https://bou.de/u/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Wang+Yihan 2026-04-04T09:39:18Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.35.14 https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_08&diff=156186 2023-07-10T11:48:04Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Reference */</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friends in cold weather==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> I am gonna introduce the &quot;three friends in cold weather&quot; - pine, bamboo and plum - and their characteristics in Chinese culture through ancient Chinese poetry and cultural elements such as imagery.<br /> <br /> key words: Pine,Bamboo,plum,poetry.<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> <br /> Chinese people have long held a deep admiration for pine (sōng 松), bamboo (zhú 竹), and plum (méi 梅), considering them as the most cherished plants. These three botanical wonders thrive resiliently throughout the cold winter, much like steadfast friends eagerly embracing the arrival of spring. Thus, they are revered as the &quot;Three Friends in Cold Weather (suì hán sān yǒu 岁寒三友),&quot; symbolizing the esteemed virtues pursued by the Chinese people, particularly in the realm of ancient Chinese poetry.<br /> <br /> ===Text===<br /> <br /> ====Pines 松====<br /> <br /> With their enduring green foliage and robust vitality, pines exemplify the strength of character found in evergreen trees. Even during the harsh winter, they flourish, earning them admiration for their indomitable spirit. While the masses generally associate pines with longevity, they are more widely recognized as symbols of endurance and resilience.<br /> <br /> ====Bamboo竹====<br /> <br /> Bamboo, perhaps known to foreigners primarily as the beloved food of pandas, has been cherished by the Chinese for thousands of years, long before these adorable creatures achieved global stardom. However, bamboo holds a multitude of meanings in Chinese culture that extend beyond its association with pandas.<br /> <br /> Even as the cold wind blows and the day of cold Dew arrives, bamboo remains resilient and thrives while other plants wither away. This unique ability, combined with its upright posture and hollow joints, endows bamboo with qualities of unwavering strength and modesty, earning it the esteemed title of a &quot;gentleman.&quot; In addition to its symbolism of resilience, bamboo holds great significance in Chinese folklore, where the act of firing bamboo crackers represents the breaking away from old and malevolent forces. Moreover, bamboo is recognized as a symbol of security and auspiciousness, as depicted in traditional decorative paintings.<br /> Bamboo, known as zhu in Chinese, embodies the essence of Chinese scholars. Its significance is highly esteemed within Chinese culture. The erect posture and unwavering joints of bamboo exemplify its untamed and resolute nature. Its unbendable branches further manifest its tenacity.<br /> <br /> Chinese scholars regard bamboo as their spiritual pillar, often stating that they could forgo meat but not the presence of bamboo near their homes. Indeed, bamboo permeates various aspects of Chinese daily life. The mere presence of bamboo instills a sense of tranquility and serenity.<br /> Within the Book of Songs, an ancient collection of Chinese poems dating back to BC 770-476, we encounter numerous instances of bamboo being described and extolled by the ancient Chinese people. One of the most renowned lines, &quot;瞻彼淇奥，绿竹猗猗&quot; (gazing upon the water's edge, the green bamboo stands tall and beautiful), encapsulates the essence of bamboo in Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> This verse symbolizes the image of bamboo in Chinese culture as tall, slender, exquisite, and straight. The straightness of bamboo (直, zhí) parallels the concept of personal integrity (正直, zhèng zhí) among individuals. Just as bamboo naturally grows upwards, human beings should uphold moral integrity and steadfast principles. This notion of moral integrity holds tremendous significance as one of the fundamental values in Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Across the vast expanse of China's enduring history, numerous names have stood the test of time, passed down from one generation to the next. Among these revered figures, Wen Tianxiang, a valiant official during the Song dynasty (1236-1283), shines as a timeless national hero, his legacy persisting even in modern times. Wen's unwavering loyalty and refusal to submit to his captors, despite being taken prisoner after his army's defeat, remain emblematic of his indomitable spirit.<br /> <br /> Not only was Wen Tianxiang a resolute hero, but he was also a gifted poet. During his journey northward, he composed a poem that has since become one of the most cherished and renowned in history. Its poignant conclusion resounds with the words, &quot;A death befalls all men alike, I'll keep a loyal heart to make a name in history,&quot;（人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青） encapsulating his unwavering commitment to leave behind a legacy of honor and bravery.<br /> <br /> ====Plums 梅====<br /> <br /> Among the renowned flowers of China, the plum holds a significant place. Revered for its noble, pure, and modest qualities, it serves as an inspiration for personal growth and self-improvement. Chinese poets of bygone eras have consistently cherished and celebrated the plum, recognizing its profound symbolism. Furthermore, the plum is associated with the arrival of auspicious tidings, signifying the advent of good news. Over time, stories and legends regarding the plum and its profound meaning have become widely disseminated, permeating Chinese culture with their tenduring presence.<br /> <br /> Winter, a season that casts a chilling shadow over living creatures, transforms the vibrant world into a cold and silent realm. The once vibrant hues fade, replaced by a landscape cloaked in white and gray. However, an intriguing connection exists between snow and plum blossoms in traditional Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Winter brings about a halt to numerous aspects of life. The ceaseless flow of rivers succumbs to the unforgiving cold, freezing their very essence. Plants cease their growth, their roots weakened by the icy grip, depriving them of vital nourishment. The land itself appears as an expansive, frozen barrier, valiantly resisting the cold's relentless advances. Trees, once adorned with leaves, now serve as hosts to icy adornments. Winter halts many things, yet there is one exception: Plum Blossoms.<br /> <br /> Chinese Plum Blossoms, symbolizing hope and resilience, have long held a cherished position as the traditional flower of China. Blooming amidst the harshness of winter, they radiate their beauty until the arrival of spring. Plum blossoms captivate hearts not only with their aesthetic allure but also with their inherent qualities.<br /> <br /> While winter brings a standstill to so much, it fails to impede the blossoming of plum blossoms. These delicate flowers serve as a profound metaphor, embodying hope and the unwavering spirit to flourish against all odds. They stand as a testament to resilience, undeterred by the bitter cold. Their elegance and beauty persist, inspiring onlookers.<br /> <br /> Recognizing the profound significance of plum blossoms, poets since ancient times have penned verses to commemorate their essence. These poets comprehend the transformative impact of embracing the plum blossom's spirit and its potential application in our own lives.<br /> <br /> ===Conclusion===<br /> <br /> In The Analects , Confucius said: “Only in the cold winter does one know that the pine and the cypress are the last to shed their leaves. (岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。)” It means that a harsh environment can test whether a person has a strong mind, perseverance, and a noble character.<br /> In literature and ancient culture, pine, bamboo, and plum blossoms are collectively known as “Three Companions of the Winter (岁寒三友).”<br /> <br /> ===Reference===<br /> <br /> 1.Baidu Encyclopedia The Three Friends in cold weather <br /> 2. &quot;Wang Yun Mei She Ji&quot; Song - Lin Jingxi<br /> 3.The Analects 子罕<br /> 4.Book of Songs 卫风•淇奥<br /> 5.李中贵.松竹梅与中国精神[J].中国政协,2017,(23): 79-80<br /> <br /> ===汉语翻译===<br /> <br /> 摘要：<br /> 本文将通过中国古代诗歌及意象等文化元素介绍中国古代传统的“岁寒三友”-松、竹、梅，及其在中华文化中的特征。<br /> 中国人长期以来对松树（sōng松）、竹子（zhú竹）和梅花（méi梅）怀有深深的敬意，认为它们是最值得珍惜的植物。这三种植物奇迹在整个寒冷的冬天顽强地生长着，就像坚定的朋友急切地迎接春天的到来。因此，它们被尊称为 &quot;岁寒三友&quot;，象征着中国人民所追求的受人尊敬的美德，特别是在中国古代诗歌领域。<br /> <br /> 介绍：<br /> 中国人长期以来对松、竹、梅深深地钦佩，认为它们是最珍贵的植物。这三种植物奇迹般地在寒冷的冬季中茁壮成长，就像坚定的朋友渴望春天的到来一样。因此，它们被尊崇为&quot;岁寒三友&quot;，象征着中国人民追求的尊贵美德，特别是在中国古诗词领域。<br /> <br /> <br /> 一、松树<br /> <br /> 松树以其持久的绿叶和旺盛的生命力，体现了常青树的性格力量。即使在严寒的冬天，它们也能茁壮成长，以其不屈不挠的精神赢得了人们的钦佩。虽然大众通常将松树与长寿联系在一起，但它们被更广泛地认为是耐力和复原力的象征。<br /> <br /> 二、竹子<br /> <br /> 竹子，也许在外国人眼里主要是作为大熊猫心爱的食物，但早在这些可爱的生物获得全球明星地位之前，中国人就已经珍视竹子几千年了。然而，竹子在中国文化中具有多种意义，超出了它与熊猫的关系。<br /> <br /> 即使寒风吹过，寒露来临，竹子仍然坚韧不拔，在其他植物枯萎时茁壮成长。这种独特的能力，加上其直立的姿势和中空的关节，赋予了竹子坚定不移的力量和谦虚的品质，使其获得了 &quot;君子 &quot;的尊贵称号。除了象征着坚韧不拔，竹子在中国的民间传说中也有很大的意义，烧竹子的行为代表着摆脱旧的和邪恶的力量。此外，竹子被认为是安全和吉祥的象征，正如传统装饰画中所描绘的那样。<br /> <br /> 竹子，在中文中被称为竹子，体现了中国学者的精髓。它的意义在中国文化中受到高度推崇。竹子的直立姿态和坚定不移的关节体现了其桀骜不驯和坚毅的本性。它不屈不挠的枝干进一步体现了它的坚韧。<br /> <br /> 中国学者将竹子视为他们的精神支柱，经常说他们可以放弃肉类，但不能放弃家附近的竹子。的确，竹子渗透到了中国人日常生活的各个方面。仅仅是竹子的存在，就给人以宁静和安详的感觉。<br /> <br /> 《诗经》是中国古代的诗歌集，可以追溯到公元前770-476年，我们可以看到古代中国人对竹子的描述和赞美，有很多例子。其中最著名的一句是 &quot;瞻彼淇奥，绿竹猗猗&quot;，它概括了中国文化中竹子的本质。<br /> <br /> 这句诗象征着竹子在中国文化中的形象是高大、纤细、精致和笔直。竹子的直（zhí）与个人的正直（zhèng zhí）概念相似。就像竹子自然向上生长一样，人类应该坚持道德操守和坚定的原则。这种道德操守的概念作为中国文化的基本价值观之一，有着巨大的意义。<br /> <br /> 在中国浩瀚的历史长河中，无数的名字经受住了时间的考验，代代相传。在这些受人尊敬的人物中，宋朝（1236-1283）时期的英勇官员文天祥，作为一个永恒的民族英雄而熠熠生辉，他的遗产甚至在现代仍然存在。文天祥尽管在军队战败后被俘，但他坚定不移的忠诚和拒绝屈服于俘虏，仍然体现了他不屈不挠的精神。<br /> <br /> 文天祥不仅是一位坚定的英雄，而且还是一位天才的诗人。在北上途中，他创作了一首诗，后来成为历史上最珍贵和最著名的诗之一。诗的结尾是这样的：&quot;人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青&quot;。这句话概括了他坚定不移地致力于留下荣誉和勇敢的遗产。<br /> <br /> 三、梅花<br /> <br /> 在中国的著名花卉中，梅花占有重要地位。它因其高尚、纯洁和谦虚的品质而受到尊重，是个人成长和自我完善的灵感。中国历代诗人一直珍视和赞美梅花，认识到其深刻的象征意义。此外，梅花与吉祥物的到来有关，象征着好消息的到来。随着时间的推移，有关梅花的故事和传说以及它的深刻含义已被广泛传播，并在中国文化中弥漫着它们的魅力。<br /> <br /> 冬天，一个给生物投下寒冷阴影的季节，将充满活力的世界变成一个寒冷和沉默的领域。曾经充满活力的色调逐渐消失，取而代之的是笼罩在白色和灰色中的风景。然而，在中国传统文化中，雪和梅花之间存在着一种耐人寻味的联系。<br /> <br /> 冬天给生活的许多方面带来了停顿。不停流淌的河水屈服于无情的寒冷，冻结了它们的本质。植物停止生长，它们的根部被冰雪所削弱，失去了重要的滋养。土地本身就像一个广阔的、冰冻的屏障，勇敢地抵抗着寒冷的无情侵袭。曾经用树叶装饰的树木，现在成了冰冷装饰品的主人。冬天让很多东西都停止了，但有一个例外：梅花。<br /> <br /> 中国的梅花，象征着希望和坚韧，长期以来一直作为中国的传统花卉而受到珍视。在严寒的冬天，它们绽放出美丽的光芒，直到春天的到来。梅花不仅以其审美的诱惑力，而且以其固有的品质吸引着人们的心。<br /> <br /> 虽然冬天给许多事情带来了停滞，但它却无法阻碍梅花的绽放。这些娇嫩的花朵作为一个深刻的隐喻，体现了希望和坚定不移的精神，在所有的困难中蓬勃发展。它们是坚韧不拔的证明，不受严寒的影响。它们的优雅和美丽持续存在，激励着旁观者。<br /> <br /> 认识到梅花的深远意义，自古以来的诗人都写下诗句来纪念梅花的本质。这些诗人理解了拥抱梅花精神的变革性影响及其在我们自己生活中的潜在应用。<br /> <br /> 总结：<br /> <br /> 在《论语》中，孔子说：“岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。”意思是说，恶劣的环境可以考验一个人是否有坚强的意志、坚韧的精神和高尚的品格。在文学和古代文化中，松树、竹子和梅花被统称为 &quot;岁寒三友&quot;。<br /> <br /> 参考资料：<br /> <br /> 1.百度百科词条：岁寒三友<br /> 2.《王云梅舍记》宋•林景熙<br /> 3.《论语》子罕篇<br /> 4.《诗经》卫风•淇奥<br /> <br /> ==Wu Qian 吴倩 Traditional Chinese specialty tea drink：Ginger Salt Tea==<br /> Traditional Chinese regional specialty tea drink: Ginger Salt Tea中国传统特色茶饮品：姜盐茶<br /> ===Abstract===<br /> Introducing Ginger Salt Tea, a special tea drink from the Xiangyin and Miluo areas of Yueyang city, Hunan Province, China.<br /> 梗概：介绍中国湖南省岳阳的湘阴与汨罗一带地区的特色茶饮品---姜盐茶。<br /> Key words:<br /> Ginger Salt Tea,Ginger Salt Beans and Sesame Tea,pottery jar<br /> 关键词：<br /> 姜盐茶、姜盐芝麻豆子茶、陶罐<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> Ginger salt tea, the full name is Ginger Salt Beans and Sesame Tea. The main ingredients are at least ginger, salt, sesame, tea bubbles, and some areas will add fried soybeans, which can also be replaced by peanut rice. In Hunan Province, Xiangyin, Miluo area of Yueyang City, since very early love to use this type of tea to entertain guests, and still retain this custom today.<br /> Ginger Salt Tea is Xiangyin, Miluo and other areas used to entertain guests with special tea drinks. Whenever a guest comes, the first thing the women in the family do is to go to the kitchen to boil water, while using a small ring bowl made of pottery unique to the Yueyang region to grind ginger, ready to make a cup of ginger and salt tea for the guests. These areas of the village households to a certain extent, will be Ginger Salt Tea bubble good or bad to decide whether to come to the family's home often.<br /> 介绍：<br /> 姜盐茶，全称为姜盐豆子芝麻茶。主要材料至少有姜、盐、芝麻、茶叶泡，有些地区会加入炒熟的黄豆，豆子也可以用花生米代替。在湖南省岳阳市的湘阴、汨罗一带地区，自很早开始都爱用这种茶来招待客人，如今仍然保留这种风俗。<br /> 姜盐茶是湘阴、汨罗等地区用来招待客人的特色茶饮品。每当有客人来，家中女性第一件事便是去厨房烧开水，同时用一个陶制的岳阳地区特有的小擂钵来磨姜末，准备好为客人泡一杯姜盐茶。这片地区的村户们在一定程度上，会以姜盐茶泡的好不好来决定是否常来这户人家串门。<br /> <br /> ===Text===<br /> ====A.Origin of ginger salt tea====<br /> Ginger Salt Tea, in essence, is a kind of &quot;ingredient tea&quot;. From the history of tea drinking, ingredient tea is the origin of the earlier way of drinking tea, first appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Modern society has been a long way from the Tang Dynasty, but we can still see the shadow of ancient ingredient tea from the Ginger salt tea in Yueyang area. There is a legend: in the Southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing years, Yue Fei was granted by the court to Zhenning Chongxin Army Military Governor, leading soldiers and horses south, ready to go to the Dongting Lake area to suppress the peasant uprising led by Yang yao. However, once the soldiers arrived in the south areas, they were sick with water and soil, which not only affected the combat but also the morale. So Yue Fei studied with the military doctor, and then ordered his retinues to boil soybean and ginger soup with salt to drink. Gradually, the soldiers' bodies recovered. And the people around the barracks to see, also learn to make this type of tea to drink. For a time in Xiangyin, Miluo areas popular.<br /> ====B.The Method of Ginger Salt Tea====<br /> =====a.Traditional Method=====<br /> This type of tea, in the tea set, preparation, boiling method and sieve tea operation have many instructions. First of all, the tea set, it is best to be able to accommodate a dozen bowls of tea on the big belly pottery jar, pottery jar insulation. The belly must be large and the mouth must be small, so it is easy to shake even tea in the mixed material and not spill, slightly larger capacity to meet the needs of hospitality. The tea bowl should not be too deep, the capacity of about one-half of the rice bowl open-mouth tea bowl is the best, so that it is easy to eat the tea under the phase material all clean. Also prepare a pottery, with a corrugated inner side of ginger paste to rub the ginger block into &quot;ginger paste&quot;and the “ginger sand”. The mixed materials are required to be dry and crisp. It must be very nice if you can now fry now eat more fragrant. Salt should be determined according to the taste of the tea drinkers, in addition to physical labor sweating too much need to supplement the salt, others should not drink too salty. We know that ginger is appetizing , so it is better to put a little more ginger into the tea. Boiling water is the key for the whole process, water rolling to all the ingredients of the original flavor &quot;frying&quot; out. &quot;Water rolled ginger spicy salt moderate, sesame beans to soak loose&quot; is the general secret of pan-fried tea. Sieve tea when rotating the wrist, so that the mixed material in the jar circle, while the ingredients are fully flooded, poured into the tea bowl (so Xiangyin people regarded the process of pouring tea as &quot;sieving tea&quot;). Will not sieve the tea, often the bottom of the can ingredients, that is not ideal. (Yueyang People's Congress Website's special Yueyang food chapter)<br /> In short, it is the water into the pottery jar, boiling in the fire ashes of the wood stove, the soybeans or sesame seeds on a small tin shovel fried, the ginger in the bowl ground into ginger paste and ginger juice, before you can make the tea. When you are making it, the first step is to put the tea leaves into a pottery jar of boiling water to soak, and then pour the salt, ginger paste, and ginger juice into the pot.Subsequently we must mix these ingredients for a while, and pour into a tea cup.The last but the most important one is to grab a handful of fried soybeans or sesame seeds sprinkled in the cup,and finally you can drink it.<br /> <br /> =====b.Modern Method=====<br /> The preparation method is not much different from the traditional, still boiling water - grinding ginger - steeping tea - sprinkled with sesame and beans as the main steps. But nowadays, in order to be more convenient and faster, every family will use electric kettles instead of old pottery jar. While sesame seeds and beans are no longer instantly fried, but will be fried in advance to reserve and directly sprinkled on.<br /> The ingredients put in the preparation will be different at different times of the day. If guests come an hour or two before the meal, such as 9-10 a.m.or 2-4 p.m., the host will put more sesame beans and other ingredients, making it a cup of &quot;morning tea&quot; or &quot;afternoon tea&quot;; a cup of ginger salt tea after the meal, the host will often only put a little bit of sesame and beans, and increase the amount of ginger, to a certain extent to play the effect of relieving greasiness; as for the in the evening, the ginger salt tea can hardly be called tea, because the tea has a refreshing effect, so the host will only put a few tea leaves, in case guests have difficulty in sleeping at night.<br /> <br /> <br /> ====C.The benefits of Ginger Salt Tea====<br /> In the traditional Chinese medical cognition, Ginger Salt Tea is a certain medicinal function, the Song Dynasty medical book has written: &quot;ginger tea for dysentery: ginger can help Yang, tea can help Yin, both can dissipate, and adjust the level of Yang and Yin, in addition to the heat poison, wine and food poison can be solved. Do not ask the red and white hot and cold general, old ginger cut like beans, and tea leaves equal parts, with new water decoction. Dongpo medical Wen Lu Gong for effect.&quot; Yueyang City is close to China's second largest freshwater lake - Dongting Lake, influenced by the subtropical monsoon, hot and humid climate. Xiangyin, Miluo and other places are close to the Dongting Lake, and the water quality is complex, so it is easy to hurt the stomach. Ginger salt tea has the effect of expelling cold and dispelling dampness, strengthening the stomach and spleen, which is conducive to local people to regulate the dampness in their bodies and achieve balance.<br /> <br /> 正文：<br /> (一)姜盐茶的由来<br /> 姜盐茶，从本质上讲，是“配料茶”的一种。从饮茶的历史上看，配料茶是起源较早的饮茶方式，最早出现于唐朝。现代社会距离唐代已经久远了，但是我们从岳阳地区的姜盐茶中仍然能看到古代配料茶的影子。有一种传说：在南宋绍兴年间，岳飞被朝廷授予镇宁崇信军节度使，带领兵马南下，准备前往洞庭湖地区镇压由杨幺领导的农民起义。但是，士兵一到南方，水土不服，病人增多，不仅影响了作战，也影响了士气。于是岳飞便与军医一起研究，然后吩咐部下熬含盐的黄豆姜汁汤喝。慢慢地，士兵身体得到了恢复。军营周围的老百姓一看，也学着去沏这号茶来喝，一时间在湘阴、汨罗地区流行起来。<br /> (二)姜盐茶的做法：<br /> 1.传统做法：<br /> 这档茶，在茶具、备料、泡法和筛茶操作上都有许多讲究。先说茶具，最好是能容上十来碗茶的大肚子陶罐，陶罐保温好，肚大口小，便于晃匀茶水里的相料而不致外溢，容量稍大才能满足待客的需要。茶碗则不宜太深，容量约为饭碗二分之一的敞口茶碗最好，这样才容易把茶水底下的相料全部吃干净。还要备一只陶制的，内侧带楞的姜沙擂钵，把姜块擦成“姜沙”。相料则要求燥脆松酥，如能现炒现吃就更香了。盐要根据饮茶对象的口味来定，除搞体力劳动的流汗太多需要补充盐分外，其他人喝都不宜太咸。但姜开胃起口，却不妨稍多放一些。开水更是关键，水滚才能把所有配料的原汁原味“煎”出来。“水滚姜辣盐适中，芝麻豆子要泡松”便是煎茶的总诀。筛茶时旋转手腕，使相料在罐中转圈，趁配料充分泛起时，倒入茶碗(所以湘阴人倒茶叫“筛茶”)。不会筛茶的，往往罐底配料多，那就不理想了。（岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇）<br /> 简言之便是将清水注入瓦罐，在柴火灶的火灰中烧开，把黄豆或芝麻放在铁皮小铲上炒熟，将老姜在钵中磨成姜渣与姜汁，才可以泡茶。泡茶时，要先将茶叶放进烧开了水的瓦罐里泡开，然后将盐、姜渣、姜汁倒入罐内，混匀，倒入茶杯，最后抓上一把炒熟的黄豆或芝麻撒在杯子里，即可饮用。<br /> <br /> 2.现代做法：<br /> 制作方法与传统做法相差不大，仍以烧水-磨姜-泡茶-撒上芝麻、豆子为主要步骤。但如今为了更方便、更快捷，家户会使用电热水壶而不是瓦罐了，同时芝麻豆子等也不再即时炒，而会提前炒好储备起来，直接撒上去。<br /> 不同时间段，制作时放的配料也会不一样。客人若是在饭前一两个小时来，如上午9-10点，下午2-4点，主人便会多多放上芝麻豆子这些配料，让其成为一杯“上午茶”或“下午茶”；饭后的一杯姜盐茶，主人往往只会放一点点的芝麻和豆子，增加姜的量，一定程度上起到解腻的效果。；晚上的姜盐茶，便几乎不能称为茶了，因为茶有提神醒脑的效果，主人便只会放上几片茶叶，以防客人夜晚难以入眠。<br /> (三)姜盐茶对身体的好处<br /> 在中国传统医学的认知中，姜盐茶是有一定药用功能的，宋代医书《仁斋直指》中说道：“姜茶治痢法：姜能助阳，茶能助阴，二者皆能消散，又且调平阴阳，况于暑毒、酒食毒皆能解之也。不问赤白冷热通用之，老生姜切如豆许，与茶叶等分，用新水煎服。东坡医文潞公作效。” 岳阳市靠近中国第二大淡水湖---洞庭湖，受亚热带季风影响，气候湿热，而湘阴、汨罗等地更是紧挨着洞庭湖，水质复杂容易伤胃。姜盐茶有驱寒祛湿、健胃强脾的作用，利于当地人们调节身体中的湿气，达到平衡。<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> 1、百度百科，“姜盐茶”词条<br /> 2、《农业考古（中国茶文化专号）》，2018年第5期<br /> 3、岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇<br /> 4、《仁斋直指》，宋代<br /> <br /> 引用：<br /> 1、百度百科，“姜盐茶”词条<br /> 2、《农业考古（中国茶文化专号）》，2018年第5期<br /> 3、岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇<br /> 4、《仁斋直指》，宋代<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> 1.Which region did Ginger Salt Tea originate from?<br /> 2.What are the main ingredients of Ginger Salt Tea?<br /> 3.Which historical celebrity is associated with the origin of ginger and salt tea?<br /> 4.What are the health benefits of ginger salt tea?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> 1.It originates from the Xiangyin and Miluo areas of Yueyang city, Hunan Province, China.<br /> 2.The main ingredients are at least ginger, salt, sesame, tea bubbles, and some areas will add fried soybeans, which can also be replaced by peanut rice.<br /> 3.Yue Fei<br /> 4. Ginger salt tea has the effect of expelling cold and dispelling dampness, strengthening the stomach and spleen, which is conducive to local people to regulate the dampness in their bodies and achieve balance.<br /> <br /> ==Xu Puliang 许谱亮 Cuisine: Barbeque in China==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> Barbecue occupies an important position in the history of Chinese food culture. China is vast in territory and rich in resources and has a long history. Barbecue culture is rich in connotation，and the types of barbecue also show distinct characteristics in different regions.<br /> <br /> ===key Words===<br /> <br /> Barbecue; Chinese barbecue; regions; culture; drawbacks<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> <br /> Barbecue is an ancient cooking method and one of the earliest cooking methods in the world. Nowadays, barbecue has already entered many households in China and has become an indispensable part of people's lives. Whether you are on the streets or at tourist attractions, barbecues can be seen everywhere.<br /> <br /> ===Origin===<br /> <br /> As early as primitive times, man could roast meat on fire. According to archaeological discoveries, about 600,000 years ago, Beijing Zhoukoudian ape-man had already started to eat roast meat. Archaeologists have also discovered 6,000-year-old utensils used for barbecuing. <br /> <br /> About the origin of the barbecue, there is a story related to Fuxi. In ancient times, there were many fish in the water, birds in the sky, and beasts on the ground, but people couldn't catch them. Fuxi taught people to make nets to catch them. This is much better than only eating fruit, but raw fish and raw bird meat taste bad and are unhealthy. Some people even get sick after eating raw meat. So Fuxi took the skyfire and taught people to use fire roast meat. From then on, people eat delicious barbecue and become healthier. In honor of Fuxi, people called him &quot; the first person to cook meat with fire&quot;-&quot;PaoXi&quot;<br /> <br /> ===Different types of barbecue in Chinese regions===<br /> <br /> One of the characteristics of China barbecue culture is its diversity. Different regions, different nationalities and different ingredients have formed a barbecue flavor with regional characteristics. The following are some representative regional barbecues:<br /> <br /> ====1.Northeast barbecue====<br /> <br /> Northeast barbecue uses a traditional clay stove. Cut pork streaky in large pieces, roast until the edges are slightly burnt, then dip them in the sauce, wrap them with Chinese leaves, and then you have a tasty roll. <br /> <br /> ====2.Mongolia barbecue====<br /> <br /> Mongolia barbecue is renowned for its roasted whole lamb, which is usually not roasted directly over the fire, but rather by filling red-hot stones into the hollowed-out and cleaned stomach of the sheep, allowing the heat to slowly cook the meat from the inside out. Such barbecue is not easy to cause grassland fires, and can make the heat last longer. <br /> <br /> ====3.Northen Xinjiang====<br /> <br /> The barbecue in northern Xinjiang is represented by the Ili barbecue. Simply marinate the lamb with a mixture of eggs, onions and salt and roast it on the grill. The egg liquid wraps a layer of burnt yellow crispy coat on the surface of the mutton; Salt is used to flavor and make lean meat more chewy; Onions are used to remove odors. <br /> <br /> ====4.Southern Xinjiang====<br /> <br /> Red Willow Barbecue is the most representative type of barbecue in Southern Xinjiang: The willow tree, which grows in the oasis on the edge of Tarim Basin, is called &quot;red willow&quot; by local people because of its light red bark. It exudes a fragrant scent of tree sap when heated, and can add flavor to roasted beef and mutton. Because the red willow branches are thick, the meat pieces need to be cut into large pieces to be strung together. Therefore, in Xinjiang, &quot; Red Willow Roast Meat&quot; is often synonymous with large pieces of roast meat. <br /> <br /> ====5.Guangxi barbecue====<br /> <br /> Guangxi barbecue is famous for its variety of barbecue ingredients. The whole roast vole slitting open belly, slender bending pigtail, the whole roast pig eye, roast snake, roast bee pupae, scorpions, even roast cockroaches, are not rare. <br /> <br /> ====6.Lingnan barbecue====<br /> <br /> Lingnan area is famous for its seafood barbecue. One of the most popular barbecues is roast oysters. The fresh oysters in this area are rich in salty and sweet, so the taste is very rich. An essential step to cook the oyster is to pry open the shell and garnish it with garlic and pepper. Eating the grilled oysters together with bottles of beer is the greatest pleasure for people who live on the shores of the south China sea. <br /> <br /> ====7.Zibo Barbecue====<br /> <br /> Recently, Zibo barbecue is very popular. Zibo City's barbecue culture has also sparked heated discussion on social media. <br /> Zibo barbecue has a unique way to eat: &quot;Mutton skewers + pancakes + onions&quot;; and an external image with a sense of ritual: &quot;One table, one stove and one roll&quot;. <br /> Authentic Zibo barbecue needs an independent small oven for each table, and uses charcoal fire to roast. The kebabs on each table are half-cooked, and diners control the rest. To eat kebabs in Zibo, you need to take two skewers of roast meat, apply dip sauce, and spread them on a pancake. Then hold the pancake tightly with your hands and pull the barbecue prod back in. A few pieces of meat completely wrapped in pancakes, plus a section of green onion, became a unique Zibo barbecue.<br /> <br /> ===Culture===<br /> <br /> In China recipes, barbecue is the most special existence. In Sichuan cuisine, Shandong cuisine, Guangdong cuisine, Huaiyang cuisine and other major cuisines, the shadow of barbecue can hardly be found. Famous dishes are all steamed and boiled as the best way of cooking, followed by stir-frying, frying and deep-frying. Barbecue, on the other hand, is at the bottom of the Chinese cooking chain, which cannot be used for high-grade ingredients. <br /> <br /> Contrary to this idea, in almost all Chinese cities and villages, barbecue is popular and loved by everyone. Whether it's late-night, camping outdoors, friends' parties or family reunions, as long as there's a barbecue, there's a harmonious and lively atmosphere. Barbecue represents the most market-like, commonest and warmest side of Chinese diet, and also condenses all the Chinese people's adaptation to local conditions, harmony and flexibility, represents people's pursuit of freedom, relaxation and enjoyment of life. <br /> <br /> ===Drawbacks===<br /> <br /> In recent years, roadside barbecues have become a popular part of people's diet. There is basically no slack season, and business is booming all the year round. Especially in the hot summer, people like to eat barbecue at roadside barbecue stalls. However, barbecue also has some drawbacks. <br /> <br /> ====1.A high incidence of cance====<br /> <br /> Barbecue is associated with a high incidence of cancer. Because barbecue contains many cancer-causing dangerous substances, which increases the risk of cancer. <br /> <br /> ====2.Smoke pollution====<br /> <br /> Barbecue causes smoke pollution. The smog produced by barbecue has caused serious pollution of the environment. In recent years, barbecue has become the main pollution source of smog pollution. However, with the emergence of smokeless barbecue, the pollution problem caused by barbecue has been solved gradually.<br /> <br /> ===Conclusion===<br /> <br /> Barbecue is not only a way of eating, but also a reflection of life attitude, cultural heritage and food pursuit. By tasting the barbecue delicacies in different regions, people can feel the people's livelihood customs and cultural deposits in different regions, and appreciate the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and society.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> <br /> [1]慧文.吃烧烤 中国古人有啥讲究[J].科学大观园,2022,No.636(04):72-75.<br /> [2]李国新.新疆烧烤特色美食的烹饪技艺及优化策略[J].食品安全导刊,2023,No.368(03):178-180.DOI:10.16043/j.cnki.cfs.2023.03.061.<br /> [3]梓轩.淄博烧烤火热出圈的“流量密码”[J].宁波经济(财经视点),2023,No.591(05):16-17.<br /> [4]https://www.zhihu.com/question/39285680<br /> [5]https://www.zhihu.com/question/285168142<br /> ===Terminology and Expression===<br /> 1.Fuxi：伏羲<br /> 2.Beijing Zhoukoudian ape-man： 北京周口店猿人<br /> 3.&quot;PaoXi&quot;：庖牺<br /> 4.Chinese leaves:生菜叶<br /> 5.Ili barbecue：伊犁烧烤<br /> 6.Red Willow Barbecue：红柳烧烤<br /> 7.Tarim Basin：塔里木盆地<br /> 8.Lingnan：岭南<br /> 9.Stir-frying：炒<br /> 10.Frying：煎<br /> Deep-frying：炸<br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.Who is said to be “the first person who cook meat with fire”?<br /> 2.Why Mongolia barbecue don’t roast mutton over the fire directly?<br /> 3.Which is the most representative type of barbecue in Southern Xinjiang?<br /> 4.What is the unique way to eat Zibo barbecue and the external image of it?<br /> 5.What are the drawbacks of barbecue?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1.Fuxi .<br /> 2.Such barbecue is not easy to cause grassland fires, and can make the heat last longer. <br /> 3.Red willow barbecue.<br /> 4.Zibo barbecue has a unique way to eat: &quot;Mutton skewers + pancakes + onions&quot;; and an external image with a sense of ritual: &quot;One table, one stove and one roll&quot;. <br /> Barbecue is associated with a high incidence of cancer. Barbecue causes smoke pollution.<br /> <br /> ===摘要===<br /> <br /> 烧烤在我国饮食文化史上占有重要的地位。中国地大物博，历史悠久，烧烤文化内涵丰富，烧烤的种类也随着地域的不同呈现出鲜明的特征。<br /> <br /> ===关键词===<br /> <br /> 烧烤；中国烧烤；地域；文化；弊端<br /> <br /> ===引入===<br /> <br /> 烧烤是一种古老的烹饪方式，也是世界上最早出现的烹饪方式之一。如今，烧烤早已走进了国内千家万户，成为了人们生活中不可缺少的一部分。无论是大街小巷还是旅游景区，烧烤店随处可见。<br /> <br /> ===起源===<br /> <br /> 早在原始时代，人类就学会了把肉放在火上烤熟了吃。据考古发现，大约在60万年前的北京北京周口店猿人已经开始吃烧烤了。考古学家还发现了距今六千年，用来制作烧烤的器具。<br /> <br /> 关于烧烤的起源，有一个与伏羲有关的故事。古时候，水中鱼多，天上鸟多，地上兽多，但人们都抓不到。伏羲教人们织网捕鱼，捕捉鸟兽。这比只吃树上的野果要好得多，但生鱼肉和生鸟肉的味道不好，有些人吃了生肉后会生病。于是伏羲取了天火，教人们用火烤鸟鱼吃。 从此，人们吃上了香喷喷的烤肉，变得更加健康。为了纪念伏羲，人们称他为“第一个用火烤熟肉的人”——“庖牺”。<br /> <br /> ===不同地域种类丰富的烧烤===<br /> <br /> 中国烧烤文化中的一大特色就是它的多样性。不同地区、不同民族和不同食材的搭配都形成了带有地域特色的烧烤风味。接下来将介绍一些具有代表性的地方烧烤：<br /> <br /> ====1.东北====<br /> 东北烧烤用的是传统的粘土炉。五花肉切大块，烤至边缘微焦，蘸酱料、生蒜、绿色，包上生菜叶，你就得到了一个美味的烤肉卷。<br /> <br /> ====2.蒙古====<br /> 蒙古烤肉以烤全羊而闻名，通常不是直接在火上烤，而是将烧红的石头填入掏空并清洗干净的羊胃中，让热量从里到外慢慢地将肉烤熟。这样的烧烤不容易引起草原火灾，而且可以使热度持续更长时间。<br /> <br /> ====3.北疆====<br /> 北疆的烧烤以伊犁烧烤为代表。简单地用鸡蛋、洋葱和盐的混合物腌制羊肉，然后在炉子上烤。蛋液在羊肉表面包裹一层焦黄酥脆的外皮;盐用来调味，使瘦肉更有嚼劲;洋葱是用来去除腥味的。<br /> <br /> ====4.南疆====<br /> 红柳烧烤是南疆最具代表性的烧烤类型：生长在塔里木盆地边缘绿洲的红柳，因树皮呈淡红色，被当地人称为“红柳”。加热后散发出一股树液的香味，可以为烤牛羊肉增添风味。因为红柳树枝粗，肉块需要切成大块才能串起来。因此，在新疆，“红柳烤肉”往往是大块烤肉的代名词。<br /> <br /> ====5.广西====<br /> 广西烧烤以烧烤食材的多样性而闻名。开膛破肚的整只烤田鼠，细长弯曲的猪鞭，整只烤猪眼，烤蛇、烤蜂蛹、烤蝎子，甚至烤蟑螂，都不在少数。<br /> <br /> ====6.岭南地区====<br /> 岭南地区以海鲜烧烤闻名。其中最受欢迎的是烤生蚝。这个地区的生蚝汁咸中带甜，所以味道很丰富。烤生蚝一个基本步骤是撬开壳，加入大蒜和胡椒调味。吃着烤生蚝，喝着啤酒，是生活在南海之滨的人们的最大乐趣。<br /> <br /> ====7.淄博烧烤====<br /> 最近，淄博的烧烤很受欢迎。 淄博市的烧烤文化也在社交媒体上引起了热议。<br /> 淄博烧烤有一种独特的吃法：“羊肉串+煎饼+葱”;以及一个带有仪式感的外在形象：“一桌一灶一卷”。<br /> 正宗的淄博烧烤每桌都有一个独立的小烤炉，用炭火烧烤，这种烧烤也叫“活烧烤”。 每一个桌上的肉串已经烤到半熟，接下来的火候由食客自己掌握。吃淄博的羊肉串，需要取两串烤肉，涂好蘸酱料，铺在煎饼上。然后用手紧紧地握住煎饼，把烧烤签子拉回来。几块肉完全包在煎饼里，再加一段葱，就成了一个独特的淄博烧烤卷饼。<br /> <br /> ===烧烤文化===<br /> <br /> 在中国菜谱中，烧烤是最特别的存在。在代表中国高级菜系的川菜、鲁菜、粤菜、淮扬菜等各大菜系中，几乎找不到烧烤的影子。名菜都是以蒸和煮为最佳烹调方法，其次是炒、煎和炸。而烧烤则处于中式烹饪链条的最底层，不能用于高档食材。与这种想法相反，在几乎所有的中国城市和乡村，烧烤都很受欢迎。无论是深夜、户外露营、朋友聚会还是家人团聚，只要有烧烤，就有一种和谐而鲜活的氛围。烧烤代表了中国饮食中最市井、最平常、最温情的一面，也凝结着中国人因地制宜、和谐灵活的一面，代表着人们对自由、放松和享受生活的追求。<br /> <br /> ===烧烤的消极影响===<br /> <br /> 近年来，路边烧烤成为大众饮食的热门。基本没有淡旺季，一年四季生意都很红火。特别是在炎热的夏天，人们喜欢在路边的烧烤摊吃烧烤。然而，烧烤也存在着一些弊端。<br /> <br /> ====1.癌症的高发====<br /> <br /> 烧烤易导致癌症的高发。因为烧烤当中含有的致癌危险物质多，增加癌症的发生几率。<br /> <br /> ====2.烟雾污染====<br /> 烧烤烟雾污染。烧烤产生的烟雾对环境造成了严重污染，近年来，烧烤已成为雾霾污染的主要污染源。但随着无烟烧烤的出现，烧烤带来的污染问题渐渐得到解决。<br /> <br /> ===结论===<br /> <br /> 烧烤不仅仅是一种饮食方式，更是一种生活态度、文化底蕴和美食追求的体现。通过品尝不同地域的烧烤美食，人们可以感受到不同地域的民生习俗和文化底蕴，并从中领略到人与自然、人与社会的和谐共处之道。</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_08&diff=156181 2023-07-10T11:29:41Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friends in cold weather */</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friends in cold weather==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> I am gonna introduce the &quot;three friends in cold weather&quot; - pine, bamboo and plum - and their characteristics in Chinese culture through ancient Chinese poetry and cultural elements such as imagery.<br /> <br /> key words: Pine,Bamboo,plum,poetry.<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> <br /> Chinese people have long held a deep admiration for pine (sōng 松), bamboo (zhú 竹), and plum (méi 梅), considering them as the most cherished plants. These three botanical wonders thrive resiliently throughout the cold winter, much like steadfast friends eagerly embracing the arrival of spring. Thus, they are revered as the &quot;Three Friends in Cold Weather (suì hán sān yǒu 岁寒三友),&quot; symbolizing the esteemed virtues pursued by the Chinese people, particularly in the realm of ancient Chinese poetry.<br /> <br /> ===Text===<br /> <br /> ====Pines 松====<br /> <br /> With their enduring green foliage and robust vitality, pines exemplify the strength of character found in evergreen trees. Even during the harsh winter, they flourish, earning them admiration for their indomitable spirit. While the masses generally associate pines with longevity, they are more widely recognized as symbols of endurance and resilience.<br /> <br /> ====Bamboo竹====<br /> <br /> Bamboo, perhaps known to foreigners primarily as the beloved food of pandas, has been cherished by the Chinese for thousands of years, long before these adorable creatures achieved global stardom. However, bamboo holds a multitude of meanings in Chinese culture that extend beyond its association with pandas.<br /> <br /> Even as the cold wind blows and the day of cold Dew arrives, bamboo remains resilient and thrives while other plants wither away. This unique ability, combined with its upright posture and hollow joints, endows bamboo with qualities of unwavering strength and modesty, earning it the esteemed title of a &quot;gentleman.&quot; In addition to its symbolism of resilience, bamboo holds great significance in Chinese folklore, where the act of firing bamboo crackers represents the breaking away from old and malevolent forces. Moreover, bamboo is recognized as a symbol of security and auspiciousness, as depicted in traditional decorative paintings.<br /> Bamboo, known as zhu in Chinese, embodies the essence of Chinese scholars. Its significance is highly esteemed within Chinese culture. The erect posture and unwavering joints of bamboo exemplify its untamed and resolute nature. Its unbendable branches further manifest its tenacity.<br /> <br /> Chinese scholars regard bamboo as their spiritual pillar, often stating that they could forgo meat but not the presence of bamboo near their homes. Indeed, bamboo permeates various aspects of Chinese daily life. The mere presence of bamboo instills a sense of tranquility and serenity.<br /> Within the Book of Songs, an ancient collection of Chinese poems dating back to BC 770-476, we encounter numerous instances of bamboo being described and extolled by the ancient Chinese people. One of the most renowned lines, &quot;瞻彼淇奥，绿竹猗猗&quot; (gazing upon the water's edge, the green bamboo stands tall and beautiful), encapsulates the essence of bamboo in Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> This verse symbolizes the image of bamboo in Chinese culture as tall, slender, exquisite, and straight. The straightness of bamboo (直, zhí) parallels the concept of personal integrity (正直, zhèng zhí) among individuals. Just as bamboo naturally grows upwards, human beings should uphold moral integrity and steadfast principles. This notion of moral integrity holds tremendous significance as one of the fundamental values in Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Across the vast expanse of China's enduring history, numerous names have stood the test of time, passed down from one generation to the next. Among these revered figures, Wen Tianxiang, a valiant official during the Song dynasty (1236-1283), shines as a timeless national hero, his legacy persisting even in modern times. Wen's unwavering loyalty and refusal to submit to his captors, despite being taken prisoner after his army's defeat, remain emblematic of his indomitable spirit.<br /> <br /> Not only was Wen Tianxiang a resolute hero, but he was also a gifted poet. During his journey northward, he composed a poem that has since become one of the most cherished and renowned in history. Its poignant conclusion resounds with the words, &quot;A death befalls all men alike, I'll keep a loyal heart to make a name in history,&quot;（人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青） encapsulating his unwavering commitment to leave behind a legacy of honor and bravery.<br /> <br /> ====Plums 梅====<br /> <br /> Among the renowned flowers of China, the plum holds a significant place. Revered for its noble, pure, and modest qualities, it serves as an inspiration for personal growth and self-improvement. Chinese poets of bygone eras have consistently cherished and celebrated the plum, recognizing its profound symbolism. Furthermore, the plum is associated with the arrival of auspicious tidings, signifying the advent of good news. Over time, stories and legends regarding the plum and its profound meaning have become widely disseminated, permeating Chinese culture with their tenduring presence.<br /> <br /> Winter, a season that casts a chilling shadow over living creatures, transforms the vibrant world into a cold and silent realm. The once vibrant hues fade, replaced by a landscape cloaked in white and gray. However, an intriguing connection exists between snow and plum blossoms in traditional Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Winter brings about a halt to numerous aspects of life. The ceaseless flow of rivers succumbs to the unforgiving cold, freezing their very essence. Plants cease their growth, their roots weakened by the icy grip, depriving them of vital nourishment. The land itself appears as an expansive, frozen barrier, valiantly resisting the cold's relentless advances. Trees, once adorned with leaves, now serve as hosts to icy adornments. Winter halts many things, yet there is one exception: Plum Blossoms.<br /> <br /> Chinese Plum Blossoms, symbolizing hope and resilience, have long held a cherished position as the traditional flower of China. Blooming amidst the harshness of winter, they radiate their beauty until the arrival of spring. Plum blossoms captivate hearts not only with their aesthetic allure but also with their inherent qualities.<br /> <br /> While winter brings a standstill to so much, it fails to impede the blossoming of plum blossoms. These delicate flowers serve as a profound metaphor, embodying hope and the unwavering spirit to flourish against all odds. They stand as a testament to resilience, undeterred by the bitter cold. Their elegance and beauty persist, inspiring onlookers.<br /> <br /> Recognizing the profound significance of plum blossoms, poets since ancient times have penned verses to commemorate their essence. These poets comprehend the transformative impact of embracing the plum blossom's spirit and its potential application in our own lives.<br /> <br /> ===Conclusion===<br /> <br /> In The Analects , Confucius said: “Only in the cold winter does one know that the pine and the cypress are the last to shed their leaves. (岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。)” It means that a harsh environment can test whether a person has a strong mind, perseverance, and a noble character.<br /> In literature and ancient culture, pine, bamboo, and plum blossoms are collectively known as “Three Companions of the Winter (岁寒三友).”<br /> <br /> ===Reference===<br /> <br /> 1.Baidu Encyclopedia The Three Friends in cold weather <br /> 2. &quot;Wang Yun Mei She Ji&quot; Song - Lin Jingxi<br /> 3.The Analects<br /> <br /> ===汉语翻译===<br /> <br /> 摘要：<br /> 本文将通过中国古代诗歌及意象等文化元素介绍中国古代传统的“岁寒三友”-松、竹、梅，及其在中华文化中的特征。<br /> 中国人长期以来对松树（sōng松）、竹子（zhú竹）和梅花（méi梅）怀有深深的敬意，认为它们是最值得珍惜的植物。这三种植物奇迹在整个寒冷的冬天顽强地生长着，就像坚定的朋友急切地迎接春天的到来。因此，它们被尊称为 &quot;岁寒三友&quot;，象征着中国人民所追求的受人尊敬的美德，特别是在中国古代诗歌领域。<br /> <br /> 介绍：<br /> 中国人长期以来对松、竹、梅深深地钦佩，认为它们是最珍贵的植物。这三种植物奇迹般地在寒冷的冬季中茁壮成长，就像坚定的朋友渴望春天的到来一样。因此，它们被尊崇为&quot;岁寒三友&quot;，象征着中国人民追求的尊贵美德，特别是在中国古诗词领域。<br /> <br /> <br /> 一、松树<br /> <br /> 松树以其持久的绿叶和旺盛的生命力，体现了常青树的性格力量。即使在严寒的冬天，它们也能茁壮成长，以其不屈不挠的精神赢得了人们的钦佩。虽然大众通常将松树与长寿联系在一起，但它们被更广泛地认为是耐力和复原力的象征。<br /> <br /> 二、竹子<br /> <br /> 竹子，也许在外国人眼里主要是作为大熊猫心爱的食物，但早在这些可爱的生物获得全球明星地位之前，中国人就已经珍视竹子几千年了。然而，竹子在中国文化中具有多种意义，超出了它与熊猫的关系。<br /> <br /> 即使寒风吹过，寒露来临，竹子仍然坚韧不拔，在其他植物枯萎时茁壮成长。这种独特的能力，加上其直立的姿势和中空的关节，赋予了竹子坚定不移的力量和谦虚的品质，使其获得了 &quot;君子 &quot;的尊贵称号。除了象征着坚韧不拔，竹子在中国的民间传说中也有很大的意义，烧竹子的行为代表着摆脱旧的和邪恶的力量。此外，竹子被认为是安全和吉祥的象征，正如传统装饰画中所描绘的那样。<br /> <br /> 竹子，在中文中被称为竹子，体现了中国学者的精髓。它的意义在中国文化中受到高度推崇。竹子的直立姿态和坚定不移的关节体现了其桀骜不驯和坚毅的本性。它不屈不挠的枝干进一步体现了它的坚韧。<br /> <br /> 中国学者将竹子视为他们的精神支柱，经常说他们可以放弃肉类，但不能放弃家附近的竹子。的确，竹子渗透到了中国人日常生活的各个方面。仅仅是竹子的存在，就给人以宁静和安详的感觉。<br /> <br /> 《诗经》是中国古代的诗歌集，可以追溯到公元前770-476年，我们可以看到古代中国人对竹子的描述和赞美，有很多例子。其中最著名的一句是 &quot;瞻彼淇奥，绿竹猗猗&quot;，它概括了中国文化中竹子的本质。<br /> <br /> 这句诗象征着竹子在中国文化中的形象是高大、纤细、精致和笔直。竹子的直（zhí）与个人的正直（zhèng zhí）概念相似。就像竹子自然向上生长一样，人类应该坚持道德操守和坚定的原则。这种道德操守的概念作为中国文化的基本价值观之一，有着巨大的意义。<br /> <br /> 在中国浩瀚的历史长河中，无数的名字经受住了时间的考验，代代相传。在这些受人尊敬的人物中，宋朝（1236-1283）时期的英勇官员文天祥，作为一个永恒的民族英雄而熠熠生辉，他的遗产甚至在现代仍然存在。文天祥尽管在军队战败后被俘，但他坚定不移的忠诚和拒绝屈服于俘虏，仍然体现了他不屈不挠的精神。<br /> <br /> 文天祥不仅是一位坚定的英雄，而且还是一位天才的诗人。在北上途中，他创作了一首诗，后来成为历史上最珍贵和最著名的诗之一。诗的结尾是这样的：&quot;人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青&quot;。这句话概括了他坚定不移地致力于留下荣誉和勇敢的遗产。<br /> <br /> 三、梅花<br /> <br /> 在中国的著名花卉中，梅花占有重要地位。它因其高尚、纯洁和谦虚的品质而受到尊重，是个人成长和自我完善的灵感。中国历代诗人一直珍视和赞美梅花，认识到其深刻的象征意义。此外，梅花与吉祥物的到来有关，象征着好消息的到来。随着时间的推移，有关梅花的故事和传说以及它的深刻含义已被广泛传播，并在中国文化中弥漫着它们的魅力。<br /> <br /> 冬天，一个给生物投下寒冷阴影的季节，将充满活力的世界变成一个寒冷和沉默的领域。曾经充满活力的色调逐渐消失，取而代之的是笼罩在白色和灰色中的风景。然而，在中国传统文化中，雪和梅花之间存在着一种耐人寻味的联系。<br /> <br /> 冬天给生活的许多方面带来了停顿。不停流淌的河水屈服于无情的寒冷，冻结了它们的本质。植物停止生长，它们的根部被冰雪所削弱，失去了重要的滋养。土地本身就像一个广阔的、冰冻的屏障，勇敢地抵抗着寒冷的无情侵袭。曾经用树叶装饰的树木，现在成了冰冷装饰品的主人。冬天让很多东西都停止了，但有一个例外：梅花。<br /> <br /> 中国的梅花，象征着希望和坚韧，长期以来一直作为中国的传统花卉而受到珍视。在严寒的冬天，它们绽放出美丽的光芒，直到春天的到来。梅花不仅以其审美的诱惑力，而且以其固有的品质吸引着人们的心。<br /> <br /> 虽然冬天给许多事情带来了停滞，但它却无法阻碍梅花的绽放。这些娇嫩的花朵作为一个深刻的隐喻，体现了希望和坚定不移的精神，在所有的困难中蓬勃发展。它们是坚韧不拔的证明，不受严寒的影响。它们的优雅和美丽持续存在，激励着旁观者。<br /> <br /> 认识到梅花的深远意义，自古以来的诗人都写下诗句来纪念梅花的本质。这些诗人理解了拥抱梅花精神的变革性影响及其在我们自己生活中的潜在应用。<br /> <br /> 总结：<br /> <br /> 在《论语》中，孔子说：“岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。”意思是说，恶劣的环境可以考验一个人是否有坚强的意志、坚韧的精神和高尚的品格。在文学和古代文化中，松树、竹子和梅花被统称为 &quot;岁寒三友&quot;。<br /> <br /> 参考资料：<br /> <br /> 1.百度百科词条：岁寒三友<br /> 2.《王云梅舍记》宋•林景熙<br /> 3.《论语》子罕篇<br /> 4.《诗经》卫风•淇奥<br /> <br /> ==Wu Qian 吴倩 Traditional Chinese specialty tea drink：Ginger Salt Tea==<br /> Traditional Chinese regional specialty tea drink: Ginger Salt Tea中国传统特色茶饮品：姜盐茶<br /> ===Abstract===<br /> Introducing Ginger Salt Tea, a special tea drink from the Xiangyin and Miluo areas of Yueyang city, Hunan Province, China.<br /> 梗概：介绍中国湖南省岳阳的湘阴与汨罗一带地区的特色茶饮品---姜盐茶。<br /> Key words:<br /> Ginger Salt Tea,Ginger Salt Beans and Sesame Tea,pottery jar<br /> 关键词：<br /> 姜盐茶、姜盐芝麻豆子茶、陶罐<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> Ginger salt tea, the full name is Ginger Salt Beans and Sesame Tea. The main ingredients are at least ginger, salt, sesame, tea bubbles, and some areas will add fried soybeans, which can also be replaced by peanut rice. In Hunan Province, Xiangyin, Miluo area of Yueyang City, since very early love to use this type of tea to entertain guests, and still retain this custom today.<br /> Ginger Salt Tea is Xiangyin, Miluo and other areas used to entertain guests with special tea drinks. Whenever a guest comes, the first thing the women in the family do is to go to the kitchen to boil water, while using a small ring bowl made of pottery unique to the Yueyang region to grind ginger, ready to make a cup of ginger and salt tea for the guests. These areas of the village households to a certain extent, will be Ginger Salt Tea bubble good or bad to decide whether to come to the family's home often.<br /> 介绍：<br /> 姜盐茶，全称为姜盐豆子芝麻茶。主要材料至少有姜、盐、芝麻、茶叶泡，有些地区会加入炒熟的黄豆，豆子也可以用花生米代替。在湖南省岳阳市的湘阴、汨罗一带地区，自很早开始都爱用这种茶来招待客人，如今仍然保留这种风俗。<br /> 姜盐茶是湘阴、汨罗等地区用来招待客人的特色茶饮品。每当有客人来，家中女性第一件事便是去厨房烧开水，同时用一个陶制的岳阳地区特有的小擂钵来磨姜末，准备好为客人泡一杯姜盐茶。这片地区的村户们在一定程度上，会以姜盐茶泡的好不好来决定是否常来这户人家串门。<br /> <br /> ===Text===<br /> ====A.Origin of ginger salt tea====<br /> Ginger Salt Tea, in essence, is a kind of &quot;ingredient tea&quot;. From the history of tea drinking, ingredient tea is the origin of the earlier way of drinking tea, first appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Modern society has been a long way from the Tang Dynasty, but we can still see the shadow of ancient ingredient tea from the Ginger salt tea in Yueyang area. There is a legend: in the Southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing years, Yue Fei was granted by the court to Zhenning Chongxin Army Military Governor, leading soldiers and horses south, ready to go to the Dongting Lake area to suppress the peasant uprising led by Yang yao. However, once the soldiers arrived in the south areas, they were sick with water and soil, which not only affected the combat but also the morale. So Yue Fei studied with the military doctor, and then ordered his retinues to boil soybean and ginger soup with salt to drink. Gradually, the soldiers' bodies recovered. And the people around the barracks to see, also learn to make this type of tea to drink. For a time in Xiangyin, Miluo areas popular.<br /> ====B.The Method of Ginger Salt Tea====<br /> =====a.Traditional Method=====<br /> This type of tea, in the tea set, preparation, boiling method and sieve tea operation have many instructions. First of all, the tea set, it is best to be able to accommodate a dozen bowls of tea on the big belly pottery jar, pottery jar insulation. The belly must be large and the mouth must be small, so it is easy to shake even tea in the mixed material and not spill, slightly larger capacity to meet the needs of hospitality. The tea bowl should not be too deep, the capacity of about one-half of the rice bowl open-mouth tea bowl is the best, so that it is easy to eat the tea under the phase material all clean. Also prepare a pottery, with a corrugated inner side of ginger paste to rub the ginger block into &quot;ginger paste&quot;and the “ginger sand”. The mixed materials are required to be dry and crisp. It must be very nice if you can now fry now eat more fragrant. Salt should be determined according to the taste of the tea drinkers, in addition to physical labor sweating too much need to supplement the salt, others should not drink too salty. We know that ginger is appetizing , so it is better to put a little more ginger into the tea. Boiling water is the key for the whole process, water rolling to all the ingredients of the original flavor &quot;frying&quot; out. &quot;Water rolled ginger spicy salt moderate, sesame beans to soak loose&quot; is the general secret of pan-fried tea. Sieve tea when rotating the wrist, so that the mixed material in the jar circle, while the ingredients are fully flooded, poured into the tea bowl (so Xiangyin people regarded the process of pouring tea as &quot;sieving tea&quot;). Will not sieve the tea, often the bottom of the can ingredients, that is not ideal. (Yueyang People's Congress Website's special Yueyang food chapter)<br /> In short, it is the water into the pottery jar, boiling in the fire ashes of the wood stove, the soybeans or sesame seeds on a small tin shovel fried, the ginger in the bowl ground into ginger paste and ginger juice, before you can make the tea. When you are making it, the first step is to put the tea leaves into a pottery jar of boiling water to soak, and then pour the salt, ginger paste, and ginger juice into the pot.Subsequently we must mix these ingredients for a while, and pour into a tea cup.The last but the most important one is to grab a handful of fried soybeans or sesame seeds sprinkled in the cup,and finally you can drink it.<br /> <br /> =====b.Modern Method=====<br /> The preparation method is not much different from the traditional, still boiling water - grinding ginger - steeping tea - sprinkled with sesame and beans as the main steps. But nowadays, in order to be more convenient and faster, every family will use electric kettles instead of old pottery jar. While sesame seeds and beans are no longer instantly fried, but will be fried in advance to reserve and directly sprinkled on.<br /> The ingredients put in the preparation will be different at different times of the day. If guests come an hour or two before the meal, such as 9-10 a.m.or 2-4 p.m., the host will put more sesame beans and other ingredients, making it a cup of &quot;morning tea&quot; or &quot;afternoon tea&quot;; a cup of ginger salt tea after the meal, the host will often only put a little bit of sesame and beans, and increase the amount of ginger, to a certain extent to play the effect of relieving greasiness; as for the in the evening, the ginger salt tea can hardly be called tea, because the tea has a refreshing effect, so the host will only put a few tea leaves, in case guests have difficulty in sleeping at night.<br /> <br /> <br /> ====C.The benefits of Ginger Salt Tea====<br /> In the traditional Chinese medical cognition, Ginger Salt Tea is a certain medicinal function, the Song Dynasty medical book has written: &quot;ginger tea for dysentery: ginger can help Yang, tea can help Yin, both can dissipate, and adjust the level of Yang and Yin, in addition to the heat poison, wine and food poison can be solved. Do not ask the red and white hot and cold general, old ginger cut like beans, and tea leaves equal parts, with new water decoction. Dongpo medical Wen Lu Gong for effect.&quot; Yueyang City is close to China's second largest freshwater lake - Dongting Lake, influenced by the subtropical monsoon, hot and humid climate. Xiangyin, Miluo and other places are close to the Dongting Lake, and the water quality is complex, so it is easy to hurt the stomach. Ginger salt tea has the effect of expelling cold and dispelling dampness, strengthening the stomach and spleen, which is conducive to local people to regulate the dampness in their bodies and achieve balance.<br /> <br /> 正文：<br /> (一)姜盐茶的由来<br /> 姜盐茶，从本质上讲，是“配料茶”的一种。从饮茶的历史上看，配料茶是起源较早的饮茶方式，最早出现于唐朝。现代社会距离唐代已经久远了，但是我们从岳阳地区的姜盐茶中仍然能看到古代配料茶的影子。有一种传说：在南宋绍兴年间，岳飞被朝廷授予镇宁崇信军节度使，带领兵马南下，准备前往洞庭湖地区镇压由杨幺领导的农民起义。但是，士兵一到南方，水土不服，病人增多，不仅影响了作战，也影响了士气。于是岳飞便与军医一起研究，然后吩咐部下熬含盐的黄豆姜汁汤喝。慢慢地，士兵身体得到了恢复。军营周围的老百姓一看，也学着去沏这号茶来喝，一时间在湘阴、汨罗地区流行起来。<br /> (二)姜盐茶的做法：<br /> 1.传统做法：<br /> 这档茶，在茶具、备料、泡法和筛茶操作上都有许多讲究。先说茶具，最好是能容上十来碗茶的大肚子陶罐，陶罐保温好，肚大口小，便于晃匀茶水里的相料而不致外溢，容量稍大才能满足待客的需要。茶碗则不宜太深，容量约为饭碗二分之一的敞口茶碗最好，这样才容易把茶水底下的相料全部吃干净。还要备一只陶制的，内侧带楞的姜沙擂钵，把姜块擦成“姜沙”。相料则要求燥脆松酥，如能现炒现吃就更香了。盐要根据饮茶对象的口味来定，除搞体力劳动的流汗太多需要补充盐分外，其他人喝都不宜太咸。但姜开胃起口，却不妨稍多放一些。开水更是关键，水滚才能把所有配料的原汁原味“煎”出来。“水滚姜辣盐适中，芝麻豆子要泡松”便是煎茶的总诀。筛茶时旋转手腕，使相料在罐中转圈，趁配料充分泛起时，倒入茶碗(所以湘阴人倒茶叫“筛茶”)。不会筛茶的，往往罐底配料多，那就不理想了。（岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇）<br /> 简言之便是将清水注入瓦罐，在柴火灶的火灰中烧开，把黄豆或芝麻放在铁皮小铲上炒熟，将老姜在钵中磨成姜渣与姜汁，才可以泡茶。泡茶时，要先将茶叶放进烧开了水的瓦罐里泡开，然后将盐、姜渣、姜汁倒入罐内，混匀，倒入茶杯，最后抓上一把炒熟的黄豆或芝麻撒在杯子里，即可饮用。<br /> <br /> 2.现代做法：<br /> 制作方法与传统做法相差不大，仍以烧水-磨姜-泡茶-撒上芝麻、豆子为主要步骤。但如今为了更方便、更快捷，家户会使用电热水壶而不是瓦罐了，同时芝麻豆子等也不再即时炒，而会提前炒好储备起来，直接撒上去。<br /> 不同时间段，制作时放的配料也会不一样。客人若是在饭前一两个小时来，如上午9-10点，下午2-4点，主人便会多多放上芝麻豆子这些配料，让其成为一杯“上午茶”或“下午茶”；饭后的一杯姜盐茶，主人往往只会放一点点的芝麻和豆子，增加姜的量，一定程度上起到解腻的效果。；晚上的姜盐茶，便几乎不能称为茶了，因为茶有提神醒脑的效果，主人便只会放上几片茶叶，以防客人夜晚难以入眠。<br /> (三)姜盐茶对身体的好处<br /> 在中国传统医学的认知中，姜盐茶是有一定药用功能的，宋代医书《仁斋直指》中说道：“姜茶治痢法：姜能助阳，茶能助阴，二者皆能消散，又且调平阴阳，况于暑毒、酒食毒皆能解之也。不问赤白冷热通用之，老生姜切如豆许，与茶叶等分，用新水煎服。东坡医文潞公作效。” 岳阳市靠近中国第二大淡水湖---洞庭湖，受亚热带季风影响，气候湿热，而湘阴、汨罗等地更是紧挨着洞庭湖，水质复杂容易伤胃。姜盐茶有驱寒祛湿、健胃强脾的作用，利于当地人们调节身体中的湿气，达到平衡。<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> 1、百度百科，“姜盐茶”词条<br /> 2、《农业考古（中国茶文化专号）》，2018年第5期<br /> 3、岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇<br /> 4、《仁斋直指》，宋代<br /> <br /> 引用：<br /> 1、百度百科，“姜盐茶”词条<br /> 2、《农业考古（中国茶文化专号）》，2018年第5期<br /> 3、岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇<br /> 4、《仁斋直指》，宋代<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> 1.Which region did Ginger Salt Tea originate from?<br /> 2.What are the main ingredients of Ginger Salt Tea?<br /> 3.Which historical celebrity is associated with the origin of ginger and salt tea?<br /> 4.What are the health benefits of ginger salt tea?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> 1.It originates from the Xiangyin and Miluo areas of Yueyang city, Hunan Province, China.<br /> 2.The main ingredients are at least ginger, salt, sesame, tea bubbles, and some areas will add fried soybeans, which can also be replaced by peanut rice.<br /> 3.Yue Fei<br /> 4. Ginger salt tea has the effect of expelling cold and dispelling dampness, strengthening the stomach and spleen, which is conducive to local people to regulate the dampness in their bodies and achieve balance.<br /> <br /> ==Xu Puliang 许谱亮 Cuisine: Barbeque in China==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> Barbecue occupies an important position in the history of Chinese food culture. China is vast in territory and rich in resources and has a long history. Barbecue culture is rich in connotation，and the types of barbecue also show distinct characteristics in different regions.<br /> <br /> ===key Words===<br /> <br /> Barbecue; Chinese barbecue; regions; culture; drawbacks<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> <br /> Barbecue is an ancient cooking method and one of the earliest cooking methods in the world. Nowadays, barbecue has already entered many households in China and has become an indispensable part of people's lives. Whether you are on the streets or at tourist attractions, barbecues can be seen everywhere.<br /> <br /> ===Origin===<br /> <br /> As early as primitive times, man could roast meat on fire. According to archaeological discoveries, about 600,000 years ago, Beijing Zhoukoudian ape-man had already started to eat roast meat. Archaeologists have also discovered 6,000-year-old utensils used for barbecuing. <br /> <br /> About the origin of the barbecue, there is a story related to Fuxi. In ancient times, there were many fish in the water, birds in the sky, and beasts on the ground, but people couldn't catch them. Fuxi taught people to make nets to catch them. This is much better than only eating fruit, but raw fish and raw bird meat taste bad and are unhealthy. Some people even get sick after eating raw meat. So Fuxi took the skyfire and taught people to use fire roast meat. From then on, people eat delicious barbecue and become healthier. In honor of Fuxi, people called him &quot; the first person to cook meat with fire&quot;-&quot;PaoXi&quot;<br /> <br /> ===Different types of barbecue in Chinese regions===<br /> <br /> One of the characteristics of China barbecue culture is its diversity. Different regions, different nationalities and different ingredients have formed a barbecue flavor with regional characteristics. The following are some representative regional barbecues:<br /> <br /> ====1.Northeast barbecue====<br /> <br /> Northeast barbecue uses a traditional clay stove. Cut pork streaky in large pieces, roast until the edges are slightly burnt, then dip them in the sauce, wrap them with Chinese leaves, and then you have a tasty roll. <br /> <br /> ====2.Mongolia barbecue====<br /> <br /> Mongolia barbecue is renowned for its roasted whole lamb, which is usually not roasted directly over the fire, but rather by filling red-hot stones into the hollowed-out and cleaned stomach of the sheep, allowing the heat to slowly cook the meat from the inside out. Such barbecue is not easy to cause grassland fires, and can make the heat last longer. <br /> <br /> ====3.Northen Xinjiang====<br /> <br /> The barbecue in northern Xinjiang is represented by the Ili barbecue. Simply marinate the lamb with a mixture of eggs, onions and salt and roast it on the grill. The egg liquid wraps a layer of burnt yellow crispy coat on the surface of the mutton; Salt is used to flavor and make lean meat more chewy; Onions are used to remove odors. <br /> <br /> ====4.Southern Xinjiang====<br /> <br /> Red Willow Barbecue is the most representative type of barbecue in Southern Xinjiang: The willow tree, which grows in the oasis on the edge of Tarim Basin, is called &quot;red willow&quot; by local people because of its light red bark. It exudes a fragrant scent of tree sap when heated, and can add flavor to roasted beef and mutton. Because the red willow branches are thick, the meat pieces need to be cut into large pieces to be strung together. Therefore, in Xinjiang, &quot; Red Willow Roast Meat&quot; is often synonymous with large pieces of roast meat. <br /> <br /> ====5.Guangxi barbecue====<br /> <br /> Guangxi barbecue is famous for its variety of barbecue ingredients. The whole roast vole slitting open belly, slender bending pigtail, the whole roast pig eye, roast snake, roast bee pupae, scorpions, even roast cockroaches, are not rare. <br /> <br /> ====6.Lingnan barbecue====<br /> <br /> Lingnan area is famous for its seafood barbecue. One of the most popular barbecues is roast oysters. The fresh oysters in this area are rich in salty and sweet, so the taste is very rich. An essential step to cook the oyster is to pry open the shell and garnish it with garlic and pepper. Eating the grilled oysters together with bottles of beer is the greatest pleasure for people who live on the shores of the south China sea. <br /> <br /> ====7.Zibo Barbecue====<br /> <br /> Recently, Zibo barbecue is very popular. Zibo City's barbecue culture has also sparked heated discussion on social media. <br /> Zibo barbecue has a unique way to eat: &quot;Mutton skewers + pancakes + onions&quot;; and an external image with a sense of ritual: &quot;One table, one stove and one roll&quot;. <br /> Authentic Zibo barbecue needs an independent small oven for each table, and uses charcoal fire to roast. The kebabs on each table are half-cooked, and diners control the rest. To eat kebabs in Zibo, you need to take two skewers of roast meat, apply dip sauce, and spread them on a pancake. Then hold the pancake tightly with your hands and pull the barbecue prod back in. A few pieces of meat completely wrapped in pancakes, plus a section of green onion, became a unique Zibo barbecue.<br /> <br /> ===Culture===<br /> <br /> In China recipes, barbecue is the most special existence. In Sichuan cuisine, Shandong cuisine, Guangdong cuisine, Huaiyang cuisine and other major cuisines, the shadow of barbecue can hardly be found. Famous dishes are all steamed and boiled as the best way of cooking, followed by stir-frying, frying and deep-frying. Barbecue, on the other hand, is at the bottom of the Chinese cooking chain, which cannot be used for high-grade ingredients. <br /> <br /> Contrary to this idea, in almost all Chinese cities and villages, barbecue is popular and loved by everyone. Whether it's late-night, camping outdoors, friends' parties or family reunions, as long as there's a barbecue, there's a harmonious and lively atmosphere. Barbecue represents the most market-like, commonest and warmest side of Chinese diet, and also condenses all the Chinese people's adaptation to local conditions, harmony and flexibility, represents people's pursuit of freedom, relaxation and enjoyment of life. <br /> <br /> ===Drawbacks===<br /> <br /> In recent years, roadside barbecues have become a popular part of people's diet. There is basically no slack season, and business is booming all the year round. Especially in the hot summer, people like to eat barbecue at roadside barbecue stalls. However, barbecue also has some drawbacks. <br /> <br /> ====1.A high incidence of cance====<br /> <br /> Barbecue is associated with a high incidence of cancer. Because barbecue contains many cancer-causing dangerous substances, which increases the risk of cancer. <br /> <br /> ====2.Smoke pollution====<br /> <br /> Barbecue causes smoke pollution. The smog produced by barbecue has caused serious pollution of the environment. In recent years, barbecue has become the main pollution source of smog pollution. However, with the emergence of smokeless barbecue, the pollution problem caused by barbecue has been solved gradually.<br /> <br /> ===Conclusion===<br /> <br /> Barbecue is not only a way of eating, but also a reflection of life attitude, cultural heritage and food pursuit. By tasting the barbecue delicacies in different regions, people can feel the people's livelihood customs and cultural deposits in different regions, and appreciate the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and society.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> <br /> [1]慧文.吃烧烤 中国古人有啥讲究[J].科学大观园,2022,No.636(04):72-75.<br /> [2]李国新.新疆烧烤特色美食的烹饪技艺及优化策略[J].食品安全导刊,2023,No.368(03):178-180.DOI:10.16043/j.cnki.cfs.2023.03.061.<br /> [3]梓轩.淄博烧烤火热出圈的“流量密码”[J].宁波经济(财经视点),2023,No.591(05):16-17.<br /> [4]https://www.zhihu.com/question/39285680<br /> [5]https://www.zhihu.com/question/285168142<br /> ===Terminology and Expression===<br /> 1.Fuxi：伏羲<br /> 2.Beijing Zhoukoudian ape-man： 北京周口店猿人<br /> 3.&quot;PaoXi&quot;：庖牺<br /> 4.Chinese leaves:生菜叶<br /> 5.Ili barbecue：伊犁烧烤<br /> 6.Red Willow Barbecue：红柳烧烤<br /> 7.Tarim Basin：塔里木盆地<br /> 8.Lingnan：岭南<br /> 9.Stir-frying：炒<br /> 10.Frying：煎<br /> Deep-frying：炸<br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.Who is said to be “the first person who cook meat with fire”?<br /> 2.Why Mongolia barbecue don’t roast mutton over the fire directly?<br /> 3.Which is the most representative type of barbecue in Southern Xinjiang?<br /> 4.What is the unique way to eat Zibo barbecue and the external image of it?<br /> 5.What are the drawbacks of barbecue?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1.Fuxi .<br /> 2.Such barbecue is not easy to cause grassland fires, and can make the heat last longer. <br /> 3.Red willow barbecue.<br /> 4.Zibo barbecue has a unique way to eat: &quot;Mutton skewers + pancakes + onions&quot;; and an external image with a sense of ritual: &quot;One table, one stove and one roll&quot;. <br /> Barbecue is associated with a high incidence of cancer. Barbecue causes smoke pollution.<br /> <br /> ===摘要===<br /> <br /> 烧烤在我国饮食文化史上占有重要的地位。中国地大物博，历史悠久，烧烤文化内涵丰富，烧烤的种类也随着地域的不同呈现出鲜明的特征。<br /> <br /> ===关键词===<br /> <br /> 烧烤；中国烧烤；地域；文化；弊端<br /> <br /> ===引入===<br /> <br /> 烧烤是一种古老的烹饪方式，也是世界上最早出现的烹饪方式之一。如今，烧烤早已走进了国内千家万户，成为了人们生活中不可缺少的一部分。无论是大街小巷还是旅游景区，烧烤店随处可见。<br /> <br /> ===起源===<br /> <br /> 早在原始时代，人类就学会了把肉放在火上烤熟了吃。据考古发现，大约在60万年前的北京北京周口店猿人已经开始吃烧烤了。考古学家还发现了距今六千年，用来制作烧烤的器具。<br /> <br /> 关于烧烤的起源，有一个与伏羲有关的故事。古时候，水中鱼多，天上鸟多，地上兽多，但人们都抓不到。伏羲教人们织网捕鱼，捕捉鸟兽。这比只吃树上的野果要好得多，但生鱼肉和生鸟肉的味道不好，有些人吃了生肉后会生病。于是伏羲取了天火，教人们用火烤鸟鱼吃。 从此，人们吃上了香喷喷的烤肉，变得更加健康。为了纪念伏羲，人们称他为“第一个用火烤熟肉的人”——“庖牺”。<br /> <br /> ===不同地域种类丰富的烧烤===<br /> <br /> 中国烧烤文化中的一大特色就是它的多样性。不同地区、不同民族和不同食材的搭配都形成了带有地域特色的烧烤风味。接下来将介绍一些具有代表性的地方烧烤：<br /> <br /> ====1.东北====<br /> 东北烧烤用的是传统的粘土炉。五花肉切大块，烤至边缘微焦，蘸酱料、生蒜、绿色，包上生菜叶，你就得到了一个美味的烤肉卷。<br /> <br /> ====2.蒙古====<br /> 蒙古烤肉以烤全羊而闻名，通常不是直接在火上烤，而是将烧红的石头填入掏空并清洗干净的羊胃中，让热量从里到外慢慢地将肉烤熟。这样的烧烤不容易引起草原火灾，而且可以使热度持续更长时间。<br /> <br /> ====3.北疆====<br /> 北疆的烧烤以伊犁烧烤为代表。简单地用鸡蛋、洋葱和盐的混合物腌制羊肉，然后在炉子上烤。蛋液在羊肉表面包裹一层焦黄酥脆的外皮;盐用来调味，使瘦肉更有嚼劲;洋葱是用来去除腥味的。<br /> <br /> ====4.南疆====<br /> 红柳烧烤是南疆最具代表性的烧烤类型：生长在塔里木盆地边缘绿洲的红柳，因树皮呈淡红色，被当地人称为“红柳”。加热后散发出一股树液的香味，可以为烤牛羊肉增添风味。因为红柳树枝粗，肉块需要切成大块才能串起来。因此，在新疆，“红柳烤肉”往往是大块烤肉的代名词。<br /> <br /> ====5.广西====<br /> 广西烧烤以烧烤食材的多样性而闻名。开膛破肚的整只烤田鼠，细长弯曲的猪鞭，整只烤猪眼，烤蛇、烤蜂蛹、烤蝎子，甚至烤蟑螂，都不在少数。<br /> <br /> ====6.岭南地区====<br /> 岭南地区以海鲜烧烤闻名。其中最受欢迎的是烤生蚝。这个地区的生蚝汁咸中带甜，所以味道很丰富。烤生蚝一个基本步骤是撬开壳，加入大蒜和胡椒调味。吃着烤生蚝，喝着啤酒，是生活在南海之滨的人们的最大乐趣。<br /> <br /> ====7.淄博烧烤====<br /> 最近，淄博的烧烤很受欢迎。 淄博市的烧烤文化也在社交媒体上引起了热议。<br /> 淄博烧烤有一种独特的吃法：“羊肉串+煎饼+葱”;以及一个带有仪式感的外在形象：“一桌一灶一卷”。<br /> 正宗的淄博烧烤每桌都有一个独立的小烤炉，用炭火烧烤，这种烧烤也叫“活烧烤”。 每一个桌上的肉串已经烤到半熟，接下来的火候由食客自己掌握。吃淄博的羊肉串，需要取两串烤肉，涂好蘸酱料，铺在煎饼上。然后用手紧紧地握住煎饼，把烧烤签子拉回来。几块肉完全包在煎饼里，再加一段葱，就成了一个独特的淄博烧烤卷饼。<br /> <br /> ===烧烤文化===<br /> <br /> 在中国菜谱中，烧烤是最特别的存在。在代表中国高级菜系的川菜、鲁菜、粤菜、淮扬菜等各大菜系中，几乎找不到烧烤的影子。名菜都是以蒸和煮为最佳烹调方法，其次是炒、煎和炸。而烧烤则处于中式烹饪链条的最底层，不能用于高档食材。与这种想法相反，在几乎所有的中国城市和乡村，烧烤都很受欢迎。无论是深夜、户外露营、朋友聚会还是家人团聚，只要有烧烤，就有一种和谐而鲜活的氛围。烧烤代表了中国饮食中最市井、最平常、最温情的一面，也凝结着中国人因地制宜、和谐灵活的一面，代表着人们对自由、放松和享受生活的追求。<br /> <br /> ===烧烤的消极影响===<br /> <br /> 近年来，路边烧烤成为大众饮食的热门。基本没有淡旺季，一年四季生意都很红火。特别是在炎热的夏天，人们喜欢在路边的烧烤摊吃烧烤。然而，烧烤也存在着一些弊端。<br /> <br /> ====1.癌症的高发====<br /> <br /> 烧烤易导致癌症的高发。因为烧烤当中含有的致癌危险物质多，增加癌症的发生几率。<br /> <br /> ====2.烟雾污染====<br /> 烧烤烟雾污染。烧烤产生的烟雾对环境造成了严重污染，近年来，烧烤已成为雾霾污染的主要污染源。但随着无烟烧烤的出现，烧烤带来的污染问题渐渐得到解决。<br /> <br /> ===结论===<br /> <br /> 烧烤不仅仅是一种饮食方式，更是一种生活态度、文化底蕴和美食追求的体现。通过品尝不同地域的烧烤美食，人们可以感受到不同地域的民生习俗和文化底蕴，并从中领略到人与自然、人与社会的和谐共处之道。</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_08&diff=155849 2023-06-14T10:44:42Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* 汉语翻译 */</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friend in cold weather==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> I am gonna introduce the &quot;three friends in cold weather&quot; - pine, bamboo and plum - and their characteristics in Chinese culture through ancient Chinese poetry and cultural elements such as imagery.<br /> <br /> key words: Pine,Bamboo,plum,poetry.<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> <br /> Chinese people have long held a deep admiration for pine (sōng 松), bamboo (zhú 竹), and plum (méi 梅), considering them as the most cherished plants. These three botanical wonders thrive resiliently throughout the cold winter, much like steadfast friends eagerly embracing the arrival of spring. Thus, they are revered as the &quot;Three Friends in Cold Weather (suì hán sān yǒu 岁寒三友),&quot; symbolizing the esteemed virtues pursued by the Chinese people, particularly in the realm of ancient Chinese poetry.<br /> <br /> ===Text===<br /> <br /> ====Pines 松====<br /> <br /> With their enduring green foliage and robust vitality, pines exemplify the strength of character found in evergreen trees. Even during the harsh winter, they flourish, earning them admiration for their indomitable spirit. While the masses generally associate pines with longevity, they are more widely recognized as symbols of endurance and resilience.<br /> <br /> ====Bamboo竹====<br /> <br /> Bamboo, perhaps known to foreigners primarily as the beloved food of pandas, has been cherished by the Chinese for thousands of years, long before these adorable creatures achieved global stardom. However, bamboo holds a multitude of meanings in Chinese culture that extend beyond its association with pandas.<br /> <br /> Even as the cold wind blows and the day of cold Dew arrives, bamboo remains resilient and thrives while other plants wither away. This unique ability, combined with its upright posture and hollow joints, endows bamboo with qualities of unwavering strength and modesty, earning it the esteemed title of a &quot;gentleman.&quot; In addition to its symbolism of resilience, bamboo holds great significance in Chinese folklore, where the act of firing bamboo crackers represents the breaking away from old and malevolent forces. Moreover, bamboo is recognized as a symbol of security and auspiciousness, as depicted in traditional decorative paintings.<br /> Bamboo, known as zhu in Chinese, embodies the essence of Chinese scholars. Its significance is highly esteemed within Chinese culture. The erect posture and unwavering joints of bamboo exemplify its untamed and resolute nature. Its unbendable branches further manifest its tenacity.<br /> <br /> Chinese scholars regard bamboo as their spiritual pillar, often stating that they could forgo meat but not the presence of bamboo near their homes. Indeed, bamboo permeates various aspects of Chinese daily life. The mere presence of bamboo instills a sense of tranquility and serenity.<br /> Within the Book of Songs, an ancient collection of Chinese poems dating back to BC 770-476, we encounter numerous instances of bamboo being described and extolled by the ancient Chinese people. One of the most renowned lines, &quot;瞻彼淇奥，绿竹猗猗&quot; (gazing upon the water's edge, the green bamboo stands tall and beautiful), encapsulates the essence of bamboo in Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> This verse symbolizes the image of bamboo in Chinese culture as tall, slender, exquisite, and straight. The straightness of bamboo (直, zhí) parallels the concept of personal integrity (正直, zhèng zhí) among individuals. Just as bamboo naturally grows upwards, human beings should uphold moral integrity and steadfast principles. This notion of moral integrity holds tremendous significance as one of the fundamental values in Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Across the vast expanse of China's enduring history, numerous names have stood the test of time, passed down from one generation to the next. Among these revered figures, Wen Tianxiang, a valiant official during the Song dynasty (1236-1283), shines as a timeless national hero, his legacy persisting even in modern times. Wen's unwavering loyalty and refusal to submit to his captors, despite being taken prisoner after his army's defeat, remain emblematic of his indomitable spirit.<br /> <br /> Not only was Wen Tianxiang a resolute hero, but he was also a gifted poet. During his journey northward, he composed a poem that has since become one of the most cherished and renowned in history. Its poignant conclusion resounds with the words, &quot;A death befalls all men alike, I'll keep a loyal heart to make a name in history,&quot;（人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青） encapsulating his unwavering commitment to leave behind a legacy of honor and bravery.<br /> <br /> ====Plums 梅====<br /> <br /> Among the renowned flowers of China, the plum holds a significant place. Revered for its noble, pure, and modest qualities, it serves as an inspiration for personal growth and self-improvement. Chinese poets of bygone eras have consistently cherished and celebrated the plum, recognizing its profound symbolism. Furthermore, the plum is associated with the arrival of auspicious tidings, signifying the advent of good news. Over time, stories and legends regarding the plum and its profound meaning have become widely disseminated, permeating Chinese culture with their tenduring presence.<br /> <br /> Winter, a season that casts a chilling shadow over living creatures, transforms the vibrant world into a cold and silent realm. The once vibrant hues fade, replaced by a landscape cloaked in white and gray. However, an intriguing connection exists between snow and plum blossoms in traditional Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Winter brings about a halt to numerous aspects of life. The ceaseless flow of rivers succumbs to the unforgiving cold, freezing their very essence. Plants cease their growth, their roots weakened by the icy grip, depriving them of vital nourishment. The land itself appears as an expansive, frozen barrier, valiantly resisting the cold's relentless advances. Trees, once adorned with leaves, now serve as hosts to icy adornments. Winter halts many things, yet there is one exception: Plum Blossoms.<br /> <br /> Chinese Plum Blossoms, symbolizing hope and resilience, have long held a cherished position as the traditional flower of China. Blooming amidst the harshness of winter, they radiate their beauty until the arrival of spring. Plum blossoms captivate hearts not only with their aesthetic allure but also with their inherent qualities.<br /> <br /> While winter brings a standstill to so much, it fails to impede the blossoming of plum blossoms. These delicate flowers serve as a profound metaphor, embodying hope and the unwavering spirit to flourish against all odds. They stand as a testament to resilience, undeterred by the bitter cold. Their elegance and beauty persist, inspiring onlookers.<br /> <br /> Recognizing the profound significance of plum blossoms, poets since ancient times have penned verses to commemorate their essence. These poets comprehend the transformative impact of embracing the plum blossom's spirit and its potential application in our own lives.<br /> <br /> ===Conclusion===<br /> <br /> In The Analects , Confucius said: “Only in the cold winter does one know that the pine and the cypress are the last to shed their leaves. (岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。)” It means that a harsh environment can test whether a person has a strong mind, perseverance, and a noble character.<br /> In literature and ancient culture, pine, bamboo, and plum blossoms are collectively known as “Three Companions of the Winter (岁寒三友).”<br /> <br /> ===Reference===<br /> <br /> 1.Baidu Encyclopedia The Three Friends in cold weather <br /> 2. &quot;Wang Yun Mei She Ji&quot; Song - Lin Jingxi<br /> 3.The Analects<br /> <br /> ===汉语翻译===<br /> <br /> 摘要：<br /> 本文将通过中国古代诗歌及意象等文化元素介绍中国古代传统的“岁寒三友”-松、竹、梅，及其在中华文化中的特征。<br /> 中国人长期以来对松树（sōng松）、竹子（zhú竹）和梅花（méi梅）怀有深深的敬意，认为它们是最值得珍惜的植物。这三种植物奇迹在整个寒冷的冬天顽强地生长着，就像坚定的朋友急切地迎接春天的到来。因此，它们被尊称为 &quot;岁寒三友&quot;，象征着中国人民所追求的受人尊敬的美德，特别是在中国古代诗歌领域。<br /> <br /> 介绍：<br /> 中国人长期以来对松、竹、梅深深地钦佩，认为它们是最珍贵的植物。这三种植物奇迹般地在寒冷的冬季中茁壮成长，就像坚定的朋友渴望春天的到来一样。因此，它们被尊崇为&quot;岁寒三友&quot;，象征着中国人民追求的尊贵美德，特别是在中国古诗词领域。<br /> <br /> <br /> 一、松树<br /> <br /> 松树以其持久的绿叶和旺盛的生命力，体现了常青树的性格力量。即使在严寒的冬天，它们也能茁壮成长，以其不屈不挠的精神赢得了人们的钦佩。虽然大众通常将松树与长寿联系在一起，但它们被更广泛地认为是耐力和复原力的象征。<br /> <br /> 二、竹子<br /> <br /> 竹子，也许在外国人眼里主要是作为大熊猫心爱的食物，但早在这些可爱的生物获得全球明星地位之前，中国人就已经珍视竹子几千年了。然而，竹子在中国文化中具有多种意义，超出了它与熊猫的关系。<br /> <br /> 即使寒风吹过，寒露来临，竹子仍然坚韧不拔，在其他植物枯萎时茁壮成长。这种独特的能力，加上其直立的姿势和中空的关节，赋予了竹子坚定不移的力量和谦虚的品质，使其获得了 &quot;君子 &quot;的尊贵称号。除了象征着坚韧不拔，竹子在中国的民间传说中也有很大的意义，烧竹子的行为代表着摆脱旧的和邪恶的力量。此外，竹子被认为是安全和吉祥的象征，正如传统装饰画中所描绘的那样。<br /> <br /> 竹子，在中文中被称为竹子，体现了中国学者的精髓。它的意义在中国文化中受到高度推崇。竹子的直立姿态和坚定不移的关节体现了其桀骜不驯和坚毅的本性。它不屈不挠的枝干进一步体现了它的坚韧。<br /> <br /> 中国学者将竹子视为他们的精神支柱，经常说他们可以放弃肉类，但不能放弃家附近的竹子。的确，竹子渗透到了中国人日常生活的各个方面。仅仅是竹子的存在，就给人以宁静和安详的感觉。