百生，中于心术，尽其力之所至而已，无馀让以待人矣。资性之日坏，天机之日丧，积久成俗，以此而欲至性善之世，岂可得哉！

The author states that the conflict and competition are going to increase with the development of technology - especially the conflict between labor unions and business owners or, in other words, between the poor and the rich. The text also talks about the concept of wealth redistribution , pointing private property rights as a challenging factor to overcome in this dispute. There is also mention of the unfair business tactics which include deception and manipulation of consumers, producing counterfeit goods that cause harm, and cunning to demand the prices to get higher and higher. The author is grieving over the loss of ethical values in society where people get rid of compassion just to get rich.💸

==AX==

近自天演之说鸣，竞争之义视为至理，故国与国陈兵相视，以吞灭为固然；人与人机诈相陷，以欺凌为得计。百事万业，皆祖竞争，以才智由竞争而后进，器艺由竞争而后精，以为优胜劣败，乃天则之自然。而生计商业之中，尤以竞争为大义。此一端之说耳，岂徒坏人心术，又复倾人身家，岂知裁成天道，辅相天宜者哉！

夫强弱无常，智愚无极，两商相斗，必有败者。一败涂地，资本尽倾，富者化而为贫，则全家号啕而无赖。生计既失，忧患并生，身无养而疾病丛起，家无养而死亡相从，吾见亦伙矣。即有贫人以商骤富，而以一人什佰千万于众，不均已甚。夫富相什则下之，富相百则事之，富相干则奴之，在富者则骄，在贫者则谄，骄极则颐指气使，谄极则舐痔吮痈，盖无所不至矣。故骄与谄，非所以养人性而成人格也，然而循竞争之道，有贫富之界，则必致是矣。

This paragraph describes the theory of rivalry, which can be observed in various aspects of life, such as between countries or between people. Both the positive and negative aspects of rivalry have been mentioned, as well as its impact on people's lives.

==TXL==

近世论者，恶统一之静而贵竞争之嚣，以为竞争则进，不争则退，此诚宜于乱世之说，而最妨害于大同太平之道者也。夫以巧诈倾轧之坏心术相此，倾败之致忧患、困乏、疾病、死亡如此，骄谄之坏人品格如此，其祸至剧矣，其欲致人人于安乐，亦相反矣。然则主竞争之说者，知天而不知人，补救无术，其愚亦甚矣，嗟乎，此真乱世之义哉！虽然，不去人道有家之私及私产之业，欲弭竞争，何可得也，故不得不以竞争为良术也。

夫以有家之私及私产之业，则必独人自为营业，此实乱世之无可如何者也。今以独人之营业与公同之营业比较之。

以农业言，独人之营业，则有耕多者，有耕少者，其耕率不均，其劳作不均，外之售货好恶无常，人之销率多少难定，则耕者亦无从定其自耕之地及种植之宜，于是有馀粟滞销者矣。木材果实，畜牧渔鱼，销售与否，多寡孰宜，无从周知，无从预算，于是少则见乏而失时，多则暴殄天物而劳于无用。合大地之农人数万万，将来则有十百倍于此数者，一人之乏而失时，一人之殄物而枉劳，积之十百万万人，则有十百万万之殄物、失时、枉劳者矣。有十百万万人之殄物、失时、枉劳，则百事失其用、万品失其珍，以大地统计学算之，其所失败，岂恒河沙无量数而已哉！然则不本于大同而循有家私产之害，但中于农者为不可言也。

Modern theorists believe that competition leads to progress, while unity to a decline. The author states that those who advocate competition understand the ways of the world but not the nature of humanity, as competition hinders the path to peace and harmony, bringing unrest, calamities and death. He also admits that competition itself cannot be avoided. Such statement is followed by a comparison between individual and collective business, after which the author draws conclusion that even in this aspect individuality leads to failure.

==WMF==

以商业言之，商人各自经营，各自开店用伙，无能统一，于一地之人口，所需什器，不能得其统算之实。即能统算，而各店竞利，不能不预储广蓄以待人之取求，所储蓄者，人未必求，人所求者未必储蓄，不独甲店有馀而乙店不足，抑且人人皆在有馀不足之中。夫有馀于此，则必不足于彼，于是同一物也，不足则昂涌，有馀则贱退，虽有狡智亿中致富之人，而因此败家失业者多矣。夫既有赢亏，则人产难均，而一切人格治法即不能平；败家失业，则全家之忧患疾病中之，甚且死亡继之而人不能乐。即在百物有馀，壅积久，必腐败，商人好利。必不轻弃，饰欺作伪，仍售于人，虽有律限，不能尽察。以腐败之食物药物与人，则可致疾病而卫生有碍，以腐败之机器与人，则其误害之大尤不可言矣。即自食物、药物、机器外一切用器之腐败者，误人误事，作伪生欺，岂可令其存于天壤而为太平之蠹哉！且政府即能查察，馀货不售，则必弃之，是为暴殄天物。

Concerns in business practices are highlighted, emphasizing issues such as individual competition, potential compromise of product quality, and the challenges of legal regulation. It discusses the consequences of market competition, including the risk of deceptive practices and the difficulty of enforcing laws. The author also addresses the imbalance in inventory management and the societal responsibility of businesses. The role of government regulation is underscored, with a call for stronger legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms to ensure ethical and transparent business conduct.

==YSY==

以一店之馀物已不可言，若合大地之商店馀货而统算之，其为恒河沙无量数，殆不知加几零位而不能尽也。当太平之世，大地全通，生人繁殖，需用物品益为浩繁。夫以生人之数无量而大地之产有涯，今以一人之用品计之，如一日需食粉质几何，肉质几何，糖质几何，销料几何，需衣布帛几何，绒料几何，皮料几何，需用木料、竹料几何，金料、石料几何，羽毛料、草料、骨料几何，丹青料几何，药料几何，机器几何，万品千汇为人所需者，出之于地，作之于人，皆有定数，而徒供无量之腐败弃掷，非徒大地不给，亦治大地统计学为国人谋利益者所大失策也，愚谬甚矣！孔子为大同之策曰：「货恶其弃于地也，不必其藏于己。」夫既亲其亲、子其子而有私产，则虽欲不藏于己不可得也；既藏于己，则虽欲不弃于地不可得也。夫以全地商店久积有馀之货皆当弃地者，而一一移而为有用，以供生人之需，其所以为同胞厚生者增几倍哉！以此为恤贫，复何恤贫之有？故不本于大同而欲治商业者，不可得也。

If we add up all the goods all over the world, the amount would be inalculable. When there is peace and the people are multiplying, the amount of needed items is grand. The number of people is infinite, but what Earth can produce is finite. We have to calculate how many things are needed for one person to survive one day. All the accumulated goods should be abandoned by their owners and redistributed to the people that need them. It is impossible to manage commerce if the system is not based on The Great Unity.

==KMJ==

以工业言之，又工人各自为谋。各地工人多少不同，多则价贱，少则价昂，资本家既苦之。而工人同一操业，而价贱者无以足用；若其求工不得者，不能谋生，饥寒交迫则为盗贼，其害益甚矣。即大作厂机场之各自为谋，亦不能统算者也；不能统算矣，则各自制物，则必至甲物多而有馀、乙物少而不足，或应更新而仍守旧，或已见弃而仍力作。其有馀而见弃者则价必贱，不足而更新者价必昂，既有贵贱，则贫富必不均而人格必不平，无由致太平之治。且其有馀见弃者，必作伪欺人，坏其心术，若机器药物之有诈伪，有腐败，贻害无算。夫凡百什器，皆岂有腐败而欺人哉！若不欺人而不售，则必弃之。夫以全地之工人统算，其作器之见弃，其为恒河沙无量数，不知加几零位矣。夫工人之作器，费日力无算，弊精神无算，费备用之百器无算，无量数之工人之需衣食器用者无算；若以之作器，器必有用，必不虚作，其益于全地同胞岂有涯量！而今以无量之工人之作器而弃之，是弃无量数之人，弃无量数之日力，弃无量数之精神及其它一切无量数之衣食宫室器用也，又岂止暴殄天物而已哉！为大地统计学者，为人民谋公益者，虽日谋之计之而无以为策也，惟有失谬无算而已，无术救之矣，不去人之私工故也。

This fragment discusses the issue of industrial workers seeking their own gain and the consequences of this. It speaks of the challenges faced by workers with lower wagers and potential consequences in society such as poverty. Workers' independent production of goods results in surpluses and sortages. The author argues that this problem cannot be solved only through calculations or policy-making and suggest that individual self-interest is a contrubuting factor.

==AKR==

今欲致大同，必去人之私产而后可；凡农工商之业，必归之公。举天下之田地皆为公有，人无得私有而私买卖之。政府立农部而总天下之农田，各度界小政府皆立农曹而分掌之。数十里皆立农局，数里立农分局，皆置吏以司之。其学校之学农学者，皆学于农局之中；学之考验有成，则农局吏授之田而与之耕，其耕田之多寡，与时新之机器相推迁。其百谷、草木、牧畜、渔鱼皆然，其职业与学堂之堂生相等，不足则兼职，取之兼业之人，其有馀则酌职业而增之以求致精。人愈多则农业愈增，辟地愈多，讲求愈精。各小政府以时聚农官议而损益之，岁时以其度界内所出之材产告之公政府之农部，移告之工商部。商部以全国人民所需之食品用品统计若干，与其意外水旱天灾弥补若干，凡百谷、果木、牧畜、渔产之用物，何地宜于何品，何地不宜于何品，若山陵、原隰、川海、沙漠，腴瘠、燥湿出产几何，皆据各分政府之农曹所报之地质出产，以累年之比较而定其农额，统计而预算之，定应用若干；因各度界之地宜应种植、牧畜、渔产若干，令各度界如其定额而行之，移之农部。农部核定，下之各度界小政府之农曹，令各小度界如额种植、牧畜、渔产，如中国江南之宜稻，河北之宜麦，江、浙之宜桑，四川之宜药，广东之宜花果，北口外之宜牧畜，沿海之宜渔盐，山西之宜盐煤，暹罗、安南、缅甸之宜米，印度之宜五谷，南洋各岛之宜蔗、加非、胡椒是也。

This text proposes an ideal society by advocating for the elimination of private property and the adoption of communal ownership in agriculture, industry, and commerce. It suggests making global land public, prohibiting private transactions. The government would establish a nationwide agriculture department, and local governments would have agricultural offices managing specific areas. Students studying agriculture would learn in these offices and, upon graduation, receive allocated land for cultivation with modern machinery. Communal ownership principles also apply to various agricultural products. The government, through a commerce department, would distribute essential goods based on statistical analysis and geological reports from local agricultural offices. Quotas for agriculture, animal husbandry, and fisheries would be set by the agriculture department and implemented by local governments.

==SSM==

大凡热带，雨水最多，草木最繁盛，则生棉花、蓝靛、糖、苏木、棕榈、椰、蕉、黑白檀及诸香料。温带繁植稍次之，而食物、用物乃最多，若枫、榆、榉、柳、松、柏、桂、樟、杉、桦、桑、麻、藷、蔗、榛、桃、米、麦之类是也。寒带植物少，西伯利亚宜松及麦，长白、高丽宜参。若波斯气候温湿，产米、蔗、烟、罂粟、桃、李、梨、杏、梅、枣。阿富汗、爱乌罕暖地产棉、米，冷地产麦、蔗、瓜、葡萄。阿拉伯产枣及加非，土耳其产小麦、葡萄、橙、榄、松、柏。盖花卉香料，亚洲为盛矣。法国地宜农，产麦、玉蜀黍、桑、烟、葡萄、榄、林檎；英以棉、麦甲各国；西班牙产蔗、栗、榄、橙、桑、蓝、葡萄、棉、米；葡萄牙之葡萄酒，为绝美之专产。若橙、柠檬、小麦、玉蜀黍、马铃薯，意大利略同，而棉、茶、桑为大。希腊产米、棉、烟，瑞士产裸麦、洋薯，而又富于坚材。日耳曼多种葡萄，又与澳大利、匈牙利产小麦、裸麦、谷、麻、烟；瑞典萝卜最美。俄罗斯、荷兰、丹麦多产各种麦，而荷有烟、麻，俄富于材木焉。比利时产忽布。大率欧洲北部有松、柏、榛、榆及矮小之杨柳也。非洲热带，有数十年之木棉、大椰树、枣树，内地则加非、胡桃，北岸则榄、桃。埃及产五谷、蓝、棉、蔗。美洲产玉蜀黍、小麦、棉、蔗、米、烟、马铃薯及诸果，秘鲁同之，而鸡那最多。
In tropical areas with abundant rainfall and big amount of various plants, crops such as cotton, indigo, sugar, sandalwood, palm and spices flourish. Temperate regions have slightly less vegetation but a greater variety of food and useful plants like maple, elm, cedar, cinnamon, potato and rice. Colder regions have fewer plant types - Siberia has pine and wheat, while regions like Persia, Afghanistan, and Arabia have only some specific crops due to their climate. Various countries in Europe and Asia specialize in wheat and tobacco, cotton and wheat in England, sugarcane in Spain, citrus fruits in Italy , rice and cotton in Greece. Egypt produces cereals and sugarcane, while Peru has an abundance of potatoes and Brazil leads in chicken production.

==LML==

墨西哥产苏木、玉蜀黍、烟、麻、加非，而米尤盛。西印度诸岛尤饶兼热带诸产物，扣勃岛产糖冠天下，墨西哥加非尤盛，而烟、橙、凤梨有名矣。科仑比亚以椰为著，可制帽；其蓝、棉、加非、烟、蔗，又若树胶、苏术、则南美洲所独矣。智利、阿根廷产大小麦、葡萄、蔗；夏哇尼岛产面包；澳大利亚洲产竹椽、葡萄、小麦、玉蜀黍、棉、蔗、烟、米及诸果；此其大略也。凡五洲土产，各有所宜，分其地质之宜而种植、牧畜、渔取之。各小政府农曹及各农局公商界内种植、牧畜、渔取、称额之法，统计而决算之，分之各地农场。应用农人若干，应备化料若干，应备农具机器若干，应开垦若干，应分别种百谷、果、菜、树木，畜鸡、鸭、鹅与鱼、牛、马、羊、豕若干，厂场若干，各分其职而专为之极其琐细。分业愈多，则愈专而愈精，地无遗利，人无重业。及其种植、牧畜、渔产之收成，小政府商曹统计其度界内应留用之物品若干，预告之商部，而截留其若干。其馀种植、牧畜、渔产各品，为亿为兆，归之公政府商部；商部乃合收全球之农产而均输于各地，以所有易所无，以有馀补不足。其预备水旱、虫蝗、天灾、地变之不时者，曰预备额，略留多数以弥补各度界之凶荒灾患不时者。若无灾而有馀，则留以待下年之用；而下年之统计预算，即扣留之以宽地力。其农具、机器、化料皆购之于各地商店，其农人应给工价，随时议之。

The text is about the Mexican market, talking about its production and exportation of several products. Some of them include: the production of wood, wheat, tobacco, and fruits like oranges, pineapples and bananas. The text also mentions the production of several industrial items, which are exported to various countries. Mexico's exports are important for the global market. The country is also well-known for producing sugar and cotton. The text gives an overall summary of the Mexican market, its production and exportation of various products, and the production of industrial items too.

==PMJ==

每度界为一自治政府，立一农曹，其下数十里为一农局，其下数里为农场。其为稻、麦、黍、百谷、花果、草木、渔产、牧畜、各置分司，皆有主、伯、亚、旅、府、史、胥、徒以司之。主者总办也，伯者分司之提调也，亚者副之助之者也，旅者群执事也，府者收藏者也，史者统计及记事者也。其农场者，农田种植之所也；里数不定者，机器愈精，道路愈辟，人之智力愈强，则农场愈广也。每度农曹皆有地质调查局，将其本度内之山陵、原隰、坟衍、川海、人居为小模形，别其肥瘠及泥沙、水石之差，风雨、霜露之度，以色别而详识之。其地产之所宜及化料之所合，皆记而备之累年之报告调查，存考而求其进化。及其变更，皆有农学士多人岁时专考，而以报发明布告之，又皆有农学会以讲求之。其农学校有考验所，水产、牧畜、矿产皆然，择其最良之种而支配之，其恶种去之。凡农夫，皆得有农学考验证书而后用之；其未得证书而年逾二十者，亦得用为农夫，但不得为长及农学士矣；但其后有阅历日深，得有新义，亦许给证明书而迁为长伯、学士焉。其农曹立长，其下有副长，有参赞，有学士佐之，其下有史、府二官，胥、徒分任之，府、史皆有长、贰、掾属、胥、徒焉，其官数各视其地。其分曹之属，若百谷、花果、牧畜、渔产、矿产，各视其地之有无多寡以设司，无则缺之；全度界皆一物也，则农曹长自领之而不设司。

This paragraph introduces an agricultural system and complex methods used for efficient farming, such as using specialized machines, performing geological surveys, education (obtaining an agricultural examination certificate).

==AHY==

每一物品皆有调查讲习所，有学士多人聚而讲之，以报岁时发明布告之。其矿产、水产、山林，则有工师、技师司之，即学士也。凡分曹，其长、贰、参、佐，必由学士、工、技师出身，乃许任职，亦有府、史二官及胥、徒焉。其各农局，则分监督各农场者也，设于各农场适中之地，有长、副长、参赞以领之。其属有府、史二官以分领收藏、记事二职，有胥、徒焉以奔走其事。其百谷、花果、草木、渔产、牧畜、矿山皆有分曹，有主、伯、亚、旅以任之，并有学士、工师，设地质调查讲习所考求之，有报，以岁时发明布告之，与各度农曹同。其农场，若百谷、花果、树木、牧畜、渔产、矿产，划其地宜，数里以为之区。其各度人口之多寡，即以农场配分之，各有主、伯、亚、旅、府、史、胥、徒、学士、工、技师以任其事。主者总管全场之事；伯者分任农具、机器、用料、养料、化料、用人之事及各小区之监工也，并有亚以助之；旅者奔走管工者也；府则凡百谷、花果、树木、畜牧、水产、矿产之所入，司其收纳及支出以待农曹长之命，或截留之所耕之地，或交之近耕地之商店，或纳之农局、农曹之仓，皆听农曹府、史之统计而指拨之；史则凡本场种植、牧畜、渔、矿之事，日记而月省、岁计之，而上之于农局，以听指拨之命令；胥则奔走之人；徒则耕作渔牧之人也。其耕耘、收获、牧养、渔取，皆有部勒程度，其每日作工皆有时限。世愈平乐，机器愈精，则作工之时刻愈少，然作工之时，坐作进退，几如军令矣。

There are some geological research offices in which some new inventions will be discussed. Each agricultural school has a research bureau which is responsible for supervising each farm. It is led by a chief and his deputy. Research bureau is meant to study problems of each and every kind of product. As the equipment is more and more refined, the working hours could be shortened.

==WYX==

自农夫、渔、牧、矿工，各视其材之高下，阅历之浅深，以为工价之厚薄，略分十级。其尤者则拔迁农曹各司，但其长、贰，则必以学士、工师出身为之，可递迁为公政府各洲分政府农部官。其农夫、渔人、牧夫、矿工、林工至下级者，其俸令足为其衣食之资，自此等而上之可也。其支俸以先安息日给之，俾其游乐。其农场皆有室居，不住而别住客舍者听之；其场所皆有公园囿、公图书馆、戏院、音乐院以备游息，有公饭厅、公商店以备食宿，但规模稍粗而小耳。其演戏鼓乐，则诸农自为之。凡能任农事者，学校卒业之后，不论男女，皆许为农；其男女有交好者，许在公室同居焉。其公室，人占二室，一为卧室，一为客室，并有浴房；十人则为大公厅，皆高广疏达，花草楚楚，楼阁绵丽，过于今富室矣。其食，听人之所好而扣其费。又有公共讲堂，有讲师，每安息日，则讲古今道德品行贤豪之事及农业之事，以养其德性学识。其公室则公置之，不取值。其衣食之事，则由工金支之，出自费焉，听其自由，而工钱常留十分之一存于公中，为储金焉，以备其不愿作工而欲结友远游、购书之需。其稍远，则有公旅舍以备游行食宿，则收费矣；其去市近者，皆听其游。其告假不作工者听之，按日扣其工价；其太惰不作工及告假太多者逐之；凡累经逐者，削其名誉焉。其主、伯、府、史，职业虽优，而居室仍同，以示平等，但工金不同耳。其府司仓库者，不必纳押金，以是时人心无盗诈而商卖皆出于公也，但选阅历深、老成谨重者任之。

There is a society where workers are ranked based on skill and experience, with opportunities for advancement to administrative roles. Basic needs like housing and food are provided, and leisure activities are encouraged. Farming is esteemed, and graduates can pursue it regardless of gender. Couples can live together in public housing, which is well-equipped. Public amenities include parks, libraries, and theaters. Agricultural knowledge is shared through lectures on moral values and practical skills. Housing is assigned by rank, with communal areas for collective use. Financial support is provided through work-based income and savings. Discipline is enforced for those who refuse to work or abuse leave privileges. Public warehouses operate without requiring deposits, fostering trust in commercial transactions.

The Three Body Problem by Liu Cixin

2024-02-11T08:49:20Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* Ewa Kopania */

‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ ‧˚₊‧

Author: 刘慈欣 Liu Cixin

Title: 三体 The Three Body Problem

Book series: 地球往事 Remembrance of Earth's Past

Genre: 科幻小说 Science Fiction

Date of publication: 2008

Text in Chinese: https://www.feiku6.com/read/santi/8505669.html

== Book Introduction ==

"The Three-Body Problem" is a science fiction novel by Chinese author Liu Cixin, first published in 2008. It's the first book in the Remembrance of Earth's Past trilogy. The story begins during China's Cultural Revolution, when a young astrophysicist, disturbed by the humanity's capacity for destruction, sends a message into space, inviting alien civilizations to intervene and take over Earth. Centuries later, the narrative shifts to present-day China, where scientist Wang Miao is recruited to investigate a series of inexplicable deaths among physicists. His investigations lead him to a virtual reality game called "Three Body," which is deeply intertwined with the mystery of the deaths and a global conspiracy.

== Chapter 7: INTRODUCTION ==
In this Chapter the main character - the scientist Wang Miao discovers the "Three Body" game and plays it for the first time. The game serves a significant role in the storyline. It is a virtual reality simulation that involves strategic challenges and puzzles that players must solve. The world of the game is set on an incredibly unwelcome planet, whose harsh conditions make it extremely difficult for humans to survive. The world of the game is very chaotic due to the unpredictable moves of the sun - the sun moves around the planet in a mysterious way, causing irregular seasons, varying from extreme cold to boiling heat. In the Era of Chaos, the temperatures can change rapidly even during one day. In the Era of Stability, the temperatures are good enough for humans to live and build civilization. However, the moves of the sun cannot be predicted, and the players never know when the next Era is about to come, so the civilisation arises and dies over and over again.
Because of these terrifying conditions, players of the game must preserve their bodies by occasional "dehydration" - it is a process in which human body removes all water and becomes a light, human-shaped skin that can be preserved for the good times. When the conditions are good again, humans can be returned to life by "hydrating" their bodies once again. The purpose of the game is to discover the rules of this strange world and its physics, so that there is a way for the civilization to exist peacefully.

== Aleksandra Urbańska ==
汪淼在浏览器的地址栏中输入那个很容易记住的游戏网址：www.threebody.com网页上显示该游戏只支持V装具方式。汪淼想起了纳米中心的职工娱乐室里好像有一套V装具，就走出已经空荡荡的中心实验大厅，去值班室要了钥匙，在娱乐室中穿过一排台球桌和健身器材，在一台电脑旁找到了V装具，费了很大劲才把感应服穿上，然后戴上显示头盔，启动电脑。

启动游戏后，汪淼置身于一片黎明之际的荒原，荒原呈暗褐色，细节看不清楚，远方地平线上有一小片白色的曙光，其余的天空则群星闪烁。一声巨响，两座发着红光的山峰砸落到远方的大地上，整个荒原笼罩在红色光芒之中。被激起的遣天蕞日的尘埃散去后，汪淼看清了那两个顶天立地的大字：三体。

Wang Miao searched this website address (which was quite easy to type): www.threebody.com. There was an information that only people who had V costume could participate. He remembered that the costume was in the Nanotechnology Research Centre. He exited the main lab and went to get the keys from the duty room. In the recreation room he passed some pool tables and exercise equipment, he found the V costume next to the computer.

When he entered the game he was in the middle of a desert, it was the break of dawn. The scenery was kind of brown and blurry, it was hard to see any details. On the horizon there was a small white beam of light, the rest of the sky was covered by blinking stars. Suddenly there was a bang and in the distance two large red mountains crumbled down into earth. The whole wasteland was covered by a red glow. When the dust fell, Wang Miao saw two characters written in the middle of heaven and earth: three bodies.

== Anna Proskura ==
随后出现了个注册界面，汪淼用“海人”这个ID注册，然后成功登录。

荒原依旧，但V装具感应服中的压缩机咝咝地启动了，汪淼感到一股逼人的寒气。前方出现了两个行走的人影，在曙光的背景前呈黑色的剪影……汪淼追了上去，他看到两人都是男性，披着破烂的长袍，外面还裹着一张肮脏的兽皮，都带着一把青铜时代那种又宽又短的剑。其中一人背着一只有他一半高的细长的木箱子，。那人扭头看看汪森，他的脸像那兽皮一样脏和皱，双眼却很有神，眸子映着曙光。“冷啊”他说。

“是。真冷”汪森附和道。

“这是战国时代，我是周文王。”那人说。

After the registration window appeared, Wang created the ID "Hairen" and logged in. It was still the same desert, but the compressors in the V-suit woke up and whirred. Wang felt a chill run through him. Two walking figures appeared directly in front of him, their dark silhouettes looming against the pre-dawn sky. Wang sprinted after them. The strangers were two men who were dressed in long, holey robes with dirty animal skins thrown over them. Each carried a short, broad bronze sword at his side. One of the strangers carried a narrow and long wooden chest behind his back. One of the wanderers said that he was cold, to which the Wang said that he was cold too. And the one who carried the chest said, this is the era of the Battle Kingdoms and he is King Wen of the house of Zhou.

== Asia Zawada ==

“周文王不是战国时代的人吧？”汪淼问。
“他一直活到现在呢，纣王也活着”另一个没背箱子的人说，“我是周文王的追随者，我的ID就叫‘周文王追随者’，他可是个天才。”

“我的ID是‘海人’，”汪淼说，“您背的是什么？”

周文王放下那只长方形木箱，将一个立面象一扇门似的打开。露出里面的五层方格，借着晨曦的微光。汪淼看到每层之间都有高低不等的一小堆细沙，每格中都有从上一格流下的一道涓细的沙流

“沙漏，八小时漏完一次，颠倒三次就是一天。不过我常常忘了颠倒，要靠追随者提醒。”周文王介绍说。
Wang Miao got an answer to his question that still living King Wen and the King Wen of Zhou from the Warring States Period is one and the same and that even has followers with special ID’s. King Wen z Zhou to that put down wooden box and opened the gateway. There were five layers of platforms and from them a fine sand was dripping down. He was informed that it is a hourglass and it takes eight hours for the sand to drop fully. King Wen of Zhou needs his followers to remind him about that.

== Edyta Skorupa ==
“你们好像是在长途旅行，有必要背这么笨重的计时器吗？”

“那怎么计时呢？”

“拿个小型的日晷多方便，或者干脆只看太阳也能知道大概的时间。”

周文王和追随者面面相觑。然后一起盯着汪淼，好像他是个白痴，“太阳？看太阳怎么能知道时间？这可是乱纪元。”

汪森正要询问这个怪异名词的含义，追随者哀鸣道：“真冷啊，冷死我了！”

汪淼也觉得冷，但他不能随便脱下感应服，一般情况下。那样做会被游戏注销ID的。他说：“太阳出来就会暖和些的。”

“你在冒充伟大的先知吗？连周文王都不算先知呢！”追随者冲汪淼不屑地摇摇头。

Wang asked King Wen is it necessary for him to carry such a bulky clock. King Wen replied him that this is the only way for him to keep track of time. Wang proposed to him a portable sundial, which is lighter and instead of pouring sand, you just need to look at the sun. However, King Wen and Follower weren't thrilled with this idea. They were even surprised how they could measure time using the sun, when they are in the midst of a Chaotic Era. Suddenly everyone felt cold, however, Wang was aware that taking off his V-suit would immediately cause his ID to be deleted by the system, so he simply replied that the sun would soon be out and warm them up. A follower retorted to him not to pretend to be an oracle, since even King Wen himself is unable to predict the future.

== Ewa Kopania ==
“这需要先知吗？谁还看不出来太阳一两个小时后就会升起。”汪淼指指天边说。

“这是乱纪元！”追随者说。

“什么是乱纪元？”

“除了恒纪元，都是乱纪元。”周文王说，像回答一个无知孩童的提问。

果然，天边的晨光开始暗下去，很快消失了，夜幕重新笼罩了一切，苍穹星光灿烂。

“原来现在是黄昏不是早晨？”汪淼问。

“是早晨，早晨太阳不一定能升起，这是乱纪元。”

寒冷使汪淼很难受。“看这样子，太阳要很长时间以后才会升出来。”他哆嗉着指指模糊的地平线说。

Wang is bewildered by such statement. It seems obvious to him that sun is about to raise up in one, maybe two hours. He’s informed that there are eras of stability and eras of chaos, and the one they’re currently in is the latter. Turns out that the sun abides by different rules there. It soon gets dark, but it does not mean that the nighttime has come. It’s morning, in fact. Wang learns that the sun does not always raise in the morning. Everything is truly chaotic and it starts getting cold.

== Gabriela Krukowska ==
“你怎么又会有这种想法？那可不一定，这是乱纪元。”追随者说着转向周文王，“姬昌，给我些鱼干吃吧。”

“不行！”周文王断然说道，“我也是勉强吃饱，要保证我能走到朝歌，而不是你。”

说话间。汪淼注意到另一个方向的地平线又出现了曙光，他分不清东南西北，但肯定不是上次出现时的方向。

这曙光很快增强，不一会儿，这个世界的太阳升起来了，是一颗蓝色的小太阳，很像增强了亮度的月亮，但还是让汪淼感到了一丝温暖，并看清了大地的细节。但这个白昼很短暂，太阳在地平线上方划了一道浅浅的弧形就落下了，夜色和寒冷又笼罩了一切。

Follower expresses doubt about a certain idea, citing the chaotic era they are in. He then requests food from King Wen of Zhou but is refused. Meanwhile, the protagonist notices another horizon showing signs of dawn, leading to the emergence of a small blue sun that briefly illuminates the land before setting again, plunging everything into darkness and cold once more.

== Julia Dereżyńska ==
三人在一棵枯树前停下，周文王和追随者拔出青铜剑来砍柴，汪淼将碎柴收集到一块。追随者拿出火镰，噼啪、噼啪打了好一阵，升起了一堆火。汪淼的感应服的前胸·部分变暖和了，但背后仍然冰冷。

“烧些脱水者，火才旺呢。”追随者说。

“住嘴！那是纣王干的事！”

“反正路上那些散落的，都破成那样，泡不活了。如果你的理论真能行。别说烧一些，吃一些都成，与那理论相比，几条命算什么。”

“胡说！我们是学者！”

篝火燃尽后，三人继续赶路。由于他们之间交谈很少。系统加快了游戏时间的流逝速度。周文王很快将背上的沙漏翻了六下，转眼间两天过去了。

Three people, Zhou Wen Wang, The Follower and Wang Miao, stopped under a tree. They chopped some wood with their swords and made a fire. The Follower wanted to burn some dehydrated bodies they've seen along the way, but the rest declined, saying that they are scientists. When the fire burned out, they continued their journey.

== Karol Perka ==
太阳还没有升起过一次，甚至天边连曙光的影子都没有。

“看来太阳不会出来了。”汪淼说，同时调出游戏界面来看了一下自己的HP，它正因寒冷而迅速减小。

“你又冒充伟大的先知了……”追随者说，汪淼和他一起说出了后半句，“这是乱纪元！”

这话说完不久，天边真的出现了曙光，并且迅速增强，转眼间太阳就升了起来。汪淼发现这次升起的是一颗大太阳。当它升至一半时，直径占了视野内至少五分之一的地平线。暖流扑面而来，今汪淼心旷神怡，但他看周文王和追随者时，发现他们都一脸惊恐，仿佛魔鬼降临。

“快，找阴凉地儿！”追随者大喊，汪淼跟着他们飞奔。

== Karolina Englert ==
跑到了一处低矮的岩石后面蹲下来。岩石的阴影在渐渐缩短，周围的大地像处于白炽状态般刺眼，脚下的冻土迅速融化，由坚硬如铁变成泥泞一片，热浪滚滚。汪淼很快出汗了。当大太阳升到头顶正上方时，三人用兽皮蒙住头，强光仍如利箭般从所有缝隙和孔洞中射进来。三人绕着岩石挪到另一边，躲进那边刚刚出现的阴影中……
太阳落山后，空气依然异常闷热，大汗淋漓的三人坐在岩石上，追随者沮丧地说：“乱纪元旅行，真是在地狱里走路。我受不了了；再说我也没吃的了，你不分我些鱼干，又不让吃脱水者，唉——”

“那你只能脱水了。”周文王说，一手用兽皮扇着风。

Three individuals seek refuge from the scorching sun behind a rock. As they wait for the sun to set, one of them complains about the hardships of traveling during chaotic times and the lack of food. Zhou Wenwang suggests the complaining individual becomes dehydrated since there's no other food available.

== Lena Rzeźnikowska ==
“脱水以后，你不会扔下我吧？”

“当然不会。我保证把你带到朝歌。”

追随者脱下了被汗水浸湿的长袍，赤身躺到泥地上。在落日的余晖中，汪淼看到追随者身上的汗水突然增加了，他很快知道那不是出汗，这人身体内的水分正在被彻底排出，这些水在沙地上形成了几条小小的溪流，追随者的整个躯体如一根熔化的蜡烛在变软变薄……十分钟后水排完了，那躯体化为一张人形的软皮一动不动地铺在泥地上，面部的五官都模糊不清了。

“他死了吗？”汪淼问。他想起来了，一路上不时看到有这样的人形软皮，有的已破损不全，那就是不久前追随者想要用来烧火的脱水者。

The follower was dehydrated. He said he was concerned about being abandoned. A response assured him that he’ll be taken by Chao Ge. The follower removed his robe and laid naked on the muddy ground. The sun was setting, Wang Miao noticed that he was sweating more and more. Then he realized it’s not his sweat but water form the follower’s body. The expelled water appeared as small streams on the ground. Ten minutes after the follower’s body changed into a lifeless, thin and soft skin lying on the mud, his face was all blurry. Wang Miao questioned if the follower really had died, he also remembered that he had already seen similar dehydrated figures on their journey. Some of them were damaged and used for making fire.

== Malwina Filipowicz ==
“没有。”周文王说着，将追随者变成的软皮拎起来，拍了拍上面的土，放到岩石上将他（它）卷起来，就像卷一只放了气的皮球一般，“在水里泡一会儿，他就会恢复原状活过来，就像泡干蘑菇那样。”

“他的骨骼也变软了？”

“是的，都成了干纤维，这样便于携带。”

“这个世界中的每个人都能脱水吗？”

“当然，你也能，要不，在乱纪元是活不下去的。”周文王将卷好的追随者递给汪淼，“你带着他吧，扔到路上不是被人烧了，就是吃了。”

汪淼接过软皮，很轻的一小卷，用胳膊夹着倒也没有什么异样的感觉。

"No" said Zhou Wen Wang. He lifted the skin, dusted off the dirt and mud, then spread it on the rock and wrapped up like a deflated baloon.
"If we soak him in water he will go back his previous form. It's like soaking dried mushrooms".
"His bones soften too?"
"Yes, it turned into fiber so it's easy to carry."
"Can everyone in this world be dried up and soaked?"
"Of course, you too. Otherwise we wouldn't survive the era of chaos." Zhou Wen Wang handed the rolled up follower to the Wang.
"Carry him. If you leave him on the rod he will be burned or eaten."
Wang took the soft skin, very small roll, and carried it under his arm. It didn't seem weird.

== Natalia Gloc ==
汪淼夹着脱水的追随者，周文王背着沙漏，两人继续着艰难的旅程。同前几天一样，这个世界中的太阳运行得完全没有规律，在连续几个严寒的长夜后，可能会突然出现一个酷热的白天，或者相反。两人相依为命，在篝火边抵御严寒，泡在湖水中度过酷热。好在游戏时间可以加快，一个月可以在半小时内过完，这使得乱纪元的旅程还是可以忍受的。

这天，漫漫长夜已延续了近一个星期（按沙漏计时），周文王突然指着夜空欢呼起来：“飞星！飞星！两颗飞星！！”

其实，汪淼之前就注意到那种奇怪的天体，它比星星大，能显出乒乓球大小的圆盘形状，运行速度很快，肉眼能明显地看到它在星空中移动，只是这次出现了两个。

== Paweł Andraszak ==
周文王解释说：“两颗飞星出现，恒纪元就要开始了！”

“以前看到过的。”

“那只有一个。”

“最多只有两个吗？”

“不，有时会有三个，但不会再多了。”

“三颗飞星出现，是不是预示着更美好的纪元？”

周文王用充满恐惧的眼神瞪了汪淼一眼，“你在说什么呀。三颗飞星……祈祷它不要出现吧。”

周文王的话没错，他们向往的恒纪元很快开始了，太阳升起落下开始变得有规律，一个昼夜渐渐固定在十八小时左右，日夜有规律的交替使天气变得暖和了一些。

“恒纪元能持续多长时间？”汪淼问。

This part is a dialogue between Wang and King Wen. They talk about what a specific number of shooting stars portends. Following the appearance of two shooting stars, an era of stability began. The day and night cycle became more stable, the weather was milder.

== Wiktoria Wolny ==
“一天或一个世纪，每次多长谁都说不准。”周文王坐在沙漏上，仰头看着正午的太阳，“据记载，西周曾有过长达两个世纪的恒纪元，唉，生在那个时代的人有福啊。”

“那乱纪元会持续多长时间呢？”

“不是说过嘛，除了恒纪元都是乱纪元，两者互为对方的间隙。”

“那就是说，这是一个全无规律的混乱世界？！”

“是的。文明只能在较长的气候温暖的恒纪元里发展。大部分时间里，人类集体脱水存贮起来，当较长的恒纪元到来时，再集体浸泡复活，生产和建设。”

King Wen says that how long the current era of stability will last is unpredictable, as it may last only a day or may last a century. He also mentions that during the Western Zhou Dynasty, this era lasted as long as 200 years. Wang then asks how long the era of chaos lasts, to which King Wen replies that any time that is not an era of stability is an era of chaos. He also emphasizes the importance of the era of stability for the development of civilization.

== Zyta Rydz ==
“那怎样预知每个恒纪元到来的时间和长短呢？”

“做不到，从来没有做到过。当恒纪元到来时，国家是否浸泡取决于大王的直觉，常常是：浸泡复活了，庄稼种下了，城镇开始修筑，生活刚刚开始，恒纪元就结束了，严寒和酷热就毁灭了一切。”周文王说到这里，一手指向汪淼，双眼变得炯炯有神，“好了，你已经知道了这个游戏的目标：就是运用我们的智力和悟性，分析研究各种现象，掌握太阳运行的规律，文明的生存就维系于此。”

“在我看来太阳运行根本就没有规律。”

“那是因为你没能悟出世界的本原。”

Zhou Wenwang says predicting Eternal Eras is impossible; prosperity depends on the king's intuition. Understanding the sun's movements is crucial for civilization's survival. Wang Miao disagrees, and Zhou attributes this to a lack of understanding of the world.

I am this type of woman

2024-02-11T08:19:33Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* Ewa Kopania */

=I am this type of woman=
==Introduction==
Author:月下蝶影 Butterfly's Shadow Beneath the Moon

Title: 我就是这般女子 I Am This Type of Woman

Full novel: https://www.zhenhunxiaoshuo.com/wojiushizhebannvzi/

Presentation:
==Summary==
"A stupid father with good luck, a kick-ass and protective mother, and a dandy younger brother all want a principal husband.
Her engagement has been broken off three times yet she does not panic.
Beautiful and magnificent clothes, golden beams in their house.
She has money, she has power, why would she need a husband?
This is a story about a garish woman who has had her engagement broken off three times and a hypocrite of a man."

Story set in ancient China. The main character is a beautiful noble lady who is said to be very vain, her family is also not liked among other nobles. But they have close-knit ties with the emperor, so without doing anything they get all they need to get through and on top of that, live in luxury.

At first the reader thinks, the main character - Ban Hua - has some dreams that predict future. In fact, it's her second time in life, she died in the previous one and it shows through her dreams. Ban Hua gets to see if the predicitions will come true or not.

The male lead is Rong Xia, though at first he doesn't appear much, later on he plays a key role as a romantic lead and the emperor.

==Translation==
This is the first chapter "Jilted". We get to know the Ban family:
- 班婳 main character (MC)
- 阴氏 mother of the MC
- 班淮 aka 静亭侯 father of the MC
- 阴氏 MC's younger brother.
As well as her ex's: 谢启临, 沈钰来.
Main character was jilted for the third time. She has a nightmare that predicts her family's downfall in five years.

==Anna Proskura==
金秋九月，本是丰收的好时节，但是静亭侯却躲在书房里砸了好几样瓷器，嘴里不停地骂骂咧咧，看起来不像是侯爷，倒更像是个市井流氓。
“在京城这个地界儿，敢得罪我班淮，老子弄死他！”
“父亲，您别生气，儿子这就出去找人揍他一顿。”
“你叫人揍他，我找皇上收拾他！”

In the fall of September, the Marquis of Jingting hid in his study room and smashed the porcelain, cursing incessantly. The man, who looked more like a street hooligan than a dignified gentleman, continuously shouted very unflattering epithets. He was displeased that Xie Qilin had insulted his daughter Ban Hua. To appease him, his son said that he would find someone who would beat him well, which pleased Jingting Hou Ye Fu. Jingting also said he would go to the emperor to have Xie Qilin punished.

==Asia Zawada==
“闹够了没有？”阴氏一脚踹开书房门，看着摩拳擦掌的父子俩，厉声呵斥道，“还嫌外面那些话传得不够难听是不是？”
静亭侯与儿子齐齐噤声，静亭侯把踩在椅子上的腿收了回来，静亭侯世子班恒把挽起来的袖子捋了下去。

==Ada Dan==
九月的天，阴氏愣是要扇着扇子才能勉强平复心底的怒气，她看也不看地上的碎瓷片，径直走到椅子上坐下，跟在她身后进来的丫鬟婆子们开始七手八脚的收拾起来。
瓷片撞来撞去的声音听得她心里火气更重，狠狠地瞪了父子二人一眼，素手一拍，桌面上的茶盏跟着跳了跳。

Yin Shi had to fan herself to calm down her anger. She ignored the broken pieces of porcelain on the ground and sat down on a chair, while maids rushed to pick up the scattered pieces. The sound of clinking porcelain made Yin even more furious. She stared at the father and son angrily, and suddenly hit the table with her hand, making the tea cup jump. ☕

==Edyta Skorupa==
“不过是个乡野小地出来的东西，考上科举竟说要退婚，还摆出一副当初是我侯府逼婚他才不得不从的姿态，什么玩意儿？！”
“母、母亲，”班恒凑到阴氏面前，陪着笑脸道，“您且别动怒，天底下三条腿儿的蟾蜍不好找，两条腿的男人遍地都是，咱们家要收拾他，不过是动动嘴的事情，可别把您身子气坏了。”

Yan Shi is very mad at her daughter's future husband as he said he wants to withdraw the marriage but in her eyes he's just an ordinary man educated in a small family who thinks he can do it. Ban Heng leaned in front of Yan Shi and said with an ingratiating smile on face: "Don’t be angry. A three-legged toad may not be easy to find under the sky but two-legged men are everywhere". As a powerful family they don't need to worry about that kind of things.

==Ewa Kopania==
“我倒是不想生气，可你看看这都什么事儿？”
任哪个做母亲放在心尖尖上的女儿，被人退了三次婚，心里都畅快不起来。
她膝下仅一子一女，侯爷虽荒唐懒散，但不是贪花好色之人，所以家里并无妾侍通房，不过他也就这个优点能拿得出手了。

The mother states that she does not want to get angry, but from her words one can easily deduce she’s worried. The three marriage proposals she arranged for her daughter had failed and she only has one daughter and son. The son is lazy but not promiscuous, therefore there are no concubines nor mistresses in the house

==Julia Dereżyńska==
当初女儿出生时，她跟一位闺中好友订了娃娃亲，哪知道那孩子长到三岁的时候得了一场天花夭折了。
女儿十三岁时，与忠平伯府嫡次子谢启临定亲，哪知道临出阁了，谢启临突然找到“真爱”，跟“真爱”私奔了。

At first when her daughter was born, she had arranged a childhood engagement with a good friend of hers, but the son died at three years old after contracting smallpox.

At the age of thirteen, her daughter had been betrothed to Xie Qilin, the second son of Zhongping Count’s house, just as she reached the age of marriage however, Xie Qilin suddenly found “True Love” in a brothel and eloped with her.

==Karol Perka==
害得外面都在传，她家姑娘是个草包，连一个丫鬟都比不上。
不然堂堂伯爷府的公子为什么宁可跟一个上不得台面的女人私奔，也不跟她成亲？
后来谢启临虽然被找了回来，但两家婚事黄了，从此两家人也不再来往，差点没成为仇人。
It caused a lot off gossip, that the girl from her family is good-for-nothing, can't even compare to a servant. Otherwise, why would the son of the honorable master of the household choose to elope with a woman who is lacking in social grace, instead of marrying her? Although Xie Qilin was eventually brought back, the marriage between the two faimilies feel through, and from then o, the two faimilies didn't have any contact, and almost became enemies.