<br /> <br /> 《诗经》是中国古代的诗歌集，可以追溯到公元前770-476年，我们可以看到古代中国人对竹子的描述和赞美，有很多例子。其中最著名的一句是 &quot;瞻彼淇奥，绿竹猗猗&quot;，它概括了中国文化中竹子的本质。<br /> <br /> 这句诗象征着竹子在中国文化中的形象是高大、纤细、精致和笔直。竹子的直（zhí）与个人的正直（zhèng zhí）概念相似。就像竹子自然向上生长一样，人类应该坚持道德操守和坚定的原则。这种道德操守的概念作为中国文化的基本价值观之一，有着巨大的意义。<br /> <br /> 在中国浩瀚的历史长河中，无数的名字经受住了时间的考验，代代相传。在这些受人尊敬的人物中，宋朝（1236-1283）时期的英勇官员文天祥，作为一个永恒的民族英雄而熠熠生辉，他的遗产甚至在现代仍然存在。文天祥尽管在军队战败后被俘，但他坚定不移的忠诚和拒绝屈服于俘虏，仍然体现了他不屈不挠的精神。<br /> <br /> 文天祥不仅是一位坚定的英雄，而且还是一位天才的诗人。在北上途中，他创作了一首诗，后来成为历史上最珍贵和最著名的诗之一。诗的结尾是这样的：&quot;人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青&quot;。这句话概括了他坚定不移地致力于留下荣誉和勇敢的遗产。<br /> <br /> 三、梅花<br /> <br /> 在中国的著名花卉中，梅花占有重要地位。它因其高尚、纯洁和谦虚的品质而受到尊重，是个人成长和自我完善的灵感。中国历代诗人一直珍视和赞美梅花，认识到其深刻的象征意义。此外，梅花与吉祥物的到来有关，象征着好消息的到来。随着时间的推移，有关梅花的故事和传说以及它的深刻含义已被广泛传播，并在中国文化中弥漫着它们的魅力。<br /> <br /> 冬天，一个给生物投下寒冷阴影的季节，将充满活力的世界变成一个寒冷和沉默的领域。曾经充满活力的色调逐渐消失，取而代之的是笼罩在白色和灰色中的风景。然而，在中国传统文化中，雪和梅花之间存在着一种耐人寻味的联系。<br /> <br /> 冬天给生活的许多方面带来了停顿。不停流淌的河水屈服于无情的寒冷，冻结了它们的本质。植物停止生长，它们的根部被冰雪所削弱，失去了重要的滋养。土地本身就像一个广阔的、冰冻的屏障，勇敢地抵抗着寒冷的无情侵袭。曾经用树叶装饰的树木，现在成了冰冷装饰品的主人。冬天让很多东西都停止了，但有一个例外：梅花。<br /> <br /> 中国的梅花，象征着希望和坚韧，长期以来一直作为中国的传统花卉而受到珍视。在严寒的冬天，它们绽放出美丽的光芒，直到春天的到来。梅花不仅以其审美的诱惑力，而且以其固有的品质吸引着人们的心。<br /> <br /> 虽然冬天给许多事情带来了停滞，但它却无法阻碍梅花的绽放。这些娇嫩的花朵作为一个深刻的隐喻，体现了希望和坚定不移的精神，在所有的困难中蓬勃发展。它们是坚韧不拔的证明，不受严寒的影响。它们的优雅和美丽持续存在，激励着旁观者。<br /> <br /> 认识到梅花的深远意义，自古以来的诗人都写下诗句来纪念梅花的本质。这些诗人理解了拥抱梅花精神的变革性影响及其在我们自己生活中的潜在应用。<br /> <br /> 总结：<br /> <br /> 在《论语》中，孔子说：“岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。”意思是说，恶劣的环境可以考验一个人是否有坚强的意志、坚韧的精神和高尚的品格。在文学和古代文化中，松树、竹子和梅花被统称为 &quot;岁寒三友&quot;。<br /> <br /> 参考资料：<br /> <br /> 1.百度百科 岁寒三友<br /> 2.《王云梅舍记》宋•林景熙<br /> 3.《论语》<br /> <br /> ==Wu Qian 吴倩 Traditional Chinese specialty tea drink：Ginger Salt Tea==<br /> Traditional Chinese regional specialty tea drink: Ginger Salt Tea中国传统特色茶饮品：姜盐茶<br /> ===Abstract===<br /> Introducing Ginger Salt Tea, a special tea drink from the Xiangyin and Miluo areas of Yueyang city, Hunan Province, China.<br /> 梗概：介绍中国湖南省岳阳的湘阴与汨罗一带地区的特色茶饮品---姜盐茶。<br /> Key words:<br /> Ginger Salt Tea,Ginger Salt Beans and Sesame Tea,pottery jar<br /> 关键词：<br /> 姜盐茶、姜盐芝麻豆子茶、陶罐<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> Ginger salt tea, the full name is Ginger Salt Beans and Sesame Tea. The main ingredients are at least ginger, salt, sesame, tea bubbles, and some areas will add fried soybeans, which can also be replaced by peanut rice. In Hunan Province, Xiangyin, Miluo area of Yueyang City, since very early love to use this type of tea to entertain guests, and still retain this custom today.<br /> Ginger Salt Tea is Xiangyin, Miluo and other areas used to entertain guests with special tea drinks. Whenever a guest comes, the first thing the women in the family do is to go to the kitchen to boil water, while using a small ring bowl made of pottery unique to the Yueyang region to grind ginger, ready to make a cup of ginger and salt tea for the guests. These areas of the village households to a certain extent, will be Ginger Salt Tea bubble good or bad to decide whether to come to the family's home often.<br /> 介绍：<br /> 姜盐茶，全称为姜盐豆子芝麻茶。主要材料至少有姜、盐、芝麻、茶叶泡，有些地区会加入炒熟的黄豆，豆子也可以用花生米代替。在湖南省岳阳市的湘阴、汨罗一带地区，自很早开始都爱用这种茶来招待客人，如今仍然保留这种风俗。<br /> 姜盐茶是湘阴、汨罗等地区用来招待客人的特色茶饮品。每当有客人来，家中女性第一件事便是去厨房烧开水，同时用一个陶制的岳阳地区特有的小擂钵来磨姜末，准备好为客人泡一杯姜盐茶。这片地区的村户们在一定程度上，会以姜盐茶泡的好不好来决定是否常来这户人家串门。<br /> <br /> ===Text===<br /> ====A.Origin of ginger salt tea====<br /> Ginger Salt Tea, in essence, is a kind of &quot;ingredient tea&quot;. From the history of tea drinking, ingredient tea is the origin of the earlier way of drinking tea, first appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Modern society has been a long way from the Tang Dynasty, but we can still see the shadow of ancient ingredient tea from the Ginger salt tea in Yueyang area. There is a legend: in the Southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing years, Yue Fei was granted by the court to Zhenning Chongxin Army Military Governor, leading soldiers and horses south, ready to go to the Dongting Lake area to suppress the peasant uprising led by Yang yao. However, once the soldiers arrived in the south areas, they were sick with water and soil, which not only affected the combat but also the morale. So Yue Fei studied with the military doctor, and then ordered his retinues to boil soybean and ginger soup with salt to drink. Gradually, the soldiers' bodies recovered. And the people around the barracks to see, also learn to make this type of tea to drink. For a time in Xiangyin, Miluo areas popular.<br /> ====B.The Method of Ginger Salt Tea====<br /> =====a.Traditional Method=====<br /> This type of tea, in the tea set, preparation, boiling method and sieve tea operation have many instructions. First of all, the tea set, it is best to be able to accommodate a dozen bowls of tea on the big belly pottery jar, pottery jar insulation. The belly must be large and the mouth must be small, so it is easy to shake even tea in the mixed material and not spill, slightly larger capacity to meet the needs of hospitality. The tea bowl should not be too deep, the capacity of about one-half of the rice bowl open-mouth tea bowl is the best, so that it is easy to eat the tea under the phase material all clean. Also prepare a pottery, with a corrugated inner side of ginger paste to rub the ginger block into &quot;ginger paste&quot;and the “ginger sand”. The mixed materials are required to be dry and crisp. It must be very nice if you can now fry now eat more fragrant. Salt should be determined according to the taste of the tea drinkers, in addition to physical labor sweating too much need to supplement the salt, others should not drink too salty. We know that ginger is appetizing , so it is better to put a little more ginger into the tea. Boiling water is the key for the whole process, water rolling to all the ingredients of the original flavor &quot;frying&quot; out. &quot;Water rolled ginger spicy salt moderate, sesame beans to soak loose&quot; is the general secret of pan-fried tea. Sieve tea when rotating the wrist, so that the mixed material in the jar circle, while the ingredients are fully flooded, poured into the tea bowl (so Xiangyin people regarded the process of pouring tea as &quot;sieving tea&quot;). Will not sieve the tea, often the bottom of the can ingredients, that is not ideal. (Yueyang People's Congress Website's special Yueyang food chapter)<br /> In short, it is the water into the pottery jar, boiling in the fire ashes of the wood stove, the soybeans or sesame seeds on a small tin shovel fried, the ginger in the bowl ground into ginger paste and ginger juice, before you can make the tea. When you are making it, the first step is to put the tea leaves into a pottery jar of boiling water to soak, and then pour the salt, ginger paste, and ginger juice into the pot.Subsequently we must mix these ingredients for a while, and pour into a tea cup.The last but the most important one is to grab a handful of fried soybeans or sesame seeds sprinkled in the cup,and finally you can drink it.<br /> <br /> =====b.Modern Method=====<br /> The preparation method is not much different from the traditional, still boiling water - grinding ginger - steeping tea - sprinkled with sesame and beans as the main steps. But nowadays, in order to be more convenient and faster, every family will use electric kettles instead of old pottery jar. While sesame seeds and beans are no longer instantly fried, but will be fried in advance to reserve and directly sprinkled on.<br /> The ingredients put in the preparation will be different at different times of the day. If guests come an hour or two before the meal, such as 9-10 a.m.or 2-4 p.m., the host will put more sesame beans and other ingredients, making it a cup of &quot;morning tea&quot; or &quot;afternoon tea&quot;; a cup of ginger salt tea after the meal, the host will often only put a little bit of sesame and beans, and increase the amount of ginger, to a certain extent to play the effect of relieving greasiness; as for the in the evening, the ginger salt tea can hardly be called tea, because the tea has a refreshing effect, so the host will only put a few tea leaves, in case guests have difficulty in sleeping at night.<br /> <br /> <br /> ====C.The benefits of Ginger Salt Tea====<br /> In the traditional Chinese medical cognition, Ginger Salt Tea is a certain medicinal function, the Song Dynasty medical book has written: &quot;ginger tea for dysentery: ginger can help Yang, tea can help Yin, both can dissipate, and adjust the level of Yang and Yin, in addition to the heat poison, wine and food poison can be solved. Do not ask the red and white hot and cold general, old ginger cut like beans, and tea leaves equal parts, with new water decoction. Dongpo medical Wen Lu Gong for effect.&quot; Yueyang City is close to China's second largest freshwater lake - Dongting Lake, influenced by the subtropical monsoon, hot and humid climate. Xiangyin, Miluo and other places are close to the Dongting Lake, and the water quality is complex, so it is easy to hurt the stomach. Ginger salt tea has the effect of expelling cold and dispelling dampness, strengthening the stomach and spleen, which is conducive to local people to regulate the dampness in their bodies and achieve balance.<br /> <br /> 正文：<br /> (一)姜盐茶的由来<br /> 姜盐茶，从本质上讲，是“配料茶”的一种。从饮茶的历史上看，配料茶是起源较早的饮茶方式，最早出现于唐朝。现代社会距离唐代已经久远了，但是我们从岳阳地区的姜盐茶中仍然能看到古代配料茶的影子。有一种传说：在南宋绍兴年间，岳飞被朝廷授予镇宁崇信军节度使，带领兵马南下，准备前往洞庭湖地区镇压由杨幺领导的农民起义。但是，士兵一到南方，水土不服，病人增多，不仅影响了作战，也影响了士气。于是岳飞便与军医一起研究，然后吩咐部下熬含盐的黄豆姜汁汤喝。慢慢地，士兵身体得到了恢复。军营周围的老百姓一看，也学着去沏这号茶来喝，一时间在湘阴、汨罗地区流行起来。<br /> (二)姜盐茶的做法：<br /> 1.传统做法：<br /> 这档茶，在茶具、备料、泡法和筛茶操作上都有许多讲究。先说茶具，最好是能容上十来碗茶的大肚子陶罐，陶罐保温好，肚大口小，便于晃匀茶水里的相料而不致外溢，容量稍大才能满足待客的需要。茶碗则不宜太深，容量约为饭碗二分之一的敞口茶碗最好，这样才容易把茶水底下的相料全部吃干净。还要备一只陶制的，内侧带楞的姜沙擂钵，把姜块擦成“姜沙”。相料则要求燥脆松酥，如能现炒现吃就更香了。盐要根据饮茶对象的口味来定，除搞体力劳动的流汗太多需要补充盐分外，其他人喝都不宜太咸。但姜开胃起口，却不妨稍多放一些。开水更是关键，水滚才能把所有配料的原汁原味“煎”出来。“水滚姜辣盐适中，芝麻豆子要泡松”便是煎茶的总诀。筛茶时旋转手腕，使相料在罐中转圈，趁配料充分泛起时，倒入茶碗(所以湘阴人倒茶叫“筛茶”)。不会筛茶的，往往罐底配料多，那就不理想了。（岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇）<br /> 简言之便是将清水注入瓦罐，在柴火灶的火灰中烧开，把黄豆或芝麻放在铁皮小铲上炒熟，将老姜在钵中磨成姜渣与姜汁，才可以泡茶。泡茶时，要先将茶叶放进烧开了水的瓦罐里泡开，然后将盐、姜渣、姜汁倒入罐内，混匀，倒入茶杯，最后抓上一把炒熟的黄豆或芝麻撒在杯子里，即可饮用。<br /> <br /> 2.现代做法：<br /> 制作方法与传统做法相差不大，仍以烧水-磨姜-泡茶-撒上芝麻、豆子为主要步骤。但如今为了更方便、更快捷，家户会使用电热水壶而不是瓦罐了，同时芝麻豆子等也不再即时炒，而会提前炒好储备起来，直接撒上去。<br /> 不同时间段，制作时放的配料也会不一样。客人若是在饭前一两个小时来，如上午9-10点，下午2-4点，主人便会多多放上芝麻豆子这些配料，让其成为一杯“上午茶”或“下午茶”；饭后的一杯姜盐茶，主人往往只会放一点点的芝麻和豆子，增加姜的量，一定程度上起到解腻的效果。；晚上的姜盐茶，便几乎不能称为茶了，因为茶有提神醒脑的效果，主人便只会放上几片茶叶，以防客人夜晚难以入眠。<br /> (三)姜盐茶对身体的好处<br /> 在中国传统医学的认知中，姜盐茶是有一定药用功能的，宋代医书《仁斋直指》中说道：“姜茶治痢法：姜能助阳，茶能助阴，二者皆能消散，又且调平阴阳，况于暑毒、酒食毒皆能解之也。不问赤白冷热通用之，老生姜切如豆许，与茶叶等分，用新水煎服。东坡医文潞公作效。” 岳阳市靠近中国第二大淡水湖---洞庭湖，受亚热带季风影响，气候湿热，而湘阴、汨罗等地更是紧挨着洞庭湖，水质复杂容易伤胃。姜盐茶有驱寒祛湿、健胃强脾的作用，利于当地人们调节身体中的湿气，达到平衡。<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> 1、百度百科，“姜盐茶”词条<br /> 2、《农业考古（中国茶文化专号）》，2018年第5期<br /> 3、岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇<br /> 4、《仁斋直指》，宋代<br /> <br /> 引用：<br /> 1、百度百科，“姜盐茶”词条<br /> 2、《农业考古（中国茶文化专号）》，2018年第5期<br /> 3、岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇<br /> 4、《仁斋直指》，宋代<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> 1.Which region did Ginger Salt Tea originate from?<br /> 2.What are the main ingredients of Ginger Salt Tea?<br /> 3.Which historical celebrity is associated with the origin of ginger and salt tea?<br /> 4.What are the health benefits of ginger salt tea?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> 1.It originates from the Xiangyin and Miluo areas of Yueyang city, Hunan Province, China.<br /> 2.The main ingredients are at least ginger, salt, sesame, tea bubbles, and some areas will add fried soybeans, which can also be replaced by peanut rice.<br /> 3.Yue Fei<br /> 4. Ginger salt tea has the effect of expelling cold and dispelling dampness, strengthening the stomach and spleen, which is conducive to local people to regulate the dampness in their bodies and achieve balance.<br /> <br /> ==Xu Puliang 许谱亮 Cuisine: Barbeque in China==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> Barbecue occupies an important position in the history of Chinese food culture. China is vast in territory and rich in resources and has a long history. Barbecue culture is rich in connotation，and the types of barbecue also show distinct characteristics in different regions.<br /> <br /> ===key Words===<br /> <br /> Barbecue; Chinese barbecue; regions; culture; drawbacks<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> <br /> Barbecue is an ancient cooking method and one of the earliest cooking methods in the world. Nowadays, barbecue has already entered many households in China and has become an indispensable part of people's lives. Whether you are on the streets or at tourist attractions, barbecues can be seen everywhere.<br /> <br /> ===Origin===<br /> <br /> As early as primitive times, man could roast meat on fire. According to archaeological discoveries, about 600,000 years ago, Beijing Zhoukoudian ape-man had already started to eat roast meat. Archaeologists have also discovered 6,000-year-old utensils used for barbecuing. <br /> <br /> About the origin of the barbecue, there is a story related to Fuxi. In ancient times, there were many fish in the water, birds in the sky, and beasts on the ground, but people couldn't catch them. Fuxi taught people to make nets to catch them. This is much better than only eating fruit, but raw fish and raw bird meat taste bad and are unhealthy. Some people even get sick after eating raw meat. So Fuxi took the skyfire and taught people to use fire roast meat. From then on, people eat delicious barbecue and become healthier. In honor of Fuxi, people called him &quot; the first person to cook meat with fire&quot;-&quot;PaoXi&quot;<br /> <br /> ===Different types of barbecue in Chinese regions===<br /> <br /> One of the characteristics of China barbecue culture is its diversity. Different regions, different nationalities and different ingredients have formed a barbecue flavor with regional characteristics. The following are some representative regional barbecues:<br /> <br /> ====1.Northeast barbecue====<br /> <br /> Northeast barbecue uses a traditional clay stove. Cut pork streaky in large pieces, roast until the edges are slightly burnt, then dip them in the sauce, wrap them with Chinese leaves, and then you have a tasty roll. <br /> <br /> ====2.Mongolia barbecue====<br /> <br /> Mongolia barbecue is renowned for its roasted whole lamb, which is usually not roasted directly over the fire, but rather by filling red-hot stones into the hollowed-out and cleaned stomach of the sheep, allowing the heat to slowly cook the meat from the inside out. Such barbecue is not easy to cause grassland fires, and can make the heat last longer. <br /> <br /> ====3.Northen Xinjiang====<br /> <br /> The barbecue in northern Xinjiang is represented by the Ili barbecue. Simply marinate the lamb with a mixture of eggs, onions and salt and roast it on the grill. The egg liquid wraps a layer of burnt yellow crispy coat on the surface of the mutton; Salt is used to flavor and make lean meat more chewy; Onions are used to remove odors. <br /> <br /> ====4.Southern Xinjiang====<br /> <br /> Red Willow Barbecue is the most representative type of barbecue in Southern Xinjiang: The willow tree, which grows in the oasis on the edge of Tarim Basin, is called &quot;red willow&quot; by local people because of its light red bark. It exudes a fragrant scent of tree sap when heated, and can add flavor to roasted beef and mutton. Because the red willow branches are thick, the meat pieces need to be cut into large pieces to be strung together. Therefore, in Xinjiang, &quot; Red Willow Roast Meat&quot; is often synonymous with large pieces of roast meat. <br /> <br /> ====5.Guangxi barbecue====<br /> <br /> Guangxi barbecue is famous for its variety of barbecue ingredients. The whole roast vole slitting open belly, slender bending pigtail, the whole roast pig eye, roast snake, roast bee pupae, scorpions, even roast cockroaches, are not rare. <br /> <br /> ====6.Lingnan barbecue====<br /> <br /> Lingnan area is famous for its seafood barbecue. One of the most popular barbecues is roast oysters. The fresh oysters in this area are rich in salty and sweet, so the taste is very rich. An essential step to cook the oyster is to pry open the shell and garnish it with garlic and pepper. Eating the grilled oysters together with bottles of beer is the greatest pleasure for people who live on the shores of the south China sea. <br /> <br /> ====7.Zibo Barbecue====<br /> <br /> Recently, Zibo barbecue is very popular. Zibo City's barbecue culture has also sparked heated discussion on social media. <br /> Zibo barbecue has a unique way to eat: &quot;Mutton skewers + pancakes + onions&quot;; and an external image with a sense of ritual: &quot;One table, one stove and one roll&quot;. <br /> Authentic Zibo barbecue needs an independent small oven for each table, and uses charcoal fire to roast. The kebabs on each table are half-cooked, and diners control the rest. To eat kebabs in Zibo, you need to take two skewers of roast meat, apply dip sauce, and spread them on a pancake. Then hold the pancake tightly with your hands and pull the barbecue prod back in. A few pieces of meat completely wrapped in pancakes, plus a section of green onion, became a unique Zibo barbecue.<br /> <br /> ===Culture===<br /> <br /> In China recipes, barbecue is the most special existence. In Sichuan cuisine, Shandong cuisine, Guangdong cuisine, Huaiyang cuisine and other major cuisines, the shadow of barbecue can hardly be found. Famous dishes are all steamed and boiled as the best way of cooking, followed by stir-frying, frying and deep-frying. Barbecue, on the other hand, is at the bottom of the Chinese cooking chain, which cannot be used for high-grade ingredients. <br /> <br /> Contrary to this idea, in almost all Chinese cities and villages, barbecue is popular and loved by everyone. Whether it's late-night, camping outdoors, friends' parties or family reunions, as long as there's a barbecue, there's a harmonious and lively atmosphere. Barbecue represents the most market-like, commonest and warmest side of Chinese diet, and also condenses all the Chinese people's adaptation to local conditions, harmony and flexibility, represents people's pursuit of freedom, relaxation and enjoyment of life. <br /> <br /> ===Drawbacks===<br /> <br /> In recent years, roadside barbecues have become a popular part of people's diet. There is basically no slack season, and business is booming all the year round. Especially in the hot summer, people like to eat barbecue at roadside barbecue stalls. However, barbecue also has some drawbacks. <br /> <br /> ====1.A high incidence of cance====<br /> <br /> Barbecue is associated with a high incidence of cancer. Because barbecue contains many cancer-causing dangerous substances, which increases the risk of cancer. <br /> <br /> ====2.Smoke pollution====<br /> <br /> Barbecue causes smoke pollution. The smog produced by barbecue has caused serious pollution of the environment. In recent years, barbecue has become the main pollution source of smog pollution. However, with the emergence of smokeless barbecue, the pollution problem caused by barbecue has been solved gradually.<br /> <br /> ===Conclusion===<br /> <br /> Barbecue is not only a way of eating, but also a reflection of life attitude, cultural heritage and food pursuit. By tasting the barbecue delicacies in different regions, people can feel the people's livelihood customs and cultural deposits in different regions, and appreciate the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and society.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> <br /> [1]慧文.吃烧烤 中国古人有啥讲究[J].科学大观园,2022,No.636(04):72-75.<br /> [2]李国新.新疆烧烤特色美食的烹饪技艺及优化策略[J].食品安全导刊,2023,No.368(03):178-180.DOI:10.16043/j.cnki.cfs.2023.03.061.<br /> [3]梓轩.淄博烧烤火热出圈的“流量密码”[J].宁波经济(财经视点),2023,No.591(05):16-17.<br /> [4]https://www.zhihu.com/question/39285680<br /> [5]https://www.zhihu.com/question/285168142<br /> ===Terminology and Expression===<br /> 1.Fuxi：伏羲<br /> 2.Beijing Zhoukoudian ape-man： 北京周口店猿人<br /> 3.&quot;PaoXi&quot;：庖牺<br /> 4.Chinese leaves:生菜叶<br /> 5.Ili barbecue：伊犁烧烤<br /> 6.Red Willow Barbecue：红柳烧烤<br /> 7.Tarim Basin：塔里木盆地<br /> 8.Lingnan：岭南<br /> 9.Stir-frying：炒<br /> 10.Frying：煎<br /> Deep-frying：炸<br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.Who is said to be “the first person who cook meat with fire”?<br /> 2.Why Mongolia barbecue don’t roast mutton over the fire directly?<br /> 3.Which is the most representative type of barbecue in Southern Xinjiang?<br /> 4.What is the unique way to eat Zibo barbecue and the external image of it?<br /> 5.What are the drawbacks of barbecue?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1.Fuxi .<br /> 2.Such barbecue is not easy to cause grassland fires, and can make the heat last longer. <br /> 3.Red willow barbecue.<br /> 4.Zibo barbecue has a unique way to eat: &quot;Mutton skewers + pancakes + onions&quot;; and an external image with a sense of ritual: &quot;One table, one stove and one roll&quot;. <br /> Barbecue is associated with a high incidence of cancer. Barbecue causes smoke pollution.<br /> <br /> ===摘要===<br /> <br /> 烧烤在我国饮食文化史上占有重要的地位。中国地大物博，历史悠久，烧烤文化内涵丰富，烧烤的种类也随着地域的不同呈现出鲜明的特征。<br /> <br /> ===关键词===<br /> <br /> 烧烤；中国烧烤；地域；文化；弊端<br /> <br /> ===引入===<br /> <br /> 烧烤是一种古老的烹饪方式，也是世界上最早出现的烹饪方式之一。如今，烧烤早已走进了国内千家万户，成为了人们生活中不可缺少的一部分。无论是大街小巷还是旅游景区，烧烤店随处可见。<br /> <br /> ===起源===<br /> <br /> 早在原始时代，人类就学会了把肉放在火上烤熟了吃。据考古发现，大约在60万年前的北京北京周口店猿人已经开始吃烧烤了。考古学家还发现了距今六千年，用来制作烧烤的器具。<br /> <br /> 关于烧烤的起源，有一个与伏羲有关的故事。古时候，水中鱼多，天上鸟多，地上兽多，但人们都抓不到。伏羲教人们织网捕鱼，捕捉鸟兽。这比只吃树上的野果要好得多，但生鱼肉和生鸟肉的味道不好，有些人吃了生肉后会生病。于是伏羲取了天火，教人们用火烤鸟鱼吃。 从此，人们吃上了香喷喷的烤肉，变得更加健康。为了纪念伏羲，人们称他为“第一个用火烤熟肉的人”——“庖牺”。<br /> <br /> ===不同地域种类丰富的烧烤===<br /> <br /> 中国烧烤文化中的一大特色就是它的多样性。不同地区、不同民族和不同食材的搭配都形成了带有地域特色的烧烤风味。接下来将介绍一些具有代表性的地方烧烤：<br /> <br /> ====1.东北====<br /> 东北烧烤用的是传统的粘土炉。五花肉切大块，烤至边缘微焦，蘸酱料、生蒜、绿色，包上生菜叶，你就得到了一个美味的烤肉卷。<br /> <br /> ====2.蒙古====<br /> 蒙古烤肉以烤全羊而闻名，通常不是直接在火上烤，而是将烧红的石头填入掏空并清洗干净的羊胃中，让热量从里到外慢慢地将肉烤熟。这样的烧烤不容易引起草原火灾，而且可以使热度持续更长时间。<br /> <br /> ====3.北疆====<br /> 北疆的烧烤以伊犁烧烤为代表。简单地用鸡蛋、洋葱和盐的混合物腌制羊肉，然后在炉子上烤。蛋液在羊肉表面包裹一层焦黄酥脆的外皮;盐用来调味，使瘦肉更有嚼劲;洋葱是用来去除腥味的。<br /> <br /> ====4.南疆====<br /> 红柳烧烤是南疆最具代表性的烧烤类型：生长在塔里木盆地边缘绿洲的红柳，因树皮呈淡红色，被当地人称为“红柳”。加热后散发出一股树液的香味，可以为烤牛羊肉增添风味。因为红柳树枝粗，肉块需要切成大块才能串起来。因此，在新疆，“红柳烤肉”往往是大块烤肉的代名词。<br /> <br /> ====5.广西====<br /> 广西烧烤以烧烤食材的多样性而闻名。开膛破肚的整只烤田鼠，细长弯曲的猪鞭，整只烤猪眼，烤蛇、烤蜂蛹、烤蝎子，甚至烤蟑螂，都不在少数。<br /> <br /> ====6.岭南地区====<br /> 岭南地区以海鲜烧烤闻名。其中最受欢迎的是烤生蚝。这个地区的生蚝汁咸中带甜，所以味道很丰富。烤生蚝一个基本步骤是撬开壳，加入大蒜和胡椒调味。吃着烤生蚝，喝着啤酒，是生活在南海之滨的人们的最大乐趣。<br /> <br /> ====7.淄博烧烤====<br /> 最近，淄博的烧烤很受欢迎。 淄博市的烧烤文化也在社交媒体上引起了热议。<br /> 淄博烧烤有一种独特的吃法：“羊肉串+煎饼+葱”;以及一个带有仪式感的外在形象：“一桌一灶一卷”。<br /> 正宗的淄博烧烤每桌都有一个独立的小烤炉，用炭火烧烤，这种烧烤也叫“活烧烤”。 每一个桌上的肉串已经烤到半熟，接下来的火候由食客自己掌握。吃淄博的羊肉串，需要取两串烤肉，涂好蘸酱料，铺在煎饼上。然后用手紧紧地握住煎饼，把烧烤签子拉回来。几块肉完全包在煎饼里，再加一段葱，就成了一个独特的淄博烧烤卷饼。<br /> <br /> ===烧烤文化===<br /> <br /> 在中国菜谱中，烧烤是最特别的存在。在代表中国高级菜系的川菜、鲁菜、粤菜、淮扬菜等各大菜系中，几乎找不到烧烤的影子。名菜都是以蒸和煮为最佳烹调方法，其次是炒、煎和炸。而烧烤则处于中式烹饪链条的最底层，不能用于高档食材。与这种想法相反，在几乎所有的中国城市和乡村，烧烤都很受欢迎。无论是深夜、户外露营、朋友聚会还是家人团聚，只要有烧烤，就有一种和谐而鲜活的氛围。烧烤代表了中国饮食中最市井、最平常、最温情的一面，也凝结着中国人因地制宜、和谐灵活的一面，代表着人们对自由、放松和享受生活的追求。<br /> <br /> ===烧烤的消极影响===<br /> <br /> 近年来，路边烧烤成为大众饮食的热门。基本没有淡旺季，一年四季生意都很红火。特别是在炎热的夏天，人们喜欢在路边的烧烤摊吃烧烤。然而，烧烤也存在着一些弊端。<br /> <br /> ====1.癌症的高发====<br /> <br /> 烧烤易导致癌症的高发。因为烧烤当中含有的致癌危险物质多，增加癌症的发生几率。<br /> <br /> ====2.烟雾污染====<br /> 烧烤烟雾污染。烧烤产生的烟雾对环境造成了严重污染，近年来，烧烤已成为雾霾污染的主要污染源。但随着无烟烧烤的出现，烧烤带来的污染问题渐渐得到解决。<br /> <br /> ===结论===<br /> <br /> 烧烤不仅仅是一种饮食方式，更是一种生活态度、文化底蕴和美食追求的体现。通过品尝不同地域的烧烤美食，人们可以感受到不同地域的民生习俗和文化底蕴，并从中领略到人与自然、人与社会的和谐共处之道。</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_08&diff=155620 2023-06-05T12:35:11Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friend in cold weather */</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friend in cold weather==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> I am gonna introduce the &quot;three friends in cold weather&quot; - pine, bamboo and plum - and their characteristics in Chinese culture through ancient Chinese poetry and cultural elements such as imagery.<br /> <br /> key words: Pine,Bamboo,plum,poetry.<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> <br /> Chinese people have long held a deep admiration for pine (sōng 松), bamboo (zhú 竹), and plum (méi 梅), considering them as the most cherished plants. These three botanical wonders thrive resiliently throughout the cold winter, much like steadfast friends eagerly embracing the arrival of spring. Thus, they are revered as the &quot;Three Friends in Cold Weather (suì hán sān yǒu 岁寒三友),&quot; symbolizing the esteemed virtues pursued by the Chinese people, particularly in the realm of ancient Chinese poetry.<br /> <br /> ===Text===<br /> <br /> ====Pines 松====<br /> <br /> With their enduring green foliage and robust vitality, pines exemplify the strength of character found in evergreen trees. Even during the harsh winter, they flourish, earning them admiration for their indomitable spirit. While the masses generally associate pines with longevity, they are more widely recognized as symbols of endurance and resilience.<br /> <br /> ====Bamboo竹====<br /> <br /> Bamboo, perhaps known to foreigners primarily as the beloved food of pandas, has been cherished by the Chinese for thousands of years, long before these adorable creatures achieved global stardom. However, bamboo holds a multitude of meanings in Chinese culture that extend beyond its association with pandas.<br /> <br /> Even as the cold wind blows and the day of cold Dew arrives, bamboo remains resilient and thrives while other plants wither away. This unique ability, combined with its upright posture and hollow joints, endows bamboo with qualities of unwavering strength and modesty, earning it the esteemed title of a &quot;gentleman.&quot; In addition to its symbolism of resilience, bamboo holds great significance in Chinese folklore, where the act of firing bamboo crackers represents the breaking away from old and malevolent forces. Moreover, bamboo is recognized as a symbol of security and auspiciousness, as depicted in traditional decorative paintings.<br /> Bamboo, known as zhu in Chinese, embodies the essence of Chinese scholars. Its significance is highly esteemed within Chinese culture. The erect posture and unwavering joints of bamboo exemplify its untamed and resolute nature. Its unbendable branches further manifest its tenacity.<br /> <br /> Chinese scholars regard bamboo as their spiritual pillar, often stating that they could forgo meat but not the presence of bamboo near their homes. Indeed, bamboo permeates various aspects of Chinese daily life. The mere presence of bamboo instills a sense of tranquility and serenity.<br /> Within the Book of Songs, an ancient collection of Chinese poems dating back to BC 770-476, we encounter numerous instances of bamboo being described and extolled by the ancient Chinese people. One of the most renowned lines, &quot;瞻彼淇奥，绿竹猗猗&quot; (gazing upon the water's edge, the green bamboo stands tall and beautiful), encapsulates the essence of bamboo in Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> This verse symbolizes the image of bamboo in Chinese culture as tall, slender, exquisite, and straight. The straightness of bamboo (直, zhí) parallels the concept of personal integrity (正直, zhèng zhí) among individuals. Just as bamboo naturally grows upwards, human beings should uphold moral integrity and steadfast principles. This notion of moral integrity holds tremendous significance as one of the fundamental values in Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Across the vast expanse of China's enduring history, numerous names have stood the test of time, passed down from one generation to the next. Among these revered figures, Wen Tianxiang, a valiant official during the Song dynasty (1236-1283), shines as a timeless national hero, his legacy persisting even in modern times. Wen's unwavering loyalty and refusal to submit to his captors, despite being taken prisoner after his army's defeat, remain emblematic of his indomitable spirit.<br /> <br /> Not only was Wen Tianxiang a resolute hero, but he was also a gifted poet. During his journey northward, he composed a poem that has since become one of the most cherished and renowned in history. Its poignant conclusion resounds with the words, &quot;A death befalls all men alike, I'll keep a loyal heart to make a name in history,&quot;（人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青） encapsulating his unwavering commitment to leave behind a legacy of honor and bravery.<br /> <br /> ====Plums 梅====<br /> <br /> Among the renowned flowers of China, the plum holds a significant place. Revered for its noble, pure, and modest qualities, it serves as an inspiration for personal growth and self-improvement. Chinese poets of bygone eras have consistently cherished and celebrated the plum, recognizing its profound symbolism. Furthermore, the plum is associated with the arrival of auspicious tidings, signifying the advent of good news. Over time, stories and legends regarding the plum and its profound meaning have become widely disseminated, permeating Chinese culture with their tenduring presence.<br /> <br /> Winter, a season that casts a chilling shadow over living creatures, transforms the vibrant world into a cold and silent realm. The once vibrant hues fade, replaced by a landscape cloaked in white and gray. However, an intriguing connection exists between snow and plum blossoms in traditional Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Winter brings about a halt to numerous aspects of life. The ceaseless flow of rivers succumbs to the unforgiving cold, freezing their very essence. Plants cease their growth, their roots weakened by the icy grip, depriving them of vital nourishment. The land itself appears as an expansive, frozen barrier, valiantly resisting the cold's relentless advances. Trees, once adorned with leaves, now serve as hosts to icy adornments. Winter halts many things, yet there is one exception: Plum Blossoms.<br /> <br /> Chinese Plum Blossoms, symbolizing hope and resilience, have long held a cherished position as the traditional flower of China. Blooming amidst the harshness of winter, they radiate their beauty until the arrival of spring. Plum blossoms captivate hearts not only with their aesthetic allure but also with their inherent qualities.<br /> <br /> While winter brings a standstill to so much, it fails to impede the blossoming of plum blossoms. These delicate flowers serve as a profound metaphor, embodying hope and the unwavering spirit to flourish against all odds. They stand as a testament to resilience, undeterred by the bitter cold. Their elegance and beauty persist, inspiring onlookers.<br /> <br /> Recognizing the profound significance of plum blossoms, poets since ancient times have penned verses to commemorate their essence. These poets comprehend the transformative impact of embracing the plum blossom's spirit and its potential application in our own lives.<br /> <br /> ===Conclusion===<br /> <br /> In The Analects , Confucius said: “Only in the cold winter does one know that the pine and the cypress are the last to shed their leaves. (岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。)” It means that a harsh environment can test whether a person has a strong mind, perseverance, and a noble character.<br /> In literature and ancient culture, pine, bamboo, and plum blossoms are collectively known as “Three Companions of the Winter (岁寒三友).”<br /> <br /> ===Reference===<br /> <br /> 1.Baidu Encyclopedia The Three Friends in cold weather <br /> 2. &quot;Wang Yun Mei She Ji&quot; Song - Lin Jingxi<br /> 3.The Analects<br /> <br /> ===汉语翻译===<br /> <br /> 摘要：<br /> 本文将通过中国古代诗歌及意象等文化元素介绍中国古代传统的“岁寒三友”-松、竹、梅，及其在中华文化中的特征。<br /> 中国人长期以来对松树（sōng松）、竹子（zhú竹）和梅花（méi梅）怀有深深的敬意，认为它们是最值得珍惜的植物。这三种植物奇迹在整个寒冷的冬天顽强地生长着，就像坚定的朋友急切地迎接春天的到来。因此，它们被尊称为 &quot;岁寒三友&quot;，象征着中国人民所追求的受人尊敬的美德，特别是在中国古代诗歌领域。<br /> <br /> 一、松树<br /> <br /> 松树以其持久的绿叶和旺盛的生命力，体现了常青树的性格力量。即使在严寒的冬天，它们也能茁壮成长，以其不屈不挠的精神赢得了人们的钦佩。虽然大众通常将松树与长寿联系在一起，但它们被更广泛地认为是耐力和复原力的象征。<br /> <br /> 二、竹子<br /> <br /> 竹子，也许在外国人眼里主要是作为大熊猫心爱的食物，但早在这些可爱的生物获得全球明星地位之前，中国人就已经珍视竹子几千年了。然而，竹子在中国文化中具有多种意义，超出了它与熊猫的关系。<br /> <br /> 即使寒风吹过，寒露来临，竹子仍然坚韧不拔，在其他植物枯萎时茁壮成长。这种独特的能力，加上其直立的姿势和中空的关节，赋予了竹子坚定不移的力量和谦虚的品质，使其获得了 &quot;君子 &quot;的尊贵称号。除了象征着坚韧不拔，竹子在中国的民间传说中也有很大的意义，烧竹子的行为代表着摆脱旧的和邪恶的力量。此外，竹子被认为是安全和吉祥的象征，正如传统装饰画中所描绘的那样。<br /> <br /> 竹子，在中文中被称为竹子，体现了中国学者的精髓。它的意义在中国文化中受到高度推崇。竹子的直立姿态和坚定不移的关节体现了其桀骜不驯和坚毅的本性。它不屈不挠的枝干进一步体现了它的坚韧。<br /> <br /> 中国学者将竹子视为他们的精神支柱，经常说他们可以放弃肉类，但不能放弃家附近的竹子。的确，竹子渗透到了中国人日常生活的各个方面。仅仅是竹子的存在，就给人以宁静和安详的感觉。<br /> <br /> 《诗经》是中国古代的诗歌集，可以追溯到公元前770-476年，我们可以看到古代中国人对竹子的描述和赞美，有很多例子。其中最著名的一句是 &quot;瞻彼淇奥，绿竹猗猗&quot;，它概括了中国文化中竹子的本质。<br /> <br /> 这句诗象征着竹子在中国文化中的形象是高大、纤细、精致和笔直。竹子的直（zhí）与个人的正直（zhèng zhí）概念相似。就像竹子自然向上生长一样，人类应该坚持道德操守和坚定的原则。这种道德操守的概念作为中国文化的基本价值观之一，有着巨大的意义。<br /> <br /> 在中国浩瀚的历史长河中，无数的名字经受住了时间的考验，代代相传。在这些受人尊敬的人物中，宋朝（1236-1283）时期的英勇官员文天祥，作为一个永恒的民族英雄而熠熠生辉，他的遗产甚至在现代仍然存在。文天祥尽管在军队战败后被俘，但他坚定不移的忠诚和拒绝屈服于俘虏，仍然体现了他不屈不挠的精神。<br /> <br /> 文天祥不仅是一位坚定的英雄，而且还是一位天才的诗人。在北上途中，他创作了一首诗，后来成为历史上最珍贵和最著名的诗之一。诗的结尾是这样的：&quot;人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青&quot;。这句话概括了他坚定不移地致力于留下荣誉和勇敢的遗产。<br /> <br /> 三、梅花<br /> <br /> 在中国的著名花卉中，梅花占有重要地位。它因其高尚、纯洁和谦虚的品质而受到尊重，是个人成长和自我完善的灵感。中国历代诗人一直珍视和赞美梅花，认识到其深刻的象征意义。此外，梅花与吉祥物的到来有关，象征着好消息的到来。随着时间的推移，有关梅花的故事和传说以及它的深刻含义已被广泛传播，并在中国文化中弥漫着它们的魅力。<br /> <br /> 冬天，一个给生物投下寒冷阴影的季节，将充满活力的世界变成一个寒冷和沉默的领域。曾经充满活力的色调逐渐消失，取而代之的是笼罩在白色和灰色中的风景。然而，在中国传统文化中，雪和梅花之间存在着一种耐人寻味的联系。<br /> <br /> 冬天给生活的许多方面带来了停顿。不停流淌的河水屈服于无情的寒冷，冻结了它们的本质。植物停止生长，它们的根部被冰雪所削弱，失去了重要的滋养。土地本身就像一个广阔的、冰冻的屏障，勇敢地抵抗着寒冷的无情侵袭。曾经用树叶装饰的树木，现在成了冰冷装饰品的主人。冬天让很多东西都停止了，但有一个例外：梅花。<br /> <br /> 中国的梅花，象征着希望和坚韧，长期以来一直作为中国的传统花卉而受到珍视。在严寒的冬天，它们绽放出美丽的光芒，直到春天的到来。梅花不仅以其审美的诱惑力，而且以其固有的品质吸引着人们的心。<br /> <br /> 虽然冬天给许多事情带来了停滞，但它却无法阻碍梅花的绽放。这些娇嫩的花朵作为一个深刻的隐喻，体现了希望和坚定不移的精神，在所有的困难中蓬勃发展。它们是坚韧不拔的证明，不受严寒的影响。它们的优雅和美丽持续存在，激励着旁观者。<br /> <br /> 认识到梅花的深远意义，自古以来的诗人都写下诗句来纪念梅花的本质。这些诗人理解了拥抱梅花精神的变革性影响及其在我们自己生活中的潜在应用。<br /> <br /> 总结：<br /> <br /> 在《论语》中，孔子说：“岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。”意思是说，恶劣的环境可以考验一个人是否有坚强的意志、坚韧的精神和高尚的品格。在文学和古代文化中，松树、竹子和梅花被统称为 &quot;岁寒三友&quot;。<br /> <br /> 参考资料：<br /> <br /> 1.百度百科 岁寒三友<br /> 2.《王云梅舍记》宋•林景熙<br /> 3.《论语》<br /> <br /> ==Wu Qian 吴倩 Traditional Chinese specialty tea drink：Ginger Salt Tea==<br /> Traditional Chinese regional specialty tea drink: Ginger Salt Tea中国传统特色茶饮品：姜盐茶<br /> ===Abstract===<br /> Introducing Ginger Salt Tea, a special tea drink from the Xiangyin and Miluo areas of Yueyang city, Hunan Province, China.<br /> 梗概：介绍中国湖南省岳阳的湘阴与汨罗一带地区的特色茶饮品---姜盐茶。<br /> Key words:<br /> Ginger Salt Tea,Ginger Salt Beans and Sesame Tea,pottery jar<br /> 关键词：<br /> 姜盐茶、姜盐芝麻豆子茶、陶罐<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> Ginger salt tea, the full name is Ginger Salt Beans and Sesame Tea. The main ingredients are at least ginger, salt, sesame, tea bubbles, and some areas will add fried soybeans, which can also be replaced by peanut rice. In Hunan Province, Xiangyin, Miluo area of Yueyang City, since very early love to use this type of tea to entertain guests, and still retain this custom today.<br /> Ginger Salt Tea is Xiangyin, Miluo and other areas used to entertain guests with special tea drinks. Whenever a guest comes, the first thing the women in the family do is to go to the kitchen to boil water, while using a small ring bowl made of pottery unique to the Yueyang region to grind ginger, ready to make a cup of ginger and salt tea for the guests. These areas of the village households to a certain extent, will be Ginger Salt Tea bubble good or bad to decide whether to come to the family's home often.<br /> 介绍：<br /> 姜盐茶，全称为姜盐豆子芝麻茶。主要材料至少有姜、盐、芝麻、茶叶泡，有些地区会加入炒熟的黄豆，豆子也可以用花生米代替。在湖南省岳阳市的湘阴、汨罗一带地区，自很早开始都爱用这种茶来招待客人，如今仍然保留这种风俗。<br /> 姜盐茶是湘阴、汨罗等地区用来招待客人的特色茶饮品。每当有客人来，家中女性第一件事便是去厨房烧开水，同时用一个陶制的岳阳地区特有的小擂钵来磨姜末，准备好为客人泡一杯姜盐茶。这片地区的村户们在一定程度上，会以姜盐茶泡的好不好来决定是否常来这户人家串门。<br /> <br /> ===Text===<br /> ====A.Origin of ginger salt tea====<br /> Ginger Salt Tea, in essence, is a kind of &quot;ingredient tea&quot;. From the history of tea drinking, ingredient tea is the origin of the earlier way of drinking tea, first appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Modern society has been a long way from the Tang Dynasty, but we can still see the shadow of ancient ingredient tea from the Ginger salt tea in Yueyang area. There is a legend: in the Southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing years, Yue Fei was granted by the court to Zhenning Chongxin Army Military Governor, leading soldiers and horses south, ready to go to the Dongting Lake area to suppress the peasant uprising led by Yang yao. However, once the soldiers arrived in the south areas, they were sick with water and soil, which not only affected the combat but also the morale. So Yue Fei studied with the military doctor, and then ordered his retinues to boil soybean and ginger soup with salt to drink. Gradually, the soldiers' bodies recovered. And the people around the barracks to see, also learn to make this type of tea to drink. For a time in Xiangyin, Miluo areas popular.<br /> ====B.The Method of Ginger Salt Tea====<br /> =====a.Traditional Method=====<br /> This type of tea, in the tea set, preparation, boiling method and sieve tea operation have many instructions. First of all, the tea set, it is best to be able to accommodate a dozen bowls of tea on the big belly pottery jar, pottery jar insulation. The belly must be large and the mouth must be small, so it is easy to shake even tea in the mixed material and not spill, slightly larger capacity to meet the needs of hospitality. The tea bowl should not be too deep, the capacity of about one-half of the rice bowl open-mouth tea bowl is the best, so that it is easy to eat the tea under the phase material all clean. Also prepare a pottery, with a corrugated inner side of ginger paste to rub the ginger block into &quot;ginger paste&quot;and the “ginger sand”. The mixed materials are required to be dry and crisp. It must be very nice if you can now fry now eat more fragrant. Salt should be determined according to the taste of the tea drinkers, in addition to physical labor sweating too much need to supplement the salt, others should not drink too salty. We know that ginger is appetizing , so it is better to put a little more ginger into the tea. Boiling water is the key for the whole process, water rolling to all the ingredients of the original flavor &quot;frying&quot; out. &quot;Water rolled ginger spicy salt moderate, sesame beans to soak loose&quot; is the general secret of pan-fried tea. Sieve tea when rotating the wrist, so that the mixed material in the jar circle, while the ingredients are fully flooded, poured into the tea bowl (so Xiangyin people regarded the process of pouring tea as &quot;sieving tea&quot;). Will not sieve the tea, often the bottom of the can ingredients, that is not ideal. (Yueyang People's Congress Website's special Yueyang food chapter)<br /> In short, it is the water into the pottery jar, boiling in the fire ashes of the wood stove, the soybeans or sesame seeds on a small tin shovel fried, the ginger in the bowl ground into ginger paste and ginger juice, before you can make the tea. When you are making it, the first step is to put the tea leaves into a pottery jar of boiling water to soak, and then pour the salt, ginger paste, and ginger juice into the pot.Subsequently we must mix these ingredients for a while, and pour into a tea cup.The last but the most important one is to grab a handful of fried soybeans or sesame seeds sprinkled in the cup,and finally you can drink it.<br /> <br /> =====b.Modern Method=====<br /> The preparation method is not much different from the traditional, still boiling water - grinding ginger - steeping tea - sprinkled with sesame and beans as the main steps. But nowadays, in order to be more convenient and faster, every family will use electric kettles instead of old pottery jar. While sesame seeds and beans are no longer instantly fried, but will be fried in advance to reserve and directly sprinkled on.<br /> The ingredients put in the preparation will be different at different times of the day. If guests come an hour or two before the meal, such as 9-10 a.m.or 2-4 p.m., the host will put more sesame beans and other ingredients, making it a cup of &quot;morning tea&quot; or &quot;afternoon tea&quot;; a cup of ginger salt tea after the meal, the host will often only put a little bit of sesame and beans, and increase the amount of ginger, to a certain extent to play the effect of relieving greasiness; as for the in the evening, the ginger salt tea can hardly be called tea, because the tea has a refreshing effect, so the host will only put a few tea leaves, in case guests have difficulty in sleeping at night.<br /> <br /> <br /> ====C.The benefits of Ginger Salt Tea====<br /> In the traditional Chinese medical cognition, Ginger Salt Tea is a certain medicinal function, the Song Dynasty medical book has written: &quot;ginger tea for dysentery: ginger can help Yang, tea can help Yin, both can dissipate, and adjust the level of Yang and Yin, in addition to the heat poison, wine and food poison can be solved. Do not ask the red and white hot and cold general, old ginger cut like beans, and tea leaves equal parts, with new water decoction. Dongpo medical Wen Lu Gong for effect.&quot; Yueyang City is close to China's second largest freshwater lake - Dongting Lake, influenced by the subtropical monsoon, hot and humid climate. Xiangyin, Miluo and other places are close to the Dongting Lake, and the water quality is complex, so it is easy to hurt the stomach. Ginger salt tea has the effect of expelling cold and dispelling dampness, strengthening the stomach and spleen, which is conducive to local people to regulate the dampness in their bodies and achieve balance.<br /> <br /> 正文：<br /> (一)姜盐茶的由来<br /> 姜盐茶，从本质上讲，是“配料茶”的一种。从饮茶的历史上看，配料茶是起源较早的饮茶方式，最早出现于唐朝。现代社会距离唐代已经久远了，但是我们从岳阳地区的姜盐茶中仍然能看到古代配料茶的影子。有一种传说：在南宋绍兴年间，岳飞被朝廷授予镇宁崇信军节度使，带领兵马南下，准备前往洞庭湖地区镇压由杨幺领导的农民起义。但是，士兵一到南方，水土不服，病人增多，不仅影响了作战，也影响了士气。于是岳飞便与军医一起研究，然后吩咐部下熬含盐的黄豆姜汁汤喝。慢慢地，士兵身体得到了恢复。军营周围的老百姓一看，也学着去沏这号茶来喝，一时间在湘阴、汨罗地区流行起来。<br /> (二)姜盐茶的做法：<br /> 1.传统做法：<br /> 这档茶，在茶具、备料、泡法和筛茶操作上都有许多讲究。先说茶具，最好是能容上十来碗茶的大肚子陶罐，陶罐保温好，肚大口小，便于晃匀茶水里的相料而不致外溢，容量稍大才能满足待客的需要。茶碗则不宜太深，容量约为饭碗二分之一的敞口茶碗最好，这样才容易把茶水底下的相料全部吃干净。还要备一只陶制的，内侧带楞的姜沙擂钵，把姜块擦成“姜沙”。相料则要求燥脆松酥，如能现炒现吃就更香了。盐要根据饮茶对象的口味来定，除搞体力劳动的流汗太多需要补充盐分外，其他人喝都不宜太咸。但姜开胃起口，却不妨稍多放一些。开水更是关键，水滚才能把所有配料的原汁原味“煎”出来。“水滚姜辣盐适中，芝麻豆子要泡松”便是煎茶的总诀。筛茶时旋转手腕，使相料在罐中转圈，趁配料充分泛起时，倒入茶碗(所以湘阴人倒茶叫“筛茶”)。不会筛茶的，往往罐底配料多，那就不理想了。（岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇）<br /> 简言之便是将清水注入瓦罐，在柴火灶的火灰中烧开，把黄豆或芝麻放在铁皮小铲上炒熟，将老姜在钵中磨成姜渣与姜汁，才可以泡茶。泡茶时，要先将茶叶放进烧开了水的瓦罐里泡开，然后将盐、姜渣、姜汁倒入罐内，混匀，倒入茶杯，最后抓上一把炒熟的黄豆或芝麻撒在杯子里，即可饮用。<br /> <br /> 2.现代做法：<br /> 制作方法与传统做法相差不大，仍以烧水-磨姜-泡茶-撒上芝麻、豆子为主要步骤。但如今为了更方便、更快捷，家户会使用电热水壶而不是瓦罐了，同时芝麻豆子等也不再即时炒，而会提前炒好储备起来，直接撒上去。<br /> 不同时间段，制作时放的配料也会不一样。客人若是在饭前一两个小时来，如上午9-10点，下午2-4点，主人便会多多放上芝麻豆子这些配料，让其成为一杯“上午茶”或“下午茶”；饭后的一杯姜盐茶，主人往往只会放一点点的芝麻和豆子，增加姜的量，一定程度上起到解腻的效果。；晚上的姜盐茶，便几乎不能称为茶了，因为茶有提神醒脑的效果，主人便只会放上几片茶叶，以防客人夜晚难以入眠。<br /> (三)姜盐茶对身体的好处<br /> 在中国传统医学的认知中，姜盐茶是有一定药用功能的，宋代医书《仁斋直指》中说道：“姜茶治痢法：姜能助阳，茶能助阴，二者皆能消散，又且调平阴阳，况于暑毒、酒食毒皆能解之也。不问赤白冷热通用之，老生姜切如豆许，与茶叶等分，用新水煎服。东坡医文潞公作效。” 岳阳市靠近中国第二大淡水湖---洞庭湖，受亚热带季风影响，气候湿热，而湘阴、汨罗等地更是紧挨着洞庭湖，水质复杂容易伤胃。姜盐茶有驱寒祛湿、健胃强脾的作用，利于当地人们调节身体中的湿气，达到平衡。<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> 1、百度百科，“姜盐茶”词条<br /> 2、《农业考古（中国茶文化专号）》，2018年第5期<br /> 3、岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇<br /> 4、《仁斋直指》，宋代<br /> <br /> 引用：<br /> 1、百度百科，“姜盐茶”词条<br /> 2、《农业考古（中国茶文化专号）》，2018年第5期<br /> 3、岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇<br /> 4、《仁斋直指》，宋代<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> 1.Which region did Ginger Salt Tea originate from?<br /> 2.What are the main ingredients of Ginger Salt Tea?<br /> 3.Which historical celebrity is associated with the origin of ginger and salt tea?<br /> 4.What are the health benefits of ginger salt tea?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> 1.It originates from the Xiangyin and Miluo areas of Yueyang city, Hunan Province, China.<br /> 2.The main ingredients are at least ginger, salt, sesame, tea bubbles, and some areas will add fried soybeans, which can also be replaced by peanut rice.<br /> 3.Yue Fei<br /> 4. Ginger salt tea has the effect of expelling cold and dispelling dampness, strengthening the stomach and spleen, which is conducive to local people to regulate the dampness in their bodies and achieve balance.<br /> <br /> ==Xu Puliang 许谱亮 Cuisine: Barbeque in China==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> Barbecue occupies an important position in the history of Chinese food culture. China is vast in territory and rich in resources and has a long history. Barbecue culture is rich in connotation，and the types of barbecue also show distinct characteristics in different regions.<br /> <br /> ===key Words===<br /> <br /> Barbecue; Chinese barbecue; regions; culture; drawbacks<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> <br /> Barbecue is an ancient cooking method and one of the earliest cooking methods in the world. Nowadays, barbecue has already entered many households in China and has become an indispensable part of people's lives. Whether you are on the streets or at tourist attractions, barbecues can be seen everywhere.<br /> <br /> ===Origin===<br /> <br /> As early as primitive times, man could roast meat on fire. According to archaeological discoveries, about 600,000 years ago, Beijing Zhoukoudian ape-man had already started to eat roast meat. Archaeologists have also discovered 6,000-year-old utensils used for barbecuing. <br /> <br /> About the origin of the barbecue, there is a story related to Fuxi. In ancient times, there were many fish in the water, birds in the sky, and beasts on the ground, but people couldn't catch them. Fuxi taught people to make nets to catch them. This is much better than only eating fruit, but raw fish and raw bird meat taste bad and are unhealthy. Some people even get sick after eating raw meat. So Fuxi took the skyfire and taught people to use fire roast meat. From then on, people eat delicious barbecue and become healthier. In honor of Fuxi, people called him &quot; the first person to cook meat with fire&quot;-&quot;PaoXi&quot;<br /> <br /> ===Different types of barbecue in Chinese regions===<br /> <br /> One of the characteristics of China barbecue culture is its diversity. Different regions, different nationalities and different ingredients have formed a barbecue flavor with regional characteristics. The following are some representative regional barbecues:<br /> <br /> ====1.Northeast barbecue====<br /> <br /> Northeast barbecue uses a traditional clay stove. Cut pork streaky in large pieces, roast until the edges are slightly burnt, then dip them in the sauce, wrap them with Chinese leaves, and then you have a tasty roll. <br /> <br /> ====2.Mongolia barbecue====<br /> <br /> Mongolia barbecue is renowned for its roasted whole lamb, which is usually not roasted directly over the fire, but rather by filling red-hot stones into the hollowed-out and cleaned stomach of the sheep, allowing the heat to slowly cook the meat from the inside out. Such barbecue is not easy to cause grassland fires, and can make the heat last longer. <br /> <br /> ====3.Northen Xinjiang====<br /> <br /> The barbecue in northern Xinjiang is represented by the Ili barbecue. Simply marinate the lamb with a mixture of eggs, onions and salt and roast it on the grill. The egg liquid wraps a layer of burnt yellow crispy coat on the surface of the mutton; Salt is used to flavor and make lean meat more chewy; Onions are used to remove odors. <br /> <br /> ====4.Southern Xinjiang====<br /> <br /> Red Willow Barbecue is the most representative type of barbecue in Southern Xinjiang: The willow tree, which grows in the oasis on the edge of Tarim Basin, is called &quot;red willow&quot; by local people because of its light red bark. It exudes a fragrant scent of tree sap when heated, and can add flavor to roasted beef and mutton. Because the red willow branches are thick, the meat pieces need to be cut into large pieces to be strung together. Therefore, in Xinjiang, &quot; Red Willow Roast Meat&quot; is often synonymous with large pieces of roast meat. <br /> <br /> ====5.Guangxi barbecue====<br /> <br /> Guangxi barbecue is famous for its variety of barbecue ingredients. The whole roast vole slitting open belly, slender bending pigtail, the whole roast pig eye, roast snake, roast bee pupae, scorpions, even roast cockroaches, are not rare. <br /> <br /> ====6.Lingnan barbecue====<br /> <br /> Lingnan area is famous for its seafood barbecue. One of the most popular barbecues is roast oysters. The fresh oysters in this area are rich in salty and sweet, so the taste is very rich. An essential step to cook the oyster is to pry open the shell and garnish it with garlic and pepper. Eating the grilled oysters together with bottles of beer is the greatest pleasure for people who live on the shores of the south China sea. <br /> <br /> ====7.Zibo Barbecue====<br /> <br /> Recently, Zibo barbecue is very popular. Zibo City's barbecue culture has also sparked heated discussion on social media. <br /> Zibo barbecue has a unique way to eat: &quot;Mutton skewers + pancakes + onions&quot;; and an external image with a sense of ritual: &quot;One table, one stove and one roll&quot;. <br /> Authentic Zibo barbecue needs an independent small oven for each table, and uses charcoal fire to roast. The kebabs on each table are half-cooked, and diners control the rest. To eat kebabs in Zibo, you need to take two skewers of roast meat, apply dip sauce, and spread them on a pancake. Then hold the pancake tightly with your hands and pull the barbecue prod back in. A few pieces of meat completely wrapped in pancakes, plus a section of green onion, became a unique Zibo barbecue.<br /> <br /> ===Culture===<br /> <br /> In China recipes, barbecue is the most special existence. In Sichuan cuisine, Shandong cuisine, Guangdong cuisine, Huaiyang cuisine and other major cuisines, the shadow of barbecue can hardly be found. Famous dishes are all steamed and boiled as the best way of cooking, followed by stir-frying, frying and deep-frying. Barbecue, on the other hand, is at the bottom of the Chinese cooking chain, which cannot be used for high-grade ingredients. <br /> <br /> Contrary to this idea, in almost all Chinese cities and villages, barbecue is popular and loved by everyone. Whether it's late-night, camping outdoors, friends' parties or family reunions, as long as there's a barbecue, there's a harmonious and lively atmosphere. Barbecue represents the most market-like, commonest and warmest side of Chinese diet, and also condenses all the Chinese people's adaptation to local conditions, harmony and flexibility, represents people's pursuit of freedom, relaxation and enjoyment of life. <br /> <br /> ===Drawbacks===<br /> <br /> In recent years, roadside barbecues have become a popular part of people's diet. There is basically no slack season, and business is booming all the year round. Especially in the hot summer, people like to eat barbecue at roadside barbecue stalls. However, barbecue also has some drawbacks. <br /> <br /> ====1.A high incidence of cance====<br /> <br /> Barbecue is associated with a high incidence of cancer. Because barbecue contains many cancer-causing dangerous substances, which increases the risk of cancer. <br /> <br /> ====2.Smoke pollution====<br /> <br /> Barbecue causes smoke pollution. The smog produced by barbecue has caused serious pollution of the environment. In recent years, barbecue has become the main pollution source of smog pollution. However, with the emergence of smokeless barbecue, the pollution problem caused by barbecue has been solved gradually.<br /> <br /> ===Conclusion===<br /> <br /> Barbecue is not only a way of eating, but also a reflection of life attitude, cultural heritage and food pursuit. By tasting the barbecue delicacies in different regions, people can feel the people's livelihood customs and cultural deposits in different regions, and appreciate the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and society.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> <br /> [1]慧文.吃烧烤 中国古人有啥讲究[J].科学大观园,2022,No.636(04):72-75.<br /> [2]李国新.新疆烧烤特色美食的烹饪技艺及优化策略[J].食品安全导刊,2023,No.368(03):178-180.DOI:10.16043/j.cnki.cfs.2023.03.061.<br /> [3]梓轩.淄博烧烤火热出圈的“流量密码”[J].宁波经济(财经视点),2023,No.591(05):16-17.<br /> [4]https://www.zhihu.com/question/39285680<br /> [5]https://www.zhihu.com/question/285168142<br /> ===Terminology and Expression===<br /> 1.Fuxi：伏羲<br /> 2.Beijing Zhoukoudian ape-man： 北京周口店猿人<br /> 3.&quot;PaoXi&quot;：庖牺<br /> 4.Chinese leaves:生菜叶<br /> 5.Ili barbecue：伊犁烧烤<br /> 6.Red Willow Barbecue：红柳烧烤<br /> 7.Tarim Basin：塔里木盆地<br /> 8.Lingnan：岭南<br /> 9.Stir-frying：炒<br /> 10.Frying：煎<br /> Deep-frying：炸<br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.Who is said to be “the first person who cook meat with fire”?<br /> 2.Why Mongolia barbecue don’t roast mutton over the fire directly?<br /> 3.Which is the most representative type of barbecue in Southern Xinjiang?<br /> 4.What is the unique way to eat Zibo barbecue and the external image of it?<br /> 5.What are the drawbacks of barbecue?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1.Fuxi .<br /> 2.Such barbecue is not easy to cause grassland fires, and can make the heat last longer. <br /> 3.Red willow barbecue.<br /> 4.Zibo barbecue has a unique way to eat: &quot;Mutton skewers + pancakes + onions&quot;; and an external image with a sense of ritual: &quot;One table, one stove and one roll&quot;. <br /> Barbecue is associated with a high incidence of cancer. Barbecue causes smoke pollution.<br /> <br /> ===摘要===<br /> <br /> 烧烤在我国饮食文化史上占有重要的地位。中国地大物博，历史悠久，烧烤文化内涵丰富，烧烤的种类也随着地域的不同呈现出鲜明的特征。<br /> <br /> ===关键词===<br /> <br /> 烧烤；中国烧烤；地域；文化；弊端<br /> <br /> ===引入===<br /> <br /> 烧烤是一种古老的烹饪方式，也是世界上最早出现的烹饪方式之一。如今，烧烤早已走进了国内千家万户，成为了人们生活中不可缺少的一部分。无论是大街小巷还是旅游景区，烧烤店随处可见。<br /> <br /> ===起源===<br /> <br /> 早在原始时代，人类就学会了把肉放在火上烤熟了吃。据考古发现，大约在60万年前的北京北京周口店猿人已经开始吃烧烤了。考古学家还发现了距今六千年，用来制作烧烤的器具。<br /> <br /> 关于烧烤的起源，有一个与伏羲有关的故事。古时候，水中鱼多，天上鸟多，地上兽多，但人们都抓不到。伏羲教人们织网捕鱼，捕捉鸟兽。这比只吃树上的野果要好得多，但生鱼肉和生鸟肉的味道不好，有些人吃了生肉后会生病。于是伏羲取了天火，教人们用火烤鸟鱼吃。 从此，人们吃上了香喷喷的烤肉，变得更加健康。为了纪念伏羲，人们称他为“第一个用火烤熟肉的人”——“庖牺”。<br /> <br /> ===不同地域种类丰富的烧烤===<br /> <br /> 中国烧烤文化中的一大特色就是它的多样性。不同地区、不同民族和不同食材的搭配都形成了带有地域特色的烧烤风味。接下来将介绍一些具有代表性的地方烧烤：<br /> <br /> ====1.东北====<br /> 东北烧烤用的是传统的粘土炉。五花肉切大块，烤至边缘微焦，蘸酱料、生蒜、绿色，包上生菜叶，你就得到了一个美味的烤肉卷。<br /> <br /> ====2.蒙古====<br /> 蒙古烤肉以烤全羊而闻名，通常不是直接在火上烤，而是将烧红的石头填入掏空并清洗干净的羊胃中，让热量从里到外慢慢地将肉烤熟。这样的烧烤不容易引起草原火灾，而且可以使热度持续更长时间。<br /> <br /> ====3.北疆====<br /> 北疆的烧烤以伊犁烧烤为代表。简单地用鸡蛋、洋葱和盐的混合物腌制羊肉，然后在炉子上烤。蛋液在羊肉表面包裹一层焦黄酥脆的外皮;盐用来调味，使瘦肉更有嚼劲;洋葱是用来去除腥味的。<br /> <br /> ====4.南疆====<br /> 红柳烧烤是南疆最具代表性的烧烤类型：生长在塔里木盆地边缘绿洲的红柳，因树皮呈淡红色，被当地人称为“红柳”。加热后散发出一股树液的香味，可以为烤牛羊肉增添风味。因为红柳树枝粗，肉块需要切成大块才能串起来。因此，在新疆，“红柳烤肉”往往是大块烤肉的代名词。<br /> <br /> ====5.广西====<br /> 广西烧烤以烧烤食材的多样性而闻名。开膛破肚的整只烤田鼠，细长弯曲的猪鞭，整只烤猪眼，烤蛇、烤蜂蛹、烤蝎子，甚至烤蟑螂，都不在少数。<br /> <br /> ====6.岭南地区====<br /> 岭南地区以海鲜烧烤闻名。其中最受欢迎的是烤生蚝。这个地区的生蚝汁咸中带甜，所以味道很丰富。烤生蚝一个基本步骤是撬开壳，加入大蒜和胡椒调味。吃着烤生蚝，喝着啤酒，是生活在南海之滨的人们的最大乐趣。<br /> <br /> ====7.淄博烧烤====<br /> 最近，淄博的烧烤很受欢迎。 淄博市的烧烤文化也在社交媒体上引起了热议。<br /> 淄博烧烤有一种独特的吃法：“羊肉串+煎饼+葱”;以及一个带有仪式感的外在形象：“一桌一灶一卷”。<br /> 正宗的淄博烧烤每桌都有一个独立的小烤炉，用炭火烧烤，这种烧烤也叫“活烧烤”。 每一个桌上的肉串已经烤到半熟，接下来的火候由食客自己掌握。吃淄博的羊肉串，需要取两串烤肉，涂好蘸酱料，铺在煎饼上。然后用手紧紧地握住煎饼，把烧烤签子拉回来。几块肉完全包在煎饼里，再加一段葱，就成了一个独特的淄博烧烤卷饼。<br /> <br /> ===烧烤文化===<br /> <br /> 在中国菜谱中，烧烤是最特别的存在。在代表中国高级菜系的川菜、鲁菜、粤菜、淮扬菜等各大菜系中，几乎找不到烧烤的影子。名菜都是以蒸和煮为最佳烹调方法，其次是炒、煎和炸。而烧烤则处于中式烹饪链条的最底层，不能用于高档食材。与这种想法相反，在几乎所有的中国城市和乡村，烧烤都很受欢迎。无论是深夜、户外露营、朋友聚会还是家人团聚，只要有烧烤，就有一种和谐而鲜活的氛围。烧烤代表了中国饮食中最市井、最平常、最温情的一面，也凝结着中国人因地制宜、和谐灵活的一面，代表着人们对自由、放松和享受生活的追求。<br /> <br /> ===烧烤的消极影响===<br /> <br /> 近年来，路边烧烤成为大众饮食的热门。基本没有淡旺季，一年四季生意都很红火。特别是在炎热的夏天，人们喜欢在路边的烧烤摊吃烧烤。然而，烧烤也存在着一些弊端。<br /> <br /> ====1.癌症的高发====<br /> <br /> 烧烤易导致癌症的高发。因为烧烤当中含有的致癌危险物质多，增加癌症的发生几率。<br /> <br /> ====2.烟雾污染====<br /> 烧烤烟雾污染。烧烤产生的烟雾对环境造成了严重污染，近年来，烧烤已成为雾霾污染的主要污染源。但随着无烟烧烤的出现，烧烤带来的污染问题渐渐得到解决。<br /> <br /> ===结论===<br /> <br /> 烧烤不仅仅是一种饮食方式，更是一种生活态度、文化底蕴和美食追求的体现。通过品尝不同地域的烧烤美食，人们可以感受到不同地域的民生习俗和文化底蕴，并从中领略到人与自然、人与社会的和谐共处之道。</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_08&diff=155619 2023-06-05T12:24:51Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friend in cold weather */</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friend in cold weather==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> I am gonna introduce the &quot;three friends in cold weather&quot; - pine, bamboo and plum - and their characteristics in Chinese culture through ancient Chinese poetry and cultural elements such as imagery.<br /> <br /> key words: Pine,Bamboo,plum,poetry.<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> <br /> Chinese people have long held a deep admiration for pine (sōng 松), bamboo (zhú 竹), and plum (méi 梅), considering them as the most cherished plants. These three botanical wonders thrive resiliently throughout the cold winter, much like steadfast friends eagerly embracing the arrival of spring. Thus, they are revered as the &quot;Three Friends in Cold Weather (suì hán sān yǒu 岁寒三友),&quot; symbolizing the esteemed virtues pursued by the Chinese people, particularly in the realm of ancient Chinese poetry.<br /> <br /> ===Text===<br /> <br /> ====Pines 松====<br /> <br /> With their enduring green foliage and robust vitality, pines exemplify the strength of character found in evergreen trees. Even during the harsh winter, they flourish, earning them admiration for their indomitable spirit. While the masses generally associate pines with longevity, they are more widely recognized as symbols of endurance and resilience.<br /> <br /> ====Bamboo竹====<br /> <br /> Bamboo, perhaps known to foreigners primarily as the beloved food of pandas, has been cherished by the Chinese for thousands of years, long before these adorable creatures achieved global stardom. However, bamboo holds a multitude of meanings in Chinese culture that extend beyond its association with pandas.<br /> <br /> Even as the cold wind blows and the day of cold Dew arrives, bamboo remains resilient and thrives while other plants wither away. This unique ability, combined with its upright posture and hollow joints, endows bamboo with qualities of unwavering strength and modesty, earning it the esteemed title of a &quot;gentleman.&quot; In addition to its symbolism of resilience, bamboo holds great significance in Chinese folklore, where the act of firing bamboo crackers represents the breaking away from old and malevolent forces. Moreover, bamboo is recognized as a symbol of security and auspiciousness, as depicted in traditional decorative paintings.<br /> Bamboo, known as zhu in Chinese, embodies the essence of Chinese scholars. Its significance is highly esteemed within Chinese culture. The erect posture and unwavering joints of bamboo exemplify its untamed and resolute nature. Its unbendable branches further manifest its tenacity.<br /> <br /> Chinese scholars regard bamboo as their spiritual pillar, often stating that they could forgo meat but not the presence of bamboo near their homes. Indeed, bamboo permeates various aspects of Chinese daily life. The mere presence of bamboo instills a sense of tranquility and serenity.<br /> Within the Book of Songs, an ancient collection of Chinese poems dating back to BC 770-476, we encounter numerous instances of bamboo being described and extolled by the ancient Chinese people. One of the most renowned lines, &quot;瞻彼淇奥，绿竹猗猗&quot; (gazing upon the water's edge, the green bamboo stands tall and beautiful), encapsulates the essence of bamboo in Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> This verse symbolizes the image of bamboo in Chinese culture as tall, slender, exquisite, and straight. The straightness of bamboo (直, zhí) parallels the concept of personal integrity (正直, zhèng zhí) among individuals. Just as bamboo naturally grows upwards, human beings should uphold moral integrity and steadfast principles. This notion of moral integrity holds tremendous significance as one of the fundamental values in Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Across the vast expanse of China's enduring history, numerous names have stood the test of time, passed down from one generation to the next. Among these revered figures, Wen Tianxiang, a valiant official during the Song dynasty (1236-1283), shines as a timeless national hero, his legacy persisting even in modern times. Wen's unwavering loyalty and refusal to submit to his captors, despite being taken prisoner after his army's defeat, remain emblematic of his indomitable spirit.<br /> <br /> Not only was Wen Tianxiang a resolute hero, but he was also a gifted poet. During his journey northward, he composed a poem that has since become one of the most cherished and renowned in history. Its poignant conclusion resounds with the words, &quot;A death befalls all men alike, I'll keep a loyal heart to make a name in history,&quot;（人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青） encapsulating his unwavering commitment to leave behind a legacy of honor and bravery.<br /> <br /> ====Plums 梅====<br /> <br /> Among the renowned flowers of China, the plum holds a significant place. Revered for its noble, pure, and modest qualities, it serves as an inspiration for personal growth and self-improvement. Chinese poets of bygone eras have consistently cherished and celebrated the plum, recognizing its profound symbolism. Furthermore, the plum is associated with the arrival of auspicious tidings, signifying the advent of good news. Over time, stories and legends regarding the plum and its profound meaning have become widely disseminated, permeating Chinese culture with their tenduring presence.<br /> <br /> Winter, a season that casts a chilling shadow over living creatures, transforms the vibrant world into a cold and silent realm. The once vibrant hues fade, replaced by a landscape cloaked in white and gray. However, an intriguing connection exists between snow and plum blossoms in traditional Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Winter brings about a halt to numerous aspects of life. The ceaseless flow of rivers succumbs to the unforgiving cold, freezing their very essence. Plants cease their growth, their roots weakened by the icy grip, depriving them of vital nourishment. The land itself appears as an expansive, frozen barrier, valiantly resisting the cold's relentless advances. Trees, once adorned with leaves, now serve as hosts to icy adornments. Winter halts many things, yet there is one exception: Plum Blossoms.<br /> <br /> Chinese Plum Blossoms, symbolizing hope and resilience, have long held a cherished position as the traditional flower of China. Blooming amidst the harshness of winter, they radiate their beauty until the arrival of spring. Plum blossoms captivate hearts not only with their aesthetic allure but also with their inherent qualities.<br /> <br /> While winter brings a standstill to so much, it fails to impede the blossoming of plum blossoms. These delicate flowers serve as a profound metaphor, embodying hope and the unwavering spirit to flourish against all odds. They stand as a testament to resilience, undeterred by the bitter cold. Their elegance and beauty persist, inspiring onlookers.<br /> <br /> Recognizing the profound significance of plum blossoms, poets since ancient times have penned verses to commemorate their essence. These poets comprehend the transformative impact of embracing the plum blossom's spirit and its potential application in our own lives.<br /> <br /> ===Conclusion===<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===汉语翻译===<br /> <br /> 摘要：<br /> 本文将通过中国古代诗歌及意象等文化元素介绍中国古代传统的“岁寒三友”-松、竹、梅，及其在中华文化中的特征。<br /> 中国人长期以来对松树（sōng松）、竹子（zhú竹）和梅花（méi梅）怀有深深的敬意，认为它们是最值得珍惜的植物。这三种植物奇迹在整个寒冷的冬天顽强地生长着，就像坚定的朋友急切地迎接春天的到来。因此，它们被尊称为 &quot;岁寒三友&quot;，象征着中国人民所追求的受人尊敬的美德，特别是在中国古代诗歌领域。<br /> <br /> 一、松树<br /> <br /> 松树以其持久的绿叶和旺盛的生命力，体现了常青树的性格力量。即使在严寒的冬天，它们也能茁壮成长，以其不屈不挠的精神赢得了人们的钦佩。虽然大众通常将松树与长寿联系在一起，但它们被更广泛地认为是耐力和复原力的象征。<br /> <br /> 二、竹子<br /> <br /> 竹子，也许在外国人眼里主要是作为大熊猫心爱的食物，但早在这些可爱的生物获得全球明星地位之前，中国人就已经珍视竹子几千年了。然而，竹子在中国文化中具有多种意义，超出了它与熊猫的关系。<br /> <br /> 即使寒风吹过，寒露来临，竹子仍然坚韧不拔，在其他植物枯萎时茁壮成长。这种独特的能力，加上其直立的姿势和中空的关节，赋予了竹子坚定不移的力量和谦虚的品质，使其获得了 &quot;君子 &quot;的尊贵称号。除了象征着坚韧不拔，竹子在中国的民间传说中也有很大的意义，烧竹子的行为代表着摆脱旧的和邪恶的力量。此外，竹子被认为是安全和吉祥的象征，正如传统装饰画中所描绘的那样。<br /> <br /> 竹子，在中文中被称为竹子，体现了中国学者的精髓。它的意义在中国文化中受到高度推崇。竹子的直立姿态和坚定不移的关节体现了其桀骜不驯和坚毅的本性。它不屈不挠的枝干进一步体现了它的坚韧。<br /> <br /> 中国学者将竹子视为他们的精神支柱，经常说他们可以放弃肉类，但不能放弃家附近的竹子。的确，竹子渗透到了中国人日常生活的各个方面。仅仅是竹子的存在，就给人以宁静和安详的感觉。<br /> <br /> 《诗经》是中国古代的诗歌集，可以追溯到公元前770-476年，我们可以看到古代中国人对竹子的描述和赞美，有很多例子。其中最著名的一句是 &quot;瞻彼淇奥，绿竹猗猗&quot;，它概括了中国文化中竹子的本质。<br /> <br /> 这句诗象征着竹子在中国文化中的形象是高大、纤细、精致和笔直。竹子的直（zhí）与个人的正直（zhèng zhí）概念相似。就像竹子自然向上生长一样，人类应该坚持道德操守和坚定的原则。这种道德操守的概念作为中国文化的基本价值观之一，有着巨大的意义。<br /> <br /> 在中国浩瀚的历史长河中，无数的名字经受住了时间的考验，代代相传。在这些受人尊敬的人物中，宋朝（1236-1283）时期的英勇官员文天祥，作为一个永恒的民族英雄而熠熠生辉，他的遗产甚至在现代仍然存在。文天祥尽管在军队战败后被俘，但他坚定不移的忠诚和拒绝屈服于俘虏，仍然体现了他不屈不挠的精神。<br /> <br /> 文天祥不仅是一位坚定的英雄，而且还是一位天才的诗人。在北上途中，他创作了一首诗，后来成为历史上最珍贵和最著名的诗之一。诗的结尾是这样的：&quot;人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青&quot;。这句话概括了他坚定不移地致力于留下荣誉和勇敢的遗产。<br /> <br /> 三、梅花<br /> <br /> 在中国的著名花卉中，梅花占有重要地位。它因其高尚、纯洁和谦虚的品质而受到尊重，是个人成长和自我完善的灵感。中国历代诗人一直珍视和赞美梅花，认识到其深刻的象征意义。此外，梅花与吉祥物的到来有关，象征着好消息的到来。随着时间的推移，有关梅花的故事和传说以及它的深刻含义已被广泛传播，并在中国文化中弥漫着它们的魅力。<br /> <br /> 冬天，一个给生物投下寒冷阴影的季节，将充满活力的世界变成一个寒冷和沉默的领域。曾经充满活力的色调逐渐消失，取而代之的是笼罩在白色和灰色中的风景。然而，在中国传统文化中，雪和梅花之间存在着一种耐人寻味的联系。<br /> <br /> 冬天给生活的许多方面带来了停顿。不停流淌的河水屈服于无情的寒冷，冻结了它们的本质。植物停止生长，它们的根部被冰雪所削弱，失去了重要的滋养。土地本身就像一个广阔的、冰冻的屏障，勇敢地抵抗着寒冷的无情侵袭。曾经用树叶装饰的树木，现在成了冰冷装饰品的主人。冬天让很多东西都停止了，但有一个例外：梅花。<br /> <br /> 中国的梅花，象征着希望和坚韧，长期以来一直作为中国的传统花卉而受到珍视。在严寒的冬天，它们绽放出美丽的光芒，直到春天的到来。梅花不仅以其审美的诱惑力，而且以其固有的品质吸引着人们的心。<br /> <br /> 虽然冬天给许多事情带来了停滞，但它却无法阻碍梅花的绽放。这些娇嫩的花朵作为一个深刻的隐喻，体现了希望和坚定不移的精神，在所有的困难中蓬勃发展。它们是坚韧不拔的证明，不受严寒的影响。它们的优雅和美丽持续存在，激励着旁观者。<br /> <br /> 认识到梅花的深远意义，自古以来的诗人都写下诗句来纪念梅花的本质。这些诗人理解了拥抱梅花精神的变革性影响及其在我们自己生活中的潜在应用。<br /> <br /> ==Wu Qian 吴倩 Traditional Chinese specialty tea drink：Ginger Salt Tea==<br /> Traditional Chinese regional specialty tea drink: Ginger Salt Tea中国传统特色茶饮品：姜盐茶<br /> ===Abstract===<br /> Introducing Ginger Salt Tea, a special tea drink from the Xiangyin and Miluo areas of Yueyang city, Hunan Province, China.<br /> 梗概：介绍中国湖南省岳阳的湘阴与汨罗一带地区的特色茶饮品---姜盐茶。<br /> Key words:<br /> Ginger Salt Tea,Ginger Salt Beans and Sesame Tea,pottery jar<br /> 关键词：<br /> 姜盐茶、姜盐芝麻豆子茶、陶罐<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> Ginger salt tea, the full name is Ginger Salt Beans and Sesame Tea. The main ingredients are at least ginger, salt, sesame, tea bubbles, and some areas will add fried soybeans, which can also be replaced by peanut rice. In Hunan Province, Xiangyin, Miluo area of Yueyang City, since very early love to use this type of tea to entertain guests, and still retain this custom today.<br /> Ginger Salt Tea is Xiangyin, Miluo and other areas used to entertain guests with special tea drinks. Whenever a guest comes, the first thing the women in the family do is to go to the kitchen to boil water, while using a small ring bowl made of pottery unique to the Yueyang region to grind ginger, ready to make a cup of ginger and salt tea for the guests. These areas of the village households to a certain extent, will be Ginger Salt Tea bubble good or bad to decide whether to come to the family's home often.<br /> 介绍：<br /> 姜盐茶，全称为姜盐豆子芝麻茶。主要材料至少有姜、盐、芝麻、茶叶泡，有些地区会加入炒熟的黄豆，豆子也可以用花生米代替。在湖南省岳阳市的湘阴、汨罗一带地区，自很早开始都爱用这种茶来招待客人，如今仍然保留这种风俗。<br /> 姜盐茶是湘阴、汨罗等地区用来招待客人的特色茶饮品。每当有客人来，家中女性第一件事便是去厨房烧开水，同时用一个陶制的岳阳地区特有的小擂钵来磨姜末，准备好为客人泡一杯姜盐茶。这片地区的村户们在一定程度上，会以姜盐茶泡的好不好来决定是否常来这户人家串门。<br /> <br /> ===Text===<br /> ====A.Origin of ginger salt tea====<br /> Ginger Salt Tea, in essence, is a kind of &quot;ingredient tea&quot;. From the history of tea drinking, ingredient tea is the origin of the earlier way of drinking tea, first appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Modern society has been a long way from the Tang Dynasty, but we can still see the shadow of ancient ingredient tea from the Ginger salt tea in Yueyang area. There is a legend: in the Southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing years, Yue Fei was granted by the court to Zhenning Chongxin Army Military Governor, leading soldiers and horses south, ready to go to the Dongting Lake area to suppress the peasant uprising led by Yang yao. However, once the soldiers arrived in the south areas, they were sick with water and soil, which not only affected the combat but also the morale. So Yue Fei studied with the military doctor, and then ordered his retinues to boil soybean and ginger soup with salt to drink. Gradually, the soldiers' bodies recovered. And the people around the barracks to see, also learn to make this type of tea to drink. For a time in Xiangyin, Miluo areas popular.<br /> ====B.The Method of Ginger Salt Tea====<br /> =====a.Traditional Method=====<br /> This type of tea, in the tea set, preparation, boiling method and sieve tea operation have many instructions. First of all, the tea set, it is best to be able to accommodate a dozen bowls of tea on the big belly pottery jar, pottery jar insulation. The belly must be large and the mouth must be small, so it is easy to shake even tea in the mixed material and not spill, slightly larger capacity to meet the needs of hospitality. The tea bowl should not be too deep, the capacity of about one-half of the rice bowl open-mouth tea bowl is the best, so that it is easy to eat the tea under the phase material all clean. Also prepare a pottery, with a corrugated inner side of ginger paste to rub the ginger block into &quot;ginger paste&quot;and the “ginger sand”. The mixed materials are required to be dry and crisp. It must be very nice if you can now fry now eat more fragrant. Salt should be determined according to the taste of the tea drinkers, in addition to physical labor sweating too much need to supplement the salt, others should not drink too salty. We know that ginger is appetizing , so it is better to put a little more ginger into the tea. Boiling water is the key for the whole process, water rolling to all the ingredients of the original flavor &quot;frying&quot; out. &quot;Water rolled ginger spicy salt moderate, sesame beans to soak loose&quot; is the general secret of pan-fried tea. Sieve tea when rotating the wrist, so that the mixed material in the jar circle, while the ingredients are fully flooded, poured into the tea bowl (so Xiangyin people regarded the process of pouring tea as &quot;sieving tea&quot;). Will not sieve the tea, often the bottom of the can ingredients, that is not ideal. (Yueyang People's Congress Website's special Yueyang food chapter)<br /> In short, it is the water into the pottery jar, boiling in the fire ashes of the wood stove, the soybeans or sesame seeds on a small tin shovel fried, the ginger in the bowl ground into ginger paste and ginger juice, before you can make the tea. When you are making it, the first step is to put the tea leaves into a pottery jar of boiling water to soak, and then pour the salt, ginger paste, and ginger juice into the pot.Subsequently we must mix these ingredients for a while, and pour into a tea cup.The last but the most important one is to grab a handful of fried soybeans or sesame seeds sprinkled in the cup,and finally you can drink it.<br /> <br /> =====b.Modern Method=====<br /> The preparation method is not much different from the traditional, still boiling water - grinding ginger - steeping tea - sprinkled with sesame and beans as the main steps. But nowadays, in order to be more convenient and faster, every family will use electric kettles instead of old pottery jar. While sesame seeds and beans are no longer instantly fried, but will be fried in advance to reserve and directly sprinkled on.<br /> The ingredients put in the preparation will be different at different times of the day. If guests come an hour or two before the meal, such as 9-10 a.m.or 2-4 p.m., the host will put more sesame beans and other ingredients, making it a cup of &quot;morning tea&quot; or &quot;afternoon tea&quot;; a cup of ginger salt tea after the meal, the host will often only put a little bit of sesame and beans, and increase the amount of ginger, to a certain extent to play the effect of relieving greasiness; as for the in the evening, the ginger salt tea can hardly be called tea, because the tea has a refreshing effect, so the host will only put a few tea leaves, in case guests have difficulty in sleeping at night.<br /> <br /> <br /> ====C.The benefits of Ginger Salt Tea====<br /> In the traditional Chinese medical cognition, Ginger Salt Tea is a certain medicinal function, the Song Dynasty medical book has written: &quot;ginger tea for dysentery: ginger can help Yang, tea can help Yin, both can dissipate, and adjust the level of Yang and Yin, in addition to the heat poison, wine and food poison can be solved. Do not ask the red and white hot and cold general, old ginger cut like beans, and tea leaves equal parts, with new water decoction. Dongpo medical Wen Lu Gong for effect.&quot; Yueyang City is close to China's second largest freshwater lake - Dongting Lake, influenced by the subtropical monsoon, hot and humid climate. Xiangyin, Miluo and other places are close to the Dongting Lake, and the water quality is complex, so it is easy to hurt the stomach. Ginger salt tea has the effect of expelling cold and dispelling dampness, strengthening the stomach and spleen, which is conducive to local people to regulate the dampness in their bodies and achieve balance.<br /> <br /> 正文：<br /> (一)姜盐茶的由来<br /> 姜盐茶，从本质上讲，是“配料茶”的一种。从饮茶的历史上看，配料茶是起源较早的饮茶方式，最早出现于唐朝。现代社会距离唐代已经久远了，但是我们从岳阳地区的姜盐茶中仍然能看到古代配料茶的影子。有一种传说：在南宋绍兴年间，岳飞被朝廷授予镇宁崇信军节度使，带领兵马南下，准备前往洞庭湖地区镇压由杨幺领导的农民起义。但是，士兵一到南方，水土不服，病人增多，不仅影响了作战，也影响了士气。于是岳飞便与军医一起研究，然后吩咐部下熬含盐的黄豆姜汁汤喝。慢慢地，士兵身体得到了恢复。军营周围的老百姓一看，也学着去沏这号茶来喝，一时间在湘阴、汨罗地区流行起来。<br /> (二)姜盐茶的做法：<br /> 1.传统做法：<br /> 这档茶，在茶具、备料、泡法和筛茶操作上都有许多讲究。先说茶具，最好是能容上十来碗茶的大肚子陶罐，陶罐保温好，肚大口小，便于晃匀茶水里的相料而不致外溢，容量稍大才能满足待客的需要。茶碗则不宜太深，容量约为饭碗二分之一的敞口茶碗最好，这样才容易把茶水底下的相料全部吃干净。还要备一只陶制的，内侧带楞的姜沙擂钵，把姜块擦成“姜沙”。相料则要求燥脆松酥，如能现炒现吃就更香了。盐要根据饮茶对象的口味来定，除搞体力劳动的流汗太多需要补充盐分外，其他人喝都不宜太咸。但姜开胃起口，却不妨稍多放一些。开水更是关键，水滚才能把所有配料的原汁原味“煎”出来。“水滚姜辣盐适中，芝麻豆子要泡松”便是煎茶的总诀。筛茶时旋转手腕，使相料在罐中转圈，趁配料充分泛起时，倒入茶碗(所以湘阴人倒茶叫“筛茶”)。不会筛茶的，往往罐底配料多，那就不理想了。（岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇）<br /> 简言之便是将清水注入瓦罐，在柴火灶的火灰中烧开，把黄豆或芝麻放在铁皮小铲上炒熟，将老姜在钵中磨成姜渣与姜汁，才可以泡茶。泡茶时，要先将茶叶放进烧开了水的瓦罐里泡开，然后将盐、姜渣、姜汁倒入罐内，混匀，倒入茶杯，最后抓上一把炒熟的黄豆或芝麻撒在杯子里，即可饮用。<br /> <br /> 2.现代做法：<br /> 制作方法与传统做法相差不大，仍以烧水-磨姜-泡茶-撒上芝麻、豆子为主要步骤。但如今为了更方便、更快捷，家户会使用电热水壶而不是瓦罐了，同时芝麻豆子等也不再即时炒，而会提前炒好储备起来，直接撒上去。<br /> 不同时间段，制作时放的配料也会不一样。客人若是在饭前一两个小时来，如上午9-10点，下午2-4点，主人便会多多放上芝麻豆子这些配料，让其成为一杯“上午茶”或“下午茶”；饭后的一杯姜盐茶，主人往往只会放一点点的芝麻和豆子，增加姜的量，一定程度上起到解腻的效果。；晚上的姜盐茶，便几乎不能称为茶了，因为茶有提神醒脑的效果，主人便只会放上几片茶叶，以防客人夜晚难以入眠。<br /> (三)姜盐茶对身体的好处<br /> 在中国传统医学的认知中，姜盐茶是有一定药用功能的，宋代医书《仁斋直指》中说道：“姜茶治痢法：姜能助阳，茶能助阴，二者皆能消散，又且调平阴阳，况于暑毒、酒食毒皆能解之也。不问赤白冷热通用之，老生姜切如豆许，与茶叶等分，用新水煎服。东坡医文潞公作效。” 岳阳市靠近中国第二大淡水湖---洞庭湖，受亚热带季风影响，气候湿热，而湘阴、汨罗等地更是紧挨着洞庭湖，水质复杂容易伤胃。