==Karolina Englert==
这次的事情更加荒唐，这个沈钰是是东洲沈氏偏支，勉强算得上当地的望族，来京城后对他们家姑娘一见钟情，哭着求着跟他家提亲七八次，结果他们家刚答应下来，他这厢又反口了。
退婚的时候，表面上说着配不上他们家，内里却是嫌弃她家姑娘口有美貌没有头脑，为人奢侈懒散，不是良配。

==Lena Rzeźnikowska==
当初你没考上探花时咋不这么说？这会儿倒嫌弃她家姑娘奢侈了，他们静亭侯府有钱，愿意让自家姑娘奢侈点又怎么了？！
这厢班家三人气得食不下咽，那边被退婚的正主却还睡得正香。
班婳在做梦，这个梦很长，长到她醒来的时候，根本分不清这里是现实还是梦境。当她坐起身，看到外面挂着的珍珠帘，才恍然惊觉，她刚才是在做梦。

==Malwina Filipowicz==
对了，她刚才梦到什么了？
好像是她又被退婚，谁做了皇帝，她父亲冒犯新帝，被削去了爵位，然后他们全家就过上了苦巴巴的日子。
天啊，不能跟人攀比首饰，攀比华服的日子有多么可怕？
不能看那些人明明在背后骂她，表面却不得不恭敬她的憋屈样子，这人生该有多无聊？

Oh right, what did she just dream about?
It seems she called off her engagement again, with a man who is an emperor. Her father offended the new emperor, was stripped of his noble title and the whole family has been living in misery.
God, to not be able to compare jewelry and fancy clothes with people - how awful is that?
To not be able to look at the poeple who are obviously cursing her behind her back but had no choice to be respectfull towards her. How boring is that kind of life?

==Natalia Gloc==
这个梦实在太晦气，她还是早点忘了好。
“乡君，”丫鬟抹着眼泪哭哭啼啼地走了进来，“沈探花竟然来退婚了。”
班婳软趴趴的腰杆顿时挺直起来：“退婚？”
完了，噩梦成真了！

==Paweł Andraszak==
她父亲不是静亭侯，那她弟弟就不是世子，她也不再是当今陛下亲封的乡君，她以后还怎么吃喝玩乐，打马遛狗赏花？
人生苦短，难道她只有短短几年的享乐时光了吗？
那个梦别的她没记住多少，自己不是乡君以后有多惨倒是记得清清楚楚。想到这，她顿时悲从心来，穿上鞋子披上衣服就往主院跑去。

The vision of her father losing his title, and thus her no longer being an honored Xiangjun, was absolutely terrifying to her. Ban Hua did not remember much about her dream; nevertheless, she knew how miserable and unhappy she was after losing her status as a Xiangjun. After pondering over this for a little while, she set aside her sorrow, dressed herself, and ran out to the yard.

==Wiktoria Wolny==
“乡君，您的头发！”
幸好静亭侯府的下人嘴严，不然到了明天，京城里的热点就会变成“静亭侯嫡女因退婚发狂，衣衫不整在家中狂奔。”
实际上，这也是静亭侯看到女儿后的第一个想法。
“我的乖女，”静亭侯看到女儿披头散发，衣衫不整的出现在书房，顿时嚎啕大哭起来，“乖女，咱不嫁了，明天爹去给买一打的面首回来，能文能武长得好，你喜欢哪个挑哪个。”

Fortunately, the servants of the Jingting Hou's residence were tight-lipped. Otherwise, the rumours in the capital would talk about the first daughter of Jingting Hou going crazy because of the broken engagement, and running wildly in her home with messy clothes. In fact, this was Jingting Hou's first thought upon seeing his daughter, so he tried to console her somehow, saying that he would buy her a dozen gigolos, and she could choose whichever one she liked.

==Zyta Rydz==
天下的男人都不是好东西，害得他女儿变成了这样。
这种时候，静亭侯已经把自己抛出了男人的范围。
班恒艳羡的瞥了姐姐一眼，他连个通房丫头都没有，也没见谁给他张罗一个，夜深人静红袖添香，也是雅事嘛。
“想都别想，”阴氏斜着眼睛瞪了儿子一眼，“你给我乖乖待在家里念书。”

All men are trash (༼ ༎ຶ ෴ ༎ຶ༽), causing his daughter to become like this. Jingting already removed himself from the category of men. Ban Hengyan glanced at his sister; he didn't even have a maid, let alone anyone to arrange one for him. 'Don't even think about it,' Yin Shi glared at her son with narrowed eyes. 'You stay at home and study obediently.'

==Aleks Urbańska==
“我、我什么都没想。”班恒觉得自己很委屈，明明他什么都没干，怎么就被母亲念叨了。

“你是从我肚子里生出来的，你那眼珠子一转，我就知道你想干什么，”阴氏看到女儿这个样子，心早就软了一半，恨不得手撕了那个沈钰。但是她担心自己的情绪影响到女儿，只得好言好语的劝导。

“你父亲刚才的话虽然糊涂，但是……”阴氏轻拍着女儿后背，察觉到她在不住的颤抖，便温声软语道，“天底下好男人多着呢，就算找不到也没关系，家里的铺子庄子田产都有你的份，你有钱有地位，怕什么呢。”

Ban Heng felt very wronged and stammered "I didn't think about anything". Why was his mother talking about it?

"You were born from my stomach, when you roll your eyes, I know what you're thinking" Yinshi saw her daughter like this and her heart softened, she wanted to tear Shen Yu into pieces with her hands. But she worried her emotions would affect her daughter, so she restrained herself and used calm words to persuade her.

"Although the words that your father just said were confusing, ..." Yinshi patted the daughter's back realizing she was shaking and very softly said "In this world there are many men, if you can't find the one for you - don't worry. You have a share in the family's shops, farms and wealth, you have money and social status, don't worry".

The Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

2024-02-11T08:08:58Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* TXL */

== Introduction ==

Author:墨香铜臭 MoXiang TongXiu

Title:魔道祖师 The Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

Full novel: https://www.zhenhunxiaoshuo.com/modaozushi/

Presentation:[[Media:The Grandmaster of Cultivation.pptx]]

== Summary ==

The Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation is a web novel written by an anonymous writer with an alias MoXiang TongXiu. It is a fantasy historical novel with many plot lines and twists. It focuses on the story of the main character, Wei Wuxian, who after experiencing war, torture and loss begins his journey with the new cultivation method for which he was in the end killed. The story is divided into two parts: Wei Wuxian’s first and second life. The first one is focused on main character’s journey through moral dilemmas while facing an enemy. This storyline occurs when the main characters are still learning the ways of Cultivation as teenagers, and focuses on the Wen Sect growing in power and trying to control/dominate the other Sects. The second part which occurs after his reincarnation, 16 years after his death, shows the main character (after his reincarnation) along with his partner, Lan Wangji, solving a case of mysterious murder and uncovering sudden political and internal schemes. The novel is quite complex thanks to the huge amount of characters and plotlines, moral dilemmas and compelling villains.

== Translation==

Below there are chapters 1 and 78. Chapter 1 showcases the overall plot from the outsider point of view, Chapter 78 shows the same/close scene from the perspective of the mian character (not ACTUALLY his point of view though).

Translation help:

Sects:
Gusu Lan 姑苏蓝氏
Mingshan Wen 岐山温氏

Wei WuXian 魏无羡 = Wei Ying 魏婴, Yiling Patriarch 夷陵老祖, Xianxian 羡羡

Lan Wangji 蓝忘机= Lan Zhan 蓝湛, Hanguang-Jun 含光君

Other:

Chenqing 陈情 (flute)

Stygian Tiger Amulet 阴虎符

== ZYX ==
(第1章 CHAPTER 1)

“魏无羡死了。大快人心！”
乱葬岗大围剿刚刚结束，未及第二日，这个消息便插翅一般飞遍了整个修真界，比之当初战火蔓延的速度有过之而无不及。
一时之间，无论是世家名门，还是山野散修，人人都在议论此次由四大玄门世家联率、大小百家参与混战的围剿行动。
“好好好，果然是大快人心！手刃这夷陵老祖的是哪位名士英豪？”
“还能是谁。他师弟小江宗主江澄呗，云梦江氏、兰陵金氏、姑苏蓝氏、清河聂氏四大家族打头阵，大义灭亲，把魏无羡那老巢‘乱葬岗’一锅端了。”
“我得说句公道话：杀得好。”
立即有人抚掌亮声应和：“不错，杀得好！要不是云梦江氏收养他栽培他，他魏婴这辈子就是个混迹乡野市井的庸徒……还谈什么别的。原先的江宗主可是把他当亲儿子在养，他倒好，公然叛逃，与百家为敌，丢尽了云梦江氏的脸，还害得江家几乎满门惨死。什么叫忘恩负义白眼狼？这就是！”
“江澄居然就让这厮嚣张了这么久，换了是我，当初魏某人叛逃时就不是只捅他一刀，而是直接清理门户，否则他也没机会做出后来那些丧心病狂之事。对这种人，还讲什么同门同修青梅竹马的情面。”
“可我听到的不是这样的啊？魏婴不是因为自己修炼邪术遭受反噬、受手下鬼将撕咬蚕食而死的吗？听说活活被咬碎成了齑粉呢。”

People are happy that Wei Wuxian is dead and they are trying to guess who could have killed him. One of the people suggests that it was Jiang Cheng, who led the Four Great Clans – the Yunmeng Jiang, Lanling Jin, Gusu Lan, and Qinghe Nie and, sacrificing brotherly ties for the sake of a great goal, destroyed the lair of the YiLing Patriarch - The Burial Mounds. People also say that Wei Wuxian’s death is fair, because only thanks to the Yunmeng Jiang Clan he stopped being a tramp, and instead of being grateful, he betrayed the clan and chose the path of darkness.

== JL ==

“哈哈哈哈……这就叫现世报。我早就想说了，他养的那批鬼将就像一群没拴好的疯狗到处咬人，最后咬死自己，活该！”
“话虽如此，可此次围剿乱葬岗，若不是小江宗主依夷陵老祖的弱点拟定计划，成功与否还难说呢。你们可别忘了魏无羡手上有什么东西，当初一晚上三千多个成名修士是怎么全军覆没的。”
“不是五千吗？”
“三千五千都差不多。我觉得五千更有可能。”
“果真丧心病狂……”
“他死之前毁掉了阴虎符，倒也算积了点阴德，否则留下那鬼东西继续贻害人间，更加罪孽深重喽。”
“阴虎符”三字一出，忽然一阵静默，似乎都在顾忌着什么。
片刻之后，一人慨叹道：
“哎……要说这魏无羡，当年也是仙门之中极富盛名的世家公子，并非不曾有过佳迹。年少成名，何等风光恣意……究竟他是怎么走到这一步的……”
话题转移，议论声又纷纷然起来。
“由此可见，修炼终归是非走正统路子不可。邪魔歪道，一时风光无限，好像很嚣张很了不起？嘿，最后是什么下场？”
掷地有声：“死无全尸！”
“也不全是修炼之道害的，归根结底还是魏无羡此人人品太差，天怒人怨啊。所谓善恶终有报，天道好轮回……”....
There is a converstation. One person is happy and the fate serves Wei Wuxian right. The other stops unnecessary boasting because even careful preparation could not stop huge casualties on their part. They discuss that number of casualties, five thousand or three thousand, means virtually the same, that it is too high. They discuss the fact that Wei Wuxian destroyed talisman YinHu and accumulated some of the Yin energy. The name of the talisman brought silence around speakers. One person breaks it stating that Wei Wuxian was once a respectful person. They discuss why this changed occurred and what might happen to him after death.

== AD ==

身死之后，盖棺定论。所论内容大同小异，偶有微弱的异声，也会立刻被压了下去。
只是每个人的心头都还有一缕阴霾挥之不去。
虽说夷陵老祖魏无羡已身死乱葬岗，但事成之后，却无法召唤他的残魂。
他的魂魄，也许是在被万鬼吞噬之时一同被分食了，又也许是逃逸了。

若是前者，自然皆大欢喜普天同庆。然而，夷陵老祖有翻天灭地、移山倒海之能——至少传闻中是这样的，他若要抗拒召魂，也不是什么难事。一旦他来日元神复位，夺舍重生，届时，玄门百家甚至整个人间必将迎来更加丧心病狂的报复和诅咒，陷入暗无天日和腥风血雨之中。
因此，将一百二十座镇山石兽压在乱葬岗顶后，各大家族开始进行频繁的召魂仪式，同时严查夺舍，搜集各地异象，全力警戒。
第一年，风平浪静。
第二年，风平浪静。
第三年，风平浪静。
……
第十三年，依然风平浪静。
至此，终于越来越多的人相信，也许魏无羡也没那么了不起，也许他真的神魂俱灭了。
纵使曾经翻手为云覆手雨，也终归有一日成为被翻覆的那一个。
没有人会被永远奉在神坛之上，传说也仅仅只是传说而已。

After death the coffin was sealed, but there was still a mist lingering in everyone's mind. Although Wei Wuxian was buried in a mass grave, his soul could not be summoned. His spirit was believed to have been either devoured by ghosts or escaped. If the former was true, the whole world shall celebrate. But still, he posesses the ability to move mountains and seas, so it's easy for him to resist summoning. Once he comes back, the whole world will step into darkness and bloodshed. The major families started performing rituals on the mass graves. The three following years were calm.Thirteen years later, still nothing happens, so people start to believe that Wei Wuxian is not that powerful and could really be gone forever. 👻 👻 👻

== AX ==
(第78章 CHAPTER 78)

这群人原本以为自己一定会惨死夷陵老祖之手, 然后沦为被他操纵的行尸走肉，个个惊恐万状, 谁知, 魏无羡并没有兴趣和他们多作纠缠，看完告示之后，把这群人扔在地上，这便负手离开了。
他没有收回那些阴灵, 满地呼痛的继续哀哀呼痛, 哼唧的继续蠕动哼唧，全都爬不起来。
不知过了多久, 忽然一道蓝色剑光掠过, 众人顿感背上一轻。有人惊呼道：“我能动了！”
几人率先勉强爬起身，只见那道蓝色剑光飞回, 收入一人鞘中。
那人是个极为年轻的俊雅男子, 白衣抹额, 面容冷肃, 眉目间似乎带着一缕压抑的忧色, 行来极快, 却分毫不显急态, 连衣袂也未曾翻飞。
那名摔断了双腿的修士忍痛道：“含……含光君！”纳尼亚传奇小说
蓝忘机走到他身边, 蹲下来按了按他的腿, 探明了伤势, 并不十分严重，起身还未说话, 那名修士又道：“含光君，您来得迟了，魏无羡刚走！”
不少人都知道，这几日姑苏蓝氏的含光君在到处追查魏无羡的下落，多半是要拿他算账，讨还姑苏蓝氏那数十条白白折了的人命，忙道：“是啊，他才走了不到半个时辰！”
蓝忘机道：“他做了什么。去向何处。”
众人连忙诉苦：“他不分青红皂白，将我们打杀一通，险些把我们当场全部杀死！”
蓝忘机藏在雪白宽袖之下的手指微微抽动，似乎想握成拳，却很快放开了。
那名修士连忙又道：“不过他放话了，他现在要去不夜天城，去誓师大会找四大家族算账！”

Group of people thought they would die miserably at the hands of Yi Ling and then become puppets manipulated by him. However, Wei Wuxian showed no interest in further entanglements with them. He simply left them on the ground, unable to move, and walked away. Suddenly a light blue sword light flashed by. The group of people on the ground could move again. While getting up, they saw a very young and handsome man in white whose name was Lan Wangji. The monk said that he came too late as Wei Wuxian just left. Many of them knew that in recent days Lan Wangji had been chasing Wei Wuxian, presumably to hold him accountable for the crimes and to avenge the Lan Clan for the dozens of innocent lives lost.
The monk said that Wei Wuxian left a message saying that he's heading to the Nightless City to attend the conference of the Four Great Clans.

== TXL ==

岐山温氏覆灭之后，不夜天城的主殿群便沦为了一座华丽而空洞的废墟。
坐落于整座不夜天城最高处的炎阳烈焰殿前，有一个宽阔无比的广场。从前有三支冲天而起的旗杆立于广场最前端，如今，其中两支都已经折断了，剩下的一支，挂的是一面被撕得破破烂烂，还涂满了鲜血的炎阳烈焰旗。
此夜，广场上密密麻麻列满了大大小小各家族的方阵，每个家族的家纹锦旗都在夜风中猎猎飘动。断旗杆前是一座临时设立的祭台，各个家族的家主站在自家方阵之前，由金光瑶为他们每人依次送上一杯酒。尽数接过酒盏后，众位家主将之高高举起，再酹于地面。
酒洒入土，金光善肃然道：“不问何族，不分何姓。这杯酒，祭死去的世家烈士们。”
聂明玦道：“英魂长存。”
蓝曦臣道：“愿安息。”
江澄则是阴沉着面容，倾完了酒也一语不发。
接下来，金光瑶又从兰陵金氏的方阵之中走出，双手呈上了一只黑色的方形铁盒。金光善单手拿起那只铁盒，高高举起，喝道：“温氏余孽焚灰在此！”
说完，他运转灵力，将铁盒赤手震裂。黑色铁盒碎为数片，无数白色的灰末纷纷扬扬撒于凄冷的夜风之中。

The fragment tells about the gathering amidst the ruins to pay respect to the fallen nobles of Qishan Wen sect. The wine is spilled on the ground as an offering to the deceased whose ashes are later scattered in the cold night wind.

== WMF ==

挫骨扬灰！
人群中爆发出一阵欢呼喝彩之声。金光善举起双手，示意众人安静，听他讲话。等到叫好声渐渐平息，他又高声道：“今夜，被挫骨扬灰的，是温党余孽中的两名为首者。而明日！就会是剩下的所有温狗，还有——夷陵老祖，魏婴！”
忽然，一声低笑打断了他慷慨激昂的陈词。
这声低笑响起得太不是时候，突兀又刺耳，众人立即刷刷地朝声音传来之处望去。
炎阳烈焰殿是一座宏伟的大殿，共有十二条屋脊，每条屋脊之末各设有八只神兽。而此时，众人发觉，其中一条屋脊上，竟然有九只，方才那声低笑，就是从那边发出来的！
那只多出来的脊兽微微一动，下一刻，一只靴子和一片黑色衣角便从屋檐上垂了下来，轻轻晃荡。
所有人的手都压到了剑柄上，江澄的瞳孔一缩，手背青筋突起。金光善惊恨交加，道：“魏婴！你胆敢出现在此！”
那人开口说话，果然是魏无羡的声音，听起来很是奇怪：“我为什么不敢出现在此？你们这些人加起来，有三千么？别忘了当年在射日之征里，别说三千，五千人我也单挑过。而且我出现在这里，岂不正合你们的意？省得劳你们明天还要特地找上门去把我挫骨扬灰。”
清河聂氏也有数名门生丧生于发狂的温宁之手，聂明玦冷冷地道：“竖子嚣张。”

Jin Guangshan addresses a crowd, declaring the punishment of individuals associated with the Wen faction. Suddenly, Wei Wuxian, believed to be dead, appears, causing shock and tension among the crowd. He challenges their authority and boasts of his past feats, leading to a confrontation with Jiang Cheng and Nie Mingjue. This sets the stage for further conflict and reveals underlying power struggles within the story's setting.

==YSY==

魏无羡道：“我岂非一直如此嚣张？金宗主，自己打自己的脸，痛快么？说只要温氏姐弟去金麟台给你们请罪这件事便揭过的是谁？刚才口口声声说明天要把我和其他温党余孽挫骨扬灰的又是谁？”
金光善道：“一码归一码！穷奇道截杀你屠杀我兰陵金氏子弟一百余人，这是一码。你纵温宁金麟台行凶，这又是另……”
魏无羡道：“那么敢问金宗主，穷奇道截杀，截的是谁？杀的又是谁？主谋者是谁？中计者又是谁？归根结底，先来招惹我的，究竟是谁？！”
那些站在方阵之中的门生们藏身于人山人海，倍感安全，纷纷壮起了胆子，隔空喊话道：“即便是金子勋先设计截杀你，你也断不应该下这么大狠手，杀伤那么多条人命！”
“哦。”魏无羡替他分析道：“他要杀我，可以不用顾忌下死手，我死了算我倒霉。我自保就必须要顾忌不能伤这个不能伤那个，不能掉他一根头发了？总而言之，就是你们围攻我可以，我反击就不行，对不对？”
姚宗主扬声道：“反击？那一百多人和金麟台上的三十多人是无辜的，你反击为何要连累他们！”
魏无羡道：“那乱葬岗上的五十多名温家修士也是无辜的啊，你们又为何要连累他们？”
另一人啐道：“温狗究竟给了你什么大恩大德？这样向着这群杂碎。”
“我看根本没有甚么大恩大德。只是他自以为是个和全世界作对的英雄，自以为在做一件义举，觉得冒天下之大不韪的自己很伟大罢了！”

Wei Wuxian and people from sects present at the meeting are arguing about an incidents that happened at the Jinlin Tower and Qiongqi Path. There were a lot of casualties in both incidents and the men are blaming Wei Wuxian for killing a lot of people, while he says that he was defending himself after being ambushed and schemed against. He also brought up 50 cultivators on the Burial Mound. Someone asked him why he's on their side, what virtue and kindness have they shown to him, one of the people replied that they haven't shown any, Wei Wuxian just thinks he's a lone hero fighting against the world, bringing justice and being an impressive person.

== KMJ ==

听了这一句，魏无羡却沉默了。三体小说
下方众人将他的沉默当作退缩，道：“归根结底，还不是你对金子勋下那种卑鄙阴损的恶咒在先！”
魏无羡道：“请问你究竟有什么证据，证明恶咒是我下的？”
发问那人哑口无言，噎了噎，道：“那你又有什么证据，证明不是你下的？”
魏无羡笑了：“那我再请问，为什么不是你？你不也没证据证明不是你下的恶咒吗？”
那人又惊又怒：“我？我怎么会和你一样？休要混淆是非胡搅蛮缠！你的嫌疑最大，你以为我们不知道吗，你和金子勋一年多以前就结过怨！”
魏无羡森然道：“究竟胡搅蛮缠的是谁？对啊，我若想杀他，一年多以前就杀了，用不着留到现在。不然他这种角色，要不了一年，我三天就忘了。”
姚宗主震惊了：“……魏无羡啊魏无羡，我今天算是长见识了，我真是从未见过你这样无理的恶徒……把人杀死之后，还要言辞侮辱，恶语相向。你莫非就没有半点同情之心、愧疚之情？”
骂声一片，魏无羡却安然受之。
唯有愤怒，才能把他心中其他的情绪压下去。
一名站在方阵较前列的修士痛心疾首道：“魏婴，你太让我失望了。亏我当初还曾经仰慕钦佩过你，还说过你好歹是开宗立派的一代人物。如今想来，真是几欲作呕。从此刻开始起，我与你势不两立！”
Wei Wuxian is being accused of cursing someone. There's a disscussion going back and forth between him and the person asking questions. They argue that there's no proof of that, and if not having a proof of innocence is also a reason to think someone is guilty then aren't they both guilty? Suzerain Yao also thinks Wei Wuxian is guilty and scolds him for not having respect for the dead.

== AKR ==

闻言，魏无羡先是一怔，随即爆发出一阵狂笑：“哈哈哈哈……”
他笑得几乎喘不过气了，道：“你仰慕我？你说你仰慕我，那为何你仰慕我的时候我没见过你？而我一人人喊打，你就跳出来摇旗呐喊？”
魏无羡眼角笑出了眼泪，道：“你这仰慕，未免也太廉价了。你说你从此与我势不两立，很好，你的势不两立抑或不共戴天，对我有任何影响吗？你的仰慕和憎恶，都如此微不足道，怎好意思拿出来叫嚣？”
话音未落，他喉咙忽然一噎，胸口传来一阵突如其来的闷痛。
低头一看，一只羽箭正正插在他胸口，箭头埋入了两条肋骨之中。
他朝羽箭射来的方向望去。射出这一箭的，是一个眉清目秀的少年修士，站在一个小家族的方阵之中，兀自维持着姿势，弓弦犹在颤抖。
魏无羡看得出来，这只箭，原本是直冲他心口致命之处射来的。只是射箭人技艺不精，箭势在半空中衰落，这才偏下了心脏部位，射入了肋骨之中。
那射箭人身旁的人都目光惊愕、甚至惊恐地看着做出了这种鲁莽举动的这名同门。魏无羡抬起头，脸现煞气，反手拔下这只羽箭，用力掷了回去。只听一声惨呼，那名偷射他的年轻修士，竟然就这样被他徒手掷回的一箭插中了胸口！
他身旁另一名少年扑到他身上，嚎啕道：“哥！哥！”

Wei Wuxian laughs cynically when someone claims to admire him but takes no action to support him. Suddenly, an arrow strikes his chest, aimed by a young cultivator who then gets hit by the arrow thrown back by Wei Wuxian.

== SSM ==

那个家族的方阵瞬间乱了套，家主伸出颤抖的手指着魏无羡道：“你……你……你好狠毒！”
魏无羡右手随便在胸膛的伤口处按了按，暂时止住血，漠然道：“什么叫狠毒？他既然敢偷袭射我这一箭，就该料到万一没射中会是什么下场。既然都叫我邪魔歪道了，总不至于指望我宽宏大量地不和他计较。”
金光善呼道：“布阵，布阵！今天绝不能让他活着离开这里！”
一声令下，对峙局面终于被打破，数名门生御剑持弓，向着大殿上方包抄过去。
终于先动手了！
魏无羡冷笑着将腰间陈情取了下来，举到唇边，随着笛子发出尖锐的嘶鸣，不夜天城广场的地面之上，一只只惨白的手臂破土而出！
一具具尸体顶破白石铺就的细墁地面，从泥土深处爬了出来。有御剑刚刚离地的，立即被他们拖了下来。
魏无羡站在炎阳烈焰殿的屋脊之上，竹笛横吹，双目在夜色中闪闪发出冷光。俯瞰下方，各家服饰犹如五颜六色沸腾不止的水，翻搅不止，时而四散，时而又聚拢。除了云梦江氏的方阵那边无恙，其他家族尽皆大乱，各个家主都忙着护住自己的门生，一时都无暇去攻击魏无羡。
正在此时，一道泠泠的琴音扰乱了陈情的笛音。
魏无羡放下陈情，回头望去。只见一人坐在另一条屋脊上，横琴于前，一袭雪白的衣衫在黑夜中有些刺目。

The family is in chaos. The head of the family pointed a finger at Wei Wuxian, accusing him of being too strict and heartless. Wei Wuxian was unmoved and responded that his actions were justified since he was attacked first. As the situation escalated, disciples were ordered to surround the hall and confront Wei Wuxian. Taking out his flute, Wei Wuxian summoned reanimated corpses from the ground, causing panic among the other families. In the tragedy, a soothing melody from a distant qin disrupted the flute music. Turning around, Wei Wuxian saw a figure in white clothing sitting on another roof, playing the qin.

== LML ==

魏无羡冷声道：“啊，蓝湛。”
打完招呼过后，他又将笛子举到唇边，道：“从前你就该知道了，清心音对我没用！”
蓝忘机翻琴上背，改为抽出避尘，直冲陈情袭去，要斩断这支催生出魔音的鬼笛。魏无羡旋身一错，哈哈大笑道：“好好好，我就知道，终有一天咱们要这样真刀实枪地杀一场。横竖你从来都看我不顺眼，来啊！”
听了这句话，蓝忘机的动作顿了顿，道：“魏婴！”
这一声虽然是喝出来的，可是，换了任何一个清醒的人来听，都会听出来，蓝忘机的声音分明在颤抖。然而，魏无羡此刻已经失去判断能力了。他已然半是疯狂，半神智不清，一切恶意都被他无限放大，只觉得世界上所有人都恨他，他也恨所有人。谁来都不怕，谁来都一样，也不过如此。
忽然，在一片厮杀声中，魏无羡听到了一个细微的声音。
那声音在喊：“阿羡！”
这个声音犹如一盆冷水，将他心头狂飙的邪火浇了个透心凉。
江厌离？
她是什么时候来了誓师大会的？！
魏无羡登时魂飞魄散，顾不上再和蓝忘机相斗，放下陈情：“师姐？！”
江澄也听到了这个声音，刹那间脸色煞白，道：“姐？姐！你在哪里？你在哪里？”
魏无羡跳下了炎阳烈焰殿的屋脊，和江澄一样声嘶力竭地大喊：“师姐？师姐？你在哪里？你在哪里？我看不到你！”

It's a description of a scene between Wei Wuxian and Lan Wangji who are battling. Wei Wuxian has a flute and Lan Wangji has a lyra. They battled for a while and then Wei Wuxian said something that awoke strange feelings in Lan Wangji. He became very confused and started to become insane. The fight broke when Wei Wuxian heard a voice of his sister, who he couldn't see.
(very confusing text)

== PMJ ==

他顾不得数道冲他逼来的刀光剑影，在混乱的人群之中一边掌劈拳打，一边急急奔走，忽然，看到江厌离白色的身影被淹没在人群之后，魏无羡奋力地拨开挡路之人，艰难前行。他们之间还隔着不少距离，隔着无数人，一时半会儿魏无羡根本冲不过去，江澄也冲不过去。更糟的是，恰在此时，两人都忽然发觉，江厌离身后，摇摇晃晃地站起了一具凶尸。
那凶尸躯体腐烂了一半，手中拖着一把生锈的长剑，正在朝江厌离靠近。
看到这令人肝胆俱裂的一幕，魏无羡厉声喝道：“滚开！给我滚开！别碰她！”
江澄也咆哮道：“让它滚！”
他掷出了三毒，紫色的剑光冲那具凶尸飞去，然而，剑光在半路就被其他修士的剑光干扰了，偏离了方向。魏无羡心神越紊乱，控制能力就越差，那具凶尸无视他的指令，反而扬起了手中长剑，朝江厌离劈去！
魏无羡疯了，边冲边喊道：“停下来，停下来，给我停下来！”
现在人人都在忙着对付自己身边纠缠的凶尸，根本没有谁还有心思注意别人是不是危在旦夕。那具凶尸一剑劈下，划开了江厌离的背部！
江厌离一下子摔倒在了地上。
那凶尸站在她背后，继续扬起了长剑。正在这时，一道剑光削飞了它的半个身躯！
蓝忘机落在广场之上，顺手接过回召的避尘，魏无羡和江澄这才冲了过去，连感谢都顾不上对蓝忘机说。江澄抢先抱起江厌离，蓝忘机则截住了魏无羡，抓住他的衣领，提到面前，厉声道：“魏婴！停止催动尸群！”

==AHY==

魏无羡眼下根本顾不上别的事，眼中也完全没有蓝忘机的脸，更看不到蓝忘机眼中的血丝，也看不到他发红的眼眶，只想去看江厌离有事没有，赤着眼睛拨开他，扑到地上。蓝忘机被他推得身形一晃，站稳了看着他，还没下一步动作，忽听远处又有人惨叫呼救，敛了目光，飞身前去救援。
江厌离的背都被鲜血浸染了，闭着眼睛，好在还有呼吸。江澄探她脉搏的手颤抖着抽了回来，松了一口气，忽然冲着魏无羡的脸就是一拳，喝道：“怎么回事！你不是说你能控制住的吗？你不是说没问题的吗？！”
魏无羡跌坐在地上，茫然道：“……我也不知道。”
他绝望地道：“……我控制不住、我控制不住啊……”
这时，江厌离动了一下，江澄紧紧抱着她，语无伦次道：“姐姐！没事！没事，你怎么样？还好，只是划了一剑，还好，我马上带你下去……”
他说着便要把江厌离抱起来，江厌离却忽然道：“……阿羡。”
魏无羡打了一个哆嗦，忙道：“师姐，我……我在这里。”
江厌离缓缓睁开那双漆黑的眸子，魏无羡心中一阵恐慌。
江厌离勉力道：“……阿羡。你之前……怎么跑的那么快……我都没来得及看你一眼，和你说一句话……”
听着听着，魏无羡的心砰砰狂跳。
他还是不敢面对江厌离的脸，尤其是此时此刻，这张脸和当时的金子轩一样，沾满了尘土和鲜血。
他更不敢听她接下来要说的话。
江厌离道：“我……是来跟你说……”

Wei Wuxian was completely consumed by concern for Jiang Yanli. All he could focus on was ensuring Jiang Yanli's safety. With eyes swollen from tears, she pushed past Lan Wangji and collapsed on the ground. Lan Wangji staggered back, regained his balance, and glanced at Wei Wuxian. But before he could react, another cry for help drew his attention, prompting him to rush to assist. Jiang Yanli lay with her back drenched in blood, her eyes were closed but she was still breathing. Jiang Cheng, trembling, checked her pulse and, relieved to find her alive, punched Wei Wuxian in frustration, demanding answers. Wei Wuxian, overwhelmed, could only say, "I don't know, I couldn not control it". Just then, Jiang Yanli stirred, and Jiang Cheng rushed to her side, reassuring her. Attempting to lift her, he was interrupted by her calling out for Wei Wuxian. Trembling, he responded, "I'm here." As Jiang Yanli opened her eyes, Wei Wuxian was overcame with fear. She struggled to speak, questioning why he had fled so hastily, leaving her unable to even glance at him or exchange a word. Wei Wuxian's heart raced as he listened to her. He dreaded what she might say next.

== WXT ==

说什么？
没关系？
我不恨你？
什么事都没有？
不怪你杀了金子轩？
不可能。
但是完全与之相反的话，她也说不出来。
所以，她也不知道，此情此景，还能对魏无羡说什么。
可是，她心中就是觉得，她一定要来见这个弟弟一面。
叹了一口气，江厌离道：“阿羡，你……你先停下吧。别再，别再……”
魏无羡忙道：“好，我停下。”
他拿起陈情，放到唇边，低着头吹奏起来。他费了极大精力才稳住心神，这次，凶尸们终于不再无视他的命令了，一只一只，喉咙里发出咕咕怪声，像是在抱怨一般，缓缓伏了下来。
蓝忘机微微顿足，远远望向这边，末了，回头继续出剑，救援尚在苦斗的同门和非同门。
突然，江厌离双目一睁，双手不知从哪里爆发出一阵大力，将魏无羡一推！
魏无羡被她这一推推得又摔倒了地上，再抬起头时，就见一柄明晃晃的长剑，刺穿了她的喉咙。
握着剑的那名少年，正是刚才扑到那射箭人身上痛哭的年轻修士。他还在哇哇大哭，泪眼朦胧地道：“魏贼！这一剑代我哥还给你！”
魏无羡坐在脏兮兮的地面上，不敢置信地看着头已经歪下去、喉咙汩汩冒出大量鲜血的江厌离。
他刚才还在等着她说话，仿佛是对他下达最后的宣判。
江澄也是愣愣的，还抱着姐姐的身体，全然没有反应过来。
半晌，魏无羡才发出一声凄厉的惨叫。

Jiang Yanli weakly asked Wei Wuxian to stop the corpses. Wei Wuxian hurriedly raised Chenqing to his lips and began to play a melody, which the corspes finally obeyed. Suddenly, Jiang Yanli pushed Wei Wuxian to the ground with great force, and when he looked up again, he saw that Jiang Yanli's throat had been pierced by a blade. Wei Wuxian was stunned, waiting for Jiang Yanli to speak again. Jiang Cheng also froze, holding his sister's body in his hands. Only after a long moment did Wei Wuxian let out a terrifying scream.

== WYX ==

蓝忘机一剑刺出，猛地回头。
那名少年这才发现自己错手杀错了人，拔出长剑，带出一串血淋淋的血花，恐慌地连连后退，边退边道：“……不是，不是我，不是……我是要杀魏无羡，我是要给我哥报仇……是她自己扑上来的！”
魏无羡倏地闪到他身前，掐住了他的脖子，姚宗主挥剑喝道：“邪魔，放开他！”
蓝忘机什么风度仪态也顾不上了。
他推开一个又一个的挡路之人，朝魏无羡的方向奔去。然而，还没奔到一半的距离，魏无羡便在众目睽睽之下，徒手捏断了这名少年的喉骨。
一名白发苍苍的家主怒道：“你！你——当初累死江枫眠夫妇，如今又累死你师姐，你咎由自取，还敢迁怒别人！不知回头，反而继续杀伤人命。魏无羡，你——罪无可恕！”
可是，再多的谩骂和斥责，此时的魏无羡也听不到了。
仿佛被另外一个灵魂支配着，他伸出双手，从袖中取出了两样东西，在所有人面前，把它们拼到了一起。
那两样东西一半上，一半下，合为一体，发出一声森然的铿锵厉响。
魏无羡将它托在掌心，高高举了起来。
阴虎符！

Lan Wangji mistakenly attacks a young man, who panics and retreats, claiming he meant to kill Wei Wuxian for revenge. Wei Wuxian swiftly intervenes, killing the young man as accusations fly against him for past crimes. Unfazed, Wei Wuxian combines two items into a powerful talisman, the Yin Tiger Seal.

Maqiao Cidian

2024-02-10T07:14:23Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* TXL ノ( º _ ºノ) */

== Basic information ==
Title: 马桥词典 (Dictionary of Maqiao)

Author: 韩少功 (Han Shaogong)

Original text:https://archive.org/details/maqiaocidian0007hans/page/n7/mode/1up

Translation (bardzo polecam, książka jest naprawdę dobra): https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmaqi0000hans/page/n1/mode/1up

Presentation: [na google doc będzie]

== Who is Who ==
Bandit Ma: see Ma Wenjie.

Benren: Benyi's same-pot brother; fled to Jiangxi during the Great Leap Forward.

Benyi (also Ma Benyi): Party Branch Secretary in Maqiao.

Commune Head He: leader of the local commune.

Fucha: Maqiao's accountant.

Kuiyan: "lazy" son of Zhaoqing.

Long Stick Xi: a mysterious outsider who introduced "tincture of iodine" to Maqiao.

Ma Ming: leader of Maqiao's "Daoist Immortals," inhabitant of the "House of Immortals."

Ma Wenjie: Maqiao's most famous modern historical figure and former County Leader.

Master Black (also Mou Jisheng): muscular but dim Educated Youth.

Master Nine Pockets: renowned beggar king of Changle.

Shuishui: wife of Zhihuang the stonemason, later a "dream-woman."

Three Ears: unfilial son of Zhaoqing, one of the "Daoist Immortals," later lover of Tiexiang.

Tiexiang: daughter of Master Nine Pockets, later wife of Benyi and lover of Three Ears.

Uncle Luo: former village leader; Maqiao's oldest cadre.

Wanyu: Maqiao's singing star.

Xiongshi: son of Zhihuang and Shui Shui, killed in delayed blast of Japanese bomb.

Yanwu: talented younger brother of Yanzao.

Yanzao: "Traitor to the Chinese," persecuted and bullied for being a landlord's son.

Zhaoqing: notoriously stingy inhabitant of Maqiao, father of Three Ears.

Zhihuang: Maqiao's stonemason, famed for his stupidity, married toShuishui.

Zhongqi: Maqiao's resident gossip and busybody.

== ATTENTION COMRADES !!!!!!!==

Due to technical issues (and the fact that I study sinology cause I am a technical dumb-ass that cannot even open a power point without sth catching on fire) the fragments will be given in a form of Google Doc.
After reading them, pretty please upload the summary directly onto the wiki (or to google doc too, if you are feeling generous, i don't give a duck).
Thank you for your attention comrades and God Save the Queen.

== Fragments to summarize ==
https://docs.google.com/document/d/10WL6Nu4vHXLI87i5EIJqy_SywLchGPhmr4kYevAARqQ/edit?usp=sharing

==YL==

Third of the Third [三月三]

The author says that every year on the third day of the third month, Maqiao people ate black rice (died with wild grass juice). That day the also sharpened their knives and screamed and roared together. The knives came back to life after a whole year of not being used, they were used by The Savages of the Luo Clan. The knives were a nightmare that scared other people. This ritual could be seen as linked to farming preparations. They believed that once the knives were sharpened and shone in the sun, the spring would come.

== ZYX ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)==

Gruel [浆]

From the beginning, the author tells us that the word "gang" in the Maciao dialect (pronounced jian in Mandarin). It originated in the poor mountain village of Maciao, where grain was scarce and the word "porridge" was quite commonly used. Also, in the biography of Bao Xuan in the seventy-second chapter of the Han History, there is the phrase "wine into gruel, meat into bean leaves,", referring to those who live in waste and luxury, treating wine as porridge and meat as bean leaves. From this it is clear how the term "porridge" has since come to refer more generally to the food and drink of the poor.
When educated youth first came to Maciao, they often mistook "eating gang (gruel)" as "eating gan (dry grain)," thus confusing the word with its exact opposite. The people of Maciao always replaced the "j" sound with the hard "g" sound: for example, the word for "river" (jiang) was also pronounced "gang". Therefore, "eating porridge" sometimes sounded like "eating river", which symbolized as well as possible that when the harvest was late and there was nothing in the pots in every house but water thickened by a small amount of grain.

== AD ಠ_ಠ ==

Standing the Body
[企尸]

The author describes a ritual that received the name of "standing the body". After Kuiyuan dies, Fangying refuses to bury his body underground and instead, insists that the coffin stands vertically upright. The standing coffin became a way to express plaint. With this custom, people hoped to attract the attention of the officials. They used rocks to support the sides of the coffin in order to balance its weight. The stones placed around the coffin, tossed into great piles, symbolised that the grievance was as enormous as the mountains. The upright position of the coffin posed as a statement that even the dead have to voice their complaints and until they are heard, they cannot rest in the ground. ⚰️💀

==AX (=^ェ^=)==
Striking Red [撞红]

The word "striking red" refers to the moment during intercourse on the wedding night when a woman lightly bleeds from her genital organs, signifying that she was a virgin. Taking a young virgin as a bride was once a taboo in Maqiao society."Striking red" was even considered an unfavorable sign. This was due to the fact that in less developed areas, where production efficiency was very low, people wanted as many people as possible to work. Therefore, when choosing a wife, those women who were already pregnant were favored. At that time, no one cared about moral chastity. However, it had its disadvantages. Men felt disgust and aversion toward the children of other men and tried to get rid of them in any way possible, often very brutally. Mothers, trying to save their firstborn children, saved them by placing them on the side of the road or sending them downstream, hoping that someone would find and take them. The abuse of the firstborn son born of another man ended when the Communist Party came to power.

== TXL ノ( º _ ºノ) ==

Menstrual holes

In this part it is explained that just as humans menstruate, so do the fields, which are by nature maternal. When the water level needed to be adjusted, such holes were dug up in the fields. It was mostly the elders who took up such task, working quietly in the middle of the night. After a long day of work, weary farmers could freshen themselves up in the water of menstrual holes. It’s described almost like a ritual to restore one’s vitality.

== WMF (ง’̀-‘́)ง ==

A small but ferocious variety of mosquito known as the "army mosquito" in Maqiao village is described. They explain that these mosquitoes were introduced to the area by a provincial army that stayed in the village for a time. The narrator recounts the relentless attacks of these mosquitoes, particularly during the summer when work ended late and people were too tired to defend themselves properly. The villagers developed a technique of continuously moving their legs while eating to avoid being bitten, as stopping for even a moment would invite a swarm of mosquitoes. Despite the annoyance, people refrained from swatting the mosquitoes due to the futility of the action and the fear of injuring themselves in the process. Eventually, as night fell, the mosquitoes would tire and the buzzing would diminish. Overall, it vividly portrays the relentless presence and impact of these army mosquitoes on the villagers' daily lives.

==YSY==

Confucian [道学]

Firstly, the narrator gives an example of the word's usage. Then he goes on to explain that the term referes to etiquette, morals and intelect, so it is a rather positive word, but then mentions that because of the hypocrisy of Confucianism over the years it can invoke an uncomfortable feeling. Then he asks philosophical questions, such as "can sympathy and affection exist between humans" and wonders if Maqiao people replaced other words with "Confucian" because they had doubts about human nature and what feelings can these doubts produce.

== AKR ☉_☉==
The passage describes the cultural differences in tea consumption between rural Maqiao people and city dwellers. In Maqiao, people prefer ginger tea, which is brewed by pounding ginger with salt and pouring boiling water over it. They also roast flavorings like beans and sesame seeds in iron pots. Despite the risk of burns, they handle the pots barehanded to prevent scorching. The aroma of roasting ingredients adds to the tea's appeal. Additionally, red dates and eggs can be added for variety. However, Benyi, a rural dweller, finds it puzzling that city people, despite their wealth, prefer low-grade colored tea, which lacks spices and freshness. Colored tea is often reheated and made from tea-tree twigs, giving it a dark hue akin to soy sauce. Benyi feels both amused and sorry for city people who miss out on the rich flavors and rituals of pounded tea.

== KMJ (▀̿Ĺ̯▀̿ ̿) ==
Jackal-Fiend [豺猛子]
In the Tianzi Peak was hidden a small stockade, to get to it you had to cross a small, not very deep stream. The narrator crossed it many times on his way to Chazi Bow. One time a companion asked him, if he spotted something unusual about the river. Turns out that the long rock that was previously in the water was actually a jackal-fiend. Maoqiao people said that this fish eats other fish and not plants, it was firece at times but mostly stoic, people would trad over it for months without it moving. After that the narrator started to wonder everytime he was big rocks or big lumps of wood. Will it move this time, become alive and escape or not?

== SSM ╮ (. ❛ ᴗ ❛.) ╭ ==

: Each of Maqiao's oxen had its own name. People had lots of different words for oxen: for example, there were oxen that "understood," meaning oxen with intelligence; there were oxen "born-to-the-pen," meaning oxen that had been brought up like family, oxen that ox-rustlers found hard to steal away. Although Three-Hairs had something of a foul temper, it was still an ox born-to-the-pen.
Two months before it died, nothing had been seen of it for two days, the team leader had sent people searching everywhere with no result, and everyone thought it'd never be found again, that it'd already been slaughtered or sold by ox-rustlers. But on the evening of the third day, while I was playing chess at Zhihuang's, Zhihuang unexpectedly turned back from relieving himself and said his ox whip was twitching on the wall, there was definitely something up, definitely. Maybe Three-Hairs had come back. No sooner were we out of the door than we heard Three-Hairs' lows and saw a familiar black shadow in front of the oxpen. Right at that moment it was butting the wooden oxpen with its horns-clunk, clunk, clunk-wanting to get inside. Half a length of ox rope was hanging from its nose, its tail had been cut to half its length for some unknown reason, its whole body was covered with dozens of bloody scars, its whiskers were in a real state and it had clearly lost a lot of weight. After escaping from the ox-rustlers it must have meandered all over the mountains on its long, long tramp home.