姜盐茶有驱寒祛湿、健胃强脾的作用，利于当地人们调节身体中的湿气，达到平衡。<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> 1、百度百科，“姜盐茶”词条<br /> 2、《农业考古（中国茶文化专号）》，2018年第5期<br /> 3、岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇<br /> 4、《仁斋直指》，宋代<br /> <br /> 引用：<br /> 1、百度百科，“姜盐茶”词条<br /> 2、《农业考古（中国茶文化专号）》，2018年第5期<br /> 3、岳阳人大网的特色岳阳美食篇<br /> 4、《仁斋直指》，宋代<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> 1.Which region did Ginger Salt Tea originate from?<br /> 2.What are the main ingredients of Ginger Salt Tea?<br /> 3.Which historical celebrity is associated with the origin of ginger and salt tea?<br /> 4.What are the health benefits of ginger salt tea?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> 1.It originates from the Xiangyin and Miluo areas of Yueyang city, Hunan Province, China.<br /> 2.The main ingredients are at least ginger, salt, sesame, tea bubbles, and some areas will add fried soybeans, which can also be replaced by peanut rice.<br /> 3.Yue Fei<br /> 4. Ginger salt tea has the effect of expelling cold and dispelling dampness, strengthening the stomach and spleen, which is conducive to local people to regulate the dampness in their bodies and achieve balance.<br /> <br /> ==Xu Puliang 许谱亮 Cuisine: Barbeque in China==<br /> <br /> ===Abstract===<br /> <br /> Barbecue occupies an important position in the history of Chinese food culture. China is vast in territory and rich in resources and has a long history. Barbecue culture is rich in connotation，and the types of barbecue also show distinct characteristics in different regions.<br /> <br /> ===key Words===<br /> <br /> Barbecue; Chinese barbecue; regions; culture; drawbacks<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> <br /> Barbecue is an ancient cooking method and one of the earliest cooking methods in the world. Nowadays, barbecue has already entered many households in China and has become an indispensable part of people's lives. Whether you are on the streets or at tourist attractions, barbecues can be seen everywhere.<br /> <br /> ===Origin===<br /> <br /> As early as primitive times, man could roast meat on fire. According to archaeological discoveries, about 600,000 years ago, Beijing Zhoukoudian ape-man had already started to eat roast meat. Archaeologists have also discovered 6,000-year-old utensils used for barbecuing. <br /> <br /> About the origin of the barbecue, there is a story related to Fuxi. In ancient times, there were many fish in the water, birds in the sky, and beasts on the ground, but people couldn't catch them. Fuxi taught people to make nets to catch them. This is much better than only eating fruit, but raw fish and raw bird meat taste bad and are unhealthy. Some people even get sick after eating raw meat. So Fuxi took the skyfire and taught people to use fire roast meat. From then on, people eat delicious barbecue and become healthier. In honor of Fuxi, people called him &quot; the first person to cook meat with fire&quot;-&quot;PaoXi&quot;<br /> <br /> ===Different types of barbecue in Chinese regions===<br /> <br /> One of the characteristics of China barbecue culture is its diversity. Different regions, different nationalities and different ingredients have formed a barbecue flavor with regional characteristics. The following are some representative regional barbecues:<br /> <br /> ====1.Northeast barbecue====<br /> <br /> Northeast barbecue uses a traditional clay stove. Cut pork streaky in large pieces, roast until the edges are slightly burnt, then dip them in the sauce, wrap them with Chinese leaves, and then you have a tasty roll. <br /> <br /> ====2.Mongolia barbecue====<br /> <br /> Mongolia barbecue is renowned for its roasted whole lamb, which is usually not roasted directly over the fire, but rather by filling red-hot stones into the hollowed-out and cleaned stomach of the sheep, allowing the heat to slowly cook the meat from the inside out. Such barbecue is not easy to cause grassland fires, and can make the heat last longer. <br /> <br /> ====3.Northen Xinjiang====<br /> <br /> The barbecue in northern Xinjiang is represented by the Ili barbecue. Simply marinate the lamb with a mixture of eggs, onions and salt and roast it on the grill. The egg liquid wraps a layer of burnt yellow crispy coat on the surface of the mutton; Salt is used to flavor and make lean meat more chewy; Onions are used to remove odors. <br /> <br /> ====4.Southern Xinjiang====<br /> <br /> Red Willow Barbecue is the most representative type of barbecue in Southern Xinjiang: The willow tree, which grows in the oasis on the edge of Tarim Basin, is called &quot;red willow&quot; by local people because of its light red bark. It exudes a fragrant scent of tree sap when heated, and can add flavor to roasted beef and mutton. Because the red willow branches are thick, the meat pieces need to be cut into large pieces to be strung together. Therefore, in Xinjiang, &quot; Red Willow Roast Meat&quot; is often synonymous with large pieces of roast meat. <br /> <br /> ====5.Guangxi barbecue====<br /> <br /> Guangxi barbecue is famous for its variety of barbecue ingredients. The whole roast vole slitting open belly, slender bending pigtail, the whole roast pig eye, roast snake, roast bee pupae, scorpions, even roast cockroaches, are not rare. <br /> <br /> ====6.Lingnan barbecue====<br /> <br /> Lingnan area is famous for its seafood barbecue. One of the most popular barbecues is roast oysters. The fresh oysters in this area are rich in salty and sweet, so the taste is very rich. An essential step to cook the oyster is to pry open the shell and garnish it with garlic and pepper. Eating the grilled oysters together with bottles of beer is the greatest pleasure for people who live on the shores of the south China sea. <br /> <br /> ====7.Zibo Barbecue====<br /> <br /> Recently, Zibo barbecue is very popular. Zibo City's barbecue culture has also sparked heated discussion on social media. <br /> Zibo barbecue has a unique way to eat: &quot;Mutton skewers + pancakes + onions&quot;; and an external image with a sense of ritual: &quot;One table, one stove and one roll&quot;. <br /> Authentic Zibo barbecue needs an independent small oven for each table, and uses charcoal fire to roast. The kebabs on each table are half-cooked, and diners control the rest. To eat kebabs in Zibo, you need to take two skewers of roast meat, apply dip sauce, and spread them on a pancake. Then hold the pancake tightly with your hands and pull the barbecue prod back in. A few pieces of meat completely wrapped in pancakes, plus a section of green onion, became a unique Zibo barbecue.<br /> <br /> ===Culture===<br /> <br /> In China recipes, barbecue is the most special existence. In Sichuan cuisine, Shandong cuisine, Guangdong cuisine, Huaiyang cuisine and other major cuisines, the shadow of barbecue can hardly be found. Famous dishes are all steamed and boiled as the best way of cooking, followed by stir-frying, frying and deep-frying. Barbecue, on the other hand, is at the bottom of the Chinese cooking chain, which cannot be used for high-grade ingredients. <br /> <br /> Contrary to this idea, in almost all Chinese cities and villages, barbecue is popular and loved by everyone. Whether it's late-night, camping outdoors, friends' parties or family reunions, as long as there's a barbecue, there's a harmonious and lively atmosphere. Barbecue represents the most market-like, commonest and warmest side of Chinese diet, and also condenses all the Chinese people's adaptation to local conditions, harmony and flexibility, represents people's pursuit of freedom, relaxation and enjoyment of life. <br /> <br /> ===Drawbacks===<br /> <br /> In recent years, roadside barbecues have become a popular part of people's diet. There is basically no slack season, and business is booming all the year round. Especially in the hot summer, people like to eat barbecue at roadside barbecue stalls. However, barbecue also has some drawbacks. <br /> <br /> ====1.A high incidence of cance====<br /> <br /> Barbecue is associated with a high incidence of cancer. Because barbecue contains many cancer-causing dangerous substances, which increases the risk of cancer. <br /> <br /> ====2.Smoke pollution====<br /> <br /> Barbecue causes smoke pollution. The smog produced by barbecue has caused serious pollution of the environment. In recent years, barbecue has become the main pollution source of smog pollution. However, with the emergence of smokeless barbecue, the pollution problem caused by barbecue has been solved gradually.<br /> <br /> ===Conclusion===<br /> <br /> Barbecue is not only a way of eating, but also a reflection of life attitude, cultural heritage and food pursuit. By tasting the barbecue delicacies in different regions, people can feel the people's livelihood customs and cultural deposits in different regions, and appreciate the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and society.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> <br /> [1]慧文.吃烧烤 中国古人有啥讲究[J].科学大观园,2022,No.636(04):72-75.<br /> [2]李国新.新疆烧烤特色美食的烹饪技艺及优化策略[J].食品安全导刊,2023,No.368(03):178-180.DOI:10.16043/j.cnki.cfs.2023.03.061.<br /> [3]梓轩.淄博烧烤火热出圈的“流量密码”[J].宁波经济(财经视点),2023,No.591(05):16-17.<br /> [4]https://www.zhihu.com/question/39285680<br /> [5]https://www.zhihu.com/question/285168142<br /> ===Terminology and Expression===<br /> 1.Fuxi：伏羲<br /> 2.Beijing Zhoukoudian ape-man： 北京周口店猿人<br /> 3.&quot;PaoXi&quot;：庖牺<br /> 4.Chinese leaves:生菜叶<br /> 5.Ili barbecue：伊犁烧烤<br /> 6.Red Willow Barbecue：红柳烧烤<br /> 7.Tarim Basin：塔里木盆地<br /> 8.Lingnan：岭南<br /> 9.Stir-frying：炒<br /> 10.Frying：煎<br /> Deep-frying：炸<br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.Who is said to be “the first person who cook meat with fire”?<br /> 2.Why Mongolia barbecue don’t roast mutton over the fire directly?<br /> 3.Which is the most representative type of barbecue in Southern Xinjiang?<br /> 4.What is the unique way to eat Zibo barbecue and the external image of it?<br /> 5.What are the drawbacks of barbecue?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1.Fuxi .<br /> 2.Such barbecue is not easy to cause grassland fires, and can make the heat last longer. <br /> 3.Red willow barbecue.<br /> 4.Zibo barbecue has a unique way to eat: &quot;Mutton skewers + pancakes + onions&quot;; and an external image with a sense of ritual: &quot;One table, one stove and one roll&quot;. <br /> Barbecue is associated with a high incidence of cancer. Barbecue causes smoke pollution.<br /> <br /> ===摘要===<br /> <br /> 烧烤在我国饮食文化史上占有重要的地位。中国地大物博，历史悠久，烧烤文化内涵丰富，烧烤的种类也随着地域的不同呈现出鲜明的特征。<br /> <br /> ===关键词===<br /> <br /> 烧烤；中国烧烤；地域；文化；弊端<br /> <br /> ===引入===<br /> <br /> 烧烤是一种古老的烹饪方式，也是世界上最早出现的烹饪方式之一。如今，烧烤早已走进了国内千家万户，成为了人们生活中不可缺少的一部分。无论是大街小巷还是旅游景区，烧烤店随处可见。<br /> <br /> ===起源===<br /> <br /> 早在原始时代，人类就学会了把肉放在火上烤熟了吃。据考古发现，大约在60万年前的北京北京周口店猿人已经开始吃烧烤了。考古学家还发现了距今六千年，用来制作烧烤的器具。<br /> <br /> 关于烧烤的起源，有一个与伏羲有关的故事。古时候，水中鱼多，天上鸟多，地上兽多，但人们都抓不到。伏羲教人们织网捕鱼，捕捉鸟兽。这比只吃树上的野果要好得多，但生鱼肉和生鸟肉的味道不好，有些人吃了生肉后会生病。于是伏羲取了天火，教人们用火烤鸟鱼吃。 从此，人们吃上了香喷喷的烤肉，变得更加健康。为了纪念伏羲，人们称他为“第一个用火烤熟肉的人”——“庖牺”。<br /> <br /> ===不同地域种类丰富的烧烤===<br /> <br /> 中国烧烤文化中的一大特色就是它的多样性。不同地区、不同民族和不同食材的搭配都形成了带有地域特色的烧烤风味。接下来将介绍一些具有代表性的地方烧烤：<br /> <br /> ====1.东北====<br /> 东北烧烤用的是传统的粘土炉。五花肉切大块，烤至边缘微焦，蘸酱料、生蒜、绿色，包上生菜叶，你就得到了一个美味的烤肉卷。<br /> <br /> ====2.蒙古====<br /> 蒙古烤肉以烤全羊而闻名，通常不是直接在火上烤，而是将烧红的石头填入掏空并清洗干净的羊胃中，让热量从里到外慢慢地将肉烤熟。这样的烧烤不容易引起草原火灾，而且可以使热度持续更长时间。<br /> <br /> ====3.北疆====<br /> 北疆的烧烤以伊犁烧烤为代表。简单地用鸡蛋、洋葱和盐的混合物腌制羊肉，然后在炉子上烤。蛋液在羊肉表面包裹一层焦黄酥脆的外皮;盐用来调味，使瘦肉更有嚼劲;洋葱是用来去除腥味的。<br /> <br /> ====4.南疆====<br /> 红柳烧烤是南疆最具代表性的烧烤类型：生长在塔里木盆地边缘绿洲的红柳，因树皮呈淡红色，被当地人称为“红柳”。加热后散发出一股树液的香味，可以为烤牛羊肉增添风味。因为红柳树枝粗，肉块需要切成大块才能串起来。因此，在新疆，“红柳烤肉”往往是大块烤肉的代名词。<br /> <br /> ====5.广西====<br /> 广西烧烤以烧烤食材的多样性而闻名。开膛破肚的整只烤田鼠，细长弯曲的猪鞭，整只烤猪眼，烤蛇、烤蜂蛹、烤蝎子，甚至烤蟑螂，都不在少数。<br /> <br /> ====6.岭南地区====<br /> 岭南地区以海鲜烧烤闻名。其中最受欢迎的是烤生蚝。这个地区的生蚝汁咸中带甜，所以味道很丰富。烤生蚝一个基本步骤是撬开壳，加入大蒜和胡椒调味。吃着烤生蚝，喝着啤酒，是生活在南海之滨的人们的最大乐趣。<br /> <br /> ====7.淄博烧烤====<br /> 最近，淄博的烧烤很受欢迎。 淄博市的烧烤文化也在社交媒体上引起了热议。<br /> 淄博烧烤有一种独特的吃法：“羊肉串+煎饼+葱”;以及一个带有仪式感的外在形象：“一桌一灶一卷”。<br /> 正宗的淄博烧烤每桌都有一个独立的小烤炉，用炭火烧烤，这种烧烤也叫“活烧烤”。 每一个桌上的肉串已经烤到半熟，接下来的火候由食客自己掌握。吃淄博的羊肉串，需要取两串烤肉，涂好蘸酱料，铺在煎饼上。然后用手紧紧地握住煎饼，把烧烤签子拉回来。几块肉完全包在煎饼里，再加一段葱，就成了一个独特的淄博烧烤卷饼。<br /> <br /> ===烧烤文化===<br /> <br /> 在中国菜谱中，烧烤是最特别的存在。在代表中国高级菜系的川菜、鲁菜、粤菜、淮扬菜等各大菜系中，几乎找不到烧烤的影子。名菜都是以蒸和煮为最佳烹调方法，其次是炒、煎和炸。而烧烤则处于中式烹饪链条的最底层，不能用于高档食材。与这种想法相反，在几乎所有的中国城市和乡村，烧烤都很受欢迎。无论是深夜、户外露营、朋友聚会还是家人团聚，只要有烧烤，就有一种和谐而鲜活的氛围。烧烤代表了中国饮食中最市井、最平常、最温情的一面，也凝结着中国人因地制宜、和谐灵活的一面，代表着人们对自由、放松和享受生活的追求。<br /> <br /> ===烧烤的消极影响===<br /> <br /> 近年来，路边烧烤成为大众饮食的热门。基本没有淡旺季，一年四季生意都很红火。特别是在炎热的夏天，人们喜欢在路边的烧烤摊吃烧烤。然而，烧烤也存在着一些弊端。<br /> <br /> ====1.癌症的高发====<br /> <br /> 烧烤易导致癌症的高发。因为烧烤当中含有的致癌危险物质多，增加癌症的发生几率。<br /> <br /> ====2.烟雾污染====<br /> 烧烤烟雾污染。烧烤产生的烟雾对环境造成了严重污染，近年来，烧烤已成为雾霾污染的主要污染源。但随着无烟烧烤的出现，烧烤带来的污染问题渐渐得到解决。<br /> <br /> ===结论===<br /> <br /> 烧烤不仅仅是一种饮食方式，更是一种生活态度、文化底蕴和美食追求的体现。通过品尝不同地域的烧烤美食，人们可以感受到不同地域的民生习俗和文化底蕴，并从中领略到人与自然、人与社会的和谐共处之道。</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_04&diff=155484 2023-06-03T04:28:14Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Wen Xi文茜 - */</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Jiang Luyun 姜露云 - Literature: Chinese Pastoral Culture==<br /> ===Origin and Brief Introduction===<br /> The period when the pastoral culture formally formed and developed was the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. During this period, the trend of preserving nature and being hermits built a bridge for the development of pastoral culture. The establishment of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry and Xie Lingyun's landscape poetry are both manifestations of the rise of it, which belongs to Chinese traditional culture and is the embodiment and sublimation of China's &quot;agriculture-based&quot; culture for thousands of years.<br /> <br /> The pastoral culture of hermits in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties considered nature worship, life respect and harmony as its priority.<br /> The pastoral life includes not only the self-sufficient pastoral life with simple clothes, local materials, but also the pastoral life with elegant artistic connotation, such as playing the musical instruments, composing music, enjoying wine, making friends traveling together, and reciting poems which is a poetic rural life.<br /> <br /> 起源和简要介绍<br /> <br /> 田园文化正式形成、发展的时期是魏晋南北朝时期，这一时期亲尚自然及隐居之风兴起，为田园文化的发展搭建了桥梁。陶渊明田园诗的创立、谢灵运山水诗的形成，都是田园文化兴起的表现，田园文化隶属于中国传统文化，是中国几千年“农本”文化的体现及升华。<br /> <br /> 魏晋南北朝时期隐士的田园文化以崇尚自然、尊重生命、追求和谐为其核心思想。<br /> 田园生活既包括素衣素食、就地取材、自给自足的田园起居，也包括意境高雅的田园休闲生活，例如抚琴作曲、把酒言欢、结友同游，吟诗作赋等，是诗化的乡土生活。<br /> <br /> ===Ancient Pastoral Culture===<br /> 古代田园文化<br /> ====The Emergence of Pastoral Poets====<br /> There are many famous poets living in seclusion due to depression at the court in ancient time, for example, Tao Yuanming picking chrysanthemum and tasting wine, Wang Wei watching osmanthus fall in leisure, Su Shi well in inventing food and so on.<br /> Tao Yuanming pioneers the pastoral poetry in the history of Chinese literature and is the first to introduce ordinary pastoral life into the field of art. In his poems, it can be seen everywhere that he is tired of the dirty reality and has love for the quiet pastoral life, and he creates &quot;Return to the Garden and Live&quot; and &quot;Peach Blossom Land&quot; and other very famous literary works. Because of his abundant labor experience, his poems are filled with the joy of laborers and show the feelings that only laborers can feel.<br /> <br /> 田园派诗人的涌现<br /> <br /> 有很多著名的诗人因怀才不遇，在这过程中涌现了一大批田园诗人，例如，采菊品酒的陶渊明、闲看桂花落的王维、善于发明美食的苏轼等等。<br /> 陶渊明在中国文学史上首创了田园诗派,第一个把普通的田园生活引入艺术的领域。在他的田园诗中，随处可见的是他对污浊现实的厌烦和对恬静的田园生活的热爱，创作了《归园田居》《桃花源记》等极为有名的文学作品。因为有实际劳动经验，所以他的诗中洋溢着劳动者的喜悦，表现出只有劳动者才能感受到的思想感情。<br /> <br /> ====The Popularity of Seclusion Thought====<br /> The word &quot;seclusion&quot; originates from the Book of Changes, which means to stay away from the hustle and bustle and return to one's original nature. There are mainly two kinds of understanding of seclusion. One is to live in seclusion in mountains, forests or villages quietly and far away from prosperity. The other is the spiritual retreat, that is, refuse to fight for fame and wealth, put down the obsession and leisurely live.<br /> The tradition of seclusion of Chinese poets was formed in the Jin Dynasty. Tao Yuanming is undoubtedly the most famous one who was born in a declining official family, had been a minor official for a few years, then resigned to go home and seclude from public life. Tao Yuanming uses reading, writing poetry and drinking alcohol to adjust his mind, explain the compassion of life and enjoy his daily life with poems.<br /> The deep influence of seclusion in culture stems from Chinese people's constant boredom with the world and longing for the beauty of nature and life. It reflects some primitive desire in human heart and is a choice and concept of independent and free life.<br /> <br /> 归隐思想的流行<br /> <br /> 归隐一词源于《易经》，是指远离喧嚣，返璞归真，回归本源。归隐主要有两种理解，一种是指隐居山林或乡村，远离繁华，安静地生活；另一种是指心灵上的归隐，即拒绝名利之争，放下执念，从容自在地生活。<br /> 中国诗人的归隐传统是在晋代形成的,要论中国历史上最有名的诗人隐士,毫无疑问当推陶渊明。他出生在一个没落的仕室家庭里，曾做过几年小官，后辞官回家，从此隐居不仕。陶渊明用读书、作诗和饮酒来调适自己的心理,解释人生的悲慨,将自己的日常生活诗化。<br /> 归隐思想在文化中的深入影响源于中国人一直以来对尘世的厌倦和对自然之美、生活之美的向往，体现了人类内心深处的某种原始欲望，是一种独立自由生活的选择和理念。<br /> <br /> ===Modern Pastoral Complex===<br /> Pastoral complex causes cultural resonance in China and express our culture abroad successfully. Moreover, people have the idea and tendency to look for and return to the &quot;peach blossom land&quot; in real life.<br /> <br /> 现代田园情结<br /> <br /> 田园情结在国内外爆火，在国内引起文化共鸣和在国外形成文化输出，人们开始产生寻找和回归现实生活中的“桃花源”的想法和趋向。<br /> ====Some Social Phenomena in China====<br /> =====The Explosive Popularity of Internet Celebrity Li Ziqi=====<br /> A video of a Chinese girl named Li Ziqi returning to the villages to grow vegetables has attracted millions of viewers for her unpretentious life. She holds the attitude that people should have towards industry in the industrial age, to be dependent and reserve out own uniqueness.<br /> Li Ziqi's popularity on the Internet has made Westerners understand oriental culture and the rich spiritual culture of Chinese people, which is a very successful cultural export. In January 2020, Li was selected as one of China Women's News' Top 10 Women Figures in 2019.<br /> Li Ziqi evokes the fantasy of a return to nature that is universal in modern, urban industrialised societies transcending nationality and culture. What viewers see in her videos are the deep relationship between Li Ziqi and her grandmother, the richness of traditional Chinese food, the diligence and wisdom of the Chinese people, and the yearning for the poem of Tao Yuanming thousands of years ago, which says, &quot;I gather chrysanthemums in the fence at the east and leisurely see the mountains at the south.&quot; Audiences have different skin colors, languages and cultural backgrounds, but they share the same needs: to live a simple and happy life, to love and to be loved.<br /> <br /> 一些中国社会现象<br /> <br /> 网红李子柒的爆火<br /> <br /> 一个叫李子柒的中国女孩拍摄自己归田种菜视频，这种朴实无华的生活吸引了百万人围观。她告诉了人们工业化时代，对于工业应该有的态度：适当依赖，但也要保持自己的独特性。<br /> 李子柒在外网的爆火让西方人了解了东方文化，了解了中国人丰富的精神文化，是非常成功的文化输出。2020年1月，李子柒入选《中国妇女报》“2019十大女性人物”。<br /> 李子柒唤起了现代工业化都市社会的人类对重返自然的一种具有普世价值的幻想，它跨越了国籍和文化。观众从她的视频中看到的是李子柒和奶奶之间的深厚感情，是中国传统美食的丰富多彩，是中国人民的勤劳和智慧，是对几千年前陶渊明诗中“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的向往。观众拥有不同的肤色、语言和文化背景，但却有着共同的需求：过上简单幸福的生活，爱人，也被人爱。<br /> <br /> =====Relevant Literary and Artistic Works Are Highly Sought After=====<br /> Pastoral television series such as &quot;Go Where the Wind Blows&quot; and &quot;Menghualu&quot; are well received.<br /> These TV dramas are not too ups and downs, but the selected scenes, such as tea shops in the Ming Dynasty and Dali in China, have their own characteristics. In this beautiful scenery, food and beauty, people can find long-lost warmth, which plays a role in healing the heart and soothing the soul. The story is simple but let people relaxed and happy, the scenes are common but can make people smile.<br /> Literary works about pastoral life, such as Wang Zengqi's Grass and Trees In the World, and some online &quot;farming articles&quot;, have surged in page views.<br /> The farming literature first describes how the main characters establish their own base areas, and then build scientific, economic, military and political systems in their territory. It is similar to farmers' hard work in farming for a living. We can appreciate the thought of escaping the fantasy and immersing in the illusion of the yearning and comfort as Tao Yuming felt in seclusion.<br /> <br /> 相关文艺作品备受追捧<br /> <br /> 《去有风的地方》《梦华录》等田园剧反响良好。<br /> <br /> 这些电视剧选择的场景例如明朝茶肆、中国大理各具特点，在这种美景美食美人之中，人们能找到久违的温暖，起到治愈人心，抚慰灵魂的作用。简单慢节奏的剧情却让人轻松愉快，会心一笑。<br /> 有关田园生活的文学作品类似汪曾祺的《人间草木》以及一些网络“种田文”的阅读量暴增。<br /> 种田文即先集中描述主角如何建立自己的根据地，然后在自己的领土上搞科技、经济、军事、政治制度建设的过程，类似农民辛辛苦苦种田过日子，文章于虚幻中带着“悠然见南山”的向往与欣慰。<br /> <br /> =====The Mode of Running a Farmhouse Burst Into Flames=====<br /> &quot;Fishing, woodcutting, ploughing and reading&quot; refers to the popular way of living in the traditional pastoral culture atmosphere, which is also the theme image presented by the pastoral culture. The idyllic and artistic conception created by them is fascinating, and it is a symbol in the traditional Chinese culture. In modern times, &quot;fishing, woodcutting, ploughing and reading&quot; has evolved into similar cultural experience projects such as waterfront recreation, farming and picking.<br /> There are a lot of real version of &quot;happy farm&quot; on the market, and the people who inquire about it are also in an endless stream. The smell of soil and flowers coming from the countryside, the vast land and fresh green food are a great appeal to the people who have been living in the city for a long time. Therefore, the farmhouse projects such as picking locally grown vegetables, eating meals made by local people and living in farm houses are welcomed as soon as they are launched. It fully embodies people's extreme yearning for idyllic life and freedom.<br /> <br /> 农家乐爆火<br /> <br /> “渔樵耕读”是指传统田园文化氛围中的平民化生存方式，也是田园文化所呈现的主题形象，它们所营造的田园牧歌般的意境令人神往，是中华传统文化中的一个符号，到现代，由“渔樵耕读”演变出滨水休闲、种田采摘等类似的文化体验项目。<br /> 市面上出现了很多现实版的“开心农场”，咨询租赁的人也是络绎不断，乡村田园扑面而来的泥土气息与花香，广阔的土地和清新的绿色食品，这种生活方式对久居城市的人们产生了极大的吸引力，因此，摘农家菜、吃农家饭、住农家屋等农家乐项目一推出便受到欢迎，充分体现了人们对田园生活的恣意和淡泊自如的向往。<br /> <br /> ===Why are Chinese people so fond of pastoral life? ===<br /> <br /> 为什么中国人对田园生活情有独钟？<br /> ====A Pursuit for Belonging and Stability ====<br /> Pastoral life is the product of Chinese agricultural civilization, which represents a sense of belonging and stability. Chinese civilization is rooted in farming. Due to the characteristics of &quot;relying on the land to eat&quot; of farming economy, the changes of natural resources and conditions without directly determine people's living conditions. Therefore, &quot;ploughing&quot; is on a par with &quot;reading&quot; in the eyes of scholars, and farming has been sublimated as one of the ideals that scholars pursue all their life.<br /> The countryside of the Chinese people is the common emotion in the depth of consciousness: Tao Yuanming resigned his official to return to the countryside; Zhuge Liang ploughed in Nanyang; Su Dongpo was banished to farming in Lingnan……From the cultivation of sentiment to the pursuit of spirit, the countryside is endowed with endless imagination by the ancients. Returning to the countryside and enjoying the simple life of plain food is a conjunct pursuit deep in the consciousness of the Chinese people.<br /> <br /> 向往归属感和稳定性<br /> <br /> 田园生活是中国农耕文明的产物，代表的是一种归属感和稳定性。中华文明根植于农耕文明。由于农耕经济所具有的“靠天吃饭”特性，自然资源和条件的变化直接决定着人们的生存状况，因此， “耕”与“读”在文人眼中享受平等待遇，耕种已经升华为文人毕生追求的理想之一。<br /> 中国人的田园是意识深处的共同情感：陶渊明辞官归田园、诸葛亮躬耕南阳、苏东坡被贬岭南种地……从情操的陶冶，到精神的追求，田园被古人赋予了无尽的想象，回归田园、享受粗茶淡饭的简单生活这是中国人意识深处的一种共同情感。<br /> ====An Inherent Connection Between Chinese and Ground ====<br /> The idea of farming practice in the field advocates &quot;the unity of nature and man and the nature of Dao&quot;. In addition, &quot;living on the land&quot; means that people's life is adhered to the land, which is reflected in the social form of &quot;people never leaving the soil&quot; and the harmonious relationship between man and nature generated around the land. It means that there is an inherent connection between human and nature which has healing and soothing effects on human. Therefore, Chinese people adopt a friendly attitude towards nature, control human behavior and make reasonable use of nature.<br /> At the same time, the countryside is also a place of spiritual comfort. The poets find people of similar interest and values in the pastoral landscape, establish a close relationship, dispel the sense of tragedy in life, and find a haven to rest in their hearts. Therefore, the pastoral culture is rooted in the life of Chinese people and has influenced the value choice and national character of Chinese people.<br /> <br /> 中国人与土地的固有联系<br /> <br /> 农耕实践的思想观念倡导“天人合一，道法自然”。此外， “以土为生”意味着人们的生活是粘连在土地上的，表现为“人不离土”的社会形态和围绕土地而产生的人与自然的和谐关系。这就意味着人与自然之间存在固有联系，自然对人有疗愈和抚慰作用。所以对待自然中国人采取的是一种与自然为善的态度，节制人类行为、合理利用自然。<br /> 同时，田园还是人们心灵安抚的处所。诗人在田园山水中找到同类与知己,建立了亲睦关系,消解了人生的悲剧意识,心灵得到安慰与栖息。所以田园文化是根植于中国人的生活中并且影响了中国人的价值选择和民族性格。<br /> <br /> ==Wu Songyun 吴松芸 - Architecture: Paifang==<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> <br /> Paifang, also called pailou, is a Chinese archway or gateway usually made of wood or stone. It is well-painted and sometimes adorned with glazed tiles. Some are located in downtown areas serving as grand entrances to various locations such as mausoleums, temples, bridges, and parks, while others were built to commemorate historical events or famous figures, demonstrating Chinese feudal ethics and traditional norms. With its distinctive design and symbolic meanings, paifang has become an emblematic feature of Chinese architecture and an integral part of the country's rich cultural heritage.<br /> <br /> 牌坊，又称牌楼，是中国的拱门或门楼型建筑，通常由木材或石材制成。它们绘制精美，有时还镶嵌有釉瓷瓦。一些牌坊位于市中心，作为通往陵墓、寺庙、桥梁和公园等各个地点的入口，而其他一些则是为了纪念历史事件或名人而建造的，展示了中国封建伦理和传统规范。凭借其独特的设计和象征意义，牌坊已成为中国建筑的标志性特征和丰富文化遗产的重要组成部分。<br /> <br /> ===The Origin and Development of Paifang===<br /> <br /> ====Hengmen(衡门)====<br /> <br /> The origin of paifang can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC-256 BC) when Hengmen (horizontal beam gate) consisting of two pillars and a horizontal beam was used as the simplest gate to a home. The earliest record of Hengmen can be found in a poem from The Book of Songs compiled in the Spring and Autumn Period, which states, &quot;Under the Hengmen, one can find peace.&quot; Thus, paifang inherited Hengmen's function as an entrance.<br /> <br /> 牌坊的起源可以追溯到周朝（公元前1046年-公元前256年），当时衡门（由两根柱子和一根横梁组成的横梁门）是家门的最简单的形式。衡门的最早记录在编纂于春秋时期的《诗经》中，其中有一首诗写道：“衡门之下，可以栖迟。”牌坊由此继承了衡门作为入口的功能。<br /> <br /> ====Wutoumen(乌头门)====<br /> <br /> From the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC) to the Tang Dynasty (618 AD-907 AD), residential areas in Chinese cities adopted a system of &quot;li and fang,&quot; which divided the city into several square areas according to their functions. Each fang was separated by fang walls, which had a gate called Wutoumen (black top gate). The name originated from the black pottery used to cover the top of the two posts of Hengmen, making them waterproof. Some Wutoumen incorporated the characteristics of elaborately carved Huabiao, a type of ornamental pillar commonly found in traditional Chinese architecture, adding more aesthetic value to the gate. Therefore, the simple and crude Hengmen evolved into Wutoumen.<br /> <br /> 从春秋时期（公元前770年-公元前476年）到唐朝（公元618年-公元907年），中国城市的居住区采用了“里坊制”，根据其功能将城市划分为几个方形区域。每个方区域由墙隔开，墙上有一道门，称为乌头门。为了防水，门的两根柱子的顶部套上了黑筒瓦，因此得名。一些乌头门融合了精雕细琢的中国传统建筑中华表的特点，为门增添了更多的美感。因此，简陋的衡门逐渐演变成了屋、乌头门。<br /> <br /> ====Lingxingmen(棂星门)====<br /> <br /> During the Song Dynasty (960 AD-1279 AD), Wutoumen was replaced by Lingxingmen (a gate used to pray for a bountiful harvest). At that time, it was especially used to worship and show respect for Confucius. Lingxingmen no longer served as a common door but acted as a symbolic structure. When the door panels on the Lingxingmen were not necessary, the door panels are removed, thus Lingxingmen retained only the two pillars and the horizontal beam acting as the lintel. The changing function gave rise to the new towering style of the paifang, where the pillars significantly surpassed the lintel in height. It is during this time that paifang changed into a memorial architecture.<br /> <br /> 在宋朝（公元960年至公元1279年）时期，乌头门被棂星门所取代（棂星门是用来祈祷丰收的建筑）。当时，它主要用于崇拜和表示对孔子的尊敬。棂星门不再是普通的门，它成为一种象征性的建筑结构。门扇变得多余而被移除，只保留两根柱子和作为横梁的门槛。这种功能的变化导致了新的高耸式牌坊风格，其中柱子的高度明显超过了门槛。正是在这个时期，牌坊演变成了一种纪念性的建筑。<br /> <br /> ====Paifang and Pailou(牌坊和牌楼)====<br /> <br /> During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the construction of paifang reached its peak. The style and structure of paifang are much more dynamic than those of Lingxingmen. Constructors started to design connected paifang with more pillars and gates, with the center two pillars being taller than the ones on the sides. To add more grandeur to the paifang, the lintel is intricately carved with dragons, phoenixes, or other exquisite patterns. Small Dougong (bracket sets) and roofs were also added to the horizontal beam, creating a multi-pillar, multi-gate, multi-roof paifang. In Chinese, pillars are called &quot;zhu,&quot; the spaces between two pillars are called &quot;jian,&quot; and the roofs represent &quot;lou,&quot; which means buildings in Chinese. The most typical paifang is the one with three rooms/gates, four pillars, and three roofs, called &quot;San jian si zhu san lou”(三间四柱三楼)in Chinese. In general, there is no distinction between pailou and paifang today. However, from a strict architectural perspective, paifang with roofs should be called pailou because a structure with a roof is referred to as a building, and &quot;lou&quot; in Chinese refers to buildings.<br /> <br /> 在明清两朝期间，牌坊的建设达到了顶峰。牌坊的风格和结构比棂星门更加富有活力。建筑师设计出联合牌坊，增加了更多的柱子形成了多门的牌坊，中间的两根柱子比两侧的柱子更高。为了增添牌坊的壮丽气势，门柱上雕刻了龙、凤或其他精美的图案。门梁上还加入了小斗栱和屋顶，形成了多柱、多间、多楼的牌坊。在中文中，柱子称为&quot;柱&quot;，两根柱子之间的空间称为&quot;间&quot;，屋顶为&quot;楼&quot;。最典型的牌坊是有三间门、四根柱子和三层屋顶的，中文中称为&quot;三间四柱三楼&quot;。在当今，我们没有对牌楼和牌坊进行严格的区别和划分。然而，从严格的建筑角度来看，带有屋顶的牌坊应该被称为牌楼，因为带有屋顶的结构被称为建筑物，而中文中的&quot;楼&quot;指的是建筑物。<br /> <br /> ===Cultural Meanings of Paifang===<br /> <br /> With its magnificent appearance and rich cultural background, paifang serves as a distinctive architectural feature at the entrances of temples, scenic areas, tombs, and as memorial archways to commemorate great achievements.<br /> <br /> As landmarks, paifang symbolize the solemnity and reverence of a place. They were often erected at a distance from large temples in ancient times to remind people to show respect and behave appropriately. For example, the paifang at the Yueyang Academy in Changsha is located by the riverside, a significant distance away to mark its location. Similarly, when approaching a city, a paifang called &quot;Wu Li Pai&quot; in Chinese would be erected three to five li (a Chinese unit of distance) away to indicate the arrival at a specific city. However, as cities expanded, these paifang were often incorporated within the city limits.<br /> <br /> As commemorative archways, paifang was established as everlasting mark to honor a specific individual. In ancient times, the emperor often bestowed recognition for various reasons.<br /> <br /> One reason was to praise those who performed virtuous and charitable deeds, which were associated with qualities such as loyalty, filial piety, righteousness, and etiquette. Loyalty (忠) involved providing significant assistance to the country, especially during times of war, demonstrating loyalty and resistance against external enemies. It can also be interpreted as faithfulness and wholehearted dedication to the country and its people, contributing to peace and harmony. Filial piety (孝) is influenced by Confucian culture and is a moral obligation to reciprocate the graciousness of parents. Righteousness (义) refers to justice, law, and faithfulness to friends, often reflected through donations to those in need. Etiquette (节) refers to external behavior or demeanor suggesting a courteous manner. Paifang dedicated to virtuous individuals often include inscriptions praising their qualities or contributions. By establishing paifang to promote noble character, the emperor effectively consolidated his rule.<br /> <br /> Another type of paifang was dedicated to individuals who excelled in their scholarly pursuits and official careers, such as achieving the top academic rank of Zhuangyuan or holding high-ranking positions, at least at the provincial level.<br /> <br /> Even longevity was commemorated through paifang. When someone reached an advanced age, the emperor would honor them by erecting an archway. Longevity suggested a peaceful and prosperous country which is worthy of celebration, and it also emphasized respect for the elderly and filial piety, which were constantly advocated in Chinese history. For example, in Chaling County, Hunan Province, there is a &quot;Baisui Fang&quot; (Hundred Years Archway) to honor someone who lived to be one hundred years old.<br /> <br /> There is also a type of paifang specifically conferred on women who chose not to remarry after losing their husbands. This paifang recognizes women's chastity, which was a part of feudal ethical standards. However, the concept of chastity paifang has been subject to criticism and reevaluation in modern times. Some argue that it reinforces gender inequalities and places undue emphasis on a woman's sexual purity and fidelity. It is a tool for control and oppression, restricting women's freedom and autonomy. However, considering the historical context, in ancient times, the entrenched female chastity contritute to a stable feudal society. What's more, this Confucian ethics was believed to ensure the healthy development of children who lost their fathers. Although this type of paifang was advocated in ancient times, it is considered unacceptable nowadays.<br /> <br /> 牌坊拥有宏伟的外观和丰富的文化背景，也成为了许多寺庙、风景区、墓地的入口大门以及纪念伟大成就的独特建筑。<br /> <br /> 作为地标，牌坊象征着一个地方的庄严和尊敬。在古代，它们经常远远建在大寺庙前，以提醒人们要肃穆庄严。例如，为了标示书院的位置，长沙岳阳书院的牌坊建设在距离书院较远的河边。同样，在接近一座城市时，会建造一座被称为&quot;五里牌&quot;的牌坊，以表示即将到达特定城市。然而，随着城市的扩张，这些牌坊通常被纳入城市范围内。<br /> <br /> 作为纪念性的拱门，牌坊是赞扬其贡献的永恒的标志。在古代，皇帝经常因各种原因授予牌坊。<br /> <br /> 其中一个原因是赞扬那些行善秉德的人，这些品质与忠诚、孝道、正义和礼仪等特质相关。忠诚意味着在国家需要时提供重要的帮助，尤其是在战争时期，表现出对外敌的忠诚和抵抗。它也可以被解释为对国家和人民的忠诚和全心全意的奉献，促进和平与和谐。孝道的形成受到了儒家文化的影响，是指感恩回报父母的养育之恩。正义指的是公正和对朋友的忠诚，常常通过捐赠有需之人来体现。节指的是外部行为或举止，是行为绅士有矩。有德行之人的牌坊上通常会刻上赞美他们的品质或贡献的铭文。通过建立牌坊来推崇高尚品德，皇帝有效地巩固了自己的统治。<br /> <br /> 另一种类型的牌坊是为那些在学术追求和官员职业中表现出色的个人设立的，比如获得状元或至少在省级担任高级职位的人。<br /> <br /> 甚至长寿也通过牌坊来纪念。当有人到达高龄时，皇帝会通过建造一个拱门来向他们致敬。长寿象征着一个和平繁荣的国家，它也强调了中国历史一直倡导的尊重和孝道。例如，湖南茶陵县的&quot;百岁坊&quot;。<br /> <br /> 还有一种特定授予那些在丧偶后选择不再再嫁的女性的牌坊，叫做贞节牌坊。这种牌坊承认了女性的贞节，这是封建伦理准则的一部分。然而，在现代，贞节牌坊的概念受到了批评和重新评估。一些人认为它强化了性别不平等，过分强调了女性的贞洁和忠诚。它是一种控制和压迫的工具，限制了女性的自由和自主权。然而，考虑到历史背景，在古代，女性的贞节观念在封建社会中根深蒂固反而促进了稳定社会的形成。同时这种儒家伦理一定程度上能确保失去父亲的孩子的健康发展。虽然在古代倡导这种类型的牌坊，但在现代被认为是不可接受的<br /> <br /> ===Ranks for Paifang===<br /> <br /> Paifang can be classified into different ranks based on the contribution of the individuals honored: Imperial Bestowed Paifang (yuci paifang), Honorific Paifang (enrong paifang), Imperial Decree Paifang (shengzhi paifang), and Imperial Edict Paifang (chijian paifang).<br /> <br /> Imperial Bestowed Paifang (御制牌坊): This is the highest level of paifang. It is personally commissioned by the emperor, and the funds are provided by the imperial treasury.<br /> <br /> Honorific Paifang (恩荣牌坊): This is the second level of paifang. It is commissioned by the emperor, but the funds are provided by local finances.<br /> <br /> Imperial Decree Paifang (圣旨牌坊): This is the third level of paifang. It is still commissioned by the emperor, but individuals themselves should fund the construction of the paifang.<br /> <br /> Imperial Edict Paifang (敕建牌坊): This is the lowest level of paifang. It is constructed with the emperor's verbal approval, and the funds are provided by the individuals themselves.<br /> <br /> Paifang can also be classified into different grades based on the materials used and the number of gates and roofs they have. The materials used can include wood, stone, brick, and glazed tiles (liuli), with the highest grade given to paifang with a yellow glazed tile roof. The number of levels can be one, three, five, seven, or nine. In ancient times, the number nine was considered the most prestigious. The general rule is that the more pillars and roofs a paifang has, the more magnificent it appears, and the higher the rank. Additionally, the quality of the materials used determines the grade of the paifang.<br /> <br /> 牌坊可以根据所纪念的个人的贡献而分为不同等级：御制牌坊、恩荣牌坊、圣旨牌坊和敕建牌坊。<br /> <br /> 御制牌坊：这是牌坊的最高级别。它由皇帝亲自委托，并由皇家财政提供资金。<br /> <br /> 恩荣牌坊：这是牌坊的第二级别。它由皇帝委托，但资金由当地财政提供。<br /> <br /> 圣旨牌坊：这是牌坊的第三级别。它仍由皇帝委托，但个人自己负责资助牌坊的建造。<br /> <br /> 敕建牌坊：这是牌坊的最低级别。它是在皇帝的口头批准下建造，资金由个人自己提供。<br /> <br /> 牌坊还可以根据所使用的材料和门、屋顶的数量进行分类。使用的材料可以包括木头、石头、砖块和琉璃瓦，黄琉璃瓦的牌坊被视为最高等级。层级的数量可以是一、三、五、七或九。在古代，九被认为是最有威望的数字。一般来说，牌坊的柱子和屋顶越多，外观越宏伟，级别越高。此外，所使用材料的质量也决定了牌坊的等级。<br /> <br /> ===Famous Paifangs===<br /> <br /> ====Paifang Cluster in Tangyue Village Shexian County（歙县棠樾牌坊群）====<br /> <br /> The Paifang cluster is an Imperial Bestowed Paifang located in Anhui Province and is the most prestigious among China's paifang. These archways, a total of seven, are made of stone and exquisitely carved, presenting a magnificent and grand look. They are arranged from sides to middle in the order of loyalty, filial piety, etiquette, and righteousness.<br /> <br /> This paifang is dedicated to the Bao family in Tangyue Village for their virtuous qualities and significant contributions to the imperial court. The men of the family held official positions and engaged in business outside, while the women remained in their hometown, taking care of the family, educating children, and assisting the poor. The children pursued education and fulfilled their filial piety to their parents. They received recognition from both the emperor and the people.<br /> <br /> The Bao family has many stories. Among them, there is an archway inscribed with &quot;Father's Benevolence and Son's Filial Piety,&quot; which commemorates an incident where a bandit captured the father and son and threatened to kill one of them. However, both the father and son insisted on sacrificing themselves. Touched by their actions, the bandit felt too guilty to harm them and eventually released them.<br /> <br /> 歙县棠樾牌坊群是中国牌坊中最有威望的一组御制牌坊，位于安徽省。牌坊共有七座，由石头精心雕刻而成，外观宏伟壮观。按照忠、孝、节、义的顺序从两侧排列到中间。<br /> <br /> 这座牌坊群是为了纪念歙县棠樾村的鲍家所建，以表彰他们的品德高尚和对皇室的重要贡献。鲍家男子在外担任官职并从事商业活动，而女性则留在家乡照顾家庭、教育孩子和帮助穷人。子女们追求学业并尽孝敬父母之责。得到了皇帝和人民的认可。<br /> <br /> 鲍家有许多故事。其中，有一座牌坊上刻有&quot;父慈子孝&quot;的字样，纪念了一次强盗俘虏了父子并威胁要杀死其中一人的事件。然而，父亲和儿子坚持要牺牲自己。被他们的行为所感动，强盗感到过于内疚而不忍伤害他们，并最终释放了他们。<br /> <br /> ====Coloured Glazed Paifang of Imperial College（国子监琉璃牌坊）====<br /> <br /> The large glazed archway in the Guozijian (Imperial Academy) is located in Beijing. It is the only paifang in the country specifically dedicated to education and was built in the 48th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign (1783). The archway has a three-gate, four-column, seven-roof palace-style structure made of glazed tiles. The exposed parts of the wooden structure are covered with colorful glazed tiles, and the upper roof is covered with yellow glazed tiles, with green glazed brackets. The architecture is exquisite, majestic, and splendid, and the horizontal inscriptions on both sides of the archway are written by the emperor.<br /> <br /> 国子监琉璃牌坊是中国唯一一座专门教育牌坊，建于乾隆四十八年（1783年）。这座牌坊采用琉璃瓦制作，呈现出三门四柱七楼的宫殿式结构。木结构的外露部分覆盖着色彩斑斓的琉璃瓦，上层屋顶则使用黄琉璃瓦，并搭配绿色琉璃檐口。工艺精湛、庄严壮观，外观华丽，牌坊两侧的横幅题字是由皇帝亲自书写。<br /> <br /> ====Confucius Forest Paifang（孔林牌坊）====<br /> <br /> Located in Shandong Province, it was built in the Ming Dynasty (1594) and rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty (1732). This paifang has a six-column, five-gate, five-roof structure. The stone paifang built for Confucius is designed like an emperor's archway, with stone pillars carved with cloud dragons, majestic lions holding stone drums, and noble decorations such as coiling dragons, dancing phoenixes, qilins, and spirited horses on both sides of the archway. It is magnificent, demonstrating the esteemed status of Confucius in the minds of the people at that time.<br /> <br /> 位于山东省，建于明朝（1594年），后在清朝（1732年）进行了重建。牌坊采用了六柱五间五楼的结构。这座为孔子而建的石坊制若皇帝，加上石柱的云龙，夹抱石鼓的雄狮，坊额两旁的盘龙、舞凤、麒麟、骏马等尊贵纹饰，气势雄伟，足见孔子在时人心目中地位是非常尊贵的。<br /> <br /> ====The Ruins of the Cathedral of Saint Paul（大三巴牌坊）====<br /> <br /> It is not a real paifang but the front wall of St. Paul's Cathedral, which was constructed during the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty and was once the largest Catholic church in the East. However, in the fifteenth year of the Qing dynasty's Daoguang reign, the church was destroyed by a large fire, and only this wall remained. Due to its resemblance to traditional Chinese paifang, the Chinese people called it paifang. The archway is simple and majestic, representing the fusion of Chinese and Western cultures in Macau.<br /> <br /> Numerous ancient archways were torn down and damaged due to urbanization and modernization. They were also dismantled due to safety concerns for pedestrians and traffic inconveniences. This is a significant loss for Chinese cultural heritage. Legal protection, conservation, and restoration are necessary. The government, community, and individuals should all be involved and raise awareness of this cultural treasure.<br /> <br /> 实际上，大三巴牌坊并不是牌坊，而是圣保禄大教堂的前墙。这座教堂建于明朝万历年间，曾经是东方最大的天主教堂。然而，在清朝道光年间的第十五年，这座教堂被一场大火摧毁，只剩下了这面墙。由于它与传统的中国牌坊相似，中国人称之为牌坊。这座拱门简约而庄重，代表了澳门中西文化的融合。<br /> <br /> 由于城市化和现代化的推进，许多古老的牌坊被拆除和破坏。因为行人安全和交通不便的考虑而被拆除。对于中国文化遗产来说是重大的损失。牌坊需要法律保护、维护和修复。政府、社区和个人都应该参与其中，提高对这一文化宝藏的认识。<br /> <br /> ===Paifang in China and Torii in Japan===<br /> <br /> Paifang and torii share many similarities. They are both composed of pillars and lintels, serve as entrances to a place, and carry cultural meanings. However, there are some differences. The torii gate is a single red wooden gate-shaped paifang, designed in a relatively simple manner, while paifang may have multiple gates and be made of different materials, always demonstrating a magnificent and majestic look. It is said that Chinese architectural styles have had a strong influence on the development of torii.<br /> <br /> According to legend, the origin of the torii is related to the pursuit of the sun. A long time ago, the sun god had a quarrel with his brother and decided to hide in a cave, blocking its entrance to never come out again. However, sunlight was essential for people to live. So, they came up with a solution. They built a high structure at the entrance of the cave and placed a group of roosters on it. Every morning, these roosters would crow loudly, disturbing the sun god's sleep. Unable to tolerate the noise outside, the sun god eventually stuck his head out of the cave to see what was happening, and that's when the sun appeared again.<br /> <br /> Now, a torii gate is directly associated with a shrine or supernatural realms. It is a boundary used in Japan to distinguish between the realm of gods and the human world. It serves as the entrance to the divine realm and holds an important position in the hearts of the Japanese people. On the other hand, the paifang in China is an architectural structure erected in ancient times to honor achievements, academic success, good governance, as well as loyalty, filial piety, and righteousness.<br /> <br /> 牌坊和鸟居有许多相似之处。它们都由柱子和横梁构成，作为场所入口的标志，并承载着文化意义。它们也存在一些区别。鸟居是单门红色木质门，设计相对简单，而牌坊可以有多个门，并由不同材料制成，外观壮丽庄重。据说，中国建筑风格对鸟居的发展有着很大的影响。<br /> <br /> 根据传说，鸟居的起源与太阳有关。很久以前，太阳神与他的兄弟发生争吵，决定躲进一个洞穴，封住洞口永远不再出来。然而，阳光对人们的生活至关重要。因此，他们想出了一个解决办法。他们在洞口建了一个高的结构，上面放了一群公鸡。每天早上，这些公鸡会大声啼鸣，打扰到太阳神的睡眠。无法忍受外面的噪音，太阳神最终探出头来看发生了什么，于是太阳再次出现了。<br /> <br /> 现在，鸟居与神社或超自然领域直接相关。在日本，它被用作区分神和人类世界的界限。它是通往神圣领域的大门，在日本人心中占据重要地位。中国的牌坊则相反，牌坊是古代为了纪念成就、学业成功、善治，以及忠、孝、义等品德而建立的建筑结构。<br /> <br /> ===Terms and Expressions===<br /> <br /> The Book of Songs 《诗经》<br /> <br /> Paifang 牌坊<br /> <br /> Pailou 牌楼<br /> <br /> Hengmen 衡门<br /> <br /> Wutoumen 屋头门<br /> <br /> Huabiao 华表<br /> <br /> Lingxingmen 棂星门<br /> <br /> Dougong 斗拱<br /> <br /> Yueyang Academy 岳麓书院<br /> <br /> Wu Li Pai 五里牌<br /> <br /> Li 里=500m <br /> <br /> Baisui Fang 百岁坊<br /> <br /> Imperial Bestowed Paifang (yuci paifang) 御制牌坊<br /> <br /> Honorific Paifang (enrong paifang) 恩荣牌坊<br /> <br /> Imperial Decree Paifang (shengzhi paifang) 圣旨牌坊<br /> <br /> and Imperial Edict Paifang (chijian paifang) 敕建牌坊<br /> <br /> Liuli 琉璃<br /> <br /> Paifang Cluster in Tangyue Village Shexian County 歙县棠樾牌坊群<br /> <br /> Bao family 鲍氏<br /> <br /> Father's Benevolence and Son's Filial Piety 父慈子孝<br /> <br /> Coloured Glazed Paifang of Imperial College 国子监琉璃牌坊<br /> <br /> Qianlong 乾隆皇帝<br /> <br /> Confucius Forest Paifang 孔林牌坊<br /> <br /> The Ruins of the Cathedral of Saint Paul 大三巴牌坊<br /> <br /> Wanli 万历皇帝<br /> <br /> Daoguang 道光皇帝<br /> <br /> Macau 澳门<br /> <br /> Torii 鸟门<br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.Why is paifang called Wutoumen during Tang dynasty?<br /> <br /> 2.What is Wu Li Pai?<br /> <br /> 3.What is the deep reason for the emperor to bestow paifang to people?<br /> <br /> 4.How many ranks does paifang have?<br /> <br /> 5.What does torii mean to Japanese?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1.Because black pottery is used to cover the top of the two posts to make them waterproof.<br /> <br /> 2.Wu Li Pai is the paifang indicating that the location is five li away to a specific city.<br /> <br /> 3.The emperor wants to effectively consolidate his rule.<br /> <br /> 4.Four.<br /> <br /> 5.It is a boundary to distinguish between the realm of gods and the human world.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> <br /> [1]曹永洪,邢瑜.明清徽商活动背景下徽州贞节牌坊营造探析[J].美与时代(上),2023(03):106-109.DOI:10.16129/j.cnki.mysds.2023.03.022.<br /> <br /> [2]金其桢. 论牌坊的源流及社会功能[J]. 中华文化论坛, 2003 (1): 71-75.<br /> <br /> [3]吕雪梅.传统牌坊的文化内涵与时代价值——以明清褒扬人物类牌坊为例[J].中国文化遗产,2023(02):54-60.<br /> <br /> [4]乔云飞, 罗微. 牌坊建筑文化初探[J]. 四川文物, 2003 (3): 68-73.<br /> <br /> [5]徐淑霞. 儒学催化的牌坊文化解析[J]. 河北师范大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2010 (1): 134-138.<br /> <br /> [6]Wang Y, Duan Y. A study on the classification and value of Ming Dynasty paifang in China: A case study of paifang in Jinxi County[J]. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2016, 15(2): 147-154.<br /> <br /> ==Wen Xi文茜 - Fine Arts：Chinese Nail Art ==</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_04&diff=155483 2023-06-03T04:25:37Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Jiang Luyun 姜露云 - Literature: Chinese Pastoral Culture==<br /> ===Origin and Brief Introduction===<br /> The period when the pastoral culture formally formed and developed was the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. During this period, the trend of preserving nature and being hermits built a bridge for the development of pastoral culture. The establishment of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry and Xie Lingyun's landscape poetry are both manifestations of the rise of it, which belongs to Chinese traditional culture and is the embodiment and sublimation of China's &quot;agriculture-based&quot; culture for thousands of years.<br /> <br /> The pastoral culture of hermits in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties considered nature worship, life respect and harmony as its priority.<br /> The pastoral life includes not only the self-sufficient pastoral life with simple clothes, local materials, but also the pastoral life with elegant artistic connotation, such as playing the musical instruments, composing music, enjoying wine, making friends traveling together, and reciting poems which is a poetic rural life.<br /> <br /> 起源和简要介绍<br /> <br /> 田园文化正式形成、发展的时期是魏晋南北朝时期，这一时期亲尚自然及隐居之风兴起，为田园文化的发展搭建了桥梁。陶渊明田园诗的创立、谢灵运山水诗的形成，都是田园文化兴起的表现，田园文化隶属于中国传统文化，是中国几千年“农本”文化的体现及升华。<br /> <br /> 魏晋南北朝时期隐士的田园文化以崇尚自然、尊重生命、追求和谐为其核心思想。<br /> 田园生活既包括素衣素食、就地取材、自给自足的田园起居，也包括意境高雅的田园休闲生活，例如抚琴作曲、把酒言欢、结友同游，吟诗作赋等，是诗化的乡土生活。<br /> <br /> ===Ancient Pastoral Culture===<br /> 古代田园文化<br /> ====The Emergence of Pastoral Poets====<br /> There are many famous poets living in seclusion due to depression at the court in ancient time, for example, Tao Yuanming picking chrysanthemum and tasting wine, Wang Wei watching osmanthus fall in leisure, Su Shi well in inventing food and so on.<br /> Tao Yuanming pioneers the pastoral poetry in the history of Chinese literature and is the first to introduce ordinary pastoral life into the field of art. In his poems, it can be seen everywhere that he is tired of the dirty reality and has love for the quiet pastoral life, and he creates &quot;Return to the Garden and Live&quot; and &quot;Peach Blossom Land&quot; and other very famous literary works. Because of his abundant labor experience, his poems are filled with the joy of laborers and show the feelings that only laborers can feel.<br /> <br /> 田园派诗人的涌现<br /> <br /> 有很多著名的诗人因怀才不遇，在这过程中涌现了一大批田园诗人，例如，采菊品酒的陶渊明、闲看桂花落的王维、善于发明美食的苏轼等等。<br /> 陶渊明在中国文学史上首创了田园诗派,第一个把普通的田园生活引入艺术的领域。在他的田园诗中，随处可见的是他对污浊现实的厌烦和对恬静的田园生活的热爱，创作了《归园田居》《桃花源记》等极为有名的文学作品。因为有实际劳动经验，所以他的诗中洋溢着劳动者的喜悦，表现出只有劳动者才能感受到的思想感情。<br /> <br /> ====The Popularity of Seclusion Thought====<br /> The word &quot;seclusion&quot; originates from the Book of Changes, which means to stay away from the hustle and bustle and return to one's original nature. There are mainly two kinds of understanding of seclusion. One is to live in seclusion in mountains, forests or villages quietly and far away from prosperity. The other is the spiritual retreat, that is, refuse to fight for fame and wealth, put down the obsession and leisurely live.<br /> The tradition of seclusion of Chinese poets was formed in the Jin Dynasty. Tao Yuanming is undoubtedly the most famous one who was born in a declining official family, had been a minor official for a few years, then resigned to go home and seclude from public life. Tao Yuanming uses reading, writing poetry and drinking alcohol to adjust his mind, explain the compassion of life and enjoy his daily life with poems.<br /> The deep influence of seclusion in culture stems from Chinese people's constant boredom with the world and longing for the beauty of nature and life. It reflects some primitive desire in human heart and is a choice and concept of independent and free life.<br /> <br /> 归隐思想的流行<br /> <br /> 归隐一词源于《易经》，是指远离喧嚣，返璞归真，回归本源。归隐主要有两种理解，一种是指隐居山林或乡村，远离繁华，安静地生活；另一种是指心灵上的归隐，即拒绝名利之争，放下执念，从容自在地生活。<br /> 中国诗人的归隐传统是在晋代形成的,要论中国历史上最有名的诗人隐士,毫无疑问当推陶渊明。他出生在一个没落的仕室家庭里，曾做过几年小官，后辞官回家，从此隐居不仕。陶渊明用读书、作诗和饮酒来调适自己的心理,解释人生的悲慨,将自己的日常生活诗化。<br /> 归隐思想在文化中的深入影响源于中国人一直以来对尘世的厌倦和对自然之美、生活之美的向往，体现了人类内心深处的某种原始欲望，是一种独立自由生活的选择和理念。<br /> <br /> ===Modern Pastoral Complex===<br /> Pastoral complex causes cultural resonance in China and express our culture abroad successfully. Moreover, people have the idea and tendency to look for and return to the &quot;peach blossom land&quot; in real life.<br /> <br /> 现代田园情结<br /> <br /> 田园情结在国内外爆火，在国内引起文化共鸣和在国外形成文化输出，人们开始产生寻找和回归现实生活中的“桃花源”的想法和趋向。<br /> ====Some Social Phenomena in China====<br /> =====The Explosive Popularity of Internet Celebrity Li Ziqi=====<br /> A video of a Chinese girl named Li Ziqi returning to the villages to grow vegetables has attracted millions of viewers for her unpretentious life. She holds the attitude that people should have towards industry in the industrial age, to be dependent and reserve out own uniqueness.<br /> Li Ziqi's popularity on the Internet has made Westerners understand oriental culture and the rich spiritual culture of Chinese people, which is a very successful cultural export. In January 2020, Li was selected as one of China Women's News' Top 10 Women Figures in 2019.<br /> Li Ziqi evokes the fantasy of a return to nature that is universal in modern, urban industrialised societies transcending nationality and culture. What viewers see in her videos are the deep relationship between Li Ziqi and her grandmother, the richness of traditional Chinese food, the diligence and wisdom of the Chinese people, and the yearning for the poem of Tao Yuanming thousands of years ago, which says, &quot;I gather chrysanthemums in the fence at the east and leisurely see the mountains at the south.&quot; Audiences have different skin colors, languages and cultural backgrounds, but they share the same needs: to live a simple and happy life, to love and to be loved.<br /> <br /> 一些中国社会现象<br /> <br /> 网红李子柒的爆火<br /> <br /> 一个叫李子柒的中国女孩拍摄自己归田种菜视频，这种朴实无华的生活吸引了百万人围观。她告诉了人们工业化时代，对于工业应该有的态度：适当依赖，但也要保持自己的独特性。<br /> 李子柒在外网的爆火让西方人了解了东方文化，了解了中国人丰富的精神文化，是非常成功的文化输出。2020年1月，李子柒入选《中国妇女报》“2019十大女性人物”。<br /> 李子柒唤起了现代工业化都市社会的人类对重返自然的一种具有普世价值的幻想，它跨越了国籍和文化。观众从她的视频中看到的是李子柒和奶奶之间的深厚感情，是中国传统美食的丰富多彩，是中国人民的勤劳和智慧，是对几千年前陶渊明诗中“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的向往。观众拥有不同的肤色、语言和文化背景，但却有着共同的需求：过上简单幸福的生活，爱人，也被人爱。<br /> <br /> =====Relevant Literary and Artistic Works Are Highly Sought After=====<br /> Pastoral television series such as &quot;Go Where the Wind Blows&quot; and &quot;Menghualu&quot; are well received.<br /> These TV dramas are not too ups and downs, but the selected scenes, such as tea shops in the Ming Dynasty and Dali in China, have their own characteristics. In this beautiful scenery, food and beauty, people can find long-lost warmth, which plays a role in healing the heart and soothing the soul. The story is simple but let people relaxed and happy, the scenes are common but can make people smile.<br /> Literary works about pastoral life, such as Wang Zengqi's Grass and Trees In the World, and some online &quot;farming articles&quot;, have surged in page views.<br /> The farming literature first describes how the main characters establish their own base areas, and then build scientific, economic, military and political systems in their territory. It is similar to farmers' hard work in farming for a living. We can appreciate the thought of escaping the fantasy and immersing in the illusion of the yearning and comfort as Tao Yuming felt in seclusion.<br /> <br /> 相关文艺作品备受追捧<br /> <br /> 《去有风的地方》《梦华录》等田园剧反响良好。<br /> <br /> 这些电视剧选择的场景例如明朝茶肆、中国大理各具特点，在这种美景美食美人之中，人们能找到久违的温暖，起到治愈人心，抚慰灵魂的作用。简单慢节奏的剧情却让人轻松愉快，会心一笑。<br /> 有关田园生活的文学作品类似汪曾祺的《人间草木》以及一些网络“种田文”的阅读量暴增。<br /> 种田文即先集中描述主角如何建立自己的根据地，然后在自己的领土上搞科技、经济、军事、政治制度建设的过程，类似农民辛辛苦苦种田过日子，文章于虚幻中带着“悠然见南山”的向往与欣慰。<br /> <br /> =====The Mode of Running a Farmhouse Burst Into Flames=====<br /> &quot;Fishing, woodcutting, ploughing and reading&quot; refers to the popular way of living in the traditional pastoral culture atmosphere, which is also the theme image presented by the pastoral culture. The idyllic and artistic conception created by them is fascinating, and it is a symbol in the traditional Chinese culture. In modern times, &quot;fishing, woodcutting, ploughing and reading&quot; has evolved into similar cultural experience projects such as waterfront recreation, farming and picking.<br /> There are a lot of real version of &quot;happy farm&quot; on the market, and the people who inquire about it are also in an endless stream. The smell of soil and flowers coming from the countryside, the vast land and fresh green food are a great appeal to the people who have been living in the city for a long time. Therefore, the farmhouse projects such as picking locally grown vegetables, eating meals made by local people and living in farm houses are welcomed as soon as they are launched. It fully embodies people's extreme yearning for idyllic life and freedom.<br /> <br /> 农家乐爆火<br /> <br /> “渔樵耕读”是指传统田园文化氛围中的平民化生存方式，也是田园文化所呈现的主题形象，它们所营造的田园牧歌般的意境令人神往，是中华传统文化中的一个符号，到现代，由“渔樵耕读”演变出滨水休闲、种田采摘等类似的文化体验项目。<br /> 市面上出现了很多现实版的“开心农场”，咨询租赁的人也是络绎不断，乡村田园扑面而来的泥土气息与花香，广阔的土地和清新的绿色食品，这种生活方式对久居城市的人们产生了极大的吸引力，因此，摘农家菜、吃农家饭、住农家屋等农家乐项目一推出便受到欢迎，充分体现了人们对田园生活的恣意和淡泊自如的向往。<br /> <br /> ===Why are Chinese people so fond of pastoral life? ===<br /> <br /> 为什么中国人对田园生活情有独钟？<br /> ====A Pursuit for Belonging and Stability ====<br /> Pastoral life is the product of Chinese agricultural civilization, which represents a sense of belonging and stability. Chinese civilization is rooted in farming. Due to the characteristics of &quot;relying on the land to eat&quot; of farming economy, the changes of natural resources and conditions without directly determine people's living conditions. Therefore, &quot;ploughing&quot; is on a par with &quot;reading&quot; in the eyes of scholars, and farming has been sublimated as one of the ideals that scholars pursue all their life.<br /> The countryside of the Chinese people is the common emotion in the depth of consciousness: Tao Yuanming resigned his official to return to the countryside; Zhuge Liang ploughed in Nanyang; Su Dongpo was banished to farming in Lingnan……From the cultivation of sentiment to the pursuit of spirit, the countryside is endowed with endless imagination by the ancients. Returning to the countryside and enjoying the simple life of plain food is a conjunct pursuit deep in the consciousness of the Chinese people.<br /> <br /> 向往归属感和稳定性<br /> <br /> 田园生活是中国农耕文明的产物，代表的是一种归属感和稳定性。中华文明根植于农耕文明。由于农耕经济所具有的“靠天吃饭”特性，自然资源和条件的变化直接决定着人们的生存状况，因此， “耕”与“读”在文人眼中享受平等待遇，耕种已经升华为文人毕生追求的理想之一。<br /> 中国人的田园是意识深处的共同情感：陶渊明辞官归田园、诸葛亮躬耕南阳、苏东坡被贬岭南种地……从情操的陶冶，到精神的追求，田园被古人赋予了无尽的想象，回归田园、享受粗茶淡饭的简单生活这是中国人意识深处的一种共同情感。<br /> ====An Inherent Connection Between Chinese and Ground ====<br /> The idea of farming practice in the field advocates &quot;the unity of nature and man and the nature of Dao&quot;. In addition, &quot;living on the land&quot; means that people's life is adhered to the land, which is reflected in the social form of &quot;people never leaving the soil&quot; and the harmonious relationship between man and nature generated around the land. It means that there is an inherent connection between human and nature which has healing and soothing effects on human. Therefore, Chinese people adopt a friendly attitude towards nature, control human behavior and make reasonable use of nature.<br /> At the same time, the countryside is also a place of spiritual comfort. The poets find people of similar interest and values in the pastoral landscape, establish a close relationship, dispel the sense of tragedy in life, and find a haven to rest in their hearts. Therefore, the pastoral culture is rooted in the life of Chinese people and has influenced the value choice and national character of Chinese people.<br /> <br /> 中国人与土地的固有联系<br /> <br /> 农耕实践的思想观念倡导“天人合一，道法自然”。此外， “以土为生”意味着人们的生活是粘连在土地上的，表现为“人不离土”的社会形态和围绕土地而产生的人与自然的和谐关系。这就意味着人与自然之间存在固有联系，自然对人有疗愈和抚慰作用。所以对待自然中国人采取的是一种与自然为善的态度，节制人类行为、合理利用自然。<br /> 同时，田园还是人们心灵安抚的处所。诗人在田园山水中找到同类与知己,建立了亲睦关系,消解了人生的悲剧意识,心灵得到安慰与栖息。所以田园文化是根植于中国人的生活中并且影响了中国人的价值选择和民族性格。<br /> <br /> ==Wu Songyun 吴松芸 - Architecture: Paifang==<br /> <br /> ===Introduction===<br /> <br /> Paifang, also called pailou, is a Chinese archway or gateway usually made of wood or stone. It is well-painted and sometimes adorned with glazed tiles. Some are located in downtown areas serving as grand entrances to various locations such as mausoleums, temples, bridges, and parks, while others were built to commemorate historical events or famous figures, demonstrating Chinese feudal ethics and traditional norms. With its distinctive design and symbolic meanings, paifang has become an emblematic feature of Chinese architecture and an integral part of the country's rich cultural heritage.<br /> <br /> 牌坊，又称牌楼，是中国的拱门或门楼型建筑，通常由木材或石材制成。它们绘制精美，有时还镶嵌有釉瓷瓦。一些牌坊位于市中心，作为通往陵墓、寺庙、桥梁和公园等各个地点的入口，而其他一些则是为了纪念历史事件或名人而建造的，展示了中国封建伦理和传统规范。凭借其独特的设计和象征意义，牌坊已成为中国建筑的标志性特征和丰富文化遗产的重要组成部分。<br /> <br /> ===The Origin and Development of Paifang===<br /> <br /> ====Hengmen(衡门)====<br /> <br /> The origin of paifang can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC-256 BC) when Hengmen (horizontal beam gate) consisting of two pillars and a horizontal beam was used as the simplest gate to a home. The earliest record of Hengmen can be found in a poem from The Book of Songs compiled in the Spring and Autumn Period, which states, &quot;Under the Hengmen, one can find peace.&quot; Thus, paifang inherited Hengmen's function as an entrance.<br /> <br /> 牌坊的起源可以追溯到周朝（公元前1046年-公元前256年），当时衡门（由两根柱子和一根横梁组成的横梁门）是家门的最简单的形式。衡门的最早记录在编纂于春秋时期的《诗经》中，其中有一首诗写道：“衡门之下，可以栖迟。”牌坊由此继承了衡门作为入口的功能。<br /> <br /> ====Wutoumen(乌头门)====<br /> <br /> From the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC) to the Tang Dynasty (618 AD-907 AD), residential areas in Chinese cities adopted a system of &quot;li and fang,&quot; which divided the city into several square areas according to their functions. Each fang was separated by fang walls, which had a gate called Wutoumen (black top gate). The name originated from the black pottery used to cover the top of the two posts of Hengmen, making them waterproof. Some Wutoumen incorporated the characteristics of elaborately carved Huabiao, a type of ornamental pillar commonly found in traditional Chinese architecture, adding more aesthetic value to the gate. Therefore, the simple and crude Hengmen evolved into Wutoumen.<br /> <br /> 从春秋时期（公元前770年-公元前476年）到唐朝（公元618年-公元907年），中国城市的居住区采用了“里坊制”，根据其功能将城市划分为几个方形区域。每个方区域由墙隔开，墙上有一道门，称为乌头门。为了防水，门的两根柱子的顶部套上了黑筒瓦，因此得名。一些乌头门融合了精雕细琢的中国传统建筑中华表的特点，为门增添了更多的美感。因此，简陋的衡门逐渐演变成了屋、乌头门。<br /> <br /> ====Lingxingmen(棂星门)====<br /> <br /> During the Song Dynasty (960 AD-1279 AD), Wutoumen was replaced by Lingxingmen (a gate used to pray for a bountiful harvest). At that time, it was especially used to worship and show respect for Confucius. Lingxingmen no longer served as a common door but acted as a symbolic structure. When the door panels on the Lingxingmen were not necessary, the door panels are removed, thus Lingxingmen retained only the two pillars and the horizontal beam acting as the lintel. The changing function gave rise to the new towering style of the paifang, where the pillars significantly surpassed the lintel in height. It is during this time that paifang changed into a memorial architecture.<br /> <br /> 在宋朝（公元960年至公元1279年）时期，乌头门被棂星门所取代（棂星门是用来祈祷丰收的建筑）。当时，它主要用于崇拜和表示对孔子的尊敬。棂星门不再是普通的门，它成为一种象征性的建筑结构。门扇变得多余而被移除，只保留两根柱子和作为横梁的门槛。这种功能的变化导致了新的高耸式牌坊风格，其中柱子的高度明显超过了门槛。正是在这个时期，牌坊演变成了一种纪念性的建筑。<br /> <br /> ====Paifang and Pailou(牌坊和牌楼)====<br /> <br /> During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the construction of paifang reached its peak. The style and structure of paifang are much more dynamic than those of Lingxingmen. Constructors started to design connected paifang with more pillars and gates, with the center two pillars being taller than the ones on the sides. To add more grandeur to the paifang, the lintel is intricately carved with dragons, phoenixes, or other exquisite patterns. Small Dougong (bracket sets) and roofs were also added to the horizontal beam, creating a multi-pillar, multi-gate, multi-roof paifang. In Chinese, pillars are called &quot;zhu,&quot; the spaces between two pillars are called &quot;jian,&quot; and the roofs represent &quot;lou,&quot; which means buildings in Chinese. The most typical paifang is the one with three rooms/gates, four pillars, and three roofs, called &quot;San jian si zhu san lou”(三间四柱三楼)in Chinese. In general, there is no distinction between pailou and paifang today. However, from a strict architectural perspective, paifang with roofs should be called pailou because a structure with a roof is referred to as a building, and &quot;lou&quot; in Chinese refers to buildings.<br /> <br /> 在明清两朝期间，牌坊的建设达到了顶峰。牌坊的风格和结构比棂星门更加富有活力。建筑师设计出联合牌坊，增加了更多的柱子形成了多门的牌坊，中间的两根柱子比两侧的柱子更高。为了增添牌坊的壮丽气势，门柱上雕刻了龙、凤或其他精美的图案。门梁上还加入了小斗栱和屋顶，形成了多柱、多间、多楼的牌坊。在中文中，柱子称为&quot;柱&quot;，两根柱子之间的空间称为&quot;间&quot;，屋顶为&quot;楼&quot;。最典型的牌坊是有三间门、四根柱子和三层屋顶的，中文中称为&quot;三间四柱三楼&quot;。在当今，我们没有对牌楼和牌坊进行严格的区别和划分。然而，从严格的建筑角度来看，带有屋顶的牌坊应该被称为牌楼，因为带有屋顶的结构被称为建筑物，而中文中的&quot;楼&quot;指的是建筑物。<br /> <br /> ===Cultural Meanings of Paifang===<br /> <br /> With its magnificent appearance and rich cultural background, paifang serves as a distinctive architectural feature at the entrances of temples, scenic areas, tombs, and as memorial archways to commemorate great achievements.<br /> <br /> As landmarks, paifang symbolize the solemnity and reverence of a place. They were often erected at a distance from large temples in ancient times to remind people to show respect and behave appropriately. For example, the paifang at the Yueyang Academy in Changsha is located by the riverside, a significant distance away to mark its location. Similarly, when approaching a city, a paifang called &quot;Wu Li Pai&quot; in Chinese would be erected three to five li (a Chinese unit of distance) away to indicate the arrival at a specific city. However, as cities expanded, these paifang were often incorporated within the city limits.<br /> <br /> As commemorative archways, paifang was established as everlasting mark to honor a specific individual. In ancient times, the emperor often bestowed recognition for various reasons.<br /> <br /> One reason was to praise those who performed virtuous and charitable deeds, which were associated with qualities such as loyalty, filial piety, righteousness, and etiquette. Loyalty (忠) involved providing significant assistance to the country, especially during times of war, demonstrating loyalty and resistance against external enemies. It can also be interpreted as faithfulness and wholehearted dedication to the country and its people, contributing to peace and harmony. Filial piety (孝) is influenced by Confucian culture and is a moral obligation to reciprocate the graciousness of parents. Righteousness (义) refers to justice, law, and faithfulness to friends, often reflected through donations to those in need. Etiquette (节) refers to external behavior or demeanor suggesting a courteous manner. Paifang dedicated to virtuous individuals often include inscriptions praising their qualities or contributions. By establishing paifang to promote noble character, the emperor effectively consolidated his rule.<br /> <br /> Another type of paifang was dedicated to individuals who excelled in their scholarly pursuits and official careers, such as achieving the top academic rank of Zhuangyuan or holding high-ranking positions, at least at the provincial level.<br /> <br /> Even longevity was commemorated through paifang. When someone reached an advanced age, the emperor would honor them by erecting an archway. Longevity suggested a peaceful and prosperous country which is worthy of celebration, and it also emphasized respect for the elderly and filial piety, which were constantly advocated in Chinese history. For example, in Chaling County, Hunan Province, there is a &quot;Baisui Fang&quot; (Hundred Years Archway) to honor someone who lived to be one hundred years old.<br /> <br /> There is also a type of paifang specifically conferred on women who chose not to remarry after losing their husbands. This paifang recognizes women's chastity, which was a part of feudal ethical standards. However, the concept of chastity paifang has been subject to criticism and reevaluation in modern times. Some argue that it reinforces gender inequalities and places undue emphasis on a woman's sexual purity and fidelity. It is a tool for control and oppression, restricting women's freedom and autonomy. However, considering the historical context, in ancient times, the entrenched female chastity contritute to a stable feudal society. What's more, this Confucian ethics was believed to ensure the healthy development of children who lost their fathers. Although this type of paifang was advocated in ancient times, it is considered unacceptable nowadays.<br /> <br /> 牌坊拥有宏伟的外观和丰富的文化背景，也成为了许多寺庙、风景区、墓地的入口大门以及纪念伟大成就的独特建筑。<br /> <br /> 作为地标，牌坊象征着一个地方的庄严和尊敬。在古代，它们经常远远建在大寺庙前，以提醒人们要肃穆庄严。例如，为了标示书院的位置，长沙岳阳书院的牌坊建设在距离书院较远的河边。同样，在接近一座城市时，会建造一座被称为&quot;五里牌&quot;的牌坊，以表示即将到达特定城市。然而，随着城市的扩张，这些牌坊通常被纳入城市范围内。<br /> <br /> 作为纪念性的拱门，牌坊是赞扬其贡献的永恒的标志。在古代，皇帝经常因各种原因授予牌坊。<br /> <br /> 其中一个原因是赞扬那些行善秉德的人，这些品质与忠诚、孝道、正义和礼仪等特质相关。忠诚意味着在国家需要时提供重要的帮助，尤其是在战争时期，表现出对外敌的忠诚和抵抗。它也可以被解释为对国家和人民的忠诚和全心全意的奉献，促进和平与和谐。孝道的形成受到了儒家文化的影响，是指感恩回报父母的养育之恩。正义指的是公正和对朋友的忠诚，常常通过捐赠有需之人来体现。节指的是外部行为或举止，是行为绅士有矩。有德行之人的牌坊上通常会刻上赞美他们的品质或贡献的铭文。通过建立牌坊来推崇高尚品德，皇帝有效地巩固了自己的统治。<br /> <br /> 另一种类型的牌坊是为那些在学术追求和官员职业中表现出色的个人设立的，比如获得状元或至少在省级担任高级职位的人。<br /> <br /> 甚至长寿也通过牌坊来纪念。当有人到达高龄时，皇帝会通过建造一个拱门来向他们致敬。长寿象征着一个和平繁荣的国家，它也强调了中国历史一直倡导的尊重和孝道。例如，湖南茶陵县的&quot;百岁坊&quot;。<br /> <br /> 还有一种特定授予那些在丧偶后选择不再再嫁的女性的牌坊，叫做贞节牌坊。这种牌坊承认了女性的贞节，这是封建伦理准则的一部分。然而，在现代，贞节牌坊的概念受到了批评和重新评估。一些人认为它强化了性别不平等，过分强调了女性的贞洁和忠诚。它是一种控制和压迫的工具，限制了女性的自由和自主权。然而，考虑到历史背景，在古代，女性的贞节观念在封建社会中根深蒂固反而促进了稳定社会的形成。同时这种儒家伦理一定程度上能确保失去父亲的孩子的健康发展。虽然在古代倡导这种类型的牌坊，但在现代被认为是不可接受的<br /> <br /> ===Ranks for Paifang===<br /> <br /> Paifang can be classified into different ranks based on the contribution of the individuals honored: Imperial Bestowed Paifang (yuci paifang), Honorific Paifang (enrong paifang), Imperial Decree Paifang (shengzhi paifang), and Imperial Edict Paifang (chijian paifang).<br /> <br /> Imperial Bestowed Paifang (御制牌坊): This is the highest level of paifang. It is personally commissioned by the emperor, and the funds are provided by the imperial treasury.<br /> <br /> Honorific Paifang (恩荣牌坊): This is the second level of paifang. It is commissioned by the emperor, but the funds are provided by local finances.<br /> <br /> Imperial Decree Paifang (圣旨牌坊): This is the third level of paifang. It is still commissioned by the emperor, but individuals themselves should fund the construction of the paifang.<br /> <br /> Imperial Edict Paifang (敕建牌坊): This is the lowest level of paifang. It is constructed with the emperor's verbal approval, and the funds are provided by the individuals themselves.<br /> <br /> Paifang can also be classified into different grades based on the materials used and the number of gates and roofs they have. The materials used can include wood, stone, brick, and glazed tiles (liuli), with the highest grade given to paifang with a yellow glazed tile roof. The number of levels can be one, three, five, seven, or nine. In ancient times, the number nine was considered the most prestigious. The general rule is that the more pillars and roofs a paifang has, the more magnificent it appears, and the higher the rank. Additionally, the quality of the materials used determines the grade of the paifang.<br /> <br /> 牌坊可以根据所纪念的个人的贡献而分为不同等级：御制牌坊、恩荣牌坊、圣旨牌坊和敕建牌坊。<br /> <br /> 御制牌坊：这是牌坊的最高级别。它由皇帝亲自委托，并由皇家财政提供资金。<br /> <br /> 恩荣牌坊：这是牌坊的第二级别。它由皇帝委托，但资金由当地财政提供。<br /> <br /> 圣旨牌坊：这是牌坊的第三级别。它仍由皇帝委托，但个人自己负责资助牌坊的建造。<br /> <br /> 敕建牌坊：这是牌坊的最低级别。它是在皇帝的口头批准下建造，资金由个人自己提供。<br /> <br /> 牌坊还可以根据所使用的材料和门、屋顶的数量进行分类。使用的材料可以包括木头、石头、砖块和琉璃瓦，黄琉璃瓦的牌坊被视为最高等级。层级的数量可以是一、三、五、七或九。在古代，九被认为是最有威望的数字。一般来说，牌坊的柱子和屋顶越多，外观越宏伟，级别越高。此外，所使用材料的质量也决定了牌坊的等级。<br /> <br /> ===Famous Paifangs===<br /> <br /> ====Paifang Cluster in Tangyue Village Shexian County（歙县棠樾牌坊群）====<br /> <br /> The Paifang cluster is an Imperial Bestowed Paifang located in Anhui Province and is the most prestigious among China's paifang. These archways, a total of seven, are made of stone and exquisitely carved, presenting a magnificent and grand look. They are arranged from sides to middle in the order of loyalty, filial piety, etiquette, and righteousness.<br /> <br /> This paifang is dedicated to the Bao family in Tangyue Village for their virtuous qualities and significant contributions to the imperial court. The men of the family held official positions and engaged in business outside, while the women remained in their hometown, taking care of the family, educating children, and assisting the poor. The children pursued education and fulfilled their filial piety to their parents. They received recognition from both the emperor and the people.<br /> <br /> The Bao family has many stories. Among them, there is an archway inscribed with &quot;Father's Benevolence and Son's Filial Piety,&quot; which commemorates an incident where a bandit captured the father and son and threatened to kill one of them. However, both the father and son insisted on sacrificing themselves. Touched by their actions, the bandit felt too guilty to harm them and eventually released them.<br /> <br /> 歙县棠樾牌坊群是中国牌坊中最有威望的一组御制牌坊，位于安徽省。牌坊共有七座，由石头精心雕刻而成，外观宏伟壮观。按照忠、孝、节、义的顺序从两侧排列到中间。<br /> <br /> 这座牌坊群是为了纪念歙县棠樾村的鲍家所建，以表彰他们的品德高尚和对皇室的重要贡献。鲍家男子在外担任官职并从事商业活动，而女性则留在家乡照顾家庭、教育孩子和帮助穷人。子女们追求学业并尽孝敬父母之责。得到了皇帝和人民的认可。<br /> <br /> 鲍家有许多故事。其中，有一座牌坊上刻有&quot;父慈子孝&quot;的字样，纪念了一次强盗俘虏了父子并威胁要杀死其中一人的事件。然而，父亲和儿子坚持要牺牲自己。被他们的行为所感动，强盗感到过于内疚而不忍伤害他们，并最终释放了他们。<br /> <br /> ====Coloured Glazed Paifang of Imperial College（国子监琉璃牌坊）====<br /> <br /> The large glazed archway in the Guozijian (Imperial Academy) is located in Beijing. It is the only paifang in the country specifically dedicated to education and was built in the 48th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign (1783). The archway has a three-gate, four-column, seven-roof palace-style structure made of glazed tiles. The exposed parts of the wooden structure are covered with colorful glazed tiles, and the upper roof is covered with yellow glazed tiles, with green glazed brackets. The architecture is exquisite, majestic, and splendid, and the horizontal inscriptions on both sides of the archway are written by the emperor.<br /> <br /> 国子监琉璃牌坊是中国唯一一座专门教育牌坊，建于乾隆四十八年（1783年）。这座牌坊采用琉璃瓦制作，呈现出三门四柱七楼的宫殿式结构。木结构的外露部分覆盖着色彩斑斓的琉璃瓦，上层屋顶则使用黄琉璃瓦，并搭配绿色琉璃檐口。工艺精湛、庄严壮观，外观华丽，牌坊两侧的横幅题字是由皇帝亲自书写。<br /> <br /> ====Confucius Forest Paifang（孔林牌坊）====<br /> <br /> Located in Shandong Province, it was built in the Ming Dynasty (1594) and rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty (1732). This paifang has a six-column, five-gate, five-roof structure. The stone paifang built for Confucius is designed like an emperor's archway, with stone pillars carved with cloud dragons, majestic lions holding stone drums, and noble decorations such as coiling dragons, dancing phoenixes, qilins, and spirited horses on both sides of the archway. It is magnificent, demonstrating the esteemed status of Confucius in the minds of the people at that time.<br /> <br /> 位于山东省，建于明朝（1594年），后在清朝（1732年）进行了重建。牌坊采用了六柱五间五楼的结构。这座为孔子而建的石坊制若皇帝，加上石柱的云龙，夹抱石鼓的雄狮，坊额两旁的盘龙、舞凤、麒麟、骏马等尊贵纹饰，气势雄伟，足见孔子在时人心目中地位是非常尊贵的。<br /> <br /> ====The Ruins of the Cathedral of Saint Paul（大三巴牌坊）====<br /> <br /> It is not a real paifang but the front wall of St. Paul's Cathedral, which was constructed during the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty and was once the largest Catholic church in the East. However, in the fifteenth year of the Qing dynasty's Daoguang reign, the church was destroyed by a large fire, and only this wall remained. Due to its resemblance to traditional Chinese paifang, the Chinese people called it paifang. The archway is simple and majestic, representing the fusion of Chinese and Western cultures in Macau.<br /> <br /> Numerous ancient archways were torn down and damaged due to urbanization and modernization. They were also dismantled due to safety concerns for pedestrians and traffic inconveniences. This is a significant loss for Chinese cultural heritage. Legal protection, conservation, and restoration are necessary. The government, community, and individuals should all be involved and raise awareness of this cultural treasure.<br /> <br /> 实际上，大三巴牌坊并不是牌坊，而是圣保禄大教堂的前墙。这座教堂建于明朝万历年间，曾经是东方最大的天主教堂。然而，在清朝道光年间的第十五年，这座教堂被一场大火摧毁，只剩下了这面墙。由于它与传统的中国牌坊相似，中国人称之为牌坊。这座拱门简约而庄重，代表了澳门中西文化的融合。<br /> <br /> 由于城市化和现代化的推进，许多古老的牌坊被拆除和破坏。因为行人安全和交通不便的考虑而被拆除。对于中国文化遗产来说是重大的损失。牌坊需要法律保护、维护和修复。政府、社区和个人都应该参与其中，提高对这一文化宝藏的认识。<br /> <br /> ===Paifang in China and Torii in Japan===<br /> <br /> Paifang and torii share many similarities. They are both composed of pillars and lintels, serve as entrances to a place, and carry cultural meanings. However, there are some differences. The torii gate is a single red wooden gate-shaped paifang, designed in a relatively simple manner, while paifang may have multiple gates and be made of different materials, always demonstrating a magnificent and majestic look. It is said that Chinese architectural styles have had a strong influence on the development of torii.<br /> <br /> According to legend, the origin of the torii is related to the pursuit of the sun. A long time ago, the sun god had a quarrel with his brother and decided to hide in a cave, blocking its entrance to never come out again. However, sunlight was essential for people to live. So, they came up with a solution. They built a high structure at the entrance of the cave and placed a group of roosters on it. Every morning, these roosters would crow loudly, disturbing the sun god's sleep. Unable to tolerate the noise outside, the sun god eventually stuck his head out of the cave to see what was happening, and that's when the sun appeared again.<br /> <br /> Now, a torii gate is directly associated with a shrine or supernatural realms. It is a boundary used in Japan to distinguish between the realm of gods and the human world. It serves as the entrance to the divine realm and holds an important position in the hearts of the Japanese people. On the other hand, the paifang in China is an architectural structure erected in ancient times to honor achievements, academic success, good governance, as well as loyalty, filial piety, and righteousness.<br /> <br /> 牌坊和鸟居有许多相似之处。它们都由柱子和横梁构成，作为场所入口的标志，并承载着文化意义。它们也存在一些区别。鸟居是单门红色木质门，设计相对简单，而牌坊可以有多个门，并由不同材料制成，外观壮丽庄重。据说，中国建筑风格对鸟居的发展有着很大的影响。<br /> <br /> 根据传说，鸟居的起源与太阳有关。很久以前，太阳神与他的兄弟发生争吵，决定躲进一个洞穴，封住洞口永远不再出来。然而，阳光对人们的生活至关重要。因此，他们想出了一个解决办法。他们在洞口建了一个高的结构，上面放了一群公鸡。每天早上，这些公鸡会大声啼鸣，打扰到太阳神的睡眠。无法忍受外面的噪音，太阳神最终探出头来看发生了什么，于是太阳再次出现了。<br /> <br /> 现在，鸟居与神社或超自然领域直接相关。在日本，它被用作区分神和人类世界的界限。它是通往神圣领域的大门，在日本人心中占据重要地位。中国的牌坊则相反，牌坊是古代为了纪念成就、学业成功、善治，以及忠、孝、义等品德而建立的建筑结构。<br /> <br /> ===Terms and Expressions===<br /> <br /> The Book of Songs 《诗经》<br /> <br /> Paifang 牌坊<br /> <br /> Pailou 牌楼<br /> <br /> Hengmen 衡门<br /> <br /> Wutoumen 屋头门<br /> <br /> Huabiao 华表<br /> <br /> Lingxingmen 棂星门<br /> <br /> Dougong 斗拱<br /> <br /> Yueyang Academy 岳麓书院<br /> <br /> Wu Li Pai 五里牌<br /> <br /> Li 里=500m <br /> <br /> Baisui Fang 百岁坊<br /> <br /> Imperial Bestowed Paifang (yuci paifang) 御制牌坊<br /> <br /> Honorific Paifang (enrong paifang) 恩荣牌坊<br /> <br /> Imperial Decree Paifang (shengzhi paifang) 圣旨牌坊<br /> <br /> and Imperial Edict Paifang (chijian paifang) 敕建牌坊<br /> <br /> Liuli 琉璃<br /> <br /> Paifang Cluster in Tangyue Village Shexian County 歙县棠樾牌坊群<br /> <br /> Bao family 鲍氏<br /> <br /> Father's Benevolence and Son's Filial Piety 父慈子孝<br /> <br /> Coloured Glazed Paifang of Imperial College 国子监琉璃牌坊<br /> <br /> Qianlong 乾隆皇帝<br /> <br /> Confucius Forest Paifang 孔林牌坊<br /> <br /> The Ruins of the Cathedral of Saint Paul 大三巴牌坊<br /> <br /> Wanli 万历皇帝<br /> <br /> Daoguang 道光皇帝<br /> <br /> Macau 澳门<br /> <br /> Torii 鸟门<br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.Why is paifang called Wutoumen during Tang dynasty?<br /> <br /> 2.What is Wu Li Pai?<br /> <br /> 3.What is the deep reason for the emperor to bestow paifang to people?<br /> <br /> 4.How many ranks does paifang have?<br /> <br /> 5.What does torii mean to Japanese?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1.Because black pottery is used to cover the top of the two posts to make them waterproof.<br /> <br /> 2.Wu Li Pai is the paifang indicating that the location is five li away to a specific city.<br /> <br /> 3.The emperor wants to effectively consolidate his rule.<br /> <br /> 4.Four.<br /> <br /> 5.It is a boundary to distinguish between the realm of gods and the human world.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> <br /> [1]曹永洪,邢瑜.明清徽商活动背景下徽州贞节牌坊营造探析[J].美与时代(上),2023(03):106-109.DOI:10.16129/j.cnki.mysds.2023.03.022.<br /> <br /> [2]金其桢. 论牌坊的源流及社会功能[J]. 中华文化论坛, 2003 (1): 71-75.<br /> <br /> [3]吕雪梅.传统牌坊的文化内涵与时代价值——以明清褒扬人物类牌坊为例[J].中国文化遗产,2023(02):54-60.<br /> <br /> [4]乔云飞, 罗微. 牌坊建筑文化初探[J]. 四川文物, 2003 (3): 68-73.<br /> <br /> [5]徐淑霞. 儒学催化的牌坊文化解析[J]. 河北师范大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2010 (1): 134-138.<br /> <br /> [6]Wang Y, Duan Y. A study on the classification and value of Ming Dynasty paifang in China: A case study of paifang in Jinxi County[J]. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2016, 15(2): 147-154.<br /> <br /> ==Wen Xi文茜 - ==</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_08&diff=155420 2023-06-01T10:52:13Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friend in cold weather */</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friend in cold weather==<br /> <br /> ==Wu Qian 吴倩 Traditional Chinese specialty tea drink：Ginger Salt Tea==<br /> ==Xu Puliang 许谱亮 Cuisine: Barbeque in China==</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_08&diff=155419 2023-06-01T10:51:27Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friend in cold weather */</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friend in cold weather==<br /> <br /> 直接把自己的文章复制上来，并且编辑小标题。<br /> 编辑格式：<br /> <br /> 一级标题：===…===<br /> 二级标题：====…====<br /> <br /> 如：<br /> ===Introduction===<br /> ====1. …====<br /> ===Reference===<br /> <br /> ==Wu Qian 吴倩 Traditional Chinese specialty tea drink：Ginger Salt Tea==<br /> ==Xu Puliang 许谱亮 Cuisine: Barbeque in China==</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_09&diff=155416 2023-06-01T10:47:09Z

<p>Wang Yihan: Created page with &quot;Back to course homepage. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://wiki.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/uvu/index.php/20230630_Culture#Thi...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ding Qian 丁倩 Traditional Cuisine: Sugar Figurine==<br /> ==Wang Xinpeng 王鑫鹏 Technology: PC games in China==<br /> ==Li Luyao 李璐瑶 Landscapes and Tourism：The Peach Garden==</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_08&diff=155415 2023-06-01T10:45:58Z

<p>Wang Yihan: Created page with &quot;Back to course homepage. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://wiki.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/uvu/index.php/20230630_Culture#Thi...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Wang Yihan 汪奕含 Literature：the three friend in cold weather==<br /> ==Wu Qian 吴倩 Traditional Chinese specialty tea drink：Ginger Salt Tea==<br /> ==Xu Puliang 许谱亮 Cuisine: Barbeque in China==</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_07&diff=155414 2023-06-01T10:44:17Z

<p>Wang Yihan: Created page with &quot;Back to course homepage. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://wiki.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/uvu/index.php/20230630_Culture#Thi...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> == Song Yifang 宋奕芳 Makeup: Hair Styles==<br /> ==Hu Xinping 胡欣平 Literature：Nalan Xingde's poetry==<br /> ==Deng Yingjie 邓颖杰 Modern Chinese Literature: Wang Xiaobo and his spirit of rebellion==</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_06&diff=155413 2023-06-01T10:42:17Z

<p>Wang Yihan: Created page with &quot;Back to course homepage. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://wiki.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/uvu/index.php/20230630_Culture#Thi...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Zhao Xizhen 赵喜珍 Chinese traditional custom: Draw lots==<br /> ==Cao Wen 曹文 traditional crafts：raw lacquer==<br /> ==Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 the image of cattle in Chinese culture==</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_05&diff=155412 2023-06-01T10:40:41Z

<p>Wang Yihan: Created page with &quot;Back to course homepage. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://wiki.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/uvu/index.php/20230630_Culture#Thi...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Wu Ting 吴婷 Nightlife in Ancient and Modern China==<br /> ==Hu Yiqiang 胡艺镪 Education: The Stone Drum Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies)==<br /> ==Shu Jiangyu 舒锦玉 The image of dog in Chinese culture==</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_04&diff=155411 2023-06-01T10:39:05Z

<p>Wang Yihan: Created page with &quot;Back to course homepage. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://wiki.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/uvu/index.php/20230630_Culture#Thi...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Jiang Luyun 姜露云 - Literature:Chinese Pastoral culture==<br /> ==Wu Songyun 吴松芸 - Architecture: Memorial Archway==<br /> == Wen Xi 文茜 - Fine Arts：Chinese Nail Art==</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_03&diff=155410 2023-06-01T10:36:57Z

<p>Wang Yihan: Created page with &quot;Back to course homepage. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://wiki.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/uvu/index.php/20230630_Culture#Thi...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Gu Yuting 谷钰婷 - Chinese folk art：Xiangxi Folk Songs==<br /> ==Liu Yingchi 刘盈池 - Sports:modern China sports development==<br /> ==He Ying 何颖 - Food: Special Breakfasts in Various Regions of Changde, Hunan==</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_02&diff=155409 2023-06-01T10:34:03Z

<p>Wang Yihan: Created page with &quot;Back to course homepage. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://wiki.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/uvu/index.php/20230630_Culture#Thi...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]]<br /> <br /> ==Liu Xinwen 刘欣雯 - Nüshu：a letter that belongs exclusively to women==<br /> <br /> ==Qin Anni 秦安妮 - Economy: Zibo Barbecue==<br /> <br /> ==Xie Shiyi 谢诗祎 - Literature：Yuan- dynasty zaju==</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Culture_2022_2&diff=155408 2023-06-01T10:32:09Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella */</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]]. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Culture2022_final_exam_papers#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]<br /> <br /> ==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==<br /> <br /> ===History===<br /> <br /> The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Lu Ban. &quot;Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone.&quot; Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the &quot;green oil-paper umbrella&quot; during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.<br /> <br /> ===Basic production process===<br /> <br /> The production process and required procedures are different in each region. However, in general, they can be divided into four main steps:<br /> 1.Bamboo is selected.<br /> 2.The bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton.<br /> 3.Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight.<br /> 4.Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.<br /> <br /> ===Oil-paper umbrella in customs and cultural ceremonies===<br /> <br /> ====Hakka marriage and bride dowry====<br /> <br /> <br /> In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. &quot;纸&quot; (Paper) is a homonym for &quot;子&quot; (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character &quot;傘&quot; (umbrella), contains five &quot;人&quot; (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes &quot;fullness&quot; connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as 芹菜, 大蒜, 香葱, 韭菜 that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family.<br /> <br /> ====Hakka second burial funerals====<br /> <br /> Since many of the Hakka populations are in the mountainous areas of China, most corpses are buried on the mountains. Initially, Hakka people do not put up a gravestone, however, after the second time the corpse is buried (usually 3–5 years later), the additional grander ceremony is added. When buying, usually in the eighth month of the Chinese calendar, an experienced burial master is hired to dig the old burial and enter the clean bones for an official and permanent burial at the exact spot. The oil-paper umbrella is used to cover the bones while they are being cleaned.<br /> <br /> ====Hakka dance ceremony====<br /> <br /> &quot;Umbrella Dance&quot; is one of the traditional dances of the Hakka culture, during the ceremony, the dancer must be holding a paper umbrella and wearing a blue shirt (traditional Hakka Clothing). Hakka Dance Ceremony is an important part of the Hakka Culture along with &quot;tea leaf drama&quot; and &quot;mountain song&quot;.<br /> <br /> ====Engagement present of the Yao people====<br /> <br /> In the population of Yao located in Longhui County of Hunan, oil-paper umbrella is used as an engagement present by the men side. When a consensus is built between the two families, the family of the man's side would hire an experienced man to propose a marriage in the woman's house. The first propose does not require any gift but only the permission of the parents of the bride. During the day of engagement, the man's side needs to bring an oil-paper umbrella to the woman's house and place it on the sacred table located in the house; the bride must take the umbrella from the table personally and close the umbrella that is stitched with 12 triangles. Then the experienced man must bring the oil-paper umbrella back to the husband's house for the proof of a successful engagement. On the way back, the experienced man must not open the umbrella himself. If a divorce is made later, the husband must return the string on the stitch back to the bride.<br /> <br /> ====Funerals of the Dai people====<br /> <br /> Dai people located in Yunnan use a special type of paper called &quot;嘎拉沙&quot; (Garcia) to make oil-paper umbrella, which is brushed with sesame oil. The Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven. This type of umbrella is still available in a village today.<br /> <br /> ===Oil-paper umbrellas in China===<br /> <br /> The art of the Chinese style of oil-paper umbrellas are mostly focused on traditional black and white Chinese painting such as flowers, birds, and scenery. Others include scenes from famous Chinese literature, such as Dream of the Red Chamber and Romance of the Western Chamber. Yet, some have Chinese calligraphy instead of paintings. However, traditional colors are kept on the sticks and the scaffold of the umbrella to maintain the antiquity.<br /> <br /> ====Yuhang, Zhejiang====<br /> <br /> In Yuhang District, Zhejiang, oil-paper umbrellas have been produced since the era of the Qianlong Emperor (1769), by Dong Wenyuan, who owned an umbrella shop. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are made with high mechanical skills and top materials, which provide their endurance. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and rain does no damage, thus their popularity among common people. Many travelers who passed through Yuan would buy umbrellas from Dong Wenyuan's umbrella shop as souvenirs for friends and relatives. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are available in a variety of different types and purposes, including those used for fishing or as collectibles.<br /> <br /> In 1951, Zhejiang province has chosen Yuhang as the focused point of the industrial artifact for oil-paper umbrellas and initiated a group for this establishment in 1952. The later established &quot;Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations&quot; was the first industry of artifacts in Zhejiang province. This establishment was once in the spotlight of the Chinese media, however, as the popular metallic umbrella appeared on the market and oil-paper umbrellas have faced extinction.<br /> <br /> On December 5, 2006, artisan Liu Youquan met a government official of the Yuhang district and proposed to recover the oil-paper umbrella in Yuhan, with the intention of starting a new pop culture trend and increase local wealth. Liu spent a few hundred RMB and bought some dozens of the bamboo umbrella from a bamboo umbrella factory. But Liu did not have the skills, only to keep these as a &quot;canvas&quot; for 30 some years. A local media reported for a search of an oil-paper umbrella artisan and increased local awareness. Four days later, four artisans: Fang Jinquan, Chen Yue Xiang, Shen Lihua, and Sun Shuigen prompted and have intentions to recover the art (drawing oil paintings on the bamboo umbrella). They have passed their skills and technique to some local bamboo farmers and brought income to them. The governmental officials of Yuhang have listed this art for major protection and important antique artifact (Antiquities Act[1]).<br /> <br /> Production requires skilled hands and technique as well as personal experience. Training to become a master in oil-paper umbrella manufacture requires an apprenticeship and a great deal of practice. Apprentices must practice the skills for three years to officially master this technique. Tools are made by professional blacksmiths. The material of the umbrellas is chosen with care. The umbrella scaffold is made from either bamboo or wood, tied with hair strings. The best umbrellas are made from peach flowers, as the umbrella surface is soaked in persimmon pigment. The persimmon pigment is made from fermenting the juice of green persimmons,[2] which provides a suitable stickiness. The soaked flower petals are stuck to the umbrella scaffold one by one. Paintings or pictures are drawn on the peach flower petals prior to painting tung oil on top. The finalized umbrella is left to dry in a dry dark room. It requires at least 70 steps to produce a well-crafted oil-paper umbrella.<br /> <br /> ====Hunan====<br /> <br /> Oil-paper umbrellas in Changsha, Hunan province date back to about 100 years, the earliest oil-paper umbrella shop is 陶恒泰纸伞店, Which is named after Tao Jiqiao, who established the shop during the Qing dynasty.<br /> <br /> In 1900, Liang Jingting, who worked in an umbrella shop in Changsha opened his own umbrella shop called the Lianghongfa San. It produces the old type of oil, black ink umbrella. The beautiful name Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San is attributed to its fine features and endurance. In 1921, the Pan Kuiqing (潘馈清) brothers started a factory called Feifei San (菲菲伞) that mass-produces umbrella skin paper. The umbrella skin it produced included traditional flowered ones and many other pictures, these umbrellas were exported to Hong Kong, Macau and South East Asia. The umbrella was awarded in a Chinese exhibition in 1929. The highest production rate was thirty thousand per year, until February 1975 when Jing Gang Yusan She(靖港雨伞社; jìng gǎng yǔsǎn shè) was abolished, and Taohengmao (陶恒茂) oil-paper umbrella production was terminated.<br /> <br /> The raw materials of the Changsha oil-paper umbrella are skin paper, bamboo, cotton silk, rope, tung oil, persimmon water, pigment, cow horn, and wood. The umbrellas produced by Taohengmao are especially fine-featured and commit to abide by the traditional production methods with strict materials.<br /> <br /> ====Taiwan====<br /> <br /> Oil-paper umbrella production in Meinong initiation has two rumors.One was that it started during the Japanese rule, during which, Lin Agui and Wu Zhenxing invited oil-paper umbrella artisans from mainland China to Taiwan for the purpose of passing the skills to the locals.The other was that oil-paper umbrella artisan Guo (郭玉琴) have arrived in Taiwan from Guangdong province. Since then, he had permanently stayed in the Meinong district and spread the skills locally. Early Meinong oil-paper umbrella factor was called &quot;廣&quot; (pronounced &quot;Young&quot;) for connotations of wealth, wide and progression. In 1960, oil-paper umbrella, tobacco leaves, and rice were Meinong district's major income sources. At that time, it was the renaissance of oil-paper umbrella. It was estimated that there were at least twenty factories producing twenty thousand oil-paper umbrellas annually. However, with the rapid industrialization in Taiwan, mechanically produced Western umbrellas have replaced them in attribute to low cost, longevity, and portability. Taiwan has become the key country of Western umbrella production and forced many traditional handmade oil-paper umbrella factories out of business.<br /> <br /> In 1970, an English journal used the Goung (广进胜) oil-paper umbrella pioneer, Lin Xianglin and his umbrella as the magazine cover, along with a detailed article on the culture and production of oil-paper umbrella. BBC have also included a series of recording of the oil-paper umbrella called the &quot;Long Search&quot;. In addition, 1983, famous Hakka movie producer, Lin Fu-De, have incorporated the oil-paper umbrella into his drama, Star Knows My Heart. When the drama was played in the Japanese television, Taiwanese oil-paper umbrella gained impression in the Japanese, who have ordered a large quantity for imports. After 1980, with the increase of Taiwan overall financial status, Meinong's increased tourism, oil-paper umbrella have recovered its utility in the daily life along with its value as a local culture and travel souvenir.<br /> <br /> ===Oil-paper umbrellas in foreign countries===<br /> <br /> ====Japan====<br /> <br /> Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa, and these with a bull's-eye design are called janomegasa. The handle and scaffold are often colored black, however, sometimes other colors are applied as well. The surface paintings include traditional Japanese culture, gained popularity from the Azuchi–Momoyama period to Edo period.<br /> <br /> ====Tailand====<br /> <br /> Oil-paper umbrella art in the Northern Thailand, or Chiang Mai dates back to around two hundred years. The umbrella scaffold is made from green bamboo sticks, the colors and images are abundant including pictures of scenery, animals, people and flowers. The umbrella surfaces can have a square shape in addition to the traditional circular one. Oil-paper umbrellas in Thailand have unique features, which often entice tourists to buy them. Of the several types, the most famous are the ones made in the Bo Sang village. Most farmers produce oil-paper umbrellas during their free time in specialized factories.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> <br /> 1. The Antiquities Act of 1906 (Pub.L. 59–209, 34 Stat. 225, 54 U.S.C. §§ 320301–320303), is an act that was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906. <br /> <br /> 2.&quot;Hiromi Paper International&quot;. hiromipaper.com.<br /> <br /> ===Terms and Expressions===<br /> <br /> 1.Yun 云氏<br /> <br /> 2.Lu Ban 鲁班<br /> <br /> 3.Washi 和纸<br /> <br /> 4.Hakka 客家人<br /> <br /> 5.&quot;Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations&quot; 雨伞手工业合作社<br /> <br /> 6.Lianghongfa San 梁宏发伞<br /> <br /> 7.Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San 湘潭木屐 靖港油伞<br /> <br /> 8.wagasa (Japanese)和伞, &quot;Japanese umbrella&quot;<br /> <br /> 9.janomegasa (Japanese)蛇の目伞, &quot;snake-eye umbrella&quot;<br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.What did people in Song Dynasty commonly call the oil-paper umbrella?<br /> <br /> 2.What are the general production procedures of oil-paper umbrellas?<br /> <br /> 3.Why do Dai People use oil-paper umbrellas in funerals?<br /> <br /> 4.What is wagasa?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1.It was commonly called the &quot;green oil-paper umbrella&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2.First, bamboo is selected.Then, the bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton. Next, Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight. Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.<br /> <br /> 3.Because the Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven.<br /> <br /> 4.Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa.<br /> <br /> ==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==<br /> <br /> ===The Definition of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　<br /> <br /> The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singly as &quot;poetic drama&quot;, which is also &quot;yuan dynasty opera&quot;.[1]<br /> <br /> ===The Rise and development of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> Reasons of rise<br /> The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.<br /> <br /> Development of Yuan drama<br /> The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.<br /> Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.<br /> Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.<br /> End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]<br /> <br /> ===Yuan Drama System===<br /> <br /> The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.<br /> <br /> 1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.<br /> <br /> 2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as &quot;Quzi&quot;, is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as &quot;Dot the red lip&quot;(点绛唇), &quot;Shan Po Yang&quot;(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.<br /> <br /> 3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the &quot;Central China phonology&quot; in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.<br /> <br /> 4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.<br /> <br /> 5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as &quot;two-word pair&quot;(两字对), &quot;end-to-end pair&quot;(首尾对), &quot;serif pair&quot;(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as &quot;loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects&quot;.<br /> <br /> ===Representatives of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> 1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)<br /> <br /> Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the &quot;Four Greats of Yuan Drama&quot;(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the &quot;Four Greats of Yuan Drama&quot;, and is known as &quot;Qu sheng&quot;(曲圣). <br /> <br /> Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.<br /> Representatives of his work: &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;,&quot;Rescued by a courtesan&quot;(《救风尘》),&quot;River-veiwing Pavilion&quot;(《望江亭》),&quot;Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion&quot;(《拜月亭》)<br /> <br /> 2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)<br /> <br /> Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means &quot;thousand miles&quot; and in his later years, he used &quot;East Fence&quot;(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is &quot;Han Gong Qiu&quot;(《汉宫秋》).<br /> <br /> 3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)<br /> <br /> His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were &quot;famous in the world and amaze boudoir&quot;(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is &quot;Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover&quot;(《倩女离魂》).<br /> <br /> 4.Bai Pu(白朴)<br /> <br /> His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of &quot;Four Greats of Yuan Drama&quot;. The masterpiece of him is &quot;Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun&quot;(《墙头马上》).[3]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing<br /> <br /> &quot;Wu Tong Rain&quot;(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu<br /> <br /> &quot;Han Gong Qiu&quot;(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan<br /> <br /> &quot;Chinese Orphan&quot;(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> &quot;Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion&quot;(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing<br /> <br /> &quot;The West Chamber&quot;(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)<br /> <br /> &quot;Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun&quot;(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu<br /> <br /> &quot;Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover&quot;(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Reference===<br /> <br /> [1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].<br /> <br /> [2].唐定耀.元曲 针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.<br /> <br /> [3].唱念做打 生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Terms and Expressions===<br /> <br /> poetic drama 杂剧<br /> <br /> non-dramatic song 散曲<br /> <br /> temple宫调<br /> <br /> Zheng Gong 正宫<br /> <br /> Zhonglu Gong 中吕宫<br /> <br /> Nanlu Gong 南吕宫<br /> <br /> Xianlu Gong 仙吕宫<br /> <br /> Huangzhong Gong 黄钟宫<br /> <br /> Damian tone 大面调<br /> <br /> Double tone 双调<br /> <br /> Shang tone 商调<br /> <br /> Yue tone 越调<br /> <br /> Qupai 曲牌<br /> <br /> Dot the red lip 点绛唇<br /> <br /> Shan Po Yang 山坡羊<br /> <br /> Rhyme 曲韵<br /> <br /> Level and oblique tones 平仄<br /> <br /> Antithesis 对仗<br /> <br /> two-word pair 两字对<br /> <br /> end-to-end pair 首尾对<br /> <br /> serif pair 衬字对<br /> <br /> Four Greats of Yuan Drama 元曲四大家<br /> <br /> Qu sheng 曲圣<br /> <br /> Snow in Summer《窦娥冤》<br /> <br /> Xiaoling 小令<br /> <br /> Rescued by a courtesan《救风尘》<br /> <br /> River-veiwing Pavilion《望江亭》<br /> <br /> Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion《拜月亭》<br /> <br /> Han Gong Qiu《汉宫秋》<br /> <br /> famous in the world and amaze boudoir 名闻天下，声振闺阁<br /> <br /> Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover《倩女离魂》<br /> <br /> Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun《墙头马上》<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.What is Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> 2.How many periods had Yuan drama experienced during its development?<br /> <br /> 3.What are the six aspects embodying the system of Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> 4.Who are the &quot;four greats of Yuan drama&quot;?<br /> <br /> 5.What are the four tragedies of Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> 6.What are the four love dramas of Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama.<br /> <br /> 2. 3/three<br /> <br /> 3. Temple,Qupai,Rhyme,level and oblique tones,Antithesis<br /> <br /> 4. Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guanzu, Bai Pu<br /> <br /> 5. &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;, &quot;Wu Tong Rain&quot;, &quot;Han Gong Qiu&quot;, &quot;Chinese Orphan&quot;<br /> <br /> 6.&quot;Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion&quot;, &quot;The West Chamber&quot;, &quot;Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun&quot;, &quot;Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==<br /> Music and Instruments:Erhu<br /> <br /> '''1.A Brief Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means &quot;instrument of the Hu peoples&quot;, suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms. <br /> <br /> '''2.The Development of Erhu'''<br /> <br /> The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin. <br /> <br /> During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers; during the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development; during the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing; during Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread; during this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance. <br /> <br /> After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly. In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.<br /> <br /> '''3.Construction'''<br /> <br /> The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.<br /> <br /> The parts of the Erhu:<br /> <br /> Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.<br /> <br /> Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.<br /> <br /> Qín gan (琴杆), neck.<br /> <br /> Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.<br /> <br /> Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs<br /> <br /> Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook<br /> <br /> Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player<br /> <br /> Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4<br /> <br /> Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood<br /> <br /> Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension<br /> <br /> Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound<br /> <br /> Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg<br /> <br /> '''4.Playing Technique'''<br /> <br /> (1)Tuning<br /> <br /> The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.<br /> <br /> (2)Position<br /> <br /> The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.<br /> <br /> (3)Right hand<br /> <br /> The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.<br /> Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.<br /> <br /> (4)Left hand<br /> <br /> The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).<br /> <br /> '''5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics'''<br /> <br /> (1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》<br /> <br /> (2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》<br /> <br /> (3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》<br /> <br /> (4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》<br /> <br /> (5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》<br /> <br /> (6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》<br /> <br /> (7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》<br /> <br /> (8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》<br /> <br /> (9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）<br /> <br /> (10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》<br /> <br /> '''Reference'''<br /> [1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.<br /> [2]Erhu--Wikipedia<br /> <br /> ==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Ⅰ Foreword'''<br /> <br /> The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, people' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.<br /> <br /> '''Ⅱ Overview'''<br /> <br /> 1.Views on Marriage and Love at Ancient Times<br /> <br /> 1.1 the ancient abnormal phenomenon of love<br /> <br /> True love only happens in more special intimate relationships. Just like a very pleasing ancient love novel, Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai two people love each other to the end, both died in love, this is not a beautiful love? You may find that true love in traditional love tends to break the rules, and is more likely to occur when there is a conflict of status or class between two people, and the result of such a relationship is not adultery, but elopement or even martyrdom.<br /> <br /> As I said, these are still in the drama. They are people's ideal love stories and real stories. For example, the story of Zhuo Wenjun and Sima Xiangru in the Han Dynasty.<br /> <br /> 1.2 illegality of eloping<br /> <br /> Sima Xiangru, Zhuo Wenjun and other elopements were not justified in ancient marriage norms. In ancient times, people respected the etiquette and customs of marriage, and so on. Eloping with another woman, falling in love, is a rare behavior. A normal marriage is one of matching families, bearing children, carrying on the family line, supporting husband and educating children. So in a traditional marriage, love is an anomaly. In ancient times, love was too extreme. Either two people lived a happy life, or both people died in love, just like the love story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai. They loved each other very much, but in our modern view of love, this is a very extreme approach.<br /> <br /> 2.Views on Marriage and Love in Modern Times<br /> <br /> 2.1 the normalization trend of love concepts<br /> <br /> Love has few elements in a Chinese marriage. For them, the Chinese view of love and marriage is still based on the traditional concept of marriage. You may not have noticed that in modern times, after the widespread practice of monogamy in the 1950s, our Chinese concept of love changed a lot. For example, the word &quot;love&quot; began at that time, that is, since then, there has been a general understanding that in the process of getting to know each other and falling in love, one should first fall in love, even if they have been talking for several years, one should not get married.<br /> <br /> Therefore, in modern Chinese marriage, love has become a necessity of life and a factor that people attach great importance to when getting married. In this respect, the biggest difference between Chinese modern marriage and traditional marriage. After the 1950s, free love, free marriage and free divorce became the mainstream ideology.<br /> <br /> 2.2 freedom of divorce<br /> <br /> As far as the freedom of divorce is concerned, attitudes are also changing. The definition of &quot;wrongful marriage&quot; is that the court will only give a divorce if one of the parties to the marriage has a wrongful marriage, such as desertion, domestic violence, affairs, etc. After a series of struggles, people from the fault divorce law to no fault divorce law. When we talk about no-fault divorce, it means that there is no fault in the couple, but they can divorce as long as the relationship breaks down.<br /> <br /> When the Marriage Act was enacted in 1950, our country came into being in one step. The reasons for civil divorce in China are as follows: if the relationship between the two parties is broken, the marriage relationship can be dissolved; Emotional breakdown is a sufficient ground for divorce. Western countries have been striving for fault-free divorce. From the perspective of marriage reasons, the emotional factors of husband and wife have occupied a very important position. Since ancient times, the change of marriage form from traditional to modern is delightful.<br /> <br /> '''Ⅲ Changes'''<br /> <br /> 1.mate selection views<br /> <br /> In ancient times, the most typical ideal marriage was &quot;matching family status&quot;, in which the economic strength and social status of the male and female were equal, and personal feelings were not included in the marriage criteria. Nowadays, people's view of mate selection and external conditions such as family rank and property have gradually changed to internal qualities such as personal feelings and knowledge.<br /> <br /> 2. celibacy<br /> <br /> In ancient times, the principle of male master outside and female master inside was followed, but with the liberation of women's thought, the competition between men and women in the profession became increasingly fierce, resulting in more and more single women. In western countries such as Britain and France, there has been a rise in the prevalence of celibacy and a falling birth rate, according to reports. And the single with female intellectuals in the majority, female single people think, life is not designed for fertility, people's life should take career as the most important.<br /> <br /> 3. marriage autonomy<br /> <br /> In ancient times, marriage emphasized the order of parents, matchmakers, three wives and four concubines, etc., while modern marriage proposed monogamy, against taking concubines, women's economic independence, freedom of love, freedom of marriage, freedom of divorce and other attitudes. In some developed areas, some celebrities and elegant people regard free marriage as a virtue, and they should pay attention to civilization in form.<br /> <br /> 4. the age of first marriage<br /> <br /> In ancient times, men and women generally married at the age of 14 or 15. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, feminism rose, and women's ideas changed after they studied, resulting in the phenomenon of delayed marriage. The general decline of the rural economy in the late 1920s also helped to curb traditional early marriages.<br /> <br /> ==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==<br /> <br /> '''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to &quot;tuanyuan&quot;, which has the meanings of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.<br /> <br /> '''The origin of Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China. [1]<br /> <br /> The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that &quot;eating Tangyuan to grow one year older&quot;. People not only made them for themselves, but they also sent them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors. [2]<br /> <br /> Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China. <br /> <br /> Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [3]<br /> <br /> Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.<br /> <br /> '''Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''<br /> <br /> The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.<br /> <br /> Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.<br /> Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice &quot;dough&quot; and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is &quot;sugar water,&quot; for sweeter options.[4]<br /> <br /> '''Types of Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:<br /> <br /> 1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing<br /> <br /> In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.<br /> <br /> 2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou<br /> <br /> Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.<br /> <br /> 3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province<br /> <br /> The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.<br /> <br /> 4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha<br /> <br /> Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.<br /> <br /> 5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province<br /> <br /> Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[5]<br /> <br /> '''Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern tang yuan flavors can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage. [6]<br /> <br /> '''Steps of making Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.<br /> <br /> First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!<br /> <br /> Terms and Expressions<br /> <br /> glutinous rice flour 糯米粉<br /> <br /> The Winter Solstice 冬至<br /> <br /> winter solstice dumpling 冬至团<br /> <br /> Ling Tangyuan 凌汤圆<br /> <br /> Five-colored Tangyuan 五色汤圆<br /> <br /> 4-flavor Tangyuan 四式汤圆<br /> <br /> Sisters’ Tangyuan姐妹汤圆<br /> <br /> Chicken Tangyuan 鸡肉汤圆<br /> <br /> nutlet果仁<br /> <br /> sesame 芝麻<br /> <br /> osmanthus flowers桂花<br /> <br /> jujube paste枣泥<br /> <br /> Questions<br /> <br /> 1. What implied meanings does Tangyuan have?<br /> <br /> 2. When and where was Tangyuan originally developed?<br /> <br /> 3. What does the fundamental difference between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao lie in?<br /> <br /> 4. Which place serves five-colored Tangyuan?<br /> <br /> 5. When did the style of 4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province originate?<br /> <br /> 6. Which filling of Tangyuan do you like? Sweet or savory?<br /> <br /> References<br /> <br /> [1]百度百科 汤圆 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B1%A4%E5%9C%86/1333352#reference-[2]-16853831-wrap<br /> <br /> [2]冬至吃汤圆的由来和寓意https://www.5068.com/jierizhishi/a243416.html<br /> <br /> [3][5] Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China<br /> <br /> [4][6] Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia<br /> <br /> ==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==<br /> <br /> 1.Introduction<br /> Snub-nosed monkey, a member of the genus Simiidae, is an IUCN endangered species with large nostrils, upturned lips, thick lips, and no cheek pouches. The snub-nosed monkey lives in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests at altitudes of 1400-3000 meters. They fear the heat, but tolerate the cold, and live in families.<br /> Golden monkeys include Burmese golden monkeys, Sichuan golden monkeys, Yunnan golden monkeys, Guizhou golden monkeys, and Vietnam golden monkeys. Except Burmese golden monkeys and Vietnam golden monkeys, other golden monkeys are rare and unique to China, and are listed as endangered species on the Red List of Species. This paper will introduce three kinds of golden monkeys endemic to China.<br /> <br /> 2.Sichuan golden monkeys<br /> Sichuan Golden Monkey: the “Most Beautiful Monkey” among Primates. Only Sichuan snub-nosed monkey can truly match the word &quot;golden silk&quot;, the other four species are all gray or black. Adult golden snub-nosed monkeys have colorful fur, with golden-red, red-brown, silver-gray hairs and long hairs around them. The main tone is yellowish-brown, thick and long. Adult male golden snub-nosed monkeys have long golden hairs of up to 30 cm on their back and shoulders. Due to the climate, the color of the golden snub-nosed monkey is also different. Every summer and autumn, they are the most beautiful. Golden brown and red long hairs set off against each other shine in the sunshine, which looks like wearing a golden cloak from a distance, looking majestic.<br /> Sichuan golden monkeys and giant pandas both belong to the treasure animals. Sichuan golden monkeys' colour is gorgeous, unique shape, grace, gentle nature, popular people's favorite, has a lot of appeal to the public, to be able to attract the public attention and get the favour of protection fund, not only can make themselves under the protection of the better, and to jointly protect the smaller species <br /> <br /> In 2019, modern Art magazine took the lead in exclusively planning and organizing the implementation of the series of commemorative activities of &quot;The 150th Anniversary of the Scientific discovery of The Giant Panda and golden Monkey&quot;. As the place where the giant panda and golden monkey were discovered, Sichuan has made continuous efforts in recent years to make the giant panda and golden monkey the cultural name card of Sichuan, actively do a good job in the inheritance and protection of the giant panda and golden monkey culture, and promote the development and spread of the Great Beauty of Sichuan, Ecological Sichuan and cultural Sichuan. Sichuan is vigorously developing its cultural tourism industry, comprehensively establishing its cultural tourism brand, and speeding up the construction of a strong cultural province. The successful development and dissemination of the series of themed commemorative activities of &quot;China Double Treasure Sichuan Name Card&quot; is not only a traditional expression of literary and artistic commemoration, but also an innovative cultural tourism publicity practice. It is also the proud work of a series of literary and art works that Sichuan Federation of Literary and art circles around the new slogan of cultural tourism.<br /> <br /> 3.Guizhou golden monkeys<br /> Guizhou golden monkey is also known as &quot;grey snub-nosed monkey&quot;. However, its body is a bit like Sichuan golden monkey but a slightly smaller, with a long tail like an oxtail, the tail is longer than the body, giving people a particularly funny feeling, so the local people also called it &quot;oxtail monkey&quot;. Guizhou golden monkey body back in beige, some yellow tonal, limb lateral hand upward from the shoulders back, the nose and mouth slightly concave down, face the pale gray or pale blue, is blue nose, eyebrows, ridge, shoulder MAO, 160 mm by black gradient for the light beige, under the neck, armpits, and the arms for golden, shares to yellowish gray, The body color changes of upper limbs are the same as that of lower limbs. The tail head is dark gray to the tail is yellowish white or black, the whole body is silver gray, the young is light, the top of the head is gray, the inside of the limbs is milk gray, and it is called &quot;snub-nosed monkey&quot;.<br /> Guizhou snub-nosed monkey is a rare species unique to China and one of the rare and endangered species in the world. It was once in a prosperous period in history and was widely distributed in more than 10 provinces and regions around Guizhou. Currently, it is only confined to Fanjing Mountain area in Tongren. The number of pandas is even rarer than that of giant pandas, and it is known as &quot;the only child in the world&quot;.<br /> Tongren has rich cultural accumulation and is a tourist city with many unique representative elements. Nowadays, Guizhou golden monkey is known by more and more people, and it is also a national first-class protected animal. Fanjing Mountain in Tongren is a tourist resort. Integrating the natural form elements of Guizhou golden monkey and the characteristic culture of Tongren into the cartoon image design will make the cartoon character more interesting and influential, and make it more accepted and liked by more people. Let people have the opportunity to contact the excellent works with the &quot;flavor&quot; of Tongren area. Relative to foreign complicated cartoon image, Guizhou golden monkey card image can give a person shine at the moment of feeling, careful analysis and use of the advantage resources, can make Guizhou golden monkey cartoon image design of rapid development, even in the future and foreign cartoon image tied, equal, let the cartoon image of Tongren regional culture through inheritance.<br /> <br /> 4.Yunnan golden monkeys<br /> Yunnan golden monkey is a national treasure as famous as the giant panda. Yunnan golden monkey is the most human-like animal in the world, with human-like teeth and an unforgettable &quot;flaming red lip&quot;. In fact, in addition to the face is very human-like, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey also like human footprints, wide at the front and narrow at the back, but much smaller than human feet. In general, male monkeys have the largest foot, but it is less than half the size of adult male human feet, no more than 15 cm in length, especially indented.<br /> They are also one of the highest altitude distribution and largest primates on the earth. They live in the alpine taiga belt all year round, and are known as the &quot;snow Mountain spirit&quot;, mysterious and elegant. Located in a global biodiversity hotspot where &quot;three rivers flow simultaneously&quot; in the Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys live in the narrow mountain range from Mangkam in Xizang province in the north to Yunlong in Dali in the south. Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve is the largest Yunnan golden monkey reserve in China.<br /> Since the first golden monkey appeared, the number of golden monkeys in China has doubled to more than 3,000. Every day, when the monkeys go to sleep, the rangers go home. The next day, before the monkey got up, the ranger was already by the monkey's side, starting a new day of guarding. The first group of monkey keepers began to protect Yunnan golden monkeys at the age of 45 and have been protecting them for 22 years now. Behind the continuation of the whole Yunnan golden monkey species is the blood, sweat and tears of three generations of monkey keepers for decades.<br /> The biodiversity in Yunnan is extremely rich, and the number of species in each major group is close to or more than half of that in China. However, due to the large difference of natural ecological environment, the distribution area of biological population and ecosystem is small, the ecological adaptability is low, and it is very sensitive to external disturbance. In recent years, Yunnan has adhered to the principle of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, strengthened the protection of biodiversity, improved the system of natural protected areas, and improved the quality of ecosystem. The Chinese government and people get world must carefully biodiversity of the management behavior. The story of Yunnan's rescue of the Asian elephant, an endangered species, has warmed the world. The 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) will be held in Kunming. Yunnan accounts for 4.1% of the land area of the country, but it covers the types of ecosystems on the earth except ocean and desert. COP15 is held in Yunnan, which is inseparable from the rich resources and remarkable biodiversity conservation effect of Yunnan.<br /> <br /> Terms and expressions<br /> Simiidaen. 类人猿科<br /> Burmese golden monkeys 缅甸金丝猴<br /> Sichuan golden monkeys 川金丝猴<br /> Guizhou golden monkeys黔金丝猴<br /> Yunnan golden monkeys 滇金丝猴<br /> Vietnam golden monkeys 越南金丝猴<br /> <br /> Questions<br /> How many kinds of golden monkeys are there?<br /> What are the three kinds of golden monkeys unique to China?<br /> How does Sichuan Golden Monkey differ from the other four Golden Monkey species?<br /> Where are the current distribution of The Guizhou Snub-Nosed monkeys?<br /> What animal looks most like a human?<br /> <br /> References<br /> [1] 杨敬元 美丽中国 Beautiful China<br /> [2] 吴　蓉　田　隽　盛佳佳　魏小冲　汪　欣 黔金丝猴元素在铜仁市旅游文创产品中的设计与开发 <br /> [3] 徐元锋 曾智慧 特稿|守护“雪山精灵”滇金丝猴<br /> [4] 新华每日电讯生物多样性保护的云南“画卷”<br /> [5] 百度百科<br /> <br /> ==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==<br /> <br /> Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.<br /> <br /> '''1. Brief Introduction to Some Rich Businessmen'''<br /> <br /> 1. Huiyan Yang and family, 39, Country Garden<br /> Net worth: $33.1 billion<br /> Topping the list again this year is 39-year-old Huiyan Yang and her family. Also considered Asia’s richest woman, Yang is the majority shareholder of Country Garden, a property development company founded by her farmer father, Guoqiang Yang, in Guangdong in 1992.<br /> Despite seeing her wealth surge 29% over the past year, Yang dropped one spot in 2020 to rank as China’s sixth-richest billionaire overall.<br /> <br /> 2. Zetian Zhang, 27, JD.com<br /> Net worth: $23.5 billion<br /> Zetian Zhang, 27, and her husband Qiangdong Liu, 41, saw their combined wealth surge 111% to $23.5 billion in 2020 largely thanks to the meteoric growth of Liu’s e-commerce company JD.com. A businesswoman in her own right, Zhang is an investor who also serves as chief fashion advisor of JD’s luxury business. At 24, she became China’s youngest female billionaire following her marriage to Liu in 2015.<br /> <br /> 3. Hao Yan, 34, Pacific Construction Group<br /> Net worth: $21.3 billion<br /> Hao Yan, 34, is the chairman of Xinjiang-headquartered construction company Pacific Construction Group, the company founded by his father, CEO JieHe Yan in 1986.<br /> <br /> 4. Yiming Zhang, 37, ByteDance<br /> Net worth: $16.2 billion<br /> 37-year-old Yiming Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of ByteDance, the Chinese internet company behind video sharing platform TikTok. The platform has shot to prominence outside of China, now surpassing Facebook-owned Instagram to rank as U.S. teens’ preferred social media app after Snap. However, its rapid growth has also sparked national security concerns, prompting the proposed sale of its U.S. operations.<br /> Zhang Yiming, founder of internet company ByteDance, the parent company of video sharing platform TikTok.<br /> <br /> 5. Bangxin Zhang, 39, TAL Education<br /> Net worth: $14 billion<br /> With an estimated net worth of $14 billion, Bangxin Zhang is the co-founder and chairman of Beijing-headquartered tutoring business TAL Education. Founded in 2003, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and has enjoyed rapid growth in 2020 under coronavirus-induced remote learning policies.<br /> <br /> 6. Gang Zhang and family, 39, Xinfalyudian<br /> Net worth: $8.8 billion<br /> 39-year-old Gang Zhang of aluminum company Xinfalyudian has an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion, having grown his fortunes 100% in the past year and jumping up 32 places in the overall 2020 rich list.<br /> <br /> 7. Xiaosong Wang, 33, Seazen<br /> Net worth: $6.4 billion<br /> Xiaosong Wang is the 33-year-old chairman and president of real estate company Seazen. Wang shares the fortune with his father, Zhenhua, 58 whom he replaced in 2019 following accusations of sexual assault.<br /> <br /> 8. Qun Wu, 32, Yuwell<br /> Net worth: $5.3 billion<br /> Qun Wu, 32, is the son of Guangming Wu, 58, founder and chairman of medical equipment maker Yuwell. Together they have a fortune of $5.3 billion, up 50% from last year.<br /> <br /> 9. Gang Ye, 39, Sea<br /> Net worth: $4.9 billion<br /> New to this year’s list is China-born Gang Ye, who was raised in Singapore and made his fortune in the city-state as one of the co-founders of internet company Sea. As the developer behind popular gaming apps such as Free Fire, Sea has benefited from a surge in gaming under lockdowns this year, becoming the world’s best-performing large-cap stock in August.<br /> <br /> 10. Hua Su, 38, Kuaishou<br /> Net worth: $3.8 billion<br /> Chinese entrepreneur Hua Su founded Kuaishou as a GIF-making app in 2011 but later transformed it into a video sharing platform popular with users particularly in rural China. Before founding the company, he worked as a programmer at Google and Chinese internet search engine Baidu.<br /> <br /> 11. Meng Yang, 38, and Li He, 36, Anker<br /> Net worth: $3.7 billion<br /> Newly-minted billionaires Meng Yang and Li He saw their combined wealth catapult to $3.7 billion this year on the back of their consumer electronics company, Anker. The Apple charger-maker doubled in valuation when it debuted on the public market this August, hitting $8 billion.<br /> <br /> 12. Xiang Li, 39, Li Auto<br /> Net worth: $3.5 billion<br /> Dubbed “China’s Elon Musk,” 39-year-old Xiang Li is the founder of electric vehicle-maker Li Auto. Founded five years ago, the Beijing-headquartered manufacturer went public on the Nasdaq in July 2020 with a valuation of $10 billion, catapulting Li to billionaire status.<br /> <br /> 13. Liang Zhang, 38, R&amp;F<br /> Net worth: $3.45 billion<br /> Liang Zhang is the 38 son of Li Zhang, 68, founder and co-chair of Guanzhou-based developer R&amp;F. Together, their wealth totals more than $3.4 billion.<br /> <br /> 14. Tianshi Chen, 35, Cambricon Technologies<br /> Net worth: $3.1 billion<br /> Newcomer to this year’s list is Tianshi Chen, the 35-year-old co-founder and CEO of chipmaker Cambricon Technologies. Launched in 2016, the company’s artificial intelligence-enabled technology has been used in more than 100 million smartphones.<br /> <br /> 15. Yixiao Cheng, 35, Kuaishou<br /> Net worth: $3.1 billion<br /> Also new to the list is 35-year-old Yixiao Cheng, co-founder of short video platform Kuaishou. Cheng, who began his career as a software engineer at HP, now has an estimated net worth of more than $3 billion.<br /> <br /> 16. Yifeng Wang, 36, Zhejiang Century Huatong Group<br /> Net worth: $3.1 billion<br /> Yifeng Wang, 36, and father Miaotong Wang, 63, are the vice-chairman and chairman, respectively, of automaker Zhejiang Century Huatong Group. Having recently diversified into games development, the pair has seen their combined wealth surged 83% in the past year.<br /> <br /> 17. Wei Cheng, 37, DiDi<br /> Net worth: $2.8 billion<br /> 37-year-old Wei Cheng is the founder and CEO of ride-hailing giant DiDi. Having spent eight years working at Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, Cheng launched DiDi in 2012. Today, the company ranks as one of China’s most valuable billion-dollar start-ups and Cheng is worth an estimated $2.8 billion.<br /> Cheng Wei, CEO of taxi-hailing app Didi-Kuaidi, speaks during the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2015 at Dalian International Convention Center on Sept. 9, 2015 in Dalian, China.<br /> <br /> 18. Guoyuan Peng, 34, NWY<br /> Net worth: $2.6 billion<br /> Guoyuan Peng, 34, is the chairman of education group NWY, worth an estimated $2.6 billion, up 20% from 2019.<br /> <br /> 19. Zheng Cao, 37, Hangke Technology<br /> Net worth: $2.5 billion<br /> Zheng Cao, 37, is the vice president of Zhejiang Hanke Technology, the lithium battery producing company founded by his father Ji Cao, 68. With a shared 70% stake in the business, the pair is today worth an estimated $2.5 billion.<br /> <br /> 20. Yan Wu, 39, Hakim Unique<br /> Net worth: $2.5 billion<br /> Yan Wu, 39, and husband Qicheng Wang, 40, are the co-founders of Hakim Unique, an internet, media and real estate company. Together, their fortune is around $2.5 billion.<br /> <br /> '''2. Main Reasons '''<br /> <br /> From “Made in China” to “Innovated in China”, two features of demographic transition have also been a powerful driver of China’s growth in the past three and a half decades. The first feature is a favorable dependency ratio. China’s sharp decline in fertility rate has meant fewer young dependents to support for a given size of the working cohort. The fraction of primeage people in total population rose steadily for three decades, creating an unusually large demographic dividend, which in turn contributed to economic growth (Cai and Wang 2008; Wei 2015).<br /> <br /> The second feature of demography that affects growth is the gender ratio imbalance of the premarital cohort. This less-studied factor may have a quantitatively significant effect as well. The one-child policy (now it is abolished) has yielded an unintended consequence in distorting the sex ratio in favor of boys. As the one-child generation enters the marriageable age, young men face a very competitive marriage market. In order to attract potential brides, families with sons choose to work harder, save more, and take on more risks, including exhibiting a higher propensity to be entrepreneurs (Wei and Zhang 2011a, b; Chang and Zhang 2015; Wei, Zhang, and Liu forthcoming). It is estimated that increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances has contributed to about two percentage points of economic growth per year (Wei and Zhang 2011b).<br /> <br /> The innovation, especially in technology, brings huge profit to the economy. However, it also make giant bubbles.<br /> <br /> '''Words and Expressions'''<br /> shareholder 股东<br /> ByteDance 字节跳动<br /> e-commerce 电商<br /> <br /> '''Questions'''<br /> <br /> 1. Who founded JD.com?<br /> <br /> 2. Who married Qiangdong Liu?<br /> <br /> 3. Is ByteDance the same thing as Tiktok?<br /> <br /> 4. Does Jay Chou play Kuaishou?<br /> <br /> 5. Has increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances contributed to economic growth per year?<br /> <br /> '''Answers'''<br /> <br /> 1. Qiangdong Liu<br /> <br /> 2. Zetian Zhang<br /> <br /> 3. No<br /> <br /> 4. Yes<br /> <br /> 5. Yes<br /> <br /> '''References'''<br /> <br /> 1. Mengjun Yang, Shilin Zheng, Lin Zhou. 2022. Broadband internet and enterprise innovation. China<br /> Economic Review 74, 101802.<br /> 2. Yue Hua, Yue Lu, Ruili Zhao. 2022. Global value chain engagement and air pollution: Evidence from<br /> Chinese firms. Journal of Economic Surveys 36:3, 708-727. <br /> 3. Rui Chen. 2022. The effects of green credit policy on the formation of zombie firms: evidence from<br /> Chinese listed firms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 32. <br /> 4.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/28/chinas-youngest-richest-billionaires-and-how-they-made-their-money.html<br /> <br /> ==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas ==<br /> <br /> ===Survey===<br /> Chinese opera has a long history and is a unique dramatic art in the world. Because of China's vast territory, with many ethnic groups and different dialects in different places, a colorful variety of local operas has been formed in addition to Peking opera. According to statistics, there are more than 300 kinds of local operas throughout China, which can be called the most influential in the world, including Jin Opera, also named Shanxi Opera (晋剧), Henan Opera (豫剧), Yue Opera (越剧), Huangmei Opera (黄梅戏), Pingju Opera (评剧), Qu Opera (曲剧), Cantonese Opera (粤剧), Huai Opera (淮剧) and Lv Opera (吕剧). Among them, the five major Chinese opera genres are Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera in that order.<br /> Local drama is the general name of opera genres with local characteristics popular in certain areas, such as Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera, Huai Opera, Qinqiang Opera, Sichuan Opera, Lv opera, etc. Local drama is the opposite of popular national operas such as Peking opera. As a form of traditional cultural expression, local drama refers to the form of drama that condenses the folk customs of a certain region and is thus popular among the public in that region. On the one hand, the local opera is an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage; on the other hand, the local opera has special characteristics that are different from other intangible cultural heritage. This is because local opera is a living form of traditional cultural expression, which not only inherits certain historical and cultural traditions but also looks forward to the creative transformation of cultural traditions in the expression of the spirit of the times.<br /> <br /> ===Jin Opera===<br /> Jin opera, one of the four major operas of Shanxi Clapper Opera (Shanxi Bang-zi, 山西梆子), is a traditional Chinese local opera. It is also known as Zhong Lu Bang Zi (中路梆子), or Middle Opera, because it was produced in central Shanxi Province, and is mainly popular in central and northern Shanxi Province, northern Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolia, and parts of Hebei Province.<br /> Jin opera, also known as Shanxi opera, is an important drama genre in northern China. It was named after Fenyang (汾阳), Xiaoyi（孝义）, Qixian（祁县）, Taigu（太谷）, and Taiyuan（太原） in central Shanxi. On May 20, 2006, Jin opera was approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the first batch of the national intangible cultural heritage list, numbered Ⅳ-18.<br /> The traditional repertoire of Jin opera is rich, with more than 200 plays being performed regularly.<br /> They include The River Weishui （渭水河）, Beating the Golden Bough （打金枝）, The Mountain of Lintong (临潼山), The Belt of Heaven and Earth（乾坤带）, The Kingdom of Shatto（沙陀国）and so on. Each of these plays shows unique characteristics.<br /> Jin opera is characterized by its melody, smoothness, beautiful tunes, roundness, friendliness, and clarity.<br /> In the process of Jin Opera’s evolution, the artists, in order to adapt to the appreciation habits of the local people, absorbed and melted the cadences and percussions of Qixian Yangko and Taigu Yangko, etc., through which they continuously improved the voice, singing and performance in all aspects, forming an artistic style of high excitement and fresh euphemism.<br /> The singing style includes fiddling, cadences and tunes, and has a high and aggressive yet fresh and ebullient style. The main types of roles in Jin Opera consist of &quot;three big doors&quot; (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and &quot;three small doors&quot; (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).<br /> <br /> ===Henan Opera===<br /> Henan Opera is also known as Henan Bang-Zi and Henan Gaodiao. It is the number one local drama genre in China. Henan opera was born in Kaifeng, the ancient capital of the seven dynasties. It originated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and has a history of more than 400 years ago. It is popular in Henan and parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Hubei, Taiwan, etc. It is the genre with the largest number of professional opera groups and practitioners after the 21st century. With more than 1,000 traditional plays, it is one of the five major opera genres in China and the first batch on the national intangible cultural heritage list. Famous actors include Chen Suzhen, Ma Jinfeng, Chang Xiangyu, Yan Lipin, etc. The representative plays include Qin Xianglian (秦香莲), Peach Blossom Nun (桃花庵), Mu Guiying in Command (穆桂英挂帅), Hua Mulan (花木兰), etc.<br /> Yu opera is known for its singing skills, with a high and loud singing voice and a very clever combination of real and falsetto. The singing voice is very smooth, the rhythm is light and clear, and the singing style is colloquial. The spitting of words is very clear, making it easy for the audience to hear and accept, and has a unique artistic charm. The performance of Henan opera is very masculine and passionate, so it is good at performing atmospheric scenes and has strong infectious power. It is also rich in local characteristics, easy to understand, and natural, and its performance content and expressions are close to the life of the people.<br /> Although the spoken lyrics of Henan opera are not as strict and regular as the written language, nor as elaborate and elegant as the metrical poetry, they are more accurate and vivid than the written language and metrical poetry in their artistic expression by taking the essence of the spoken language in life, speaking the native language, singing the native voice, telling the native stories and expressing the native feelings.<br /> <br /> ===Yue Opera===<br /> Yue Opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, originated in the rural area of Sheng County（嵊县） in the Shaoxing region, which is the homeland of the State of Yue. It is the second largest opera genre in China and is also known as the second national opera, and is one of the five major opera genres in China. It originated in the Shaoxing area of Zhejiang Province, but matured in Shanghai, and spread throughout Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang. In its development, Yue Opera has drawn on the great achievements of Kunqu Drama and Shao Opera. It has undergone a historical evolution from a male Yue Opera to a female Yue Opera. Yue Opera has a beautiful singing voice and delicate and lyrical performances. Famous actors include Yuan Xuefen, Wang Wenjuan, Xu Yulan, etc. The representative repertoire includes The Dream of Red Mansion (红楼梦), Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai (梁山伯与祝英台), The Romance of West Chamber (西厢记), Mrs. Xianglin (祥林嫂), and Chasing Fish (追鱼).<br /> The singing style of Yue Opera is so refined that it has formed many genres. The music of the opera incorporates the beautiful melodies of the silk and bamboo from the south of the Yangtze River, and the themes of the opera mainly reflect the love between men and women. The lyrics and narration are in the dialect of Sheng County. The famous actors and actresses of Yue Opera are concentrated in Shanghai and Hangzhou. In recent years, the &quot;Little Hundred Flowers&quot; troupe of Yueju opera of Zhejiang Province has emerged with a wide range of talents and has become famous in China and abroad.<br /> Yue Opera is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics, a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts.<br /> <br /> ===Huangmei Opera===<br /> Huangmei Opera is one of the local operas in Anhui province, which was called Huangmei Tune and Tea-picking Opera in the old days, mainly popular in Anhui Province and some areas in Jiangxi Province and Hubei Province. It originated from the tea picking song in Huangmei County, Hubei Province. After Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, the tea-catching song of Huangmei in Hubei Province was introduced to the Anqing area in Anhui Province, influenced by Qingyang cadence, and developed with local folk songs and dances, rap, and music.<br /> The traditional repertoire and music of Huangmei opera are more influenced by Huizhou opera. In its main singing voice, the big opera has flat words, firework, two lines, three lines, color cavity, etc., and small opera with their own independent singing voice. Famous actors include Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Ma Lan, etc. The traditional plays performed include Marriage of the Fairy Princess (天仙配), Female Consort Prince (女驸马), The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid (牛郎织女), etc.<br /> Huangmei Opera is famous for its lyricism, smoothness, rhythm, and richness, and has rich expressive power. Its performance is real and lively, simple and meticulous by the public; beautiful tunes, catchy, both popular; the singing voice is mellow, elegant, universal; distinctive character, more active, lively, bright characters.<br /> At that time, most of the artists performing Huangmei opera came from peasants and craftsmen, who did not have professional training and could only copy the performance procedures of other major opera genres. Because of this, Huangmei opera was more like a lovely young girl from the fields than the atmospheric, gorgeous, and magnificent atmosphere represented by Beijing and Huizhou operas of the same generation.<br /> <br /> ===Pingju Opera===<br /> Pingju Opera, which originated in Tangshan, Hebei Province, is one of the five major Chinese opera genres. It is a local opera popular in Beijing, Tianjin, and other parts of North and Northeast China. It was originally developed on the basis of the Hebei folk rap Lian Hua Lao. The performance procedures of the opera are mostly borrowed from Beijing opera and Bangzi and were first performed in the rural areas, where many elements were closer to life. Therefore, it is easy to express historical themes and reflect on modern life. The language is easy to understand and expressive.<br /> The famous actors include Xiao Bai Yushang, Xin Fengxia, etc. The representative plays include Widow Ma Opens a Shop (马寡妇开店), Madam Du Shi-niang (杜十娘), Little Son-in-Law (小女婿), Liu Qiao-er (刘巧儿), etc.<br /> The Pingju drama is very dynamic. It is mainly manifested in its performance style, in which the actors often interact with the audience during the performance, thus forming a dynamic stage performance. This dynamic way of performance keeps the drama alive.<br /> With its unique artistic charm, Pingju Opera has been widely spread in the motherland and has become a popular art form. The name of the Pingju opera has the meaning of commenting on the past and the present and criticizing the current problems. Compared with Peking Opera, which is good at depicting kings and generals, and Yue Opera, which is good at depicting talented people, it is the specialty of the drama to reflect on life and express reality.<br /> <br /> ===Terms and Expressions===<br /> Peking Opera 京剧<br /> <br /> Bang Zi 梆子<br /> <br /> Middle Opera 中戏<br /> <br /> Inner Mongolia 内蒙古<br /> <br /> The River Weishui 《渭水河》<br /> <br /> Beating the Golden Bough 《打金枝》<br /> <br /> The Mountain of Lintong 《临潼山》<br /> <br /> The Belt of Heaven and Earth《乾坤带》<br /> <br /> The Kingdom of Shatto 《沙陀国》<br /> <br /> Yangko 秧歌<br /> <br /> Three big doors 三大门<br /> <br /> Xu Sheng 须生<br /> <br /> Zheng Dan 正旦<br /> <br /> Big Flower Face 大花脸 <br /> <br /> Three small doors 三小门<br /> <br /> Xiao Sheng 小生<br /> <br /> Xiao Dan 小旦<br /> <br /> Small Flower Face 小花脸<br /> <br /> Henan Gaodiao 河南高调<br /> <br /> Kunqu Drama 昆曲<br /> <br /> Shao Opera 绍戏<br /> <br /> Tea-picking Opera 采茶戏<br /> <br /> Lian Hua Lao 《莲花落》<br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.What are the five major Chinese opera genres?