== LML ( ͡ᵔ ͜ʖ ͡ᵔ )==
Model Worker

The texts talks about how commune wanted every team to pick a model worker who would study philosophy and attend special meetings in the commune. Benyi was not present so his uncle Luo took charge. After the breakfast he assigned work to some other workers and made Wanyu a model field worker. The narrator laughed about it and asked why don't they put to a vote who should be a model worker. Luo replied that Wanyu lacks skills and strenght to do anything else and other people agreed. The author notes that the person being the model worker changes depending on the weather conditions, bringing up an example of other worker called Fucha.

==PMJ (づ｡◕‿‿◕｡)づ==

==AHY==

Curse-grinding

The author mentions the unusual habit of curse-grinding. This is a kind of procedure for taking revenge on enemies of the local society. If the visitor makes something very inappropriate, the members of the society covertly circle three times around him. Then they wait for him to go into the nearby woods and they start to call out some complex and often tongue-twisting rhymes. It would often make the victims get lost in the forest, being unable to tell the directions and exposed to some traps, wild animals and insects. The next step in the whole procedure is so-called soul-taking incantation. It would finally make the unhappy victim change into a zombielike creature.

==WXT ʕ •ᴥ•ʔ==

Lax

To explain this word, the narrator introduces us to the story of Zhaoqing. On one occasion, when the narrator was in danger as he almost fell from a height, Zhaoqing witnessed this and tried to summon some help, crying over the narrator's fate. The situation made a very strong impression on the narrator, but he did not know how he could thank Zhaoqing. It was only after Zhaoqing's death that he returned the favour by bringing him cotton blankets to his coffin, on which he could finally rest in peace and 'relax'.

The word 'lax' thus means ‘to rest’, ‘to relax’.

== WYX ~(˘▾˘~) ==

Yellow-Grass Miasma

In Maqiao, Zhaoqing warned the speaker not to venture into the mountains early in the morning due to the presence of poisonous miasma, which could cause severe illness or death. Different types of miasma were associated with different seasons. Even during the daytime, caution was necessary when entering the mountains, including abstaining from certain foods and activities. Zhaoqing emphasized the importance of drinking rice wine before mountain expeditions to bolster one's vitality.

Maqiao Cidian

2024-02-10T07:13:58Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* TXL ノ( º _ ºノ) */

== Basic information ==
Title: 马桥词典 (Dictionary of Maqiao)

Author: 韩少功 (Han Shaogong)

Original text:https://archive.org/details/maqiaocidian0007hans/page/n7/mode/1up

Translation (bardzo polecam, książka jest naprawdę dobra): https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmaqi0000hans/page/n1/mode/1up

Presentation: [na google doc będzie]

== Who is Who ==
Bandit Ma: see Ma Wenjie.

Benren: Benyi's same-pot brother; fled to Jiangxi during the Great Leap Forward.

Benyi (also Ma Benyi): Party Branch Secretary in Maqiao.

Commune Head He: leader of the local commune.

Fucha: Maqiao's accountant.

Kuiyan: "lazy" son of Zhaoqing.

Long Stick Xi: a mysterious outsider who introduced "tincture of iodine" to Maqiao.

Ma Ming: leader of Maqiao's "Daoist Immortals," inhabitant of the "House of Immortals."

Ma Wenjie: Maqiao's most famous modern historical figure and former County Leader.

Master Black (also Mou Jisheng): muscular but dim Educated Youth.

Master Nine Pockets: renowned beggar king of Changle.

Shuishui: wife of Zhihuang the stonemason, later a "dream-woman."

Three Ears: unfilial son of Zhaoqing, one of the "Daoist Immortals," later lover of Tiexiang.

Tiexiang: daughter of Master Nine Pockets, later wife of Benyi and lover of Three Ears.

Uncle Luo: former village leader; Maqiao's oldest cadre.

Wanyu: Maqiao's singing star.

Xiongshi: son of Zhihuang and Shui Shui, killed in delayed blast of Japanese bomb.

Yanwu: talented younger brother of Yanzao.

Yanzao: "Traitor to the Chinese," persecuted and bullied for being a landlord's son.

Zhaoqing: notoriously stingy inhabitant of Maqiao, father of Three Ears.

Zhihuang: Maqiao's stonemason, famed for his stupidity, married toShuishui.

Zhongqi: Maqiao's resident gossip and busybody.

== ATTENTION COMRADES !!!!!!!==

Due to technical issues (and the fact that I study sinology cause I am a technical dumb-ass that cannot even open a power point without sth catching on fire) the fragments will be given in a form of Google Doc.
After reading them, pretty please upload the summary directly onto the wiki (or to google doc too, if you are feeling generous, i don't give a duck).
Thank you for your attention comrades and God Save the Queen.

== Fragments to summarize ==
https://docs.google.com/document/d/10WL6Nu4vHXLI87i5EIJqy_SywLchGPhmr4kYevAARqQ/edit?usp=sharing

==YL==

Third of the Third [三月三]

The author says that every year on the third day of the third month, Maqiao people ate black rice (died with wild grass juice). That day the also sharpened their knives and screamed and roared together. The knives came back to life after a whole year of not being used, they were used by The Savages of the Luo Clan. The knives were a nightmare that scared other people. This ritual could be seen as linked to farming preparations. They believed that once the knives were sharpened and shone in the sun, the spring would come.

== ZYX ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)==

Gruel [浆]

From the beginning, the author tells us that the word "gang" in the Maciao dialect (pronounced jian in Mandarin). It originated in the poor mountain village of Maciao, where grain was scarce and the word "porridge" was quite commonly used. Also, in the biography of Bao Xuan in the seventy-second chapter of the Han History, there is the phrase "wine into gruel, meat into bean leaves,", referring to those who live in waste and luxury, treating wine as porridge and meat as bean leaves. From this it is clear how the term "porridge" has since come to refer more generally to the food and drink of the poor.
When educated youth first came to Maciao, they often mistook "eating gang (gruel)" as "eating gan (dry grain)," thus confusing the word with its exact opposite. The people of Maciao always replaced the "j" sound with the hard "g" sound: for example, the word for "river" (jiang) was also pronounced "gang". Therefore, "eating porridge" sometimes sounded like "eating river", which symbolized as well as possible that when the harvest was late and there was nothing in the pots in every house but water thickened by a small amount of grain.

== AD ಠ_ಠ ==

Standing the Body
[企尸]

The author describes a ritual that received the name of "standing the body". After Kuiyuan dies, Fangying refuses to bury his body underground and instead, insists that the coffin stands vertically upright. The standing coffin became a way to express plaint. With this custom, people hoped to attract the attention of the officials. They used rocks to support the sides of the coffin in order to balance its weight. The stones placed around the coffin, tossed into great piles, symbolised that the grievance was as enormous as the mountains. The upright position of the coffin posed as a statement that even the dead have to voice their complaints and until they are heard, they cannot rest in the ground. ⚰️💀

==AX (=^ェ^=)==
Striking Red [撞红]

The word "striking red" refers to the moment during intercourse on the wedding night when a woman lightly bleeds from her genital organs, signifying that she was a virgin. Taking a young virgin as a bride was once a taboo in Maqiao society."Striking red" was even considered an unfavorable sign. This was due to the fact that in less developed areas, where production efficiency was very low, people wanted as many people as possible to work. Therefore, when choosing a wife, those women who were already pregnant were favored. At that time, no one cared about moral chastity. However, it had its disadvantages. Men felt disgust and aversion toward the children of other men and tried to get rid of them in any way possible, often very brutally. Mothers, trying to save their firstborn children, saved them by placing them on the side of the road or sending them downstream, hoping that someone would find and take them. The abuse of the firstborn son born of another man ended when the Communist Party came to power.

== TXL ノ( º _ ºノ) ==

Menstrual holes
In this part it is explained that just as humans menstruate, so do the fields, which are by nature maternal. When the water level needed to be adjusted, such holes were dug up in the fields. It was mostly the elders who took up such task, working quietly in the middle of the night. After a long day of work, weary farmers could freshen themselves up in the water of menstrual holes. It’s described almost like a ritual to restore one’s vitality.

== WMF (ง’̀-‘́)ง ==

A small but ferocious variety of mosquito known as the "army mosquito" in Maqiao village is described. They explain that these mosquitoes were introduced to the area by a provincial army that stayed in the village for a time. The narrator recounts the relentless attacks of these mosquitoes, particularly during the summer when work ended late and people were too tired to defend themselves properly. The villagers developed a technique of continuously moving their legs while eating to avoid being bitten, as stopping for even a moment would invite a swarm of mosquitoes. Despite the annoyance, people refrained from swatting the mosquitoes due to the futility of the action and the fear of injuring themselves in the process. Eventually, as night fell, the mosquitoes would tire and the buzzing would diminish. Overall, it vividly portrays the relentless presence and impact of these army mosquitoes on the villagers' daily lives.

==YSY==

Confucian [道学]

Firstly, the narrator gives an example of the word's usage. Then he goes on to explain that the term referes to etiquette, morals and intelect, so it is a rather positive word, but then mentions that because of the hypocrisy of Confucianism over the years it can invoke an uncomfortable feeling. Then he asks philosophical questions, such as "can sympathy and affection exist between humans" and wonders if Maqiao people replaced other words with "Confucian" because they had doubts about human nature and what feelings can these doubts produce.

== AKR ☉_☉==
The passage describes the cultural differences in tea consumption between rural Maqiao people and city dwellers. In Maqiao, people prefer ginger tea, which is brewed by pounding ginger with salt and pouring boiling water over it. They also roast flavorings like beans and sesame seeds in iron pots. Despite the risk of burns, they handle the pots barehanded to prevent scorching. The aroma of roasting ingredients adds to the tea's appeal. Additionally, red dates and eggs can be added for variety. However, Benyi, a rural dweller, finds it puzzling that city people, despite their wealth, prefer low-grade colored tea, which lacks spices and freshness. Colored tea is often reheated and made from tea-tree twigs, giving it a dark hue akin to soy sauce. Benyi feels both amused and sorry for city people who miss out on the rich flavors and rituals of pounded tea.

== KMJ (▀̿Ĺ̯▀̿ ̿) ==
Jackal-Fiend [豺猛子]
In the Tianzi Peak was hidden a small stockade, to get to it you had to cross a small, not very deep stream. The narrator crossed it many times on his way to Chazi Bow. One time a companion asked him, if he spotted something unusual about the river. Turns out that the long rock that was previously in the water was actually a jackal-fiend. Maoqiao people said that this fish eats other fish and not plants, it was firece at times but mostly stoic, people would trad over it for months without it moving. After that the narrator started to wonder everytime he was big rocks or big lumps of wood. Will it move this time, become alive and escape or not?

== SSM ╮ (. ❛ ᴗ ❛.) ╭ ==

: Each of Maqiao's oxen had its own name. People had lots of different words for oxen: for example, there were oxen that "understood," meaning oxen with intelligence; there were oxen "born-to-the-pen," meaning oxen that had been brought up like family, oxen that ox-rustlers found hard to steal away. Although Three-Hairs had something of a foul temper, it was still an ox born-to-the-pen.
Two months before it died, nothing had been seen of it for two days, the team leader had sent people searching everywhere with no result, and everyone thought it'd never be found again, that it'd already been slaughtered or sold by ox-rustlers. But on the evening of the third day, while I was playing chess at Zhihuang's, Zhihuang unexpectedly turned back from relieving himself and said his ox whip was twitching on the wall, there was definitely something up, definitely. Maybe Three-Hairs had come back. No sooner were we out of the door than we heard Three-Hairs' lows and saw a familiar black shadow in front of the oxpen. Right at that moment it was butting the wooden oxpen with its horns-clunk, clunk, clunk-wanting to get inside. Half a length of ox rope was hanging from its nose, its tail had been cut to half its length for some unknown reason, its whole body was covered with dozens of bloody scars, its whiskers were in a real state and it had clearly lost a lot of weight. After escaping from the ox-rustlers it must have meandered all over the mountains on its long, long tramp home.

== LML ( ͡ᵔ ͜ʖ ͡ᵔ )==
Model Worker

The texts talks about how commune wanted every team to pick a model worker who would study philosophy and attend special meetings in the commune. Benyi was not present so his uncle Luo took charge. After the breakfast he assigned work to some other workers and made Wanyu a model field worker. The narrator laughed about it and asked why don't they put to a vote who should be a model worker. Luo replied that Wanyu lacks skills and strenght to do anything else and other people agreed. The author notes that the person being the model worker changes depending on the weather conditions, bringing up an example of other worker called Fucha.

==PMJ (づ｡◕‿‿◕｡)づ==

==AHY==

Curse-grinding

The author mentions the unusual habit of curse-grinding. This is a kind of procedure for taking revenge on enemies of the local society. If the visitor makes something very inappropriate, the members of the society covertly circle three times around him. Then they wait for him to go into the nearby woods and they start to call out some complex and often tongue-twisting rhymes. It would often make the victims get lost in the forest, being unable to tell the directions and exposed to some traps, wild animals and insects. The next step in the whole procedure is so-called soul-taking incantation. It would finally make the unhappy victim change into a zombielike creature.

==WXT ʕ •ᴥ•ʔ==

Lax

To explain this word, the narrator introduces us to the story of Zhaoqing. On one occasion, when the narrator was in danger as he almost fell from a height, Zhaoqing witnessed this and tried to summon some help, crying over the narrator's fate. The situation made a very strong impression on the narrator, but he did not know how he could thank Zhaoqing. It was only after Zhaoqing's death that he returned the favour by bringing him cotton blankets to his coffin, on which he could finally rest in peace and 'relax'.

The word 'lax' thus means ‘to rest’, ‘to relax’.

== WYX ~(˘▾˘~) ==

Yellow-Grass Miasma

In Maqiao, Zhaoqing warned the speaker not to venture into the mountains early in the morning due to the presence of poisonous miasma, which could cause severe illness or death. Different types of miasma were associated with different seasons. Even during the daytime, caution was necessary when entering the mountains, including abstaining from certain foods and activities. Zhaoqing emphasized the importance of drinking rice wine before mountain expeditions to bolster one's vitality.

The Ancient Ship

2024-02-10T06:58:00Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* TXL */

==The Ancient Ship by Zhang Wei==

Original text: https://www.feiku6.com/book/s3-guchuan.html

Title:《古船》The Ancient Ship

Author: 张炜 Zhang Wei

Presentation: [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1WB_mzwkKCC9txf3Z_PTKRf6ff9E6UiM7/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=103541239485723010069&rtpof=true&sd=true] [[Media:Zhang_Wei.pptx|Presentation on Zhang Wei]]

==《古船》第三章==

==YL==

隋见素终于辞掉了粉丝大厂的工作。很多人都对老隋家的一个人离开了这个行当感到惊讶。隋见素却无比轻松。他到工商部门去申请，又多次找高顶街书记李玉明和主任栾春记，终于在大街上设了个烟酒小摊。一个月之后，他又寻了一间临街的闲房，准备开一个商店。他几次到老磨屋里请哥哥跟他一起干，抱朴总是摇头。见素沮丧地说：“你的字好，那就给店写个匾额吧。”
老磨隆隆地转动。抱朴取起见素拿来的笔，大声问：“什么店名？”见素一字一顿地说：“‘洼狸大商店’。”抱朴在方木凳上伸展着纸，手突然抖个不停。他去蘸墨，手抖得更厉害了。

Sui Jiansu finally resigned from the job at fan factory. A lot of people were surprised that one of the Sui's resigned from the job. Sui Jiansu was relieved. He went to the Department of Industry and Commerce to apply for a job. He met Li Yuming (the Secretary of Gaoding Street) and Luan Chunji (the director). Finally at the main street he set up a tobacco and alcohol stall. After a month, he was searching for a local close to the street, that was ready to be opened. He went to the old mill house a couple of times to ask his brother for help, but Paobu shook his head no. Frustrated Jiansu said: "You have good handwriting, just make a plaque for the store". Old mill house was making noise and spinning. Paobu picked up the pen that Jiansu brought and asked "What's the name of the store?". Jiansu said: "Hollowing Racoon Big Store". Paobu straightened the paper on a wooden square table, his hand suddenly shook. He wanted to dip his hand into the ink, but it shook even harder.

==JL==

匾额终于没有写成。见素不得不去求了镇小学的校长长脖吴。校长五十多岁，颈肉出奇的松弛。写匾额时，他不用瓶装墨汁，而让见素在一个半尺长的老砚台上研墨。见素整整研磨了一个钟点。长脖吴取出一杆秃头大笔，蘸饱了墨就在崭新的红纸上揉动起来。见素看到他瘦瘦的手腕上突然就凸起三道青筋，当青筋慢慢消下去的时候，“洼狸大商店”五个大字已成。其中有三个字与所有人的写法都不同。看着这几个字，不知怎么老让人想起生了锈的铁器。匾额悬到门上，身材颀长、面孔白皙的隋见素斜倚在门框上，看上去这个店多少有些怪异。开张的前一个星期只卖出三瓶香油、一盒香烟。隋不召第一个走进侄子的店里当顾客了，他四下里看着，临走时建议店里要卖零酒及下酒用的咸菜，墙壁上还要用油漆画个大酒坛。见素一一采纳，并且能够举一反三，在门侧外墙上贴了电影女演员的画。洼狸镇上的老人都在庙会上蹲着喝过零酒，酒坛勾起了他们一片怀旧之情。这样店里先多了老头子，接上又有了年轻人拥进来。一个店开始热闹起来了。
The plaque was not written in the end by Paobu and instead Jian Su went to ask the principal of school for help. It was a struggle but finally he managed. The plaque was hung in the shop. Not a lot was sold that week but then Paobu said that he should sold wine and pickles. That attracted customers to his shop.

==AX==

大商店的买卖刚刚开始兴隆，一个叫张王氏的老女人哼哼着跨进店来。她要求店里出售她的手工产品。

张王氏的产品无非就是野糖、泥老虎和小铁哨子之类。她经营这些已经几十年了，前些年风声再紧，她也能使产品脱手。她还明里暗里给人算命看相，挣些零钱。她如今六十多岁了，不停地吸烟，嘴角瘪着，样子十分苍老。她的脖颈像胳膊那么细，下巴尖尖地向里弯去，满面灰尘。腰弓了，腿也发抖，不说话也要哼哼。可她做手工的技艺已经到了炉火纯青、出神入化的地步了，比如捏泥老虎，她能把它们捏得像自己一样瘪着嘴角，看上去一个个老气横秋，面慈心软。泥老虎越做越大了，最大的有枕头那么大，要两个孩子合伙才能玩得起来。她提出将泥老虎之类摆在“洼狸大商店”的柜台上出售，她可以缴代售费。

This is a description of an elderly woman named Zhang Wangshi.
She had entered a large store with her handcrafted products such as clay tigers and small iron whistles. We can know from the description that she's in her sixties, her neck is as thin as an arm and her face is covered in dust. Additionally, she smokes cigarettes. Despite her age and physical fragility, she is skilled in craft, particularly in molding clay tigers which have reached a level of perfection. She could even shape them to resemble herself. She suggested the owner to put her clay tigers and other items on the counter for sale. She was willing to pay a consignment fee for the service.

==AD==

见素笑嘻嘻地盯着她颈上的灰，并不认真跟她讲话。她自己取了货架上的香烟抽个不停，眼神尖尖地盯住见素的脸。三十五六岁的小伙子，头发油黑，脸上有几点粉刺。这副漫长脸漂亮，眼神看上去机敏警觉，又透着油气。不用说这是个姑娘们喜欢的角色。他到现在还没有结婚，那是受了家庭的影响，那年头没有谁敢嫁给老隋家的这两个人：他和抱朴。抱朴早年跟老隋家一个打杂的小丫头结了婚，小丫头不久害痨病死了，抱朴也就打起光棍来。张王氏知道见素可不像他哥哥那么老实。她看着他，嘿嘿笑着，露出一口乌黑的短牙齿。见素的脸有些红，用手推了她一把，让她有话快说，还说她是个丑老婆子。张王氏从衣兜里掏出几个泥老虎放到柜台上，见素觉得那虎的脸跟她的脸可真是一模一样。他笑了。张王氏用手抚摸着他的胳膊、硬实实的胸脯，夸奖说：“真是个壮实孩子。”见素老在笑。张王氏拍了一下他的屁股，虎起脸说：“好生跟你老奶奶说话！”见素“嗯”了一声，不敢笑了。他们盘算起手工产品的本利来，直到点灯时分还在盘算。张王氏离开的时候，他们已经谈妥了。

Jian Su talks casually with the elderly woman called Zhang Wang in her store. The woman smokes a cigarette after a cigarette, examining the young man. She is quite fond of his appearance, noticing that his eyes are full of energy, which sparks her curiosity. However, he calls her an ugly old woman, which is quite justified considering that the woman's teeth are black. She continues to praise him and touches his arms and chest, while he tries to push her away. He contemplates that her face looks just as the expressions of the clay tigers of her handcraft and finds it difficult to refrain from laughter. He buys a few handmade products and after that, leaves. 🐅🚬

==TXL==

这以后张王氏每天都要到店里来，在柜台上一个一个摆弄她的泥老虎。生意越来越好，不知多少老太太来给家里的娃娃买泥老虎玩。如果是娃娃们自己来，张王氏就教他们新的玩法：让一群小泥虎攻击大泥虎，头颅相撞。不过几下子小泥虎的头就破了。娃娃们问怎么办？“让你家奶奶买新的。”张王氏说。买卖渐渐白天做不尽，夜里还要点上油灯，有一天快半夜了，还有一群老头子围坐在酒坛边，手捏一块咸菜喝酒。见素常常伏在柜台上睡过去，张王氏就吸足了一口烟，对准他红润的嘴唇吹一下。见素觉得张王氏真是一个好帮手，商店的兴隆也有她一份功绩。张王氏说：“有老虎保佑我们呢。”见素听了，怀疑地盯着那一溜儿缩着嘴角的泥老虎。张王氏加上一句：“虎是山神。”他们没事了就天南地北地闲扯，张王氏常常说到隋不召。她一说到这里就笑，露出黑黑的牙根。她说：“老东西瘦成一把骨头了，还坏。早些年多少水光溜滑的大姑娘乐得凑付这把骨头。我也凑付过。老东西从根就没胖过，不过从根就是把好手。

From that day on, Zhang Wangshi was to the shop on a daily basis to fiddle with her clay tigers. The tigers sold very well, as more and more old women started buying them for their grandchildren. When children themselves came to the shop, Zhang Wang taught them how to play with clay tigers in a way that they broke quickly. Once they broke, old women would simply buy some new. Therefore tigers sold so well that the shop had to be open day and night. Jiansu would often fall asleep on a counter and wake up to the feeling of Zhang Wangshi’s smoke blown over his face. When they had nothing better to do, they’d chat all night. One night the old woman said that the tiger has blessed them, only to add later that it was in fact a mountain god.

==WMF==

”有一次她还问道：“你知道他怎么和史迪新老怪结成了仇人吗？”见素盯着她，好奇地摇着头。张王氏从货架上摸了一支烟点上，说起来。

“说到底也就是为那么一点点东西。那几年洼狸镇比现在还热闹，你没经过。太热闹的地方男人没有一个老实的，你记住我这句话。他们不老实，有点力气都使到女人身上了，干正经事倒有气无力。你叔父他们连一个三十斤的粉坨子也扛不动，小腿绊呀绊呀，噗哧一声就把粉坨摔成一堆雪。大伙儿那个笑。那些跑船的人一上了码头，就跟狼狗差不多，眼睛都是红的。他们个个样子吓人，真和他们好起来倒也没什么。你叔父对付人的法儿，有不少就是从跑船的那儿学来的。老隋家就出了这么一个不学正经的人。不过他也真是为咱镇上人做了点好事情。怎么说呢？他从船上弄来一块黑溜溜的脏东西，又香又臭，听说是麝香又加进了什么别的东西。谁家姑娘肚子胖起来，你叔父就把那块东西拳在掌心里，对在她的鼻子上。就这么几下子，姑娘家呕泻几次，也就和原来一样了。你说这有多么省心。

Wang Zhang shares a story about the uncle's experiences in Wali Town. He reflects on the town's liveliness in the past and comments on the dishonesty of men. He describes the uncle as physically weak but resourceful in dealing with people, mentioning an incident involving a piece of musk that he uses to help girls relieve nausea. This passage provides insights into the uncle's character and the dynamics of the town.

==YSY==

后来就活该让史迪新知道了，你不知道他有多么假正经，找到你叔父就拼命。你叔父往码头上跑，他就在身后穷追。他就跑，他就穷追。”张王氏又点了一支烟。她的烟从鼻孔缓缓地流出来，说道：“他穷追，要不也追不上。不过也是天意，你叔父眼看就要跑到码头上了，不巧两只小腿就交绊了一下。他跌倒了，史迪新老怪就顺手拎起小腿，倒提着一拧。你叔父用沙子扬他，他又是一拧。那时候河滩上的碎石块比现在多，你叔父头皮在上面转动，一会儿就流出血来。他不停地骂，史迪新倒不吱一声。最后还是史迪新用一块石头把你叔父的拳头砸开，才把那块东西抢到手。接下去厮打得更凶，两人身上都是血。史迪新料定了洼狸镇早早晚晚要毁在这块黑溜溜的东西上，可是年轻人看着它亲哪。你想这场厮打还能不凶！打到后来，史迪新力气尽了，一扬手把那个东西扔进河里去了。厮打立刻停了。他俩满脸是血，面对面地瞅着……”
张王氏讲完了，见素久久地沉默着。几十年前的那场厮打令他神往。他想如果当时他也在场的话，那么被扔进河里的只能是史迪新自己。

Zhang Wangshi continued her story, still smoking cigarettes. She talked about a man named Shi Dixin, who found out about the uncle's behaviour and chased him to the pier. They got in a fight over the piece taken from the boat, as Shi Dixin thought it could destroy their town. Finally, the thing was thrown into the river and the men stopped fighting.

Jian Su was fascinated by Zhang Wangshi's story.

==KMJ==

粉丝大厂里的工人常在空闲时间跑进店里，老头子喝零酒，年轻人吃野糖。野糖在嘴里含一会儿，揪住糖棒一拉可以拉出一条长长的细线，有不少姑娘小伙子就为了这长长的细线而来。他们一边吃一边拉，嘻嘻地笑。姑娘吃糖时，见素就趁机揪住糖棒，拉出长线来在她脖子上绕。有一次闹闹来了，穿了白围裙工作服，露着两条白红的胳膊。她一进来就显得十分兴奋，学着“迪斯科”动作，伸手握拳，“啊、啊”地先左右来那么两下子。见素直眼瞅着她，手里紧紧握着刚收到的两毛钱。当闹闹吃起野糖时，见素就走过去。闹闹一双黑亮的眸子频频转动，看着货架上的东西，野糖棒棒在嘴里悠悠旋动。见素刚要抬手去揪糖棒，闹闹举起一根食指，利落而准确地点了一下他的胸脯。见素一个踉跄，觉得她刚才正巧点在了一个穴位上，有些麻胀。他坐下来，冷冷地望着闹闹这团火在柜台近前滚来滚去，最后又滚动着出了门。他长长地吸进一口气。
The scene talks about the workers going to the shop in their free time. Old people drank alcohol while the young people ate wild sugar. Jiansu wrapped a long thread of sugar around one girls neck. One day Nao Nao came over and Jiansu walked up to her and wanted to grab Nao Nao's sugar stick but he failed.

==AKR==

老多多的粉丝大厂开张以来第一次发生了倒缸。

这一次足足折腾了五天，虽然比几年前的那一次损失小多了，可也让赵多多惊慌失措。他三番五次地进老磨屋，求隋抱朴出任大厂的技术员。抱朴都拒绝了。他一下一下用木勺摊着湿胀的绿豆，摊完之后，又坐在那只看磨人坐了几辈子的方凳上。老多多走出磨屋就骂起来，说早晚把这个木头人一枪干掉。成了木头人了，为什么不把他干掉？土改以后的几十年里，老多多一直是高顶街的民兵头儿，可干掉了一些人。他觉得现在老隋家的这个人最好还是干掉。不过他老了，也没有了枪。
Since the opening of the Big Factory, the first occurrence of cylinder reversal took place. It lasted for five days, causing panic for Zhao Duoduo. Despite repeated requests, Sui Baopu refused to become the technician of the factory. Frustrated, Zhao Duoduo sat on the old stool, pondering. He vented his anger, expressing a desire to eliminate Sui Baopu, reminiscent of his past actions during the land reform. However, being old and lacking a gun, he couldn't execute his plan.

==SSM==

回到大厂里，人们老问多多为什么没有请出抱朴来，老多多脸色铁青地哼一句：“这个人在老磨屋里坐木了。”他从此坐卧不安，老在屋里走来走去。最后他想起了老隋家的另一个人来，于是就到“洼狸大商店”去了。他开门见山，请见素担任技术员。见素说他不行。老多多笑了：“老隋家的人做这个行当没有不行的。我给你最高工资，你先干着。倒缸自有人扶。”见素心里冷笑起来，他知道赵多多仍旧在打哥哥的主意。他的心里正活动着，张王氏在一边劝起他来，说那个差事好极了，到底有多么好你得干上才知道。见素反问：“我的店怎么办？”张王氏抖着颈上的黑肉，像个鹰隼一样盯住他说：“店还是你的！我来照看。我哪天不替你张罗生意？”见素不做声了。他从商店的门口往外望着天色，微微笑了。

The text describes a person named Duo Duo.He returns to a factory where people ask why he hasn't invited Bao Pu to join. Duo Duo gets angry and says that Bao Pu is occupied in an old grinding mill. Duo Duo decides to approach another person from the Sui family and goes to the "Wali Big Store." He asks See Su to become a technician, but See Su says no. Duo Duo offers the highest salary, insisting that there's no job in which someone from the Sui family can't outdo. Despite this, See Su coldly laughs, aware that Duo Duo is still plotting something against his brother. As discussions continue, Zhang Wang suggests that the job is excellent, and See Su should try it to understand its benefits. See Su, concerned about his own shop, is told by Zhang Wang that the shop will remain his, and she will manage it. See Su, silent, looks out of the store and smiles slightly.

==LML==

见素重新回到了粉丝大厂。张王氏全面接管了“洼狸大商店”。她每天定时在柜台后面坐上两个钟头，做成的买卖却与以前相同。她还偷偷往酒坛里放了橘子皮，也多少添一点冷水。余下的时间被她精心安排，除了做些家里杂事，天蒙蒙亮时还要放下一切去为四爷爷捏背。一切她都能应付自如，唯有捏背近来使她怵心。四爷爷再有两年就六十岁了，无比健壮，虎气生生。可是他毕竟肥胖起来，背肉越来越厚。捏背的人就怕背厚。张王氏为四爷爷捏了几十年背，这双捏泥老虎的手掌指法灵活，曾经给了四爷爷无限欢乐。可是她近来渐渐觉得有些力不从心了。含章是四爷爷的干女儿，张王氏常常在四爷爷屋里遇见她。有一次张王氏一边捏背，一边说今后该让含章捏背了。当时四爷爷卧在炕上，光光的上身蒙了一块白布。他听了，胖胖的身子烦躁地扭动一下，鼻子里发出“呣”的一声。张王氏从此再不敢提让含章捏背的事了。她每天从四爷爷屋里出来，又圆又红的太阳也正好升起。她直奔店里，站在柜台后面还稍微有些喘息。

==AHY==

见素不怎么回他的店，觉得大厂到底比那个店有意思。他只是每隔一个月到店里结一次账。大厂仍旧如同作坊，只不过是名称换了而已。但原来的不少人不愿替多多做活，也就离开了，新添的人中女工居多。粉丝工厂必须连续作业，人要分成两拨子。入了深夜，温吞吞的热气老让人打瞌睡。看着姑娘们在浆子缸边、在冷水盆下迷迷糊糊地东倒西歪，真让人亲哪。见素身为技术指导员，上班不需守时，高兴了随时可以进粉丝屋子巡视一番。他夜间来的时候，上身只穿一件浅紫色的秋衣，下身是挺直的青裤。长筒胶靴锃亮闪光，裤脚就掖在里面。他的头发那么浓黑，脸也就显得更白了。他一个一个端量着姑娘们的睡相，嘴角挂着一丝揶揄。这样看一会儿，他的脸就更加苍白，目光却如炬火一般明亮。奇怪的是他这样站立不久，姑娘们也就一个一个醒来了，向他打着哈欠。

This paragraph states that Jiansu found the factory more to his liking, and that is the reason why he stayed away from the shop. He would go to the shop only once a month. The name of the factory had changed and those who didn't want to work for Zhao Duoduo had left. The vast majority of those who replaced them were women. Jiansu could check on the work whenever he wanted. He would stare with delight at the women-workers in the slumber during the night-shift. After he would stare at them awhile, the women would wake up yawning.

==PMJ==

一个叫大喜的胖姑娘见了他就咳嗽，直咳得脸色赤红才算罢休。大喜做活总不利索，她洗粉丝，常有一团团青白的粉丝落在冷水盆跟前。她咳着，见素走过去狠狠地踢了那团粉丝一脚。她立刻不咳了，可是又打起嗝来，两眼直盯盯地瞅着见素。见素大步从她面前跨过去，崭新的长筒胶靴发出“阔阔”的声音。姑娘们打过哈欠就懒洋洋地做起来，一下一下晃动着筛粉渣的罗子，雪白的围裙在变浓了的雾气中飘动着。粉丝房里特有的芬芳飞快地漾开来，很像是胭脂的香味儿。一个底上钻了无数洞眼的铁瓢就悬在高处，里面盛满了稀溜溜的淀粉糊糊，有人用手在上面拍打，无数条银色的粉线就漏下来。粉线跌入热气腾腾的锅里，立刻变为晶莹透亮的粉丝了。坐在高处拍打铁瓢的是一个黑汉，他刚刚醒来，呐喊一声就摇头晃脑地打起来。整个粉丝房里都是一种节奏分明的声音：“砰砰砰、砰砰砰！”

==WXT==

见素坐在一个木凳上吸起了烟，眼睛在一绺黑发下闪动着。他不吭一声。这样坐了半个多钟头，他突然站起来，踏踏踏地走出了屋子，头也没有回一下。这个挺拔的身影从做活的姑娘们身边一闪而过。
见素一口气跑上了粉丝房外那个晒粉坨用的高高水泥平台，不停地喘息。他仰脸看天上湿漉漉的星星，又静静地倾听芦青河夜间流淌的声音。老磨还在呜隆隆地转，这使他转过脸去，看河边上那一溜儿灯火昏暗的小窗户。抱朴此刻就坐在方木凳上，守着他的老磨。见素注视着他那个小窗户，似乎盼望它能够突然打开一下，至少是一明一暗地闪动一次。他失望地走下平台，到粉丝房拐角处那个宽敞的大屋跟前站住了。里面亮着灯，传出了鼾声。他知道厂长老多多睡在里面，这样站了一会儿，他的手不由自主地按住了门把手。他屏住了呼吸，一丝一丝把门推开；进了屋子，又轻轻地把门扇合上，然后小心地转过身子。

Jiansu sat on a wooden stool and smoked a cigarette, without saying a word. He sat like that for over half an hour. Suddenly, he stood up and walked out of the room without looking back. He rushed towards a concrete platform, gazing at the stars and listening to the flowing river. From there, Jiansu looked at the dimly lit windows along the riverbank, behind one of which would sit Baopu. Jiansu stared at the small window, as if hoping it would suddenly open. Disappointed, he walked down the platform and stopped in front of the building around the corner of the processing room. After standing there for a while, he held his breath and slowly pushed the door open. Once inside, he carefully closed the door behind him and then turned around cautiously.

==WYX==

老多多仰躺在温热的炕上，只穿一件黑布裤头。黑布又厚又硬的样子，闪着亮光，令人厌恶。老一茬洼狸镇人，除了隋不召几乎都无一例外地肥胖起来了。老多多肚子光光绵绵，让人怀疑有些肿胀。他胡须斑白，满脸横肉，两腮有些奇怪的紫斑。有些发绿的嘴唇微微开启，一颗食牙从里面显露出来。见素看着这张脸，突然发现左边的一只眼是睁着的，心立刻怦怦跳动起来。他脚步牢牢地挺住，伸出一根手指在左眼上方移动，那半睁的眼睛一动不动。他轻轻地舒了口气。老多多粗粗地喘着，巨大的喉结活动不停。紧贴土炕的窄窄的窗台上，莫名其妙地放了一把砍骨刀。这把刀铁锈斑斑，刀背有指头那么厚，但刀刃儿极其锋锐。见素看着砍骨刀，突然脸上没有一点血色。他呆呆地站了一会儿，最后无声无响地退出门去。

Duoduo lay back to warm up, wearing only a pair of black trousers. Duoduo's belly appeared swollen, and his face was covered in wrinkles, with purple spots on his cheeks. His lips parted. Upon noticing one eye open, his heart raced. He cautiously approached, relieved when the eye didn't move as he touched above it. A rusty butcher knife lay on the narrow windowsill. Though rusted, its blade remained sharp. Seeing the knife, color drained from his face. He stood motionless for a before silently leaving the room.

Wang Meng ppt

2024-02-10T06:31:10Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* TXL */

Back to [[Critical_Review_of_Chinese_Literature#Session_9:_Modern_literature|Course Homepage]]

[[Media:Wang_Meng.pptx]]

==Wang Meng SSM Homework==

=Introduction to the text=

Introduction to the text: Zhong Yicheng, a young Communist Party backer, and Ling Xue have their happy new marriage interrupted when a children's poem that Zhong has written is deemed by authorities to be politically ""subversive."" Following Cultural Revolutionary custom, he loses his party membership and is sent to work in the country. Zhong Yicheng has a psychological crisis and fights with his thoughts about his sins against the Party. The Party has him brainwashed and he starts to believe he really has done something wrong.He is blindly loyal, even when they torture him.
年轻的共产党支持者钟一成和凌雪的幸福新婚因为钟一成写的一首儿童诗被当局认定为政治“颠覆”而中断。被派往国内工作。钟宜城出现心理危机，并与自己对党犯下的罪孽进行斗争。党对他进行了洗脑，他开始相信自己确实做错了事。他盲目忠诚，即使他们折磨他。

=YL=
劳动，劳动，劳动！几十万年前，劳动使猿猴变成了人。几十万年后的中国，体力劳动也正发挥着它净化思想、再造灵魂的伟力。钟亦成深信这一点。他的对祖国山川和人民大众的热爱，他的献身的愿望，他的赎罪的狂热，他的青春的活力，他的不论在什么处境之下都无法中断的、不断从生活中获得补充和激发的诗情，全都倾注在山区农村的笨重的、应该说是还相当原始的体力劳动里。

Labor, labor, labor! Hundreds of thousands of years ago, labor turned apes and monkeys into human beings. Hundreds of thousands of years later in China, physical labor is also exerting its great power to purify the mind and recreate the soul. Zhong Yicheng is convinced of this. His love for his motherland and the people, his desire to dedicate himself, his fervor to amend his sins, his youthful vitality, and his poetic feelings which cannot be interrupted no matter what the situation is, and which are constantly replenished and inspired by life, are all poured out in the bulky and primitive manual labor in the mountainous countryside.

=ZYX=
他背着满满的一篓子羊粪蛋上山，给梯田施肥，刚起步两分钟，就像做豆腐的最后一道工序——用石板压一样，汗水像豆腐水一样地从四面溢了出来。他爬梁越坡，沿着蜿蜒崎岖的山径前行。他的腰背弯成七十度，尽力学着老农的样子，两腿叉开，略略拳曲以利于维持平衡。

He carried a basket full of sheep's dung eggs up the mountain to fertilize the terraced fields, and just two minutes after starting, like the last process of making tofu – pressing it with a stone slab - sweat poured out from all sides like tofu water. He climbed beams and slopes, travelling along the winding and rugged mountain paths. His back was bent at seventy degrees and he did his best to act like an old farmer, with his legs spread and slightly fist-curved to help maintain his balance.

=JL=
两只手是自由的，有时甩来甩去，觉得上肢轻松得令人飘飘然。有时交插手指放在胸前，一副虔诚的样子。有时用两手拢成一个圆环，这是一个练气功的姿势，为了拔步陡坡，必须气运丹田。每走一步他都觉得腿在长劲，腰在长劲，他确实是脚跟站稳，脚踏实地，在把自己的体力和热情，把饱含着农作物所需要的氮、磷、钾和有机质的肥料，献给哺育着我们的共和国的农田。

He felt that his hands were free and sometimes even form in a shape of a circle. He felt himself slowly getting stronger and put this strength into fertilizing crops for his country.

=AD=
他掏大粪。粪的臭味使他觉得光荣和心安。一挑一挑粪稀和黄土拌在一起，他确实从心眼里觉得可爱，拌匀了，发酵了，滤细了，黄土变得黑油油的了，粘土也变得疏松，然后装上马车，拉到地里，撒开，风把粪渣送到嘴里。他觉得舒畅，因为，他已经被大地妈妈养活了二十多年，如今第一次把礼物献给大地妈妈……

Because of his mental and physical exhaustion he starts to perceive his tiresome and humiliating work as honorable. When he mixes stinky dung to fertilize the soil, he thinks about Mother Earth, about how he can "repay" her feeding him for his whole life.

=TXL=
春天了，他深翻地，目不斜视，耳不旁听，全部肌肉和全部灵魂的能力集中在三个动作上：直腰竖锨，下蹬，翻土；然后又是直腰竖锨……他变成了一台翻地机，除了这三个动作他的生命再没有其他的运动。他飞速地，像是被电马达所连动，像是在参加一场国际比赛一样地做着这三位一体的动作。腰疼了，他狠狠心，腿软了，他咬咬牙。

When spring has come, he fully dedicated himself to digging. Straightening his back and putting up his shovel, dropping it down, flipping the soil over – those were the three movements he focused on. He was working like a machine, not caring about weariness or pain.

=WMF=
腿完全无力了，他便跳起来，把全身的重量集中到蹬锨的一条腿上，于是，借身体下落的重力一压，扑哧，锨头直溜溜地插到田地里……头昏了，这只能使他更加机械地、身不由己地加速着三段式的轮转。忘我的劳动，艰苦而又欢乐。刹那间，一个小时过去了，三个小时过去了，十二个小时也过去了，他翻了多么大一片土地！都是带着墒、带着铁锨的脖颈印儿的褐黑色土块，你想数一数有多少锨土吗？简直比你的头发还多……人原来可以做这么多切实有益的事。

When his legs were completely weak, he jumped up and concentrated his whole body weight on the leg that was on the shovel. This way, he used the gravity of his falling body to press, breathing hard when throwing himself down, the shovel head went plunged straight into the ground... Dizziness only made him more machine like and involuntary speed up the three stage rotation. Selfless labour, hard but also joyful. In the blink of an eye, one hour went by, three hours went by, then twelve hours went by, he flipped over so much soil! It was all brownish-black earth with moisture and the neck marks of the shovel, and do you want to count how many shovels of earth there were? Simply put, it was more than your hair... People can do so many practical and beneficial things.

=YSY=
这些事不会在一个早上被彻底否定，被批判得体无完肤…… 夏天，他割麦子，上身脱个精光，弯下腰来把脊背袒露在阳光下面。镰刀原来是那么精巧，那么富有生命，像灵巧的手指一样，它不但能斩断麦秸，而且可以归拢，可以捡拾，可以搬运。他学会用镰刀了，而且还能使出一些花招，嚓嚓嚓，腾出了一片地，嚓嚓嚓，又是一片地。

Those things cannot be completely denied and criticized on one morning. In the summer, when he was cutting wheat, his upper body all shiny, he bent down to expose his back to the sunlight. The sickle turned out to be so exquisite, so full of life, just like nimble fingers, not only could it cut the wheat straw, but also could gather it, pick it up and transport it. He learned how to use the sickle but also how to perform some tricks. Swoosh, and a piece of land was clear, swoosh, and another one was cleared up.

=KMJ=
多么可爱的眉毛，每个人都有两道眉毛，这样的安排是多么好，不然，汗水流得就会糊住眼睛。直一下腰吧，刚才还是密不透风的麦田一下子开阔了许多，看见了在另一边劳动的农民，看到山和水。一阵风吹来，真凉快，真自豪……秋天，他打荆条，腰里缠着绳子，手里握着镰刀。几个月没有摸镰刀了，再拿起来，就像重新造访疏于问候的老友一样令人欢欣。
Such lovely eyebrows, everyone has two eyebrows, this is such a good arrangement, otherwise, the sweat would blur our vision. Let's straighten up, the wheat field which just now was airtight opened up, revealing the farmers working on the other side, we can see mountains and water. A gust of wind blows, so refreshing, so poud... In autumn he weaved the twigs of the chaste tree, with a rope tied around his waist and a sicke in his hand. It's been several months since he last touched a sickle, picking it up again feels as delightful as visiting an old friend which one has neglected.

=AKR=
他登高涉险，行走在无路之处如履平地，一年的时间，他爱上了山区，他成了山里人。如同一个狩猎者，远远一瞭望，啊，发现了，在群石和杂草之中，有一簇当年生的荆条，长短合度，精细匀调，无斑无节，不嫩不老，令人心神俱往，令人心花怒放。他几个箭步，蹿上去了，左手捏紧，右手轻挥镰刀，嚓地一声，一束优质荆条已经在握了，捆好，挂在腰间的绳子上；

He adeptly navigates treacherous terrain and develops a deep connection with the mountains. Spotting a cluster of fresh bramble branches, he swiftly harvests them with precision, bundling them up and securing them around his waist.

=SSM=
又一抬头，又发现了目标，他又攀登上去了，像黄羊一样灵活，像麋鹿一样敏捷，身手矫健，目光如电…… 除了和农民、和下放干部们一起劳动以外，他和几个“分子”还主动地或被动地给自己加了成倍的额外任务。夜里三点，好像脑袋才刚挨枕头，就起来“早战”了，把粪背到梯田上，把核桃、枣、甘薯、萝卜背下去。

The protagonist saw his aim again and rushed towards it. He's done it very efficiently. He figured that in addition with farmers and isolated cadres,all them, called "molecules", were working harder then the rest, on purpose. Three at night, even though nobody would normally even consider waking up, he rushes to his work and picks vegetables.