<br /> <br /> 2.What are the main types of roles in Jin Opera?<br /> <br /> 3.Please list at least 3 representative repertoires of Henan Opera.<br /> <br /> 4.What makes Yue Opera a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts?<br /> <br /> 5.Where does Huangmei Opera originate from?<br /> <br /> 6.What are the characteristics of Pingju Opera?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1. Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera.<br /> <br /> 2. Three big doors (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and three small doors (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).<br /> <br /> 3. Qin Xianglian, Peach Blossom Nun, Mu Guiying in Command, Hua Mulan, etc.<br /> <br /> 4. It is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics.<br /> <br /> 5. Huangmei County, Hubei Province.<br /> <br /> 6. It is a dynamic stage performance, which reflects on life and expresses reality.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> <br /> [1]高燕. 晋剧艺术研究[D].山西师范大学,2017.<br /> <br /> [2]杜蓉,李刚.晋剧表演的程式之美[J].戏友,2021(04):23-25.<br /> <br /> [3]黄河文化百科全书，华艺出版社，1994.<br /> <br /> [4]郭克俭.豫剧唱词语言艺术特征[J].中国音乐学,2010(04):122-129.DOI:10.14113/j.cnki.cn11-1316/j.2010.04.016.<br /> <br /> [5]段霁珊.豫剧元素在民族声乐中的实际运用[J].艺术大观,2020(31):22-23.<br /> <br /> [6]中华文化辞典，武汉大学出版社，2010.<br /> <br /> [7]中国旅游文化大辞典，上海古籍出版社，2001.<br /> <br /> [8]张雪莹. 清末民初以来女性文化与越剧[D].河北大学,2016.<br /> <br /> [9]张月月.胡连翠及其黄梅戏电视剧音乐研究[J].剧影月报,2022(03):12-13.<br /> <br /> [10]崔迪. 评剧现代戏剧本创作研究[D].中国艺术研究院,2017.<br /> <br /> ==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship==<br /> <br /> ===1. Background===<br /> Ancestor worship, a Chinese traditional custom, is a solemn folk activity. New Year's Eve, Qingming Festival, Double Ninth Festival, hungry Ghost Festival are the four major traditional festivals of the Han nationality for ancestor worship. In ancient times, this custom prevailed, due to the different customs around the different forms of ancestor worship. Chinese people have a tradition of paying homage to their ancestors. At the same time, some places also offer sacrifices to heaven and earth gods. The offerings are mainly three animal food, three kinds of tea and five of wine, etc. The parents officiate, burn three joss sticks, pray for a good harvest after bowing, and finally burn paper, commonly known as &quot;sending money and grain&quot;. Ancestor worship has been an ancient custom with profound significance for thousands of years. <br /> <br /> ===2. General statement===<br /> The Chinese people have a tradition of paying homage to their ancestors at festivals, and the Spring Festival is no exception. Offering food or flowers as a token of affection is a common ritual in China. The form of ancestor worship may vary according to religious belief, but the meaning of commemorating ancestors is the same. Family rituals is one of the most important activities. According to the folk concept, people should offer sacrifices to their ancestors as earnestly as to the heaven, earth and god, through which they pray for protection and bless from their ancestors. During the Spring Festival it is a must to worship ancestors, meanwhile inspire future generations. However, due to different customs around the country, in some places people worship before the New Year's Eve dinner; some worship around midnight on New Year's Eve; in Taiwan, ancestor worship is held for the last time of the year on New Year's Eve afternoon. There is also grave ancestor worship, commonly known as tomb offering, mainly in the cemetery to burn incense and lay offerings on the altar. In modern times, it is generally to the graves of relatives to worship. Due to the different customs around the different forms of ancestor worship, some go to the field zhan worship ancestor tomb, some to the ancestral hall, and most times it takes place in the main hall of people’s house.<br /> <br /> ===3. The origin of ancestor worship===<br /> The worship originated in ancient times, and is divided into ancestor worship and worship of various ghosts and gods. Ancient people believed that ghosts and gods had great authority and could decide people's fate, so they worshipped them. They divided ghosts and gods into three categories: heaven, earth, human and ghost, and took human and ghost - ancestors as the main object of worship. They believe that although the ancestors died, the soul still exists, and can bring disasters, blessing and descendants, so they all schedule and devout sacrifice. In the process of historical evolution, the concept of family and that of ancestor worship is becoming increasingly weak in many places, but the Lingnan area attaches importance to traditional customs, so the custom of ancestor worship is still prevailing there. China has inherited the tradition of ancestor worship for thousands of years, which has multiple psychological effects, one of the most important, is to think about the source of drinking water, and worship ancestor because of filial piety. This concept of ancestor worship has been continued to the present, forming the characteristics of Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Ancestor worship has been an ancient custom with profound significance for thousands of years. According to historical records, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, tomb sacrifice has become an indispensable ritual activity. &quot;Biography of Yan Yannian in The Book of Han&quot; records that yan even thousands of miles away from Beijing in the Tomb Sweeping Day &quot;return to the East China Sea grave&quot;. With the growing awareness of ancestor worship and kinship, the tomb sacrifice that was not included in the norms in ancient times was included in the &quot;Five Rites&quot;. Later, the worship of the imperial court also made the tomb sacrifice more prevalent.<br /> <br /> ===4. Customs===<br /> Ancestor worship has been an ancient custom with profound significance for thousands of years. According to historical records, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, tomb sacrifice has become an indispensable ritual activity. &quot;Biography of Yan Yannian in The Book of Han&quot; records that yan even thousands of miles away from Beijing in the Tomb Sweeping Day &quot;return to the East China Sea grave&quot;. With the growing awareness of ancestor worship and kinship, the tomb sacrifice that was not included in the norms in ancient times was included in the &quot;Five Rites&quot;. Later, the worship of the imperial court also made the tomb sacrifice more prevalent.<br /> <br /> ===5. Types===<br /> <br /> ====(1) Ancestor worship on New Year's Eve====<br /> Ancestor worship on New Year's Eve is one of the traditional customs handed down to the Han people. On the one hand, it is derived from the traditional concept of &quot;filial piety first&quot; and &quot;cautious and final&quot;, expressing filial piety and nostalgia to ancestors at the time of ringing out the old year and ushering in the New Year; On the other hand, it is the belief that the gods of the ancestors can protect the offspring and make them prosperous. This traditional custom has been handed down from generation to generation, people always hold a sacrificial ceremony in every New Year's Eve, expressing gratitude, praying for blessings. In the past, the ancestor worship ceremony was generally held in the ancestral temple on the afternoon of New Year's Eve, and the clans with the same family name in costumes participated in the ceremony. Before the family reunion dinner, people usually place food and wine in front of the ancestral shrine to worship.<br /> In the farming areas of northeast China, the most important ancestor worship activities are usually held at the end of the year, mostly between the 28th day of the 12th lunar month and New Year's Eve. The form of sacrifice varies according to conditions. for some ancestral officials and prosperous and rich families, they built their own ancestral hall, commonly known as &quot;family temple&quot;, and their ancestral worship activities were held there. On the day of ancestor worship, the main male members of the local branches of the family gather together in the family temple. The sacrificial vessels used have been cleaned and the offerings prepared in advance, and the god (memorial tablets) and portraits (commonly known as images) of the ancestors of each generation are placed and hung in order of generation. Then under the auspices of the patriarch, all the people according to the level of their generations, in batches to each ancestor incense salute.<br /> <br /> Each family is a form of ancestor worship. In many places it happens before dinner. Firstly，they go to their family tombs to worship, some just kowtow, some use the kang table to carry a table of wine, known as &quot;to send dinner to the ancestors.&quot; The order of sacrifice begins with the seniority of the tomb. They put kang table in front of the grave, kowtow salute, then pour a cup of wine on the ground.<br /> <br /> The main process is carried out at home, usually around the dinner on New Year's Eve. People call it &quot;to fetch the ancestor home for the New Year&quot;. According to legend that the spirits of the dead cannot move in the daytime, so they must wait until after dark. People put incense burner, sweet drum, candlestick (commonly known as the five for) or combination of disk in the west wall or on kang hall box. After hanging the incense people began to put for the whole family size in turn kowtow salute. The offerings are usually pasta and fruit. <br /> <br /> Many people dedicated to the New Year's Eve ancestor worship steamed bread steamed white, each point above a red dot, each two planes are stacked together for a group, generally three to five levels, each placed in white porcelain plate. These offerings have been placed until the fifth day of the first lunar month, and from the first to the fifth day of the first lunar month, two times every morning and evening in front of the ancestral shrine (tablet) incense, until the fifth night, after the ceremony to send the &quot;ancestral&quot;, that is, the tablet or tablet back to the original place. In other areas, some memorial ceremonies are held on New Year's Eve for grandparents or parents who have recently died. <br /> <br /> The clothes they had worn before they died are folded and placed on the kang. Then the younger generation kneels down and kowtows, saying &quot;XX (the name for the elders) come home for the New Year.&quot; When burning paper, people will &quot;murmur&quot; some words of convoking thoughts and asking for blessings, and it is believed that the ancestors will certainly hear, and bring happiness and well-being for the family.<br /> <br /> ====(2) Qingming Festival ancestor worship====<br /> <br /> People visit the graves of their ancestors to see if they have been caved in due to the coming of the rainy season, or if they have been pierced by rabbits or foxes. During the tomb sweeping, weeds are eliminated, new soil is added, pigs are burned, incense is burned, and paper money is burned, and simple sacrificial ceremonies are held to express the memory of ancestors. Tomb sweeping is a concrete manifestation of the harmony of the Han nationality and filial piety and virtue. Therefore, it has become one of the important festivals for Chinese around the world, showing the patriotism of remembering their ancestors and homeland.<br /> <br /> In addition to the &quot;mountain-top offering&quot; of ancestor worship and tomb sweeping, there is ancestral offering, called &quot;temple offering&quot; in later generations. Temple offering is closely related to ancient spring performance. Though far apart in time, the two are indeed connected closely. Temple sacrifice is the common gathering of the clan. The custom of sweeping tombs and offering sacrifices to ancestors originated before the Pre-Qin Dynasty. Because of the different customs in the north and south in ancient times, sweeping tombs in some places may not be on the occasion of qingming festival. Before the Tang Dynasty, tomb sweeping was mainly carried out on the &quot;Cold Food Festival&quot; and &quot;Cold clothes Festival&quot; in some parts of northern China. It was not until the Tang and Song Dynasties that tomb sweeping began to prevail in the whole country. In many places in south China, people sweep tombs on the Double Ninth Day, Qingming Day or winter solstice day, such as in Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi or Kunming in Yunnan Province.<br /> <br /> ====(3) Ancestor worship in the Yuan Dynasty====<br /> Ancestor worship in the Hungry Ghost Festival is also known as &quot;July half&quot; ancestor worship, for it is in the end of summer and the beginning of the winter. People believe that ancestors also return home to visit their children and grandchildren at this time, so they need to worship their ancestors.<br /> <br /> ====(4) The Double Ninth Festival====<br /> The Double Ninth Festival is one of the four traditional ancestor worship festivals in China. On the annual Double Ninth Festival, people hold ancestor worship activities to pray to the gods for good fortune, and carry out activities to respect the elderly and pass on the culture of filial piety. On the Double Ninth Festival, many people hold ancestor worship activities. However, these activities also have different forms according to different regions. The Double Ninth Festival is called &quot;taigong Mountain worship&quot; in Cantonese, and all family members must attend. The worship of the Double Ninth Festival is to thank the ancestors for their kindness and pray for their blessing after the harvest. Therefore, the atmosphere is relaxed and joyful, and there will be no sorrow like &quot;pedestrian's dying soul&quot;. There are many rules to sweep tombs and worship ancestors. They worship the public ancestors first, then the branch ancestors, and each family worship their ancestors. <br /> <br /> ====6. The significance of ancestor worship====<br /> The meaning of ancestor worship is to recall the history and show the hope for the prosperity of descendants. Paying attention to ancestor worship is a prominent feature of Chinese etiquette. This is because ancestor worship has a good function of social education, which helps to cultivate the moral character of social members, strengthen the unity among social members, and maintain the stability of society.<br /> <br /> ====Terms and Expressions====<br /> &quot;Biography of Yan Yannian in The Book of Han&quot; 《汉书.严延年传》<br /> qingming festival 清明节<br /> <br /> ====References====<br /> * 1. 中国传统祭祖的四大节日 ．腾讯网[引用日期2018-10-12]<br /> * 2. 重阳节为何要敬老：中国人最该知道的四重意思 ．人民网[引用日期2018-10-21]<br /> * 3. 谈中华知有巢知有巢识合肥 ．中国安徽在线网．2017-08-08[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 4. 燧人氏：中华之燧皇，华夏之共祖 ．赤子新闻网．2019-10-29[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 5. 海峡两岸共祭中华人文始祖伏羲 ．中国新闻网．2019-06-22[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 6. 两岸共祭中华人文始祖炎帝神农氏 ．中国新闻网．2011-04-03[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 7. 海峡两岸共祭中华“人文始祖”轩辕黄帝 ．中国新闻网．2019-10-07[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 8. 新会林氏祭祖登央视 ．新浪[引用日期2014-02-06]<br /> * 9. 台南平埔族夜祭祖灵 赖清德巧遇甘肃陆生 ．凤凰网．2013-11-18[引用日期2013-11-19]<br /> * 10. 重阳节祭祖习俗 ．北方网 [引用日期2018-10-12]<br /> * 11. 清明节习俗——扫墓 ．济宁文明网[引用日期2022-04-06]<br /> <br /> ====Questions====<br /> <br /> 1.What does “Chinese Ancestor Worship” refer to?<br /> <br /> 2.What is the significance of Ancestor Worship in China?<br /> <br /> 3.How many types of Ancestor Worship in China are there?<br /> <br /> ==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==<br /> Brief Introduction<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera, formerly known as Huangmei tune and Caicha opera, originated in Huangmei, Hubei Province, and developed and expanded in Anqing, Anhui Province. Huangmei opera, together with Beijing opera, Yueju opera, Pingju opera, and Yuju opera, is one of the &quot;five major opera genres in China&quot;, and is also the main local opera genre in Anhui Province.<br /> Huangmei opera singing simple and smooth, to bright and lyrical, with rich expressive power; performance is simple and meticulous, known for real and lively. The song &quot;Matching of Heavenly Fairies&quot; has made Huangmei opera popular in the north and south of China, and has a high reputation in overseas. <br /> On May 20, 2006, Huangmei opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On May 24, 2021, Huangmei opera declared by Hubei Province was approved by the State Council to be included in the extended list of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects.<br /> <br /> Origin<br /> <br /> The history of Huangmei opera is not considered very long, for the origin of Huangmei opera, there are 5 mainstream statements. In all the testimony, which is recognized version of the Hubei Huangmei said. The reason for this consensus, one is that historical documents record Huangmei County is both a tea song folk song of the country, but also a place where floods and droughts are frequent, including the most vicious floods. Good song of Huangmei people in such an environment to escape around, selling the field to beg. A large number of Huangmei victims who flowed into Anhui Susong, Taihu, Huaining and other counties, received local food, but also returned a rich spiritual food - Huangmei Caicha tune and a variety of folk songs and dances.<br /> <br /> Development<br /> <br /> Huangmei Opera is developed on the basis of the song and dance of Huangmei Caicha tune in the adjoining areas of Anhui, Hubei and Gan provinces. One of them moved east to Anhui Huaining as the center of the Anqing area Indic language sound singing, known as Huai cavity or Huai tunes. This is the predecessor of today's Huangmei opera.&quot; Thus, it can be seen that Huangmei opera was developed on the basis of Huangmei tea opera. &quot;Huangmei Caicha opera traditional singing set&quot; defines Huangmei Caicha opera in this way: &quot;Huangmei Caicha opera, referred to as 'Caicha ', is one of the excellent local opera in Hubei Huangmei Caicha tune floated into the Huaining area with the water, it flowed into a good ecological environment for opera incubation. Many opera singers and scholars call the junction of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces as the &quot;Golden Triangle&quot; of opera, and Huaining County Shipai Town is one of the &quot;opera nest&quot;.<br /> <br /> Costume<br /> <br /> Huangmei costumes are generally less extravagant compared to the other Chinese opera branches. There is usually a greater emphasis on the singing than the display. In Hong Kong there is not necessarily a requirement to wear any traditional Chinese opera attire. An example is the cantopop artist Jenny Tseng singing Huangmei style music with Ivy Ling Po in a concert.<br /> <br /> Artistic features<br /> <br /> The melody of Huangmei Opera is a plate-like variant, with three lumens: flower cavity, color cavity, and main tone. The flower cavity is mainly composed of small plays, the tone is healthy and simple, beautiful and cheerful, with a strong sense of life and the color of the folk songs; the color cavity is very popular, and it has been widely used in the small dramas; the main theme is the vocal used in the traditional Chinese drama of Huangmei opera. The Huangmei Opera is pure and fresh, exquisite and moving, with a bright and expressive sensibility, rich in expressiveness, easy to understand, easy to popularize, and deeply loved by people all over China.<br /> <br /> Tune<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera singing voice has three forms: the main cavity, flower cavity, three cavities (&quot;colorful cavity&quot;, &quot;fairy cavity&quot;, &quot;Yin Si cavity&quot; three cavities collectively).<br /> <br /> The main cadence of Huangmei opera<br /> <br /> The main cavity is the most dramatic expression of a cavity in the traditional singing cavity of Huangmei opera. It is the principle of the musical structure of the board change body (or board cavity body), and it is this main feature that makes it different from the tune embellishment body (or tune body) of the &quot;flower cavity&quot; and both the characteristics of the two systems &quot;three cavities&quot;.<br /> The main cavity does not mean that it is predominant in all of Huangmei opera's repertoire. In fact, the main cavity is not used in small plays, and some big plays are not dominated by the main cavity. The reason why this cavity is called the main cavity is its musical form and musical performance function. In addition, from the history of the development of Huangmei opera music, the main cavity is also later than the flower cavity and three cavities. This development process coincides with the development of the repertoire from a one-act play, two small plays, three small plays to a series of plays and finally can play the whole course of the opera. Therefore, it can be considered that the main cavity is a product of the development of Huangmei opera to a mature stage. Its appearance, marking the basic style of Huangmei opera music frame.<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera's flower cadence<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera originated from folk songs and dances. Mountain and village workers of the labor songs, women and children know the lane songs, lanterns and fires in the song and dance, is the source of Huangmei opera lively. Huangmei opera in the formation of the first stage results - two small opera, three small opera process, also formed more than a hundred small songs and miscellaneous tunes of the &quot;flower cavity&quot; cavity system. Flower cavity from the folk songs, but the role has been not quite the same as folk songs. It has moved from the field to the stage, from a casual song to a prescribed dramatic situation, conveying the voice of the character. The cadences we see today, however similar they may be to folk songs, have been polished by dramatic waves and have some of the qualities of dramatic music, a kind of folk song-style tune system.<br /> <br /> Classical Works<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera's outstanding repertoire are &quot;the fairy match&quot; &quot;cowherd and weaving maiden&quot; &quot;the story of the Sophora&quot; &quot;the female horse harnessed by the side of a horse&quot; &quot;the couple watching the lantern&quot; &quot;hitting pig grass&quot; and so on. One of the most famous is the &quot;match of the immortals&quot;, tells a moving love story: the seven immortals defied the rules of heaven, private mortal Dong Yong to marry, and was eventually broken up by the Jade Emperor.<br /> <br /> References<br /> <br /> 1. 百度百科 黄梅戏https://baike.baidu.com/item/黄梅戏/2677?fr=aladdin<br /> 2. Berry, Michael. [2005] (2005). Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13330-8<br /> 3. &quot;Huangmei opera&quot;. China intangible cultural heritage digital museum. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Culture_2022_2&diff=155407 2023-06-01T10:30:55Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella */</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]]. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Culture2022_final_exam_papers#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]<br /> <br /> ==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==<br /> <br /> ===History===<br /> <br /> The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Lu Ban. &quot;Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone.&quot; Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the &quot;green oil-paper umbrella&quot; during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.<br /> <br /> ===Basic production process===<br /> <br /> The production process and required procedures are different in each region. However, in general, they can be divided into four main steps:<br /> 1.Bamboo is selected.<br /> 2.The bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton.<br /> 3.Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight.<br /> 4.Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.<br /> <br /> ===Oil-paper umbrella in customs and cultural ceremonies===<br /> <br /> ====Hakka marriage and bride dowry====<br /> <br /> <br /> In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. &quot;纸&quot; (Paper) is a homonym for &quot;子&quot; (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character &quot;傘&quot; (umbrella), contains five &quot;人&quot; (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes &quot;fullness&quot; connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as 芹菜, 大蒜, 香葱, 韭菜 that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family.<br /> <br /> ==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==<br /> <br /> ===The Definition of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　<br /> <br /> The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singly as &quot;poetic drama&quot;, which is also &quot;yuan dynasty opera&quot;.[1]<br /> <br /> ===The Rise and development of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> Reasons of rise<br /> The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.<br /> <br /> Development of Yuan drama<br /> The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.<br /> Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.<br /> Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.<br /> End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]<br /> <br /> ===Yuan Drama System===<br /> <br /> The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.<br /> <br /> 1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.<br /> <br /> 2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as &quot;Quzi&quot;, is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as &quot;Dot the red lip&quot;(点绛唇), &quot;Shan Po Yang&quot;(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.<br /> <br /> 3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the &quot;Central China phonology&quot; in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.<br /> <br /> 4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.<br /> <br /> 5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as &quot;two-word pair&quot;(两字对), &quot;end-to-end pair&quot;(首尾对), &quot;serif pair&quot;(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as &quot;loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects&quot;.<br /> <br /> ===Representatives of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> 1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)<br /> <br /> Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the &quot;Four Greats of Yuan Drama&quot;(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the &quot;Four Greats of Yuan Drama&quot;, and is known as &quot;Qu sheng&quot;(曲圣). <br /> <br /> Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.<br /> Representatives of his work: &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;,&quot;Rescued by a courtesan&quot;(《救风尘》),&quot;River-veiwing Pavilion&quot;(《望江亭》),&quot;Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion&quot;(《拜月亭》)<br /> <br /> 2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)<br /> <br /> Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means &quot;thousand miles&quot; and in his later years, he used &quot;East Fence&quot;(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is &quot;Han Gong Qiu&quot;(《汉宫秋》).<br /> <br /> 3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)<br /> <br /> His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were &quot;famous in the world and amaze boudoir&quot;(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is &quot;Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover&quot;(《倩女离魂》).<br /> <br /> 4.Bai Pu(白朴)<br /> <br /> His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of &quot;Four Greats of Yuan Drama&quot;. The masterpiece of him is &quot;Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun&quot;(《墙头马上》).[3]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing<br /> <br /> &quot;Wu Tong Rain&quot;(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu<br /> <br /> &quot;Han Gong Qiu&quot;(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan<br /> <br /> &quot;Chinese Orphan&quot;(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> &quot;Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion&quot;(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing<br /> <br /> &quot;The West Chamber&quot;(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)<br /> <br /> &quot;Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun&quot;(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu<br /> <br /> &quot;Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover&quot;(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Reference===<br /> <br /> [1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].<br /> <br /> [2].唐定耀.元曲 针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.<br /> <br /> [3].唱念做打 生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Terms and Expressions===<br /> <br /> poetic drama 杂剧<br /> <br /> non-dramatic song 散曲<br /> <br /> temple宫调<br /> <br /> Zheng Gong 正宫<br /> <br /> Zhonglu Gong 中吕宫<br /> <br /> Nanlu Gong 南吕宫<br /> <br /> Xianlu Gong 仙吕宫<br /> <br /> Huangzhong Gong 黄钟宫<br /> <br /> Damian tone 大面调<br /> <br /> Double tone 双调<br /> <br /> Shang tone 商调<br /> <br /> Yue tone 越调<br /> <br /> Qupai 曲牌<br /> <br /> Dot the red lip 点绛唇<br /> <br /> Shan Po Yang 山坡羊<br /> <br /> Rhyme 曲韵<br /> <br /> Level and oblique tones 平仄<br /> <br /> Antithesis 对仗<br /> <br /> two-word pair 两字对<br /> <br /> end-to-end pair 首尾对<br /> <br /> serif pair 衬字对<br /> <br /> Four Greats of Yuan Drama 元曲四大家<br /> <br /> Qu sheng 曲圣<br /> <br /> Snow in Summer《窦娥冤》<br /> <br /> Xiaoling 小令<br /> <br /> Rescued by a courtesan《救风尘》<br /> <br /> River-veiwing Pavilion《望江亭》<br /> <br /> Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion《拜月亭》<br /> <br /> Han Gong Qiu《汉宫秋》<br /> <br /> famous in the world and amaze boudoir 名闻天下，声振闺阁<br /> <br /> Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover《倩女离魂》<br /> <br /> Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun《墙头马上》<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.What is Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> 2.How many periods had Yuan drama experienced during its development?<br /> <br /> 3.What are the six aspects embodying the system of Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> 4.Who are the &quot;four greats of Yuan drama&quot;?<br /> <br /> 5.What are the four tragedies of Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> 6.What are the four love dramas of Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama.<br /> <br /> 2. 3/three<br /> <br /> 3. Temple,Qupai,Rhyme,level and oblique tones,Antithesis<br /> <br /> 4. Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guanzu, Bai Pu<br /> <br /> 5. &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;, &quot;Wu Tong Rain&quot;, &quot;Han Gong Qiu&quot;, &quot;Chinese Orphan&quot;<br /> <br /> 6.&quot;Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion&quot;, &quot;The West Chamber&quot;, &quot;Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun&quot;, &quot;Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==<br /> Music and Instruments:Erhu<br /> <br /> '''1.A Brief Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means &quot;instrument of the Hu peoples&quot;, suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms. <br /> <br /> '''2.The Development of Erhu'''<br /> <br /> The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin. <br /> <br /> During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers; during the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development; during the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing; during Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread; during this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance. <br /> <br /> After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly. In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.<br /> <br /> '''3.Construction'''<br /> <br /> The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.<br /> <br /> The parts of the Erhu:<br /> <br /> Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.<br /> <br /> Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.<br /> <br /> Qín gan (琴杆), neck.<br /> <br /> Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.<br /> <br /> Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs<br /> <br /> Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook<br /> <br /> Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player<br /> <br /> Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4<br /> <br /> Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood<br /> <br /> Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension<br /> <br /> Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound<br /> <br /> Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg<br /> <br /> '''4.Playing Technique'''<br /> <br /> (1)Tuning<br /> <br /> The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.<br /> <br /> (2)Position<br /> <br /> The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.<br /> <br /> (3)Right hand<br /> <br /> The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.<br /> Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.<br /> <br /> (4)Left hand<br /> <br /> The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).<br /> <br /> '''5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics'''<br /> <br /> (1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》<br /> <br /> (2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》<br /> <br /> (3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》<br /> <br /> (4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》<br /> <br /> (5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》<br /> <br /> (6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》<br /> <br /> (7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》<br /> <br /> (8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》<br /> <br /> (9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）<br /> <br /> (10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》<br /> <br /> '''Reference'''<br /> [1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.<br /> [2]Erhu--Wikipedia<br /> <br /> ==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Ⅰ Foreword'''<br /> <br /> The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, people' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.<br /> <br /> '''Ⅱ Overview'''<br /> <br /> 1.Views on Marriage and Love at Ancient Times<br /> <br /> 1.1 the ancient abnormal phenomenon of love<br /> <br /> True love only happens in more special intimate relationships. Just like a very pleasing ancient love novel, Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai two people love each other to the end, both died in love, this is not a beautiful love? You may find that true love in traditional love tends to break the rules, and is more likely to occur when there is a conflict of status or class between two people, and the result of such a relationship is not adultery, but elopement or even martyrdom.<br /> <br /> As I said, these are still in the drama. They are people's ideal love stories and real stories. For example, the story of Zhuo Wenjun and Sima Xiangru in the Han Dynasty.<br /> <br /> 1.2 illegality of eloping<br /> <br /> Sima Xiangru, Zhuo Wenjun and other elopements were not justified in ancient marriage norms. In ancient times, people respected the etiquette and customs of marriage, and so on. Eloping with another woman, falling in love, is a rare behavior. A normal marriage is one of matching families, bearing children, carrying on the family line, supporting husband and educating children. So in a traditional marriage, love is an anomaly. In ancient times, love was too extreme. Either two people lived a happy life, or both people died in love, just like the love story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai. They loved each other very much, but in our modern view of love, this is a very extreme approach.<br /> <br /> 2.Views on Marriage and Love in Modern Times<br /> <br /> 2.1 the normalization trend of love concepts<br /> <br /> Love has few elements in a Chinese marriage. For them, the Chinese view of love and marriage is still based on the traditional concept of marriage. You may not have noticed that in modern times, after the widespread practice of monogamy in the 1950s, our Chinese concept of love changed a lot. For example, the word &quot;love&quot; began at that time, that is, since then, there has been a general understanding that in the process of getting to know each other and falling in love, one should first fall in love, even if they have been talking for several years, one should not get married.<br /> <br /> Therefore, in modern Chinese marriage, love has become a necessity of life and a factor that people attach great importance to when getting married. In this respect, the biggest difference between Chinese modern marriage and traditional marriage. After the 1950s, free love, free marriage and free divorce became the mainstream ideology.<br /> <br /> 2.2 freedom of divorce<br /> <br /> As far as the freedom of divorce is concerned, attitudes are also changing. The definition of &quot;wrongful marriage&quot; is that the court will only give a divorce if one of the parties to the marriage has a wrongful marriage, such as desertion, domestic violence, affairs, etc. After a series of struggles, people from the fault divorce law to no fault divorce law. When we talk about no-fault divorce, it means that there is no fault in the couple, but they can divorce as long as the relationship breaks down.<br /> <br /> When the Marriage Act was enacted in 1950, our country came into being in one step. The reasons for civil divorce in China are as follows: if the relationship between the two parties is broken, the marriage relationship can be dissolved; Emotional breakdown is a sufficient ground for divorce. Western countries have been striving for fault-free divorce. From the perspective of marriage reasons, the emotional factors of husband and wife have occupied a very important position. Since ancient times, the change of marriage form from traditional to modern is delightful.<br /> <br /> '''Ⅲ Changes'''<br /> <br /> 1.mate selection views<br /> <br /> In ancient times, the most typical ideal marriage was &quot;matching family status&quot;, in which the economic strength and social status of the male and female were equal, and personal feelings were not included in the marriage criteria. Nowadays, people's view of mate selection and external conditions such as family rank and property have gradually changed to internal qualities such as personal feelings and knowledge.<br /> <br /> 2. celibacy<br /> <br /> In ancient times, the principle of male master outside and female master inside was followed, but with the liberation of women's thought, the competition between men and women in the profession became increasingly fierce, resulting in more and more single women. In western countries such as Britain and France, there has been a rise in the prevalence of celibacy and a falling birth rate, according to reports. And the single with female intellectuals in the majority, female single people think, life is not designed for fertility, people's life should take career as the most important.<br /> <br /> 3. marriage autonomy<br /> <br /> In ancient times, marriage emphasized the order of parents, matchmakers, three wives and four concubines, etc., while modern marriage proposed monogamy, against taking concubines, women's economic independence, freedom of love, freedom of marriage, freedom of divorce and other attitudes. In some developed areas, some celebrities and elegant people regard free marriage as a virtue, and they should pay attention to civilization in form.<br /> <br /> 4. the age of first marriage<br /> <br /> In ancient times, men and women generally married at the age of 14 or 15. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, feminism rose, and women's ideas changed after they studied, resulting in the phenomenon of delayed marriage. The general decline of the rural economy in the late 1920s also helped to curb traditional early marriages.<br /> <br /> ==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==<br /> <br /> '''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to &quot;tuanyuan&quot;, which has the meanings of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.<br /> <br /> '''The origin of Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China. [1]<br /> <br /> The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that &quot;eating Tangyuan to grow one year older&quot;. People not only made them for themselves, but they also sent them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors. [2]<br /> <br /> Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China. <br /> <br /> Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [3]<br /> <br /> Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.<br /> <br /> '''Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''<br /> <br /> The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.<br /> <br /> Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.<br /> Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice &quot;dough&quot; and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is &quot;sugar water,&quot; for sweeter options.[4]<br /> <br /> '''Types of Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:<br /> <br /> 1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing<br /> <br /> In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.<br /> <br /> 2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou<br /> <br /> Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.<br /> <br /> 3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province<br /> <br /> The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.<br /> <br /> 4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha<br /> <br /> Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.<br /> <br /> 5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province<br /> <br /> Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[5]<br /> <br /> '''Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern tang yuan flavors can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage. [6]<br /> <br /> '''Steps of making Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.<br /> <br /> First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!<br /> <br /> Terms and Expressions<br /> <br /> glutinous rice flour 糯米粉<br /> <br /> The Winter Solstice 冬至<br /> <br /> winter solstice dumpling 冬至团<br /> <br /> Ling Tangyuan 凌汤圆<br /> <br /> Five-colored Tangyuan 五色汤圆<br /> <br /> 4-flavor Tangyuan 四式汤圆<br /> <br /> Sisters’ Tangyuan姐妹汤圆<br /> <br /> Chicken Tangyuan 鸡肉汤圆<br /> <br /> nutlet果仁<br /> <br /> sesame 芝麻<br /> <br /> osmanthus flowers桂花<br /> <br /> jujube paste枣泥<br /> <br /> Questions<br /> <br /> 1. What implied meanings does Tangyuan have?<br /> <br /> 2. When and where was Tangyuan originally developed?<br /> <br /> 3. What does the fundamental difference between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao lie in?<br /> <br /> 4. Which place serves five-colored Tangyuan?<br /> <br /> 5. When did the style of 4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province originate?<br /> <br /> 6. Which filling of Tangyuan do you like? Sweet or savory?<br /> <br /> References<br /> <br /> [1]百度百科 汤圆 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B1%A4%E5%9C%86/1333352#reference-[2]-16853831-wrap<br /> <br /> [2]冬至吃汤圆的由来和寓意https://www.5068.com/jierizhishi/a243416.html<br /> <br /> [3][5] Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China<br /> <br /> [4][6] Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia<br /> <br /> ==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==<br /> <br /> 1.Introduction<br /> Snub-nosed monkey, a member of the genus Simiidae, is an IUCN endangered species with large nostrils, upturned lips, thick lips, and no cheek pouches. The snub-nosed monkey lives in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests at altitudes of 1400-3000 meters. They fear the heat, but tolerate the cold, and live in families.<br /> Golden monkeys include Burmese golden monkeys, Sichuan golden monkeys, Yunnan golden monkeys, Guizhou golden monkeys, and Vietnam golden monkeys. Except Burmese golden monkeys and Vietnam golden monkeys, other golden monkeys are rare and unique to China, and are listed as endangered species on the Red List of Species. This paper will introduce three kinds of golden monkeys endemic to China.<br /> <br /> 2.Sichuan golden monkeys<br /> Sichuan Golden Monkey: the “Most Beautiful Monkey” among Primates. Only Sichuan snub-nosed monkey can truly match the word &quot;golden silk&quot;, the other four species are all gray or black. Adult golden snub-nosed monkeys have colorful fur, with golden-red, red-brown, silver-gray hairs and long hairs around them. The main tone is yellowish-brown, thick and long. Adult male golden snub-nosed monkeys have long golden hairs of up to 30 cm on their back and shoulders. Due to the climate, the color of the golden snub-nosed monkey is also different. Every summer and autumn, they are the most beautiful. Golden brown and red long hairs set off against each other shine in the sunshine, which looks like wearing a golden cloak from a distance, looking majestic.<br /> Sichuan golden monkeys and giant pandas both belong to the treasure animals. Sichuan golden monkeys' colour is gorgeous, unique shape, grace, gentle nature, popular people's favorite, has a lot of appeal to the public, to be able to attract the public attention and get the favour of protection fund, not only can make themselves under the protection of the better, and to jointly protect the smaller species <br /> <br /> In 2019, modern Art magazine took the lead in exclusively planning and organizing the implementation of the series of commemorative activities of &quot;The 150th Anniversary of the Scientific discovery of The Giant Panda and golden Monkey&quot;. As the place where the giant panda and golden monkey were discovered, Sichuan has made continuous efforts in recent years to make the giant panda and golden monkey the cultural name card of Sichuan, actively do a good job in the inheritance and protection of the giant panda and golden monkey culture, and promote the development and spread of the Great Beauty of Sichuan, Ecological Sichuan and cultural Sichuan. Sichuan is vigorously developing its cultural tourism industry, comprehensively establishing its cultural tourism brand, and speeding up the construction of a strong cultural province. The successful development and dissemination of the series of themed commemorative activities of &quot;China Double Treasure Sichuan Name Card&quot; is not only a traditional expression of literary and artistic commemoration, but also an innovative cultural tourism publicity practice. It is also the proud work of a series of literary and art works that Sichuan Federation of Literary and art circles around the new slogan of cultural tourism.<br /> <br /> 3.Guizhou golden monkeys<br /> Guizhou golden monkey is also known as &quot;grey snub-nosed monkey&quot;. However, its body is a bit like Sichuan golden monkey but a slightly smaller, with a long tail like an oxtail, the tail is longer than the body, giving people a particularly funny feeling, so the local people also called it &quot;oxtail monkey&quot;. Guizhou golden monkey body back in beige, some yellow tonal, limb lateral hand upward from the shoulders back, the nose and mouth slightly concave down, face the pale gray or pale blue, is blue nose, eyebrows, ridge, shoulder MAO, 160 mm by black gradient for the light beige, under the neck, armpits, and the arms for golden, shares to yellowish gray, The body color changes of upper limbs are the same as that of lower limbs. The tail head is dark gray to the tail is yellowish white or black, the whole body is silver gray, the young is light, the top of the head is gray, the inside of the limbs is milk gray, and it is called &quot;snub-nosed monkey&quot;.<br /> Guizhou snub-nosed monkey is a rare species unique to China and one of the rare and endangered species in the world. It was once in a prosperous period in history and was widely distributed in more than 10 provinces and regions around Guizhou. Currently, it is only confined to Fanjing Mountain area in Tongren. The number of pandas is even rarer than that of giant pandas, and it is known as &quot;the only child in the world&quot;.<br /> Tongren has rich cultural accumulation and is a tourist city with many unique representative elements. Nowadays, Guizhou golden monkey is known by more and more people, and it is also a national first-class protected animal. Fanjing Mountain in Tongren is a tourist resort. Integrating the natural form elements of Guizhou golden monkey and the characteristic culture of Tongren into the cartoon image design will make the cartoon character more interesting and influential, and make it more accepted and liked by more people. Let people have the opportunity to contact the excellent works with the &quot;flavor&quot; of Tongren area. Relative to foreign complicated cartoon image, Guizhou golden monkey card image can give a person shine at the moment of feeling, careful analysis and use of the advantage resources, can make Guizhou golden monkey cartoon image design of rapid development, even in the future and foreign cartoon image tied, equal, let the cartoon image of Tongren regional culture through inheritance.<br /> <br /> 4.Yunnan golden monkeys<br /> Yunnan golden monkey is a national treasure as famous as the giant panda. Yunnan golden monkey is the most human-like animal in the world, with human-like teeth and an unforgettable &quot;flaming red lip&quot;. In fact, in addition to the face is very human-like, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey also like human footprints, wide at the front and narrow at the back, but much smaller than human feet. In general, male monkeys have the largest foot, but it is less than half the size of adult male human feet, no more than 15 cm in length, especially indented.<br /> They are also one of the highest altitude distribution and largest primates on the earth. They live in the alpine taiga belt all year round, and are known as the &quot;snow Mountain spirit&quot;, mysterious and elegant. Located in a global biodiversity hotspot where &quot;three rivers flow simultaneously&quot; in the Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys live in the narrow mountain range from Mangkam in Xizang province in the north to Yunlong in Dali in the south. Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve is the largest Yunnan golden monkey reserve in China.<br /> Since the first golden monkey appeared, the number of golden monkeys in China has doubled to more than 3,000. Every day, when the monkeys go to sleep, the rangers go home. The next day, before the monkey got up, the ranger was already by the monkey's side, starting a new day of guarding. The first group of monkey keepers began to protect Yunnan golden monkeys at the age of 45 and have been protecting them for 22 years now. Behind the continuation of the whole Yunnan golden monkey species is the blood, sweat and tears of three generations of monkey keepers for decades.<br /> The biodiversity in Yunnan is extremely rich, and the number of species in each major group is close to or more than half of that in China. However, due to the large difference of natural ecological environment, the distribution area of biological population and ecosystem is small, the ecological adaptability is low, and it is very sensitive to external disturbance. In recent years, Yunnan has adhered to the principle of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, strengthened the protection of biodiversity, improved the system of natural protected areas, and improved the quality of ecosystem. The Chinese government and people get world must carefully biodiversity of the management behavior. The story of Yunnan's rescue of the Asian elephant, an endangered species, has warmed the world. The 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) will be held in Kunming. Yunnan accounts for 4.1% of the land area of the country, but it covers the types of ecosystems on the earth except ocean and desert. COP15 is held in Yunnan, which is inseparable from the rich resources and remarkable biodiversity conservation effect of Yunnan.<br /> <br /> Terms and expressions<br /> Simiidaen. 类人猿科<br /> Burmese golden monkeys 缅甸金丝猴<br /> Sichuan golden monkeys 川金丝猴<br /> Guizhou golden monkeys黔金丝猴<br /> Yunnan golden monkeys 滇金丝猴<br /> Vietnam golden monkeys 越南金丝猴<br /> <br /> Questions<br /> How many kinds of golden monkeys are there?<br /> What are the three kinds of golden monkeys unique to China?<br /> How does Sichuan Golden Monkey differ from the other four Golden Monkey species?<br /> Where are the current distribution of The Guizhou Snub-Nosed monkeys?<br /> What animal looks most like a human?<br /> <br /> References<br /> [1] 杨敬元 美丽中国 Beautiful China<br /> [2] 吴　蓉　田　隽　盛佳佳　魏小冲　汪　欣 黔金丝猴元素在铜仁市旅游文创产品中的设计与开发 <br /> [3] 徐元锋 曾智慧 特稿|守护“雪山精灵”滇金丝猴<br /> [4] 新华每日电讯生物多样性保护的云南“画卷”<br /> [5] 百度百科<br /> <br /> ==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==<br /> <br /> Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.<br /> <br /> '''1. Brief Introduction to Some Rich Businessmen'''<br /> <br /> 1. Huiyan Yang and family, 39, Country Garden<br /> Net worth: $33.1 billion<br /> Topping the list again this year is 39-year-old Huiyan Yang and her family. Also considered Asia’s richest woman, Yang is the majority shareholder of Country Garden, a property development company founded by her farmer father, Guoqiang Yang, in Guangdong in 1992.<br /> Despite seeing her wealth surge 29% over the past year, Yang dropped one spot in 2020 to rank as China’s sixth-richest billionaire overall.<br /> <br /> 2. Zetian Zhang, 27, JD.com<br /> Net worth: $23.5 billion<br /> Zetian Zhang, 27, and her husband Qiangdong Liu, 41, saw their combined wealth surge 111% to $23.5 billion in 2020 largely thanks to the meteoric growth of Liu’s e-commerce company JD.com. A businesswoman in her own right, Zhang is an investor who also serves as chief fashion advisor of JD’s luxury business. At 24, she became China’s youngest female billionaire following her marriage to Liu in 2015.<br /> <br /> 3. Hao Yan, 34, Pacific Construction Group<br /> Net worth: $21.3 billion<br /> Hao Yan, 34, is the chairman of Xinjiang-headquartered construction company Pacific Construction Group, the company founded by his father, CEO JieHe Yan in 1986.<br /> <br /> 4. Yiming Zhang, 37, ByteDance<br /> Net worth: $16.2 billion<br /> 37-year-old Yiming Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of ByteDance, the Chinese internet company behind video sharing platform TikTok. The platform has shot to prominence outside of China, now surpassing Facebook-owned Instagram to rank as U.S. teens’ preferred social media app after Snap. However, its rapid growth has also sparked national security concerns, prompting the proposed sale of its U.S. operations.<br /> Zhang Yiming, founder of internet company ByteDance, the parent company of video sharing platform TikTok.<br /> <br /> 5. Bangxin Zhang, 39, TAL Education<br /> Net worth: $14 billion<br /> With an estimated net worth of $14 billion, Bangxin Zhang is the co-founder and chairman of Beijing-headquartered tutoring business TAL Education. Founded in 2003, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and has enjoyed rapid growth in 2020 under coronavirus-induced remote learning policies.<br /> <br /> 6. Gang Zhang and family, 39, Xinfalyudian<br /> Net worth: $8.8 billion<br /> 39-year-old Gang Zhang of aluminum company Xinfalyudian has an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion, having grown his fortunes 100% in the past year and jumping up 32 places in the overall 2020 rich list.<br /> <br /> 7. Xiaosong Wang, 33, Seazen<br /> Net worth: $6.4 billion<br /> Xiaosong Wang is the 33-year-old chairman and president of real estate company Seazen. Wang shares the fortune with his father, Zhenhua, 58 whom he replaced in 2019 following accusations of sexual assault.<br /> <br /> 8. Qun Wu, 32, Yuwell<br /> Net worth: $5.3 billion<br /> Qun Wu, 32, is the son of Guangming Wu, 58, founder and chairman of medical equipment maker Yuwell. Together they have a fortune of $5.3 billion, up 50% from last year.<br /> <br /> 9. Gang Ye, 39, Sea<br /> Net worth: $4.9 billion<br /> New to this year’s list is China-born Gang Ye, who was raised in Singapore and made his fortune in the city-state as one of the co-founders of internet company Sea. As the developer behind popular gaming apps such as Free Fire, Sea has benefited from a surge in gaming under lockdowns this year, becoming the world’s best-performing large-cap stock in August.<br /> <br /> 10. Hua Su, 38, Kuaishou<br /> Net worth: $3.8 billion<br /> Chinese entrepreneur Hua Su founded Kuaishou as a GIF-making app in 2011 but later transformed it into a video sharing platform popular with users particularly in rural China. Before founding the company, he worked as a programmer at Google and Chinese internet search engine Baidu.<br /> <br /> 11. Meng Yang, 38, and Li He, 36, Anker<br /> Net worth: $3.7 billion<br /> Newly-minted billionaires Meng Yang and Li He saw their combined wealth catapult to $3.7 billion this year on the back of their consumer electronics company, Anker. The Apple charger-maker doubled in valuation when it debuted on the public market this August, hitting $8 billion.<br /> <br /> 12. Xiang Li, 39, Li Auto<br /> Net worth: $3.5 billion<br /> Dubbed “China’s Elon Musk,” 39-year-old Xiang Li is the founder of electric vehicle-maker Li Auto. Founded five years ago, the Beijing-headquartered manufacturer went public on the Nasdaq in July 2020 with a valuation of $10 billion, catapulting Li to billionaire status.<br /> <br /> 13. Liang Zhang, 38, R&amp;F<br /> Net worth: $3.45 billion<br /> Liang Zhang is the 38 son of Li Zhang, 68, founder and co-chair of Guanzhou-based developer R&amp;F. Together, their wealth totals more than $3.4 billion.<br /> <br /> 14. Tianshi Chen, 35, Cambricon Technologies<br /> Net worth: $3.1 billion<br /> Newcomer to this year’s list is Tianshi Chen, the 35-year-old co-founder and CEO of chipmaker Cambricon Technologies. Launched in 2016, the company’s artificial intelligence-enabled technology has been used in more than 100 million smartphones.<br /> <br /> 15. Yixiao Cheng, 35, Kuaishou<br /> Net worth: $3.1 billion<br /> Also new to the list is 35-year-old Yixiao Cheng, co-founder of short video platform Kuaishou. Cheng, who began his career as a software engineer at HP, now has an estimated net worth of more than $3 billion.<br /> <br /> 16. Yifeng Wang, 36, Zhejiang Century Huatong Group<br /> Net worth: $3.1 billion<br /> Yifeng Wang, 36, and father Miaotong Wang, 63, are the vice-chairman and chairman, respectively, of automaker Zhejiang Century Huatong Group. Having recently diversified into games development, the pair has seen their combined wealth surged 83% in the past year.<br /> <br /> 17. Wei Cheng, 37, DiDi<br /> Net worth: $2.8 billion<br /> 37-year-old Wei Cheng is the founder and CEO of ride-hailing giant DiDi. Having spent eight years working at Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, Cheng launched DiDi in 2012. Today, the company ranks as one of China’s most valuable billion-dollar start-ups and Cheng is worth an estimated $2.8 billion.<br /> Cheng Wei, CEO of taxi-hailing app Didi-Kuaidi, speaks during the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2015 at Dalian International Convention Center on Sept. 9, 2015 in Dalian, China.<br /> <br /> 18. Guoyuan Peng, 34, NWY<br /> Net worth: $2.6 billion<br /> Guoyuan Peng, 34, is the chairman of education group NWY, worth an estimated $2.6 billion, up 20% from 2019.<br /> <br /> 19. Zheng Cao, 37, Hangke Technology<br /> Net worth: $2.5 billion<br /> Zheng Cao, 37, is the vice president of Zhejiang Hanke Technology, the lithium battery producing company founded by his father Ji Cao, 68. With a shared 70% stake in the business, the pair is today worth an estimated $2.5 billion.<br /> <br /> 20. Yan Wu, 39, Hakim Unique<br /> Net worth: $2.5 billion<br /> Yan Wu, 39, and husband Qicheng Wang, 40, are the co-founders of Hakim Unique, an internet, media and real estate company. Together, their fortune is around $2.5 billion.<br /> <br /> '''2. Main Reasons '''<br /> <br /> From “Made in China” to “Innovated in China”, two features of demographic transition have also been a powerful driver of China’s growth in the past three and a half decades. The first feature is a favorable dependency ratio. China’s sharp decline in fertility rate has meant fewer young dependents to support for a given size of the working cohort. The fraction of primeage people in total population rose steadily for three decades, creating an unusually large demographic dividend, which in turn contributed to economic growth (Cai and Wang 2008; Wei 2015).<br /> <br /> The second feature of demography that affects growth is the gender ratio imbalance of the premarital cohort. This less-studied factor may have a quantitatively significant effect as well. The one-child policy (now it is abolished) has yielded an unintended consequence in distorting the sex ratio in favor of boys. As the one-child generation enters the marriageable age, young men face a very competitive marriage market. In order to attract potential brides, families with sons choose to work harder, save more, and take on more risks, including exhibiting a higher propensity to be entrepreneurs (Wei and Zhang 2011a, b; Chang and Zhang 2015; Wei, Zhang, and Liu forthcoming). It is estimated that increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances has contributed to about two percentage points of economic growth per year (Wei and Zhang 2011b).<br /> <br /> The innovation, especially in technology, brings huge profit to the economy. However, it also make giant bubbles.<br /> <br /> '''Words and Expressions'''<br /> shareholder 股东<br /> ByteDance 字节跳动<br /> e-commerce 电商<br /> <br /> '''Questions'''<br /> <br /> 1. Who founded JD.com?<br /> <br /> 2. Who married Qiangdong Liu?<br /> <br /> 3. Is ByteDance the same thing as Tiktok?<br /> <br /> 4. Does Jay Chou play Kuaishou?<br /> <br /> 5. Has increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances contributed to economic growth per year?<br /> <br /> '''Answers'''<br /> <br /> 1. Qiangdong Liu<br /> <br /> 2. Zetian Zhang<br /> <br /> 3. No<br /> <br /> 4. Yes<br /> <br /> 5. Yes<br /> <br /> '''References'''<br /> <br /> 1. Mengjun Yang, Shilin Zheng, Lin Zhou. 2022. Broadband internet and enterprise innovation. China<br /> Economic Review 74, 101802.<br /> 2. Yue Hua, Yue Lu, Ruili Zhao. 2022. Global value chain engagement and air pollution: Evidence from<br /> Chinese firms. Journal of Economic Surveys 36:3, 708-727. <br /> 3. Rui Chen. 2022. The effects of green credit policy on the formation of zombie firms: evidence from<br /> Chinese listed firms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 32. <br /> 4.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/28/chinas-youngest-richest-billionaires-and-how-they-made-their-money.html<br /> <br /> ==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas ==<br /> <br /> ===Survey===<br /> Chinese opera has a long history and is a unique dramatic art in the world. Because of China's vast territory, with many ethnic groups and different dialects in different places, a colorful variety of local operas has been formed in addition to Peking opera. According to statistics, there are more than 300 kinds of local operas throughout China, which can be called the most influential in the world, including Jin Opera, also named Shanxi Opera (晋剧), Henan Opera (豫剧), Yue Opera (越剧), Huangmei Opera (黄梅戏), Pingju Opera (评剧), Qu Opera (曲剧), Cantonese Opera (粤剧), Huai Opera (淮剧) and Lv Opera (吕剧). Among them, the five major Chinese opera genres are Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera in that order.<br /> Local drama is the general name of opera genres with local characteristics popular in certain areas, such as Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera, Huai Opera, Qinqiang Opera, Sichuan Opera, Lv opera, etc. Local drama is the opposite of popular national operas such as Peking opera. As a form of traditional cultural expression, local drama refers to the form of drama that condenses the folk customs of a certain region and is thus popular among the public in that region. On the one hand, the local opera is an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage; on the other hand, the local opera has special characteristics that are different from other intangible cultural heritage. This is because local opera is a living form of traditional cultural expression, which not only inherits certain historical and cultural traditions but also looks forward to the creative transformation of cultural traditions in the expression of the spirit of the times.<br /> <br /> ===Jin Opera===<br /> Jin opera, one of the four major operas of Shanxi Clapper Opera (Shanxi Bang-zi, 山西梆子), is a traditional Chinese local opera. It is also known as Zhong Lu Bang Zi (中路梆子), or Middle Opera, because it was produced in central Shanxi Province, and is mainly popular in central and northern Shanxi Province, northern Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolia, and parts of Hebei Province.<br /> Jin opera, also known as Shanxi opera, is an important drama genre in northern China. It was named after Fenyang (汾阳), Xiaoyi（孝义）, Qixian（祁县）, Taigu（太谷）, and Taiyuan（太原） in central Shanxi. On May 20, 2006, Jin opera was approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the first batch of the national intangible cultural heritage list, numbered Ⅳ-18.<br /> The traditional repertoire of Jin opera is rich, with more than 200 plays being performed regularly.<br /> They include The River Weishui （渭水河）, Beating the Golden Bough （打金枝）, The Mountain of Lintong (临潼山), The Belt of Heaven and Earth（乾坤带）, The Kingdom of Shatto（沙陀国）and so on. Each of these plays shows unique characteristics.<br /> Jin opera is characterized by its melody, smoothness, beautiful tunes, roundness, friendliness, and clarity.<br /> In the process of Jin Opera’s evolution, the artists, in order to adapt to the appreciation habits of the local people, absorbed and melted the cadences and percussions of Qixian Yangko and Taigu Yangko, etc., through which they continuously improved the voice, singing and performance in all aspects, forming an artistic style of high excitement and fresh euphemism.<br /> The singing style includes fiddling, cadences and tunes, and has a high and aggressive yet fresh and ebullient style. The main types of roles in Jin Opera consist of &quot;three big doors&quot; (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and &quot;three small doors&quot; (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).<br /> <br /> ===Henan Opera===<br /> Henan Opera is also known as Henan Bang-Zi and Henan Gaodiao. It is the number one local drama genre in China. Henan opera was born in Kaifeng, the ancient capital of the seven dynasties. It originated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and has a history of more than 400 years ago. It is popular in Henan and parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Hubei, Taiwan, etc. It is the genre with the largest number of professional opera groups and practitioners after the 21st century. With more than 1,000 traditional plays, it is one of the five major opera genres in China and the first batch on the national intangible cultural heritage list. Famous actors include Chen Suzhen, Ma Jinfeng, Chang Xiangyu, Yan Lipin, etc. The representative plays include Qin Xianglian (秦香莲), Peach Blossom Nun (桃花庵), Mu Guiying in Command (穆桂英挂帅), Hua Mulan (花木兰), etc.<br /> Yu opera is known for its singing skills, with a high and loud singing voice and a very clever combination of real and falsetto. The singing voice is very smooth, the rhythm is light and clear, and the singing style is colloquial. The spitting of words is very clear, making it easy for the audience to hear and accept, and has a unique artistic charm. The performance of Henan opera is very masculine and passionate, so it is good at performing atmospheric scenes and has strong infectious power. It is also rich in local characteristics, easy to understand, and natural, and its performance content and expressions are close to the life of the people.<br /> Although the spoken lyrics of Henan opera are not as strict and regular as the written language, nor as elaborate and elegant as the metrical poetry, they are more accurate and vivid than the written language and metrical poetry in their artistic expression by taking the essence of the spoken language in life, speaking the native language, singing the native voice, telling the native stories and expressing the native feelings.<br /> <br /> ===Yue Opera===<br /> Yue Opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, originated in the rural area of Sheng County（嵊县） in the Shaoxing region, which is the homeland of the State of Yue. It is the second largest opera genre in China and is also known as the second national opera, and is one of the five major opera genres in China. It originated in the Shaoxing area of Zhejiang Province, but matured in Shanghai, and spread throughout Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang. In its development, Yue Opera has drawn on the great achievements of Kunqu Drama and Shao Opera. It has undergone a historical evolution from a male Yue Opera to a female Yue Opera. Yue Opera has a beautiful singing voice and delicate and lyrical performances. Famous actors include Yuan Xuefen, Wang Wenjuan, Xu Yulan, etc. The representative repertoire includes The Dream of Red Mansion (红楼梦), Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai (梁山伯与祝英台), The Romance of West Chamber (西厢记), Mrs. Xianglin (祥林嫂), and Chasing Fish (追鱼).<br /> The singing style of Yue Opera is so refined that it has formed many genres. The music of the opera incorporates the beautiful melodies of the silk and bamboo from the south of the Yangtze River, and the themes of the opera mainly reflect the love between men and women. The lyrics and narration are in the dialect of Sheng County. The famous actors and actresses of Yue Opera are concentrated in Shanghai and Hangzhou. In recent years, the &quot;Little Hundred Flowers&quot; troupe of Yueju opera of Zhejiang Province has emerged with a wide range of talents and has become famous in China and abroad.<br /> Yue Opera is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics, a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts.<br /> <br /> ===Huangmei Opera===<br /> Huangmei Opera is one of the local operas in Anhui province, which was called Huangmei Tune and Tea-picking Opera in the old days, mainly popular in Anhui Province and some areas in Jiangxi Province and Hubei Province. It originated from the tea picking song in Huangmei County, Hubei Province. After Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, the tea-catching song of Huangmei in Hubei Province was introduced to the Anqing area in Anhui Province, influenced by Qingyang cadence, and developed with local folk songs and dances, rap, and music.<br /> The traditional repertoire and music of Huangmei opera are more influenced by Huizhou opera. In its main singing voice, the big opera has flat words, firework, two lines, three lines, color cavity, etc., and small opera with their own independent singing voice. Famous actors include Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Ma Lan, etc. The traditional plays performed include Marriage of the Fairy Princess (天仙配), Female Consort Prince (女驸马), The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid (牛郎织女), etc.<br /> Huangmei Opera is famous for its lyricism, smoothness, rhythm, and richness, and has rich expressive power. Its performance is real and lively, simple and meticulous by the public; beautiful tunes, catchy, both popular; the singing voice is mellow, elegant, universal; distinctive character, more active, lively, bright characters.<br /> At that time, most of the artists performing Huangmei opera came from peasants and craftsmen, who did not have professional training and could only copy the performance procedures of other major opera genres. Because of this, Huangmei opera was more like a lovely young girl from the fields than the atmospheric, gorgeous, and magnificent atmosphere represented by Beijing and Huizhou operas of the same generation.<br /> <br /> ===Pingju Opera===<br /> Pingju Opera, which originated in Tangshan, Hebei Province, is one of the five major Chinese opera genres. It is a local opera popular in Beijing, Tianjin, and other parts of North and Northeast China. It was originally developed on the basis of the Hebei folk rap Lian Hua Lao. The performance procedures of the opera are mostly borrowed from Beijing opera and Bangzi and were first performed in the rural areas, where many elements were closer to life. Therefore, it is easy to express historical themes and reflect on modern life. The language is easy to understand and expressive.<br /> The famous actors include Xiao Bai Yushang, Xin Fengxia, etc. The representative plays include Widow Ma Opens a Shop (马寡妇开店), Madam Du Shi-niang (杜十娘), Little Son-in-Law (小女婿), Liu Qiao-er (刘巧儿), etc.<br /> The Pingju drama is very dynamic. It is mainly manifested in its performance style, in which the actors often interact with the audience during the performance, thus forming a dynamic stage performance. This dynamic way of performance keeps the drama alive.<br /> With its unique artistic charm, Pingju Opera has been widely spread in the motherland and has become a popular art form. The name of the Pingju opera has the meaning of commenting on the past and the present and criticizing the current problems. Compared with Peking Opera, which is good at depicting kings and generals, and Yue Opera, which is good at depicting talented people, it is the specialty of the drama to reflect on life and express reality.<br /> <br /> ===Terms and Expressions===<br /> Peking Opera 京剧<br /> <br /> Bang Zi 梆子<br /> <br /> Middle Opera 中戏<br /> <br /> Inner Mongolia 内蒙古<br /> <br /> The River Weishui 《渭水河》<br /> <br /> Beating the Golden Bough 《打金枝》<br /> <br /> The Mountain of Lintong 《临潼山》<br /> <br /> The Belt of Heaven and Earth《乾坤带》<br /> <br /> The Kingdom of Shatto 《沙陀国》<br /> <br /> Yangko 秧歌<br /> <br /> Three big doors 三大门<br /> <br /> Xu Sheng 须生<br /> <br /> Zheng Dan 正旦<br /> <br /> Big Flower Face 大花脸 <br /> <br /> Three small doors 三小门<br /> <br /> Xiao Sheng 小生<br /> <br /> Xiao Dan 小旦<br /> <br /> Small Flower Face 小花脸<br /> <br /> Henan Gaodiao 河南高调<br /> <br /> Kunqu Drama 昆曲<br /> <br /> Shao Opera 绍戏<br /> <br /> Tea-picking Opera 采茶戏<br /> <br /> Lian Hua Lao 《莲花落》<br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.What are the five major Chinese opera genres?<br /> <br /> 2.What are the main types of roles in Jin Opera?<br /> <br /> 3.Please list at least 3 representative repertoires of Henan Opera.<br /> <br /> 4.What makes Yue Opera a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts?<br /> <br /> 5.Where does Huangmei Opera originate from?<br /> <br /> 6.What are the characteristics of Pingju Opera?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1. Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera.<br /> <br /> 2. Three big doors (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and three small doors (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).<br /> <br /> 3. Qin Xianglian, Peach Blossom Nun, Mu Guiying in Command, Hua Mulan, etc.<br /> <br /> 4. It is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics.<br /> <br /> 5. Huangmei County, Hubei Province.<br /> <br /> 6. It is a dynamic stage performance, which reflects on life and expresses reality.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> <br /> [1]高燕. 晋剧艺术研究[D].山西师范大学,2017.<br /> <br /> [2]杜蓉,李刚.晋剧表演的程式之美[J].戏友,2021(04):23-25.<br /> <br /> [3]黄河文化百科全书，华艺出版社，1994.<br /> <br /> [4]郭克俭.豫剧唱词语言艺术特征[J].中国音乐学,2010(04):122-129.DOI:10.14113/j.cnki.cn11-1316/j.2010.04.016.<br /> <br /> [5]段霁珊.豫剧元素在民族声乐中的实际运用[J].艺术大观,2020(31):22-23.<br /> <br /> [6]中华文化辞典，武汉大学出版社，2010.<br /> <br /> [7]中国旅游文化大辞典，上海古籍出版社，2001.<br /> <br /> [8]张雪莹. 清末民初以来女性文化与越剧[D].河北大学,2016.<br /> <br /> [9]张月月.胡连翠及其黄梅戏电视剧音乐研究[J].剧影月报,2022(03):12-13.<br /> <br /> [10]崔迪. 评剧现代戏剧本创作研究[D].中国艺术研究院,2017.<br /> <br /> ==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship==<br /> <br /> ===1. Background===<br /> Ancestor worship, a Chinese traditional custom, is a solemn folk activity. New Year's Eve, Qingming Festival, Double Ninth Festival, hungry Ghost Festival are the four major traditional festivals of the Han nationality for ancestor worship. In ancient times, this custom prevailed, due to the different customs around the different forms of ancestor worship. Chinese people have a tradition of paying homage to their ancestors. At the same time, some places also offer sacrifices to heaven and earth gods. The offerings are mainly three animal food, three kinds of tea and five of wine, etc. The parents officiate, burn three joss sticks, pray for a good harvest after bowing, and finally burn paper, commonly known as &quot;sending money and grain&quot;. Ancestor worship has been an ancient custom with profound significance for thousands of years. <br /> <br /> ===2. General statement===<br /> The Chinese people have a tradition of paying homage to their ancestors at festivals, and the Spring Festival is no exception. Offering food or flowers as a token of affection is a common ritual in China. The form of ancestor worship may vary according to religious belief, but the meaning of commemorating ancestors is the same. Family rituals is one of the most important activities. According to the folk concept, people should offer sacrifices to their ancestors as earnestly as to the heaven, earth and god, through which they pray for protection and bless from their ancestors. During the Spring Festival it is a must to worship ancestors, meanwhile inspire future generations. However, due to different customs around the country, in some places people worship before the New Year's Eve dinner; some worship around midnight on New Year's Eve; in Taiwan, ancestor worship is held for the last time of the year on New Year's Eve afternoon. There is also grave ancestor worship, commonly known as tomb offering, mainly in the cemetery to burn incense and lay offerings on the altar. In modern times, it is generally to the graves of relatives to worship. Due to the different customs around the different forms of ancestor worship, some go to the field zhan worship ancestor tomb, some to the ancestral hall, and most times it takes place in the main hall of people’s house.<br /> <br /> ===3. The origin of ancestor worship===<br /> The worship originated in ancient times, and is divided into ancestor worship and worship of various ghosts and gods. Ancient people believed that ghosts and gods had great authority and could decide people's fate, so they worshipped them. They divided ghosts and gods into three categories: heaven, earth, human and ghost, and took human and ghost - ancestors as the main object of worship. They believe that although the ancestors died, the soul still exists, and can bring disasters, blessing and descendants, so they all schedule and devout sacrifice. In the process of historical evolution, the concept of family and that of ancestor worship is becoming increasingly weak in many places, but the Lingnan area attaches importance to traditional customs, so the custom of ancestor worship is still prevailing there. China has inherited the tradition of ancestor worship for thousands of years, which has multiple psychological effects, one of the most important, is to think about the source of drinking water, and worship ancestor because of filial piety. This concept of ancestor worship has been continued to the present, forming the characteristics of Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Ancestor worship has been an ancient custom with profound significance for thousands of years. According to historical records, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, tomb sacrifice has become an indispensable ritual activity. &quot;Biography of Yan Yannian in The Book of Han&quot; records that yan even thousands of miles away from Beijing in the Tomb Sweeping Day &quot;return to the East China Sea grave&quot;. With the growing awareness of ancestor worship and kinship, the tomb sacrifice that was not included in the norms in ancient times was included in the &quot;Five Rites&quot;. Later, the worship of the imperial court also made the tomb sacrifice more prevalent.<br /> <br /> ===4. Customs===<br /> Ancestor worship has been an ancient custom with profound significance for thousands of years. According to historical records, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, tomb sacrifice has become an indispensable ritual activity. &quot;Biography of Yan Yannian in The Book of Han&quot; records that yan even thousands of miles away from Beijing in the Tomb Sweeping Day &quot;return to the East China Sea grave&quot;. With the growing awareness of ancestor worship and kinship, the tomb sacrifice that was not included in the norms in ancient times was included in the &quot;Five Rites&quot;. Later, the worship of the imperial court also made the tomb sacrifice more prevalent.<br /> <br /> ===5. Types===<br /> <br /> ====(1) Ancestor worship on New Year's Eve====<br /> Ancestor worship on New Year's Eve is one of the traditional customs handed down to the Han people. On the one hand, it is derived from the traditional concept of &quot;filial piety first&quot; and &quot;cautious and final&quot;, expressing filial piety and nostalgia to ancestors at the time of ringing out the old year and ushering in the New Year; On the other hand, it is the belief that the gods of the ancestors can protect the offspring and make them prosperous. This traditional custom has been handed down from generation to generation, people always hold a sacrificial ceremony in every New Year's Eve, expressing gratitude, praying for blessings. In the past, the ancestor worship ceremony was generally held in the ancestral temple on the afternoon of New Year's Eve, and the clans with the same family name in costumes participated in the ceremony. Before the family reunion dinner, people usually place food and wine in front of the ancestral shrine to worship.<br /> In the farming areas of northeast China, the most important ancestor worship activities are usually held at the end of the year, mostly between the 28th day of the 12th lunar month and New Year's Eve. The form of sacrifice varies according to conditions. for some ancestral officials and prosperous and rich families, they built their own ancestral hall, commonly known as &quot;family temple&quot;, and their ancestral worship activities were held there. On the day of ancestor worship, the main male members of the local branches of the family gather together in the family temple. The sacrificial vessels used have been cleaned and the offerings prepared in advance, and the god (memorial tablets) and portraits (commonly known as images) of the ancestors of each generation are placed and hung in order of generation. Then under the auspices of the patriarch, all the people according to the level of their generations, in batches to each ancestor incense salute.<br /> <br /> Each family is a form of ancestor worship. In many places it happens before dinner. Firstly，they go to their family tombs to worship, some just kowtow, some use the kang table to carry a table of wine, known as &quot;to send dinner to the ancestors.&quot; The order of sacrifice begins with the seniority of the tomb. They put kang table in front of the grave, kowtow salute, then pour a cup of wine on the ground.<br /> <br /> The main process is carried out at home, usually around the dinner on New Year's Eve. People call it &quot;to fetch the ancestor home for the New Year&quot;. According to legend that the spirits of the dead cannot move in the daytime, so they must wait until after dark. People put incense burner, sweet drum, candlestick (commonly known as the five for) or combination of disk in the west wall or on kang hall box. After hanging the incense people began to put for the whole family size in turn kowtow salute. The offerings are usually pasta and fruit. <br /> <br /> Many people dedicated to the New Year's Eve ancestor worship steamed bread steamed white, each point above a red dot, each two planes are stacked together for a group, generally three to five levels, each placed in white porcelain plate. These offerings have been placed until the fifth day of the first lunar month, and from the first to the fifth day of the first lunar month, two times every morning and evening in front of the ancestral shrine (tablet) incense, until the fifth night, after the ceremony to send the &quot;ancestral&quot;, that is, the tablet or tablet back to the original place. In other areas, some memorial ceremonies are held on New Year's Eve for grandparents or parents who have recently died. <br /> <br /> The clothes they had worn before they died are folded and placed on the kang. Then the younger generation kneels down and kowtows, saying &quot;XX (the name for the elders) come home for the New Year.&quot; When burning paper, people will &quot;murmur&quot; some words of convoking thoughts and asking for blessings, and it is believed that the ancestors will certainly hear, and bring happiness and well-being for the family.<br /> <br /> ====(2) Qingming Festival ancestor worship====<br /> <br /> People visit the graves of their ancestors to see if they have been caved in due to the coming of the rainy season, or if they have been pierced by rabbits or foxes. During the tomb sweeping, weeds are eliminated, new soil is added, pigs are burned, incense is burned, and paper money is burned, and simple sacrificial ceremonies are held to express the memory of ancestors. Tomb sweeping is a concrete manifestation of the harmony of the Han nationality and filial piety and virtue. Therefore, it has become one of the important festivals for Chinese around the world, showing the patriotism of remembering their ancestors and homeland.<br /> <br /> In addition to the &quot;mountain-top offering&quot; of ancestor worship and tomb sweeping, there is ancestral offering, called &quot;temple offering&quot; in later generations. Temple offering is closely related to ancient spring performance. Though far apart in time, the two are indeed connected closely. Temple sacrifice is the common gathering of the clan. The custom of sweeping tombs and offering sacrifices to ancestors originated before the Pre-Qin Dynasty. Because of the different customs in the north and south in ancient times, sweeping tombs in some places may not be on the occasion of qingming festival. Before the Tang Dynasty, tomb sweeping was mainly carried out on the &quot;Cold Food Festival&quot; and &quot;Cold clothes Festival&quot; in some parts of northern China. It was not until the Tang and Song Dynasties that tomb sweeping began to prevail in the whole country. In many places in south China, people sweep tombs on the Double Ninth Day, Qingming Day or winter solstice day, such as in Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi or Kunming in Yunnan Province.<br /> <br /> ====(3) Ancestor worship in the Yuan Dynasty====<br /> Ancestor worship in the Hungry Ghost Festival is also known as &quot;July half&quot; ancestor worship, for it is in the end of summer and the beginning of the winter. People believe that ancestors also return home to visit their children and grandchildren at this time, so they need to worship their ancestors.<br /> <br /> ====(4) The Double Ninth Festival====<br /> The Double Ninth Festival is one of the four traditional ancestor worship festivals in China. On the annual Double Ninth Festival, people hold ancestor worship activities to pray to the gods for good fortune, and carry out activities to respect the elderly and pass on the culture of filial piety. On the Double Ninth Festival, many people hold ancestor worship activities. However, these activities also have different forms according to different regions. The Double Ninth Festival is called &quot;taigong Mountain worship&quot; in Cantonese, and all family members must attend. The worship of the Double Ninth Festival is to thank the ancestors for their kindness and pray for their blessing after the harvest. Therefore, the atmosphere is relaxed and joyful, and there will be no sorrow like &quot;pedestrian's dying soul&quot;. There are many rules to sweep tombs and worship ancestors. They worship the public ancestors first, then the branch ancestors, and each family worship their ancestors. <br /> <br /> ====6. The significance of ancestor worship====<br /> The meaning of ancestor worship is to recall the history and show the hope for the prosperity of descendants. Paying attention to ancestor worship is a prominent feature of Chinese etiquette. This is because ancestor worship has a good function of social education, which helps to cultivate the moral character of social members, strengthen the unity among social members, and maintain the stability of society.<br /> <br /> ====Terms and Expressions====<br /> &quot;Biography of Yan Yannian in The Book of Han&quot; 《汉书.严延年传》<br /> qingming festival 清明节<br /> <br /> ====References====<br /> * 1. 中国传统祭祖的四大节日 ．腾讯网[引用日期2018-10-12]<br /> * 2. 重阳节为何要敬老：中国人最该知道的四重意思 ．人民网[引用日期2018-10-21]<br /> * 3. 谈中华知有巢知有巢识合肥 ．中国安徽在线网．2017-08-08[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 4. 燧人氏：中华之燧皇，华夏之共祖 ．赤子新闻网．2019-10-29[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 5. 海峡两岸共祭中华人文始祖伏羲 ．中国新闻网．2019-06-22[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 6. 两岸共祭中华人文始祖炎帝神农氏 ．中国新闻网．2011-04-03[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 7. 海峡两岸共祭中华“人文始祖”轩辕黄帝 ．中国新闻网．2019-10-07[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 8. 新会林氏祭祖登央视 ．新浪[引用日期2014-02-06]<br /> * 9. 台南平埔族夜祭祖灵 赖清德巧遇甘肃陆生 ．凤凰网．2013-11-18[引用日期2013-11-19]<br /> * 10. 重阳节祭祖习俗 ．北方网 [引用日期2018-10-12]<br /> * 11. 清明节习俗——扫墓 ．济宁文明网[引用日期2022-04-06]<br /> <br /> ====Questions====<br /> <br /> 1.What does “Chinese Ancestor Worship” refer to?<br /> <br /> 2.What is the significance of Ancestor Worship in China?<br /> <br /> 3.How many types of Ancestor Worship in China are there?<br /> <br /> ==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==<br /> Brief Introduction<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera, formerly known as Huangmei tune and Caicha opera, originated in Huangmei, Hubei Province, and developed and expanded in Anqing, Anhui Province. Huangmei opera, together with Beijing opera, Yueju opera, Pingju opera, and Yuju opera, is one of the &quot;five major opera genres in China&quot;, and is also the main local opera genre in Anhui Province.<br /> Huangmei opera singing simple and smooth, to bright and lyrical, with rich expressive power; performance is simple and meticulous, known for real and lively. The song &quot;Matching of Heavenly Fairies&quot; has made Huangmei opera popular in the north and south of China, and has a high reputation in overseas. <br /> On May 20, 2006, Huangmei opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On May 24, 2021, Huangmei opera declared by Hubei Province was approved by the State Council to be included in the extended list of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects.<br /> <br /> Origin<br /> <br /> The history of Huangmei opera is not considered very long, for the origin of Huangmei opera, there are 5 mainstream statements. In all the testimony, which is recognized version of the Hubei Huangmei said. The reason for this consensus, one is that historical documents record Huangmei County is both a tea song folk song of the country, but also a place where floods and droughts are frequent, including the most vicious floods. Good song of Huangmei people in such an environment to escape around, selling the field to beg. A large number of Huangmei victims who flowed into Anhui Susong, Taihu, Huaining and other counties, received local food, but also returned a rich spiritual food - Huangmei Caicha tune and a variety of folk songs and dances.<br /> <br /> Development<br /> <br /> Huangmei Opera is developed on the basis of the song and dance of Huangmei Caicha tune in the adjoining areas of Anhui, Hubei and Gan provinces. One of them moved east to Anhui Huaining as the center of the Anqing area Indic language sound singing, known as Huai cavity or Huai tunes. This is the predecessor of today's Huangmei opera.&quot; Thus, it can be seen that Huangmei opera was developed on the basis of Huangmei tea opera. &quot;Huangmei Caicha opera traditional singing set&quot; defines Huangmei Caicha opera in this way: &quot;Huangmei Caicha opera, referred to as 'Caicha ', is one of the excellent local opera in Hubei Huangmei Caicha tune floated into the Huaining area with the water, it flowed into a good ecological environment for opera incubation. Many opera singers and scholars call the junction of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces as the &quot;Golden Triangle&quot; of opera, and Huaining County Shipai Town is one of the &quot;opera nest&quot;.<br /> <br /> Costume<br /> <br /> Huangmei costumes are generally less extravagant compared to the other Chinese opera branches. There is usually a greater emphasis on the singing than the display. In Hong Kong there is not necessarily a requirement to wear any traditional Chinese opera attire. An example is the cantopop artist Jenny Tseng singing Huangmei style music with Ivy Ling Po in a concert.<br /> <br /> Artistic features<br /> <br /> The melody of Huangmei Opera is a plate-like variant, with three lumens: flower cavity, color cavity, and main tone. The flower cavity is mainly composed of small plays, the tone is healthy and simple, beautiful and cheerful, with a strong sense of life and the color of the folk songs; the color cavity is very popular, and it has been widely used in the small dramas; the main theme is the vocal used in the traditional Chinese drama of Huangmei opera. The Huangmei Opera is pure and fresh, exquisite and moving, with a bright and expressive sensibility, rich in expressiveness, easy to understand, easy to popularize, and deeply loved by people all over China.<br /> <br /> Tune<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera singing voice has three forms: the main cavity, flower cavity, three cavities (&quot;colorful cavity&quot;, &quot;fairy cavity&quot;, &quot;Yin Si cavity&quot; three cavities collectively).<br /> <br /> The main cadence of Huangmei opera<br /> <br /> The main cavity is the most dramatic expression of a cavity in the traditional singing cavity of Huangmei opera. It is the principle of the musical structure of the board change body (or board cavity body), and it is this main feature that makes it different from the tune embellishment body (or tune body) of the &quot;flower cavity&quot; and both the characteristics of the two systems &quot;three cavities&quot;.<br /> The main cavity does not mean that it is predominant in all of Huangmei opera's repertoire. In fact, the main cavity is not used in small plays, and some big plays are not dominated by the main cavity. The reason why this cavity is called the main cavity is its musical form and musical performance function. In addition, from the history of the development of Huangmei opera music, the main cavity is also later than the flower cavity and three cavities. This development process coincides with the development of the repertoire from a one-act play, two small plays, three small plays to a series of plays and finally can play the whole course of the opera. Therefore, it can be considered that the main cavity is a product of the development of Huangmei opera to a mature stage. Its appearance, marking the basic style of Huangmei opera music frame.<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera's flower cadence<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera originated from folk songs and dances. Mountain and village workers of the labor songs, women and children know the lane songs, lanterns and fires in the song and dance, is the source of Huangmei opera lively. Huangmei opera in the formation of the first stage results - two small opera, three small opera process, also formed more than a hundred small songs and miscellaneous tunes of the &quot;flower cavity&quot; cavity system. Flower cavity from the folk songs, but the role has been not quite the same as folk songs. It has moved from the field to the stage, from a casual song to a prescribed dramatic situation, conveying the voice of the character. The cadences we see today, however similar they may be to folk songs, have been polished by dramatic waves and have some of the qualities of dramatic music, a kind of folk song-style tune system.<br /> <br /> Classical Works<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera's outstanding repertoire are &quot;the fairy match&quot; &quot;cowherd and weaving maiden&quot; &quot;the story of the Sophora&quot; &quot;the female horse harnessed by the side of a horse&quot; &quot;the couple watching the lantern&quot; &quot;hitting pig grass&quot; and so on. One of the most famous is the &quot;match of the immortals&quot;, tells a moving love story: the seven immortals defied the rules of heaven, private mortal Dong Yong to marry, and was eventually broken up by the Jade Emperor.<br /> <br /> References<br /> <br /> 1. 百度百科 黄梅戏https://baike.baidu.com/item/黄梅戏/2677?fr=aladdin<br /> 2. Berry, Michael. [2005] (2005). Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13330-8<br /> 3. &quot;Huangmei opera&quot;. China intangible cultural heritage digital museum. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Culture_2022_2&diff=155406 2023-06-01T10:29:27Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]]. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Culture2022_final_exam_papers#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]<br /> <br /> ==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==<br /> <br /> ==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==<br /> <br /> ===The Definition of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　<br /> <br /> The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singly as &quot;poetic drama&quot;, which is also &quot;yuan dynasty opera&quot;.[1]<br /> <br /> ===The Rise and development of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> Reasons of rise<br /> The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.<br /> <br /> Development of Yuan drama<br /> The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.<br /> Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.<br /> Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.<br /> End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]<br /> <br /> ===Yuan Drama System===<br /> <br /> The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.<br /> <br /> 1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.<br /> <br /> 2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as &quot;Quzi&quot;, is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as &quot;Dot the red lip&quot;(点绛唇), &quot;Shan Po Yang&quot;(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.<br /> <br /> 3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the &quot;Central China phonology&quot; in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.<br /> <br /> 4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.<br /> <br /> 5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as &quot;two-word pair&quot;(两字对), &quot;end-to-end pair&quot;(首尾对), &quot;serif pair&quot;(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as &quot;loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects&quot;.<br /> <br /> ===Representatives of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> 1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)<br /> <br /> Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the &quot;Four Greats of Yuan Drama&quot;(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the &quot;Four Greats of Yuan Drama&quot;, and is known as &quot;Qu sheng&quot;(曲圣). <br /> <br /> Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.<br /> Representatives of his work: &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;,&quot;Rescued by a courtesan&quot;(《救风尘》),&quot;River-veiwing Pavilion&quot;(《望江亭》),&quot;Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion&quot;(《拜月亭》)<br /> <br /> 2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)<br /> <br /> Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means &quot;thousand miles&quot; and in his later years, he used &quot;East Fence&quot;(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is &quot;Han Gong Qiu&quot;(《汉宫秋》).<br /> <br /> 3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)<br /> <br /> His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were &quot;famous in the world and amaze boudoir&quot;(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is &quot;Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover&quot;(《倩女离魂》).<br /> <br /> 4.Bai Pu(白朴)<br /> <br /> His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of &quot;Four Greats of Yuan Drama&quot;. The masterpiece of him is &quot;Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun&quot;(《墙头马上》).[3]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing<br /> <br /> &quot;Wu Tong Rain&quot;(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu<br /> <br /> &quot;Han Gong Qiu&quot;(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan<br /> <br /> &quot;Chinese Orphan&quot;(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> &quot;Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion&quot;(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing<br /> <br /> &quot;The West Chamber&quot;(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)<br /> <br /> &quot;Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun&quot;(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu<br /> <br /> &quot;Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover&quot;(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Reference===<br /> <br /> [1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].<br /> <br /> [2].唐定耀.元曲 针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.<br /> <br /> [3].唱念做打 生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Terms and Expressions===<br /> <br /> poetic drama 杂剧<br /> <br /> non-dramatic song 散曲<br /> <br /> temple宫调<br /> <br /> Zheng Gong 正宫<br /> <br /> Zhonglu Gong 中吕宫<br /> <br /> Nanlu Gong 南吕宫<br /> <br /> Xianlu Gong 仙吕宫<br /> <br /> Huangzhong Gong 黄钟宫<br /> <br /> Damian tone 大面调<br /> <br /> Double tone 双调<br /> <br /> Shang tone 商调<br /> <br /> Yue tone 越调<br /> <br /> Qupai 曲牌<br /> <br /> Dot the red lip 点绛唇<br /> <br /> Shan Po Yang 山坡羊<br /> <br /> Rhyme 曲韵<br /> <br /> Level and oblique tones 平仄<br /> <br /> Antithesis 对仗<br /> <br /> two-word pair 两字对<br /> <br /> end-to-end pair 首尾对<br /> <br /> serif pair 衬字对<br /> <br /> Four Greats of Yuan Drama 元曲四大家<br /> <br /> Qu sheng 曲圣<br /> <br /> Snow in Summer《窦娥冤》<br /> <br /> Xiaoling 小令<br /> <br /> Rescued by a courtesan《救风尘》<br /> <br /> River-veiwing Pavilion《望江亭》<br /> <br /> Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion《拜月亭》<br /> <br /> Han Gong Qiu《汉宫秋》<br /> <br /> famous in the world and amaze boudoir 名闻天下，声振闺阁<br /> <br /> Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover《倩女离魂》<br /> <br /> Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun《墙头马上》<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.What is Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> 2.How many periods had Yuan drama experienced during its development?<br /> <br /> 3.What are the six aspects embodying the system of Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> 4.Who are the &quot;four greats of Yuan drama&quot;?<br /> <br /> 5.What are the four tragedies of Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> 6.What are the four love dramas of Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama.<br /> <br /> 2. 3/three<br /> <br /> 3. Temple,Qupai,Rhyme,level and oblique tones,Antithesis<br /> <br /> 4. Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guanzu, Bai Pu<br /> <br /> 5. &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;, &quot;Wu Tong Rain&quot;, &quot;Han Gong Qiu&quot;, &quot;Chinese Orphan&quot;<br /> <br /> 6.&quot;Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion&quot;, &quot;The West Chamber&quot;, &quot;Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun&quot;, &quot;Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==<br /> Music and Instruments:Erhu<br /> <br /> '''1.A Brief Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means &quot;instrument of the Hu peoples&quot;, suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms. <br /> <br /> '''2.The Development of Erhu'''<br /> <br /> The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin. <br /> <br /> During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers; during the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development; during the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing; during Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread; during this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance. <br /> <br /> After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly. In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.<br /> <br /> '''3.Construction'''<br /> <br /> The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.<br /> <br /> The parts of the Erhu:<br /> <br /> Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.<br /> <br /> Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.<br /> <br /> Qín gan (琴杆), neck.<br /> <br /> Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.<br /> <br /> Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs<br /> <br /> Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook<br /> <br /> Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player<br /> <br /> Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4<br /> <br /> Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood<br /> <br /> Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension<br /> <br /> Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound<br /> <br /> Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg<br /> <br /> '''4.Playing Technique'''<br /> <br /> (1)Tuning<br /> <br /> The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.<br /> <br /> (2)Position<br /> <br /> The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.<br /> <br /> (3)Right hand<br /> <br /> The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.<br /> Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.<br /> <br /> (4)Left hand<br /> <br /> The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).<br /> <br /> '''5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics'''<br /> <br /> (1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》<br /> <br /> (2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》<br /> <br /> (3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》<br /> <br /> (4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》<br /> <br /> (5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》<br /> <br /> (6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》<br /> <br /> (7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》<br /> <br /> (8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》<br /> <br /> (9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）<br /> <br /> (10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》<br /> <br /> '''Reference'''<br /> [1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.<br /> [2]Erhu--Wikipedia<br /> <br /> ==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Ⅰ Foreword'''<br /> <br /> The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, people' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.<br /> <br /> '''Ⅱ Overview'''<br /> <br /> 1.Views on Marriage and Love at Ancient Times<br /> <br /> 1.1 the ancient abnormal phenomenon of love<br /> <br /> True love only happens in more special intimate relationships. Just like a very pleasing ancient love novel, Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai two people love each other to the end, both died in love, this is not a beautiful love? You may find that true love in traditional love tends to break the rules, and is more likely to occur when there is a conflict of status or class between two people, and the result of such a relationship is not adultery, but elopement or even martyrdom.<br /> <br /> As I said, these are still in the drama. They are people's ideal love stories and real stories. For example, the story of Zhuo Wenjun and Sima Xiangru in the Han Dynasty.<br /> <br /> 1.2 illegality of eloping<br /> <br /> Sima Xiangru, Zhuo Wenjun and other elopements were not justified in ancient marriage norms. In ancient times, people respected the etiquette and customs of marriage, and so on. Eloping with another woman, falling in love, is a rare behavior. A normal marriage is one of matching families, bearing children, carrying on the family line, supporting husband and educating children. So in a traditional marriage, love is an anomaly. In ancient times, love was too extreme. Either two people lived a happy life, or both people died in love, just like the love story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai. They loved each other very much, but in our modern view of love, this is a very extreme approach.<br /> <br /> 2.Views on Marriage and Love in Modern Times<br /> <br /> 2.1 the normalization trend of love concepts<br /> <br /> Love has few elements in a Chinese marriage. For them, the Chinese view of love and marriage is still based on the traditional concept of marriage. You may not have noticed that in modern times, after the widespread practice of monogamy in the 1950s, our Chinese concept of love changed a lot. For example, the word &quot;love&quot; began at that time, that is, since then, there has been a general understanding that in the process of getting to know each other and falling in love, one should first fall in love, even if they have been talking for several years, one should not get married.<br /> <br /> Therefore, in modern Chinese marriage, love has become a necessity of life and a factor that people attach great importance to when getting married. In this respect, the biggest difference between Chinese modern marriage and traditional marriage. After the 1950s, free love, free marriage and free divorce became the mainstream ideology.<br /> <br /> 2.2 freedom of divorce<br /> <br /> As far as the freedom of divorce is concerned, attitudes are also changing. The definition of &quot;wrongful marriage&quot; is that the court will only give a divorce if one of the parties to the marriage has a wrongful marriage, such as desertion, domestic violence, affairs, etc. After a series of struggles, people from the fault divorce law to no fault divorce law. When we talk about no-fault divorce, it means that there is no fault in the couple, but they can divorce as long as the relationship breaks down.<br /> <br /> When the Marriage Act was enacted in 1950, our country came into being in one step. The reasons for civil divorce in China are as follows: if the relationship between the two parties is broken, the marriage relationship can be dissolved; Emotional breakdown is a sufficient ground for divorce. Western countries have been striving for fault-free divorce. From the perspective of marriage reasons, the emotional factors of husband and wife have occupied a very important position. Since ancient times, the change of marriage form from traditional to modern is delightful.<br /> <br /> '''Ⅲ Changes'''<br /> <br /> 1.mate selection views<br /> <br /> In ancient times, the most typical ideal marriage was &quot;matching family status&quot;, in which the economic strength and social status of the male and female were equal, and personal feelings were not included in the marriage criteria. Nowadays, people's view of mate selection and external conditions such as family rank and property have gradually changed to internal qualities such as personal feelings and knowledge.<br /> <br /> 2. celibacy<br /> <br /> In ancient times, the principle of male master outside and female master inside was followed, but with the liberation of women's thought, the competition between men and women in the profession became increasingly fierce, resulting in more and more single women. In western countries such as Britain and France, there has been a rise in the prevalence of celibacy and a falling birth rate, according to reports. And the single with female intellectuals in the majority, female single people think, life is not designed for fertility, people's life should take career as the most important.<br /> <br /> 3. marriage autonomy<br /> <br /> In ancient times, marriage emphasized the order of parents, matchmakers, three wives and four concubines, etc., while modern marriage proposed monogamy, against taking concubines, women's economic independence, freedom of love, freedom of marriage, freedom of divorce and other attitudes. In some developed areas, some celebrities and elegant people regard free marriage as a virtue, and they should pay attention to civilization in form.<br /> <br /> 4. the age of first marriage<br /> <br /> In ancient times, men and women generally married at the age of 14 or 15. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, feminism rose, and women's ideas changed after they studied, resulting in the phenomenon of delayed marriage. The general decline of the rural economy in the late 1920s also helped to curb traditional early marriages.<br /> <br /> ==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==<br /> <br /> '''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to &quot;tuanyuan&quot;, which has the meanings of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.<br /> <br /> '''The origin of Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China. [1]<br /> <br /> The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that &quot;eating Tangyuan to grow one year older&quot;. People not only made them for themselves, but they also sent them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors. [2]<br /> <br /> Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China. <br /> <br /> Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [3]<br /> <br /> Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.<br /> <br /> '''Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''<br /> <br /> The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.<br /> <br /> Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.<br /> Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice &quot;dough&quot; and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is &quot;sugar water,&quot; for sweeter options.[4]<br /> <br /> '''Types of Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:<br /> <br /> 1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing<br /> <br /> In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.<br /> <br /> 2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou<br /> <br /> Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.<br /> <br /> 3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province<br /> <br /> The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.<br /> <br /> 4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha<br /> <br /> Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.<br /> <br /> 5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province<br /> <br /> Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[5]<br /> <br /> '''Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern tang yuan flavors can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage. [6]<br /> <br /> '''Steps of making Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.<br /> <br /> First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!<br /> <br /> Terms and Expressions<br /> <br /> glutinous rice flour 糯米粉<br /> <br /> The Winter Solstice 冬至<br /> <br /> winter solstice dumpling 冬至团<br /> <br /> Ling Tangyuan 凌汤圆<br /> <br /> Five-colored Tangyuan 五色汤圆<br /> <br /> 4-flavor Tangyuan 四式汤圆<br /> <br /> Sisters’ Tangyuan姐妹汤圆<br /> <br /> Chicken Tangyuan 鸡肉汤圆<br /> <br /> nutlet果仁<br /> <br /> sesame 芝麻<br /> <br /> osmanthus flowers桂花<br /> <br /> jujube paste枣泥<br /> <br /> Questions<br /> <br /> 1. What implied meanings does Tangyuan have?<br /> <br /> 2. When and where was Tangyuan originally developed?<br /> <br /> 3. What does the fundamental difference between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao lie in?<br /> <br /> 4. Which place serves five-colored Tangyuan?<br /> <br /> 5. When did the style of 4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province originate?<br /> <br /> 6. Which filling of Tangyuan do you like? Sweet or savory?<br /> <br /> References<br /> <br /> [1]百度百科 汤圆 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B1%A4%E5%9C%86/1333352#reference-[2]-16853831-wrap<br /> <br /> [2]冬至吃汤圆的由来和寓意https://www.5068.com/jierizhishi/a243416.html<br /> <br /> [3][5] Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China<br /> <br /> [4][6] Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia<br /> <br /> ==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==<br /> <br /> 1.Introduction<br /> Snub-nosed monkey, a member of the genus Simiidae, is an IUCN endangered species with large nostrils, upturned lips, thick lips, and no cheek pouches. The snub-nosed monkey lives in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests at altitudes of 1400-3000 meters. They fear the heat, but tolerate the cold, and live in families.<br /> Golden monkeys include Burmese golden monkeys, Sichuan golden monkeys, Yunnan golden monkeys, Guizhou golden monkeys, and Vietnam golden monkeys. Except Burmese golden monkeys and Vietnam golden monkeys, other golden monkeys are rare and unique to China, and are listed as endangered species on the Red List of Species. This paper will introduce three kinds of golden monkeys endemic to China.<br /> <br /> 2.Sichuan golden monkeys<br /> Sichuan Golden Monkey: the “Most Beautiful Monkey” among Primates. Only Sichuan snub-nosed monkey can truly match the word &quot;golden silk&quot;, the other four species are all gray or black. Adult golden snub-nosed monkeys have colorful fur, with golden-red, red-brown, silver-gray hairs and long hairs around them. The main tone is yellowish-brown, thick and long. Adult male golden snub-nosed monkeys have long golden hairs of up to 30 cm on their back and shoulders. Due to the climate, the color of the golden snub-nosed monkey is also different. Every summer and autumn, they are the most beautiful. Golden brown and red long hairs set off against each other shine in the sunshine, which looks like wearing a golden cloak from a distance, looking majestic.<br /> Sichuan golden monkeys and giant pandas both belong to the treasure animals. Sichuan golden monkeys' colour is gorgeous, unique shape, grace, gentle nature, popular people's favorite, has a lot of appeal to the public, to be able to attract the public attention and get the favour of protection fund, not only can make themselves under the protection of the better, and to jointly protect the smaller species <br /> <br /> In 2019, modern Art magazine took the lead in exclusively planning and organizing the implementation of the series of commemorative activities of &quot;The 150th Anniversary of the Scientific discovery of The Giant Panda and golden Monkey&quot;. As the place where the giant panda and golden monkey were discovered, Sichuan has made continuous efforts in recent years to make the giant panda and golden monkey the cultural name card of Sichuan, actively do a good job in the inheritance and protection of the giant panda and golden monkey culture, and promote the development and spread of the Great Beauty of Sichuan, Ecological Sichuan and cultural Sichuan. Sichuan is vigorously developing its cultural tourism industry, comprehensively establishing its cultural tourism brand, and speeding up the construction of a strong cultural province. The successful development and dissemination of the series of themed commemorative activities of &quot;China Double Treasure Sichuan Name Card&quot; is not only a traditional expression of literary and artistic commemoration, but also an innovative cultural tourism publicity practice. It is also the proud work of a series of literary and art works that Sichuan Federation of Literary and art circles around the new slogan of cultural tourism.<br /> <br /> 3.Guizhou golden monkeys<br /> Guizhou golden monkey is also known as &quot;grey snub-nosed monkey&quot;. However, its body is a bit like Sichuan golden monkey but a slightly smaller, with a long tail like an oxtail, the tail is longer than the body, giving people a particularly funny feeling, so the local people also called it &quot;oxtail monkey&quot;. Guizhou golden monkey body back in beige, some yellow tonal, limb lateral hand upward from the shoulders back, the nose and mouth slightly concave down, face the pale gray or pale blue, is blue nose, eyebrows, ridge, shoulder MAO, 160 mm by black gradient for the light beige, under the neck, armpits, and the arms for golden, shares to yellowish gray, The body color changes of upper limbs are the same as that of lower limbs. The tail head is dark gray to the tail is yellowish white or black, the whole body is silver gray, the young is light, the top of the head is gray, the inside of the limbs is milk gray, and it is called &quot;snub-nosed monkey&quot;.<br /> Guizhou snub-nosed monkey is a rare species unique to China and one of the rare and endangered species in the world. It was once in a prosperous period in history and was widely distributed in more than 10 provinces and regions around Guizhou. Currently, it is only confined to Fanjing Mountain area in Tongren. The number of pandas is even rarer than that of giant pandas, and it is known as &quot;the only child in the world&quot;.<br /> Tongren has rich cultural accumulation and is a tourist city with many unique representative elements. Nowadays, Guizhou golden monkey is known by more and more people, and it is also a national first-class protected animal. Fanjing Mountain in Tongren is a tourist resort. Integrating the natural form elements of Guizhou golden monkey and the characteristic culture of Tongren into the cartoon image design will make the cartoon character more interesting and influential, and make it more accepted and liked by more people. Let people have the opportunity to contact the excellent works with the &quot;flavor&quot; of Tongren area. Relative to foreign complicated cartoon image, Guizhou golden monkey card image can give a person shine at the moment of feeling, careful analysis and use of the advantage resources, can make Guizhou golden monkey cartoon image design of rapid development, even in the future and foreign cartoon image tied, equal, let the cartoon image of Tongren regional culture through inheritance.<br /> <br /> 4.Yunnan golden monkeys<br /> Yunnan golden monkey is a national treasure as famous as the giant panda. Yunnan golden monkey is the most human-like animal in the world, with human-like teeth and an unforgettable &quot;flaming red lip&quot;. In fact, in addition to the face is very human-like, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey also like human footprints, wide at the front and narrow at the back, but much smaller than human feet. In general, male monkeys have the largest foot, but it is less than half the size of adult male human feet, no more than 15 cm in length, especially indented.<br /> They are also one of the highest altitude distribution and largest primates on the earth. They live in the alpine taiga belt all year round, and are known as the &quot;snow Mountain spirit&quot;, mysterious and elegant. Located in a global biodiversity hotspot where &quot;three rivers flow simultaneously&quot; in the Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys live in the narrow mountain range from Mangkam in Xizang province in the north to Yunlong in Dali in the south. Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve is the largest Yunnan golden monkey reserve in China.<br /> Since the first golden monkey appeared, the number of golden monkeys in China has doubled to more than 3,000. Every day, when the monkeys go to sleep, the rangers go home. The next day, before the monkey got up, the ranger was already by the monkey's side, starting a new day of guarding. The first group of monkey keepers began to protect Yunnan golden monkeys at the age of 45 and have been protecting them for 22 years now. Behind the continuation of the whole Yunnan golden monkey species is the blood, sweat and tears of three generations of monkey keepers for decades.<br /> The biodiversity in Yunnan is extremely rich, and the number of species in each major group is close to or more than half of that in China. However, due to the large difference of natural ecological environment, the distribution area of biological population and ecosystem is small, the ecological adaptability is low, and it is very sensitive to external disturbance. In recent years, Yunnan has adhered to the principle of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, strengthened the protection of biodiversity, improved the system of natural protected areas, and improved the quality of ecosystem. The Chinese government and people get world must carefully biodiversity of the management behavior. The story of Yunnan's rescue of the Asian elephant, an endangered species, has warmed the world. The 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) will be held in Kunming. Yunnan accounts for 4.1% of the land area of the country, but it covers the types of ecosystems on the earth except ocean and desert. COP15 is held in Yunnan, which is inseparable from the rich resources and remarkable biodiversity conservation effect of Yunnan.<br /> <br /> Terms and expressions<br /> Simiidaen. 类人猿科<br /> Burmese golden monkeys 缅甸金丝猴<br /> Sichuan golden monkeys 川金丝猴<br /> Guizhou golden monkeys黔金丝猴<br /> Yunnan golden monkeys 滇金丝猴<br /> Vietnam golden monkeys 越南金丝猴<br /> <br /> Questions<br /> How many kinds of golden monkeys are there?<br /> What are the three kinds of golden monkeys unique to China?<br /> How does Sichuan Golden Monkey differ from the other four Golden Monkey species?<br /> Where are the current distribution of The Guizhou Snub-Nosed monkeys?<br /> What animal looks most like a human?<br /> <br /> References<br /> [1] 杨敬元 美丽中国 Beautiful China<br /> [2] 吴　蓉　田　隽　盛佳佳　魏小冲　汪　欣 黔金丝猴元素在铜仁市旅游文创产品中的设计与开发 <br /> [3] 徐元锋 曾智慧 特稿|守护“雪山精灵”滇金丝猴<br /> [4] 新华每日电讯生物多样性保护的云南“画卷”<br /> [5] 百度百科<br /> <br /> ==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==<br /> <br /> Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.<br /> <br /> '''1. Brief Introduction to Some Rich Businessmen'''<br /> <br /> 1. Huiyan Yang and family, 39, Country Garden<br /> Net worth: $33.1 billion<br /> Topping the list again this year is 39-year-old Huiyan Yang and her family. Also considered Asia’s richest woman, Yang is the majority shareholder of Country Garden, a property development company founded by her farmer father, Guoqiang Yang, in Guangdong in 1992.<br /> Despite seeing her wealth surge 29% over the past year, Yang dropped one spot in 2020 to rank as China’s sixth-richest billionaire overall.<br /> <br /> 2. Zetian Zhang, 27, JD.com<br /> Net worth: $23.5 billion<br /> Zetian Zhang, 27, and her husband Qiangdong Liu, 41, saw their combined wealth surge 111% to $23.5 billion in 2020 largely thanks to the meteoric growth of Liu’s e-commerce company JD.com. A businesswoman in her own right, Zhang is an investor who also serves as chief fashion advisor of JD’s luxury business. At 24, she became China’s youngest female billionaire following her marriage to Liu in 2015.<br /> <br /> 3. Hao Yan, 34, Pacific Construction Group<br /> Net worth: $21.3 billion<br /> Hao Yan, 34, is the chairman of Xinjiang-headquartered construction company Pacific Construction Group, the company founded by his father, CEO JieHe Yan in 1986.<br /> <br /> 4. Yiming Zhang, 37, ByteDance<br /> Net worth: $16.2 billion<br /> 37-year-old Yiming Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of ByteDance, the Chinese internet company behind video sharing platform TikTok. The platform has shot to prominence outside of China, now surpassing Facebook-owned Instagram to rank as U.S. teens’ preferred social media app after Snap. However, its rapid growth has also sparked national security concerns, prompting the proposed sale of its U.S. operations.<br /> Zhang Yiming, founder of internet company ByteDance, the parent company of video sharing platform TikTok.<br /> <br /> 5. Bangxin Zhang, 39, TAL Education<br /> Net worth: $14 billion<br /> With an estimated net worth of $14 billion, Bangxin Zhang is the co-founder and chairman of Beijing-headquartered tutoring business TAL Education. Founded in 2003, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and has enjoyed rapid growth in 2020 under coronavirus-induced remote learning policies.<br /> <br /> 6. Gang Zhang and family, 39, Xinfalyudian<br /> Net worth: $8.8 billion<br /> 39-year-old Gang Zhang of aluminum company Xinfalyudian has an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion, having grown his fortunes 100% in the past year and jumping up 32 places in the overall 2020 rich list.<br /> <br /> 7. Xiaosong Wang, 33, Seazen<br /> Net worth: $6.4 billion<br /> Xiaosong Wang is the 33-year-old chairman and president of real estate company Seazen. Wang shares the fortune with his father, Zhenhua, 58 whom he replaced in 2019 following accusations of sexual assault.<br /> <br /> 8. Qun Wu, 32, Yuwell<br /> Net worth: $5.3 billion<br /> Qun Wu, 32, is the son of Guangming Wu, 58, founder and chairman of medical equipment maker Yuwell. Together they have a fortune of $5.3 billion, up 50% from last year.<br /> <br /> 9. Gang Ye, 39, Sea<br /> Net worth: $4.9 billion<br /> New to this year’s list is China-born Gang Ye, who was raised in Singapore and made his fortune in the city-state as one of the co-founders of internet company Sea. As the developer behind popular gaming apps such as Free Fire, Sea has benefited from a surge in gaming under lockdowns this year, becoming the world’s best-performing large-cap stock in August.<br /> <br /> 10. Hua Su, 38, Kuaishou<br /> Net worth: $3.8 billion<br /> Chinese entrepreneur Hua Su founded Kuaishou as a GIF-making app in 2011 but later transformed it into a video sharing platform popular with users particularly in rural China. Before founding the company, he worked as a programmer at Google and Chinese internet search engine Baidu.<br /> <br /> 11. Meng Yang, 38, and Li He, 36, Anker<br /> Net worth: $3.7 billion<br /> Newly-minted billionaires Meng Yang and Li He saw their combined wealth catapult to $3.7 billion this year on the back of their consumer electronics company, Anker. The Apple charger-maker doubled in valuation when it debuted on the public market this August, hitting $8 billion.<br /> <br /> 12. Xiang Li, 39, Li Auto<br /> Net worth: $3.5 billion<br /> Dubbed “China’s Elon Musk,” 39-year-old Xiang Li is the founder of electric vehicle-maker Li Auto. Founded five years ago, the Beijing-headquartered manufacturer went public on the Nasdaq in July 2020 with a valuation of $10 billion, catapulting Li to billionaire status.<br /> <br /> 13. Liang Zhang, 38, R&amp;F<br /> Net worth: $3.45 billion<br /> Liang Zhang is the 38 son of Li Zhang, 68, founder and co-chair of Guanzhou-based developer R&amp;F. Together, their wealth totals more than $3.4 billion.<br /> <br /> 14. Tianshi Chen, 35, Cambricon Technologies<br /> Net worth: $3.1 billion<br /> Newcomer to this year’s list is Tianshi Chen, the 35-year-old co-founder and CEO of chipmaker Cambricon Technologies. Launched in 2016, the company’s artificial intelligence-enabled technology has been used in more than 100 million smartphones.<br /> <br /> 15. Yixiao Cheng, 35, Kuaishou<br /> Net worth: $3.1 billion<br /> Also new to the list is 35-year-old Yixiao Cheng, co-founder of short video platform Kuaishou. Cheng, who began his career as a software engineer at HP, now has an estimated net worth of more than $3 billion.<br /> <br /> 16. Yifeng Wang, 36, Zhejiang Century Huatong Group<br /> Net worth: $3.1 billion<br /> Yifeng Wang, 36, and father Miaotong Wang, 63, are the vice-chairman and chairman, respectively, of automaker Zhejiang Century Huatong Group. Having recently diversified into games development, the pair has seen their combined wealth surged 83% in the past year.<br /> <br /> 17. Wei Cheng, 37, DiDi<br /> Net worth: $2.8 billion<br /> 37-year-old Wei Cheng is the founder and CEO of ride-hailing giant DiDi. Having spent eight years working at Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, Cheng launched DiDi in 2012. Today, the company ranks as one of China’s most valuable billion-dollar start-ups and Cheng is worth an estimated $2.8 billion.<br /> Cheng Wei, CEO of taxi-hailing app Didi-Kuaidi, speaks during the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2015 at Dalian International Convention Center on Sept. 9, 2015 in Dalian, China.<br /> <br /> 18. Guoyuan Peng, 34, NWY<br /> Net worth: $2.6 billion<br /> Guoyuan Peng, 34, is the chairman of education group NWY, worth an estimated $2.6 billion, up 20% from 2019.<br /> <br /> 19. Zheng Cao, 37, Hangke Technology<br /> Net worth: $2.5 billion<br /> Zheng Cao, 37, is the vice president of Zhejiang Hanke Technology, the lithium battery producing company founded by his father Ji Cao, 68. With a shared 70% stake in the business, the pair is today worth an estimated $2.5 billion.<br /> <br /> 20. Yan Wu, 39, Hakim Unique<br /> Net worth: $2.5 billion<br /> Yan Wu, 39, and husband Qicheng Wang, 40, are the co-founders of Hakim Unique, an internet, media and real estate company. Together, their fortune is around $2.5 billion.<br /> <br /> '''2. Main Reasons '''<br /> <br /> From “Made in China” to “Innovated in China”, two features of demographic transition have also been a powerful driver of China’s growth in the past three and a half decades. The first feature is a favorable dependency ratio. China’s sharp decline in fertility rate has meant fewer young dependents to support for a given size of the working cohort. The fraction of primeage people in total population rose steadily for three decades, creating an unusually large demographic dividend, which in turn contributed to economic growth (Cai and Wang 2008; Wei 2015).<br /> <br /> The second feature of demography that affects growth is the gender ratio imbalance of the premarital cohort. This less-studied factor may have a quantitatively significant effect as well. The one-child policy (now it is abolished) has yielded an unintended consequence in distorting the sex ratio in favor of boys. As the one-child generation enters the marriageable age, young men face a very competitive marriage market. In order to attract potential brides, families with sons choose to work harder, save more, and take on more risks, including exhibiting a higher propensity to be entrepreneurs (Wei and Zhang 2011a, b; Chang and Zhang 2015; Wei, Zhang, and Liu forthcoming). It is estimated that increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances has contributed to about two percentage points of economic growth per year (Wei and Zhang 2011b).<br /> <br /> The innovation, especially in technology, brings huge profit to the economy. However, it also make giant bubbles.<br /> <br /> '''Words and Expressions'''<br /> shareholder 股东<br /> ByteDance 字节跳动<br /> e-commerce 电商<br /> <br /> '''Questions'''<br /> <br /> 1. Who founded JD.com?<br /> <br /> 2. Who married Qiangdong Liu?<br /> <br /> 3. Is ByteDance the same thing as Tiktok?<br /> <br /> 4. Does Jay Chou play Kuaishou?<br /> <br /> 5. Has increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances contributed to economic growth per year?<br /> <br /> '''Answers'''<br /> <br /> 1. Qiangdong Liu<br /> <br /> 2. Zetian Zhang<br /> <br /> 3. No<br /> <br /> 4. Yes<br /> <br /> 5. Yes<br /> <br /> '''References'''<br /> <br /> 1. Mengjun Yang, Shilin Zheng, Lin Zhou. 2022. Broadband internet and enterprise innovation. China<br /> Economic Review 74, 101802.<br /> 2. Yue Hua, Yue Lu, Ruili Zhao. 2022. Global value chain engagement and air pollution: Evidence from<br /> Chinese firms. Journal of Economic Surveys 36:3, 708-727. <br /> 3. Rui Chen. 2022. The effects of green credit policy on the formation of zombie firms: evidence from<br /> Chinese listed firms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 32. <br /> 4.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/28/chinas-youngest-richest-billionaires-and-how-they-made-their-money.html<br /> <br /> ==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas ==<br /> <br /> ===Survey===<br /> Chinese opera has a long history and is a unique dramatic art in the world. Because of China's vast territory, with many ethnic groups and different dialects in different places, a colorful variety of local operas has been formed in addition to Peking opera. According to statistics, there are more than 300 kinds of local operas throughout China, which can be called the most influential in the world, including Jin Opera, also named Shanxi Opera (晋剧), Henan Opera (豫剧), Yue Opera (越剧), Huangmei Opera (黄梅戏), Pingju Opera (评剧), Qu Opera (曲剧), Cantonese Opera (粤剧), Huai Opera (淮剧) and Lv Opera (吕剧). Among them, the five major Chinese opera genres are Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera in that order.<br /> Local drama is the general name of opera genres with local characteristics popular in certain areas, such as Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera, Huai Opera, Qinqiang Opera, Sichuan Opera, Lv opera, etc. Local drama is the opposite of popular national operas such as Peking opera. As a form of traditional cultural expression, local drama refers to the form of drama that condenses the folk customs of a certain region and is thus popular among the public in that region. On the one hand, the local opera is an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage; on the other hand, the local opera has special characteristics that are different from other intangible cultural heritage. This is because local opera is a living form of traditional cultural expression, which not only inherits certain historical and cultural traditions but also looks forward to the creative transformation of cultural traditions in the expression of the spirit of the times.<br /> <br /> ===Jin Opera===<br /> Jin opera, one of the four major operas of Shanxi Clapper Opera (Shanxi Bang-zi, 山西梆子), is a traditional Chinese local opera. It is also known as Zhong Lu Bang Zi (中路梆子), or Middle Opera, because it was produced in central Shanxi Province, and is mainly popular in central and northern Shanxi Province, northern Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolia, and parts of Hebei Province.<br /> Jin opera, also known as Shanxi opera, is an important drama genre in northern China. It was named after Fenyang (汾阳), Xiaoyi（孝义）, Qixian（祁县）, Taigu（太谷）, and Taiyuan（太原） in central Shanxi. On May 20, 2006, Jin opera was approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the first batch of the national intangible cultural heritage list, numbered Ⅳ-18.<br /> The traditional repertoire of Jin opera is rich, with more than 200 plays being performed regularly.<br /> They include The River Weishui （渭水河）, Beating the Golden Bough （打金枝）, The Mountain of Lintong (临潼山), The Belt of Heaven and Earth（乾坤带）, The Kingdom of Shatto（沙陀国）and so on. Each of these plays shows unique characteristics.<br /> Jin opera is characterized by its melody, smoothness, beautiful tunes, roundness, friendliness, and clarity.<br /> In the process of Jin Opera’s evolution, the artists, in order to adapt to the appreciation habits of the local people, absorbed and melted the cadences and percussions of Qixian Yangko and Taigu Yangko, etc., through which they continuously improved the voice, singing and performance in all aspects, forming an artistic style of high excitement and fresh euphemism.<br /> The singing style includes fiddling, cadences and tunes, and has a high and aggressive yet fresh and ebullient style. The main types of roles in Jin Opera consist of &quot;three big doors&quot; (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and &quot;three small doors&quot; (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).<br /> <br /> ===Henan Opera===<br /> Henan Opera is also known as Henan Bang-Zi and Henan Gaodiao. It is the number one local drama genre in China. Henan opera was born in Kaifeng, the ancient capital of the seven dynasties. It originated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and has a history of more than 400 years ago. It is popular in Henan and parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Hubei, Taiwan, etc. It is the genre with the largest number of professional opera groups and practitioners after the 21st century. With more than 1,000 traditional plays, it is one of the five major opera genres in China and the first batch on the national intangible cultural heritage list. Famous actors include Chen Suzhen, Ma Jinfeng, Chang Xiangyu, Yan Lipin, etc. The representative plays include Qin Xianglian (秦香莲), Peach Blossom Nun (桃花庵), Mu Guiying in Command (穆桂英挂帅), Hua Mulan (花木兰), etc.<br /> Yu opera is known for its singing skills, with a high and loud singing voice and a very clever combination of real and falsetto. The singing voice is very smooth, the rhythm is light and clear, and the singing style is colloquial. The spitting of words is very clear, making it easy for the audience to hear and accept, and has a unique artistic charm. The performance of Henan opera is very masculine and passionate, so it is good at performing atmospheric scenes and has strong infectious power. It is also rich in local characteristics, easy to understand, and natural, and its performance content and expressions are close to the life of the people.<br /> Although the spoken lyrics of Henan opera are not as strict and regular as the written language, nor as elaborate and elegant as the metrical poetry, they are more accurate and vivid than the written language and metrical poetry in their artistic expression by taking the essence of the spoken language in life, speaking the native language, singing the native voice, telling the native stories and expressing the native feelings.<br /> <br /> ===Yue Opera===<br /> Yue Opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, originated in the rural area of Sheng County（嵊县） in the Shaoxing region, which is the homeland of the State of Yue. It is the second largest opera genre in China and is also known as the second national opera, and is one of the five major opera genres in China. It originated in the Shaoxing area of Zhejiang Province, but matured in Shanghai, and spread throughout Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang. In its development, Yue Opera has drawn on the great achievements of Kunqu Drama and Shao Opera. It has undergone a historical evolution from a male Yue Opera to a female Yue Opera. Yue Opera has a beautiful singing voice and delicate and lyrical performances. Famous actors include Yuan Xuefen, Wang Wenjuan, Xu Yulan, etc. The representative repertoire includes The Dream of Red Mansion (红楼梦), Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai (梁山伯与祝英台), The Romance of West Chamber (西厢记), Mrs. Xianglin (祥林嫂), and Chasing Fish (追鱼).<br /> The singing style of Yue Opera is so refined that it has formed many genres. The music of the opera incorporates the beautiful melodies of the silk and bamboo from the south of the Yangtze River, and the themes of the opera mainly reflect the love between men and women. The lyrics and narration are in the dialect of Sheng County. The famous actors and actresses of Yue Opera are concentrated in Shanghai and Hangzhou. In recent years, the &quot;Little Hundred Flowers&quot; troupe of Yueju opera of Zhejiang Province has emerged with a wide range of talents and has become famous in China and abroad.<br /> Yue Opera is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics, a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts.<br /> <br /> ===Huangmei Opera===<br /> Huangmei Opera is one of the local operas in Anhui province, which was called Huangmei Tune and Tea-picking Opera in the old days, mainly popular in Anhui Province and some areas in Jiangxi Province and Hubei Province. It originated from the tea picking song in Huangmei County, Hubei Province. After Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, the tea-catching song of Huangmei in Hubei Province was introduced to the Anqing area in Anhui Province, influenced by Qingyang cadence, and developed with local folk songs and dances, rap, and music.<br /> The traditional repertoire and music of Huangmei opera are more influenced by Huizhou opera. In its main singing voice, the big opera has flat words, firework, two lines, three lines, color cavity, etc., and small opera with their own independent singing voice. Famous actors include Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Ma Lan, etc. The traditional plays performed include Marriage of the Fairy Princess (天仙配), Female Consort Prince (女驸马), The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid (牛郎织女), etc.<br /> Huangmei Opera is famous for its lyricism, smoothness, rhythm, and richness, and has rich expressive power. Its performance is real and lively, simple and meticulous by the public; beautiful tunes, catchy, both popular; the singing voice is mellow, elegant, universal; distinctive character, more active, lively, bright characters.<br /> At that time, most of the artists performing Huangmei opera came from peasants and craftsmen, who did not have professional training and could only copy the performance procedures of other major opera genres. Because of this, Huangmei opera was more like a lovely young girl from the fields than the atmospheric, gorgeous, and magnificent atmosphere represented by Beijing and Huizhou operas of the same generation.<br /> <br /> ===Pingju Opera===<br /> Pingju Opera, which originated in Tangshan, Hebei Province, is one of the five major Chinese opera genres. It is a local opera popular in Beijing, Tianjin, and other parts of North and Northeast China. It was originally developed on the basis of the Hebei folk rap Lian Hua Lao. The performance procedures of the opera are mostly borrowed from Beijing opera and Bangzi and were first performed in the rural areas, where many elements were closer to life. Therefore, it is easy to express historical themes and reflect on modern life. The language is easy to understand and expressive.<br /> The famous actors include Xiao Bai Yushang, Xin Fengxia, etc. The representative plays include Widow Ma Opens a Shop (马寡妇开店), Madam Du Shi-niang (杜十娘), Little Son-in-Law (小女婿), Liu Qiao-er (刘巧儿), etc.<br /> The Pingju drama is very dynamic. It is mainly manifested in its performance style, in which the actors often interact with the audience during the performance, thus forming a dynamic stage performance. This dynamic way of performance keeps the drama alive.<br /> With its unique artistic charm, Pingju Opera has been widely spread in the motherland and has become a popular art form. The name of the Pingju opera has the meaning of commenting on the past and the present and criticizing the current problems. Compared with Peking Opera, which is good at depicting kings and generals, and Yue Opera, which is good at depicting talented people, it is the specialty of the drama to reflect on life and express reality.