=LML=
在星空下走小路，星星好像就在人的身边，随手都可以抓到。中午嘴里还啃着咸菜和窝头，又开始“午战”了。晚上喝完两大碗稀粥，又是“夜战”。夜战的时间长了，有时候也犯迷糊，分不清早战和夜战了。除了星宿的位置有些不同，别的区别很少能觉察到。人真是有本事，把加班说成什么什么“战”，马上就增加了一层非凡的革命的色彩，
The fragment describes walking under the starry sky. The narrator described daily routine as eating daytime snack of pickled vegetables and bread as "midday battle" and the nighttime drinking of thin porridge, referred to as "night battle". The author highlights the blurred line between day and night and that besides the changing layout of the starts nothing changes.

=PMJ=
原来他们是在战，在打仗，在向资产阶级、向自己思想中的敌人开火，不是你死，就是我活，谁能懈怠呢？干就干吧，还要竞赛，还要批评表扬，一得空就要评比，还要按劳动和遵守纪律的情况划分类别，改造得较好的——一类，一般的——二类，较差的——三类，继续反党、反社会主义的准备带着花岗岩脑袋见上帝的——四类。这种评比可真有刺激的力量！

This part describes that they were fighting with their enemies - the bourgeoisie and that it was also about who was going to get out of the situation alive (不是你死，就是我活，谁能懈怠呢?). The text also introduces four categories of people (the first one - the better, the second one - the average, the third one - the mediocre, and the fourth one - the worst (they continue to be anti-party).

=AHY=
所以农民反映：“分子”们劳动是拼命，像“砸明火”一样气急败坏，看着他们干活我们都害怕——他们重载上山的时候是跑步，下山的时候是跳跃，喘气的声音两里地外都听得见。这还不算，一有空他们还得考虑自己的罪行，考虑通过这种“砸明火”的劳动如何进一步认识自己的丑恶面目，进一步感谢党的挽救……

The farmers reported that so-called elements worked really hard. They had a lot of strength and were able to lift some heavy loads. They would move quickly and jump while going up and down the mountain. They were obliged to think about their crimes and then thank the party for saving them by changing their blameworthy habits and deeds from the past.

=WXT=
钟亦成出身城市贫民，从小家境不好，在他发育成长的关键时期——十一岁至十四岁的时候，正是家里吃了上顿没有下顿的时候，所以，他身材瘦小，手腕和脚踝特别细，解放后的繁忙的会议、工作之中，他也没有年轻人应有的娱乐、体育锻炼和足够的休息。来山区后营养又差，农民还可以从供销社买点点心吃，而他们的纪律是不准买任何吃的东西。

Zhong Yicheng came from an urban poor background, he grew up in a poor family. During the critical period of his growth and development, so between the ages of eleven and fourteen, his family could barely put food on the table. Because of that, he was emaciated and small, with particularly thin wrists and ankles. After liberation, in the midst of the busy meetings and work, he did not have the entertainment, physical exercise and sufficient rest that young people should have. When he came to the mountains, he was malnourished once again. The peasants could buy some snacks from the supply and marketing cooperatives, whereas their discipline did not allow them to buy anthing to eat.

=WYX=
但不知道是一股什么样的内在的、神奇的力量，支持着钟亦成，使他在如此严酷沉重的劳动中没有垮下来——许多比他们干活少得多的下放干部这个住了院，那个请了假，有的一回城就半年不见影子——他咬紧牙关，勇往直前，在严酷的劳动中体味到新的乐趣，新的安慰。他甚至觉得，以往不从事体力劳动的岁月全是浮夸，全是高高在上，虚度年华。

Without his knowledge, an unseen force empowers Zhong Yicheng, preventing him from buckling under labor's strain. Despite cadres slacking off or disappearing, Zhong perseveres, finding fulfillment in toil. He now sees his past avoidance of labor as futile vanity.

Mo Yan ppt

2024-02-10T06:23:36Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* TXL */

Back to [[Critical_Review_of_Chinese_Literature#Session_9:_Modern_literature|Course Homepage]]

==Mo Yan 酒国 (第三章） Homework==

[[Media:MoYanPrezentacja.pptx]]

=Introduction to the next=

The Republic of Wine: A Novel (simplified Chinese: 酒国; traditional Chinese: 酒國; pinyin: Jiǔguó) is a satirical novel by Mo Yan, which was first published in 1992. The novel explores the relationship between Chinese people and food and drink, and comments on government corruption and excesses. It was translated to English by Howard Goldblatt.

The novel has two distinct narrative threads, one of a standard fiction form following a detective, and the other a series of letters between "Mo Yan" and an aspiring author who is a fan of his work. The book contains ten chapters; each chapter contains several parts. The "detective" thread follows a special investigator, Ding Gou'er, sent to rural China to investigate claims of cannibalism. The "letters" thread contains letters exchanged between Li Yidou, an aspiring author, and "Mo Yan", as well as short stories that Li Yidou sends to "Mo Yan". As the novel progresses, the focus shifts from the Ding Gou'er standard narrative thread to the Li Yidou/Mo Yan thread. Some characters appear in both threads.

=Summary of chapter three=

The centrepiece of the banquet is revealed, "Stork Delivering a Son". It appears to be a whole human baby boy, sitting up in a dish, and smells delicious. Ding draws his gun and accuses his company of cannibalism. Diamond Jin insists the dish is a culinary masterpiece -- a fake child. Ding panics and fires his gun wildly, shooting the baby boy in the head and collapses, drunk. The serving girls bring him sobering-up soup and he recovers somewhat. Diamond Jin explains how the fake boy is created and convinces Ding to eat a lotus root arm.
After further drinking, Ding has an out of body experience where he witnesses the serving girls taking his comatose body to an underground hotel room. While his body is there, a "scaly-skinned demon" enters the room and strips his body of useful implements.

=YL=

那男孩盘腿坐在镀金的大盘里、周身金黄，流着香喷喷的油，脸上挂着傻乎乎的笑容，憨态可掬。他的身体周围装饰着碧绿的菜叶和鲜红的萝卜花。侦察员丢魂落魄般望着男孩，吞咽着翻卷而上的胃中液体。男孩水灵灵的眼睛回望着他，鼻孔里喷出热气，嘴唇翕动，好像要开口说话。他的笑容他的憨态令侦察员浮想联翩，他恍惚觉得这男孩非常面熟，好像不久前见过面。他的清脆的笑声在侦察员耳边盘旋。他的小嘴巴里喷出新鲜草莓的味道。爸爸给我讲故事。别缠着爸爸。那时还是温柔的妻子抱着粉红的婴儿微笑。转眼间妻子的微笑变成可怕的阴阳怪气，她抽搐着腮帮子，伪装出一副十分深沉的模样。混蛋！他拍着桌子，愤怒地站起来。

The boy sat cross-legged in a large gold dish, dripping with fragrant oil, with a silly grin on his face. His body was decorated with turquoise leaves and bright red radish flowers. The detective looked at the boy in disbelief, swallowing the liquid that came up back into his stomach. The boy's watery eyes stared back at him, hot breath erupted from his nostrils, and his lips opened and closed as if he were about to speak. His smile and his simplicity floored the detective, and he was struck by the fact that the boy looked very familiar, as if he had met him some time ago. His clear laugh hovered in the detective's ears. The smell of fresh strawberries came from his little mouth. "Daddy tell me a story. Don't pester Daddy." Back then it was the gentle wife smiling as she held her pink baby. In the blink of an eye the wife's smile turned into a horrible grimace as she twitched her cheeks and disguised a very deep look. Bastard! He slapped the table and stood up angrily.

=ZYX=

金刚钻意味深长的笑着。矿长和党委书记鬼鬼祟祟地笑着。侦察员以为自己在做梦，睁大眼睛，仔细观察，那男孩仍旧盘着腿坐在盘里。
金刚钻说：
“丁钩儿同志，请吧！”
党委书记和矿长说：
“这是我市一道最有名的菜，叫做‘麒麟送子’。我们用它招待外宾，给外宾留下了终生难忘的深刻印象，赢得了外宾的高度评价。我们用它为国家换取了大量宝贵的外汇。用它招待最尊贵的客人。您就是我们最尊贵的客人。”
“请吧！老丁同志，检察院派来的特级侦察员丁钩儿，请吃‘麒麟送子’。”党委书记和矿长抄起筷子，迫不及待地催促着。

Smiling meaningfully and mysteriously, Jin Ganzuan with the Mine Director and Party Secretary offer Ding Gou'er to taste the famous dish "Qilin brings a son", which they treat honoured guests, receiving high praise from them and earning a lot of money.

=JL=

男孩的香气强劲有力，难以抗拒。丁钩儿咽了一些口水，把手伸到公事包里。他的手摸到了光滑的枪管和有刻纹的枪柄，还有刻纹中央那颗五角星。枪口是圆的，准星三角形，枪的温度低于手的温度，所以感觉到凉意。一切感觉正常，一切判断正常。我没醉，我是侦察员丁钩儿，奉命来酒国市调查以金刚钻为首的领导干部烹吃男孩案件，大案特案要案，世界少有之残忍，空前绝后之腐化。我没有醉，没有产生错觉，他们要想逃脱万不能。我的眼前摆着一个红烧婴孩，按他们的说法：一盘“麒麟送子”。我神志很清楚，为了保险起见，我进行自我测验：85×85＝7225，随口喊出，丝毫不差，他们杀了一个男孩让我吃，想堵住我的嘴，阴谋家，畜生，禽兽。他端着手枪，凌厉地喊：
“不许动，举起手来，你们这些野兽！”

When Ding Gou'er was shown the boy he was salivating from hunger but instead reached for his hidden gun to ground himself. He was trying to convince himself that he does not look at a real child prepared as a meal. He pulled his gun and aim at his comrades.

=AD=

三个男人呆呆地坐着，红色小姐们尖叫着挤成一堆，好像一群受惊的小鸡。丁钩儿一手端着枪，另一只手推开身下的凳子，退两步，背贴着窗户站定。他想要是他们是有军事经验的人，完全可以近便地把枪夺走，但是他们没有。现在，三个人都在他的枪口之下，谁也休想轻举妄动。他起身时那只公事包从两腿之间滑落在地。他的手虎口感觉到手枪枪柄沉甸甸的凉意，食指感觉到光滑的扳机柔韧的弹性。保险机在抓枪的过程中已经打开，子弹和撞针等待着撞击，一触即发。他冷静地骂道：
“王八蛋们，你们是百分之百的法西斯！都给我举起手来！”

Ding Gou'er aims his gun at the three men while the red waitresses scream in terror. Convinced that the child-shaped meal they served him is actually a real boy, Ding Gou'er attempts to arrest them, calling them all fascists.

=AX=

金刚钻缓慢地举起双臂，党委书记和矿长的手臂也缓缓举起。金刚钻面带笑容，镇定自若地问：
“老丁同志，您这玩笑开过火了吧！”
“开玩笑？”丁钩儿咬牙切齿地说，“谁跟你们开玩笑？！吃儿童的野兽！”
金刚钻仰着脸，朗声大笑起来。党委书记和矿长也傻乎乎地笑起来。
金刚钻笑着说：
“老丁啊老丁，您是个富有人道主义精神的好同志，真令人钦佩！可是，您错了，您犯了主观主义的错误，请仔细地看看，这是个男孩吗？”

Diamond Jin lifts his arms with a smile and jokingly questions Comrade Lao Ding about the seriousness of his joke. In response, Ding Gou'er angrily accuses them of being a monster that eats children. Despite Ding's seriousness, Diamond Jin and others burst into laughter. Diamond Jin, appreciating Ding's humanitarian spirit, points out a subjective error in Ding's perception, questioning whether what they see is genuinely a boy.

=TXL=

丁钩儿的视线被金刚钻的话引导着，转移到盘中婴儿的身上。男孩面上笑容依旧、嘴唇微微噘起，好像要开口说话。
“他简直栩栩如生！”丁钩儿大叫着。
“是的，他栩栩如生，”金刚钻说，“为什么这个假男孩栩栩如生呢？因为我们酒国市的厨师们技艺超群，鬼斧神工！”
党委书记和矿长帮腔道：
“这还不算好的呢！我市烹调学院特烹部那位女教授制作的男孩，眼睫毛都会忽扇，没有一个人敢下筷子哩！”

Ting Gou’er shifts his eyes to look at the boy laying on a plate. A smile is still present on the child’s face. He looks as if he were about to open his mouth and speak. Ting Gou’er is amazed at the fact that the boy looks almost alive. After asking how that’s possible, he hears that it’s all because their local chefs are skilled as hell. He also gets informed that this dish is nothing compared to the one once made by the professor of the Special Cuisine Department of Culinary Institute, who prepared it in a way that even the eyelashes were moving.

=WMF=

“老丁同志，放下您的武器，拿起您的筷子，与我们一起来欣赏这道绝世佳肴！”金刚钻垂下投降的双手，殷切地招呼着丁钩儿。
“不！”丁钩儿严肃地说，“我宣布退出你们这吃人的宴席！”
金刚钻脸上显出了一丝丝愠意，不卑不亢地说：
“老丁同志，您太固执了。我们都是高举着拳头在党旗前宣过誓的人，为人民谋幸福是您的任务也是我的任务，不要以为天下只有你是好人。吃过我们酒国婴儿宴的人，有德高望重的领导人，也有世界五大洲的尊贵朋友，还有国内外大名鼎鼎的艺术家、社会名流。他们用盛赞对待我们，只有您，丁钩儿侦察员，对着一片热诚款待您的人，举起了手枪！”

Diamond Jin asked Ding Gou'er to lower his weapon and feast with them, but Ding Gou'er didn't want to take any part in it. Diamond Jin is unhappy that not only Ding is not living up to his vows, but also he didn't want to accept the hospitality of the party.

=YSY=

党委书记或是矿长帮腔道：
“丁钩儿同志，是什么样的妖风迷雾蒙蔽了您的双眼？您知道不知道，您的枪口对准了的，不是阶级的敌人，而是您的阶级兄弟！”
丁钩儿持枪的手脖子酸软，枪口渐渐下落，他的眼前迷蒙一片，那只缩回茧壳的美丽蝴蝶又开始向上爬行，恐怖的感觉沉重如巨石，压着他的肩头，他感到自己立场不稳，骨骼随时都会瓦解，面前是一个散发着臭气的无底泥潭，陷下去就不可自拔，陷下去就是灭顶之灾。但那个调皮的小家伙、香气扑鼻的小家伙、坚决站在他母亲阵线上的小儿子，正坐在莲花一样形状、莲花一样颜色的仙雾里，对着我，对着我举起了他的手！他的手指短促，肉滚滚的，肥美异常。

The secretary of the party committee or the mine director told Ding Gou'er that they are his "class brothers" and he shouldn't be holding gun at them. Ding Gou'er was feeling terrible, he was scared. He could see the boy sitting in front of him.

=AKR=

手指上的纹路一圈圈陷进去，一共三圈，手背上有四个肉涡涡。他的甜蜜的笑声在香气里缭绕。莲花升腾，孩子随之升腾。肚脐眼儿圆圆，天真童趣，像腮边的酒涡。你们这些花言巧语的强盗！休想蒙混过关！被你们煮熟了的婴儿对着我微笑。你们说不是婴孩是名菜？哪里有这样的名菜？战国时易牙把儿子蒸熟献给齐桓公，其味鲜美，宛若羊羔胜过羊羔，易牙们，哪里跑？举起手来，接受审判。你们不如易牙，易牙烹自己的儿子，你们烹别人的儿子。易牙是封建地主阶级，效忠王是最高准则；你们是领导干部，杀百姓的儿子喂自己的肚子。天理难容！我听到儿童们在蒸笼里啼哭，在油锅里啼哭。在砧板上啼哭。

The lines describe the unique features of a person's hand and reflect on historical events where children were sacrificed for various reasons. The speaker condemns those who harm children, comparing them unfavorably to figures from history.

=KMJ=

在油、盐、酱、醋、糖、茴香、花椒、桂皮、生姜、料酒里啼哭。在你们胃肠里啼哭。在厕所里啼哭。在下水道里啼哭。在江河里啼哭在化粪池里啼哭。在鱼腹里啼哭在庄稼地里啼哭。在鲸鱼、鲨鱼、鳗鱼、鱿鱼、带鱼等等的肚腹里，在小麦的芒尖上、玉米的颗粒里、大豆的嫩荚里、蕃薯的藤蔓上、高粱的茎杆里、谷子的花粉里等等啼哭。哭啊哭，令人不忍卒听的啼哭声，从苹果里、鸭梨里、葡萄里、桃里杏里核桃里发出。水果店里是婴孩的哭声。蔬菜店里是婴孩的哭声。屠宰场里是婴孩的哭声。酒国的盛宴上回响着一个个被害男童的令人毛骨悚然的啼哭声。我不对你们开枪对谁开枪？
The scene depicts sounds of babies crying coming from many places like apples. This is surreal and shows some type of madness. The narrator thinks about shooting someone.

=SSM=

他看到几张油光光的脸在红烧男孩的迷雾里漂游着，像碎玻璃一样的光芒时隐时现。他们的稍纵即逝的脸上竟然挂着油滑的、玩世不恭的、或者是轻蔑的笑容。怒火满腔。正义的、复仇的火焰熊熊燃烧，映得满室通红，荷花般辉煌。他大吼一声：畜生们、你们的末日来临了！他听到这吼声在头上发出，很陌生。声音撞到天花板上，无声地破碎，声音的碎片像调落的花瓣一样，拖曳着烟一样的腥红尾巴，纷纷摇动，落满了酒席。他用力扣动了扳机，对着那些碎玻璃一样的脸，那些镶着碎玻璃的脸，那些奸邪的笑容。扳机卡嗒一响，撞针疾速前去，撞在那颗铜光闪闪的可爱子弹的绿屁股上，火药燃烧，速度看不见，气体受压迫，向前冲啊、向前向前向前，前，前。弹头与巨响飞出枪口，硝烟一缕，在枪口抖动。巨响如浪潮翻卷。哇哇怪叫。

The main character is becoming more and more confused, desperated to take action against all the bizarre things he saw at the place he was hired to inspect. Seeing the official's oily faces, he finally decided to pull the trigger. There was smoke that aroused in a red room. The officials' faces were fleeting as in it was all in his imagination.Gas in the room was compressed. The rage inside of him aroused to its climax. He shouted at them calling them beasts. He finally pulled the trigger and heard an incredible loud sound. The atmosphere was dense and many things were going all at once - he even heard screams.

=LML=

让一切不正义的、不人道的在我的枪声中颤抖。让一切善良的、美好的、香气扑鼻的在我的枪声里抚掌欢笑。正义万岁！真理万岁，人民万岁，共和国万岁。我的伟大的儿子万岁。男孩万岁。女孩万岁。男孩与女孩的母亲们万岁。我也万岁。万岁，万岁，万万岁。
特别侦察员嘴里咕噜着一些谁也听不清楚的胡言乱语，嘴角上挂着白沫，慢吞吞的，如一堵老朽的墙壁瘫在地上。被他的胳膊和手枪扫下来的酒杯砸在他身上，啤酒白酒葡萄酒湿了他的衣服他的脸，他趴在地上，像一具从酒缸里捞出来的死尸。
The first half of this text fragment is made out of praises and cheers. The narrator wishes for justice and truth, then wishes for happiness for the Republic and its people. The Special Scout drunkenly collapses on the floor.

=PMJ=

良久，金刚钻、党委书记、矿长以及挤成一堆的红色服务小姐们苏醒过来，从桌子底下钻出来，从地板上爬起来，从别人的裙裾里伸出自己的头。硝烟的味道压倒所有的味道，在餐厅里荡漾着。丁钩儿射出的那颗子弹，恰好打在红烧男孩的脑袋上。脑壳破碎，脑浆子送到墙壁上，红的红，白的白，冒着热气，散着香气，释放着各种感情。红烧婴儿变成了无头婴儿。他的头没被打碎的部分跌在餐桌二层的边缘上，像西瓜皮一样的脑壳或者像脑壳一样的西瓜皮架在一盘扒海参和一盆红烧虾之间，汁液滴滴嗒嗒，流着血一样的西瓜汁或者是西瓜汁一样的血，污染了台布，也污染了人的眼睛。那两颗紫葡萄一样的眼睛或者眼睛一样的紫葡萄，在地板上滴溜溜滚动，一颗滚到了酒柜后边，另一颗滚到了一位红色服务小姐脚下，被她一脚踩破。她的身体摇晃了一下，嘴里发出一声尖叫：哇！

This part introduces what happened after Ding Gou’er pulled the trigger – when after quite a long time the group members regained consciousness. It also describes what happened with the child-shaped meal and how it looks after the main character shot it.

=WXT=

他们在“哇！”里恢复了理智，哲学、党性、原则、道德等等构成一位领导者素质的全部要素全都回到大脑，支配他们的行动。党委书记或是矿长伸出舌头，舔食了溅到手背上的婴孩脑浆。其味一定鲜美异常，他巴咂着嘴说：
“这家伙，糟蹋了一道好菜！”
金刚钻不满意地瞥了他一眼，在金副部长批评的目光下舔食脑浆者满面羞愧。金副部长说：
“快把老丁同志扶起来，擦干净脸面，灌碗醒酒汤。”
红色服务小姐们急忙行动起来。她们扶起丁钩儿，为他擦嘴、擦脸，但不敢为他擦手。他手握钢枪，仿佛随时都要射击。她们扫了破碎的酒杯，擦干净地板。她们搬着他的头，用浸在酒精里严格消过毒的不锈钢开口器撬开他紧咬的牙关，把一个硬塑料漏斗插到他的嘴里，然后，一匙一匙地，往那漏斗里也就是往他嘴里灌注醒酒汤。

With that “wha!”, they all regained their sanity. The party secretary — or mine director — stuck out his tongue and licked some of the child's brain from his hand, delighting in the taste. However, he was visually scolded for doing so by Deputy Director Jin Gangzuan, who soon ordered Dou Gou'er to be revived. This order was carried out by the waitresses, who unclenched Dou Gou'er's jaws and placed a funnel in his mouth, through which they poured the sobering decoction into his mouth.

=WYX=

金刚钻问：
“几号醒酒汤？”
红色服务小姐的领班答道：
“1号。”
金刚钻说：
“用2号吧，2号醒得快一些。”
服务小姐去厨房里取来一瓶金黄色的液体，拔开胶木塞子后，一股清凉的气息从瓶口涌出，沁着人的心脾。她们把大半瓶金黄液体倒进漏斗里。丁钩儿咳嗽，呛了，漏斗里液体喷起很高。
他感到一股清泉流入胃肠，浇灭了烈火，唤醒了神志。身躯恢复活力，把那爬出头颅的美丽意识之蝶吸附回来。他睁开眼睛，第一眼看到坐在金盘里的无头男孩，他的心一阵剧痛。他不由自主地叫了一声：亲娘啊！我难受！然后把枪举起。

Jin Gangzuan asked for a hangover remedy. The head waitress brought a bottle of golden liquid, which emitted a refreshing scent. Despite a mishap causing some liquid to splash, Ding Gou'er, feeling revived by its effect, drank it down. The remedy quenched his fiery discomfort and revived his senses, calming him. However, upon seeing a headless boy in a golden tray, he was struck with intense pain, exclaiming in distress before raising his gun.

A Madman's Diary

2024-02-10T02:45:59Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* TXL */

text in Chinese: [https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/luxun/03/005.htm]

text in English: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lu-xun/1918/04/x01.htm]

text in Polish: [https://skosnymokiem.wordpress.com/2011/07/16/dziennik-szalenca/]

original title: 狂人日记 (A Madman's Diary)

author：鲁迅 (Lu Xun)

== Homework ==

== YL ==
某君昆仲，今隐其名，皆余昔日在中学时良友；分隔多年，消息渐阙。日前偶闻其一大病；适归故乡，迂道往访，则仅晤一人，言病者其弟也。劳君远道来视，然已早愈，赴某地候补矣。因大笑，出示日记二册，谓可见当日病状，不妨献诸旧友。持归阅一过，知所患盖“迫害狂”之类。语颇错杂无伦次，又多荒唐之言；亦不著月日，惟墨色字体不一，知非一时所书。间亦有略具联络者，今撮录一篇，以供医家研究。记中语误，一字不易；惟人名虽皆村人，不为世间所知，无关大体，然亦悉易去。至于书名，则本人愈后所题，不复改也。七年四月二日识。

　　一

　　今天晚上，很好的月光。

　　我不见他，已是三十多年；今天见了，精神分外爽快。才知道以前的三十多年，全是发昏；然而须十分小心。不然，那赵家的狗，何以看我两眼呢？

　　我怕得有理。

The author had two good friends in high school (they were brothers), but they lost contact after years. He heard that one of them was very ill, during his journey home he ventured to meet one brother. The one he met told him the ill man was his younger brother.
The man told him his brother already recovered. He took out two volumes of diary saying that its described the time when his brother was ill. The author took it and after reading it found out the man suffered from a persecution comflex. The content of the diary was confusing, didn't have any dates. He could only notice the differences in ink and how fresh it was. Some parts could be read and they described the illness. The author says he didn't change any information (except for names). Even the title was original.

I

That night the moon was bright, the man said he had finally seen it after a long time, therefore he was excited. He also concluded that he had to be careful, because otherwise the dog at the Chao house wouldn't have looked at him twice. He had a reason to be careful/scared.

== ZYX ==

二

今天全没月光，我知道不妙。早上小心出门，赵贵翁的眼色便怪：似乎怕我，似乎想害我。还有七八个人，交头接耳的议论我，张着嘴，对我笑了一笑；我便从头直冷到脚根，晓得他们布置，都已妥当了。

　　我可不怕，仍旧走我的路。前面一伙小孩子，也在那里议论我；眼色也同赵贵翁一样，脸色也铁青。我想我同小孩子有什么仇，他也这样。忍不住大声说，“你告诉我！”他们可就跑了。

　　我想：我同赵贵翁有什么仇，同路上的人又有什么仇；只有廿年以前，把古久先生的陈年流水簿子，踹了一脚，古久先生很不高兴。赵贵翁虽然不认识他，一定也听到风声，代抱不平；约定路上的人，同我作冤对。但是小孩子呢？那时候，他们还没有出世，何以今天也睁着怪眼睛，似乎怕我，似乎想害我。这真教我怕，教我纳罕而且伤心。

　　我明白了。这是他们娘老子教的！

2.

After a night when the moon did not shine, the madman realized that something was wrong. Coming out of the gate in the morning, he first saw Zhao Guiweng, whose eyes were full of unclear emotions, either fear or hatred towards the protagonist. Then the madman saw other people and children who were angry with him, and he begins to try to understand the reason for this. The main character assumed that these people were put up by Gu Jiu because of one incident that happened 20 years ago. But unfortunately, this assumption did not explain why, for example, children are angry at him, because they were not even born yet at that time. But in the end, even here the madman came to a certain conclusion - the parents are to blame.

== JL ==
三

晚上总是睡不着。凡事须得研究，才会明白。

　　他们——也有给知县打枷过的，也有给绅士掌过嘴的，也有衙役占了他妻子的，也有老子娘被债主逼死的；他们那时候的脸色，全没有昨天这么怕，也没有这么凶。

　　最奇怪的是昨天街上的那个女人，打他儿子，嘴里说道，“老子呀！我要咬你几口才出气！”他眼睛却看着我。我出了一惊，遮掩不住；那青面獠牙的一伙人，便都哄笑起来。陈老五赶上前，硬把我拖回家中了。

　　拖我回家，家里的人都装作不认识我；他们的脸色，也全同别人一样。进了书房，便反扣上门，宛然是关了一只鸡鸭。这一件事，越教我猜不出底细。

　　前几天，狼子村的佃户来告荒，对我大哥说，他们村里的一个大恶人，给大家打死了；几个人便挖出他的心肝来，用油煎炒了吃，可以壮壮胆子。我插了一句嘴，佃户和大哥便都看我几眼。今天才晓得他们的眼光，全同外面的那伙人一模一样。

Sleepless nights cause the narrator to overthink. He compared the attitude of those who in the past were touched by injustice to the people seen the day before. One of the women beat her son while watching the narrator. The crowd laughed and the Old Hen took the narrator home. At home no one seemed to recognize the narrator and he was locked up. A few days before, the leaseholder told the narrator's brother about the lethal beating of a bad man in the village. When the narrator interrupted he was met with the same stares as when he met the crowd on the street.

== AX ==

想起来，我从顶上直冷到脚跟。

　　他们会吃人，就未必不会吃我。

　　你看那女人“咬你几口”的话，和一伙青面獠牙人的笑，和前天佃户的话，明明是暗号。我看出他话中全是毒，笑中全是刀。他们的牙齿，全是白厉厉的排着，这就是吃人的家伙。

　　照我自己想，虽然不是恶人，自从踹了古家的簿子，可就难说了。他们似乎别有心思，我全猜不出。况且他们一翻脸，便说人是恶人。我还记得大哥教我做论，无论怎样好人，翻他几句，他便打上几个圈；原谅坏人几句，他便说“翻天妙手，与众不同”。我那里猜得到他们的心思，究竟怎样；况且是要吃的时候。

　　凡事总须研究，才会明白。古来时常吃人，我也还记得，可是不甚清楚。我翻开历史一查，这历史没有年代，歪歪斜斜的每叶上都写着“仁义道德”几个字。我横竖睡不着，仔细看了半夜，才从字缝里看出字来，满本都写着两个字是“吃人”！

　　书上写着这许多字，佃户说了这许多话，却都笑吟吟的睁着怪眼看我。

　　我也是人，他们想要吃我了！

The author reflects on a terrifying realization that his family members may be cannibals. He still remembers ambiguous statements, sharp teeth, piercing laughter. Since a dispute with the Gu family, Madman feels uncertain about his safety, suspecting hidden motives. While investigating historical accounts of cannibalism, he discovers a disturbing pattern. After reading all of these historical accounts, he felt uneasy and unable to sleep, as he realized there is a possibility that he have become their target.

== AD ==

四

　　早上，我静坐了一会儿。陈老五送进饭来，一碗菜，一碗蒸鱼；这鱼的眼睛，白而且硬，张着嘴，同那一伙想吃人的人一样。吃了几筷，滑溜溜的不知是鱼是人，便把他兜肚连肠的吐出。

　　我说“老五，对大哥说，我闷得慌，想到园里走走。”老五不答应，走了；停一会，可就来开了门。

　　我也不动，研究他们如何摆布我；知道他们一定不肯放松。果然！我大哥引了一个老头子，慢慢走来；他满眼凶光，怕我看出，只是低头向着地，从眼镜横边暗暗看我。大哥说，“今天你仿佛很好。”我说“是的。”大哥说，“今天请何先生来，给你诊一诊。”我说“可以！”其实我岂不知道这老头子是刽子手扮的！无非借了看脉这名目，揣一揣肥瘠：因这功劳，也分一片肉吃。我也不怕；虽然不吃人，胆子却比他们还壮。伸出两个拳头，看他如何下手。老头子坐着，闭了眼睛，摸了好一会，呆了好一会；便张开他鬼眼睛说，“不要乱想。静静的养几天，就好了。”

With each day, the madman is getting more and more paranoid. His obsession with cannibalism reaches to the point when he can't even eat meals - for instance, while eating fish he imagines that he eats human flesh instead of fish meat. His brother brings a doctor to give him a checkup. The madman believes that it is all a trap which will eventually lead to him getting eaten. He is convinced that the elderly man is performing a medical examination on him only to evaluate the quality of his meat. 🍖🍖🍖

== TXL ==

不要乱想，静静的养！养肥了，他们是自然可以多吃；我有什么好处，怎么会“好了”？他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，不敢直截下手，真要令我笑死。我忍不住，便放声大笑起来，十分快活。自己晓得这笑声里面，有的是义勇和正气。老头子和大哥，都失了色，被我这勇气正气镇压住了。

　　但是我有勇气，他们便越想吃我，沾光一点这勇气。老头子跨出门，走不多远，便低声对大哥说道，“赶紧吃罢！”大哥点点头。原来也有你！这一件大发见，虽似意外，也在意中：合伙吃我的人，便是我的哥哥！

　　吃人的是我哥哥！

　　我是吃人的人的兄弟！

　　我自己被人吃了，可仍然是吃人的人的兄弟！

The doctor recommends gaining weight. Madman believes that the man is poorly hiding his true intention of fattening him up, so that there’d be more of his flesh to eat. At such thought he laughs maniacally, worrying two men present, although he believes his laughter to be a sign of courage. He starts fearing that they may want to eat his flesh to gain that bit of courage for themselves. In the end he concludes that his own brother is a cannibal too.

== WMF ==

五

　　这几天是退一步想：假使那老头子不是刽子手扮的，真是医生，也仍然是吃人的人。他们的祖师李时珍做的“本草什么”上，明明写着人肉可以煎吃；他还能说自己不吃人么？

　　至于我家大哥，也毫不冤枉他。他对我讲书的时候，亲口说过可以“易子而食”；又一回偶然议论起一个不好的人，他便说不但该杀，还当“食肉寝皮”。我那时年纪还小，心跳了好半天。前天狼子村佃户来说吃心肝的事，他也毫不奇怪，不住的点头。可见心思是同从前一样狠。既然可以“易子而食”，便什么都易得，什么人都吃得。我从前单听他讲道理，也胡涂过去；现在晓得他讲道理的时候，不但唇边还抹着人油，而且心里满装着吃人的意思。

Madman reflects on certain individuals.Is an old doctor truly a healer or perhaps just masquerading as an executioner. Narrator is sceptic about the doctor's intentions, suggesting that even if he is a legitimate doctor, he might still be a cannibal, drawing a connection to an ancient text where the author's ancestor, Li Shizhen, wrote about the consumption of human flesh. Another individual in question is the elder brother. The instances of when he endorsed the idea of "exchanging children for food" and supported the notion of killing and consuming the flesh of wrongdoers are being recalled. On top of that, brother's lack of surprise at the mention of consuming a heart is brought up, indicating a lingering cruelty in his mindset. Madman comes to the realization that when the elder brother explains his actions, he not only has traces of human fat on his lips but also harbors cannibalistic intentions within.

==YSY==
六

　　黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。赵家的狗又叫起来了。

　　狮子似的凶心，兔子的怯弱，狐狸的狡猾，……

　　七

　　我晓得他们的方法，直捷杀了，是不肯的，而且也不敢，怕有祸祟。所以他们大家连络，布满了罗网，逼我自戕。试看前几天街上男女的样子，和这几天我大哥的作为，便足可悟出八九分了。最好是解下腰带，挂在梁上，自己紧紧勒死；他们没有杀人的罪名，又偿了心愿，自然都欢天喜地的发出一种呜呜咽咽的笑声。否则惊吓忧愁死了，虽则略瘦，也还可以首肯几下。

It is dark, but the narrator doesn't know if it's day or night. Zhao family dog starts barking.

The narrator thinks that everyone tries to kill him, but they are too scared of the consequences, so they try to make him commit suicide. That way they wouldn't be charged with murder and would get away with this. They would also accept him dying out of fright or because of worrying too much, even if it made him thin.

== KMJ ==
他们是只会吃死肉的！——记得什么书上说，有一种东西，叫“海乙那”的，眼光和样子都很难看；时常吃死肉，连极大的骨头，都细细嚼烂，咽下肚子去，想起来也教人害怕。“海乙那”是狼的亲眷，狼是狗的本家。前天赵家的狗，看我几眼，可见他也同谋，早已接洽。老头子眼看着地，岂能瞒得我过。

　　最可怜的是我的大哥，他也是人，何以毫不害怕；而且合伙吃我呢？还是历来惯了，不以为非呢？还是丧了良心，明知故犯呢？

　　我诅咒吃人的人，先从他起头；要劝转吃人的人，也先从他下手。
The narrator discovers that the cannibals eat dead meat. He recalls Hyenas from a book, they're said do be eating dead meat oftenly and scare people. The narrator thinks that the dog of Zhou family has an agreement with them. Looking at the old man that watches his feet the narrator is sure of it.

== AKR ==
八

其实这种道理，到了现在，他们也该早已懂得，……

　　忽然来了一个人；年纪不过二十左右，相貌是不很看得清楚，满面笑容，对了我点头，他的笑也不像真笑。我便问他，“吃人的事，对么？”他仍然笑着说，“不是荒年，怎么会吃人。”我立刻就晓得，他也是一伙，喜欢吃人的；便自勇气百倍，偏要问他。

　　“对么？”

　　“这等事问他什么。你真会……说笑话。……今天天气很好。”

　　天气是好，月色也很亮了。可是我要问你，“对么？”

　　他不以为然了。含含胡胡的答道，“不……”

　　“不对？他们何以竟吃？！”

　　“没有的事……”

　　“没有的事？狼子村现吃；还有书上都写着，通红斩新！”

　　他便变了脸，铁一般青。睁着眼说，“有许有的，这是从来如此……”

　　“从来如此，便对么？”

　　“我不同你讲这些道理；总之你不该说，你说便是你错！”

In a conversation, the narrator confronts a young man about rumors of cannibalism. The young man initially denies it, but when pressed, he reluctantly admits to the truth, suggesting it's always been that way and warning the narrator not to speak of it.

== SSM ==
　我直跳起来，张开眼，这人便不见了。全身出了一大片汗。他的年纪，比我大哥小得远，居然也是一伙；这一定是他娘老子先教的。还怕已经教给他儿子了；所以连小孩子，也都恶狠狠的看我。

　　九

　　自己想吃人，又怕被别人吃了，都用着疑心极深的眼光，面面相觑。……

　　去了这心思，放心做事走路吃饭睡觉，何等舒服。这只是一条门槛，一个关头。他们可是父子兄弟夫妇朋友师生仇敌和各不相识的人，都结成一伙，互相劝勉，互相牵掣，死也不肯跨过这一步。

he narrator opens their eyes, and realizes that the person they were looking at disappeared. They panic. Despite the age difference, this person is part of the same group, likely taught by their parents. He fears that this behaviour has been passed on to the next generation. He can see it in the children's hostile looks.
In the ninth section, people suspect being eaten and simultaneously want to consume others.Hence, they are hesitant and untrustful.
However, once this mindset is defeated, there is a sense of comfort in performing everyday tasks without worry.This excerpt suggests that people, despite having different kinds of relationships, can form a collective group.They encourage, motivate and restrain each other, refusing to cross a certain boundary.

== LML ==
十
　　大清早，去寻我大哥；他立在堂门外看天，我便走到他背后，拦住门，格外沉静，格外和气的对他说，

　　“大哥，我有话告诉你。”

　　“你说就是，”他赶紧回过脸来，点点头。

　　“我只有几句话，可是说不出来。大哥，大约当初野蛮的人，都吃过一点人。后来因为心思不同，有的不吃人了，一味要好，便变了人，变了真的人。有的却还吃，——也同虫子一样，有的变了鱼鸟猴子，一直变到人。有的不要好，至今还是虫子。这吃人的人比不吃人的人，何等惭愧。怕比虫子的惭愧猴子，还差得很远很远。

　　“易牙蒸了他儿子，给桀纣吃，还是一直从前的事。谁晓得从盘古开辟天地以后，一直吃到易牙的儿子；从易牙的儿子，一直吃到徐锡林；从徐锡林，又一直吃到狼子村捉住的人。去年城里杀了犯人，还有一个生痨病的人，用馒头蘸血舐。

== PMJ ==
“他们要吃我，你一个人，原也无法可想；然而又何必去入伙。吃人的人，什么事做不出；他们会吃我，也会吃你，一伙里面，也会自吃。但只要转一步，只要立刻改了，也就是人人太平。虽然从来如此，我们今天也可以格外要好，说是不能！大哥，我相信你能说，前天佃户要减租，你说过不能。”

　　当初，他还只是冷笑，随后眼光便凶狠起来，一到说破他们的隐情，那就满脸都变成青色了。大门外立着一伙人，赵贵翁和他的狗，也在里面，都探头探脑的挨进来。有的是看不出面貌，似乎用布蒙着；有的是仍旧青面獠牙，抿着嘴笑。我认识他们是一伙，都是吃人的人。可是也晓得他们心思很不一样，一种是以为从来如此，应该吃的；一种是知道不该吃，可是仍然要吃，又怕别人说破他，所以听了我的话，越发气愤不过，可是抿着嘴冷笑。

这时候，大哥也忽然显出凶相，高声喝道，

　　“都出去！疯子有什么好看！”

The characters are discussing a group of cannibals and how they won't hesitate to eat the members of their group. They are also discussing the reduction of rent. Meanwhile, a group of people (cannibals) was standing outside the gate. The eldest brother told them to leave that place.

==AHY==
这时候，我又懂得一件他们的巧妙了。他们岂但不肯改，而且早已布置；预备下一个疯子的名目罩上我。将来吃了，不但太平无事，怕还会有人见情。佃户说的大家吃了一个恶人，正是这方法。这是他们的老谱！

　　陈老五也气愤愤的直走进来。如何按得住我的口，我偏要对这伙人说，

　　“你们可以改了，从真心改起！要晓得将来容不得吃人的人，活在世上。

　　“你们要不改，自己也会吃尽。即使生得多，也会给真的人除灭了，同猎人打完狼子一样！——同虫子一样！”

　　那一伙人，都被陈老五赶走了。大哥也不知那里去了。陈老五劝我回屋子里去。屋里面全是黑沉沉的。横梁和椽子都在头上发抖；抖了一会，就大起来，堆在我身上。

　　万分沉重，动弹不得；他的意思是要我死。我晓得他的沉重是假的，便挣扎出来，出了一身汗。可是偏要说，

　　“你们立刻改了，从真心改起！你们要晓得将来是容不得吃人的人，……”

The main character starts to think that everybody around put on him a label of a madman. Overcame by paranoia, he fears there is a conspiracy against him, and that he will be eaten one day. Then the Old Chen comes over and command him to be quiet. However, he doesn’t listen to him and starts to speak out loud several times in a row that if they won’t change themselves, they may be eaten by someone one day, and there will be no place for cannibals in the future. The Old Chen breaks up the crowd and urge the main character to go back to his room. After returning to his dark room, he starts to have some strange visions of moving rafters which suddenly fall on him and crush him.

== WXT ==

　十一

　　太阳也不出，门也不开，日日是两顿饭。

　　我捏起筷子，便想起我大哥；晓得妹子死掉的缘故，也全在他。那时我妹子才五岁，可爱可怜的样子，还在眼前。母亲哭个不住，他却劝母亲不要哭；大约因为自己吃了，哭起来不免有点过意不去。如果还能过意不去，……

　　妹子是被大哥吃了，母亲知道没有，我可不得而知。

　　母亲想也知道；不过哭的时候，却并没有说明，大约也以为应当的了。记得我四五岁时，坐在堂前乘凉，大哥说爷娘生病，做儿子的须割下一片肉来，煮熟了请他吃，才算好人；母亲也没有说不行。一片吃得，整个的自然也吃得。但是那天的哭法，现在想起来，实在还教人伤心，这真是奇极的事！

11:

The narrator is reflecting on a past event where their elder brother caused the death of their younger sister. The mother was devastated and cried, but the brother begged her not to cry, likely because he had consumed the sister. The speaker questions if the brother has any sense of shame.

The narrator's sister was killed by his brother, but he's unsure if their mother realized it or not. The narrator believes that mother must have known, but did not openly acknowledge it, possibly because she thought it was proper not to. The narrator remembers a conversation with his brother when he was young, where the brother mentioned that a good child would sacrifice their flesh to feed their sick parents. The narrator's mother did not dispute this idea. The narrator finds it remarkable that they can still feel pain when thinking about the mourning that followed his sister's death.

== WYX ==

　十二

　　不能想了。

　　四千年来时时吃人的地方，今天才明白，我也在其中混了多年；大哥正管着家务，妹子恰恰死了，他未必不和在饭菜里，暗暗给我们吃。

　　我未必无意之中，不吃了我妹子的几片肉，现在也轮到我自己，……

　　有了四千年吃人履历的我，当初虽然不知道，现在明白，难见真的人！

　　十三

　　没有吃过人的孩子，或者还有？

　　救救孩子……

　　一九一八年四月

12.

He is unable to think. He finally realized that cannibalism has been common in his country for the last 4 thousand years. He also thinks, that when his little sister died, his brother fed them her body. He is completely devastet by this fact.

13.

He wonders if there are any children, who haven't ate human flesh yet and want them to be saved from that fate

China in ten words

2024-02-08T11:42:36Z

Tian Xiaolong:

The first chapter of "China in ten words"

WXT

人民
我在写下这个词汇的时候，总觉得自己写错了，或者说写得不像是「人民」。我闭上眼睛休息一会儿，睁开眼睛后觉得它有点像了；我再次闭上眼睛，当我再次睁开眼睛时，终于确定自己没有写错。这个词汇就是这样，让我有时候陌生，有时候熟悉。我不知道在今天的汉语里，还有哪个词汇像「人民」这样处境奇怪，它无处不在，同时又被人视而不见。今天的中国，好像只有官员们还在张口闭口说着「人民」，人民却很少提及这个词汇，或者说正在遗忘它。多亏了官员们的唾沫，这个词汇才显示了自己仍然存在。

WMF

在过去，这个词汇曾经是那么的显赫。我们的国家叫「中华人民共和国」；毛主席说「为人民服务」；当时最重要的报纸叫《人民日报》；我们这些单个的人民天天说：「一九四九年以后，人民当家作主了。」在我童年的岁月里，「人民」是和「毛主席」一样了不起的词汇，我刚刚认字的时候，最先学会的就是这两个词汇，然后才学会写下自己的名字和父母的名字。年幼的我曾经认为：「人民就是毛主席，毛主席就是人民。」

AHY

当时正在经历文化大革命，我得意洋洋地到处宣布自己的发明，我看到很多疑惑的表情，他们似乎觉得我的发明有待商榷，可是没有一个人明确表示反对。那时候人人谨小慎微，只要说错一句话，就有可能成为反革命分子，从而家破人亡。我的父母听到我的发明时也是这样的表情，他们小心翼翼地看着我，拐弯抹角地表示：这句话好像没有说错，可是最好不要再说了。这是我童年里最重要的发明，我舍不得不去说，我继续将它挂在嘴边。有一天我突然为自己的发明找到了证据，那时候流行这样一句话：「毛主席在我们心中。」我发挥了这句话，我说：「每个人民心中都有毛主席，毛主席心中有什么？有我们全部的人民。」所以「人民就是毛主席，毛主席就是人民」。

YSY

我看到疑惑的表情在我们的小镇上逐渐消失，有人开始点头表示同意，有人开始也这么说了。先是我的小伙伴们这么说，接着大人们也这么说。当很多人都在说：人民就是毛主席，毛主席就是人民。我的危机感出来了，革命的年代里是没有专利的，我发现自己作为发明者的身分正在迅速失去。我到处申明：「这句话是我第一个说出来的。」可是没有人对此有兴趣，最后连我身旁的小伙伴们也不承认这句话是我的发明，面对我的据理力争，或者可怜巴巴的哀求，他们个个摇着头说：「大家都这么说。」

LML

我开始伤心，甚至后悔莫及，后悔将这个发明公诸于世，我觉得应该将这个“发明永远藏在自己心里，不让任何人知道，独自享用一辈子。则这些年来，西方惊讶中国的巨大变化。历史在中国就像川剧中的变脸，短短三十年，一个政治至上的中国，摇身一变成为了一个金钱至尊的中国。当历史转折的时候，总会出现某个标志性的事件，一九八九年的天安门事件就是如此。北京的大学生走出校门，汇集到了天安门广场，要求民主自由，同时反对官倒。由于政府拒绝与学生对话的强硬立场，学生开始绝食，市民们走上街头声援绝食学生。

ZYX

当时市民对「民主自由」其实兴趣不大，吸引他们大规模加入到这个运动中的是「反对官倒」的口号。那时候邓小平倡导的改革开放进入了第十一个年头，虽然改革带来了物价上涨，可是经济稳定增长，生活水平日益提高，农民是改革开放的受益者；九 0 年代工厂的大规模破产倒闭还没有来临，很多人还没有成为受害者。当时的社会矛盾并不突出，不像今天的社会到处燃烧着怒火，当时的社会仅仅是洋溢着怨气，对一些高官的子女们利用国家的资源发财致富不满，这样的不满情绪在反对官倒的口号里聚集了起来。现在看来，当时少数人「官倒」的腐败和今天大规模的五花八门的腐败比较起来实在不算什么。

KMJ

从一九九 0 年代以来，中国腐败增长的速度和经济的增长一样惊人。这场席卷中国的如火如荼的群众运动，在六月四日凌晨的枪声里很快安静下来了。同年的十月，我再次去北京大学的时候，已经是截然不同的一番景象了，天黑之后未名湖畔出现了一对一对恋爱的身影，学生宿舍里传出来搓麻将的声音和背诵英文单词的声音。仅仅过去了一个夏天，一切都改变了，仿佛春天的时候什么都没有发生。如此巨大的反差似乎说明了这样一个事实：天安门事件标志着中国人政治热情的一次集中爆发，或者说标志着从文革以来积累起来的政治热情终于一次性地释放干净了。接下来挣钱的热情替代了政治的热情，当万众一心挣钱的时候，一九九 0 年代的经济繁荣自然来到了。

AX

然后，崭新的词汇铺天盖地而来了。比如经常上网的网民、炒股的股民、购买基金的基民、追星的粉丝、下岗工人、农民工等等，正在支解瓜分「人民」这个业已褪色的词汇。在文革时期，「人民」的定义十分简单，就是「工农兵学商」，这里的「商」不是指商人，是指从事商业工作的人群，比如商店的售货员。我想，一九八九年的天安门事件，就是让「人民」内容脱胎换骨的分水岭，或者说让「人民」进行了资产重组，原有的内容被剥离，新的内容被置换了进去。从文革开始到今天的四十多年，「人民」这个词汇在中国的现实里好像是空的。用现在中国流行的经济术语来说，「人民」只是一个壳资源，不同的时代以不同的内容用它借壳上市。

FMJ

一九八九年春天的北京，是一个无政府主义者的天堂。警察突然消失了，大学生和市民自发地承担起了警察的责任，我想，这样的北京也许再也不会出现。共同的目标和共同的愿望，让一个没有警察的城市秩序井然。只要走上街头，你就会感到亲切友好的气息扑面而来，不用买票就可以乘坐地铁和公交车，所有的人都在互相微笑，人和人之间没有了陌生感。我们常见的街头争吵没有了；平日里斤斤计较的小商贩们，免费向游行的人群供应食物和水；退休的老人从他们微薄的银行存款里取出现金，捐给广场上绝食的学生；还有小偷们，他们以偷盗协会的名义发出公告：为了声援绝食学生，停止一切偷盗行为……当时的北京，可以说是一座「四海之内皆兄弟」的城市。

AKR

生活在中国的城市里，会有一个强烈的感受：就是人多。可是经历了天安门广场的百万群众大游行之后，你才会真正感受到：中国是世界上人口最多的国家。天安门广场每天都是人山人海的壮观景象。一些从外地赶来的大学生，站在广场的一隅，或者站在街头日复一日地演讲，嗓子哑了，甚至说不出声音了，仍然顽强地说着。围观的人是男女老少，不论是饱经风霜的老者，还是怀抱婴儿的母亲，面对年轻学生稚气的脸，甚至是稚气的话，都是满脸尊重的表情，频频点头和热情鼓掌。也有让我感到滑稽的时候。有一天下午，我来到建国门中国社会科学院的一间昏暗的大屋子里，参加首都知识界联合会的一个聚会，在等待赵紫阳的智囊团成员之一的严家其时，我看到几个人在指责一家报纸的副总编辑，这家报纸刚刚发表了一份首都知识界联合会的声明，这几个人的不满是因为他们在声明中的署名位置太靠后了，在他们前面的署名里有几个人没有他们的名气大。

JL

他们责问，为什么把没有什么名气的人放在他们前面？那位倒霉的副总编辑一再解释不是他们的责任，甚至道歉的话也说了，可是这几个人还是不依不挠。直到严家其的出现，这出闹剧才算结束。这是我第一次见到严家其，以后没再见到过他。我清晰地记得那天下午的情景，这位当时能够经常见到赵紫阳的著名学者，心事重重地走进了这间昏暗的大屋子，人们安静下来，严家其带来了一个坏消息，他声音低沉地说：「紫阳住院了。」在当时的政治环境里，政治人物只要是以身体有病的理由住到医院，就意味着失去了权力，或者意味着躲避了起来。严家其带来了赵紫阳住院的消息，那间大屋子里的知识分子们立刻明白发生了什么，有人开始悄悄地溜走，然后这些知识分子就像是落叶在秋风中散落那样离去了。

AD

天安门事件之后，赵紫阳销声匿迹，直到二 00 五年逝世，新华社才为这位重要的政治人物发布一条简短的新闻：「赵紫阳同志长期患呼吸系统和心血管系统的多种疾病，多次住院治疗，近日病情恶化，经抢救无效，于一月十七日在北京逝世，终年八十五岁。」在中国，就是一位退休的部长去世，官方的报导也比这条新闻丰富得多。这条新闻里没有介绍这位党和国家前领导人的生平，也没有提及遗体告别的日期。可是生活在北京南站的一个上访者的群体，却知道赵紫阳遗体告别的日期。我不知道这个中国社会里最为弱势的「人民」是透过什么渠道获得的，他们自发地组织起来，去向赵紫阳的遗体告别，警察理所当然地将他们拒之门外，因为他们没有遗体告别的准入证，他们就在外面拉开横幅，缅怀和悼念赵紫阳。

SSM

这些生活在社会底层的上访者，是中国社会腐败的牺牲品。他们遭受了各种冤屈和欺压，他们曾经满怀希望诉诸法律，希望中国的法官们能够还给他们公正，可是中国司法的腐败让这些人对法律完全绝望了。他们来到北京上访，期望更高级别的官员可以为他们伸张正义。这些人被称为是中国的「司法难民」。中国有一个建立在法律之外的信访制度，让蒙受不同冤屈的人有一个残存的希望，让腐败和司法不公的受害者幻想还有清官的存在。这是中国历史上源远流长的人治传统的影响，人们对清官的期盼超过对法律的信任。这些上访者倾家荡产地东奔西走，梦想着有一天会出现某个清官为自己伸张正义。二 00 四年的时候，中国官方公布的上访案件已经高达一千万起。这些上访者的艰难生活是常人难以想象的，他们忍饥挨饿露宿街头，像乞丐一样被警察到处驱赶，还被少数生活优越的知识分子称之为精神病人。

YL

就是这样的一个弱势的「人民」，二 00 五年一月的时候来向赵紫阳的遗体告别了。他们认为赵紫阳是「中国最冤的人」，比他们还冤。他们虽然饱受冤屈，可是还有上访的机会，他们说冤枉的赵紫阳都「无处上访」。五月底我回到浙江，处理完家事，六月三日下午坐上火车返回北京。我躺在硬卧车厢的上铺，听着车轮在铁轨上发出的隆隆响声，车厢里亮起了灯光，我知道黑夜来临了。那时候我觉得这场漫长的学生运动就像马拉松，我不知道什么时候才会结束。可是清晨我醒来的时候，火车接近了北京，我听到车厢里的广播响起，播音员激昂的声音让我明白部队已经进入天安门广场了。

WYX

六月四日的枪声之后，无论是北京的还是外地来的大学生开始撤离。我清晰地记得那天早晨走出北京站时人山人海的情景，当人们大规模撤离北京时，我却不合时宜地返回了北京。我背着旅行袋茫然地走出火车站前的广场，与蜂拥而来的人群不断相撞，我意识到自己也会马上离开这里。我是六月七日离开的，当时因为上海的一列火车被烧毁，京沪铁路的交通暂时中断，我计划坐火车绕道去武汉，再从武汉坐船回到浙江老家。我们几个人坐在一辆雇来的平板车上，沿着长安街前往北京站。几天前还是沸腾的北京，几天后已是满目冷清的景象，街上几乎没有行人，一些烧毁的汽车还在冒着残存的黑烟，经过建国门立交桥时，一辆坦克驻扎在桥上，炮筒威风凛凛地对着弱不禁风的我们。到了北京站，在拥挤的售票窗口互相推搡，费尽力气终于买到了站票，那时已经没有座位票了，进站时受到执勤军人的严格检查，确定我的脸不像通缉令上所有的人像后，才放我进去。

TXL

我从来没有坐过如此拥挤的火车，车厢里全是逃离北京的大学生，人和人挤在一起几乎都没有了缝隙。麻烦的是，火车驶出北京一个小时后，我必须去一趟厕所，我使劲往车厢厕所的方向挤过去，挤到一半的路途时，我知道挤过去也没有用了，我听到有人吼叫着使劲拍打厕所的门，可是厕所里也挤满了人，里面人的喊叫着说门无法打开。我只好将尿憋了三个小时，到了石家庄我立刻下车，出站后先去了一趟厕所，然后找到一个公用电话，给当时石家庄的一家文学杂志的主编打了一个请求援助的电话，这位主编在电话里听完我的讲述之后说：「现在这么乱，你哪里都别去了，住下来给我们写小说吧。」我在石家庄住了一个多月，心猿意马地写着小说。最初的时候，电视上每天都在播出抓到了通缉令上的大学生，而且是以滚动的形式反复播出。这样密集的滚动播出，以后只有在奥运会期间中国运动员拿到金牌时才会出现在电视上。我身处他乡，在陌生的旅馆房间里，看着电视上被捕大学生茫然的表情，听着播音员激昂的声音，我感受到了什么是恐怖。

China in ten words

2024-02-08T11:33:06Z

Tian Xiaolong:

The first chapter of "China in ten words"

WXT
人民
我在写下这个词汇的时候，总觉得自己写错了，或者说写得不像是「人民」。我闭上眼睛休息一会儿，睁开眼睛后觉得它有点像了；我再次闭上眼睛，当我再次睁开眼睛时，终于确定自己没有写错。这个词汇就是这样，让我有时候陌生，有时候熟悉。我不知道在今天的汉语里，还有哪个词汇像「人民」这样处境奇怪，它无处不在，同时又被人视而不见。今天的中国，好像只有官员们还在张口闭口说着「人民」，人民却很少提及这个词汇，或者说正在遗忘它。多亏了官员们的唾沫，这个词汇才显示了自己仍然存在。

WMF
在过去，这个词汇曾经是那么的显赫。我们的国家叫「中华人民共和国」；毛主席说「为人民服务」；当时最重要的报纸叫《人民日报》；我们这些单个的人民天天说：「一九四九年以后，人民当家作主了。」在我童年的岁月里，「人民」是和「毛主席」一样了不起的词汇，我刚刚认字的时候，最先学会的就是这两个词汇，然后才学会写下自己的名字和父母的名字。年幼的我曾经认为：「人民就是毛主席，毛主席就是人民。」

AHY
当时正在经历文化大革命，我得意洋洋地到处宣布自己的发明，我看到很多疑惑的表情，他们似乎觉得我的发明有待商榷，可是没有一个人明确表示反对。那时候人人谨小慎微，只要说错一句话，就有可能成为反革命分子，从而家破人亡。我的父母听到我的发明时也是这样的表情，他们小心翼翼地看着我，拐弯抹角地表示：这句话好像没有说错，可是最好不要再说了。这是我童年里最重要的发明，我舍不得不去说，我继续将它挂在嘴边。有一天我突然为自己的发明找到了证据，那时候流行这样一句话：「毛主席在我们心中。」我发挥了这句话，我说：「每个人民心中都有毛主席，毛主席心中有什么？有我们全部的人民。」所以「人民就是毛主席，毛主席就是人民」。

YSY
我看到疑惑的表情在我们的小镇上逐渐消失，有人开始点头表示同意，有人开始也这么说了。先是我的小伙伴们这么说，接着大人们也这么说。当很多人都在说：人民就是毛主席，毛主席就是人民。我的危机感出来了，革命的年代里是没有专利的，我发现自己作为发明者的身分正在迅速失去。我到处申明：「这句话是我第一个说出来的。」可是没有人对此有兴趣，最后连我身旁的小伙伴们也不承认这句话是我的发明，面对我的据理力争，或者可怜巴巴的哀求，他们个个摇着头说：「大家都这么说。」

LML
我开始伤心，甚至后悔莫及，后悔将这个发明公诸于世，我觉得应该将这个“发明永远藏在自己心里，不让任何人知道，独自享用一辈子。则这些年来，西方惊讶中国的巨大变化。历史在中国就像川剧中的变脸，短短三十年，一个政治至上的中国，摇身一变成为了一个金钱至尊的中国。当历史转折的时候，总会出现某个标志性的事件，一九八九年的天安门事件就是如此。北京的大学生走出校门，汇集到了天安门广场，要求民主自由，同时反对官倒。由于政府拒绝与学生对话的强硬立场，学生开始绝食，市民们走上街头声援绝食学生。

ZYX
当时市民对「民主自由」其实兴趣不大，吸引他们大规模加入到这个运动中的是「反对官倒」的口号。那时候邓小平倡导的改革开放进入了第十一个年头，虽然改革带来了物价上涨，可是经济稳定增长，生活水平日益提高，农民是改革开放的受益者；九 0 年代工厂的大规模破产倒闭还没有来临，很多人还没有成为受害者。当时的社会矛盾并不突出，不像今天的社会到处燃烧着怒火，当时的社会仅仅是洋溢着怨气，对一些高官的子女们利用国家的资源发财致富不满，这样的不满情绪在反对官倒的口号里聚集了起来。现在看来，当时少数人「官倒」的腐败和今天大规模的五花八门的腐败比较起来实在不算什么。

KMJ
从一九九 0 年代以来，中国腐败增长的速度和经济的增长一样惊人。这场席卷中国的如火如荼的群众运动，在六月四日凌晨的枪声里很快安静下来了。同年的十月，我再次去北京大学的时候，已经是截然不同的一番景象了，天黑之后未名湖畔出现了一对一对恋爱的身影，学生宿舍里传出来搓麻将的声音和背诵英文单词的声音。仅仅过去了一个夏天，一切都改变了，仿佛春天的时候什么都没有发生。如此巨大的反差似乎说明了这样一个事实：天安门事件标志着中国人政治热情的一次集中爆发，或者说标志着从文革以来积累起来的政治热情终于一次性地释放干净了。接下来挣钱的热情替代了政治的热情，当万众一心挣钱的时候，一九九 0 年代的经济繁荣自然来到了。

AX
然后，崭新的词汇铺天盖地而来了。比如经常上网的网民、炒股的股民、购买基金的基民、追星的粉丝、下岗工人、农民工等等，正在支解瓜分「人民」这个业已褪色的词汇。在文革时期，「人民」的定义十分简单，就是「工农兵学商」，这里的「商」不是指商人，是指从事商业工作的人群，比如商店的售货员。我想，一九八九年的天安门事件，就是让「人民」内容脱胎换骨的分水岭，或者说让「人民」进行了资产重组，原有的内容被剥离，新的内容被置换了进去。从文革开始到今天的四十多年，「人民」这个词汇在中国的现实里好像是空的。用现在中国流行的经济术语来说，「人民」只是一个壳资源，不同的时代以不同的内容用它借壳上市。

FMJ
一九八九年春天的北京，是一个无政府主义者的天堂。警察突然消失了，大学生和市民自发地承担起了警察的责任，我想，这样的北京也许再也不会出现。共同的目标和共同的愿望，让一个没有警察的城市秩序井然。只要走上街头，你就会感到亲切友好的气息扑面而来，不用买票就可以乘坐地铁和公交车，所有的人都在互相微笑，人和人之间没有了陌生感。我们常见的街头争吵没有了；平日里斤斤计较的小商贩们，免费向游行的人群供应食物和水；退休的老人从他们微薄的银行存款里取出现金，捐给广场上绝食的学生；还有小偷们，他们以偷盗协会的名义发出公告：为了声援绝食学生，停止一切偷盗行为……当时的北京，可以说是一座「四海之内皆兄弟」的城市。

AKR
生活在中国的城市里，会有一个强烈的感受：就是人多。可是经历了天安门广场的百万群众大游行之后，你才会真正感受到：中国是世界上人口最多的国家。天安门广场每天都是人山人海的壮观景象。一些从外地赶来的大学生，站在广场的一隅，或者站在街头日复一日地演讲，嗓子哑了，甚至说不出声音了，仍然顽强地说着。围观的人是男女老少，不论是饱经风霜的老者，还是怀抱婴儿的母亲，面对年轻学生稚气的脸，甚至是稚气的话，都是满脸尊重的表情，频频点头和热情鼓掌。也有让我感到滑稽的时候。有一天下午，我来到建国门中国社会科学院的一间昏暗的大屋子里，参加首都知识界联合会的一个聚会，在等待赵紫阳的智囊团成员之一的严家其时，我看到几个人在指责一家报纸的副总编辑，这家报纸刚刚发表了一份首都知识界联合会的声明，这几个人的不满是因为他们在声明中的署名位置太靠后了，在他们前面的署名里有几个人没有他们的名气大。

JL
他们责问，为什么把没有什么名气的人放在他们前面？那位倒霉的副总编辑一再解释不是他们的责任，甚至道歉的话也说了，可是这几个人还是不依不挠。直到严家其的出现，这出闹剧才算结束。这是我第一次见到严家其，以后没再见到过他。我清晰地记得那天下午的情景，这位当时能够经常见到赵紫阳的著名学者，心事重重地走进了这间昏暗的大屋子，人们安静下来，严家其带来了一个坏消息，他声音低沉地说：「紫阳住院了。」在当时的政治环境里，政治人物只要是以身体有病的理由住到医院，就意味着失去了权力，或者意味着躲避了起来。严家其带来了赵紫阳住院的消息，那间大屋子里的知识分子们立刻明白发生了什么，有人开始悄悄地溜走，然后这些知识分子就像是落叶在秋风中散落那样离去了。

AD
天安门事件之后，赵紫阳销声匿迹，直到二 00 五年逝世，新华社才为这位重要的政治人物发布一条简短的新闻：「赵紫阳同志长期患呼吸系统和心血管系统的多种疾病，多次住院治疗，近日病情恶化，经抢救无效，于一月十七日在北京逝世，终年八十五岁。」在中国，就是一位退休的部长去世，官方的报导也比这条新闻丰富得多。这条新闻里没有介绍这位党和国家前领导人的生平，也没有提及遗体告别的日期。可是生活在北京南站的一个上访者的群体，却知道赵紫阳遗体告别的日期。我不知道这个中国社会里最为弱势的「人民」是透过什么渠道获得的，他们自发地组织起来，去向赵紫阳的遗体告别，警察理所当然地将他们拒之门外，因为他们没有遗体告别的准入证，他们就在外面拉开横幅，缅怀和悼念赵紫阳。

SSM
这些生活在社会底层的上访者，是中国社会腐败的牺牲品。他们遭受了各种冤屈和欺压，他们曾经满怀希望诉诸法律，希望中国的法官们能够还给他们公正，可是中国司法的腐败让这些人对法律完全绝望了。他们来到北京上访，期望更高级别的官员可以为他们伸张正义。这些人被称为是中国的「司法难民」。中国有一个建立在法律之外的信访制度，让蒙受不同冤屈的人有一个残存的希望，让腐败和司法不公的受害者幻想还有清官的存在。这是中国历史上源远流长的人治传统的影响，人们对清官的期盼超过对法律的信任。这些上访者倾家荡产地东奔西走，梦想着有一天会出现某个清官为自己伸张正义。二 00 四年的时候，中国官方公布的上访案件已经高达一千万起。这些上访者的艰难生活是常人难以想象的，他们忍饥挨饿露宿街头，像乞丐一样被警察到处驱赶，还被少数生活优越的知识分子称之为精神病人。

YL
就是这样的一个弱势的「人民」，二 00 五年一月的时候来向赵紫阳的遗体告别了。他们认为赵紫阳是「中国最冤的人」，比他们还冤。他们虽然饱受冤屈，可是还有上访的机会，他们说冤枉的赵紫阳都「无处上访」。五月底我回到浙江，处理完家事，六月三日下午坐上火车返回北京。我躺在硬卧车厢的上铺，听着车轮在铁轨上发出的隆隆响声，车厢里亮起了灯光，我知道黑夜来临了。那时候我觉得这场漫长的学生运动就像马拉松，我不知道什么时候才会结束。可是清晨我醒来的时候，火车接近了北京，我听到车厢里的广播响起，播音员激昂的声音让我明白部队已经进入天安门广场了。

WYX
六月四日的枪声之后，无论是北京的还是外地来的大学生开始撤离。我清晰地记得那天早晨走出北京站时人山人海的情景，当人们大规模撤离北京时，我却不合时宜地返回了北京。我背着旅行袋茫然地走出火车站前的广场，与蜂拥而来的人群不断相撞，我意识到自己也会马上离开这里。我是六月七日离开的，当时因为上海的一列火车被烧毁，京沪铁路的交通暂时中断，我计划坐火车绕道去武汉，再从武汉坐船回到浙江老家。我们几个人坐在一辆雇来的平板车上，沿着长安街前往北京站。几天前还是沸腾的北京，几天后已是满目冷清的景象，街上几乎没有行人，一些烧毁的汽车还在冒着残存的黑烟，经过建国门立交桥时，一辆坦克驻扎在桥上，炮筒威风凛凛地对着弱不禁风的我们。到了北京站，在拥挤的售票窗口互相推搡，费尽力气终于买到了站票，那时已经没有座位票了，进站时受到执勤军人的严格检查，确定我的脸不像通缉令上所有的人像后，才放我进去。

TXL
我从来没有坐过如此拥挤的火车，车厢里全是逃离北京的大学生，人和人挤在一起几乎都没有了缝隙。麻烦的是，火车驶出北京一个小时后，我必须去一趟厕所，我使劲往车厢厕所的方向挤过去，挤到一半的路途时，我知道挤过去也没有用了，我听到有人吼叫着使劲拍打厕所的门，可是厕所里也挤满了人，里面人的喊叫着说门无法打开。我只好将尿憋了三个小时，到了石家庄我立刻下车，出站后先去了一趟厕所，然后找到一个公用电话，给当时石家庄的一家文学杂志的主编打了一个请求援助的电话，这位主编在电话里听完我的讲述之后说：「现在这么乱，你哪里都别去了，住下来给我们写小说吧。」我在石家庄住了一个多月，心猿意马地写着小说。最初的时候，电视上每天都在播出抓到了通缉令上的大学生，而且是以滚动的形式反复播出。这样密集的滚动播出，以后只有在奥运会期间中国运动员拿到金牌时才会出现在电视上。我身处他乡，在陌生的旅馆房间里，看着电视上被捕大学生茫然的表情，听着播音员激昂的声音，我感受到了什么是恐怖。

China in ten words

2024-02-08T11:31:10Z

Tian Xiaolong: Created page with "WXT 人民我在写下这个词汇的时候，总觉得自己写错了，或者说写得不像是「人民」。我闭上眼睛休息一会儿，睁开眼睛后觉得它..."

WXT
人民
我在写下这个词汇的时候，总觉得自己写错了，或者说写得不像是「人民」。我闭上眼睛休息一会儿，睁开眼睛后觉得它有点像了；我再次闭上眼睛，当我再次睁开眼睛时，终于确定自己没有写错。这个词汇就是这样，让我有时候陌生，有时候熟悉。我不知道在今天的汉语里，还有哪个词汇像「人民」这样处境奇怪，它无处不在，同时又被人视而不见。今天的中国，好像只有官员们还在张口闭口说着「人民」，人民却很少提及这个词汇，或者说正在遗忘它。多亏了官员们的唾沫，这个词汇才显示了自己仍然存在。

WMF
在过去，这个词汇曾经是那么的显赫。我们的国家叫「中华人民共和国」；毛主席说「为人民服务」；当时最重要的报纸叫《人民日报》；我们这些单个的人民天天说：「一九四九年以后，人民当家作主了。」在我童年的岁月里，「人民」是和「毛主席」一样了不起的词汇，我刚刚认字的时候，最先学会的就是这两个词汇，然后才学会写下自己的名字和父母的名字。年幼的我曾经认为：「人民就是毛主席，毛主席就是人民。」

AHY
当时正在经历文化大革命，我得意洋洋地到处宣布自己的发明，我看到很多疑惑的表情，他们似乎觉得我的发明有待商榷，可是没有一个人明确表示反对。那时候人人谨小慎微，只要说错一句话，就有可能成为反革命分子，从而家破人亡。我的父母听到我的发明时也是这样的表情，他们小心翼翼地看着我，拐弯抹角地表示：这句话好像没有说错，可是最好不要再说了。这是我童年里最重要的发明，我舍不得不去说，我继续将它挂在嘴边。有一天我突然为自己的发明找到了证据，那时候流行这样一句话：「毛主席在我们心中。」我发挥了这句话，我说：「每个人民心中都有毛主席，毛主席心中有什么？有我们全部的人民。」所以「人民就是毛主席，毛主席就是人民」。

YSY
我看到疑惑的表情在我们的小镇上逐渐消失，有人开始点头表示同意，有人开始也这么说了。先是我的小伙伴们这么说，接着大人们也这么说。当很多人都在说：人民就是毛主席，毛主席就是人民。我的危机感出来了，革命的年代里是没有专利的，我发现自己作为发明者的身分正在迅速失去。我到处申明：「这句话是我第一个说出来的。」可是没有人对此有兴趣，最后连我身旁的小伙伴们也不承认这句话是我的发明，面对我的据理力争，或者可怜巴巴的哀求，他们个个摇着头说：「大家都这么说。」

LML
我开始伤心，甚至后悔莫及，后悔将这个发明公诸于世，我觉得应该将这个“发明永远藏在自己心里，不让任何人知道，独自享用一辈子。则这些年来，西方惊讶中国的巨大变化。历史在中国就像川剧中的变脸，短短三十年，一个政治至上的中国，摇身一变成为了一个金钱至尊的中国。当历史转折的时候，总会出现某个标志性的事件，一九八九年的天安门事件就是如此。北京的大学生走出校门，汇集到了天安门广场，要求民主自由，同时反对官倒。由于政府拒绝与学生对话的强硬立场，学生开始绝食，市民们走上街头声援绝食学生。

ZYX
当时市民对「民主自由」其实兴趣不大，吸引他们大规模加入到这个运动中的是「反对官倒」的口号。那时候邓小平倡导的改革开放进入了第十一个年头，虽然改革带来了物价上涨，可是经济稳定增长，生活水平日益提高，农民是改革开放的受益者；九 0 年代工厂的大规模破产倒闭还没有来临，很多人还没有成为受害者。当时的社会矛盾并不突出，不像今天的社会到处燃烧着怒火，当时的社会仅仅是洋溢着怨气，对一些高官的子女们利用国家的资源发财致富不满，这样的不满情绪在反对官倒的口号里聚集了起来。现在看来，当时少数人「官倒」的腐败和今天大规模的五花八门的腐败比较起来实在不算什么。

KMJ
从一九九 0 年代以来，中国腐败增长的速度和经济的增长一样惊人。这场席卷中国的如火如荼的群众运动，在六月四日凌晨的枪声里很快安静下来了。同年的十月，我再次去北京大学的时候，已经是截然不同的一番景象了，天黑之后未名湖畔出现了一对一对恋爱的身影，学生宿舍里传出来搓麻将的声音和背诵英文单词的声音。仅仅过去了一个夏天，一切都改变了，仿佛春天的时候什么都没有发生。如此巨大的反差似乎说明了这样一个事实：天安门事件标志着中国人政治热情的一次集中爆发，或者说标志着从文革以来积累起来的政治热情终于一次性地释放干净了。接下来挣钱的热情替代了政治的热情，当万众一心挣钱的时候，一九九 0 年代的经济繁荣自然来到了。

AX
然后，崭新的词汇铺天盖地而来了。比如经常上网的网民、炒股的股民、购买基金的基民、追星的粉丝、下岗工人、农民工等等，正在支解瓜分「人民」这个业已褪色的词汇。在文革时期，「人民」的定义十分简单，就是「工农兵学商」，这里的「商」不是指商人，是指从事商业工作的人群，比如商店的售货员。我想，一九八九年的天安门事件，就是让「人民」内容脱胎换骨的分水岭，或者说让「人民」进行了资产重组，原有的内容被剥离，新的内容被置换了进去。从文革开始到今天的四十多年，「人民」这个词汇在中国的现实里好像是空的。用现在中国流行的经济术语来说，「人民」只是一个壳资源，不同的时代以不同的内容用它借壳上市。

FMJ
一九八九年春天的北京，是一个无政府主义者的天堂。警察突然消失了，大学生和市民自发地承担起了警察的责任，我想，这样的北京也许再也不会出现。共同的目标和共同的愿望，让一个没有警察的城市秩序井然。只要走上街头，你就会感到亲切友好的气息扑面而来，不用买票就可以乘坐地铁和公交车，所有的人都在互相微笑，人和人之间没有了陌生感。我们常见的街头争吵没有了；平日里斤斤计较的小商贩们，免费向游行的人群供应食物和水；退休的老人从他们微薄的银行存款里取出现金，捐给广场上绝食的学生；还有小偷们，他们以偷盗协会的名义发出公告：为了声援绝食学生，停止一切偷盗行为……当时的北京，可以说是一座「四海之内皆兄弟」的城市。

AKR
生活在中国的城市里，会有一个强烈的感受：就是人多。可是经历了天安门广场的百万群众大游行之后，你才会真正感受到：中国是世界上人口最多的国家。天安门广场每天都是人山人海的壮观景象。一些从外地赶来的大学生，站在广场的一隅，或者站在街头日复一日地演讲，嗓子哑了，甚至说不出声音了，仍然顽强地说着。围观的人是男女老少，不论是饱经风霜的老者，还是怀抱婴儿的母亲，面对年轻学生稚气的脸，甚至是稚气的话，都是满脸尊重的表情，频频点头和热情鼓掌。也有让我感到滑稽的时候。有一天下午，我来到建国门中国社会科学院的一间昏暗的大屋子里，参加首都知识界联合会的一个聚会，在等待赵紫阳的智囊团成员之一的严家其时，我看到几个人在指责一家报纸的副总编辑，这家报纸刚刚发表了一份首都知识界联合会的声明，这几个人的不满是因为他们在声明中的署名位置太靠后了，在他们前面的署名里有几个人没有他们的名气大。

JL
他们责问，为什么把没有什么名气的人放在他们前面？那位倒霉的副总编辑一再解释不是他们的责任，甚至道歉的话也说了，可是这几个人还是不依不挠。直到严家其的出现，这出闹剧才算结束。这是我第一次见到严家其，以后没再见到过他。我清晰地记得那天下午的情景，这位当时能够经常见到赵紫阳的著名学者，心事重重地走进了这间昏暗的大屋子，人们安静下来，严家其带来了一个坏消息，他声音低沉地说：「紫阳住院了。」在当时的政治环境里，政治人物只要是以身体有病的理由住到医院，就意味着失去了权力，或者意味着躲避了起来。严家其带来了赵紫阳住院的消息，那间大屋子里的知识分子们立刻明白发生了什么，有人开始悄悄地溜走，然后这些知识分子就像是落叶在秋风中散落那样离去了。

AD
天安门事件之后，赵紫阳销声匿迹，直到二 00 五年逝世，新华社才为这位重要的政治人物发布一条简短的新闻：「赵紫阳同志长期患呼吸系统和心血管系统的多种疾病，多次住院治疗，近日病情恶化，经抢救无效，于一月十七日在北京逝世，终年八十五岁。」在中国，就是一位退休的部长去世，官方的报导也比这条新闻丰富得多。这条新闻里没有介绍这位党和国家前领导人的生平，也没有提及遗体告别的日期。可是生活在北京南站的一个上访者的群体，却知道赵紫阳遗体告别的日期。我不知道这个中国社会里最为弱势的「人民」是透过什么渠道获得的，他们自发地组织起来，去向赵紫阳的遗体告别，警察理所当然地将他们拒之门外，因为他们没有遗体告别的准入证，他们就在外面拉开横幅，缅怀和悼念赵紫阳。

SSM
这些生活在社会底层的上访者，是中国社会腐败的牺牲品。他们遭受了各种冤屈和欺压，他们曾经满怀希望诉诸法律，希望中国的法官们能够还给他们公正，可是中国司法的腐败让这些人对法律完全绝望了。他们来到北京上访，期望更高级别的官员可以为他们伸张正义。这些人被称为是中国的「司法难民」。中国有一个建立在法律之外的信访制度，让蒙受不同冤屈的人有一个残存的希望，让腐败和司法不公的受害者幻想还有清官的存在。这是中国历史上源远流长的人治传统的影响，人们对清官的期盼超过对法律的信任。这些上访者倾家荡产地东奔西走，梦想着有一天会出现某个清官为自己伸张正义。二 00 四年的时候，中国官方公布的上访案件已经高达一千万起。这些上访者的艰难生活是常人难以想象的，他们忍饥挨饿露宿街头，像乞丐一样被警察到处驱赶，还被少数生活优越的知识分子称之为精神病人。

YL
就是这样的一个弱势的「人民」，二 00 五年一月的时候来向赵紫阳的遗体告别了。他们认为赵紫阳是「中国最冤的人」，比他们还冤。他们虽然饱受冤屈，可是还有上访的机会，他们说冤枉的赵紫阳都「无处上访」。五月底我回到浙江，处理完家事，六月三日下午坐上火车返回北京。我躺在硬卧车厢的上铺，听着车轮在铁轨上发出的隆隆响声，车厢里亮起了灯光，我知道黑夜来临了。那时候我觉得这场漫长的学生运动就像马拉松，我不知道什么时候才会结束。可是清晨我醒来的时候，火车接近了北京，我听到车厢里的广播响起，播音员激昂的声音让我明白部队已经进入天安门广场了。

WYX
六月四日的枪声之后，无论是北京的还是外地来的大学生开始撤离。我清晰地记得那天早晨走出北京站时人山人海的情景，当人们大规模撤离北京时，我却不合时宜地返回了北京。我背着旅行袋茫然地走出火车站前的广场，与蜂拥而来的人群不断相撞，我意识到自己也会马上离开这里。我是六月七日离开的，当时因为上海的一列火车被烧毁，京沪铁路的交通暂时中断，我计划坐火车绕道去武汉，再从武汉坐船回到浙江老家。我们几个人坐在一辆雇来的平板车上，沿着长安街前往北京站。几天前还是沸腾的北京，几天后已是满目冷清的景象，街上几乎没有行人，一些烧毁的汽车还在冒着残存的黑烟，经过建国门立交桥时，一辆坦克驻扎在桥上，炮筒威风凛凛地对着弱不禁风的我们。到了北京站，在拥挤的售票窗口互相推搡，费尽力气终于买到了站票，那时已经没有座位票了，进站时受到执勤军人的严格检查，确定我的脸不像通缉令上所有的人像后，才放我进去。

TXL
我从来没有坐过如此拥挤的火车，车厢里全是逃离北京的大学生，人和人挤在一起几乎都没有了缝隙。麻烦的是，火车驶出北京一个小时后，我必须去一趟厕所，我使劲往车厢厕所的方向挤过去，挤到一半的路途时，我知道挤过去也没有用了，我听到有人吼叫着使劲拍打厕所的门，可是厕所里也挤满了人，里面人的喊叫着说门无法打开。我只好将尿憋了三个小时，到了石家庄我立刻下车，出站后先去了一趟厕所，然后找到一个公用电话，给当时石家庄的一家文学杂志的主编打了一个请求援助的电话，这位主编在电话里听完我的讲述之后说：「现在这么乱，你哪里都别去了，住下来给我们写小说吧。」我在石家庄住了一个多月，心猿意马地写着小说。最初的时候，电视上每天都在播出抓到了通缉令上的大学生，而且是以滚动的形式反复播出。这样密集的滚动播出，以后只有在奥运会期间中国运动员拿到金牌时才会出现在电视上。我身处他乡，在陌生的旅馆房间里，看着电视上被捕大学生茫然的表情，听着播音员激昂的声音，我感受到了什么是恐怖。

Critical Review of Chinese Literature

2024-02-08T11:16:55Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* Session 14: Friday Feb 2 9:45-11:15 Science Fiction II, presented by 田小龙 */

FRI 9:45-11:15 sal. 413 Critical Review of Chinese Literature Krytyczny przeglad literatury
chinskiej SIN m I (1) 30, fall 2023, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan

Please follow this link to the [[crit_lit_20230131|final paper]] page. Please list your topics there and start writing as soon as you get the ok by the teacher.
=Session 1: Organizational Things and Self-Introduction=
*教学助理 - AKR [[Teaching assistant]]
*维基管理员 - LML [[Wiki admin]]
==Student roll (1st year Master)==
#WMF 大學老師和教育翻譯電腦游戲本地化
#TXL 外交官對亞洲、歷史感興趣，因爲瞭解到日本的歷史責任轉到對中國感興趣喜歡讀書 23，畢業以後參加外交部的考試
#WYX 新疆語言政策筆譯翻譯喜歡文學
#JL 中国人觉得他们的精英怎么样？古代和20世紀的中國人翻譯波蘭文學翻譯成漢語，數學數據分析
#KMJ 在中國文學裏翻譯成中文的西方外文名稱，外語，老師
#LML 對中國文化感興趣，外語，翻譯
#ZYX 外語（俄語、烏克蘭語、波蘭語、漢語、英語）
#YSY 外語（俄語、英語、漢語、波蘭語、韓文）、lgbt的詞語、語言分析
#AHY 中國文化，文學，歷史中國農村宗教（武俠電影）
#YL 动物象征，对仙侠电视剧的影响外语（英語老師、波蘭語、漢語）以後要學韓語、泰語西哈(Hip Hop)跳舞
#AKR 華沙大學、中醫：氣功的發展
#FMJ 翻譯粵語、中國方言和文字
#AX 從小對中國文化感興趣，要儅漢語老師成都方言（語法）
#WXT 中國文化和文學、喜歡看文學、相當筆譯，翻譯小説，奇幻小説（Fantasy）中國長篇小説的兩種英文翻譯
#AD 外語、俄語、學西班牙語營業代表喜歡音樂，自己創造音樂跳舞（Dance Hall）美國和中國在天空的比賽現在：文學題目

===课程安排 Schedule of Literary Works (schedule, topics and presenters - please add your name)===
Please write your names behind the topics
*1 Oct 6, 2023 9:45-11:15 424 Organizational things
*2 Oct 13 9:45-11:15 Song Poems (ci): Su Dongpo: "Trampled Green"
*3 Oct 27 9:45-11:15 Yuan Drama (Zaju): Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to Dou E”
*4 Dec 1 9:45-11:15 Ming novels I (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West) KMJ, AX
*5 Dec 7 8:00-9:30 Ming novels II (The Scholars, Outlaws of the Marsh) YSY
*6 Dec 8 9:45-11:15 Qing novels (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams) FMJ
*7 Dec 14 8:00-9:30 Late Qing dystopian literature (Liang Qichao: The Future of New China) LML, (Kang Youwei: Datong shu) WXT
*8 Dec 15 9:45-11:15 Republican literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo) WYX
*9 Jan 12 9:45-11:15 Modern literature (Underground poets, Mo Yan) AHY, （Wang Meng） SSM
*10 Jan 26 9:45-11:15 Contemporary literature (Zhang Wei) ZYX (teacher: Han Han, Xu Zechen)
*11 Jan 30, 2024 8:00-9:30 Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com) WMF
*12 Jan 30 9:45-11:15 Han Shaogong JL
*13 Feb 1, 2024 8:00-9:30 Web Literature YL
*14 Feb 1 9:45-11:15 Science ﬁction I (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem) AD
*15 Feb 2 8:00-9:30 , Science Fiction II (Liu Cixin: The Wandering Earth) TXL
*Final Paper (homework) - new submission deadline Feb 8

=Session 2: Su Dongpo - Families on a Spring Outing=
'''和子由踏青'''
Go on a Spring Outing with [my little brother] Ziyou

朝代：宋朝|作者：蘇軾

春風陌上驚微塵，遊人初樂歲華新。

The spring wind surprisingly whirls small dust onto the paths

Strollers enjoy the new season for the first time,

人閑正好路旁飲，麥短未怕遊車輪。

For the idle people there are rightly prepared (?) drinks at the roadside,

the grain sprouts fearless of the wheels of the strollers' vehicles.

城中居人厭城郭，喧闐①曉出空四鄰。

The city inhabitants detest the city walls

at daybreak, the voices' and drums' noise drives out all the neighbors from the city.

歌鼓驚山草木動，簞②瓢散野烏鳶馴。

The sound of songs and drums alarm the mountains and the plants tremble,

baskets are scattered on the fields, crows and milans pick without fear.

何人聚眾稱道人？③遮道④賣符色怒嗔：

WXT: Who is he who calls himself a Taoist among the crowd gathered around him? He blocks the way and sells talismans with an angry expression.

YSY: Who’s the one that claims to be a Taoist? Everyone gathers around him as he’s blocking the pathway, selling talismans with an angry expression.

LWL: Who gathered the crowd and calls himself a Taoist?
The one that is blocking the road, who sells talismans with angry expression.

YL: Who is gathering a crowd, calling himself a Taoist?
Blocking the road and selling Taoist charms in anger:

AD: Who draws the crowd? The taoist, who is blocking the road and is selling talismans with an angry frown.

JL: Who is there that claims to be a Taoist, attracting everyone around to watch?
I saw him blocking the road to sell talismans, blushing and boasting about them

ZYX: Who calls himself a Taoist, gathering crowds of people to watch?
He is blocking the road and selling talismans with an angry expression on his face:

FMJ: Who is that person, this Taoist priest? Blocking the way and selling talismans - with an angry expression he proclaims:

AX: Who is the person who calls himself a Taoist? The crowd gathering among him covers the road. He sells talismans with an angry expression saying:

“宜蠶使汝繭如甕，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

WXT: “It should cause your silkworms to make cocoons as big as urns, it should cause your sheep to become as big as deer.”

YSY: „It will make your silkworm cocoons as big as clay jars and your sheep as meaty as deer .”

LWL: “It will cause the cocoons of your silkworms to be as big as urns, your sheep to be as big as deer.”

YL: "Suitable for silkworms, their cocoons will be like urns,
suitable for livestock, it will be like elk."

AD: “It will make your silkworms build cocoons as firm as a jar and will make your sheep grow as big as a stag”

JL: “My talisman can make your domestic silkworm cocoon as big as an urn, and your sheep as round as a roe.”

ZYX: "My talisman will enable you to raise silkworms with cocoons as big as urns, and sheep as round as deer."

FMJ: „Your silkworm cocoons will be as solid as urns, your sheep will be as vital as stags.”

AX: "My talismans will provide silkworms with cocoons as large as clay jars, and sheep the size of deer."

路人未必信此語，強⑥為買服禳新春。

WXT: Passers-by may not believe in these words. Still, they reluctantly buy talismans to wear them for good luck in the New Year.

YSY: The people walking by don’t necessarily believe these words, but they reluctantly buy the talismans for good luck in the New Year anyway.

LWL: People walking by may not necessarily believe his words,but they still reluctantly buy the talismans to wear them for good luck in the New Year.

YL: Passers-by may not believe his words,
but they reluctantly buy the charms to celebrate the New Year.

AD: The crowd does not really trust these words, yet they buy the talismans to pray for blessings with the New Year.

JL: People may not believe what he said, but they reluctantly bought it and wore it on their bodies just to show their good luck in the New Year.

ZYX: Passers-by on the street may not necessarily believe his words, but they reluctantly bought and wore it just for the sake of good luck in the New Year.

FMJ: The people on the streets may not believed the Taoist’s words, yet still they reluctantly bought his talismans – just to secure good fortune for this New Year.

AX: Passers-by may not be entirely convinced of the truth of the Taoist's words, but reluctantly bought his talismans in order to protect good fortune in the New Year.

道人得錢徑沽酒，醉倒自謂吾符神⑦！

WXT: The Taoist earns the money and goes directly to buy some wine. Drunk, he says to himself: “My talismans truly are effective!”

YSY: When the Taoist earns enough money from the sale, he goes and buys some wine. Drunk, he says to himself: „My talismans really are working!”

Malwina：When the Taoist earned enough money, he went straight to buy himself some wine, in a drunken state he declared himself a talisman god!

YL: After obtaining the money, the Taoist buys wine straight away,
drunkenly calling himself a charm god!

AD: After collecting the money, the taoist goes straight to buy wine. He collapses drunkenly and calls himself the talisman god.

JL: When the Taoist could finally afford it, he went to buy wine and drink it by himself. After he got drunk, he ensured himself that his talismans were really spiritual.