<br /> <br /> ===Terms and Expressions===<br /> Peking Opera 京剧<br /> <br /> Bang Zi 梆子<br /> <br /> Middle Opera 中戏<br /> <br /> Inner Mongolia 内蒙古<br /> <br /> The River Weishui 《渭水河》<br /> <br /> Beating the Golden Bough 《打金枝》<br /> <br /> The Mountain of Lintong 《临潼山》<br /> <br /> The Belt of Heaven and Earth《乾坤带》<br /> <br /> The Kingdom of Shatto 《沙陀国》<br /> <br /> Yangko 秧歌<br /> <br /> Three big doors 三大门<br /> <br /> Xu Sheng 须生<br /> <br /> Zheng Dan 正旦<br /> <br /> Big Flower Face 大花脸 <br /> <br /> Three small doors 三小门<br /> <br /> Xiao Sheng 小生<br /> <br /> Xiao Dan 小旦<br /> <br /> Small Flower Face 小花脸<br /> <br /> Henan Gaodiao 河南高调<br /> <br /> Kunqu Drama 昆曲<br /> <br /> Shao Opera 绍戏<br /> <br /> Tea-picking Opera 采茶戏<br /> <br /> Lian Hua Lao 《莲花落》<br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.What are the five major Chinese opera genres?<br /> <br /> 2.What are the main types of roles in Jin Opera?<br /> <br /> 3.Please list at least 3 representative repertoires of Henan Opera.<br /> <br /> 4.What makes Yue Opera a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts?<br /> <br /> 5.Where does Huangmei Opera originate from?<br /> <br /> 6.What are the characteristics of Pingju Opera?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1. Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera.<br /> <br /> 2. Three big doors (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and three small doors (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).<br /> <br /> 3. Qin Xianglian, Peach Blossom Nun, Mu Guiying in Command, Hua Mulan, etc.<br /> <br /> 4. It is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics.<br /> <br /> 5. Huangmei County, Hubei Province.<br /> <br /> 6. It is a dynamic stage performance, which reflects on life and expresses reality.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> <br /> [1]高燕. 晋剧艺术研究[D].山西师范大学,2017.<br /> <br /> [2]杜蓉,李刚.晋剧表演的程式之美[J].戏友,2021(04):23-25.<br /> <br /> [3]黄河文化百科全书，华艺出版社，1994.<br /> <br /> [4]郭克俭.豫剧唱词语言艺术特征[J].中国音乐学,2010(04):122-129.DOI:10.14113/j.cnki.cn11-1316/j.2010.04.016.<br /> <br /> [5]段霁珊.豫剧元素在民族声乐中的实际运用[J].艺术大观,2020(31):22-23.<br /> <br /> [6]中华文化辞典，武汉大学出版社，2010.<br /> <br /> [7]中国旅游文化大辞典，上海古籍出版社，2001.<br /> <br /> [8]张雪莹. 清末民初以来女性文化与越剧[D].河北大学,2016.<br /> <br /> [9]张月月.胡连翠及其黄梅戏电视剧音乐研究[J].剧影月报,2022(03):12-13.<br /> <br /> [10]崔迪. 评剧现代戏剧本创作研究[D].中国艺术研究院,2017.<br /> <br /> ==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship==<br /> <br /> ===1. Background===<br /> Ancestor worship, a Chinese traditional custom, is a solemn folk activity. New Year's Eve, Qingming Festival, Double Ninth Festival, hungry Ghost Festival are the four major traditional festivals of the Han nationality for ancestor worship. In ancient times, this custom prevailed, due to the different customs around the different forms of ancestor worship. Chinese people have a tradition of paying homage to their ancestors. At the same time, some places also offer sacrifices to heaven and earth gods. The offerings are mainly three animal food, three kinds of tea and five of wine, etc. The parents officiate, burn three joss sticks, pray for a good harvest after bowing, and finally burn paper, commonly known as &quot;sending money and grain&quot;. Ancestor worship has been an ancient custom with profound significance for thousands of years. <br /> <br /> ===2. General statement===<br /> The Chinese people have a tradition of paying homage to their ancestors at festivals, and the Spring Festival is no exception. Offering food or flowers as a token of affection is a common ritual in China. The form of ancestor worship may vary according to religious belief, but the meaning of commemorating ancestors is the same. Family rituals is one of the most important activities. According to the folk concept, people should offer sacrifices to their ancestors as earnestly as to the heaven, earth and god, through which they pray for protection and bless from their ancestors. During the Spring Festival it is a must to worship ancestors, meanwhile inspire future generations. However, due to different customs around the country, in some places people worship before the New Year's Eve dinner; some worship around midnight on New Year's Eve; in Taiwan, ancestor worship is held for the last time of the year on New Year's Eve afternoon. There is also grave ancestor worship, commonly known as tomb offering, mainly in the cemetery to burn incense and lay offerings on the altar. In modern times, it is generally to the graves of relatives to worship. Due to the different customs around the different forms of ancestor worship, some go to the field zhan worship ancestor tomb, some to the ancestral hall, and most times it takes place in the main hall of people’s house.<br /> <br /> ===3. The origin of ancestor worship===<br /> The worship originated in ancient times, and is divided into ancestor worship and worship of various ghosts and gods. Ancient people believed that ghosts and gods had great authority and could decide people's fate, so they worshipped them. They divided ghosts and gods into three categories: heaven, earth, human and ghost, and took human and ghost - ancestors as the main object of worship. They believe that although the ancestors died, the soul still exists, and can bring disasters, blessing and descendants, so they all schedule and devout sacrifice. In the process of historical evolution, the concept of family and that of ancestor worship is becoming increasingly weak in many places, but the Lingnan area attaches importance to traditional customs, so the custom of ancestor worship is still prevailing there. China has inherited the tradition of ancestor worship for thousands of years, which has multiple psychological effects, one of the most important, is to think about the source of drinking water, and worship ancestor because of filial piety. This concept of ancestor worship has been continued to the present, forming the characteristics of Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Ancestor worship has been an ancient custom with profound significance for thousands of years. According to historical records, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, tomb sacrifice has become an indispensable ritual activity. &quot;Biography of Yan Yannian in The Book of Han&quot; records that yan even thousands of miles away from Beijing in the Tomb Sweeping Day &quot;return to the East China Sea grave&quot;. With the growing awareness of ancestor worship and kinship, the tomb sacrifice that was not included in the norms in ancient times was included in the &quot;Five Rites&quot;. Later, the worship of the imperial court also made the tomb sacrifice more prevalent.<br /> <br /> ===4. Customs===<br /> Ancestor worship has been an ancient custom with profound significance for thousands of years. According to historical records, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, tomb sacrifice has become an indispensable ritual activity. &quot;Biography of Yan Yannian in The Book of Han&quot; records that yan even thousands of miles away from Beijing in the Tomb Sweeping Day &quot;return to the East China Sea grave&quot;. With the growing awareness of ancestor worship and kinship, the tomb sacrifice that was not included in the norms in ancient times was included in the &quot;Five Rites&quot;. Later, the worship of the imperial court also made the tomb sacrifice more prevalent.<br /> <br /> ===5. Types===<br /> <br /> ====(1) Ancestor worship on New Year's Eve====<br /> Ancestor worship on New Year's Eve is one of the traditional customs handed down to the Han people. On the one hand, it is derived from the traditional concept of &quot;filial piety first&quot; and &quot;cautious and final&quot;, expressing filial piety and nostalgia to ancestors at the time of ringing out the old year and ushering in the New Year; On the other hand, it is the belief that the gods of the ancestors can protect the offspring and make them prosperous. This traditional custom has been handed down from generation to generation, people always hold a sacrificial ceremony in every New Year's Eve, expressing gratitude, praying for blessings. In the past, the ancestor worship ceremony was generally held in the ancestral temple on the afternoon of New Year's Eve, and the clans with the same family name in costumes participated in the ceremony. Before the family reunion dinner, people usually place food and wine in front of the ancestral shrine to worship.<br /> In the farming areas of northeast China, the most important ancestor worship activities are usually held at the end of the year, mostly between the 28th day of the 12th lunar month and New Year's Eve. The form of sacrifice varies according to conditions. for some ancestral officials and prosperous and rich families, they built their own ancestral hall, commonly known as &quot;family temple&quot;, and their ancestral worship activities were held there. On the day of ancestor worship, the main male members of the local branches of the family gather together in the family temple. The sacrificial vessels used have been cleaned and the offerings prepared in advance, and the god (memorial tablets) and portraits (commonly known as images) of the ancestors of each generation are placed and hung in order of generation. Then under the auspices of the patriarch, all the people according to the level of their generations, in batches to each ancestor incense salute.<br /> <br /> Each family is a form of ancestor worship. In many places it happens before dinner. Firstly，they go to their family tombs to worship, some just kowtow, some use the kang table to carry a table of wine, known as &quot;to send dinner to the ancestors.&quot; The order of sacrifice begins with the seniority of the tomb. They put kang table in front of the grave, kowtow salute, then pour a cup of wine on the ground.<br /> <br /> The main process is carried out at home, usually around the dinner on New Year's Eve. People call it &quot;to fetch the ancestor home for the New Year&quot;. According to legend that the spirits of the dead cannot move in the daytime, so they must wait until after dark. People put incense burner, sweet drum, candlestick (commonly known as the five for) or combination of disk in the west wall or on kang hall box. After hanging the incense people began to put for the whole family size in turn kowtow salute. The offerings are usually pasta and fruit. <br /> <br /> Many people dedicated to the New Year's Eve ancestor worship steamed bread steamed white, each point above a red dot, each two planes are stacked together for a group, generally three to five levels, each placed in white porcelain plate. These offerings have been placed until the fifth day of the first lunar month, and from the first to the fifth day of the first lunar month, two times every morning and evening in front of the ancestral shrine (tablet) incense, until the fifth night, after the ceremony to send the &quot;ancestral&quot;, that is, the tablet or tablet back to the original place. In other areas, some memorial ceremonies are held on New Year's Eve for grandparents or parents who have recently died. <br /> <br /> The clothes they had worn before they died are folded and placed on the kang. Then the younger generation kneels down and kowtows, saying &quot;XX (the name for the elders) come home for the New Year.&quot; When burning paper, people will &quot;murmur&quot; some words of convoking thoughts and asking for blessings, and it is believed that the ancestors will certainly hear, and bring happiness and well-being for the family.<br /> <br /> ====(2) Qingming Festival ancestor worship====<br /> <br /> People visit the graves of their ancestors to see if they have been caved in due to the coming of the rainy season, or if they have been pierced by rabbits or foxes. During the tomb sweeping, weeds are eliminated, new soil is added, pigs are burned, incense is burned, and paper money is burned, and simple sacrificial ceremonies are held to express the memory of ancestors. Tomb sweeping is a concrete manifestation of the harmony of the Han nationality and filial piety and virtue. Therefore, it has become one of the important festivals for Chinese around the world, showing the patriotism of remembering their ancestors and homeland.<br /> <br /> In addition to the &quot;mountain-top offering&quot; of ancestor worship and tomb sweeping, there is ancestral offering, called &quot;temple offering&quot; in later generations. Temple offering is closely related to ancient spring performance. Though far apart in time, the two are indeed connected closely. Temple sacrifice is the common gathering of the clan. The custom of sweeping tombs and offering sacrifices to ancestors originated before the Pre-Qin Dynasty. Because of the different customs in the north and south in ancient times, sweeping tombs in some places may not be on the occasion of qingming festival. Before the Tang Dynasty, tomb sweeping was mainly carried out on the &quot;Cold Food Festival&quot; and &quot;Cold clothes Festival&quot; in some parts of northern China. It was not until the Tang and Song Dynasties that tomb sweeping began to prevail in the whole country. In many places in south China, people sweep tombs on the Double Ninth Day, Qingming Day or winter solstice day, such as in Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi or Kunming in Yunnan Province.<br /> <br /> ====(3) Ancestor worship in the Yuan Dynasty====<br /> Ancestor worship in the Hungry Ghost Festival is also known as &quot;July half&quot; ancestor worship, for it is in the end of summer and the beginning of the winter. People believe that ancestors also return home to visit their children and grandchildren at this time, so they need to worship their ancestors.<br /> <br /> ====(4) The Double Ninth Festival====<br /> The Double Ninth Festival is one of the four traditional ancestor worship festivals in China. On the annual Double Ninth Festival, people hold ancestor worship activities to pray to the gods for good fortune, and carry out activities to respect the elderly and pass on the culture of filial piety. On the Double Ninth Festival, many people hold ancestor worship activities. However, these activities also have different forms according to different regions. The Double Ninth Festival is called &quot;taigong Mountain worship&quot; in Cantonese, and all family members must attend. The worship of the Double Ninth Festival is to thank the ancestors for their kindness and pray for their blessing after the harvest. Therefore, the atmosphere is relaxed and joyful, and there will be no sorrow like &quot;pedestrian's dying soul&quot;. There are many rules to sweep tombs and worship ancestors. They worship the public ancestors first, then the branch ancestors, and each family worship their ancestors. <br /> <br /> ====6. The significance of ancestor worship====<br /> The meaning of ancestor worship is to recall the history and show the hope for the prosperity of descendants. Paying attention to ancestor worship is a prominent feature of Chinese etiquette. This is because ancestor worship has a good function of social education, which helps to cultivate the moral character of social members, strengthen the unity among social members, and maintain the stability of society.<br /> <br /> ====Terms and Expressions====<br /> &quot;Biography of Yan Yannian in The Book of Han&quot; 《汉书.严延年传》<br /> qingming festival 清明节<br /> <br /> ====References====<br /> * 1. 中国传统祭祖的四大节日 ．腾讯网[引用日期2018-10-12]<br /> * 2. 重阳节为何要敬老：中国人最该知道的四重意思 ．人民网[引用日期2018-10-21]<br /> * 3. 谈中华知有巢知有巢识合肥 ．中国安徽在线网．2017-08-08[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 4. 燧人氏：中华之燧皇，华夏之共祖 ．赤子新闻网．2019-10-29[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 5. 海峡两岸共祭中华人文始祖伏羲 ．中国新闻网．2019-06-22[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 6. 两岸共祭中华人文始祖炎帝神农氏 ．中国新闻网．2011-04-03[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 7. 海峡两岸共祭中华“人文始祖”轩辕黄帝 ．中国新闻网．2019-10-07[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 8. 新会林氏祭祖登央视 ．新浪[引用日期2014-02-06]<br /> * 9. 台南平埔族夜祭祖灵 赖清德巧遇甘肃陆生 ．凤凰网．2013-11-18[引用日期2013-11-19]<br /> * 10. 重阳节祭祖习俗 ．北方网 [引用日期2018-10-12]<br /> * 11. 清明节习俗——扫墓 ．济宁文明网[引用日期2022-04-06]<br /> <br /> ====Questions====<br /> <br /> 1.What does “Chinese Ancestor Worship” refer to?<br /> <br /> 2.What is the significance of Ancestor Worship in China?<br /> <br /> 3.How many types of Ancestor Worship in China are there?<br /> <br /> ==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==<br /> Brief Introduction<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera, formerly known as Huangmei tune and Caicha opera, originated in Huangmei, Hubei Province, and developed and expanded in Anqing, Anhui Province. Huangmei opera, together with Beijing opera, Yueju opera, Pingju opera, and Yuju opera, is one of the &quot;five major opera genres in China&quot;, and is also the main local opera genre in Anhui Province.<br /> Huangmei opera singing simple and smooth, to bright and lyrical, with rich expressive power; performance is simple and meticulous, known for real and lively. The song &quot;Matching of Heavenly Fairies&quot; has made Huangmei opera popular in the north and south of China, and has a high reputation in overseas. <br /> On May 20, 2006, Huangmei opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On May 24, 2021, Huangmei opera declared by Hubei Province was approved by the State Council to be included in the extended list of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects.<br /> <br /> Origin<br /> <br /> The history of Huangmei opera is not considered very long, for the origin of Huangmei opera, there are 5 mainstream statements. In all the testimony, which is recognized version of the Hubei Huangmei said. The reason for this consensus, one is that historical documents record Huangmei County is both a tea song folk song of the country, but also a place where floods and droughts are frequent, including the most vicious floods. Good song of Huangmei people in such an environment to escape around, selling the field to beg. A large number of Huangmei victims who flowed into Anhui Susong, Taihu, Huaining and other counties, received local food, but also returned a rich spiritual food - Huangmei Caicha tune and a variety of folk songs and dances.<br /> <br /> Development<br /> <br /> Huangmei Opera is developed on the basis of the song and dance of Huangmei Caicha tune in the adjoining areas of Anhui, Hubei and Gan provinces. One of them moved east to Anhui Huaining as the center of the Anqing area Indic language sound singing, known as Huai cavity or Huai tunes. This is the predecessor of today's Huangmei opera.&quot; Thus, it can be seen that Huangmei opera was developed on the basis of Huangmei tea opera. &quot;Huangmei Caicha opera traditional singing set&quot; defines Huangmei Caicha opera in this way: &quot;Huangmei Caicha opera, referred to as 'Caicha ', is one of the excellent local opera in Hubei Huangmei Caicha tune floated into the Huaining area with the water, it flowed into a good ecological environment for opera incubation. Many opera singers and scholars call the junction of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces as the &quot;Golden Triangle&quot; of opera, and Huaining County Shipai Town is one of the &quot;opera nest&quot;.<br /> <br /> Costume<br /> <br /> Huangmei costumes are generally less extravagant compared to the other Chinese opera branches. There is usually a greater emphasis on the singing than the display. In Hong Kong there is not necessarily a requirement to wear any traditional Chinese opera attire. An example is the cantopop artist Jenny Tseng singing Huangmei style music with Ivy Ling Po in a concert.<br /> <br /> Artistic features<br /> <br /> The melody of Huangmei Opera is a plate-like variant, with three lumens: flower cavity, color cavity, and main tone. The flower cavity is mainly composed of small plays, the tone is healthy and simple, beautiful and cheerful, with a strong sense of life and the color of the folk songs; the color cavity is very popular, and it has been widely used in the small dramas; the main theme is the vocal used in the traditional Chinese drama of Huangmei opera. The Huangmei Opera is pure and fresh, exquisite and moving, with a bright and expressive sensibility, rich in expressiveness, easy to understand, easy to popularize, and deeply loved by people all over China.<br /> <br /> Tune<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera singing voice has three forms: the main cavity, flower cavity, three cavities (&quot;colorful cavity&quot;, &quot;fairy cavity&quot;, &quot;Yin Si cavity&quot; three cavities collectively).<br /> <br /> The main cadence of Huangmei opera<br /> <br /> The main cavity is the most dramatic expression of a cavity in the traditional singing cavity of Huangmei opera. It is the principle of the musical structure of the board change body (or board cavity body), and it is this main feature that makes it different from the tune embellishment body (or tune body) of the &quot;flower cavity&quot; and both the characteristics of the two systems &quot;three cavities&quot;.<br /> The main cavity does not mean that it is predominant in all of Huangmei opera's repertoire. In fact, the main cavity is not used in small plays, and some big plays are not dominated by the main cavity. The reason why this cavity is called the main cavity is its musical form and musical performance function. In addition, from the history of the development of Huangmei opera music, the main cavity is also later than the flower cavity and three cavities. This development process coincides with the development of the repertoire from a one-act play, two small plays, three small plays to a series of plays and finally can play the whole course of the opera. Therefore, it can be considered that the main cavity is a product of the development of Huangmei opera to a mature stage. Its appearance, marking the basic style of Huangmei opera music frame.<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera's flower cadence<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera originated from folk songs and dances. Mountain and village workers of the labor songs, women and children know the lane songs, lanterns and fires in the song and dance, is the source of Huangmei opera lively. Huangmei opera in the formation of the first stage results - two small opera, three small opera process, also formed more than a hundred small songs and miscellaneous tunes of the &quot;flower cavity&quot; cavity system. Flower cavity from the folk songs, but the role has been not quite the same as folk songs. It has moved from the field to the stage, from a casual song to a prescribed dramatic situation, conveying the voice of the character. The cadences we see today, however similar they may be to folk songs, have been polished by dramatic waves and have some of the qualities of dramatic music, a kind of folk song-style tune system.<br /> <br /> Classical Works<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera's outstanding repertoire are &quot;the fairy match&quot; &quot;cowherd and weaving maiden&quot; &quot;the story of the Sophora&quot; &quot;the female horse harnessed by the side of a horse&quot; &quot;the couple watching the lantern&quot; &quot;hitting pig grass&quot; and so on. One of the most famous is the &quot;match of the immortals&quot;, tells a moving love story: the seven immortals defied the rules of heaven, private mortal Dong Yong to marry, and was eventually broken up by the Jade Emperor.<br /> <br /> References<br /> <br /> 1. 百度百科 黄梅戏https://baike.baidu.com/item/黄梅戏/2677?fr=aladdin<br /> 2. Berry, Michael. [2005] (2005). Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13330-8<br /> 3. &quot;Huangmei opera&quot;. China intangible cultural heritage digital museum. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Culture_2022_2&diff=155405 2023-06-01T10:27:45Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella */</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]]. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Culture2022_final_exam_papers#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]<br /> <br /> ==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==<br /> <br /> ===The Definition of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　<br /> <br /> The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singly as &quot;poetic drama&quot;, which is also &quot;yuan dynasty opera&quot;.[1]<br /> <br /> ===The Rise and development of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> Reasons of rise<br /> The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.<br /> <br /> Development of Yuan drama<br /> The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.<br /> Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.<br /> Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.<br /> End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]<br /> <br /> ===Yuan Drama System===<br /> <br /> The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.<br /> <br /> 1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.<br /> <br /> 2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as &quot;Quzi&quot;, is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as &quot;Dot the red lip&quot;(点绛唇), &quot;Shan Po Yang&quot;(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.<br /> <br /> 3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the &quot;Central China phonology&quot; in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.<br /> <br /> 4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.<br /> <br /> 5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as &quot;two-word pair&quot;(两字对), &quot;end-to-end pair&quot;(首尾对), &quot;serif pair&quot;(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as &quot;loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects&quot;.<br /> <br /> ===Representatives of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> 1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)<br /> <br /> Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the &quot;Four Greats of Yuan Drama&quot;(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the &quot;Four Greats of Yuan Drama&quot;, and is known as &quot;Qu sheng&quot;(曲圣). <br /> <br /> Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.<br /> Representatives of his work: &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;,&quot;Rescued by a courtesan&quot;(《救风尘》),&quot;River-veiwing Pavilion&quot;(《望江亭》),&quot;Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion&quot;(《拜月亭》)<br /> <br /> 2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)<br /> <br /> Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means &quot;thousand miles&quot; and in his later years, he used &quot;East Fence&quot;(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is &quot;Han Gong Qiu&quot;(《汉宫秋》).<br /> <br /> 3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)<br /> <br /> His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were &quot;famous in the world and amaze boudoir&quot;(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is &quot;Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover&quot;(《倩女离魂》).<br /> <br /> 4.Bai Pu(白朴)<br /> <br /> His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of &quot;Four Greats of Yuan Drama&quot;. The masterpiece of him is &quot;Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun&quot;(《墙头马上》).[3]<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing<br /> <br /> &quot;Wu Tong Rain&quot;(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu<br /> <br /> &quot;Han Gong Qiu&quot;(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan<br /> <br /> &quot;Chinese Orphan&quot;(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama===<br /> <br /> &quot;Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion&quot;(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing<br /> <br /> &quot;The West Chamber&quot;(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)<br /> <br /> &quot;Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun&quot;(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu<br /> <br /> &quot;Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover&quot;(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Reference===<br /> <br /> [1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].<br /> <br /> [2].唐定耀.元曲 针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.<br /> <br /> [3].唱念做打 生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Terms and Expressions===<br /> <br /> poetic drama 杂剧<br /> <br /> non-dramatic song 散曲<br /> <br /> temple宫调<br /> <br /> Zheng Gong 正宫<br /> <br /> Zhonglu Gong 中吕宫<br /> <br /> Nanlu Gong 南吕宫<br /> <br /> Xianlu Gong 仙吕宫<br /> <br /> Huangzhong Gong 黄钟宫<br /> <br /> Damian tone 大面调<br /> <br /> Double tone 双调<br /> <br /> Shang tone 商调<br /> <br /> Yue tone 越调<br /> <br /> Qupai 曲牌<br /> <br /> Dot the red lip 点绛唇<br /> <br /> Shan Po Yang 山坡羊<br /> <br /> Rhyme 曲韵<br /> <br /> Level and oblique tones 平仄<br /> <br /> Antithesis 对仗<br /> <br /> two-word pair 两字对<br /> <br /> end-to-end pair 首尾对<br /> <br /> serif pair 衬字对<br /> <br /> Four Greats of Yuan Drama 元曲四大家<br /> <br /> Qu sheng 曲圣<br /> <br /> Snow in Summer《窦娥冤》<br /> <br /> Xiaoling 小令<br /> <br /> Rescued by a courtesan《救风尘》<br /> <br /> River-veiwing Pavilion《望江亭》<br /> <br /> Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion《拜月亭》<br /> <br /> Han Gong Qiu《汉宫秋》<br /> <br /> famous in the world and amaze boudoir 名闻天下，声振闺阁<br /> <br /> Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover《倩女离魂》<br /> <br /> Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun《墙头马上》<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.What is Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> 2.How many periods had Yuan drama experienced during its development?<br /> <br /> 3.What are the six aspects embodying the system of Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> 4.Who are the &quot;four greats of Yuan drama&quot;?<br /> <br /> 5.What are the four tragedies of Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> 6.What are the four love dramas of Yuan drama?<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama.<br /> <br /> 2. 3/three<br /> <br /> 3. Temple,Qupai,Rhyme,level and oblique tones,Antithesis<br /> <br /> 4. Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guanzu, Bai Pu<br /> <br /> 5. &quot;Snow in Summer&quot;, &quot;Wu Tong Rain&quot;, &quot;Han Gong Qiu&quot;, &quot;Chinese Orphan&quot;<br /> <br /> 6.&quot;Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion&quot;, &quot;The West Chamber&quot;, &quot;Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun&quot;, &quot;Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover&quot;<br /> <br /> ==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==<br /> Music and Instruments:Erhu<br /> <br /> '''1.A Brief Introduction'''<br /> <br /> The Erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means &quot;instrument of the Hu peoples&quot;, suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms. <br /> <br /> '''2.The Development of Erhu'''<br /> <br /> The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin. <br /> <br /> During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers; during the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development; during the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing; during Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread; during this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance. <br /> <br /> After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly. In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.<br /> <br /> '''3.Construction'''<br /> <br /> The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.<br /> <br /> The parts of the Erhu:<br /> <br /> Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.<br /> <br /> Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.<br /> <br /> Qín gan (琴杆), neck.<br /> <br /> Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.<br /> <br /> Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs<br /> <br /> Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook<br /> <br /> Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player<br /> <br /> Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4<br /> <br /> Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood<br /> <br /> Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension<br /> <br /> Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound<br /> <br /> Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg<br /> <br /> '''4.Playing Technique'''<br /> <br /> (1)Tuning<br /> <br /> The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.<br /> <br /> (2)Position<br /> <br /> The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.<br /> <br /> (3)Right hand<br /> <br /> The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.<br /> Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.<br /> <br /> (4)Left hand<br /> <br /> The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).<br /> <br /> '''5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics'''<br /> <br /> (1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》<br /> <br /> (2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》<br /> <br /> (3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》<br /> <br /> (4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》<br /> <br /> (5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》<br /> <br /> (6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》<br /> <br /> (7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》<br /> <br /> (8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》<br /> <br /> (9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）<br /> <br /> (10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》<br /> <br /> '''Reference'''<br /> [1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.<br /> [2]Erhu--Wikipedia<br /> <br /> ==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Ⅰ Foreword'''<br /> <br /> The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, people' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.<br /> <br /> '''Ⅱ Overview'''<br /> <br /> 1.Views on Marriage and Love at Ancient Times<br /> <br /> 1.1 the ancient abnormal phenomenon of love<br /> <br /> True love only happens in more special intimate relationships. Just like a very pleasing ancient love novel, Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai two people love each other to the end, both died in love, this is not a beautiful love? You may find that true love in traditional love tends to break the rules, and is more likely to occur when there is a conflict of status or class between two people, and the result of such a relationship is not adultery, but elopement or even martyrdom.<br /> <br /> As I said, these are still in the drama. They are people's ideal love stories and real stories. For example, the story of Zhuo Wenjun and Sima Xiangru in the Han Dynasty.<br /> <br /> 1.2 illegality of eloping<br /> <br /> Sima Xiangru, Zhuo Wenjun and other elopements were not justified in ancient marriage norms. In ancient times, people respected the etiquette and customs of marriage, and so on. Eloping with another woman, falling in love, is a rare behavior. A normal marriage is one of matching families, bearing children, carrying on the family line, supporting husband and educating children. So in a traditional marriage, love is an anomaly. In ancient times, love was too extreme. Either two people lived a happy life, or both people died in love, just like the love story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai. They loved each other very much, but in our modern view of love, this is a very extreme approach.<br /> <br /> 2.Views on Marriage and Love in Modern Times<br /> <br /> 2.1 the normalization trend of love concepts<br /> <br /> Love has few elements in a Chinese marriage. For them, the Chinese view of love and marriage is still based on the traditional concept of marriage. You may not have noticed that in modern times, after the widespread practice of monogamy in the 1950s, our Chinese concept of love changed a lot. For example, the word &quot;love&quot; began at that time, that is, since then, there has been a general understanding that in the process of getting to know each other and falling in love, one should first fall in love, even if they have been talking for several years, one should not get married.<br /> <br /> Therefore, in modern Chinese marriage, love has become a necessity of life and a factor that people attach great importance to when getting married. In this respect, the biggest difference between Chinese modern marriage and traditional marriage. After the 1950s, free love, free marriage and free divorce became the mainstream ideology.<br /> <br /> 2.2 freedom of divorce<br /> <br /> As far as the freedom of divorce is concerned, attitudes are also changing. The definition of &quot;wrongful marriage&quot; is that the court will only give a divorce if one of the parties to the marriage has a wrongful marriage, such as desertion, domestic violence, affairs, etc. After a series of struggles, people from the fault divorce law to no fault divorce law. When we talk about no-fault divorce, it means that there is no fault in the couple, but they can divorce as long as the relationship breaks down.<br /> <br /> When the Marriage Act was enacted in 1950, our country came into being in one step. The reasons for civil divorce in China are as follows: if the relationship between the two parties is broken, the marriage relationship can be dissolved; Emotional breakdown is a sufficient ground for divorce. Western countries have been striving for fault-free divorce. From the perspective of marriage reasons, the emotional factors of husband and wife have occupied a very important position. Since ancient times, the change of marriage form from traditional to modern is delightful.<br /> <br /> '''Ⅲ Changes'''<br /> <br /> 1.mate selection views<br /> <br /> In ancient times, the most typical ideal marriage was &quot;matching family status&quot;, in which the economic strength and social status of the male and female were equal, and personal feelings were not included in the marriage criteria. Nowadays, people's view of mate selection and external conditions such as family rank and property have gradually changed to internal qualities such as personal feelings and knowledge.<br /> <br /> 2. celibacy<br /> <br /> In ancient times, the principle of male master outside and female master inside was followed, but with the liberation of women's thought, the competition between men and women in the profession became increasingly fierce, resulting in more and more single women. In western countries such as Britain and France, there has been a rise in the prevalence of celibacy and a falling birth rate, according to reports. And the single with female intellectuals in the majority, female single people think, life is not designed for fertility, people's life should take career as the most important.<br /> <br /> 3. marriage autonomy<br /> <br /> In ancient times, marriage emphasized the order of parents, matchmakers, three wives and four concubines, etc., while modern marriage proposed monogamy, against taking concubines, women's economic independence, freedom of love, freedom of marriage, freedom of divorce and other attitudes. In some developed areas, some celebrities and elegant people regard free marriage as a virtue, and they should pay attention to civilization in form.<br /> <br /> 4. the age of first marriage<br /> <br /> In ancient times, men and women generally married at the age of 14 or 15. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, feminism rose, and women's ideas changed after they studied, resulting in the phenomenon of delayed marriage. The general decline of the rural economy in the late 1920s also helped to curb traditional early marriages.<br /> <br /> ==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==<br /> <br /> '''Introduction'''<br /> <br /> Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to &quot;tuanyuan&quot;, which has the meanings of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.<br /> <br /> '''The origin of Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China. [1]<br /> <br /> The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that &quot;eating Tangyuan to grow one year older&quot;. People not only made them for themselves, but they also sent them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors. [2]<br /> <br /> Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China. <br /> <br /> Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [3]<br /> <br /> Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.<br /> <br /> '''Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''<br /> <br /> The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.<br /> <br /> Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.<br /> Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice &quot;dough&quot; and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is &quot;sugar water,&quot; for sweeter options.[4]<br /> <br /> '''Types of Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:<br /> <br /> 1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing<br /> <br /> In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.<br /> <br /> 2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou<br /> <br /> Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.<br /> <br /> 3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province<br /> <br /> The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.<br /> <br /> 4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha<br /> <br /> Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.<br /> <br /> 5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province<br /> <br /> Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[5]<br /> <br /> '''Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern tang yuan flavors can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage. [6]<br /> <br /> '''Steps of making Tangyuan'''<br /> <br /> Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.<br /> <br /> First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!<br /> <br /> Terms and Expressions<br /> <br /> glutinous rice flour 糯米粉<br /> <br /> The Winter Solstice 冬至<br /> <br /> winter solstice dumpling 冬至团<br /> <br /> Ling Tangyuan 凌汤圆<br /> <br /> Five-colored Tangyuan 五色汤圆<br /> <br /> 4-flavor Tangyuan 四式汤圆<br /> <br /> Sisters’ Tangyuan姐妹汤圆<br /> <br /> Chicken Tangyuan 鸡肉汤圆<br /> <br /> nutlet果仁<br /> <br /> sesame 芝麻<br /> <br /> osmanthus flowers桂花<br /> <br /> jujube paste枣泥<br /> <br /> Questions<br /> <br /> 1. What implied meanings does Tangyuan have?<br /> <br /> 2. When and where was Tangyuan originally developed?<br /> <br /> 3. What does the fundamental difference between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao lie in?<br /> <br /> 4. Which place serves five-colored Tangyuan?<br /> <br /> 5. When did the style of 4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province originate?<br /> <br /> 6. Which filling of Tangyuan do you like? Sweet or savory?<br /> <br /> References<br /> <br /> [1]百度百科 汤圆 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%B1%A4%E5%9C%86/1333352#reference-[2]-16853831-wrap<br /> <br /> [2]冬至吃汤圆的由来和寓意https://www.5068.com/jierizhishi/a243416.html<br /> <br /> [3][5] Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China<br /> <br /> [4][6] Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia<br /> <br /> ==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==<br /> <br /> 1.Introduction<br /> Snub-nosed monkey, a member of the genus Simiidae, is an IUCN endangered species with large nostrils, upturned lips, thick lips, and no cheek pouches. The snub-nosed monkey lives in broad-leaved forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests at altitudes of 1400-3000 meters. They fear the heat, but tolerate the cold, and live in families.<br /> Golden monkeys include Burmese golden monkeys, Sichuan golden monkeys, Yunnan golden monkeys, Guizhou golden monkeys, and Vietnam golden monkeys. Except Burmese golden monkeys and Vietnam golden monkeys, other golden monkeys are rare and unique to China, and are listed as endangered species on the Red List of Species. This paper will introduce three kinds of golden monkeys endemic to China.<br /> <br /> 2.Sichuan golden monkeys<br /> Sichuan Golden Monkey: the “Most Beautiful Monkey” among Primates. Only Sichuan snub-nosed monkey can truly match the word &quot;golden silk&quot;, the other four species are all gray or black. Adult golden snub-nosed monkeys have colorful fur, with golden-red, red-brown, silver-gray hairs and long hairs around them. The main tone is yellowish-brown, thick and long. Adult male golden snub-nosed monkeys have long golden hairs of up to 30 cm on their back and shoulders. Due to the climate, the color of the golden snub-nosed monkey is also different. Every summer and autumn, they are the most beautiful. Golden brown and red long hairs set off against each other shine in the sunshine, which looks like wearing a golden cloak from a distance, looking majestic.<br /> Sichuan golden monkeys and giant pandas both belong to the treasure animals. Sichuan golden monkeys' colour is gorgeous, unique shape, grace, gentle nature, popular people's favorite, has a lot of appeal to the public, to be able to attract the public attention and get the favour of protection fund, not only can make themselves under the protection of the better, and to jointly protect the smaller species <br /> <br /> In 2019, modern Art magazine took the lead in exclusively planning and organizing the implementation of the series of commemorative activities of &quot;The 150th Anniversary of the Scientific discovery of The Giant Panda and golden Monkey&quot;. As the place where the giant panda and golden monkey were discovered, Sichuan has made continuous efforts in recent years to make the giant panda and golden monkey the cultural name card of Sichuan, actively do a good job in the inheritance and protection of the giant panda and golden monkey culture, and promote the development and spread of the Great Beauty of Sichuan, Ecological Sichuan and cultural Sichuan. Sichuan is vigorously developing its cultural tourism industry, comprehensively establishing its cultural tourism brand, and speeding up the construction of a strong cultural province. The successful development and dissemination of the series of themed commemorative activities of &quot;China Double Treasure Sichuan Name Card&quot; is not only a traditional expression of literary and artistic commemoration, but also an innovative cultural tourism publicity practice. It is also the proud work of a series of literary and art works that Sichuan Federation of Literary and art circles around the new slogan of cultural tourism.<br /> <br /> 3.Guizhou golden monkeys<br /> Guizhou golden monkey is also known as &quot;grey snub-nosed monkey&quot;. However, its body is a bit like Sichuan golden monkey but a slightly smaller, with a long tail like an oxtail, the tail is longer than the body, giving people a particularly funny feeling, so the local people also called it &quot;oxtail monkey&quot;. Guizhou golden monkey body back in beige, some yellow tonal, limb lateral hand upward from the shoulders back, the nose and mouth slightly concave down, face the pale gray or pale blue, is blue nose, eyebrows, ridge, shoulder MAO, 160 mm by black gradient for the light beige, under the neck, armpits, and the arms for golden, shares to yellowish gray, The body color changes of upper limbs are the same as that of lower limbs. The tail head is dark gray to the tail is yellowish white or black, the whole body is silver gray, the young is light, the top of the head is gray, the inside of the limbs is milk gray, and it is called &quot;snub-nosed monkey&quot;.<br /> Guizhou snub-nosed monkey is a rare species unique to China and one of the rare and endangered species in the world. It was once in a prosperous period in history and was widely distributed in more than 10 provinces and regions around Guizhou. Currently, it is only confined to Fanjing Mountain area in Tongren. The number of pandas is even rarer than that of giant pandas, and it is known as &quot;the only child in the world&quot;.<br /> Tongren has rich cultural accumulation and is a tourist city with many unique representative elements. Nowadays, Guizhou golden monkey is known by more and more people, and it is also a national first-class protected animal. Fanjing Mountain in Tongren is a tourist resort. Integrating the natural form elements of Guizhou golden monkey and the characteristic culture of Tongren into the cartoon image design will make the cartoon character more interesting and influential, and make it more accepted and liked by more people. Let people have the opportunity to contact the excellent works with the &quot;flavor&quot; of Tongren area. Relative to foreign complicated cartoon image, Guizhou golden monkey card image can give a person shine at the moment of feeling, careful analysis and use of the advantage resources, can make Guizhou golden monkey cartoon image design of rapid development, even in the future and foreign cartoon image tied, equal, let the cartoon image of Tongren regional culture through inheritance.<br /> <br /> 4.Yunnan golden monkeys<br /> Yunnan golden monkey is a national treasure as famous as the giant panda. Yunnan golden monkey is the most human-like animal in the world, with human-like teeth and an unforgettable &quot;flaming red lip&quot;. In fact, in addition to the face is very human-like, Yunnan snub-nosed monkey also like human footprints, wide at the front and narrow at the back, but much smaller than human feet. In general, male monkeys have the largest foot, but it is less than half the size of adult male human feet, no more than 15 cm in length, especially indented.<br /> They are also one of the highest altitude distribution and largest primates on the earth. They live in the alpine taiga belt all year round, and are known as the &quot;snow Mountain spirit&quot;, mysterious and elegant. Located in a global biodiversity hotspot where &quot;three rivers flow simultaneously&quot; in the Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys live in the narrow mountain range from Mangkam in Xizang province in the north to Yunlong in Dali in the south. Baima Snow Mountain National Nature Reserve is the largest Yunnan golden monkey reserve in China.<br /> Since the first golden monkey appeared, the number of golden monkeys in China has doubled to more than 3,000. Every day, when the monkeys go to sleep, the rangers go home. The next day, before the monkey got up, the ranger was already by the monkey's side, starting a new day of guarding. The first group of monkey keepers began to protect Yunnan golden monkeys at the age of 45 and have been protecting them for 22 years now. Behind the continuation of the whole Yunnan golden monkey species is the blood, sweat and tears of three generations of monkey keepers for decades.<br /> The biodiversity in Yunnan is extremely rich, and the number of species in each major group is close to or more than half of that in China. However, due to the large difference of natural ecological environment, the distribution area of biological population and ecosystem is small, the ecological adaptability is low, and it is very sensitive to external disturbance. In recent years, Yunnan has adhered to the principle of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, strengthened the protection of biodiversity, improved the system of natural protected areas, and improved the quality of ecosystem. The Chinese government and people get world must carefully biodiversity of the management behavior. The story of Yunnan's rescue of the Asian elephant, an endangered species, has warmed the world. The 15th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP15) will be held in Kunming. Yunnan accounts for 4.1% of the land area of the country, but it covers the types of ecosystems on the earth except ocean and desert. COP15 is held in Yunnan, which is inseparable from the rich resources and remarkable biodiversity conservation effect of Yunnan.<br /> <br /> Terms and expressions<br /> Simiidaen. 类人猿科<br /> Burmese golden monkeys 缅甸金丝猴<br /> Sichuan golden monkeys 川金丝猴<br /> Guizhou golden monkeys黔金丝猴<br /> Yunnan golden monkeys 滇金丝猴<br /> Vietnam golden monkeys 越南金丝猴<br /> <br /> Questions<br /> How many kinds of golden monkeys are there?<br /> What are the three kinds of golden monkeys unique to China?<br /> How does Sichuan Golden Monkey differ from the other four Golden Monkey species?<br /> Where are the current distribution of The Guizhou Snub-Nosed monkeys?<br /> What animal looks most like a human?<br /> <br /> References<br /> [1] 杨敬元 美丽中国 Beautiful China<br /> [2] 吴　蓉　田　隽　盛佳佳　魏小冲　汪　欣 黔金丝猴元素在铜仁市旅游文创产品中的设计与开发 <br /> [3] 徐元锋 曾智慧 特稿|守护“雪山精灵”滇金丝猴<br /> [4] 新华每日电讯生物多样性保护的云南“画卷”<br /> [5] 百度百科<br /> <br /> ==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==<br /> <br /> Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.<br /> <br /> '''1. Brief Introduction to Some Rich Businessmen'''<br /> <br /> 1. Huiyan Yang and family, 39, Country Garden<br /> Net worth: $33.1 billion<br /> Topping the list again this year is 39-year-old Huiyan Yang and her family. Also considered Asia’s richest woman, Yang is the majority shareholder of Country Garden, a property development company founded by her farmer father, Guoqiang Yang, in Guangdong in 1992.<br /> Despite seeing her wealth surge 29% over the past year, Yang dropped one spot in 2020 to rank as China’s sixth-richest billionaire overall.<br /> <br /> 2. Zetian Zhang, 27, JD.com<br /> Net worth: $23.5 billion<br /> Zetian Zhang, 27, and her husband Qiangdong Liu, 41, saw their combined wealth surge 111% to $23.5 billion in 2020 largely thanks to the meteoric growth of Liu’s e-commerce company JD.com. A businesswoman in her own right, Zhang is an investor who also serves as chief fashion advisor of JD’s luxury business. At 24, she became China’s youngest female billionaire following her marriage to Liu in 2015.<br /> <br /> 3. Hao Yan, 34, Pacific Construction Group<br /> Net worth: $21.3 billion<br /> Hao Yan, 34, is the chairman of Xinjiang-headquartered construction company Pacific Construction Group, the company founded by his father, CEO JieHe Yan in 1986.<br /> <br /> 4. Yiming Zhang, 37, ByteDance<br /> Net worth: $16.2 billion<br /> 37-year-old Yiming Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of ByteDance, the Chinese internet company behind video sharing platform TikTok. The platform has shot to prominence outside of China, now surpassing Facebook-owned Instagram to rank as U.S. teens’ preferred social media app after Snap. However, its rapid growth has also sparked national security concerns, prompting the proposed sale of its U.S. operations.<br /> Zhang Yiming, founder of internet company ByteDance, the parent company of video sharing platform TikTok.<br /> <br /> 5. Bangxin Zhang, 39, TAL Education<br /> Net worth: $14 billion<br /> With an estimated net worth of $14 billion, Bangxin Zhang is the co-founder and chairman of Beijing-headquartered tutoring business TAL Education. Founded in 2003, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and has enjoyed rapid growth in 2020 under coronavirus-induced remote learning policies.<br /> <br /> 6. Gang Zhang and family, 39, Xinfalyudian<br /> Net worth: $8.8 billion<br /> 39-year-old Gang Zhang of aluminum company Xinfalyudian has an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion, having grown his fortunes 100% in the past year and jumping up 32 places in the overall 2020 rich list.<br /> <br /> 7. Xiaosong Wang, 33, Seazen<br /> Net worth: $6.4 billion<br /> Xiaosong Wang is the 33-year-old chairman and president of real estate company Seazen. Wang shares the fortune with his father, Zhenhua, 58 whom he replaced in 2019 following accusations of sexual assault.<br /> <br /> 8. Qun Wu, 32, Yuwell<br /> Net worth: $5.3 billion<br /> Qun Wu, 32, is the son of Guangming Wu, 58, founder and chairman of medical equipment maker Yuwell. Together they have a fortune of $5.3 billion, up 50% from last year.<br /> <br /> 9. Gang Ye, 39, Sea<br /> Net worth: $4.9 billion<br /> New to this year’s list is China-born Gang Ye, who was raised in Singapore and made his fortune in the city-state as one of the co-founders of internet company Sea. As the developer behind popular gaming apps such as Free Fire, Sea has benefited from a surge in gaming under lockdowns this year, becoming the world’s best-performing large-cap stock in August.<br /> <br /> 10. Hua Su, 38, Kuaishou<br /> Net worth: $3.8 billion<br /> Chinese entrepreneur Hua Su founded Kuaishou as a GIF-making app in 2011 but later transformed it into a video sharing platform popular with users particularly in rural China. Before founding the company, he worked as a programmer at Google and Chinese internet search engine Baidu.<br /> <br /> 11. Meng Yang, 38, and Li He, 36, Anker<br /> Net worth: $3.7 billion<br /> Newly-minted billionaires Meng Yang and Li He saw their combined wealth catapult to $3.7 billion this year on the back of their consumer electronics company, Anker. The Apple charger-maker doubled in valuation when it debuted on the public market this August, hitting $8 billion.<br /> <br /> 12. Xiang Li, 39, Li Auto<br /> Net worth: $3.5 billion<br /> Dubbed “China’s Elon Musk,” 39-year-old Xiang Li is the founder of electric vehicle-maker Li Auto. Founded five years ago, the Beijing-headquartered manufacturer went public on the Nasdaq in July 2020 with a valuation of $10 billion, catapulting Li to billionaire status.<br /> <br /> 13. Liang Zhang, 38, R&amp;F<br /> Net worth: $3.45 billion<br /> Liang Zhang is the 38 son of Li Zhang, 68, founder and co-chair of Guanzhou-based developer R&amp;F. Together, their wealth totals more than $3.4 billion.<br /> <br /> 14. Tianshi Chen, 35, Cambricon Technologies<br /> Net worth: $3.1 billion<br /> Newcomer to this year’s list is Tianshi Chen, the 35-year-old co-founder and CEO of chipmaker Cambricon Technologies. Launched in 2016, the company’s artificial intelligence-enabled technology has been used in more than 100 million smartphones.<br /> <br /> 15. Yixiao Cheng, 35, Kuaishou<br /> Net worth: $3.1 billion<br /> Also new to the list is 35-year-old Yixiao Cheng, co-founder of short video platform Kuaishou. Cheng, who began his career as a software engineer at HP, now has an estimated net worth of more than $3 billion.<br /> <br /> 16. Yifeng Wang, 36, Zhejiang Century Huatong Group<br /> Net worth: $3.1 billion<br /> Yifeng Wang, 36, and father Miaotong Wang, 63, are the vice-chairman and chairman, respectively, of automaker Zhejiang Century Huatong Group. Having recently diversified into games development, the pair has seen their combined wealth surged 83% in the past year.<br /> <br /> 17. Wei Cheng, 37, DiDi<br /> Net worth: $2.8 billion<br /> 37-year-old Wei Cheng is the founder and CEO of ride-hailing giant DiDi. Having spent eight years working at Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, Cheng launched DiDi in 2012. Today, the company ranks as one of China’s most valuable billion-dollar start-ups and Cheng is worth an estimated $2.8 billion.<br /> Cheng Wei, CEO of taxi-hailing app Didi-Kuaidi, speaks during the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2015 at Dalian International Convention Center on Sept. 9, 2015 in Dalian, China.<br /> <br /> 18. Guoyuan Peng, 34, NWY<br /> Net worth: $2.6 billion<br /> Guoyuan Peng, 34, is the chairman of education group NWY, worth an estimated $2.6 billion, up 20% from 2019.<br /> <br /> 19. Zheng Cao, 37, Hangke Technology<br /> Net worth: $2.5 billion<br /> Zheng Cao, 37, is the vice president of Zhejiang Hanke Technology, the lithium battery producing company founded by his father Ji Cao, 68. With a shared 70% stake in the business, the pair is today worth an estimated $2.5 billion.<br /> <br /> 20. Yan Wu, 39, Hakim Unique<br /> Net worth: $2.5 billion<br /> Yan Wu, 39, and husband Qicheng Wang, 40, are the co-founders of Hakim Unique, an internet, media and real estate company. Together, their fortune is around $2.5 billion.<br /> <br /> '''2. Main Reasons '''<br /> <br /> From “Made in China” to “Innovated in China”, two features of demographic transition have also been a powerful driver of China’s growth in the past three and a half decades. The first feature is a favorable dependency ratio. China’s sharp decline in fertility rate has meant fewer young dependents to support for a given size of the working cohort. The fraction of primeage people in total population rose steadily for three decades, creating an unusually large demographic dividend, which in turn contributed to economic growth (Cai and Wang 2008; Wei 2015).<br /> <br /> The second feature of demography that affects growth is the gender ratio imbalance of the premarital cohort. This less-studied factor may have a quantitatively significant effect as well. The one-child policy (now it is abolished) has yielded an unintended consequence in distorting the sex ratio in favor of boys. As the one-child generation enters the marriageable age, young men face a very competitive marriage market. In order to attract potential brides, families with sons choose to work harder, save more, and take on more risks, including exhibiting a higher propensity to be entrepreneurs (Wei and Zhang 2011a, b; Chang and Zhang 2015; Wei, Zhang, and Liu forthcoming). It is estimated that increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances has contributed to about two percentage points of economic growth per year (Wei and Zhang 2011b).<br /> <br /> The innovation, especially in technology, brings huge profit to the economy. However, it also make giant bubbles.<br /> <br /> '''Words and Expressions'''<br /> shareholder 股东<br /> ByteDance 字节跳动<br /> e-commerce 电商<br /> <br /> '''Questions'''<br /> <br /> 1. Who founded JD.com?<br /> <br /> 2. Who married Qiangdong Liu?<br /> <br /> 3. Is ByteDance the same thing as Tiktok?<br /> <br /> 4. Does Jay Chou play Kuaishou?<br /> <br /> 5. Has increasing marriage market competition due to sex ratio imbalances contributed to economic growth per year?<br /> <br /> '''Answers'''<br /> <br /> 1. Qiangdong Liu<br /> <br /> 2. Zetian Zhang<br /> <br /> 3. No<br /> <br /> 4. Yes<br /> <br /> 5. Yes<br /> <br /> '''References'''<br /> <br /> 1. Mengjun Yang, Shilin Zheng, Lin Zhou. 2022. Broadband internet and enterprise innovation. China<br /> Economic Review 74, 101802.<br /> 2. Yue Hua, Yue Lu, Ruili Zhao. 2022. Global value chain engagement and air pollution: Evidence from<br /> Chinese firms. Journal of Economic Surveys 36:3, 708-727. <br /> 3. Rui Chen. 2022. The effects of green credit policy on the formation of zombie firms: evidence from<br /> Chinese listed firms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 32. <br /> 4.https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/28/chinas-youngest-richest-billionaires-and-how-they-made-their-money.html<br /> <br /> ==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas ==<br /> <br /> ===Survey===<br /> Chinese opera has a long history and is a unique dramatic art in the world. Because of China's vast territory, with many ethnic groups and different dialects in different places, a colorful variety of local operas has been formed in addition to Peking opera. According to statistics, there are more than 300 kinds of local operas throughout China, which can be called the most influential in the world, including Jin Opera, also named Shanxi Opera (晋剧), Henan Opera (豫剧), Yue Opera (越剧), Huangmei Opera (黄梅戏), Pingju Opera (评剧), Qu Opera (曲剧), Cantonese Opera (粤剧), Huai Opera (淮剧) and Lv Opera (吕剧). Among them, the five major Chinese opera genres are Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera in that order.<br /> Local drama is the general name of opera genres with local characteristics popular in certain areas, such as Shanxi Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Pingju Opera, Huai Opera, Qinqiang Opera, Sichuan Opera, Lv opera, etc. Local drama is the opposite of popular national operas such as Peking opera. As a form of traditional cultural expression, local drama refers to the form of drama that condenses the folk customs of a certain region and is thus popular among the public in that region. On the one hand, the local opera is an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage; on the other hand, the local opera has special characteristics that are different from other intangible cultural heritage. This is because local opera is a living form of traditional cultural expression, which not only inherits certain historical and cultural traditions but also looks forward to the creative transformation of cultural traditions in the expression of the spirit of the times.<br /> <br /> ===Jin Opera===<br /> Jin opera, one of the four major operas of Shanxi Clapper Opera (Shanxi Bang-zi, 山西梆子), is a traditional Chinese local opera. It is also known as Zhong Lu Bang Zi (中路梆子), or Middle Opera, because it was produced in central Shanxi Province, and is mainly popular in central and northern Shanxi Province, northern Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolia, and parts of Hebei Province.<br /> Jin opera, also known as Shanxi opera, is an important drama genre in northern China. It was named after Fenyang (汾阳), Xiaoyi（孝义）, Qixian（祁县）, Taigu（太谷）, and Taiyuan（太原） in central Shanxi. On May 20, 2006, Jin opera was approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the first batch of the national intangible cultural heritage list, numbered Ⅳ-18.<br /> The traditional repertoire of Jin opera is rich, with more than 200 plays being performed regularly.<br /> They include The River Weishui （渭水河）, Beating the Golden Bough （打金枝）, The Mountain of Lintong (临潼山), The Belt of Heaven and Earth（乾坤带）, The Kingdom of Shatto（沙陀国）and so on. Each of these plays shows unique characteristics.<br /> Jin opera is characterized by its melody, smoothness, beautiful tunes, roundness, friendliness, and clarity.<br /> In the process of Jin Opera’s evolution, the artists, in order to adapt to the appreciation habits of the local people, absorbed and melted the cadences and percussions of Qixian Yangko and Taigu Yangko, etc., through which they continuously improved the voice, singing and performance in all aspects, forming an artistic style of high excitement and fresh euphemism.<br /> The singing style includes fiddling, cadences and tunes, and has a high and aggressive yet fresh and ebullient style. The main types of roles in Jin Opera consist of &quot;three big doors&quot; (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and &quot;three small doors&quot; (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).<br /> <br /> ===Henan Opera===<br /> Henan Opera is also known as Henan Bang-Zi and Henan Gaodiao. It is the number one local drama genre in China. Henan opera was born in Kaifeng, the ancient capital of the seven dynasties. It originated in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and has a history of more than 400 years ago. It is popular in Henan and parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Hubei, Taiwan, etc. It is the genre with the largest number of professional opera groups and practitioners after the 21st century. With more than 1,000 traditional plays, it is one of the five major opera genres in China and the first batch on the national intangible cultural heritage list. Famous actors include Chen Suzhen, Ma Jinfeng, Chang Xiangyu, Yan Lipin, etc. The representative plays include Qin Xianglian (秦香莲), Peach Blossom Nun (桃花庵), Mu Guiying in Command (穆桂英挂帅), Hua Mulan (花木兰), etc.<br /> Yu opera is known for its singing skills, with a high and loud singing voice and a very clever combination of real and falsetto. The singing voice is very smooth, the rhythm is light and clear, and the singing style is colloquial. The spitting of words is very clear, making it easy for the audience to hear and accept, and has a unique artistic charm. The performance of Henan opera is very masculine and passionate, so it is good at performing atmospheric scenes and has strong infectious power. It is also rich in local characteristics, easy to understand, and natural, and its performance content and expressions are close to the life of the people.<br /> Although the spoken lyrics of Henan opera are not as strict and regular as the written language, nor as elaborate and elegant as the metrical poetry, they are more accurate and vivid than the written language and metrical poetry in their artistic expression by taking the essence of the spoken language in life, speaking the native language, singing the native voice, telling the native stories and expressing the native feelings.<br /> <br /> ===Yue Opera===<br /> Yue Opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, originated in the rural area of Sheng County（嵊县） in the Shaoxing region, which is the homeland of the State of Yue. It is the second largest opera genre in China and is also known as the second national opera, and is one of the five major opera genres in China. It originated in the Shaoxing area of Zhejiang Province, but matured in Shanghai, and spread throughout Shanghai and eastern Zhejiang. In its development, Yue Opera has drawn on the great achievements of Kunqu Drama and Shao Opera. It has undergone a historical evolution from a male Yue Opera to a female Yue Opera. Yue Opera has a beautiful singing voice and delicate and lyrical performances. Famous actors include Yuan Xuefen, Wang Wenjuan, Xu Yulan, etc. The representative repertoire includes The Dream of Red Mansion (红楼梦), Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai (梁山伯与祝英台), The Romance of West Chamber (西厢记), Mrs. Xianglin (祥林嫂), and Chasing Fish (追鱼).<br /> The singing style of Yue Opera is so refined that it has formed many genres. The music of the opera incorporates the beautiful melodies of the silk and bamboo from the south of the Yangtze River, and the themes of the opera mainly reflect the love between men and women. The lyrics and narration are in the dialect of Sheng County. The famous actors and actresses of Yue Opera are concentrated in Shanghai and Hangzhou. In recent years, the &quot;Little Hundred Flowers&quot; troupe of Yueju opera of Zhejiang Province has emerged with a wide range of talents and has become famous in China and abroad.<br /> Yue Opera is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics, a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts.<br /> <br /> ===Huangmei Opera===<br /> Huangmei Opera is one of the local operas in Anhui province, which was called Huangmei Tune and Tea-picking Opera in the old days, mainly popular in Anhui Province and some areas in Jiangxi Province and Hubei Province. It originated from the tea picking song in Huangmei County, Hubei Province. After Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, the tea-catching song of Huangmei in Hubei Province was introduced to the Anqing area in Anhui Province, influenced by Qingyang cadence, and developed with local folk songs and dances, rap, and music.<br /> The traditional repertoire and music of Huangmei opera are more influenced by Huizhou opera. In its main singing voice, the big opera has flat words, firework, two lines, three lines, color cavity, etc., and small opera with their own independent singing voice. Famous actors include Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Ma Lan, etc. The traditional plays performed include Marriage of the Fairy Princess (天仙配), Female Consort Prince (女驸马), The Cowherd and the Weaving Maid (牛郎织女), etc.<br /> Huangmei Opera is famous for its lyricism, smoothness, rhythm, and richness, and has rich expressive power. Its performance is real and lively, simple and meticulous by the public; beautiful tunes, catchy, both popular; the singing voice is mellow, elegant, universal; distinctive character, more active, lively, bright characters.<br /> At that time, most of the artists performing Huangmei opera came from peasants and craftsmen, who did not have professional training and could only copy the performance procedures of other major opera genres. Because of this, Huangmei opera was more like a lovely young girl from the fields than the atmospheric, gorgeous, and magnificent atmosphere represented by Beijing and Huizhou operas of the same generation.<br /> <br /> ===Pingju Opera===<br /> Pingju Opera, which originated in Tangshan, Hebei Province, is one of the five major Chinese opera genres. It is a local opera popular in Beijing, Tianjin, and other parts of North and Northeast China. It was originally developed on the basis of the Hebei folk rap Lian Hua Lao. The performance procedures of the opera are mostly borrowed from Beijing opera and Bangzi and were first performed in the rural areas, where many elements were closer to life. Therefore, it is easy to express historical themes and reflect on modern life. The language is easy to understand and expressive.<br /> The famous actors include Xiao Bai Yushang, Xin Fengxia, etc. The representative plays include Widow Ma Opens a Shop (马寡妇开店), Madam Du Shi-niang (杜十娘), Little Son-in-Law (小女婿), Liu Qiao-er (刘巧儿), etc.<br /> The Pingju drama is very dynamic. It is mainly manifested in its performance style, in which the actors often interact with the audience during the performance, thus forming a dynamic stage performance. This dynamic way of performance keeps the drama alive.<br /> With its unique artistic charm, Pingju Opera has been widely spread in the motherland and has become a popular art form. The name of the Pingju opera has the meaning of commenting on the past and the present and criticizing the current problems. Compared with Peking Opera, which is good at depicting kings and generals, and Yue Opera, which is good at depicting talented people, it is the specialty of the drama to reflect on life and express reality.<br /> <br /> ===Terms and Expressions===<br /> Peking Opera 京剧<br /> <br /> Bang Zi 梆子<br /> <br /> Middle Opera 中戏<br /> <br /> Inner Mongolia 内蒙古<br /> <br /> The River Weishui 《渭水河》<br /> <br /> Beating the Golden Bough 《打金枝》<br /> <br /> The Mountain of Lintong 《临潼山》<br /> <br /> The Belt of Heaven and Earth《乾坤带》<br /> <br /> The Kingdom of Shatto 《沙陀国》<br /> <br /> Yangko 秧歌<br /> <br /> Three big doors 三大门<br /> <br /> Xu Sheng 须生<br /> <br /> Zheng Dan 正旦<br /> <br /> Big Flower Face 大花脸 <br /> <br /> Three small doors 三小门<br /> <br /> Xiao Sheng 小生<br /> <br /> Xiao Dan 小旦<br /> <br /> Small Flower Face 小花脸<br /> <br /> Henan Gaodiao 河南高调<br /> <br /> Kunqu Drama 昆曲<br /> <br /> Shao Opera 绍戏<br /> <br /> Tea-picking Opera 采茶戏<br /> <br /> Lian Hua Lao 《莲花落》<br /> <br /> ===Questions===<br /> <br /> 1.What are the five major Chinese opera genres?<br /> <br /> 2.What are the main types of roles in Jin Opera?