ZYX: The Taoist earned money from the sale and went to buy wine to drink, got drunk and said to himself: "My talisman can really work!"

FMJ: When the Taoist obtained the money, he directly went to buy some wine, and then in a drunk state, he called himself the god of talismans.

AX: When the Taoist had earned enough money, he went to buy some wine. After he got drunk, proudly called himself the god of talismans!

何人聚眾稱道人？③遮道④賣符色怒嗔：

KMJ: Who in the crowd is a Taoist?
The one blocking the road that sells talismans, visibly angry:

“宜蠶使汝繭如甕，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

KMJ: "It suits the silkworms - cocoons of your silkworms will be as thick as an urn,
It suits the livestock, your sheep will be as big as deer."

路人未必信此語，強⑥為買服禳新春。

KMJ:Passers-by may not believe these words, yet they reluctantly buy talismans to wear them
for protection from bad luck in the New Year.

道人得錢徑沽酒，醉倒自謂吾符神⑦！

KMJ: The Taoist earns the money and goes straightaway to buy some wine,
Drunk, he says to himself: "My talismans are working!".
'''和子由踏青'''

AHY: Treading the green

YL：Green spring outing

朝代：宋朝|作者：苏轼

春风陌上惊微尘，游人初乐岁华新。

AHY: East wind stirs fine dust on the pathways,

fine opportunity for strollers to enjoy the new spring

YL: Eastern spring wind flutters fine dust on paths,
wanderers can enjoy the first taste of the new season.

人闲正好路旁饮，麦短未怕游车轮。

AHY: Season of idleness, just right for drinking by the side of the road,

to be crushed by carriage wheels - too short is the grain,

YL: Idleness period, just in time for drinks by the roadside,
even the short grain does not fear the carriage wheels.

城中居人厌城郭，喧阗①晓出空四邻。

AHY: City people detest the walls which surround them,

they bustle loudly at the break of day and leave the whole town empty,

YL: Residents of the city loathe the surrounding walls,
thundering at daybreak, vacating the town.

歌鼓惊山草木动，箪②瓢散野乌鸢驯。

AHY: Songs and rhythms shake the hills, grass and trees tremble,

picnic baskets scattered in the fields where crows pick them over,

YL: Songs and drums rattle the mountains, flora trembles,
baskets and ladles scattered on the fields where crows batten.

何人聚众称道人？③遮道④卖符色怒嗔：

AHY: Who is the one who draws the crowds there? A Taoist priest,

blocking the pathway, selling charms and frowning,

YL: Who is the one known as the Taoist priest gathering the crowds?
Blocks the way, selling talismans and scowling:

“宜蚕使汝茧如瓮，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

AHY: "It is good for silkworms - cocoons will be just like pots of water,

it is good for livestock, your sheep will be as big as a deer",

YL: "Ideal for silkworms, your cocoons will be as urns,
ideal for livestock, you sheep will be as deer."

路人未必信此语，强⑥为买服禳新春。

AHY: People passing by are not sure they believe his words,

yet they buy these charms in order to consecrate the spring,

YL: Passing people do not necessarily trust those words,
yet reluctantly buy the talismans to bless the new spring.

道人得钱径沽酒，醉倒自谓吾符神⑦！

AHY: The Taoist priest takes their money, and goes to a winehouse,

completely drunk he mumbles: "The charms, they really work!"

YL: The Taoist priest takes the money, directly goes to buy the wine,
and drunkenly proclaims himself a talisman god!

'''Hé zǐ yóu tàqīng'''

Cháodài: Sòngcháo | zuòzhě: Sū Shì

Chūnfēng mò shàng jīng wēichén, yóurén chū lè suìhuá xīn.

Rén xián zhènghǎo lùpáng yǐn, mài duǎn wèi pà yóu chēlún.

Chéngzhōng jū rén yàn chéngguō, xuāntián xiǎo chū kōng sìlín.

Gē gǔ jīng shān cǎomù dòng, dān piáo sàn yě wū yuān xùn.

Hérén jùzhòng chēngdào rén? Zhēdào mài fú sè nù chēn:

“Yí cán shǐ rǔ jiǎn rú wèng, yí xù shǐ rǔ yáng rú jūn.”

Lùrén wèibì xìn cǐ yǔ, qiáng wèi mǎi fú ráng xīnchūn.

Dàoren de qián jìng gūjiǔ, zuìdǎo zì wèi wú fú shén!

'''和子由踏青'''

Hé zǐ yóu tàqīng

朝代：宋朝|作者：苏轼

Cháodài: Sòngcháo | zuòzhě: Sū Shì

春风陌上惊微尘，游人初乐岁华新。

Chūnfēng mò shàng jīng wēichén, yóurén chū lè suìhuá xīn.

人闲正好路旁饮，麦短未怕游车轮。

Rén xián zhènghǎo lùpáng yǐn, mài duǎn wèi pà yóu chēlún.

城中居人厌城郭，喧阗①晓出空四邻。

Chéngzhōng jū rén yàn chéngguō, xuāntián xiǎo chū kōng sìlín.

①喧阗——形容人声、鼓声相杂。

歌鼓惊山草木动，箪②瓢散野乌鸢驯。

Gē gǔ jīng shān cǎomù dòng, dān piáo sàn yě wū yuān xùn.

②箪，食器；瓢，炊具。这句形容郊游的人有许多在那儿野餐，乌鸢也来捡食，并不避人。

何人聚众称道人？③遮道④卖符色怒嗔：

Hérén jùzhòng chēngdào rén? Zhēdào mài fú sè nù chēn:

③何人聚众称道人这句是倒装句，意思是说：那称道人的是什么人，众人都聚观他。

④遮道——拦路。

“宜蚕使汝茧如瓮，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

“Yí cán shǐ rǔ jiǎn rú wèng, yí xù shǐ rǔ yáng rú jūn.”

⑤瓮——瓦坛子。麇（jūn）——野獐子。这两句是说道人吹嘘他的符十分灵验；能使你的蚕茧像坛子那样粗大，羊饲得像獐子那样肥、那样健、那样活泼。

路人未必信此语，强⑥为买服禳新春。

Lùrén wèibì xìn cǐ yǔ, qiáng wèi mǎi fú ráng xīnchūn.

⑥强——勉强。服——佩带在身上。禳——祈福除灾。

道人得钱径沽酒，醉倒自谓吾符神⑦！

Dàoren de qián jìng gūjiǔ, zuìdǎo zì wèi wú fú shén!

⑦神——灵验。这句是说道人自己相信自己的符，颇有骗钱买酒的“灵验”。

此诗为公元1063年（嘉祐八年）正月苏轼在凤翔所作。苏轼弟苏辙时在京师侍父，当看到北方新年之初的异域风俗，不由想起了家乡眉山岁首乡俗，便写下了《踏青》、《蚕市》诗二首。苏轼应弟之作也和诗二首。这是其中之一。此诗描写了苏轼青少年时在家乡新春之际，与家人及“城中居人”游春踏青的盛况，具有浓郁的乡情。后四句刻化了一位骗钱道人的生动形象，增添了郊游的喜庆气氛。故乡的风俗民情令人倍感亲切，耐人回味。

译文：东风微排的田间小路上惊起了微尘，游人们开始来到野外感受春天的喜悦与温馨。人们难得清闲，正好停车在路旁小饮，麦苗短而柔韧，不怕那辗轧过来的车轮。城里人厌倦了高高的城墙，向往着郊外的景致，许多人家一大早就爬起来，用腾腾地涌出城来踏青。鼓乐声惊醒了冬眠的山岭，草木在欢歌笑语中摇动。野餐用的箪瓢遍野都是，前来捡食的乌鸢像列养熟了一样全不避人。那边是个什么人在自称道人，引得众人都来围观？只见他挡在路上卖符，脸红脖子粗地夸说它是多么灵：我这符能使你家养蚕结茧似瓮大，养羊如獐圆滚滚。路上的人未必就信他的话，只是为了图个新春吉利，才勉强买下佩带在身。道人卖得了钱就径自去买酒喝，醉倒后还自言自语说我这符可真灵。

Su Dongpo / Su Shi:

'''Trampled green'''

East wind whirls fine dust onto the streets:

First possibility for walkers,

to enjoy the new spring.

Season of idleness, just right

for refreshment at the roadside

The grain is still too short,

to be crushed by agricultural machinery.

City people sick through the walls around them.

Noisy start at daybreak,

leaving the whole city empty.

Songs and rhythms measure the hills,

Grass and trees shake,

Picnic baskets scattered in the fields,

where crows peck them out.

[[File:Trampled_Green.jpg|500px|thumb|left|Su Shi: Trampled Green]]

==End of Session 2==
*

=Session 3: Oct 27 9:45-11:15 Yuan Drama (Zaju)=
===Task: Please read the [[English Summary of Dou E]]===
===Original Text: Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to [[Dou E]]”===
See also the Reader.

===Task: Please read your part of the original text and make a 3-sentence summary at the end of our part===

=Session 4: Ming novels I=
Dec 1 9:45-11:15 Ming novels I (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West)
==Journey to the West==
'''Presentation''' and homework [[Journey to the West]] by KMJ

The novel is extremely popular among children in Asia. This novel is one of the 4 Outstanding Novels 四大名著, and especially in Japan and Korea a best seller, next to the Three Kingdoms. The novel "Red Chamber Dreams" is more popular in Europe. One of the reasons may be, that the novel has animal characters and especially animals which are not so famous like monkeys and pigs.

The historical background of the novel is that from the 1st Century AD buddhism came to China. In Tang Dynasty, Buddhist religion flourished in China and among the first monks who travelled from China to India to collect Buddhist scriptures was 玄奘 Xuánzàng (600-664) n. 〈hist.〉 Budd. priest, also known as San Zang or Tripitaka. He visited India 629-645 and returned with many Buddhist scriptures, so called "sutra". The novel uses this historical setting, but one of the legendary accompaniers, Sun Wukong, the monkey king, becomes the new protagonist.

==Three Kingdoms==
'''Presentation''' and homework [[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]] by AX

'''Explanations to prepare ppt and texts:'''

Every student preparing a topic in class is asked to find the original Chinese text (they are all available on the internet), create a link under the respective session with a second page (the wiki admin can help with it), copy the full text there (if the text is too long, you will have to be split it in several websites (the wiki admin can help) or you simply select only extracts from it which you find worth reading. Please also select a part of the text, which the wiki admin can split again into small sections, each student only needs to read a small section and write a short summary in English beneath (as you know from the Yuan zaju). The Wiki admin then makes another link from the course homepage to the homework section of the text.

The presentations should be in powerpoint format, be uploaded to the course website in advance and should introduce the text, embed it in its social-historical context including relevant information about the author etc. You should also take some examples from the text and explain them, so that the fellow students understand your approach to the text. This presentation can be about 15 minutes. I will continue to present the text after the powerpoint, but the student should stay in front in order to develop the teaching sometimes in dialogue form. For the 2nd part of the class, the presenting student should prepare something interactive, e.g. hand out paper sheets with short texts and ask fellow students to enact the story with the help of the paper sheets. You should also use mentimeter.com to make a short survey or get feedback etc.

You cannot read so many books in just a few days. Don't forget that you still have other courses and homework. So please just provide summaries to read for the students and small extracts which the students should actually read to get an impression of the original text.

Every student should do a presentation. If there are less sessions than students, two students will have to present in the same session. However, every student should still have his/her own topic. In some sessions, there are more works in one session, and then two students can pick one work each.

There are not many sessions covered with the Reader. You will have to look for most of the texts online, but they are easy to find.

==Grades for translaltion homework "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" text==

*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL (+100)
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY (+100)
*YL
*FMJ
*AX (+100)
*WXT (+100)
*AD
*SSM
*ABE (+100)

==Grades for translation homework - "The Journey to the West" text==

*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL (+100)
*KMJ (+100)
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX (+100)
*WXT (+100)
*AD
*SSM
*ABE (+100)

=Session 5: Ming novels II=
Dec 7 8:00-9:30 (This is session no. 5 Ming novels II (Outlaws of the Marsh, The Scholars) YSY
==Outlaws of the Marsh==
Dec 7, 2023, 8:00-9:30, room 413

'''Presentation''' and homework [[Outlaws of the Marsh]] by YSY

Outlaws of the Marsh is a long heroic legend and it is one of the long masterpieces in ancient China. The story is created on the basis of Song Jiang uprising as the clue. The novel is one of the classical long vernacular novels loved mostly by Chinese. It is written in the Ming Dynasty. On the basis of stories, colloquial stories and dramas about the Marsh since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the author processed stories and created the novel. The book takes the peasant uprising led by Song Jiang as the main subject and presents an artistic reproduction of moving and tragic picture of ancient Chinese fighting against oppression to carry out heroic struggles. It fully exposes corruption and brutality of the feudal ruling class, revealing sharp and opposing social conflicts and the cruel reality that "people are forced to rebel by officials ".

==Grades for translation homework - "Outlaws of the Marsh" text==

*WMF (+100)
*TXL
*WYX (+100)
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX (+100)
*YSY (+100)
*AHY (+100)
*YL (+100)
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT (+100)
*AD (+100)
*SSM (+100)
*LML (+100)
*AKR (+100)

==The Scholars==
儒林外史 Inofficial History of Confucian Scholars

=Session 6: Qing novel I=
Dec 8 9:45-11:15 Qing novel I (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams I) FMJ

See Reader.

==Dream of the Red Chamber==
'''Presentation''' and homework [[Dream of the Red Chamber]] by FMJ

Short introduction: "Dream of the Red Chamber" is one of the most important classical novels in the history of Chinese literature (one of the 四大著名). It was written in the 18th century (during the reign of the Qing dynasty) by Cao Xueqin. The author's approach shattered conventions in traditional Chinese fiction, setting a new standard for literary expression, as the characters created by him, are neither fully good nor fully bad. The whole number of characters that appeared in the novel is almost 400 (with 40 major characters). The main plot of this book is focused on 贾宝玉 and his affection towards 林黛玉, however, we can not overlook the fact that it also presents a detailed portrayal of Chinese culture and Chinese society during that time.

==Grades for translation homework - "Dream of the Red Chamber" text==

*WMF (+100)
*TXL
*WYX (+100)
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX (+100)
*YSY (+100)
*AHY (+100)
*YL
*FMJ (+100)
*AX
*WXT (+100)
*AD (+100)
*SSM
*LML (+100)
*AKR (+100)

=Session 7: Dec 14 8:00-9:30 Dystopian literature=
*7 Dec 14 8:00-9:30 Late Qing dystopian literature
#Liang Qichao: The Future of New China LML
#Kang Youwei: Datong shu WXT

==The Book of Great Unity==

'''Presentation''' and homework: [[Datong Shu]] by Wiktoria 王晓彤

Short introduction: In the early twentieth century, the great Chinese thinker and reformer Kang Youwei wrote a book entitled ''Datong shu'' (The Book of Great Unity) in which he put forward an original and radical interpretation of “datong”. The book describes the long march of mankind from division to unity, while defying any strict categorization. It describes the “world of tomorrow” with its technological, political, and social wonders, it also includes significant pieces of historical, political, religious, and scientific literature dealing with the past and the present.

==The Future of New China==

Presentation and homework:

[[The Future of New China]] ૮ ・ﻌ・ა by LML

The Future of New China is a political novel by Liang Qichao. The novel was published in the year 1902 and predicts the prosperity of the "New China" 60 years later. One of the main characters Huang Keqiang (黃興) advocates a constitutional monarchy, and on the other hand, his son Li Laijie (李去病) advocates a french-style revolution. The two sides engage in a heated debate!

==Teacher information: Liang Qichao==
Liang Qichao, An account of the Future of New China, 1902

Liang Qichao, offered an alternative reading of the stages China would take on the road to Great Harmony in an unfinished work on the future, composed in 1902, entitled An Account of the Future of New China (Liang, 1902). The centrepiece of the story is a series of speeches on 'China's History these Sixty Years Past' delivered to an international assembly in Shanghai, 'on the first day of the first month in the Year of Confucius 2513 ... or 1962 on the Western calendar'. The fictional speaker was Kong Juemin, a descendant of Confucius (Kong) whose given name (Juemin) meant 'awaken the people'. The fictional occasion was the 50th anniversary of the birth of New China, an anniversary that fortuitously marked the founding of the International Peace Congress in 1962 following the 'Hungarian Conference' some years before. The event marked the birth of Great Harmony on earth.

By Liang's account, world leaders selected New China to host the launch of the new international body in recognition of that country's role in planning and creating the new global order. Leaders and dignitaries from all major countries gathered in China in January 1962 to attend the two ceremonies, one commemorating the achievements of New China and the other the birth of the new global order. Visiting dignitaries included the King and Queen of Britain, the Emperor and Empress of Japan, and the Presidents (take note: "presidents" predicts Liang) of Russia, Hungary and the Philippines. Lesser dignatories, including religious leaders of all persuasions ('this is known as Great Harmony') met in Shanghai along with thousands of scholars and tens of thousands of university students from around the globe (Liang, 1902: 2-3).

Among the men and women who crowded into Kong's lectures on the history of the past 60 years were 1000 foreigners, all fluent in Chinese. Since the start of the reform era, the author points out, thousands of American and European students had come to learn the language in order to keep up with developments in China. By 1962, some 30,000 foreign students were enrolled in local universities and colleges. Most preferred to stay in China. To the time in question (1962) fewer than 1200 students had returned to their home countries to work. The West had a serious brain-drain problem on its hands.

Kong began his lectures reflecting on the qualities that had made China a great power, specifically patriotism, selflessness and democracy. China succeeded because its people had learned to put their country before themselves (Liang, 1902: 5). This marked a radical break with 'Old China': 'Our China died long ago ... in fact this is the point [of departure] for the continuation of New China'. By 1962, China had become a liberal democracy with three major parties competing for ascendancy: a centralist State Power Party (guoquandang), a decentralist Patriotic Self-Government Party (Aiguo zizhidang) and a party committed to the well-being of the individual, the Liberal Party (ziyoudang). Each of these parties had its origins in an earlier Constitutional Party (xianzhengdang), founded in 1902, consisting of a grand alliance of all existing reformist, revolutionary and secret society organisations which combined forces to introduce constitutional government to China. Three core principles governed the organisation of this seminal political alliance: first, that the choice of a monarchical, republican or federalist constitution should be determined by public plebiscite. That is to say, all members' agreed to implement constitutional rule according to the wishes of the people, irrespective of their differences over the form that the constitution should take.

Second, the party's rules and procedures for dealing with internal matters should reflect those that an enlightened government would employ in governing a country. Third, party membership was open to all who shared the constitutional aims of the party, and conferred equality on members regardless of their social status, profession or gender (Liang, 1902: 7-8).

This brief narrative history of New China to 1962 occupies only a small part of Kong Juemin's talks. By far the longest section of the lectures is devoted to a verbatim account of an old debate between two founding members of the Constitutional Party about China's future. One was Huang Keqiang, son of a noted Cantonese scholar. Old Mr Huang despatched his son and another student, Li Yunbing, to Britain to study English and learn the ways of the West. He prepared them for their departure by exposing them to the works of Kang Youwei (Liang Qichao's own teacher, and the author of Great Harmony Philosophy, 1902 [1935]), and by introducing them to Tan Sitong, who was just completing his Renxue (1896, noted above). They were among the first to read the work.

On reaching England they gained entry to Oxford. They graduated around the time of the 'Hundred Days Reform', in 1898, an actual historical event associated with Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong and a party of their supporters and students, including the author of the story himself, Liang Qichao.

The tragic outcome of the reforms forced the two students to delay their return to China.

Their return was precipitated by the discovery that the universal truths they had been seeking in Europe were compromised by the Europeans themselves.

The prevailing mood in Europe soured against China around the time of the Boxer Uprising in 1900. The two young men observed that Kaiser Wilhelm II, author of the Yellow Peril scare, now 'said many things that were not in keeping with human morality' and that the German press resorted to terms such as 'pigtails' and 'yellow monkeys' in referring to the Chinese people. This encounter with racism in Europe inaugurates their journey home, and launches them into their dialogue on the future of China (Liang 1902: 17).

'Which country will be China's future master?', they ask on their journey home. And what of the 'future of New China'? Their disagreements centre on what was to be done to ensure that the Chinese people achieved mastery over their own national destiny - Huang arguing that the best solution lay in working with the present Manchu court, and Li that the Manchu court was part of the problem. Their contrasting positions reflected the reformist and revolutionary positions of the day. Liang Qichao gave each side a fair hearing over 25 pages of his 40-page story but came down strongly on the side of the reformers who wished to preserve the Manchu Dynasty under a form of constitutional rule. On the question of how to involve China's 'four hundred million citizens' in the struggle they were in basic agreement. Both conceded that the majority of the Chinese people were 'asleep, living in dreams' [emphasis added], and that it was the responsibility of the awakened few such as themselves ('people who already know') to wake them up.

====Original====

Liang Qichao (1902 [1936]) 梁啓超 Liang Qichao, 新中國未來記 An account of the Future of New China, 1902, in Liang Qichao, Yinbingshi zhuanji [Monographs from the Ice Drinker's Studio]. Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju.

English summary

John Fitzgerald, The Unfinished History of China's Future, in: Thesis Eleven 1999 57:17, here pp. 21-23, http://the.sagepub.com/content/57/1/17

===Foreword to the Publication of Political Novels in Translation===

Liang Qichao

The genre of political novel originated in the West. It is human nature to dread the solemn and to take delight in the humorous. Hence, classical music puts us to sleep, whereas songs of the States of Zheng and Wei cause us to lose ourselves in lewdness and become oblivious to our fatigue. This is indeed a characteristic trait of human nature, and even the sages could not tamper with it. A.good teacher should guide his pupil in the direction that his temperament will naturally proceed. Thus, he sometimes resorts to subtle humour and sometimes uses parables to convey his meanings. Mencius, for instance, draws an analogy between King Xuan of Qi and the ancient wise men who were fond of wealth and women as banter to conceal his [p. 72] subtle remonstrations. and Qu Yuan compares the King of Chu to a beautiful lady and fragrant plants to express his loyalty to and love for the state of Chu. These two works in many ways yield a greater impact than solemn discourses and imposing argumentation; they should not be snubbed merely because they lack a satirical and tendentious edge.
Although Chinese fiction is included in the nine schools of literature and philosophy, very few good works have been written since the time of Yu Chu. Stories about heroes are all patterned after The Water Margin, whereas those about love imitate The Dream of the Red Chamber. Taken as a whole, Chinese novels invariably teach us either robbery or lust. Lost in a vicious circle, the novelists are unable to rise above the quagmire. For this reason, knowledgeable men often scorn the mere mention of fiction.
However, as human nature detests the solemn and finds delight in the humorous, even serious pedagogues read The Dream of the Red Chamber and talk about The Water Margin during their spare time. Works of fiction are, in the end, very difficult to ban. Instead of banning the reading of fiction, then, would it not be much better to allow people to follow their natural inclinations and guide them accordingly?
There is indeed a great deal of truth in Mr. Kang Youwei's observation that people with low levels of literacy will often stay away from the classics but cannot do without fiction. Fiction should therefore seek to teach where the Six Classics have failed to teach, to convey lessons where the official histories have failed to convey, to illuminatewhere the recorded sayings
are unable to illuminate, and to govern where laws have failed. In the world, experienced men are few, and the ignorant are innumerable; those well-versed in literature are few, and those who can barely read legion. The Six Classics are indeed elegant, but if they are not read and understood, they are just pearls cast before swine.

[p. 73]

A story goes that Confucius once lost his horse. His disciple Zi Gong failed in retrieving the horse, whereas the man who had reared the horse succeeded in recovering it. Does this mean that Zi Gong was intellectually inferior to the horseman? Things are grouped according to their kind and men according to their class. If the giant Dragon Earl spoke in his language to the dwarf of the Jiaoyao of Kingdom, he would not be understood. Now there are few people in China who can read, and those who are well versed in literature are even rarer. In view of this, fiction could be added to increase the numerical classifications of writing from seven to eight, or appended to the four bibliographic categories as a fifth component.

When the Reformation was first launched in the countries of Europe, men of great learning and dedicated scholars would often use fiction as a vehicle to record their political views. Serious pedagogues would read and discuss these works during their leisure. Novels were read and discussed by soldiers, merchants, peasants, artisans, cabmen, grooms, women, and young children. A newly published book could often influence and change the views and arguments of the whole nation. Indeed, political novels should be given the highest credit for being instrumental in the steady progress made in the political sphere in America, England, Germany, France, Austria, Italy, and Japan. A celebrated scholar in England once remarked that fiction is the soul of the people. How true! How true! It is precisely for this reason that we are now specially selecting works by celebrated foreign scholars that are relevant to the current situation in China and then translating and publishing them by installment in this newspaper. In so doing, we hope to make them accessible to our compatriots.

Translated by Gek Nai Cheng

Notes
Liang Qichao "Yi yinzhengzhi xiaoshuo xu" [chin. characters] Qingyi bao [chin. characters] (1898); reprinted in ZGJDWLX 1:155-56. This essay was a "foreword to a projected series of political novels to be translated into Chinese and published in Liang s journal Qing yi bao (The China discussion).

Mencius, 1B.5. In a reply to King Xuan of Qi [chin. characters], who gives as excuses for not implementing the kingly government his weaknesses for wealth and women, Mencius cites the examples of Duke Liu [chin. characters], who was fond of wealth, and King Tai of Zhou [chin. characters], who was fond of women. Despite their weaknesses these two men could still practice kingly government. Hence Mencius admonishes King Xuanof Qi that if only he could give the people power to gratify the same feelings, there would be no difficulty in attaining the royal power.

According to the Bibliographic Section in Han shu [chin. characters], compiled by Ban Gu [chin. characters], there are ten schools of literature and philosophy (Confucian, Daoist, J?ivination, Legalist, Logician, Mohist, olitics, Miscellaneous, Agriculture, and Xiaoshuo [chin. characters]), although "only nine of them are worth reading" (qi keguanzhe jiu iia eryi; [chin. characters]). Fiction, thert,was not included in the nine schools.

According to the Bibliographic Section in Han shu, Yu Chu [chin. characters] (ca. 104 B.C.) compi1ed Zhou shuo [chin. characters]. (Tales of the Zhou dynasty) , a work in the tradition of Shal1 hai jing [chin. characters] and Mu tianzi zhuan [chin. characters]. The work is no longer extant.

Qilüe 七略 are the seven classifications of writing as compiled by Liu Xin 劉歆 (ca. 46 B.C. - A.D. 23) in he Han dynasty around 7 B.C. They are classics, arts, philosophy, poetry, divination and numerics, medicine and surgery. '.

Sibu 四部 are the four bibliographic classifications of classics, history, philosophy, an literature, devised by Xun Xu 荀勖 (d. AD. 289) to categorize all books.

=Session 8: Republican literature I=
*8 Dec 15 9:45-11:15 Republican literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo) WYX
Presentation and homework [[A Madman's Diary]] by WYX

==Grades for translation homework - Republican literature I==
*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT
*AD
*SSM
*LML
*AKR

==Grades for translation homework - Republican literature==
*WMF

=Session 9: Modern literature=
*9, Jan 12 9:45-11:15 Modern literature
Presentation and homework
#Underground poets, Mo Yan, [[Mo Yan ppt]] by AHY
#Wang Meng [[Wang Meng ppt]] SSM
==Grades for translation homework - Modern literature ==
*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT
*AD
*SSM
*LML
*AKR

=Session 10: Thursday Jan 26 9:45-11:15 Contemporary literature (Zhang Wei: The ancient ship) ZYX (teacher: Han Han, Xu Zechen)=

Presentation and homework: [[The Ancient Ship]] by ZYX

Short introduction: Zhang Wei's novel “The Ancient Ship” is set during the first forty years after the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The main events of the novel take place with three generations of the Sui, Zhao and Li families living in the fictional city of Wali in Shandong province, who face the major campaigns from the late 1940s to the 1980s, beginning with the land reform and ending with the Cultural Revolution. The author, with the help of the characters in his story "The Ancient Ship", reveals to readers the circumstances in which people lived at that time, helping to provide a glimpse into the history of China during those days.
The main setting is an old noodle factory, which has always been in the hands of one Sui family but has now been taken over by Zhao Duoduo, leading to a confrontation between Sui Jiansu and Zhao Duoduo. In addition, in the novel, the author describes to us the hard fates of the characters, as well as the idea that it is impossible to escape from paying for the atrocities, which of course leads to a terrible ending. Furthermore, one of the main themes of the novel is a person's moral values and how fragile they are when inhibitions are removed and a person's cruel side can be revealed.

==Grades for translation homework - Contemporary literature I==

*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT
*AD
*SSM
*LML
*AKR

=Session 11 Jan 30, 2024 8:00-9:30 Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com) WMF=
=Session 12: 12 Jan 30 9:45-11:15 Han Shaogong: Maqiao Cidian, presented by JL=
Presentation and homework: [[Maqiao Cidian]] by JL

Short introduction:
From the daring imagination of one of China’s greatest living novelists comes a work of startling power and originality–the story of a young man “displaced” to a small village in rural China during the 1960s. Told in the format of a dictionary, with a series of vignettes disguised as entries, A Dictionary of Maqiao is a novel of bold invention–and a fascinating, comic, deeply moving journey through the dark heart of the Cultural Revolution.
Entries trace the wisdom and absurdities of Maqiao: the petty squabbles, family grudges, poverty, infidelities, fantasies, lunatics, bullies, superstitions, and especially the odd logic in their use of language–where the word for “beginning” is the same as the word for “end”; “little big brother” means older sister; to be “scientific” means to be lazy; and “streetsickness” is a disease afflicting villagers visiting urban areas. Filled with colorful characters–from a weeping ox to a man so poisonous that snakes die when they bite him–A Dictionary of Maqiao is both an important work of Chinese literature and a probing inquiry into the extraordinary power of language.

==Grades for translation homework - Contemporary literature II ==
*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT
*AD
*SSM
*LML
*AKR

=Session 13: Feb 1, 2024 8:00-9:30 Web Literature 晏黎 YL, (excerpts live on http://qidian.com) WMF=

Presentation and homework: [[The Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation]] by YL

Short introduction:The Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation is a web novel written by an anonymous writer with an alias MoXiang TongXiu. It is a fantasy historical novel with many plot lines and twists. It focuses on the story of the main character, Wei Wuxian, who after experiencing war, torture and loss begins his journey with the new cultivation method for which he was in the end killed. The story is divided into two parts: Wei Wuxian’s first and second life. The first one is focused on main character’s journey through moral dilemmas while facing an enemy. This storyline occurs when the main characters are still learning the ways of Cultivation as teenagers, and focuses on the Wen Sect growing in power and trying to control/dominate the other Sects. The second part which occurs after his reincarnation, 16 years after his death, shows the main character (after his reincarnation) along with his partner, Lan Wangji, solving a case of mysterious murder and uncovering sudden political and internal schemes. The novel is quite complex thanks to the huge amount of characters and plotlines, moral dilemmas and compelling villains.

Presentation and homework: [[I am this type of woman]] by WMF

=Session 14 Feb 1 9:45-11:15 Science ﬁction I (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem, The Wandering Earth) AD=

LINK TO THE PRESENTATION: https://www.canva.com/design/DAF60pzIAP4/vmQpzuhp-UiQi7Z-j1tmgg/view?utm_content=DAF60pzIAP4&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_source=editor

Text : [[https://bou.de/u/wiki/The_Three_Body_Problem_by_Liu_Cixin]] by AD

Introduction: "The Three-Body Problem" is a science fiction novel by Chinese author Liu Cixin, first published in 2008. It's the first book in the Remembrance of Earth's Past trilogy. The story begins during China's Cultural Revolution, when a young astrophysicist, disturbed by the humanity's capacity for destruction, sends a message into space, inviting alien civilizations to intervene and take over Earth. Centuries later, the narrative shifts to present-day China, where scientist Wang Miao is recruited to investigate a series of inexplicable deaths among physicists. His investigations lead him to a virtual reality game called "Three Body," which is deeply intertwined with the mystery of the deaths and a global conspiracy.

👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽

=Session 14: Friday Feb 2 9:45-11:15 Science Fiction II, presented by 田小龙=

Presentation (Yu Hua's literature) and homework [[China in ten words]] by TXL

=Session 15 Feb 2 8:00-9:30 , Science Fiction II (锺馗) 田小龙 TXL=
=Deadline until Feb 9 9:45-11:15 Final Paper (homework)=

=Syllabus=
Krytyczny przegląd literatury chińskiej
Educational subject description sheet
==Basic information==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Field of study
Sinologia
Speciality
-
Department
Faculty of Modern Languages and Literatures
Study level
Second-cycle programme
Study form
Full-time
Education proﬁle
General academic
</td>
<td>
Didactic cycle
2023/24
Subject code
09SNLS.21K.05754.23
Lecture languages
Chinese
Mandatory
Obligatory
Block
Major subjects
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Subject coordinator
</td>
<td>
Kamil Burkiewicz
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Lecturer
</td>
<td>
Kamil Burkiewicz
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Period</h2>
Semester 1
<h2>Activities and hours</h2>
• Conversatory classes: 30, Graded credit
<h2>Number of</h2>
<h2>ECTS points</h2>
3 
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_002.png" width="682"
height="1"> 
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_003.png" width="681"
height="55">
1 / 5
==Goals==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Code
</td>
<td>
Goal
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
C1
</td>
<td>
The course aims to let students get an
overview and understand certain characteristics of Chinese
literature from 2,500 years ago until today by reading
prominent examples and increasing reading ability in
Chinese as a Foreign Language.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
C2
</td>
<td>
The selection of works aims at displaying the
continuity and development over 2,500 years and showing
the great variety of genres, styles and forms.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
C3
</td>
<td>
The course aims to let students understand
research methods, compare literary works, learn the
relevant terminology, understand challenges and topics of
Chinese civilization, are able to trace back cultural
roots of contemporary phenomena/beliefs, appreciate the
work of experts in the ﬁeld, critically evaluate their
knowledge and update it.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Entry requirements</h1>
Chinese level of at least B2 of the European Framework of
References for Languages (CEFR).
<h1>Subject's learning outcomes</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Code
</td>
<td>
Outcomes in terms of
</td>
<td>
Learning outcomes
</td>
<td>
Examination methods
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Knowledge – Student:
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W1
</td>
<td>
has a wide knowledge of Chinese literature
from classical to modern
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W02, SNL_K2_W05
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W2
</td>
<td>
knows the theories and research methodology in
the ﬁeld of sinology in relation to literary studies
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W03
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W3
</td>
<td>
knows selected issues of comparative
literature against the background of the ongoing processes
of cultural exchange and globalization
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W04
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W4
</td>
<td>
knows the rich terminology in the ﬁeld of
sinology in the ﬁeld of literary studies
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W05
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W5
</td>
<td>
knows and understand deeply the fundamental
dilemmas and challenges of contemporary civilization
related to the literature of East Asia/China
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W08
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Skills – Student:
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
U1
</td>
<td>
formulates and tests hypotheses related to
simple research problems and tasks, as well as communicate
their observations
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_U01
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Social competences – Student:
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
K1
</td>
<td>
is ready to critically evaluate the acquired
knowledge of Chinese literature and to constantly update
it
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_K01
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
K2
</td>
<td>
is ready to deeply appreciate the importance
of specialist knowledge in solving cognitive problems
related to multiculturalism and intercultural
communication
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_K02
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_004.png" width="682"
height="1">
2 / 5
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
K3
</td>
<td>
is ready to critically consult problems that
he/she is unable to solve on his/her own with experts in
relevant scientiﬁc ﬁelds and to actively cooperate with
them in search of appropriate solutions
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_K03
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Study content</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
No.
</td>
<td>
Course content
</td>
<td>
Subject's learning outcomes
</td>
<td>
Activities
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
1.
</td>
<td>
Song Poetry
</td>
<td>
W1, W2, W4, U1, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
2.
</td>
<td>
Yuan Drama
</td>
<td>
W1, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
3.
</td>
<td>
Ming Novels
</td>
<td>
W1, U1, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
4.
</td>
<td>
Qing novels
</td>
<td>
W1, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
5.
</td>
<td>
Late Qing literature
</td>
<td>
W1, K2, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
6.
</td>
<td>
Republican literature
</td>
<td>
W1, W2, W3, W4, U1, K1
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
7.
</td>
<td>
Modern literature
</td>
<td>
W1, W2, W4, W5
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
8.
</td>
<td>
Contemporary literature
</td>
<td>
W1, W4, W5, K1
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
9.
</td>
<td>
Web literature
</td>
<td>
W1, W4, W5, K1
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
10.
</td>
<td>
Science ﬁction
</td>
<td>
W1, W5, K2
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Course advanced</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Activities
</td>
<td>
Teaching and learning methods and activities
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
<td>
Conversation lecture, Discussion, Work with
text, Problem-based learning, Work in groups, Creative
writing and reviewing fellow students' work
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Activities
</td>
<td>
Credit conditions
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
<td>
Students are required to prepare for each
class, including preliminary reading of indicated texts
and checking of new words. The completion of this
obligation will be checked through online multiple-choice
tests.
Each student will prepare one short oral
presentation.
The semester essay should contain at least
1000 Chinese characters.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_005.png" width="682"
height="1">
3 / 5
==Literature==
===Obligatory===
1. Woesler Martin (ed.) 2023. Reader Chinese Literature –
Selections, Bochum: European University Press [free e-book copies
provided].
===Optional===
#Song Poems (ci): Su Dongpo: “Autumn day in Kui Prefecture”
#Yuan Drama (Zaju): Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to Dou E”
#Ming novels (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West, Outlaws of the Marsh, The Scholars)
#Qing novels (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams)
#Late Qing dystopian literature (Liang Qichao: The Future of New China, Kang Youwei: Datong shu)
#Republican literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Zhou Zuoren, Yu Dafu)
#Modern literature (Underground poets, Wang Meng, Mo Yan)
#Contemporary literature (Han Han, Zhang Wei, Xu Zechen, Han Shaogong)
#Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com)
#Science ﬁction (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem, The Wandering Earth)

==Calculation of ECTS points==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Activity form
</td>
<td>
Activity hours*
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
<td>
30
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Preparation for classes
</td>
<td>
10
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Reading the indicated literature
</td>
<td>
20
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Preparation of a multimedia presentation
</td>
<td>
5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Other
</td>
<td>
10
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Paper preparation
</td>
<td>
5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Preparation for the assessment
</td>
<td>
10
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Student workload
</td>
<td>
Hours
90
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Number of ECTS points
</td>
<td>
ECTS
3
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
* hour means 45 minutes 
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_006.png" width="682"
height="1">
4 / 5
==Learning outcomes==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Code
</td>
<td>
Content
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_K01
</td>
<td>
The graduate is ready to krytycznej oceny
zdobywanej wiedzy o języku i literaturze chińskiej i
ciągłego jej aktualizowania.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_K02
</td>
<td>
The graduate is ready to dogłębnego doceniania
znaczenia wiedzy specjalistycznej w rozwiązywaniu
problemów poznawczych i językowych związanych z
wielokulturowością i komunikacją międzykulturową.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_K03
</td>
<td>
The graduate is ready to krytycznego
konsultowania problemów, których nie jest w stanie
samodzielnie rozwiązać, z ekspertami w odpowiednich
dziedzinach naukowych i aktywnego współdziałania z nimi w
poszukiwaniu właściwych rozwiązań.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_U01
</td>
<td>
The graduate can formułować i testować
hipotezy związane z prostymi problemami badawczymi i
realizowanymi zadaniami, a także komunikować swoje
spostrzeżenia.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W02
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands w
pogłębionym stopniu wybrane fakty, pojęcia i kluczowe
zagadnienia z językoznawstwa, literaturoznawstwa i badań
interdyscyplinarnych w obszarze sinologii.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W03
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands teorie i
metodologie badań z wybranej dyscypliny (językoznawstwo
bądź literaturoznawstwo sinologiczne) właściwe dla różnych
szkół badawczych i paradygmatów, a także ich główne
tendencje rozwojowe.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W04
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands wybrane
zagadnienia komparatystyki językowej lub literackiej i
translatoryki na tle zachodzących procesów wymiany
kulturowej i globalizacji.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W05
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands bogatą
terminologię z zakresu sinologii w obszarze badań
językoznawczych, literaturoznawczych i
interdyscyplinarnych.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W08
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands w
pogłębionym stopniu fundamentalne dylematy i wyzwania
współczesnej cywilizacji związane z językami, literaturą i
kulturą Azji Wschodniej.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Critical Review of Chinese Literature

2024-02-08T11:12:13Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* Session 14: Friday Feb 2 9:45-11:15 Science Fiction II, presented by 田小龙 */

FRI 9:45-11:15 sal. 413 Critical Review of Chinese Literature Krytyczny przeglad literatury
chinskiej SIN m I (1) 30, fall 2023, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan

Please follow this link to the [[crit_lit_20230131|final paper]] page. Please list your topics there and start writing as soon as you get the ok by the teacher.
=Session 1: Organizational Things and Self-Introduction=
*教学助理 - AKR [[Teaching assistant]]
*维基管理员 - LML [[Wiki admin]]
==Student roll (1st year Master)==
#WMF 大學老師和教育翻譯電腦游戲本地化
#TXL 外交官對亞洲、歷史感興趣，因爲瞭解到日本的歷史責任轉到對中國感興趣喜歡讀書 23，畢業以後參加外交部的考試
#WYX 新疆語言政策筆譯翻譯喜歡文學
#JL 中国人觉得他们的精英怎么样？古代和20世紀的中國人翻譯波蘭文學翻譯成漢語，數學數據分析
#KMJ 在中國文學裏翻譯成中文的西方外文名稱，外語，老師
#LML 對中國文化感興趣，外語，翻譯
#ZYX 外語（俄語、烏克蘭語、波蘭語、漢語、英語）
#YSY 外語（俄語、英語、漢語、波蘭語、韓文）、lgbt的詞語、語言分析
#AHY 中國文化，文學，歷史中國農村宗教（武俠電影）
#YL 动物象征，对仙侠电视剧的影响外语（英語老師、波蘭語、漢語）以後要學韓語、泰語西哈(Hip Hop)跳舞
#AKR 華沙大學、中醫：氣功的發展
#FMJ 翻譯粵語、中國方言和文字
#AX 從小對中國文化感興趣，要儅漢語老師成都方言（語法）
#WXT 中國文化和文學、喜歡看文學、相當筆譯，翻譯小説，奇幻小説（Fantasy）中國長篇小説的兩種英文翻譯
#AD 外語、俄語、學西班牙語營業代表喜歡音樂，自己創造音樂跳舞（Dance Hall）美國和中國在天空的比賽現在：文學題目

===课程安排 Schedule of Literary Works (schedule, topics and presenters - please add your name)===
Please write your names behind the topics
*1 Oct 6, 2023 9:45-11:15 424 Organizational things
*2 Oct 13 9:45-11:15 Song Poems (ci): Su Dongpo: "Trampled Green"
*3 Oct 27 9:45-11:15 Yuan Drama (Zaju): Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to Dou E”
*4 Dec 1 9:45-11:15 Ming novels I (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West) KMJ, AX
*5 Dec 7 8:00-9:30 Ming novels II (The Scholars, Outlaws of the Marsh) YSY
*6 Dec 8 9:45-11:15 Qing novels (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams) FMJ
*7 Dec 14 8:00-9:30 Late Qing dystopian literature (Liang Qichao: The Future of New China) LML, (Kang Youwei: Datong shu) WXT
*8 Dec 15 9:45-11:15 Republican literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo) WYX
*9 Jan 12 9:45-11:15 Modern literature (Underground poets, Mo Yan) AHY, （Wang Meng） SSM
*10 Jan 26 9:45-11:15 Contemporary literature (Zhang Wei) ZYX (teacher: Han Han, Xu Zechen)
*11 Jan 30, 2024 8:00-9:30 Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com) WMF
*12 Jan 30 9:45-11:15 Han Shaogong JL
*13 Feb 1, 2024 8:00-9:30 Web Literature YL
*14 Feb 1 9:45-11:15 Science ﬁction I (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem) AD
*15 Feb 2 8:00-9:30 , Science Fiction II (Liu Cixin: The Wandering Earth) TXL
*Final Paper (homework) - new submission deadline Feb 8

=Session 2: Su Dongpo - Families on a Spring Outing=
'''和子由踏青'''
Go on a Spring Outing with [my little brother] Ziyou

朝代：宋朝|作者：蘇軾

春風陌上驚微塵，遊人初樂歲華新。

The spring wind surprisingly whirls small dust onto the paths

Strollers enjoy the new season for the first time,

人閑正好路旁飲，麥短未怕遊車輪。

For the idle people there are rightly prepared (?) drinks at the roadside,

the grain sprouts fearless of the wheels of the strollers' vehicles.

城中居人厭城郭，喧闐①曉出空四鄰。

The city inhabitants detest the city walls

at daybreak, the voices' and drums' noise drives out all the neighbors from the city.

歌鼓驚山草木動，簞②瓢散野烏鳶馴。

The sound of songs and drums alarm the mountains and the plants tremble,

baskets are scattered on the fields, crows and milans pick without fear.

何人聚眾稱道人？③遮道④賣符色怒嗔：

WXT: Who is he who calls himself a Taoist among the crowd gathered around him? He blocks the way and sells talismans with an angry expression.

YSY: Who’s the one that claims to be a Taoist? Everyone gathers around him as he’s blocking the pathway, selling talismans with an angry expression.

LWL: Who gathered the crowd and calls himself a Taoist?
The one that is blocking the road, who sells talismans with angry expression.

YL: Who is gathering a crowd, calling himself a Taoist?
Blocking the road and selling Taoist charms in anger:

AD: Who draws the crowd? The taoist, who is blocking the road and is selling talismans with an angry frown.

JL: Who is there that claims to be a Taoist, attracting everyone around to watch?
I saw him blocking the road to sell talismans, blushing and boasting about them

ZYX: Who calls himself a Taoist, gathering crowds of people to watch?
He is blocking the road and selling talismans with an angry expression on his face:

FMJ: Who is that person, this Taoist priest? Blocking the way and selling talismans - with an angry expression he proclaims:

AX: Who is the person who calls himself a Taoist? The crowd gathering among him covers the road. He sells talismans with an angry expression saying:

“宜蠶使汝繭如甕，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

WXT: “It should cause your silkworms to make cocoons as big as urns, it should cause your sheep to become as big as deer.”

YSY: „It will make your silkworm cocoons as big as clay jars and your sheep as meaty as deer .”

LWL: “It will cause the cocoons of your silkworms to be as big as urns, your sheep to be as big as deer.”

YL: "Suitable for silkworms, their cocoons will be like urns,
suitable for livestock, it will be like elk."

AD: “It will make your silkworms build cocoons as firm as a jar and will make your sheep grow as big as a stag”

JL: “My talisman can make your domestic silkworm cocoon as big as an urn, and your sheep as round as a roe.”

ZYX: "My talisman will enable you to raise silkworms with cocoons as big as urns, and sheep as round as deer."

FMJ: „Your silkworm cocoons will be as solid as urns, your sheep will be as vital as stags.”

AX: "My talismans will provide silkworms with cocoons as large as clay jars, and sheep the size of deer."

路人未必信此語，強⑥為買服禳新春。

WXT: Passers-by may not believe in these words. Still, they reluctantly buy talismans to wear them for good luck in the New Year.

YSY: The people walking by don’t necessarily believe these words, but they reluctantly buy the talismans for good luck in the New Year anyway.

LWL: People walking by may not necessarily believe his words,but they still reluctantly buy the talismans to wear them for good luck in the New Year.

YL: Passers-by may not believe his words,
but they reluctantly buy the charms to celebrate the New Year.

AD: The crowd does not really trust these words, yet they buy the talismans to pray for blessings with the New Year.

JL: People may not believe what he said, but they reluctantly bought it and wore it on their bodies just to show their good luck in the New Year.

ZYX: Passers-by on the street may not necessarily believe his words, but they reluctantly bought and wore it just for the sake of good luck in the New Year.

FMJ: The people on the streets may not believed the Taoist’s words, yet still they reluctantly bought his talismans – just to secure good fortune for this New Year.

AX: Passers-by may not be entirely convinced of the truth of the Taoist's words, but reluctantly bought his talismans in order to protect good fortune in the New Year.

道人得錢徑沽酒，醉倒自謂吾符神⑦！

WXT: The Taoist earns the money and goes directly to buy some wine. Drunk, he says to himself: “My talismans truly are effective!”

YSY: When the Taoist earns enough money from the sale, he goes and buys some wine. Drunk, he says to himself: „My talismans really are working!”

Malwina：When the Taoist earned enough money, he went straight to buy himself some wine, in a drunken state he declared himself a talisman god!

YL: After obtaining the money, the Taoist buys wine straight away,
drunkenly calling himself a charm god!

AD: After collecting the money, the taoist goes straight to buy wine. He collapses drunkenly and calls himself the talisman god.

JL: When the Taoist could finally afford it, he went to buy wine and drink it by himself. After he got drunk, he ensured himself that his talismans were really spiritual.

ZYX: The Taoist earned money from the sale and went to buy wine to drink, got drunk and said to himself: "My talisman can really work!"

FMJ: When the Taoist obtained the money, he directly went to buy some wine, and then in a drunk state, he called himself the god of talismans.

AX: When the Taoist had earned enough money, he went to buy some wine. After he got drunk, proudly called himself the god of talismans!

何人聚眾稱道人？③遮道④賣符色怒嗔：

KMJ: Who in the crowd is a Taoist?
The one blocking the road that sells talismans, visibly angry:

“宜蠶使汝繭如甕，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

KMJ: "It suits the silkworms - cocoons of your silkworms will be as thick as an urn,
It suits the livestock, your sheep will be as big as deer."

路人未必信此語，強⑥為買服禳新春。

KMJ:Passers-by may not believe these words, yet they reluctantly buy talismans to wear them
for protection from bad luck in the New Year.

道人得錢徑沽酒，醉倒自謂吾符神⑦！

KMJ: The Taoist earns the money and goes straightaway to buy some wine,
Drunk, he says to himself: "My talismans are working!".
'''和子由踏青'''

AHY: Treading the green

YL：Green spring outing

朝代：宋朝|作者：苏轼

春风陌上惊微尘，游人初乐岁华新。

AHY: East wind stirs fine dust on the pathways,

fine opportunity for strollers to enjoy the new spring

YL: Eastern spring wind flutters fine dust on paths,
wanderers can enjoy the first taste of the new season.

人闲正好路旁饮，麦短未怕游车轮。

AHY: Season of idleness, just right for drinking by the side of the road,

to be crushed by carriage wheels - too short is the grain,

YL: Idleness period, just in time for drinks by the roadside,
even the short grain does not fear the carriage wheels.

城中居人厌城郭，喧阗①晓出空四邻。

AHY: City people detest the walls which surround them,

they bustle loudly at the break of day and leave the whole town empty,

YL: Residents of the city loathe the surrounding walls,
thundering at daybreak, vacating the town.

歌鼓惊山草木动，箪②瓢散野乌鸢驯。

AHY: Songs and rhythms shake the hills, grass and trees tremble,

picnic baskets scattered in the fields where crows pick them over,

YL: Songs and drums rattle the mountains, flora trembles,
baskets and ladles scattered on the fields where crows batten.

何人聚众称道人？③遮道④卖符色怒嗔：

AHY: Who is the one who draws the crowds there? A Taoist priest,

blocking the pathway, selling charms and frowning,

YL: Who is the one known as the Taoist priest gathering the crowds?
Blocks the way, selling talismans and scowling:

“宜蚕使汝茧如瓮，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

AHY: "It is good for silkworms - cocoons will be just like pots of water,

it is good for livestock, your sheep will be as big as a deer",

YL: "Ideal for silkworms, your cocoons will be as urns,
ideal for livestock, you sheep will be as deer."

路人未必信此语，强⑥为买服禳新春。

AHY: People passing by are not sure they believe his words,

yet they buy these charms in order to consecrate the spring,

YL: Passing people do not necessarily trust those words,
yet reluctantly buy the talismans to bless the new spring.

道人得钱径沽酒，醉倒自谓吾符神⑦！

AHY: The Taoist priest takes their money, and goes to a winehouse,

completely drunk he mumbles: "The charms, they really work!"

YL: The Taoist priest takes the money, directly goes to buy the wine,
and drunkenly proclaims himself a talisman god!

'''Hé zǐ yóu tàqīng'''

Cháodài: Sòngcháo | zuòzhě: Sū Shì

Chūnfēng mò shàng jīng wēichén, yóurén chū lè suìhuá xīn.

Rén xián zhènghǎo lùpáng yǐn, mài duǎn wèi pà yóu chēlún.

Chéngzhōng jū rén yàn chéngguō, xuāntián xiǎo chū kōng sìlín.

Gē gǔ jīng shān cǎomù dòng, dān piáo sàn yě wū yuān xùn.

Hérén jùzhòng chēngdào rén? Zhēdào mài fú sè nù chēn:

“Yí cán shǐ rǔ jiǎn rú wèng, yí xù shǐ rǔ yáng rú jūn.”

Lùrén wèibì xìn cǐ yǔ, qiáng wèi mǎi fú ráng xīnchūn.

Dàoren de qián jìng gūjiǔ, zuìdǎo zì wèi wú fú shén!

'''和子由踏青'''

Hé zǐ yóu tàqīng

朝代：宋朝|作者：苏轼

Cháodài: Sòngcháo | zuòzhě: Sū Shì

春风陌上惊微尘，游人初乐岁华新。

Chūnfēng mò shàng jīng wēichén, yóurén chū lè suìhuá xīn.

人闲正好路旁饮，麦短未怕游车轮。

Rén xián zhènghǎo lùpáng yǐn, mài duǎn wèi pà yóu chēlún.

城中居人厌城郭，喧阗①晓出空四邻。

Chéngzhōng jū rén yàn chéngguō, xuāntián xiǎo chū kōng sìlín.

①喧阗——形容人声、鼓声相杂。

歌鼓惊山草木动，箪②瓢散野乌鸢驯。

Gē gǔ jīng shān cǎomù dòng, dān piáo sàn yě wū yuān xùn.

②箪，食器；瓢，炊具。这句形容郊游的人有许多在那儿野餐，乌鸢也来捡食，并不避人。

何人聚众称道人？③遮道④卖符色怒嗔：

Hérén jùzhòng chēngdào rén? Zhēdào mài fú sè nù chēn:

③何人聚众称道人这句是倒装句，意思是说：那称道人的是什么人，众人都聚观他。

④遮道——拦路。

“宜蚕使汝茧如瓮，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

“Yí cán shǐ rǔ jiǎn rú wèng, yí xù shǐ rǔ yáng rú jūn.”

⑤瓮——瓦坛子。麇（jūn）——野獐子。这两句是说道人吹嘘他的符十分灵验；能使你的蚕茧像坛子那样粗大，羊饲得像獐子那样肥、那样健、那样活泼。

路人未必信此语，强⑥为买服禳新春。

Lùrén wèibì xìn cǐ yǔ, qiáng wèi mǎi fú ráng xīnchūn.

⑥强——勉强。服——佩带在身上。禳——祈福除灾。

道人得钱径沽酒，醉倒自谓吾符神⑦！

Dàoren de qián jìng gūjiǔ, zuìdǎo zì wèi wú fú shén!

⑦神——灵验。这句是说道人自己相信自己的符，颇有骗钱买酒的“灵验”。

此诗为公元1063年（嘉祐八年）正月苏轼在凤翔所作。苏轼弟苏辙时在京师侍父，当看到北方新年之初的异域风俗，不由想起了家乡眉山岁首乡俗，便写下了《踏青》、《蚕市》诗二首。苏轼应弟之作也和诗二首。这是其中之一。此诗描写了苏轼青少年时在家乡新春之际，与家人及“城中居人”游春踏青的盛况，具有浓郁的乡情。后四句刻化了一位骗钱道人的生动形象，增添了郊游的喜庆气氛。故乡的风俗民情令人倍感亲切，耐人回味。

译文：东风微排的田间小路上惊起了微尘，游人们开始来到野外感受春天的喜悦与温馨。人们难得清闲，正好停车在路旁小饮，麦苗短而柔韧，不怕那辗轧过来的车轮。城里人厌倦了高高的城墙，向往着郊外的景致，许多人家一大早就爬起来，用腾腾地涌出城来踏青。鼓乐声惊醒了冬眠的山岭，草木在欢歌笑语中摇动。野餐用的箪瓢遍野都是，前来捡食的乌鸢像列养熟了一样全不避人。那边是个什么人在自称道人，引得众人都来围观？只见他挡在路上卖符，脸红脖子粗地夸说它是多么灵：我这符能使你家养蚕结茧似瓮大，养羊如獐圆滚滚。路上的人未必就信他的话，只是为了图个新春吉利，才勉强买下佩带在身。道人卖得了钱就径自去买酒喝，醉倒后还自言自语说我这符可真灵。

Su Dongpo / Su Shi:

'''Trampled green'''

East wind whirls fine dust onto the streets:

First possibility for walkers,

to enjoy the new spring.

Season of idleness, just right

for refreshment at the roadside

The grain is still too short,

to be crushed by agricultural machinery.

City people sick through the walls around them.

Noisy start at daybreak,

leaving the whole city empty.

Songs and rhythms measure the hills,

Grass and trees shake,

Picnic baskets scattered in the fields,

where crows peck them out.

[[File:Trampled_Green.jpg|500px|thumb|left|Su Shi: Trampled Green]]

==End of Session 2==
*

=Session 3: Oct 27 9:45-11:15 Yuan Drama (Zaju)=
===Task: Please read the [[English Summary of Dou E]]===
===Original Text: Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to [[Dou E]]”===
See also the Reader.

===Task: Please read your part of the original text and make a 3-sentence summary at the end of our part===

=Session 4: Ming novels I=
Dec 1 9:45-11:15 Ming novels I (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West)
==Journey to the West==
'''Presentation''' and homework [[Journey to the West]] by KMJ

The novel is extremely popular among children in Asia. This novel is one of the 4 Outstanding Novels 四大名著, and especially in Japan and Korea a best seller, next to the Three Kingdoms. The novel "Red Chamber Dreams" is more popular in Europe. One of the reasons may be, that the novel has animal characters and especially animals which are not so famous like monkeys and pigs.

The historical background of the novel is that from the 1st Century AD buddhism came to China. In Tang Dynasty, Buddhist religion flourished in China and among the first monks who travelled from China to India to collect Buddhist scriptures was 玄奘 Xuánzàng (600-664) n. 〈hist.〉 Budd. priest, also known as San Zang or Tripitaka. He visited India 629-645 and returned with many Buddhist scriptures, so called "sutra". The novel uses this historical setting, but one of the legendary accompaniers, Sun Wukong, the monkey king, becomes the new protagonist.

==Three Kingdoms==
'''Presentation''' and homework [[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]] by AX

'''Explanations to prepare ppt and texts:'''

Every student preparing a topic in class is asked to find the original Chinese text (they are all available on the internet), create a link under the respective session with a second page (the wiki admin can help with it), copy the full text there (if the text is too long, you will have to be split it in several websites (the wiki admin can help) or you simply select only extracts from it which you find worth reading. Please also select a part of the text, which the wiki admin can split again into small sections, each student only needs to read a small section and write a short summary in English beneath (as you know from the Yuan zaju). The Wiki admin then makes another link from the course homepage to the homework section of the text.

The presentations should be in powerpoint format, be uploaded to the course website in advance and should introduce the text, embed it in its social-historical context including relevant information about the author etc. You should also take some examples from the text and explain them, so that the fellow students understand your approach to the text. This presentation can be about 15 minutes. I will continue to present the text after the powerpoint, but the student should stay in front in order to develop the teaching sometimes in dialogue form. For the 2nd part of the class, the presenting student should prepare something interactive, e.g. hand out paper sheets with short texts and ask fellow students to enact the story with the help of the paper sheets. You should also use mentimeter.com to make a short survey or get feedback etc.

You cannot read so many books in just a few days. Don't forget that you still have other courses and homework. So please just provide summaries to read for the students and small extracts which the students should actually read to get an impression of the original text.

Every student should do a presentation. If there are less sessions than students, two students will have to present in the same session. However, every student should still have his/her own topic. In some sessions, there are more works in one session, and then two students can pick one work each.

There are not many sessions covered with the Reader. You will have to look for most of the texts online, but they are easy to find.

==Grades for translaltion homework "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" text==

*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL (+100)
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY (+100)
*YL
*FMJ
*AX (+100)
*WXT (+100)
*AD
*SSM
*ABE (+100)

==Grades for translation homework - "The Journey to the West" text==

*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL (+100)
*KMJ (+100)
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX (+100)
*WXT (+100)
*AD
*SSM
*ABE (+100)

=Session 5: Ming novels II=
Dec 7 8:00-9:30 (This is session no. 5 Ming novels II (Outlaws of the Marsh, The Scholars) YSY
==Outlaws of the Marsh==
Dec 7, 2023, 8:00-9:30, room 413

'''Presentation''' and homework [[Outlaws of the Marsh]] by YSY

Outlaws of the Marsh is a long heroic legend and it is one of the long masterpieces in ancient China. The story is created on the basis of Song Jiang uprising as the clue. The novel is one of the classical long vernacular novels loved mostly by Chinese. It is written in the Ming Dynasty. On the basis of stories, colloquial stories and dramas about the Marsh since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the author processed stories and created the novel. The book takes the peasant uprising led by Song Jiang as the main subject and presents an artistic reproduction of moving and tragic picture of ancient Chinese fighting against oppression to carry out heroic struggles. It fully exposes corruption and brutality of the feudal ruling class, revealing sharp and opposing social conflicts and the cruel reality that "people are forced to rebel by officials ".

==Grades for translation homework - "Outlaws of the Marsh" text==

*WMF (+100)
*TXL
*WYX (+100)
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX (+100)
*YSY (+100)
*AHY (+100)
*YL (+100)
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT (+100)
*AD (+100)
*SSM (+100)
*LML (+100)
*AKR (+100)

==The Scholars==
儒林外史 Inofficial History of Confucian Scholars

=Session 6: Qing novel I=
Dec 8 9:45-11:15 Qing novel I (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams I) FMJ

See Reader.

==Dream of the Red Chamber==
'''Presentation''' and homework [[Dream of the Red Chamber]] by FMJ

Short introduction: "Dream of the Red Chamber" is one of the most important classical novels in the history of Chinese literature (one of the 四大著名). It was written in the 18th century (during the reign of the Qing dynasty) by Cao Xueqin. The author's approach shattered conventions in traditional Chinese fiction, setting a new standard for literary expression, as the characters created by him, are neither fully good nor fully bad. The whole number of characters that appeared in the novel is almost 400 (with 40 major characters). The main plot of this book is focused on 贾宝玉 and his affection towards 林黛玉, however, we can not overlook the fact that it also presents a detailed portrayal of Chinese culture and Chinese society during that time.

==Grades for translation homework - "Dream of the Red Chamber" text==

*WMF (+100)
*TXL
*WYX (+100)
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX (+100)
*YSY (+100)
*AHY (+100)
*YL
*FMJ (+100)
*AX
*WXT (+100)
*AD (+100)
*SSM
*LML (+100)
*AKR (+100)

=Session 7: Dec 14 8:00-9:30 Dystopian literature=
*7 Dec 14 8:00-9:30 Late Qing dystopian literature
#Liang Qichao: The Future of New China LML
#Kang Youwei: Datong shu WXT

==The Book of Great Unity==

'''Presentation''' and homework: [[Datong Shu]] by Wiktoria 王晓彤

Short introduction: In the early twentieth century, the great Chinese thinker and reformer Kang Youwei wrote a book entitled ''Datong shu'' (The Book of Great Unity) in which he put forward an original and radical interpretation of “datong”. The book describes the long march of mankind from division to unity, while defying any strict categorization. It describes the “world of tomorrow” with its technological, political, and social wonders, it also includes significant pieces of historical, political, religious, and scientific literature dealing with the past and the present.

==The Future of New China==

Presentation and homework:

[[The Future of New China]] ૮ ・ﻌ・ა by LML

The Future of New China is a political novel by Liang Qichao. The novel was published in the year 1902 and predicts the prosperity of the "New China" 60 years later. One of the main characters Huang Keqiang (黃興) advocates a constitutional monarchy, and on the other hand, his son Li Laijie (李去病) advocates a french-style revolution. The two sides engage in a heated debate!

==Teacher information: Liang Qichao==
Liang Qichao, An account of the Future of New China, 1902

Liang Qichao, offered an alternative reading of the stages China would take on the road to Great Harmony in an unfinished work on the future, composed in 1902, entitled An Account of the Future of New China (Liang, 1902). The centrepiece of the story is a series of speeches on 'China's History these Sixty Years Past' delivered to an international assembly in Shanghai, 'on the first day of the first month in the Year of Confucius 2513 ... or 1962 on the Western calendar'. The fictional speaker was Kong Juemin, a descendant of Confucius (Kong) whose given name (Juemin) meant 'awaken the people'. The fictional occasion was the 50th anniversary of the birth of New China, an anniversary that fortuitously marked the founding of the International Peace Congress in 1962 following the 'Hungarian Conference' some years before. The event marked the birth of Great Harmony on earth.

By Liang's account, world leaders selected New China to host the launch of the new international body in recognition of that country's role in planning and creating the new global order. Leaders and dignitaries from all major countries gathered in China in January 1962 to attend the two ceremonies, one commemorating the achievements of New China and the other the birth of the new global order. Visiting dignitaries included the King and Queen of Britain, the Emperor and Empress of Japan, and the Presidents (take note: "presidents" predicts Liang) of Russia, Hungary and the Philippines. Lesser dignatories, including religious leaders of all persuasions ('this is known as Great Harmony') met in Shanghai along with thousands of scholars and tens of thousands of university students from around the globe (Liang, 1902: 2-3).

Among the men and women who crowded into Kong's lectures on the history of the past 60 years were 1000 foreigners, all fluent in Chinese. Since the start of the reform era, the author points out, thousands of American and European students had come to learn the language in order to keep up with developments in China. By 1962, some 30,000 foreign students were enrolled in local universities and colleges. Most preferred to stay in China. To the time in question (1962) fewer than 1200 students had returned to their home countries to work. The West had a serious brain-drain problem on its hands.

Kong began his lectures reflecting on the qualities that had made China a great power, specifically patriotism, selflessness and democracy. China succeeded because its people had learned to put their country before themselves (Liang, 1902: 5). This marked a radical break with 'Old China': 'Our China died long ago ... in fact this is the point [of departure] for the continuation of New China'. By 1962, China had become a liberal democracy with three major parties competing for ascendancy: a centralist State Power Party (guoquandang), a decentralist Patriotic Self-Government Party (Aiguo zizhidang) and a party committed to the well-being of the individual, the Liberal Party (ziyoudang). Each of these parties had its origins in an earlier Constitutional Party (xianzhengdang), founded in 1902, consisting of a grand alliance of all existing reformist, revolutionary and secret society organisations which combined forces to introduce constitutional government to China. Three core principles governed the organisation of this seminal political alliance: first, that the choice of a monarchical, republican or federalist constitution should be determined by public plebiscite. That is to say, all members' agreed to implement constitutional rule according to the wishes of the people, irrespective of their differences over the form that the constitution should take.

Second, the party's rules and procedures for dealing with internal matters should reflect those that an enlightened government would employ in governing a country. Third, party membership was open to all who shared the constitutional aims of the party, and conferred equality on members regardless of their social status, profession or gender (Liang, 1902: 7-8).

This brief narrative history of New China to 1962 occupies only a small part of Kong Juemin's talks. By far the longest section of the lectures is devoted to a verbatim account of an old debate between two founding members of the Constitutional Party about China's future. One was Huang Keqiang, son of a noted Cantonese scholar. Old Mr Huang despatched his son and another student, Li Yunbing, to Britain to study English and learn the ways of the West. He prepared them for their departure by exposing them to the works of Kang Youwei (Liang Qichao's own teacher, and the author of Great Harmony Philosophy, 1902 [1935]), and by introducing them to Tan Sitong, who was just completing his Renxue (1896, noted above). They were among the first to read the work.

On reaching England they gained entry to Oxford. They graduated around the time of the 'Hundred Days Reform', in 1898, an actual historical event associated with Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong and a party of their supporters and students, including the author of the story himself, Liang Qichao.

The tragic outcome of the reforms forced the two students to delay their return to China.

Their return was precipitated by the discovery that the universal truths they had been seeking in Europe were compromised by the Europeans themselves.

The prevailing mood in Europe soured against China around the time of the Boxer Uprising in 1900. The two young men observed that Kaiser Wilhelm II, author of the Yellow Peril scare, now 'said many things that were not in keeping with human morality' and that the German press resorted to terms such as 'pigtails' and 'yellow monkeys' in referring to the Chinese people. This encounter with racism in Europe inaugurates their journey home, and launches them into their dialogue on the future of China (Liang 1902: 17).

'Which country will be China's future master?', they ask on their journey home. And what of the 'future of New China'? Their disagreements centre on what was to be done to ensure that the Chinese people achieved mastery over their own national destiny - Huang arguing that the best solution lay in working with the present Manchu court, and Li that the Manchu court was part of the problem. Their contrasting positions reflected the reformist and revolutionary positions of the day. Liang Qichao gave each side a fair hearing over 25 pages of his 40-page story but came down strongly on the side of the reformers who wished to preserve the Manchu Dynasty under a form of constitutional rule. On the question of how to involve China's 'four hundred million citizens' in the struggle they were in basic agreement. Both conceded that the majority of the Chinese people were 'asleep, living in dreams' [emphasis added], and that it was the responsibility of the awakened few such as themselves ('people who already know') to wake them up.

====Original====

Liang Qichao (1902 [1936]) 梁啓超 Liang Qichao, 新中國未來記 An account of the Future of New China, 1902, in Liang Qichao, Yinbingshi zhuanji [Monographs from the Ice Drinker's Studio]. Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju.

English summary

John Fitzgerald, The Unfinished History of China's Future, in: Thesis Eleven 1999 57:17, here pp. 21-23, http://the.sagepub.com/content/57/1/17

===Foreword to the Publication of Political Novels in Translation===

Liang Qichao

The genre of political novel originated in the West. It is human nature to dread the solemn and to take delight in the humorous. Hence, classical music puts us to sleep, whereas songs of the States of Zheng and Wei cause us to lose ourselves in lewdness and become oblivious to our fatigue. This is indeed a characteristic trait of human nature, and even the sages could not tamper with it. A.good teacher should guide his pupil in the direction that his temperament will naturally proceed. Thus, he sometimes resorts to subtle humour and sometimes uses parables to convey his meanings. Mencius, for instance, draws an analogy between King Xuan of Qi and the ancient wise men who were fond of wealth and women as banter to conceal his [p. 72] subtle remonstrations. and Qu Yuan compares the King of Chu to a beautiful lady and fragrant plants to express his loyalty to and love for the state of Chu. These two works in many ways yield a greater impact than solemn discourses and imposing argumentation; they should not be snubbed merely because they lack a satirical and tendentious edge.
Although Chinese fiction is included in the nine schools of literature and philosophy, very few good works have been written since the time of Yu Chu. Stories about heroes are all patterned after The Water Margin, whereas those about love imitate The Dream of the Red Chamber. Taken as a whole, Chinese novels invariably teach us either robbery or lust. Lost in a vicious circle, the novelists are unable to rise above the quagmire. For this reason, knowledgeable men often scorn the mere mention of fiction.
However, as human nature detests the solemn and finds delight in the humorous, even serious pedagogues read The Dream of the Red Chamber and talk about The Water Margin during their spare time. Works of fiction are, in the end, very difficult to ban. Instead of banning the reading of fiction, then, would it not be much better to allow people to follow their natural inclinations and guide them accordingly?
There is indeed a great deal of truth in Mr. Kang Youwei's observation that people with low levels of literacy will often stay away from the classics but cannot do without fiction. Fiction should therefore seek to teach where the Six Classics have failed to teach, to convey lessons where the official histories have failed to convey, to illuminatewhere the recorded sayings
are unable to illuminate, and to govern where laws have failed. In the world, experienced men are few, and the ignorant are innumerable; those well-versed in literature are few, and those who can barely read legion. The Six Classics are indeed elegant, but if they are not read and understood, they are just pearls cast before swine.

[p. 73]

A story goes that Confucius once lost his horse. His disciple Zi Gong failed in retrieving the horse, whereas the man who had reared the horse succeeded in recovering it. Does this mean that Zi Gong was intellectually inferior to the horseman? Things are grouped according to their kind and men according to their class. If the giant Dragon Earl spoke in his language to the dwarf of the Jiaoyao of Kingdom, he would not be understood. Now there are few people in China who can read, and those who are well versed in literature are even rarer. In view of this, fiction could be added to increase the numerical classifications of writing from seven to eight, or appended to the four bibliographic categories as a fifth component.

When the Reformation was first launched in the countries of Europe, men of great learning and dedicated scholars would often use fiction as a vehicle to record their political views. Serious pedagogues would read and discuss these works during their leisure. Novels were read and discussed by soldiers, merchants, peasants, artisans, cabmen, grooms, women, and young children. A newly published book could often influence and change the views and arguments of the whole nation. Indeed, political novels should be given the highest credit for being instrumental in the steady progress made in the political sphere in America, England, Germany, France, Austria, Italy, and Japan. A celebrated scholar in England once remarked that fiction is the soul of the people. How true! How true! It is precisely for this reason that we are now specially selecting works by celebrated foreign scholars that are relevant to the current situation in China and then translating and publishing them by installment in this newspaper. In so doing, we hope to make them accessible to our compatriots.

Translated by Gek Nai Cheng

Notes
Liang Qichao "Yi yinzhengzhi xiaoshuo xu" [chin. characters] Qingyi bao [chin. characters] (1898); reprinted in ZGJDWLX 1:155-56. This essay was a "foreword to a projected series of political novels to be translated into Chinese and published in Liang s journal Qing yi bao (The China discussion).

Mencius, 1B.5. In a reply to King Xuan of Qi [chin. characters], who gives as excuses for not implementing the kingly government his weaknesses for wealth and women, Mencius cites the examples of Duke Liu [chin. characters], who was fond of wealth, and King Tai of Zhou [chin. characters], who was fond of women. Despite their weaknesses these two men could still practice kingly government. Hence Mencius admonishes King Xuanof Qi that if only he could give the people power to gratify the same feelings, there would be no difficulty in attaining the royal power.

According to the Bibliographic Section in Han shu [chin. characters], compiled by Ban Gu [chin. characters], there are ten schools of literature and philosophy (Confucian, Daoist, J?ivination, Legalist, Logician, Mohist, olitics, Miscellaneous, Agriculture, and Xiaoshuo [chin. characters]), although "only nine of them are worth reading" (qi keguanzhe jiu iia eryi; [chin. characters]). Fiction, thert,was not included in the nine schools.

According to the Bibliographic Section in Han shu, Yu Chu [chin. characters] (ca. 104 B.C.) compi1ed Zhou shuo [chin. characters]. (Tales of the Zhou dynasty) , a work in the tradition of Shal1 hai jing [chin. characters] and Mu tianzi zhuan [chin. characters]. The work is no longer extant.

Qilüe 七略 are the seven classifications of writing as compiled by Liu Xin 劉歆 (ca. 46 B.C. - A.D. 23) in he Han dynasty around 7 B.C. They are classics, arts, philosophy, poetry, divination and numerics, medicine and surgery. '.

Sibu 四部 are the four bibliographic classifications of classics, history, philosophy, an literature, devised by Xun Xu 荀勖 (d. AD. 289) to categorize all books.

=Session 8: Republican literature I=
*8 Dec 15 9:45-11:15 Republican literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo) WYX
Presentation and homework [[A Madman's Diary]] by WYX

==Grades for translation homework - Republican literature I==
*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT
*AD
*SSM
*LML
*AKR

==Grades for translation homework - Republican literature==
*WMF

=Session 9: Modern literature=
*9, Jan 12 9:45-11:15 Modern literature
Presentation and homework
#Underground poets, Mo Yan, [[Mo Yan ppt]] by AHY
#Wang Meng [[Wang Meng ppt]] SSM
==Grades for translation homework - Modern literature ==
*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT
*AD
*SSM
*LML
*AKR

=Session 10: Thursday Jan 26 9:45-11:15 Contemporary literature (Zhang Wei: The ancient ship) ZYX (teacher: Han Han, Xu Zechen)=

Presentation and homework: [[The Ancient Ship]] by ZYX

Short introduction: Zhang Wei's novel “The Ancient Ship” is set during the first forty years after the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The main events of the novel take place with three generations of the Sui, Zhao and Li families living in the fictional city of Wali in Shandong province, who face the major campaigns from the late 1940s to the 1980s, beginning with the land reform and ending with the Cultural Revolution. The author, with the help of the characters in his story "The Ancient Ship", reveals to readers the circumstances in which people lived at that time, helping to provide a glimpse into the history of China during those days.
The main setting is an old noodle factory, which has always been in the hands of one Sui family but has now been taken over by Zhao Duoduo, leading to a confrontation between Sui Jiansu and Zhao Duoduo. In addition, in the novel, the author describes to us the hard fates of the characters, as well as the idea that it is impossible to escape from paying for the atrocities, which of course leads to a terrible ending. Furthermore, one of the main themes of the novel is a person's moral values and how fragile they are when inhibitions are removed and a person's cruel side can be revealed.

==Grades for translation homework - Contemporary literature I==

*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT
*AD
*SSM
*LML
*AKR

=Session 11 Jan 30, 2024 8:00-9:30 Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com) WMF=
=Session 12: 12 Jan 30 9:45-11:15 Han Shaogong: Maqiao Cidian, presented by JL=
Presentation and homework: [[Maqiao Cidian]] by JL

Short introduction:
From the daring imagination of one of China’s greatest living novelists comes a work of startling power and originality–the story of a young man “displaced” to a small village in rural China during the 1960s. Told in the format of a dictionary, with a series of vignettes disguised as entries, A Dictionary of Maqiao is a novel of bold invention–and a fascinating, comic, deeply moving journey through the dark heart of the Cultural Revolution.
Entries trace the wisdom and absurdities of Maqiao: the petty squabbles, family grudges, poverty, infidelities, fantasies, lunatics, bullies, superstitions, and especially the odd logic in their use of language–where the word for “beginning” is the same as the word for “end”; “little big brother” means older sister; to be “scientific” means to be lazy; and “streetsickness” is a disease afflicting villagers visiting urban areas. Filled with colorful characters–from a weeping ox to a man so poisonous that snakes die when they bite him–A Dictionary of Maqiao is both an important work of Chinese literature and a probing inquiry into the extraordinary power of language.

==Grades for translation homework - Contemporary literature II ==
*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT
*AD
*SSM
*LML
*AKR

=Session 13: Feb 1, 2024 8:00-9:30 Web Literature 晏黎 YL, (excerpts live on http://qidian.com) WMF=

Presentation and homework: [[The Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation]] by YL

Short introduction:The Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation is a web novel written by an anonymous writer with an alias MoXiang TongXiu. It is a fantasy historical novel with many plot lines and twists. It focuses on the story of the main character, Wei Wuxian, who after experiencing war, torture and loss begins his journey with the new cultivation method for which he was in the end killed. The story is divided into two parts: Wei Wuxian’s first and second life. The first one is focused on main character’s journey through moral dilemmas while facing an enemy. This storyline occurs when the main characters are still learning the ways of Cultivation as teenagers, and focuses on the Wen Sect growing in power and trying to control/dominate the other Sects. The second part which occurs after his reincarnation, 16 years after his death, shows the main character (after his reincarnation) along with his partner, Lan Wangji, solving a case of mysterious murder and uncovering sudden political and internal schemes. The novel is quite complex thanks to the huge amount of characters and plotlines, moral dilemmas and compelling villains.

Presentation and homework: [[I am this type of woman]] by WMF

=Session 14 Feb 1 9:45-11:15 Science ﬁction I (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem, The Wandering Earth) AD=

LINK TO THE PRESENTATION: https://www.canva.com/design/DAF60pzIAP4/vmQpzuhp-UiQi7Z-j1tmgg/view?utm_content=DAF60pzIAP4&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_source=editor

Text : [[https://bou.de/u/wiki/The_Three_Body_Problem_by_Liu_Cixin]] by AD

Introduction: "The Three-Body Problem" is a science fiction novel by Chinese author Liu Cixin, first published in 2008. It's the first book in the Remembrance of Earth's Past trilogy. The story begins during China's Cultural Revolution, when a young astrophysicist, disturbed by the humanity's capacity for destruction, sends a message into space, inviting alien civilizations to intervene and take over Earth. Centuries later, the narrative shifts to present-day China, where scientist Wang Miao is recruited to investigate a series of inexplicable deaths among physicists. His investigations lead him to a virtual reality game called "Three Body," which is deeply intertwined with the mystery of the deaths and a global conspiracy.

👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽

=Session 14: Friday Feb 2 9:45-11:15 Science Fiction II, presented by 田小龙=

Presentation (Yu Hua's literature) and homework (China in ten words) by TXL

=Session 15 Feb 2 8:00-9:30 , Science Fiction II (锺馗) 田小龙 TXL=
=Deadline until Feb 9 9:45-11:15 Final Paper (homework)=

=Syllabus=
Krytyczny przegląd literatury chińskiej
Educational subject description sheet
==Basic information==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Field of study
Sinologia
Speciality
-
Department
Faculty of Modern Languages and Literatures
Study level
Second-cycle programme
Study form
Full-time
Education proﬁle
General academic
</td>
<td>
Didactic cycle
2023/24
Subject code
09SNLS.21K.05754.23
Lecture languages
Chinese
Mandatory
Obligatory
Block
Major subjects
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Subject coordinator
</td>
<td>
Kamil Burkiewicz
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Lecturer
</td>
<td>
Kamil Burkiewicz
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Period</h2>
Semester 1
<h2>Activities and hours</h2>
• Conversatory classes: 30, Graded credit
<h2>Number of</h2>
<h2>ECTS points</h2>
3 
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_002.png" width="682"
height="1"> 
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_003.png" width="681"
height="55">
1 / 5
==Goals==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Code
</td>
<td>
Goal
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
C1
</td>
<td>
The course aims to let students get an
overview and understand certain characteristics of Chinese
literature from 2,500 years ago until today by reading
prominent examples and increasing reading ability in
Chinese as a Foreign Language.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
C2
</td>
<td>
The selection of works aims at displaying the
continuity and development over 2,500 years and showing
the great variety of genres, styles and forms.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
C3
</td>
<td>
The course aims to let students understand
research methods, compare literary works, learn the
relevant terminology, understand challenges and topics of
Chinese civilization, are able to trace back cultural
roots of contemporary phenomena/beliefs, appreciate the
work of experts in the ﬁeld, critically evaluate their
knowledge and update it.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Entry requirements</h1>
Chinese level of at least B2 of the European Framework of
References for Languages (CEFR).
<h1>Subject's learning outcomes</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Code
</td>
<td>
Outcomes in terms of
</td>
<td>
Learning outcomes
</td>
<td>
Examination methods
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Knowledge – Student:
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W1
</td>
<td>
has a wide knowledge of Chinese literature
from classical to modern
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W02, SNL_K2_W05
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W2
</td>
<td>
knows the theories and research methodology in
the ﬁeld of sinology in relation to literary studies
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W03
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W3
</td>
<td>
knows selected issues of comparative
literature against the background of the ongoing processes
of cultural exchange and globalization
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W04
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W4
</td>
<td>
knows the rich terminology in the ﬁeld of
sinology in the ﬁeld of literary studies
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W05
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W5
</td>
<td>
knows and understand deeply the fundamental
dilemmas and challenges of contemporary civilization
related to the literature of East Asia/China
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W08
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Skills – Student:
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
U1
</td>
<td>
formulates and tests hypotheses related to
simple research problems and tasks, as well as communicate
their observations
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_U01
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Social competences – Student:
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
K1
</td>
<td>
is ready to critically evaluate the acquired
knowledge of Chinese literature and to constantly update
it
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_K01
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
K2
</td>
<td>
is ready to deeply appreciate the importance
of specialist knowledge in solving cognitive problems
related to multiculturalism and intercultural
communication
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_K02
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_004.png" width="682"
height="1">
2 / 5
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
K3
</td>
<td>
is ready to critically consult problems that
he/she is unable to solve on his/her own with experts in
relevant scientiﬁc ﬁelds and to actively cooperate with
them in search of appropriate solutions
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_K03
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Study content</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
No.
</td>
<td>
Course content
</td>
<td>
Subject's learning outcomes
</td>
<td>
Activities
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
1.
</td>
<td>
Song Poetry
</td>
<td>
W1, W2, W4, U1, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
2.
</td>
<td>
Yuan Drama
</td>
<td>
W1, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
3.
</td>
<td>
Ming Novels
</td>
<td>
W1, U1, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
4.
</td>
<td>
Qing novels
</td>
<td>
W1, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
5.
</td>
<td>
Late Qing literature
</td>
<td>
W1, K2, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
6.
</td>
<td>
Republican literature
</td>
<td>
W1, W2, W3, W4, U1, K1
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
7.
</td>
<td>
Modern literature
</td>
<td>
W1, W2, W4, W5
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
8.
</td>
<td>
Contemporary literature
</td>
<td>
W1, W4, W5, K1
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
9.
</td>
<td>
Web literature
</td>
<td>
W1, W4, W5, K1
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
10.
</td>
<td>
Science ﬁction
</td>
<td>
W1, W5, K2
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Course advanced</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Activities
</td>
<td>
Teaching and learning methods and activities
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
<td>
Conversation lecture, Discussion, Work with
text, Problem-based learning, Work in groups, Creative
writing and reviewing fellow students' work
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Activities
</td>
<td>
Credit conditions
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
<td>
Students are required to prepare for each
class, including preliminary reading of indicated texts
and checking of new words. The completion of this
obligation will be checked through online multiple-choice
tests.
Each student will prepare one short oral
presentation.
The semester essay should contain at least
1000 Chinese characters.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_005.png" width="682"
height="1">
3 / 5
==Literature==
===Obligatory===
1. Woesler Martin (ed.) 2023. Reader Chinese Literature –
Selections, Bochum: European University Press [free e-book copies
provided].
===Optional===
#Song Poems (ci): Su Dongpo: “Autumn day in Kui Prefecture”
#Yuan Drama (Zaju): Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to Dou E”
#Ming novels (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West, Outlaws of the Marsh, The Scholars)
#Qing novels (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams)
#Late Qing dystopian literature (Liang Qichao: The Future of New China, Kang Youwei: Datong shu)
#Republican literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Zhou Zuoren, Yu Dafu)
#Modern literature (Underground poets, Wang Meng, Mo Yan)
#Contemporary literature (Han Han, Zhang Wei, Xu Zechen, Han Shaogong)
#Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com)
#Science ﬁction (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem, The Wandering Earth)

==Calculation of ECTS points==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Activity form
</td>
<td>
Activity hours*
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
<td>
30
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Preparation for classes
</td>
<td>
10
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Reading the indicated literature
</td>
<td>
20
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Preparation of a multimedia presentation
</td>
<td>
5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Other
</td>
<td>
10
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Paper preparation
</td>
<td>
5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Preparation for the assessment
</td>
<td>
10
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Student workload
</td>
<td>
Hours
90
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Number of ECTS points
</td>
<td>
ECTS
3
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
* hour means 45 minutes 
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_006.png" width="682"
height="1">
4 / 5
==Learning outcomes==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Code
</td>
<td>
Content
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_K01
</td>
<td>
The graduate is ready to krytycznej oceny
zdobywanej wiedzy o języku i literaturze chińskiej i
ciągłego jej aktualizowania.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_K02
</td>
<td>
The graduate is ready to dogłębnego doceniania
znaczenia wiedzy specjalistycznej w rozwiązywaniu
problemów poznawczych i językowych związanych z
wielokulturowością i komunikacją międzykulturową.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_K03
</td>
<td>
The graduate is ready to krytycznego
konsultowania problemów, których nie jest w stanie
samodzielnie rozwiązać, z ekspertami w odpowiednich
dziedzinach naukowych i aktywnego współdziałania z nimi w
poszukiwaniu właściwych rozwiązań.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_U01
</td>
<td>
The graduate can formułować i testować
hipotezy związane z prostymi problemami badawczymi i
realizowanymi zadaniami, a także komunikować swoje
spostrzeżenia.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W02
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands w
pogłębionym stopniu wybrane fakty, pojęcia i kluczowe
zagadnienia z językoznawstwa, literaturoznawstwa i badań
interdyscyplinarnych w obszarze sinologii.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W03
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands teorie i
metodologie badań z wybranej dyscypliny (językoznawstwo
bądź literaturoznawstwo sinologiczne) właściwe dla różnych
szkół badawczych i paradygmatów, a także ich główne
tendencje rozwojowe.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W04
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands wybrane
zagadnienia komparatystyki językowej lub literackiej i
translatoryki na tle zachodzących procesów wymiany
kulturowej i globalizacji.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W05
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands bogatą
terminologię z zakresu sinologii w obszarze badań
językoznawczych, literaturoznawczych i
interdyscyplinarnych.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W08
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands w
pogłębionym stopniu fundamentalne dylematy i wyzwania
współczesnej cywilizacji związane z językami, literaturą i
kulturą Azji Wschodniej.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Critical Review of Chinese Literature

2024-02-08T11:07:44Z

Tian Xiaolong: /* Session 14: Friday Feb 2 9:45-11:15 Science Fiction II, presented by 田小龙 */

FRI 9:45-11:15 sal. 413 Critical Review of Chinese Literature Krytyczny przeglad literatury
chinskiej SIN m I (1) 30, fall 2023, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan

Please follow this link to the [[crit_lit_20230131|final paper]] page. Please list your topics there and start writing as soon as you get the ok by the teacher.
=Session 1: Organizational Things and Self-Introduction=
*教学助理 - AKR [[Teaching assistant]]
*维基管理员 - LML [[Wiki admin]]
==Student roll (1st year Master)==
#WMF 大學老師和教育翻譯電腦游戲本地化
#TXL 外交官對亞洲、歷史感興趣，因爲瞭解到日本的歷史責任轉到對中國感興趣喜歡讀書 23，畢業以後參加外交部的考試
#WYX 新疆語言政策筆譯翻譯喜歡文學
#JL 中国人觉得他们的精英怎么样？古代和20世紀的中國人翻譯波蘭文學翻譯成漢語，數學數據分析
#KMJ 在中國文學裏翻譯成中文的西方外文名稱，外語，老師
#LML 對中國文化感興趣，外語，翻譯
#ZYX 外語（俄語、烏克蘭語、波蘭語、漢語、英語）
#YSY 外語（俄語、英語、漢語、波蘭語、韓文）、lgbt的詞語、語言分析
#AHY 中國文化，文學，歷史中國農村宗教（武俠電影）
#YL 动物象征，对仙侠电视剧的影响外语（英語老師、波蘭語、漢語）以後要學韓語、泰語西哈(Hip Hop)跳舞
#AKR 華沙大學、中醫：氣功的發展
#FMJ 翻譯粵語、中國方言和文字
#AX 從小對中國文化感興趣，要儅漢語老師成都方言（語法）
#WXT 中國文化和文學、喜歡看文學、相當筆譯，翻譯小説，奇幻小説（Fantasy）中國長篇小説的兩種英文翻譯
#AD 外語、俄語、學西班牙語營業代表喜歡音樂，自己創造音樂跳舞（Dance Hall）美國和中國在天空的比賽現在：文學題目

===课程安排 Schedule of Literary Works (schedule, topics and presenters - please add your name)===
Please write your names behind the topics
*1 Oct 6, 2023 9:45-11:15 424 Organizational things
*2 Oct 13 9:45-11:15 Song Poems (ci): Su Dongpo: "Trampled Green"
*3 Oct 27 9:45-11:15 Yuan Drama (Zaju): Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to Dou E”
*4 Dec 1 9:45-11:15 Ming novels I (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West) KMJ, AX
*5 Dec 7 8:00-9:30 Ming novels II (The Scholars, Outlaws of the Marsh) YSY
*6 Dec 8 9:45-11:15 Qing novels (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams) FMJ
*7 Dec 14 8:00-9:30 Late Qing dystopian literature (Liang Qichao: The Future of New China) LML, (Kang Youwei: Datong shu) WXT
*8 Dec 15 9:45-11:15 Republican literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo) WYX
*9 Jan 12 9:45-11:15 Modern literature (Underground poets, Mo Yan) AHY, （Wang Meng） SSM
*10 Jan 26 9:45-11:15 Contemporary literature (Zhang Wei) ZYX (teacher: Han Han, Xu Zechen)
*11 Jan 30, 2024 8:00-9:30 Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com) WMF
*12 Jan 30 9:45-11:15 Han Shaogong JL
*13 Feb 1, 2024 8:00-9:30 Web Literature YL
*14 Feb 1 9:45-11:15 Science ﬁction I (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem) AD
*15 Feb 2 8:00-9:30 , Science Fiction II (Liu Cixin: The Wandering Earth) TXL
*Final Paper (homework) - new submission deadline Feb 8

=Session 2: Su Dongpo - Families on a Spring Outing=
'''和子由踏青'''
Go on a Spring Outing with [my little brother] Ziyou

朝代：宋朝|作者：蘇軾

春風陌上驚微塵，遊人初樂歲華新。

The spring wind surprisingly whirls small dust onto the paths

Strollers enjoy the new season for the first time,

人閑正好路旁飲，麥短未怕遊車輪。

For the idle people there are rightly prepared (?) drinks at the roadside,

the grain sprouts fearless of the wheels of the strollers' vehicles.

城中居人厭城郭，喧闐①曉出空四鄰。

The city inhabitants detest the city walls

at daybreak, the voices' and drums' noise drives out all the neighbors from the city.

歌鼓驚山草木動，簞②瓢散野烏鳶馴。

The sound of songs and drums alarm the mountains and the plants tremble,

baskets are scattered on the fields, crows and milans pick without fear.

何人聚眾稱道人？③遮道④賣符色怒嗔：

WXT: Who is he who calls himself a Taoist among the crowd gathered around him? He blocks the way and sells talismans with an angry expression.

YSY: Who’s the one that claims to be a Taoist? Everyone gathers around him as he’s blocking the pathway, selling talismans with an angry expression.

LWL: Who gathered the crowd and calls himself a Taoist?
The one that is blocking the road, who sells talismans with angry expression.

YL: Who is gathering a crowd, calling himself a Taoist?
Blocking the road and selling Taoist charms in anger:

AD: Who draws the crowd? The taoist, who is blocking the road and is selling talismans with an angry frown.

JL: Who is there that claims to be a Taoist, attracting everyone around to watch?
I saw him blocking the road to sell talismans, blushing and boasting about them

ZYX: Who calls himself a Taoist, gathering crowds of people to watch?
He is blocking the road and selling talismans with an angry expression on his face:

FMJ: Who is that person, this Taoist priest? Blocking the way and selling talismans - with an angry expression he proclaims:

AX: Who is the person who calls himself a Taoist? The crowd gathering among him covers the road. He sells talismans with an angry expression saying:

“宜蠶使汝繭如甕，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

WXT: “It should cause your silkworms to make cocoons as big as urns, it should cause your sheep to become as big as deer.”

YSY: „It will make your silkworm cocoons as big as clay jars and your sheep as meaty as deer .”

LWL: “It will cause the cocoons of your silkworms to be as big as urns, your sheep to be as big as deer.”

YL: "Suitable for silkworms, their cocoons will be like urns,
suitable for livestock, it will be like elk."

AD: “It will make your silkworms build cocoons as firm as a jar and will make your sheep grow as big as a stag”

JL: “My talisman can make your domestic silkworm cocoon as big as an urn, and your sheep as round as a roe.”

ZYX: "My talisman will enable you to raise silkworms with cocoons as big as urns, and sheep as round as deer."

FMJ: „Your silkworm cocoons will be as solid as urns, your sheep will be as vital as stags.”

AX: "My talismans will provide silkworms with cocoons as large as clay jars, and sheep the size of deer."

路人未必信此語，強⑥為買服禳新春。

WXT: Passers-by may not believe in these words. Still, they reluctantly buy talismans to wear them for good luck in the New Year.

YSY: The people walking by don’t necessarily believe these words, but they reluctantly buy the talismans for good luck in the New Year anyway.

LWL: People walking by may not necessarily believe his words,but they still reluctantly buy the talismans to wear them for good luck in the New Year.

YL: Passers-by may not believe his words,
but they reluctantly buy the charms to celebrate the New Year.

AD: The crowd does not really trust these words, yet they buy the talismans to pray for blessings with the New Year.

JL: People may not believe what he said, but they reluctantly bought it and wore it on their bodies just to show their good luck in the New Year.

ZYX: Passers-by on the street may not necessarily believe his words, but they reluctantly bought and wore it just for the sake of good luck in the New Year.

FMJ: The people on the streets may not believed the Taoist’s words, yet still they reluctantly bought his talismans – just to secure good fortune for this New Year.

AX: Passers-by may not be entirely convinced of the truth of the Taoist's words, but reluctantly bought his talismans in order to protect good fortune in the New Year.

道人得錢徑沽酒，醉倒自謂吾符神⑦！

WXT: The Taoist earns the money and goes directly to buy some wine. Drunk, he says to himself: “My talismans truly are effective!”

YSY: When the Taoist earns enough money from the sale, he goes and buys some wine. Drunk, he says to himself: „My talismans really are working!”

Malwina：When the Taoist earned enough money, he went straight to buy himself some wine, in a drunken state he declared himself a talisman god!

YL: After obtaining the money, the Taoist buys wine straight away,
drunkenly calling himself a charm god!

AD: After collecting the money, the taoist goes straight to buy wine. He collapses drunkenly and calls himself the talisman god.

JL: When the Taoist could finally afford it, he went to buy wine and drink it by himself. After he got drunk, he ensured himself that his talismans were really spiritual.

ZYX: The Taoist earned money from the sale and went to buy wine to drink, got drunk and said to himself: "My talisman can really work!"

FMJ: When the Taoist obtained the money, he directly went to buy some wine, and then in a drunk state, he called himself the god of talismans.

AX: When the Taoist had earned enough money, he went to buy some wine. After he got drunk, proudly called himself the god of talismans!

何人聚眾稱道人？③遮道④賣符色怒嗔：

KMJ: Who in the crowd is a Taoist?
The one blocking the road that sells talismans, visibly angry:

“宜蠶使汝繭如甕，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

KMJ: "It suits the silkworms - cocoons of your silkworms will be as thick as an urn,
It suits the livestock, your sheep will be as big as deer."

路人未必信此語，強⑥為買服禳新春。

KMJ:Passers-by may not believe these words, yet they reluctantly buy talismans to wear them
for protection from bad luck in the New Year.

道人得錢徑沽酒，醉倒自謂吾符神⑦！

KMJ: The Taoist earns the money and goes straightaway to buy some wine,
Drunk, he says to himself: "My talismans are working!".
'''和子由踏青'''

AHY: Treading the green

YL：Green spring outing

朝代：宋朝|作者：苏轼

春风陌上惊微尘，游人初乐岁华新。

AHY: East wind stirs fine dust on the pathways,

fine opportunity for strollers to enjoy the new spring

YL: Eastern spring wind flutters fine dust on paths,
wanderers can enjoy the first taste of the new season.

人闲正好路旁饮，麦短未怕游车轮。

AHY: Season of idleness, just right for drinking by the side of the road,

to be crushed by carriage wheels - too short is the grain,

YL: Idleness period, just in time for drinks by the roadside,
even the short grain does not fear the carriage wheels.

城中居人厌城郭，喧阗①晓出空四邻。

AHY: City people detest the walls which surround them,

they bustle loudly at the break of day and leave the whole town empty,

YL: Residents of the city loathe the surrounding walls,
thundering at daybreak, vacating the town.

歌鼓惊山草木动，箪②瓢散野乌鸢驯。

AHY: Songs and rhythms shake the hills, grass and trees tremble,

picnic baskets scattered in the fields where crows pick them over,

YL: Songs and drums rattle the mountains, flora trembles,
baskets and ladles scattered on the fields where crows batten.

何人聚众称道人？③遮道④卖符色怒嗔：

AHY: Who is the one who draws the crowds there? A Taoist priest,

blocking the pathway, selling charms and frowning,

YL: Who is the one known as the Taoist priest gathering the crowds?
Blocks the way, selling talismans and scowling:

“宜蚕使汝茧如瓮，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

AHY: "It is good for silkworms - cocoons will be just like pots of water,

it is good for livestock, your sheep will be as big as a deer",

YL: "Ideal for silkworms, your cocoons will be as urns,
ideal for livestock, you sheep will be as deer."

路人未必信此语，强⑥为买服禳新春。

AHY: People passing by are not sure they believe his words,

yet they buy these charms in order to consecrate the spring,

YL: Passing people do not necessarily trust those words,
yet reluctantly buy the talismans to bless the new spring.

道人得钱径沽酒，醉倒自谓吾符神⑦！

AHY: The Taoist priest takes their money, and goes to a winehouse,

completely drunk he mumbles: "The charms, they really work!"

YL: The Taoist priest takes the money, directly goes to buy the wine,
and drunkenly proclaims himself a talisman god!

'''Hé zǐ yóu tàqīng'''

Cháodài: Sòngcháo | zuòzhě: Sū Shì

Chūnfēng mò shàng jīng wēichén, yóurén chū lè suìhuá xīn.

Rén xián zhènghǎo lùpáng yǐn, mài duǎn wèi pà yóu chēlún.

Chéngzhōng jū rén yàn chéngguō, xuāntián xiǎo chū kōng sìlín.

Gē gǔ jīng shān cǎomù dòng, dān piáo sàn yě wū yuān xùn.

Hérén jùzhòng chēngdào rén? Zhēdào mài fú sè nù chēn:

“Yí cán shǐ rǔ jiǎn rú wèng, yí xù shǐ rǔ yáng rú jūn.”

Lùrén wèibì xìn cǐ yǔ, qiáng wèi mǎi fú ráng xīnchūn.

Dàoren de qián jìng gūjiǔ, zuìdǎo zì wèi wú fú shén!

'''和子由踏青'''

Hé zǐ yóu tàqīng

朝代：宋朝|作者：苏轼

Cháodài: Sòngcháo | zuòzhě: Sū Shì

春风陌上惊微尘，游人初乐岁华新。

Chūnfēng mò shàng jīng wēichén, yóurén chū lè suìhuá xīn.

人闲正好路旁饮，麦短未怕游车轮。

Rén xián zhènghǎo lùpáng yǐn, mài duǎn wèi pà yóu chēlún.

城中居人厌城郭，喧阗①晓出空四邻。

Chéngzhōng jū rén yàn chéngguō, xuāntián xiǎo chū kōng sìlín.

①喧阗——形容人声、鼓声相杂。

歌鼓惊山草木动，箪②瓢散野乌鸢驯。

Gē gǔ jīng shān cǎomù dòng, dān piáo sàn yě wū yuān xùn.

②箪，食器；瓢，炊具。这句形容郊游的人有许多在那儿野餐，乌鸢也来捡食，并不避人。

何人聚众称道人？③遮道④卖符色怒嗔：

Hérén jùzhòng chēngdào rén? Zhēdào mài fú sè nù chēn:

③何人聚众称道人这句是倒装句，意思是说：那称道人的是什么人，众人都聚观他。

④遮道——拦路。

“宜蚕使汝茧如瓮，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

“Yí cán shǐ rǔ jiǎn rú wèng, yí xù shǐ rǔ yáng rú jūn.”

⑤瓮——瓦坛子。麇（jūn）——野獐子。这两句是说道人吹嘘他的符十分灵验；能使你的蚕茧像坛子那样粗大，羊饲得像獐子那样肥、那样健、那样活泼。

路人未必信此语，强⑥为买服禳新春。

Lùrén wèibì xìn cǐ yǔ, qiáng wèi mǎi fú ráng xīnchūn.

⑥强——勉强。服——佩带在身上。禳——祈福除灾。

道人得钱径沽酒，醉倒自谓吾符神⑦！

Dàoren de qián jìng gūjiǔ, zuìdǎo zì wèi wú fú shén!

⑦神——灵验。这句是说道人自己相信自己的符，颇有骗钱买酒的“灵验”。

此诗为公元1063年（嘉祐八年）正月苏轼在凤翔所作。苏轼弟苏辙时在京师侍父，当看到北方新年之初的异域风俗，不由想起了家乡眉山岁首乡俗，便写下了《踏青》、《蚕市》诗二首。苏轼应弟之作也和诗二首。这是其中之一。此诗描写了苏轼青少年时在家乡新春之际，与家人及“城中居人”游春踏青的盛况，具有浓郁的乡情。后四句刻化了一位骗钱道人的生动形象，增添了郊游的喜庆气氛。故乡的风俗民情令人倍感亲切，耐人回味。

译文：东风微排的田间小路上惊起了微尘，游人们开始来到野外感受春天的喜悦与温馨。人们难得清闲，正好停车在路旁小饮，麦苗短而柔韧，不怕那辗轧过来的车轮。城里人厌倦了高高的城墙，向往着郊外的景致，许多人家一大早就爬起来，用腾腾地涌出城来踏青。鼓乐声惊醒了冬眠的山岭，草木在欢歌笑语中摇动。野餐用的箪瓢遍野都是，前来捡食的乌鸢像列养熟了一样全不避人。那边是个什么人在自称道人，引得众人都来围观？只见他挡在路上卖符，脸红脖子粗地夸说它是多么灵：我这符能使你家养蚕结茧似瓮大，养羊如獐圆滚滚。路上的人未必就信他的话，只是为了图个新春吉利，才勉强买下佩带在身。道人卖得了钱就径自去买酒喝，醉倒后还自言自语说我这符可真灵。

Su Dongpo / Su Shi:

'''Trampled green'''

East wind whirls fine dust onto the streets:

First possibility for walkers,

to enjoy the new spring.

Season of idleness, just right

for refreshment at the roadside

The grain is still too short,

to be crushed by agricultural machinery.

City people sick through the walls around them.

Noisy start at daybreak,

leaving the whole city empty.

Songs and rhythms measure the hills,

Grass and trees shake,

Picnic baskets scattered in the fields,

where crows peck them out.

[[File:Trampled_Green.jpg|500px|thumb|left|Su Shi: Trampled Green]]

==End of Session 2==
*

=Session 3: Oct 27 9:45-11:15 Yuan Drama (Zaju)=
===Task: Please read the [[English Summary of Dou E]]===
===Original Text: Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to [[Dou E]]”===
See also the Reader.

===Task: Please read your part of the original text and make a 3-sentence summary at the end of our part===

=Session 4: Ming novels I=
Dec 1 9:45-11:15 Ming novels I (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West)
==Journey to the West==
'''Presentation''' and homework [[Journey to the West]] by KMJ

The novel is extremely popular among children in Asia. This novel is one of the 4 Outstanding Novels 四大名著, and especially in Japan and Korea a best seller, next to the Three Kingdoms. The novel "Red Chamber Dreams" is more popular in Europe. One of the reasons may be, that the novel has animal characters and especially animals which are not so famous like monkeys and pigs.

The historical background of the novel is that from the 1st Century AD buddhism came to China. In Tang Dynasty, Buddhist religion flourished in China and among the first monks who travelled from China to India to collect Buddhist scriptures was 玄奘 Xuánzàng (600-664) n. 〈hist.〉 Budd. priest, also known as San Zang or Tripitaka. He visited India 629-645 and returned with many Buddhist scriptures, so called "sutra". The novel uses this historical setting, but one of the legendary accompaniers, Sun Wukong, the monkey king, becomes the new protagonist.

==Three Kingdoms==
'''Presentation''' and homework [[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]] by AX

'''Explanations to prepare ppt and texts:'''

Every student preparing a topic in class is asked to find the original Chinese text (they are all available on the internet), create a link under the respective session with a second page (the wiki admin can help with it), copy the full text there (if the text is too long, you will have to be split it in several websites (the wiki admin can help) or you simply select only extracts from it which you find worth reading. Please also select a part of the text, which the wiki admin can split again into small sections, each student only needs to read a small section and write a short summary in English beneath (as you know from the Yuan zaju). The Wiki admin then makes another link from the course homepage to the homework section of the text.

The presentations should be in powerpoint format, be uploaded to the course website in advance and should introduce the text, embed it in its social-historical context including relevant information about the author etc. You should also take some examples from the text and explain them, so that the fellow students understand your approach to the text. This presentation can be about 15 minutes. I will continue to present the text after the powerpoint, but the student should stay in front in order to develop the teaching sometimes in dialogue form. For the 2nd part of the class, the presenting student should prepare something interactive, e.g. hand out paper sheets with short texts and ask fellow students to enact the story with the help of the paper sheets. You should also use mentimeter.com to make a short survey or get feedback etc.

You cannot read so many books in just a few days. Don't forget that you still have other courses and homework. So please just provide summaries to read for the students and small extracts which the students should actually read to get an impression of the original text.

Every student should do a presentation. If there are less sessions than students, two students will have to present in the same session. However, every student should still have his/her own topic. In some sessions, there are more works in one session, and then two students can pick one work each.

There are not many sessions covered with the Reader. You will have to look for most of the texts online, but they are easy to find.

==Grades for translaltion homework "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" text==

*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL (+100)
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY (+100)
*YL
*FMJ
*AX (+100)
*WXT (+100)
*AD
*SSM
*ABE (+100)

==Grades for translation homework - "The Journey to the West" text==

*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL (+100)
*KMJ (+100)
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX (+100)
*WXT (+100)
*AD
*SSM
*ABE (+100)

=Session 5: Ming novels II=
Dec 7 8:00-9:30 (This is session no. 5 Ming novels II (Outlaws of the Marsh, The Scholars) YSY
==Outlaws of the Marsh==
Dec 7, 2023, 8:00-9:30, room 413

'''Presentation''' and homework [[Outlaws of the Marsh]] by YSY

Outlaws of the Marsh is a long heroic legend and it is one of the long masterpieces in ancient China. The story is created on the basis of Song Jiang uprising as the clue. The novel is one of the classical long vernacular novels loved mostly by Chinese. It is written in the Ming Dynasty. On the basis of stories, colloquial stories and dramas about the Marsh since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the author processed stories and created the novel. The book takes the peasant uprising led by Song Jiang as the main subject and presents an artistic reproduction of moving and tragic picture of ancient Chinese fighting against oppression to carry out heroic struggles. It fully exposes corruption and brutality of the feudal ruling class, revealing sharp and opposing social conflicts and the cruel reality that "people are forced to rebel by officials ".

==Grades for translation homework - "Outlaws of the Marsh" text==

*WMF (+100)
*TXL
*WYX (+100)
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX (+100)
*YSY (+100)
*AHY (+100)
*YL (+100)
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT (+100)
*AD (+100)
*SSM (+100)
*LML (+100)
*AKR (+100)

==The Scholars==
儒林外史 Inofficial History of Confucian Scholars

=Session 6: Qing novel I=
Dec 8 9:45-11:15 Qing novel I (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams I) FMJ

See Reader.

==Dream of the Red Chamber==
'''Presentation''' and homework [[Dream of the Red Chamber]] by FMJ

Short introduction: "Dream of the Red Chamber" is one of the most important classical novels in the history of Chinese literature (one of the 四大著名). It was written in the 18th century (during the reign of the Qing dynasty) by Cao Xueqin. The author's approach shattered conventions in traditional Chinese fiction, setting a new standard for literary expression, as the characters created by him, are neither fully good nor fully bad. The whole number of characters that appeared in the novel is almost 400 (with 40 major characters). The main plot of this book is focused on 贾宝玉 and his affection towards 林黛玉, however, we can not overlook the fact that it also presents a detailed portrayal of Chinese culture and Chinese society during that time.

==Grades for translation homework - "Dream of the Red Chamber" text==

*WMF (+100)
*TXL
*WYX (+100)
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX (+100)
*YSY (+100)
*AHY (+100)
*YL
*FMJ (+100)
*AX
*WXT (+100)
*AD (+100)
*SSM
*LML (+100)
*AKR (+100)

=Session 7: Dec 14 8:00-9:30 Dystopian literature=
*7 Dec 14 8:00-9:30 Late Qing dystopian literature
#Liang Qichao: The Future of New China LML
#Kang Youwei: Datong shu WXT

==The Book of Great Unity==

'''Presentation''' and homework: [[Datong Shu]] by Wiktoria 王晓彤

Short introduction: In the early twentieth century, the great Chinese thinker and reformer Kang Youwei wrote a book entitled ''Datong shu'' (The Book of Great Unity) in which he put forward an original and radical interpretation of “datong”. The book describes the long march of mankind from division to unity, while defying any strict categorization. It describes the “world of tomorrow” with its technological, political, and social wonders, it also includes significant pieces of historical, political, religious, and scientific literature dealing with the past and the present.

==The Future of New China==

Presentation and homework:

[[The Future of New China]] ૮ ・ﻌ・ა by LML

The Future of New China is a political novel by Liang Qichao. The novel was published in the year 1902 and predicts the prosperity of the "New China" 60 years later. One of the main characters Huang Keqiang (黃興) advocates a constitutional monarchy, and on the other hand, his son Li Laijie (李去病) advocates a french-style revolution. The two sides engage in a heated debate!

==Teacher information: Liang Qichao==
Liang Qichao, An account of the Future of New China, 1902

Liang Qichao, offered an alternative reading of the stages China would take on the road to Great Harmony in an unfinished work on the future, composed in 1902, entitled An Account of the Future of New China (Liang, 1902). The centrepiece of the story is a series of speeches on 'China's History these Sixty Years Past' delivered to an international assembly in Shanghai, 'on the first day of the first month in the Year of Confucius 2513 ... or 1962 on the Western calendar'. The fictional speaker was Kong Juemin, a descendant of Confucius (Kong) whose given name (Juemin) meant 'awaken the people'. The fictional occasion was the 50th anniversary of the birth of New China, an anniversary that fortuitously marked the founding of the International Peace Congress in 1962 following the 'Hungarian Conference' some years before. The event marked the birth of Great Harmony on earth.

By Liang's account, world leaders selected New China to host the launch of the new international body in recognition of that country's role in planning and creating the new global order. Leaders and dignitaries from all major countries gathered in China in January 1962 to attend the two ceremonies, one commemorating the achievements of New China and the other the birth of the new global order. Visiting dignitaries included the King and Queen of Britain, the Emperor and Empress of Japan, and the Presidents (take note: "presidents" predicts Liang) of Russia, Hungary and the Philippines. Lesser dignatories, including religious leaders of all persuasions ('this is known as Great Harmony') met in Shanghai along with thousands of scholars and tens of thousands of university students from around the globe (Liang, 1902: 2-3).

Among the men and women who crowded into Kong's lectures on the history of the past 60 years were 1000 foreigners, all fluent in Chinese. Since the start of the reform era, the author points out, thousands of American and European students had come to learn the language in order to keep up with developments in China. By 1962, some 30,000 foreign students were enrolled in local universities and colleges. Most preferred to stay in China. To the time in question (1962) fewer than 1200 students had returned to their home countries to work. The West had a serious brain-drain problem on its hands.

Kong began his lectures reflecting on the qualities that had made China a great power, specifically patriotism, selflessness and democracy. China succeeded because its people had learned to put their country before themselves (Liang, 1902: 5). This marked a radical break with 'Old China': 'Our China died long ago ... in fact this is the point [of departure] for the continuation of New China'. By 1962, China had become a liberal democracy with three major parties competing for ascendancy: a centralist State Power Party (guoquandang), a decentralist Patriotic Self-Government Party (Aiguo zizhidang) and a party committed to the well-being of the individual, the Liberal Party (ziyoudang). Each of these parties had its origins in an earlier Constitutional Party (xianzhengdang), founded in 1902, consisting of a grand alliance of all existing reformist, revolutionary and secret society organisations which combined forces to introduce constitutional government to China. Three core principles governed the organisation of this seminal political alliance: first, that the choice of a monarchical, republican or federalist constitution should be determined by public plebiscite. That is to say, all members' agreed to implement constitutional rule according to the wishes of the people, irrespective of their differences over the form that the constitution should take.

Second, the party's rules and procedures for dealing with internal matters should reflect those that an enlightened government would employ in governing a country. Third, party membership was open to all who shared the constitutional aims of the party, and conferred equality on members regardless of their social status, profession or gender (Liang, 1902: 7-8).

This brief narrative history of New China to 1962 occupies only a small part of Kong Juemin's talks. By far the longest section of the lectures is devoted to a verbatim account of an old debate between two founding members of the Constitutional Party about China's future. One was Huang Keqiang, son of a noted Cantonese scholar. Old Mr Huang despatched his son and another student, Li Yunbing, to Britain to study English and learn the ways of the West. He prepared them for their departure by exposing them to the works of Kang Youwei (Liang Qichao's own teacher, and the author of Great Harmony Philosophy, 1902 [1935]), and by introducing them to Tan Sitong, who was just completing his Renxue (1896, noted above). They were among the first to read the work.

On reaching England they gained entry to Oxford. They graduated around the time of the 'Hundred Days Reform', in 1898, an actual historical event associated with Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong and a party of their supporters and students, including the author of the story himself, Liang Qichao.

The tragic outcome of the reforms forced the two students to delay their return to China.

Their return was precipitated by the discovery that the universal truths they had been seeking in Europe were compromised by the Europeans themselves.

The prevailing mood in Europe soured against China around the time of the Boxer Uprising in 1900. The two young men observed that Kaiser Wilhelm II, author of the Yellow Peril scare, now 'said many things that were not in keeping with human morality' and that the German press resorted to terms such as 'pigtails' and 'yellow monkeys' in referring to the Chinese people. This encounter with racism in Europe inaugurates their journey home, and launches them into their dialogue on the future of China (Liang 1902: 17).

'Which country will be China's future master?', they ask on their journey home. And what of the 'future of New China'? Their disagreements centre on what was to be done to ensure that the Chinese people achieved mastery over their own national destiny - Huang arguing that the best solution lay in working with the present Manchu court, and Li that the Manchu court was part of the problem. Their contrasting positions reflected the reformist and revolutionary positions of the day. Liang Qichao gave each side a fair hearing over 25 pages of his 40-page story but came down strongly on the side of the reformers who wished to preserve the Manchu Dynasty under a form of constitutional rule. On the question of how to involve China's 'four hundred million citizens' in the struggle they were in basic agreement. Both conceded that the majority of the Chinese people were 'asleep, living in dreams' [emphasis added], and that it was the responsibility of the awakened few such as themselves ('people who already know') to wake them up.

====Original====

Liang Qichao (1902 [1936]) 梁啓超 Liang Qichao, 新中國未來記 An account of the Future of New China, 1902, in Liang Qichao, Yinbingshi zhuanji [Monographs from the Ice Drinker's Studio]. Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju.

English summary

John Fitzgerald, The Unfinished History of China's Future, in: Thesis Eleven 1999 57:17, here pp. 21-23, http://the.sagepub.com/content/57/1/17

===Foreword to the Publication of Political Novels in Translation===

Liang Qichao

The genre of political novel originated in the West. It is human nature to dread the solemn and to take delight in the humorous. Hence, classical music puts us to sleep, whereas songs of the States of Zheng and Wei cause us to lose ourselves in lewdness and become oblivious to our fatigue. This is indeed a characteristic trait of human nature, and even the sages could not tamper with it. A.good teacher should guide his pupil in the direction that his temperament will naturally proceed. Thus, he sometimes resorts to subtle humour and sometimes uses parables to convey his meanings. Mencius, for instance, draws an analogy between King Xuan of Qi and the ancient wise men who were fond of wealth and women as banter to conceal his [p. 72] subtle remonstrations. and Qu Yuan compares the King of Chu to a beautiful lady and fragrant plants to express his loyalty to and love for the state of Chu. These two works in many ways yield a greater impact than solemn discourses and imposing argumentation; they should not be snubbed merely because they lack a satirical and tendentious edge.
Although Chinese fiction is included in the nine schools of literature and philosophy, very few good works have been written since the time of Yu Chu. Stories about heroes are all patterned after The Water Margin, whereas those about love imitate The Dream of the Red Chamber. Taken as a whole, Chinese novels invariably teach us either robbery or lust. Lost in a vicious circle, the novelists are unable to rise above the quagmire. For this reason, knowledgeable men often scorn the mere mention of fiction.
However, as human nature detests the solemn and finds delight in the humorous, even serious pedagogues read The Dream of the Red Chamber and talk about The Water Margin during their spare time. Works of fiction are, in the end, very difficult to ban. Instead of banning the reading of fiction, then, would it not be much better to allow people to follow their natural inclinations and guide them accordingly?
There is indeed a great deal of truth in Mr. Kang Youwei's observation that people with low levels of literacy will often stay away from the classics but cannot do without fiction. Fiction should therefore seek to teach where the Six Classics have failed to teach, to convey lessons where the official histories have failed to convey, to illuminatewhere the recorded sayings
are unable to illuminate, and to govern where laws have failed. In the world, experienced men are few, and the ignorant are innumerable; those well-versed in literature are few, and those who can barely read legion. The Six Classics are indeed elegant, but if they are not read and understood, they are just pearls cast before swine.

[p. 73]

A story goes that Confucius once lost his horse. His disciple Zi Gong failed in retrieving the horse, whereas the man who had reared the horse succeeded in recovering it. Does this mean that Zi Gong was intellectually inferior to the horseman? Things are grouped according to their kind and men according to their class. If the giant Dragon Earl spoke in his language to the dwarf of the Jiaoyao of Kingdom, he would not be understood. Now there are few people in China who can read, and those who are well versed in literature are even rarer. In view of this, fiction could be added to increase the numerical classifications of writing from seven to eight, or appended to the four bibliographic categories as a fifth component.

When the Reformation was first launched in the countries of Europe, men of great learning and dedicated scholars would often use fiction as a vehicle to record their political views. Serious pedagogues would read and discuss these works during their leisure. Novels were read and discussed by soldiers, merchants, peasants, artisans, cabmen, grooms, women, and young children. A newly published book could often influence and change the views and arguments of the whole nation. Indeed, political novels should be given the highest credit for being instrumental in the steady progress made in the political sphere in America, England, Germany, France, Austria, Italy, and Japan. A celebrated scholar in England once remarked that fiction is the soul of the people. How true! How true! It is precisely for this reason that we are now specially selecting works by celebrated foreign scholars that are relevant to the current situation in China and then translating and publishing them by installment in this newspaper. In so doing, we hope to make them accessible to our compatriots.

Translated by Gek Nai Cheng

Notes
Liang Qichao "Yi yinzhengzhi xiaoshuo xu" [chin. characters] Qingyi bao [chin. characters] (1898); reprinted in ZGJDWLX 1:155-56. This essay was a "foreword to a projected series of political novels to be translated into Chinese and published in Liang s journal Qing yi bao (The China discussion).

Mencius, 1B.5. In a reply to King Xuan of Qi [chin. characters], who gives as excuses for not implementing the kingly government his weaknesses for wealth and women, Mencius cites the examples of Duke Liu [chin. characters], who was fond of wealth, and King Tai of Zhou [chin. characters], who was fond of women. Despite their weaknesses these two men could still practice kingly government. Hence Mencius admonishes King Xuanof Qi that if only he could give the people power to gratify the same feelings, there would be no difficulty in attaining the royal power.

According to the Bibliographic Section in Han shu [chin. characters], compiled by Ban Gu [chin. characters], there are ten schools of literature and philosophy (Confucian, Daoist, J?ivination, Legalist, Logician, Mohist, olitics, Miscellaneous, Agriculture, and Xiaoshuo [chin. characters]), although "only nine of them are worth reading" (qi keguanzhe jiu iia eryi; [chin. characters]). Fiction, thert,was not included in the nine schools.

According to the Bibliographic Section in Han shu, Yu Chu [chin. characters] (ca. 104 B.C.) compi1ed Zhou shuo [chin. characters]. (Tales of the Zhou dynasty) , a work in the tradition of Shal1 hai jing [chin. characters] and Mu tianzi zhuan [chin. characters]. The work is no longer extant.

Qilüe 七略 are the seven classifications of writing as compiled by Liu Xin 劉歆 (ca. 46 B.C. - A.D. 23) in he Han dynasty around 7 B.C. They are classics, arts, philosophy, poetry, divination and numerics, medicine and surgery. '.

Sibu 四部 are the four bibliographic classifications of classics, history, philosophy, an literature, devised by Xun Xu 荀勖 (d. AD. 289) to categorize all books.

=Session 8: Republican literature I=
*8 Dec 15 9:45-11:15 Republican literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo) WYX
Presentation and homework [[A Madman's Diary]] by WYX

==Grades for translation homework - Republican literature I==
*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT
*AD
*SSM
*LML
*AKR

==Grades for translation homework - Republican literature==
*WMF

=Session 9: Modern literature=
*9, Jan 12 9:45-11:15 Modern literature
Presentation and homework
#Underground poets, Mo Yan, [[Mo Yan ppt]] by AHY
#Wang Meng [[Wang Meng ppt]] SSM
==Grades for translation homework - Modern literature ==
*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT
*AD
*SSM
*LML
*AKR

=Session 10: Thursday Jan 26 9:45-11:15 Contemporary literature (Zhang Wei: The ancient ship) ZYX (teacher: Han Han, Xu Zechen)=

Presentation and homework: [[The Ancient Ship]] by ZYX

Short introduction: Zhang Wei's novel “The Ancient Ship” is set during the first forty years after the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The main events of the novel take place with three generations of the Sui, Zhao and Li families living in the fictional city of Wali in Shandong province, who face the major campaigns from the late 1940s to the 1980s, beginning with the land reform and ending with the Cultural Revolution. The author, with the help of the characters in his story "The Ancient Ship", reveals to readers the circumstances in which people lived at that time, helping to provide a glimpse into the history of China during those days.
The main setting is an old noodle factory, which has always been in the hands of one Sui family but has now been taken over by Zhao Duoduo, leading to a confrontation between Sui Jiansu and Zhao Duoduo. In addition, in the novel, the author describes to us the hard fates of the characters, as well as the idea that it is impossible to escape from paying for the atrocities, which of course leads to a terrible ending. Furthermore, one of the main themes of the novel is a person's moral values and how fragile they are when inhibitions are removed and a person's cruel side can be revealed.

==Grades for translation homework - Contemporary literature I==

*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT
*AD
*SSM
*LML
*AKR

=Session 11 Jan 30, 2024 8:00-9:30 Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com) WMF=
=Session 12: 12 Jan 30 9:45-11:15 Han Shaogong: Maqiao Cidian, presented by JL=
Presentation and homework: [[Maqiao Cidian]] by JL

Short introduction:
From the daring imagination of one of China’s greatest living novelists comes a work of startling power and originality–the story of a young man “displaced” to a small village in rural China during the 1960s. Told in the format of a dictionary, with a series of vignettes disguised as entries, A Dictionary of Maqiao is a novel of bold invention–and a fascinating, comic, deeply moving journey through the dark heart of the Cultural Revolution.
Entries trace the wisdom and absurdities of Maqiao: the petty squabbles, family grudges, poverty, infidelities, fantasies, lunatics, bullies, superstitions, and especially the odd logic in their use of language–where the word for “beginning” is the same as the word for “end”; “little big brother” means older sister; to be “scientific” means to be lazy; and “streetsickness” is a disease afflicting villagers visiting urban areas. Filled with colorful characters–from a weeping ox to a man so poisonous that snakes die when they bite him–A Dictionary of Maqiao is both an important work of Chinese literature and a probing inquiry into the extraordinary power of language.

==Grades for translation homework - Contemporary literature II ==
*WMF
*TXL
*WYX
*JL
*KMJ
*ZYX
*YSY
*AHY
*YL
*FMJ
*AX
*WXT
*AD
*SSM
*LML
*AKR

=Session 13: Feb 1, 2024 8:00-9:30 Web Literature 晏黎 YL, (excerpts live on http://qidian.com) WMF=

Presentation and homework: [[The Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation]] by YL

Short introduction:The Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation is a web novel written by an anonymous writer with an alias MoXiang TongXiu. It is a fantasy historical novel with many plot lines and twists. It focuses on the story of the main character, Wei Wuxian, who after experiencing war, torture and loss begins his journey with the new cultivation method for which he was in the end killed. The story is divided into two parts: Wei Wuxian’s first and second life. The first one is focused on main character’s journey through moral dilemmas while facing an enemy. This storyline occurs when the main characters are still learning the ways of Cultivation as teenagers, and focuses on the Wen Sect growing in power and trying to control/dominate the other Sects. The second part which occurs after his reincarnation, 16 years after his death, shows the main character (after his reincarnation) along with his partner, Lan Wangji, solving a case of mysterious murder and uncovering sudden political and internal schemes. The novel is quite complex thanks to the huge amount of characters and plotlines, moral dilemmas and compelling villains.

Presentation and homework: [[I am this type of woman]] by WMF

=Session 14 Feb 1 9:45-11:15 Science ﬁction I (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem, The Wandering Earth) AD=

LINK TO THE PRESENTATION: https://www.canva.com/design/DAF60pzIAP4/vmQpzuhp-UiQi7Z-j1tmgg/view?utm_content=DAF60pzIAP4&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medium=link&utm_source=editor

Text : [[https://bou.de/u/wiki/The_Three_Body_Problem_by_Liu_Cixin]] by AD

Introduction: "The Three-Body Problem" is a science fiction novel by Chinese author Liu Cixin, first published in 2008. It's the first book in the Remembrance of Earth's Past trilogy. The story begins during China's Cultural Revolution, when a young astrophysicist, disturbed by the humanity's capacity for destruction, sends a message into space, inviting alien civilizations to intervene and take over Earth. Centuries later, the narrative shifts to present-day China, where scientist Wang Miao is recruited to investigate a series of inexplicable deaths among physicists. His investigations lead him to a virtual reality game called "Three Body," which is deeply intertwined with the mystery of the deaths and a global conspiracy.

👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽👽

=Session 14: Friday Feb 2 9:45-11:15 Science Fiction II, presented by 田小龙=
Presentation (Yu Hua's literature) and homework (China in ten words) by TXL

=Session 15 Feb 2 8:00-9:30 , Science Fiction II (锺馗) 田小龙 TXL=
=Deadline until Feb 9 9:45-11:15 Final Paper (homework)=

=Syllabus=
Krytyczny przegląd literatury chińskiej
Educational subject description sheet
==Basic information==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Field of study
Sinologia
Speciality
-
Department
Faculty of Modern Languages and Literatures
Study level
Second-cycle programme
Study form
Full-time
Education proﬁle
General academic
</td>
<td>
Didactic cycle
2023/24
Subject code
09SNLS.21K.05754.23
Lecture languages
Chinese
Mandatory
Obligatory
Block
Major subjects
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Subject coordinator
</td>
<td>
Kamil Burkiewicz
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Lecturer
</td>
<td>
Kamil Burkiewicz
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Period</h2>
Semester 1
<h2>Activities and hours</h2>
• Conversatory classes: 30, Graded credit
<h2>Number of</h2>
<h2>ECTS points</h2>
3 
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_002.png" width="682"
height="1"> 
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_003.png" width="681"
height="55">
1 / 5
==Goals==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Code
</td>
<td>
Goal
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
C1
</td>
<td>
The course aims to let students get an
overview and understand certain characteristics of Chinese
literature from 2,500 years ago until today by reading
prominent examples and increasing reading ability in
Chinese as a Foreign Language.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
C2
</td>
<td>
The selection of works aims at displaying the
continuity and development over 2,500 years and showing
the great variety of genres, styles and forms.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
C3
</td>
<td>
The course aims to let students understand
research methods, compare literary works, learn the
relevant terminology, understand challenges and topics of
Chinese civilization, are able to trace back cultural
roots of contemporary phenomena/beliefs, appreciate the
work of experts in the ﬁeld, critically evaluate their
knowledge and update it.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Entry requirements</h1>
Chinese level of at least B2 of the European Framework of
References for Languages (CEFR).
<h1>Subject's learning outcomes</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Code
</td>
<td>
Outcomes in terms of
</td>
<td>
Learning outcomes
</td>
<td>
Examination methods
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Knowledge – Student:
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W1
</td>
<td>
has a wide knowledge of Chinese literature
from classical to modern
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W02, SNL_K2_W05
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W2
</td>
<td>
knows the theories and research methodology in
the ﬁeld of sinology in relation to literary studies
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W03
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W3
</td>
<td>
knows selected issues of comparative
literature against the background of the ongoing processes
of cultural exchange and globalization
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W04
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W4
</td>
<td>
knows the rich terminology in the ﬁeld of
sinology in the ﬁeld of literary studies
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W05
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
W5
</td>
<td>
knows and understand deeply the fundamental
dilemmas and challenges of contemporary civilization
related to the literature of East Asia/China
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_W08
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Skills – Student:
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
U1
</td>
<td>
formulates and tests hypotheses related to
simple research problems and tasks, as well as communicate
their observations
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_U01
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Social competences – Student:
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
K1
</td>
<td>
is ready to critically evaluate the acquired
knowledge of Chinese literature and to constantly update
it
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_K01
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
K2
</td>
<td>
is ready to deeply appreciate the importance
of specialist knowledge in solving cognitive problems
related to multiculturalism and intercultural
communication
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_K02
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_004.png" width="682"
height="1">
2 / 5
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
K3
</td>
<td>
is ready to critically consult problems that
he/she is unable to solve on his/her own with experts in
relevant scientiﬁc ﬁelds and to actively cooperate with
them in search of appropriate solutions
</td>
<td>
SNL_K2_K03
</td>
<td>
Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Study content</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
No.
</td>
<td>
Course content
</td>
<td>
Subject's learning outcomes
</td>
<td>
Activities
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
1.
</td>
<td>
Song Poetry
</td>
<td>
W1, W2, W4, U1, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
2.
</td>
<td>
Yuan Drama
</td>
<td>
W1, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
3.
</td>
<td>
Ming Novels
</td>
<td>
W1, U1, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
4.
</td>
<td>
Qing novels
</td>
<td>
W1, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
5.
</td>
<td>
Late Qing literature
</td>
<td>
W1, K2, K3
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
6.
</td>
<td>
Republican literature
</td>
<td>
W1, W2, W3, W4, U1, K1
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
7.
</td>
<td>
Modern literature
</td>
<td>
W1, W2, W4, W5
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
8.
</td>
<td>
Contemporary literature
</td>
<td>
W1, W4, W5, K1
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
9.
</td>
<td>
Web literature
</td>
<td>
W1, W4, W5, K1
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
10.
</td>
<td>
Science ﬁction
</td>
<td>
W1, W5, K2
</td>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Course advanced</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Activities
</td>
<td>
Teaching and learning methods and activities
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
<td>
Conversation lecture, Discussion, Work with
text, Problem-based learning, Work in groups, Creative
writing and reviewing fellow students' work
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Activities
</td>
<td>
Credit conditions
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
<td>
Students are required to prepare for each
class, including preliminary reading of indicated texts
and checking of new words. The completion of this
obligation will be checked through online multiple-choice
tests.
Each student will prepare one short oral
presentation.
The semester essay should contain at least
1000 Chinese characters.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_005.png" width="682"
height="1">
3 / 5
==Literature==
===Obligatory===
1. Woesler Martin (ed.) 2023. Reader Chinese Literature –
Selections, Bochum: European University Press [free e-book copies
provided].
===Optional===
#Song Poems (ci): Su Dongpo: “Autumn day in Kui Prefecture”
#Yuan Drama (Zaju): Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to Dou E”
#Ming novels (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West, Outlaws of the Marsh, The Scholars)
#Qing novels (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams)
#Late Qing dystopian literature (Liang Qichao: The Future of New China, Kang Youwei: Datong shu)
#Republican literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Zhou Zuoren, Yu Dafu)
#Modern literature (Underground poets, Wang Meng, Mo Yan)
#Contemporary literature (Han Han, Zhang Wei, Xu Zechen, Han Shaogong)
#Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com)
#Science ﬁction (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem, The Wandering Earth)

==Calculation of ECTS points==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Activity form
</td>
<td>
Activity hours*
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Conversatory classes
</td>
<td>
30
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Preparation for classes
</td>
<td>
10
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Reading the indicated literature
</td>
<td>
20
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Preparation of a multimedia presentation
</td>
<td>
5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Other
</td>
<td>
10
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Paper preparation
</td>
<td>
5
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Preparation for the assessment
</td>
<td>
10
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Student workload
</td>
<td>
Hours
90
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
Number of ECTS points
</td>
<td>
ECTS
3
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
* hour means 45 minutes 
<img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_006.png" width="682"
height="1">
4 / 5
==Learning outcomes==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Code
</td>
<td>
Content
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_K01
</td>
<td>
The graduate is ready to krytycznej oceny
zdobywanej wiedzy o języku i literaturze chińskiej i
ciągłego jej aktualizowania.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_K02
</td>
<td>
The graduate is ready to dogłębnego doceniania
znaczenia wiedzy specjalistycznej w rozwiązywaniu
problemów poznawczych i językowych związanych z
wielokulturowością i komunikacją międzykulturową.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_K03
</td>
<td>
The graduate is ready to krytycznego
konsultowania problemów, których nie jest w stanie
samodzielnie rozwiązać, z ekspertami w odpowiednich
dziedzinach naukowych i aktywnego współdziałania z nimi w
poszukiwaniu właściwych rozwiązań.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_U01
</td>
<td>
The graduate can formułować i testować
hipotezy związane z prostymi problemami badawczymi i
realizowanymi zadaniami, a także komunikować swoje
spostrzeżenia.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W02
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands w
pogłębionym stopniu wybrane fakty, pojęcia i kluczowe
zagadnienia z językoznawstwa, literaturoznawstwa i badań
interdyscyplinarnych w obszarze sinologii.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W03
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands teorie i
metodologie badań z wybranej dyscypliny (językoznawstwo
bądź literaturoznawstwo sinologiczne) właściwe dla różnych
szkół badawczych i paradygmatów, a także ich główne
tendencje rozwojowe.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W04
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands wybrane
zagadnienia komparatystyki językowej lub literackiej i
translatoryki na tle zachodzących procesów wymiany
kulturowej i globalizacji.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W05
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands bogatą
terminologię z zakresu sinologii w obszarze badań
językoznawczych, literaturoznawczych i
interdyscyplinarnych.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
SNL_K2_W08
</td>
<td>
The graduate knows and understands w
pogłębionym stopniu fundamentalne dylematy i wyzwania
współczesnej cywilizacji związane z językami, literaturą i
kulturą Azji Wschodniej.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>