<br /> <br /> 3.Please list at least 3 representative repertoires of Henan Opera.<br /> <br /> 4.What makes Yue Opera a rare phenomenon in Chinese theater arts?<br /> <br /> 5.Where does Huangmei Opera originate from?<br /> <br /> 6.What are the characteristics of Pingju Opera?<br /> <br /> ===Answers===<br /> <br /> 1. Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, and Pingju Opera.<br /> <br /> 2. Three big doors (Xu Sheng, Zheng Dan, and Big Flower Face) and three small doors (Xiao Sheng, Xiao Dan, and Small Flower Face).<br /> <br /> 3. Qin Xianglian, Peach Blossom Nun, Mu Guiying in Command, Hua Mulan, etc.<br /> <br /> 4. It is one of the few modern Chinese stage arts that has been preserved to this day that is dominated by a single gender, with female actors, female audiences, and strong female characteristics.<br /> <br /> 5. Huangmei County, Hubei Province.<br /> <br /> 6. It is a dynamic stage performance, which reflects on life and expresses reality.<br /> <br /> ===References===<br /> <br /> [1]高燕. 晋剧艺术研究[D].山西师范大学,2017.<br /> <br /> [2]杜蓉,李刚.晋剧表演的程式之美[J].戏友,2021(04):23-25.<br /> <br /> [3]黄河文化百科全书，华艺出版社，1994.<br /> <br /> [4]郭克俭.豫剧唱词语言艺术特征[J].中国音乐学,2010(04):122-129.DOI:10.14113/j.cnki.cn11-1316/j.2010.04.016.<br /> <br /> [5]段霁珊.豫剧元素在民族声乐中的实际运用[J].艺术大观,2020(31):22-23.<br /> <br /> [6]中华文化辞典，武汉大学出版社，2010.<br /> <br /> [7]中国旅游文化大辞典，上海古籍出版社，2001.<br /> <br /> [8]张雪莹. 清末民初以来女性文化与越剧[D].河北大学,2016.<br /> <br /> [9]张月月.胡连翠及其黄梅戏电视剧音乐研究[J].剧影月报,2022(03):12-13.<br /> <br /> [10]崔迪. 评剧现代戏剧本创作研究[D].中国艺术研究院,2017.<br /> <br /> ==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship==<br /> <br /> ===1. Background===<br /> Ancestor worship, a Chinese traditional custom, is a solemn folk activity. New Year's Eve, Qingming Festival, Double Ninth Festival, hungry Ghost Festival are the four major traditional festivals of the Han nationality for ancestor worship. In ancient times, this custom prevailed, due to the different customs around the different forms of ancestor worship. Chinese people have a tradition of paying homage to their ancestors. At the same time, some places also offer sacrifices to heaven and earth gods. The offerings are mainly three animal food, three kinds of tea and five of wine, etc. The parents officiate, burn three joss sticks, pray for a good harvest after bowing, and finally burn paper, commonly known as &quot;sending money and grain&quot;. Ancestor worship has been an ancient custom with profound significance for thousands of years. <br /> <br /> ===2. General statement===<br /> The Chinese people have a tradition of paying homage to their ancestors at festivals, and the Spring Festival is no exception. Offering food or flowers as a token of affection is a common ritual in China. The form of ancestor worship may vary according to religious belief, but the meaning of commemorating ancestors is the same. Family rituals is one of the most important activities. According to the folk concept, people should offer sacrifices to their ancestors as earnestly as to the heaven, earth and god, through which they pray for protection and bless from their ancestors. During the Spring Festival it is a must to worship ancestors, meanwhile inspire future generations. However, due to different customs around the country, in some places people worship before the New Year's Eve dinner; some worship around midnight on New Year's Eve; in Taiwan, ancestor worship is held for the last time of the year on New Year's Eve afternoon. There is also grave ancestor worship, commonly known as tomb offering, mainly in the cemetery to burn incense and lay offerings on the altar. In modern times, it is generally to the graves of relatives to worship. Due to the different customs around the different forms of ancestor worship, some go to the field zhan worship ancestor tomb, some to the ancestral hall, and most times it takes place in the main hall of people’s house.<br /> <br /> ===3. The origin of ancestor worship===<br /> The worship originated in ancient times, and is divided into ancestor worship and worship of various ghosts and gods. Ancient people believed that ghosts and gods had great authority and could decide people's fate, so they worshipped them. They divided ghosts and gods into three categories: heaven, earth, human and ghost, and took human and ghost - ancestors as the main object of worship. They believe that although the ancestors died, the soul still exists, and can bring disasters, blessing and descendants, so they all schedule and devout sacrifice. In the process of historical evolution, the concept of family and that of ancestor worship is becoming increasingly weak in many places, but the Lingnan area attaches importance to traditional customs, so the custom of ancestor worship is still prevailing there. China has inherited the tradition of ancestor worship for thousands of years, which has multiple psychological effects, one of the most important, is to think about the source of drinking water, and worship ancestor because of filial piety. This concept of ancestor worship has been continued to the present, forming the characteristics of Chinese culture.<br /> <br /> Ancestor worship has been an ancient custom with profound significance for thousands of years. According to historical records, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, tomb sacrifice has become an indispensable ritual activity. &quot;Biography of Yan Yannian in The Book of Han&quot; records that yan even thousands of miles away from Beijing in the Tomb Sweeping Day &quot;return to the East China Sea grave&quot;. With the growing awareness of ancestor worship and kinship, the tomb sacrifice that was not included in the norms in ancient times was included in the &quot;Five Rites&quot;. Later, the worship of the imperial court also made the tomb sacrifice more prevalent.<br /> <br /> ===4. Customs===<br /> Ancestor worship has been an ancient custom with profound significance for thousands of years. According to historical records, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, tomb sacrifice has become an indispensable ritual activity. &quot;Biography of Yan Yannian in The Book of Han&quot; records that yan even thousands of miles away from Beijing in the Tomb Sweeping Day &quot;return to the East China Sea grave&quot;. With the growing awareness of ancestor worship and kinship, the tomb sacrifice that was not included in the norms in ancient times was included in the &quot;Five Rites&quot;. Later, the worship of the imperial court also made the tomb sacrifice more prevalent.<br /> <br /> ===5. Types===<br /> <br /> ====(1) Ancestor worship on New Year's Eve====<br /> Ancestor worship on New Year's Eve is one of the traditional customs handed down to the Han people. On the one hand, it is derived from the traditional concept of &quot;filial piety first&quot; and &quot;cautious and final&quot;, expressing filial piety and nostalgia to ancestors at the time of ringing out the old year and ushering in the New Year; On the other hand, it is the belief that the gods of the ancestors can protect the offspring and make them prosperous. This traditional custom has been handed down from generation to generation, people always hold a sacrificial ceremony in every New Year's Eve, expressing gratitude, praying for blessings. In the past, the ancestor worship ceremony was generally held in the ancestral temple on the afternoon of New Year's Eve, and the clans with the same family name in costumes participated in the ceremony. Before the family reunion dinner, people usually place food and wine in front of the ancestral shrine to worship.<br /> In the farming areas of northeast China, the most important ancestor worship activities are usually held at the end of the year, mostly between the 28th day of the 12th lunar month and New Year's Eve. The form of sacrifice varies according to conditions. for some ancestral officials and prosperous and rich families, they built their own ancestral hall, commonly known as &quot;family temple&quot;, and their ancestral worship activities were held there. On the day of ancestor worship, the main male members of the local branches of the family gather together in the family temple. The sacrificial vessels used have been cleaned and the offerings prepared in advance, and the god (memorial tablets) and portraits (commonly known as images) of the ancestors of each generation are placed and hung in order of generation. Then under the auspices of the patriarch, all the people according to the level of their generations, in batches to each ancestor incense salute.<br /> <br /> Each family is a form of ancestor worship. In many places it happens before dinner. Firstly，they go to their family tombs to worship, some just kowtow, some use the kang table to carry a table of wine, known as &quot;to send dinner to the ancestors.&quot; The order of sacrifice begins with the seniority of the tomb. They put kang table in front of the grave, kowtow salute, then pour a cup of wine on the ground.<br /> <br /> The main process is carried out at home, usually around the dinner on New Year's Eve. People call it &quot;to fetch the ancestor home for the New Year&quot;. According to legend that the spirits of the dead cannot move in the daytime, so they must wait until after dark. People put incense burner, sweet drum, candlestick (commonly known as the five for) or combination of disk in the west wall or on kang hall box. After hanging the incense people began to put for the whole family size in turn kowtow salute. The offerings are usually pasta and fruit. <br /> <br /> Many people dedicated to the New Year's Eve ancestor worship steamed bread steamed white, each point above a red dot, each two planes are stacked together for a group, generally three to five levels, each placed in white porcelain plate. These offerings have been placed until the fifth day of the first lunar month, and from the first to the fifth day of the first lunar month, two times every morning and evening in front of the ancestral shrine (tablet) incense, until the fifth night, after the ceremony to send the &quot;ancestral&quot;, that is, the tablet or tablet back to the original place. In other areas, some memorial ceremonies are held on New Year's Eve for grandparents or parents who have recently died. <br /> <br /> The clothes they had worn before they died are folded and placed on the kang. Then the younger generation kneels down and kowtows, saying &quot;XX (the name for the elders) come home for the New Year.&quot; When burning paper, people will &quot;murmur&quot; some words of convoking thoughts and asking for blessings, and it is believed that the ancestors will certainly hear, and bring happiness and well-being for the family.<br /> <br /> ====(2) Qingming Festival ancestor worship====<br /> <br /> People visit the graves of their ancestors to see if they have been caved in due to the coming of the rainy season, or if they have been pierced by rabbits or foxes. During the tomb sweeping, weeds are eliminated, new soil is added, pigs are burned, incense is burned, and paper money is burned, and simple sacrificial ceremonies are held to express the memory of ancestors. Tomb sweeping is a concrete manifestation of the harmony of the Han nationality and filial piety and virtue. Therefore, it has become one of the important festivals for Chinese around the world, showing the patriotism of remembering their ancestors and homeland.<br /> <br /> In addition to the &quot;mountain-top offering&quot; of ancestor worship and tomb sweeping, there is ancestral offering, called &quot;temple offering&quot; in later generations. Temple offering is closely related to ancient spring performance. Though far apart in time, the two are indeed connected closely. Temple sacrifice is the common gathering of the clan. The custom of sweeping tombs and offering sacrifices to ancestors originated before the Pre-Qin Dynasty. Because of the different customs in the north and south in ancient times, sweeping tombs in some places may not be on the occasion of qingming festival. Before the Tang Dynasty, tomb sweeping was mainly carried out on the &quot;Cold Food Festival&quot; and &quot;Cold clothes Festival&quot; in some parts of northern China. It was not until the Tang and Song Dynasties that tomb sweeping began to prevail in the whole country. In many places in south China, people sweep tombs on the Double Ninth Day, Qingming Day or winter solstice day, such as in Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi or Kunming in Yunnan Province.<br /> <br /> ====(3) Ancestor worship in the Yuan Dynasty====<br /> Ancestor worship in the Hungry Ghost Festival is also known as &quot;July half&quot; ancestor worship, for it is in the end of summer and the beginning of the winter. People believe that ancestors also return home to visit their children and grandchildren at this time, so they need to worship their ancestors.<br /> <br /> ====(4) The Double Ninth Festival====<br /> The Double Ninth Festival is one of the four traditional ancestor worship festivals in China. On the annual Double Ninth Festival, people hold ancestor worship activities to pray to the gods for good fortune, and carry out activities to respect the elderly and pass on the culture of filial piety. On the Double Ninth Festival, many people hold ancestor worship activities. However, these activities also have different forms according to different regions. The Double Ninth Festival is called &quot;taigong Mountain worship&quot; in Cantonese, and all family members must attend. The worship of the Double Ninth Festival is to thank the ancestors for their kindness and pray for their blessing after the harvest. Therefore, the atmosphere is relaxed and joyful, and there will be no sorrow like &quot;pedestrian's dying soul&quot;. There are many rules to sweep tombs and worship ancestors. They worship the public ancestors first, then the branch ancestors, and each family worship their ancestors. <br /> <br /> ====6. The significance of ancestor worship====<br /> The meaning of ancestor worship is to recall the history and show the hope for the prosperity of descendants. Paying attention to ancestor worship is a prominent feature of Chinese etiquette. This is because ancestor worship has a good function of social education, which helps to cultivate the moral character of social members, strengthen the unity among social members, and maintain the stability of society.<br /> <br /> ====Terms and Expressions====<br /> &quot;Biography of Yan Yannian in The Book of Han&quot; 《汉书.严延年传》<br /> qingming festival 清明节<br /> <br /> ====References====<br /> * 1. 中国传统祭祖的四大节日 ．腾讯网[引用日期2018-10-12]<br /> * 2. 重阳节为何要敬老：中国人最该知道的四重意思 ．人民网[引用日期2018-10-21]<br /> * 3. 谈中华知有巢知有巢识合肥 ．中国安徽在线网．2017-08-08[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 4. 燧人氏：中华之燧皇，华夏之共祖 ．赤子新闻网．2019-10-29[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 5. 海峡两岸共祭中华人文始祖伏羲 ．中国新闻网．2019-06-22[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 6. 两岸共祭中华人文始祖炎帝神农氏 ．中国新闻网．2011-04-03[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 7. 海峡两岸共祭中华“人文始祖”轩辕黄帝 ．中国新闻网．2019-10-07[引用日期2020-04-23]<br /> * 8. 新会林氏祭祖登央视 ．新浪[引用日期2014-02-06]<br /> * 9. 台南平埔族夜祭祖灵 赖清德巧遇甘肃陆生 ．凤凰网．2013-11-18[引用日期2013-11-19]<br /> * 10. 重阳节祭祖习俗 ．北方网 [引用日期2018-10-12]<br /> * 11. 清明节习俗——扫墓 ．济宁文明网[引用日期2022-04-06]<br /> <br /> ====Questions====<br /> <br /> 1.What does “Chinese Ancestor Worship” refer to?<br /> <br /> 2.What is the significance of Ancestor Worship in China?<br /> <br /> 3.How many types of Ancestor Worship in China are there?<br /> <br /> ==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==<br /> Brief Introduction<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera, formerly known as Huangmei tune and Caicha opera, originated in Huangmei, Hubei Province, and developed and expanded in Anqing, Anhui Province. Huangmei opera, together with Beijing opera, Yueju opera, Pingju opera, and Yuju opera, is one of the &quot;five major opera genres in China&quot;, and is also the main local opera genre in Anhui Province.<br /> Huangmei opera singing simple and smooth, to bright and lyrical, with rich expressive power; performance is simple and meticulous, known for real and lively. The song &quot;Matching of Heavenly Fairies&quot; has made Huangmei opera popular in the north and south of China, and has a high reputation in overseas. <br /> On May 20, 2006, Huangmei opera was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. On May 24, 2021, Huangmei opera declared by Hubei Province was approved by the State Council to be included in the extended list of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects.<br /> <br /> Origin<br /> <br /> The history of Huangmei opera is not considered very long, for the origin of Huangmei opera, there are 5 mainstream statements. In all the testimony, which is recognized version of the Hubei Huangmei said. The reason for this consensus, one is that historical documents record Huangmei County is both a tea song folk song of the country, but also a place where floods and droughts are frequent, including the most vicious floods. Good song of Huangmei people in such an environment to escape around, selling the field to beg. A large number of Huangmei victims who flowed into Anhui Susong, Taihu, Huaining and other counties, received local food, but also returned a rich spiritual food - Huangmei Caicha tune and a variety of folk songs and dances.<br /> <br /> Development<br /> <br /> Huangmei Opera is developed on the basis of the song and dance of Huangmei Caicha tune in the adjoining areas of Anhui, Hubei and Gan provinces. One of them moved east to Anhui Huaining as the center of the Anqing area Indic language sound singing, known as Huai cavity or Huai tunes. This is the predecessor of today's Huangmei opera.&quot; Thus, it can be seen that Huangmei opera was developed on the basis of Huangmei tea opera. &quot;Huangmei Caicha opera traditional singing set&quot; defines Huangmei Caicha opera in this way: &quot;Huangmei Caicha opera, referred to as 'Caicha ', is one of the excellent local opera in Hubei Huangmei Caicha tune floated into the Huaining area with the water, it flowed into a good ecological environment for opera incubation. Many opera singers and scholars call the junction of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces as the &quot;Golden Triangle&quot; of opera, and Huaining County Shipai Town is one of the &quot;opera nest&quot;.<br /> <br /> Costume<br /> <br /> Huangmei costumes are generally less extravagant compared to the other Chinese opera branches. There is usually a greater emphasis on the singing than the display. In Hong Kong there is not necessarily a requirement to wear any traditional Chinese opera attire. An example is the cantopop artist Jenny Tseng singing Huangmei style music with Ivy Ling Po in a concert.<br /> <br /> Artistic features<br /> <br /> The melody of Huangmei Opera is a plate-like variant, with three lumens: flower cavity, color cavity, and main tone. The flower cavity is mainly composed of small plays, the tone is healthy and simple, beautiful and cheerful, with a strong sense of life and the color of the folk songs; the color cavity is very popular, and it has been widely used in the small dramas; the main theme is the vocal used in the traditional Chinese drama of Huangmei opera. The Huangmei Opera is pure and fresh, exquisite and moving, with a bright and expressive sensibility, rich in expressiveness, easy to understand, easy to popularize, and deeply loved by people all over China.<br /> <br /> Tune<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera singing voice has three forms: the main cavity, flower cavity, three cavities (&quot;colorful cavity&quot;, &quot;fairy cavity&quot;, &quot;Yin Si cavity&quot; three cavities collectively).<br /> <br /> The main cadence of Huangmei opera<br /> <br /> The main cavity is the most dramatic expression of a cavity in the traditional singing cavity of Huangmei opera. It is the principle of the musical structure of the board change body (or board cavity body), and it is this main feature that makes it different from the tune embellishment body (or tune body) of the &quot;flower cavity&quot; and both the characteristics of the two systems &quot;three cavities&quot;.<br /> The main cavity does not mean that it is predominant in all of Huangmei opera's repertoire. In fact, the main cavity is not used in small plays, and some big plays are not dominated by the main cavity. The reason why this cavity is called the main cavity is its musical form and musical performance function. In addition, from the history of the development of Huangmei opera music, the main cavity is also later than the flower cavity and three cavities. This development process coincides with the development of the repertoire from a one-act play, two small plays, three small plays to a series of plays and finally can play the whole course of the opera. Therefore, it can be considered that the main cavity is a product of the development of Huangmei opera to a mature stage. Its appearance, marking the basic style of Huangmei opera music frame.<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera's flower cadence<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera originated from folk songs and dances. Mountain and village workers of the labor songs, women and children know the lane songs, lanterns and fires in the song and dance, is the source of Huangmei opera lively. Huangmei opera in the formation of the first stage results - two small opera, three small opera process, also formed more than a hundred small songs and miscellaneous tunes of the &quot;flower cavity&quot; cavity system. Flower cavity from the folk songs, but the role has been not quite the same as folk songs. It has moved from the field to the stage, from a casual song to a prescribed dramatic situation, conveying the voice of the character. The cadences we see today, however similar they may be to folk songs, have been polished by dramatic waves and have some of the qualities of dramatic music, a kind of folk song-style tune system.<br /> <br /> Classical Works<br /> <br /> Huangmei opera's outstanding repertoire are &quot;the fairy match&quot; &quot;cowherd and weaving maiden&quot; &quot;the story of the Sophora&quot; &quot;the female horse harnessed by the side of a horse&quot; &quot;the couple watching the lantern&quot; &quot;hitting pig grass&quot; and so on. One of the most famous is the &quot;match of the immortals&quot;, tells a moving love story: the seven immortals defied the rules of heaven, private mortal Dong Yong to marry, and was eventually broken up by the Jade Emperor.<br /> <br /> References<br /> <br /> 1. 百度百科 黄梅戏https://baike.baidu.com/item/黄梅戏/2677?fr=aladdin<br /> 2. Berry, Michael. [2005] (2005). Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13330-8<br /> 3. &quot;Huangmei opera&quot;. China intangible cultural heritage digital museum. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_01&diff=155404 2023-06-01T10:22:17Z

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<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023|course homepage]].<br /> Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_01&diff=155402 2023-06-01T10:14:30Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div>Back to [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023#Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2023] Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_01&diff=155401 2023-06-01T10:10:54Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2023|course homepage]]. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/20230630_Culture]</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_final_exam_culture_01&diff=155400 2023-06-01T10:09:32Z

<p>Wang Yihan: Created page with &quot;Back to course homepage. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://wiki.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/uvu/index.php/Culture2023_final_exam_pape...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2023|course homepage]]. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Culture2023_final_exam_papers#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_Culture&diff=155399 2023-06-01T10:08:23Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Sub-Websites to write your final exam paper on */</p> <hr /> <div>=Final Exam Papers=<br /> Please think of a new text book chapter about a phenomenon of Chinese culture and list your topic with your name here. As soon as it will be approved by the teacher, you can start writing in one of the sub-websites beneath (see bottom of the page).<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> Suggested topic<br /> |-<br /> | 唐英姿 <br /> | Science and Technology: We-Media in China<br /> |-<br /> | 曾锦泉 <br /> | The Four Mythological Symbols of China<br /> |-<br /> | 舒思靖 <br /> | Animals: Cat<br /> |-<br /> | 刘欣雯 <br /> | Nüshu：a letter that belongs exclusively to women<br /> |-<br /> | 秦安妮 <br /> | Economy: Zibo Barbecue<br /> |-<br /> | 谢诗祎 <br /> | Literature：Yuan- dynasty zaju<br /> |-<br /> | 谷钰婷 <br /> | Chinese folk art：Xiangxi Folk Songs<br /> |-<br /> | 刘盈池 <br /> | Sports:modern China sports development <br /> |-<br /> | 何颖 <br /> | Food: Special Breakfasts in Various Regions of Changde, Hunan<br /> |-<br /> | 姜露云 <br /> | Literature:Chinese Pastoral culture<br /> |-<br /> | 吴松芸 <br /> | Architecture: Memorial Archway<br /> |-<br /> | 文茜 <br /> | Fine Arts：Chinese Nail Art<br /> |-<br /> | 吴婷 <br /> | Nightlife in Ancient and Modern China<br /> |-<br /> | 胡艺镪 <br /> | Education: The Stone Drum Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies)<br /> |-<br /> | 舒锦玉 <br /> | The image of dog in Chinese culture<br /> |-<br /> | 赵喜珍 <br /> | Chinese traditional custom: Draw lots<br /> |-<br /> | 曹文 <br /> | traditional crafts：raw lacquer<br /> |-<br /> | 王佳绮 <br /> | the image of cattle in Chinese culture<br /> |-<br /> | 宋奕芳 <br /> | Makeup: Hair Styles <br /> |-<br /> | 胡欣平 <br /> | Literature：Nalan Xingde's poetry<br /> |-<br /> | 邓颖杰 <br /> | Modern Chinese Literature: Wang Xiaobo and his spirit of rebellion<br /> |-<br /> | 汪奕含 <br /> |Literature：the three friend in cold weather<br /> |-<br /> | 吴倩 <br /> | Traditional Chinese specialty tea drink：Ginger Salt Tea<br /> |-<br /> | 许谱亮 <br /> | Cuisine: Barbeque in China<br /> |-<br /> | 丁倩 <br /> | Traditional Cuisine: Sugar Figurine<br /> |-<br /> | 王鑫鹏 <br /> | Technology: PC games in China<br /> |-<br /> | 李璐瑶 <br /> | Landscapes and Tourism：The Peach Garden<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot;| „Topic suggestions“<br /> |}<br /> <br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;The deadline has been extended to '''June 5, 2023'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until June 15. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline June 15!&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ==Structure==<br /> 需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. ....、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References, Terms and Expressions, Questions, Answers)。Total number of English words: 1,000.<br /> <br /> ==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==<br /> *You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.<br /> *Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called &quot;References&quot;. There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.<br /> *Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:<br /> <br /> [1] dsalkfkdsa<br /> <br /> [2] adsfadsfag<br /> <br /> But only the following way:<br /> <br /> (Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text<br /> <br /> and then<br /> <br /> '''References'''<br /> *Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.<br /> *Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.<br /> <br /> Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):<br /> = = Topic = =<br /> &lt; c e n t e r &gt; Student Name, Student no. &lt; / c e n t e r &gt;<br /> = = = Abstract = = =<br /> This chapter is on ....<br /> = = = Key Words = = =<br /> Egg, Hen<br /> = = = 题目 = = =<br /> = = = 摘要 = = =<br /> = = = 关键词 = = =<br /> = = = Introduction = = =<br /> Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.<br /> = = = The Egg = = =<br /> Bla, bla, bla<br /> = = = The Hen = = =<br /> Bla, bla, bla<br /> = = = Conclusion = = =<br /> Bla, bla, bla<br /> = = = References = = =<br /> Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT<br /> <br /> ==Sample papers==<br /> You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with &quot;Sample paper&quot;.<br /> * A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories<br /> * An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications<br /> * Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy<br /> * Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View<br /> * Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish<br /> * On the Comparison between &quot;Sublimation&quot; an &quot;Functonal Equivalence&quot; Theories<br /> * Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics<br /> * The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication<br /> * Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior<br /> <br /> ==Sub-Websites to write your final exam paper on==<br /> [[20230630_final_exam|final exam page]]<br /> <br /> As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:<br /> <br /> The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).<br /> <br /> Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:<br /> <br /> *[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]<br /> *[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]<br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_01]] First group of students Tang Yingzi唐英姿 Zeng Jinquan曾锦泉 Shu Sijing舒思靖 <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_02]] 2nd group of students Liu Xinwen刘欣雯 Qin Anni秦安妮 Xie Shyi谢诗祎 <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_03]] 3rd group of students Gu Yuting谷钰婷 Liu Yingchi刘盈池 He Ying何颖 <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_04]] 4th group of students Jiang Luyun姜露云 Wu Songyun吴松芸 Wen Xi文茜 <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_05]] 5th group of students Wu Ting吴婷 Hu Yiqiang胡艺镪 Shu Jinyu舒锦玉 <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_06]] 6th group of students Zhao Xizhen赵喜珍 Cao Wen曹文 Wang Jiaozi 王佳绮 <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_07]] 7th group of students Song Yifang宋奕芳 Hu Xinping胡欣平 Deng Yingjie邓颖杰 <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_08]] 8th group of students Wang Yihan汪奕含 Wu Qian吴倩 Xu Puliang许谱亮 <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_09]] 9th group of students Ding Qian 丁倩 Wang Xinpeng王鑫鹏 Li Luyao李璐瑶</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_Culture&diff=155094 2023-05-02T07:55:13Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Final Exam Papers */</p> <hr /> <div>=Final Exam Papers=<br /> Please think of a new text book chapter about a phenomenon of Chinese culture and list your topic with your name here. As soon as it will be approved by the teacher, you can start writing in one of the sub-websites beneath (see bottom of the page).<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> Suggested topic<br /> |-<br /> | 唐英姿 <br /> | Science and Technology: We-Media in China<br /> |-<br /> | 曾锦泉 <br /> | The Four Mythological Symbols of China<br /> |-<br /> | 舒思靖 <br /> | Animals: Cat<br /> |-<br /> | 刘欣雯 <br /> | Nüshu：a letter that belongs exclusively to women<br /> |-<br /> | 秦安妮 <br /> | Economy: Zibo Barbecue<br /> |-<br /> | 谢诗祎 <br /> | Literature：Yuan- dynasty zaju<br /> |-<br /> | 谷钰婷 <br /> | Chinese folk art：Xiangxi Folk Songs<br /> |-<br /> | 刘盈池 <br /> | Sports:modern China sports development <br /> |-<br /> | 何颖 <br /> | Food: Special Breakfasts in Various Regions of Changde, Hunan<br /> |-<br /> | 姜露云 <br /> | Literature:Chinese Pastoral culture<br /> |-<br /> | 吴松芸 <br /> | Architecture: Memorial Archway<br /> |-<br /> | 文茜 <br /> | Fine Arts：Chinese Nail Art<br /> |-<br /> | 吴婷 <br /> | Nightlife in Ancient and Modern China<br /> |-<br /> | 胡艺镪 <br /> | Education: The Stone Drum Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies)<br /> |-<br /> | 舒锦玉 <br /> | The image of dog in Chinese culture<br /> |-<br /> | 赵喜珍 <br /> | Chinese traditional custom: Draw lots<br /> |-<br /> | 曹文 <br /> | traditional crafts：raw lacquer<br /> |-<br /> | 王佳绮 <br /> | the image of cattle in Chinese culture<br /> |-<br /> | 宋奕芳 <br /> | Makeup: Hair Styles <br /> |-<br /> | 胡欣平 <br /> | Literature：Nalan Xingde's poetry<br /> |-<br /> | 邓颖杰 <br /> | Modern Chinese Literature: Wang Xiaobo and his spirit of rebellion<br /> |-<br /> | 汪奕含 <br /> |Literature：the three friend in cold weather<br /> |-<br /> | 吴倩 <br /> | Traditional Chinese specialty tea drink：Ginger Salt Tea<br /> |-<br /> | 许谱亮 <br /> | Cuisine: Barbeque in China<br /> |-<br /> | 丁倩 <br /> | Traditional Cuisine: Sugar Figurine<br /> |-<br /> | 王鑫鹏 <br /> | Technology: PC games in China<br /> |-<br /> | 李璐瑶 <br /> | Landscapes and Tourism：The Peach Garden<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot;| „Topic suggestions“<br /> |}<br /> <br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;The deadline has been extended to '''June 5, 2023'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until June 15. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline June 15!&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ==Structure==<br /> 需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. ....、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References, Terms and Expressions, Questions, Answers)。Total number of English words: 1,000.<br /> <br /> ==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==<br /> *You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.<br /> *Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called &quot;References&quot;. There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.<br /> *Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:<br /> <br /> [1] dsalkfkdsa<br /> <br /> [2] adsfadsfag<br /> <br /> But only the following way:<br /> <br /> (Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text<br /> <br /> and then<br /> <br /> '''References'''<br /> *Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.<br /> *Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.<br /> <br /> Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):<br /> = = Topic = =<br /> &lt; c e n t e r &gt; Student Name, Student no. &lt; / c e n t e r &gt;<br /> = = = Abstract = = =<br /> This chapter is on ....<br /> = = = Key Words = = =<br /> Egg, Hen<br /> = = = 题目 = = =<br /> = = = 摘要 = = =<br /> = = = 关键词 = = =<br /> = = = Introduction = = =<br /> Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.<br /> = = = The Egg = = =<br /> Bla, bla, bla<br /> = = = The Hen = = =<br /> Bla, bla, bla<br /> = = = Conclusion = = =<br /> Bla, bla, bla<br /> = = = References = = =<br /> Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT<br /> <br /> ==Sample papers==<br /> You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with &quot;Sample paper&quot;.<br /> * A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories<br /> * An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications<br /> * Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy<br /> * Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View<br /> * Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish<br /> * On the Comparison between &quot;Sublimation&quot; an &quot;Functonal Equivalence&quot; Theories<br /> * Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics<br /> * The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication<br /> * Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior<br /> <br /> ==Sub-Websites to write your final exam paper on==<br /> [[20230630_final_exam|final exam page]]<br /> <br /> As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:<br /> <br /> The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).<br /> <br /> Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:<br /> <br /> *[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]<br /> *[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]<br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_01]] First group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_02]] 2nd group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_03]] 3rd group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_04]] 4th group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_05]] 5th group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_06]] 6th group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_07]] 7th group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_08]] 8th group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_09]] 9th group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_10]] 10th group of students</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=20230630_Culture&diff=155093 2023-04-30T18:17:53Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Final Exam Papers */</p> <hr /> <div>=Final Exam Papers=<br /> Please think of a new text book chapter about a phenomenon of Chinese culture and list your topic with your name here. As soon as it will be approved by the teacher, you can start writing in one of the sub-websites beneath (see bottom of the page).<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> Suggested topic<br /> |-<br /> | 唐英姿 <br /> | Science and Technology: We-Media in China<br /> |-<br /> | 曾锦泉 <br /> | The Four Mythological Symbols of China<br /> |-<br /> | 舒思靖 <br /> | Animals: Cat<br /> |-<br /> | 刘欣雯 <br /> | Nüshu：a letter that belongs exclusively to women<br /> |-<br /> | 秦安妮 <br /> | Economy: Zibo Barbecue<br /> |-<br /> | 谢诗祎 <br /> | Literature：Yuan- dynasty zaju<br /> |-<br /> | 谷钰婷 <br /> | Chinese folk art：Xiangxi Folk Songs<br /> |-<br /> | 刘盈池 <br /> | Sports:modern China sports development <br /> |-<br /> | 何颖 <br /> | Food: Special Breakfasts in Various Regions of Changde, Hunan<br /> |-<br /> | 姜露云 <br /> | Literature:Chinese Pastoral culture<br /> |-<br /> | 吴松芸 <br /> | Architecture: Memorial Archway<br /> |-<br /> | 文茜 <br /> | Fine Arts：Chinese Nail Art<br /> |-<br /> | 吴婷 <br /> | Nightlife in Ancient and Modern China<br /> |-<br /> | 胡艺镪 <br /> | Education: The Stone Drum Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies)<br /> |-<br /> | 舒锦玉 <br /> | The image of dog in Chinese culture<br /> |-<br /> | 赵喜珍 <br /> | Chinese traditional custom: Draw lots<br /> |-<br /> | 曹文 <br /> | traditional crafts：raw lacquer<br /> |-<br /> | 王佳绮 <br /> | the image of cattle in Chinese culture<br /> |-<br /> | 宋奕芳 <br /> | Makeup: Hair Styles <br /> |-<br /> | 胡欣平 <br /> | Literature：Nalan Xingde's poetry<br /> |-<br /> | 邓颖杰 <br /> | Modern Chinese Literature: Wang Xiaobo and his spirit of rebellion<br /> |-<br /> | 汪奕含 <br /> | Religion：Chan(Zen) sect Buddhism<br /> |-<br /> | 吴倩 <br /> | Traditional Chinese specialty tea drink：Ginger Salt Tea<br /> |-<br /> | 许谱亮 <br /> | Cuisine: Barbeque in China<br /> |-<br /> | 丁倩 <br /> | Traditional Cuisine: Sugar Figurine<br /> |-<br /> | 王鑫鹏 <br /> | Technology: PC games in China<br /> |-<br /> | 李璐瑶 <br /> | Landscapes and Tourism：The Peach Garden<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot;| „Topic suggestions“<br /> |}<br /> <br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;The deadline has been extended to '''June 5, 2023'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until June 15. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline June 15!&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ==Structure==<br /> 需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. ....、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References, Terms and Expressions, Questions, Answers)。Total number of English words: 1,000.<br /> <br /> ==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==<br /> *You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.<br /> *Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called &quot;References&quot;. There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.<br /> *Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:<br /> <br /> [1] dsalkfkdsa<br /> <br /> [2] adsfadsfag<br /> <br /> But only the following way:<br /> <br /> (Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text<br /> <br /> and then<br /> <br /> '''References'''<br /> *Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.<br /> *Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.<br /> <br /> Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):<br /> = = Topic = =<br /> &lt; c e n t e r &gt; Student Name, Student no. &lt; / c e n t e r &gt;<br /> = = = Abstract = = =<br /> This chapter is on ....<br /> = = = Key Words = = =<br /> Egg, Hen<br /> = = = 题目 = = =<br /> = = = 摘要 = = =<br /> = = = 关键词 = = =<br /> = = = Introduction = = =<br /> Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.<br /> = = = The Egg = = =<br /> Bla, bla, bla<br /> = = = The Hen = = =<br /> Bla, bla, bla<br /> = = = Conclusion = = =<br /> Bla, bla, bla<br /> = = = References = = =<br /> Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT<br /> <br /> ==Sample papers==<br /> You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with &quot;Sample paper&quot;.<br /> * A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories<br /> * An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications<br /> * Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy<br /> * Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View<br /> * Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish<br /> * On the Comparison between &quot;Sublimation&quot; an &quot;Functonal Equivalence&quot; Theories<br /> * Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics<br /> * The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication<br /> * Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior<br /> <br /> ==Sub-Websites to write your final exam paper on==<br /> [[20230630_final_exam|final exam page]]<br /> <br /> As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:<br /> <br /> The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).<br /> <br /> Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:<br /> <br /> *[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]<br /> *[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]<br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_01]] First group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_02]] 2nd group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_03]] 3rd group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_04]] 4th group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_05]] 5th group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_06]] 6th group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_07]] 7th group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_08]] 8th group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_09]] 9th group of students <br /> *[[20230630_final_exam_culture_10]] 10th group of students</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Silk_and_porcelain_Celadon_and_Celadon_Song_Cao_Wen2.pptx&diff=154980 2023-03-28T15:59:43Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Astrology_Twelve_Animals_of_the_Chinese_Zodiac_Li_Luyao2.pptx&diff=154979 2023-03-28T15:58:26Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Astrology_Twelve_Animals_of_the_Chinese_Zodiac_Li_Luyao.pptx&diff=154978 2023-03-28T15:57:33Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Animals_Panda_Wang_Yihan2.pptx&diff=154977 2023-03-28T15:56:22Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023&diff=154976 2023-03-28T15:54:57Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Example.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Example for inserting pictures.]]Welcome to our BA course [[Introduction to Chinese Culture Spring 2023]]. <br /> <br /> The shortlink is: https://bit.ly/CULTURE2023 . spring term 2023<br /> <br /> 周一上午8:00-9:40，周三12:30-13:50；周五13:00-14:20，均在602教室<br /> <br /> Quick links for homework pages, [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]] etc.<br /> <br /> ='''Before the class starts'''=<br /> <br /> Note: This class is taught by Martin Woesler in presence. The class language is English, however, some explanations in Chinese will be given.<br /> <br /> 1. Please read the terms of Use: By registering for this Wiki, you give your consent that your data (name, study no., study direction, email, technical data of your device, ip address etc.) and your contributions to class (homework, translations, presentations, handouts, final exam papers etc.) is stored for grading, and academic use (teaching and ANONYMIZED for research). You explicitely agree that your contributions can be used by the teacher under his name, e.g. for publication, for improvement of teaching material etc. After reading, please take this quiz to show your understanding of basic concepts of translation and of data usage: http://bit.ly/Eval-01 .<br /> <br /> 2. Our mentor 課代表 is Hu Xinping 胡欣平. She should send a student roll to the teacher and enter all grades from homework and quizzes and those she receives from the teacher into the roll to be kept with the teacher. We still need 1 [[wiki admin]] and 5 survey assistants, who know how to use http://wjx.top. If we have more than 100 students, we need 2 teaching assistants. All of them will get extra points for their &quot;performance in class&quot; grade. After registration (see point 3 beneath), please write your names here directly behind the role (e.g. &quot;teaching assistant - Lei Feng&quot;). To change anything on the wiki, please see point 3 beneath.<br /> *Teaching Assistant - Hu Xinping<br /> *Wiki Admin - Wang Yihan<br /> *Survey Assistant 1 - Zhao Xizhen<br /> *Survey Assistant 2 - Xu Puliang<br /> *Survey Assistant 3 - Wen Xi<br /> *Survey Assistant 4 - Song Yifang<br /> *Survey Assistant 5 - Xie Shiyi<br /> *Social Media Influencer -Hu Yiqiang<br /> *Grant Writing Assistant - Ding Qian<br /> *Peer Review Assistant - Cao Wen<br /> *Chinese Studies Donation Campaign Assistant - Wang Jiaqi<br /> <br /> 3. Please register on this Wiki. From any place you can register following this link: https://bit.ly/WIKIREG. If you are already here, click on &quot;register&quot; on the top right corner, and then on &quot;request one&quot;. Then please register with your real name in Pinyin (with blank space between the family name and the given name) for the two names (username and real name), so two times &quot;Lei Feng&quot; and &quot;Lei Feng&quot;. Please check the box that you agree to the Terms and Conditions. Then type in the password &quot;wikicaptcha&quot; and click on &quot;submit&quot;. You will receive a confirmation email with a link. You can click on the link, confirm your identity and create a password. Then you need to wait 1-2 days until the teacher grants you access. You will receive another email when it will work. With the access to this wiki, you can directly edit everything, including this page. If you want to learn how to edit on Wiki, please read here: [uvu:Community_Portal] After editing, you will be asked for a password to save changes, this time the password is &quot;wikicaptcha&quot;.<br /> <br /> 4. Please register on the WeChat Group of this class. The WeChat Group will be created by the Teaching Assistant. Please make sure to display your name in the group with the following details: &quot;Lei Feng 雷锋 20级 笔译&quot;.<br /> <br /> 5. For communication please add the teacher good_old_cathay to your WeChat contacts.<br /> <br /> 6. Please take the EU survey here: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY.<br /> <br /> Here a summary of the most important points in Chinese: <br /> @所有人 <br /> 请各位同学将群聊备注改为姓名拼音 姓名 班级的格式，如 Li Xin 李欣 21级 英语笔译。请各位同学浏览此网站了解本学期的课程要求：https://bou.de/u/wiki/Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022 （短一点的是https://bou.de/u/ ，然后按我们课的链接）. 我们的课程还需要六位同学分别做网站管理员（1位）和调查助手（5位），期末可以得到一定加分，请有意向的同学在今天晚上六点前私聊我。请大家尽快完成以下课程前准备：<br /> http://bit.ly/Eval-01 完成此测验<br /> https://bit.ly/WIKIREG 请在此维基网站上注册，用户名和真实姓名都请填写自己姓名的拼音，像&quot;Li Xin&quot;和&quot;Li Xin&quot;，密码填wikicaptcha，收到邮件确认身份后等待老师通过<br /> 完成欧盟调查问卷 http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY <br /> 注：有的链接可能要用vpn才能进<br /> ==<br /> Student roll: <br /> 唐英姿 曾锦泉 舒思靖 刘欣雯 陈奕铮 秦安妮 谢诗祎 谷钰婷 刘盈池 何颖 姜露云 吴松芸 文茜 吴婷 胡艺镪 舒锦玉 赵喜珍 曹文 王佳绮 宋奕芳 胡欣平 邓颖杰 汪奕含 吴倩 许谱亮 丁倩 王鑫鹏 李璐瑶<br /> <br /> =First Session Mon 21, 2022 14:30-16:40 - Organizational Things=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> [[Media: 01_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Duties in Class==<br /> 1. Please come to class prepared. This means please read the book chapter, search for more information about the topic online and learn the vocabulary related to the topic for each session in advance. It is much more benefetial for yourself and for the others. Also the discussions in class then can be conducted on a much more sophisticated level. Please reserve at least two hours of preparation for each session. You have received the textbook pdf via the WeChat group: Woesler, Martin. (2023). Chinese Culture, Bochum: European University Press, 1000 pages.<br /> <br /> 2. Please do your homework seriously every week and submit it in wiki 3 days before the class starts and the corrections of your fellow student's homework 1 day before the class starts. [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF HOMEWORKS]]<br /> <br /> 3. Please participate actively in class. This means for each session: Please ask at least one question or participate with at least one contribution in the discussion.<br /> <br /> 4. Please select the topic for the presentation you will do in class already until session 2 (if we have more students than sessions, then build groups of two - one doing presentation, one a written handout on the same topic). Please remember to upload and link your presentation and your handout here on this website a week ahead to enable your fellow students to prepare it. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF TOPICS]] - This is the same list as the LIST OF PRESENTATIONS and the LIST OF SESSION TOPICS.<br /> <br /> 5. Please select a topic of your final exam paper (5,000 English words) until session 2. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]]<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on use of time inside and outside the classroom==<br /> Since it does not make sense to come together in the classroom and then jointly start reading the primary or secondary literature, please read the texts before class so that we can save the precious classroom time for a well informed discussion about the texts.<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on weight of grades==<br /> *Final Exam paper: 70 percent<br /> *Performance in class: 30 percent (consisting out of oral contributions/participation, 1 presentation or handout per term, participation in surveys and quizzes, homework) - this grade gets extra points if you take over additional duties like survey assistants.<br /> <br /> Note: Grades may take months to be entered into the grade system, since sometimes there are more than 100 students and the teachers want to pay respect to each student and read their final exam paper carefully.<br /> <br /> [[File:Example.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Example for inserting pictures.]]<br /> ==Homework of Session 1 for Session 2==<br /> 1. Please select a topic you want to give a 5-minute ppt presentation on. You can reserve your topic by writing your name behind the topic in the respective section of the Sessions beneath (not above). Please note: If there is no textbook text for the topic, we need 2 more students for this topic, 1 to prepare a textbook text and the 2nd student to write the &quot;terms&quot;, &quot;references&quot;, &quot;questions&quot; and (please submit to teacher and student assistant): &quot;answers&quot;. Please make sure to post the text and appendix at least 1 week ahead of time under the session beneath. Please make sure to send the quiz questions at least 1 week ahead of time to the survey students that they can make a quiz and send the quiz answers at least 1 week ahead of time to the teaching assistant, so that she can grade the quizzes.<br /> <br /> 2. Please prepare all texts for the next session and take the quiz on these texts before the next session starts.<br /> <br /> 3. If you have not yet done so, please add the biographical info on yourself on your wiki homepage. You can find your wiki homepage by typing directly into you browser: https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:He_Minghui - of course Wang Jianguo is just a sample name, you would have to replace it with your own username and exchange the space by an understroke.<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Wiki admin]]: Please set up all homework texts (I have copied chapter 24 to our homework page and you need to split about 3 lines text in average to each student) on new webpages and link them in all sessions beneath. Please also set up dummy links for [[ppt upload]].<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Survey assistant]] Students: Please set up quizzes for all topics on wjx.org, students need to indicate their name and student id. Please paste the link to the quiz here under the respective session and topic beneath. Please tell the teaching assistant the correct answers to the quizzes, so that the teaching assistant can transfer the grades from the quizzes into the student role grade table. Please use <br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Teaching assistant]]: Please write a grade for each student into the student roll grade list. A student who has done the homework (without Pinyin) gets 100 percent for this, a student who has done the correction of a homework of his fellow student gets another 100 percent. A student who has presented a ppt, written a textbook text or a textbook text appendix gets another 100 percent.<br /> <br /> General remarks: I have now created a ranking list of the topics the students selected and published on our course website. Everybody should perform the homework now. This includes special work for the teaching assistant, the wiki admin and the survey students. <br /> <br /> Escpecially the [[Wiki admin]] needs to split the text which needs to be translated into small parts for each student and indicate the students' names so that they can find it easier. Every student can already pick a topic to do a presentation on and write the name behind the topic. <br /> <br /> Also, every student needs to read the textbook texts for coming Monday to be prepared, the survey students need to set up quizzes for the textbook texts and the students need to take the quizzes before class starts on Monday. It is a lot of work, but it will get better, when all of you get used to it. Also, much of the homework, especially setting up webpages for homework etc., including the presentations, creating missing texts in the textbook etc. can be started already now, so that one can do most of the homework for the whole semester already now. <br /> <br /> If people want to start writing their final exam papers, they can also start maybe in March, if they like. The earlier things are done the better and the more chances there are to still improve things during the semester. Here is the link to the homeworks listed for all students and the students with special tasks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022#Homework_of_Session_1_for_Session_2]]<br /> <br /> --[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 06:19, 25 February 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Schedule of Session Topics==<br /> Here is the '''Ranking List of Topics''' as voted on by you:<br /> <br /> '''Rank Topic Percentage''' (please do not write your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front)<br /> <br /> Topic Percentage<br /> <br /> 1 Beverages: Milk Tea 76%<br /> <br /> 2 Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 76%<br /> <br /> 3 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 75%<br /> <br /> 4 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 73%<br /> <br /> 5 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 72%<br /> <br /> 6 Facial Make-up 72%<br /> <br /> 7 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 71%<br /> <br /> 8 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 70%<br /> <br /> 9 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok) 70%<br /> <br /> 10 Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 70%<br /> <br /> 11 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology 68%<br /> <br /> 12 Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 67%<br /> <br /> 13 Chinese Movies 67%<br /> <br /> 14 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 66%<br /> <br /> 15 Animals: Panda 65%<br /> <br /> 16 Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 65%<br /> <br /> 17 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD) 65%<br /> <br /> 18 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝) 64%<br /> <br /> 19 Clothing: Chinese Clothing 63%<br /> <br /> 20 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 63%<br /> <br /> 21 Beverages: Tea 62%<br /> <br /> 22 Mythology: Huli-jing 62%<br /> <br /> 23 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 61%<br /> <br /> 24 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 61%<br /> <br /> 25 Mythology: Gods and Immortals 60%<br /> <br /> 26 Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 60%<br /> <br /> 27 Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 59%<br /> <br /> 28 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 58%<br /> <br /> 29 Architecture: The Forbidden City 58%<br /> <br /> 30 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 58%<br /> <br /> 31 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 58%<br /> <br /> 32 Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 58%<br /> <br /> 33 Fine Arts: Painting 57%<br /> <br /> 34 Games: Kite Flying 57%<br /> <br /> 35 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 57%<br /> <br /> 36 Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 57%<br /> <br /> 37 Astrology: Chinese Astrology 56%<br /> <br /> 38 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 56%<br /> <br /> 39 Social: Round Table Culture 56%<br /> <br /> 40 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游) 56%<br /> <br /> 41 Clothing: Cheongsam 55%<br /> <br /> 42 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 55%<br /> <br /> 43 Traditional Festivals 55%<br /> <br /> 44 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 54%<br /> <br /> 45 Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 54%<br /> <br /> 46 Language: Chinese Dialects 54%<br /> <br /> 47 Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 54%<br /> <br /> 48 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 54%<br /> <br /> 49 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 54%<br /> <br /> 50 National Belief: the Chinese Dream 54%<br /> <br /> 51 Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 53%<br /> <br /> 52 Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 53%<br /> <br /> 53 Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 53%<br /> <br /> 54 Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 53%<br /> <br /> 55 Party Culture (celebretations) 53%<br /> <br /> 56 Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 53%<br /> <br /> 57 Clothing: Vintage Clothing 53%<br /> <br /> 58 Garden Culture: Gardens 52%<br /> <br /> 59 Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 52%<br /> <br /> 60 Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 52%<br /> <br /> Here is the list of session topics sorted by sessions/date. Please indicate your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front.<br /> <br /> '''Session Rank Topic Percentage'''<br /> <br /> 美食烹饪<br /> Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan<br /> <br /> 文化习俗<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> 艺术<br /> <br /> Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> <br /> 日常生活<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> 古代人物评价<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> 文学<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> 动物<br /> <br /> Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> 建筑<br /> <br /> Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> 占星术<br /> <br /> Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> =2nd Session Mon Mar 6, 2023: Cuisine=<br /> '''Topics on Mar 6'''<br /> ==Before class starts: Please read the 4 texts in the textbook and take the quiz to show that you have learned the 4 texts==<br /> <br /> ===quiz===<br /> <br /> tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wnSF2vj.aspx#<br /> <br /> milk tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/e8fupKA.aspx#<br /> <br /> the liquor culture of ancient China：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/eO53AfH.aspx#<br /> <br /> hotpot：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YVyl2Ux.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Milk Tea==<br /> 1. student presentation by tang Yingzi 唐英姿 on Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Milk Tea Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi.]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Tea==<br /> 2. student presentation by Zeng Jingquan曾锦泉 on Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part one.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part two.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.part2]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China==<br /> 3. student presentation by Shu Sijing 舒思靖<br /> <br /> [[Media:The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.]]<br /> <br /> ==Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot==<br /> 4. student presentation by Liu Xinwen 刘欣雯<br /> <br /> [[Media:Hot Pot.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on the Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot.]]<br /> <br /> ==Teacher presentation for download==<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_1.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_2.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_3.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 2 Mar 6 , for Session 3, Mar 8==<br /> <br /> *Read textbook text <br /> <br /> *Take the quiz :<br /> <br /> =Session 3, Wed Mar 8, 12:30-14:10. Architecture=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine The Art of Chinese Cooking.pptx|This is the ppt by Qing Anni]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine.pptx|This is the ppt by Xie Shiyi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Breakfast Culture of Wuhan.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi ]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 3 for Session 4==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> Eight Major Cuisines of China: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PSRarKM.aspx# <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Y0OxQSl.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PGmUI4R.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Breakfast Culture of Wuhan：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/t4X8Eh0.aspx<br /> <br /> =Session 4, Fri Mar 10: Mythology and Literature=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines===<br /> <br /> 何颖 student presentation <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 1 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines1]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 2 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines2]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick===<br /> <br /> 姜露云 student presentation [[Media:Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick ]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi===<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 student presentation [[Media:Jiaozi Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Traditional Cuisine 1: Jiaozi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan===<br /> <br /> 文茜student presentation [[Media:Tangyuan Wen Xi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wen Xi on Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz:==<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coa�ted Haws on a Stick ： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m70xGt2.aspx# <br /> <br /> Tangyuan ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/OgkndYQ.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m7T0xRd.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 4 for Session 5==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Read textbook<br /> <br /> =Session 5, Mar 13 Mon=<br /> <br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love Wuting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wuting on Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Chinese Marriage Customs Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Habits, Ways of Contacting Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting ]]<br /> <br /> 赵喜珍 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money Zhao Xizhen.pptx|This is the ppt by Zhao Xizhen on The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> <br /> P838 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage <br /> and Love: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Pf4RX7W.aspx# <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QN6N6B7.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 5 for Session 6==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> <br /> *Read textbook <br /> <br /> =Session 6, Wen Mar 15 =<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> 曹文 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Spring Festival Couplets Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Traditional Festivals]]<br /> <br /> 宋奕芳 Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang1.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Social: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang2.0.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Socia2: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> 胡欣平 Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping1.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping2.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PKRqrVP.aspx<br /> <br /> P694 Social: Round Table Culture： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/mepnL03.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 6 for Session 7==<br /> *Read the textbook<br /> <br /> ==Session 7, Fri Mar 17==<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Stage entertainment Crosstalk Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Stage entertainment: Crosstalk]]<br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Fine Arts Painting Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Fine Arts: Painting]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Games Kite Flying Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Games: Kite Flying]]<br /> <br /> 许谱亮 Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Chinese Movies by Xu Puliang.pptx|This is the ppt by Xu Puliang on Chinese Movies]]<br /> <br /> ==quizs=<br /> <br /> P353 Language: Chinese Dialects: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Otl8YiZ.aspx# <br /> <br /> p699 Crosstalk :https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m5X0RqX.aspx<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m9zP0RL.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 8,Mon,2023.3.20=<br /> <br /> ==Students' Presentations==<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Ding Qian 1.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Facial Make-up ]]<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian1.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian2.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian3.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao2.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> 唐英姿 Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Cheongsam Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi on Clothing: Cheongsam]]<br /> <br /> =Session 9, Wen, 2023.3.22=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曾锦泉 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Buytogether (PDD) Zeng Jingquan.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan on Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)]]<br /> <br /> 舒思靖 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Douyin (Tik Tok) Shu Sijing.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)]]<br /> <br /> 刘欣雯 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Taobao Liu Xinwen.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on Science and Technology: Taobao]]<br /> <br /> 秦安妮 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Chinese Economy rich businessmen Qin Anni.pptx|This is the ppt by Qin Anni on Chinese Economy: rich businessmen]]<br /> <br /> ==quizzes==<br /> <br /> P647 Science and Technology: Tik Tok(Douyin): https://www.wjx.cn/vm/ruEQQ09.aspx# <br /> <br /> P847Chinese economy:rich businessmen:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/waxfvB4.aspx<br /> <br /> P887 Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) : https://www.wjx.cn/vm/tuEIXG9.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 10, Fri, 2023.3.24=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==[图片]<br /> <br /> 谷钰婷 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Mobile Games Gu Yuting 1.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting on Science and Technology: Mobile Games]]<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Mobile Games Gu Yuting 2.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting on Science and Technology: Mobile Games]]<br /> <br /> 刘盈池 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China Liu YIngchi.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ]]<br /> <br /> 何颖 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:The Four Talented Women of Ancient China He Ying.pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China]]<br /> <br /> 姜露云 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Wu Zetian The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quizzes==<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian - The Only Female <br /> Emperor of Imperial China https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YsGL1kl.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient <br /> China： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/hHoyzVe.aspx# <br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游):https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wpP5Pv8.aspx#<br /> <br /> =Session 11, Mon, 2023.3.27=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Chinese Mythology Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology]]<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Mythology Huli-jing Wu Ting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Ting on Mythology: Huli-jing]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Mythology Gods and Immortals Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Mythology: Gods and Immortals]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Chinese Classical Fairy Tales Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales]]<br /> <br /> =Session 12, Wed, 2023.3.39=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曹文 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Silk and porcelain Celadon and Celadon Song Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song]]<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Silk and porcelain Celadon and Celadon Song Cao Wen2.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song2]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient Literature The Classic of Mountains and Seas Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Four Folk Stories of Ancient China Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China]]<br /> <br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Animals Panda Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Animals: Panda]]<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Animals Panda Wang Yihan2.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Animals: Panda]]<br /> <br /> =Session 13, Fri, 2023.3.31=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Architecture Fengshui in Chinese Architecture Wu Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture]]<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Architecture The Forbidden City Ding Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Architecture The Forbidden City]]<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Chinese Astrology Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Astrology: Chinese Astrology]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac]]<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac Li Luyao2.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac2]]</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Animals_Panda_Wang_Yihan.pptx&diff=154975 2023-03-28T15:54:35Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023&diff=154974 2023-03-28T15:49:31Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Example.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Example for inserting pictures.]]Welcome to our BA course [[Introduction to Chinese Culture Spring 2023]]. <br /> <br /> The shortlink is: https://bit.ly/CULTURE2023 . spring term 2023<br /> <br /> 周一上午8:00-9:40，周三12:30-13:50；周五13:00-14:20，均在602教室<br /> <br /> Quick links for homework pages, [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]] etc.<br /> <br /> ='''Before the class starts'''=<br /> <br /> Note: This class is taught by Martin Woesler in presence. The class language is English, however, some explanations in Chinese will be given.<br /> <br /> 1. Please read the terms of Use: By registering for this Wiki, you give your consent that your data (name, study no., study direction, email, technical data of your device, ip address etc.) and your contributions to class (homework, translations, presentations, handouts, final exam papers etc.) is stored for grading, and academic use (teaching and ANONYMIZED for research). You explicitely agree that your contributions can be used by the teacher under his name, e.g. for publication, for improvement of teaching material etc. After reading, please take this quiz to show your understanding of basic concepts of translation and of data usage: http://bit.ly/Eval-01 .<br /> <br /> 2. Our mentor 課代表 is Hu Xinping 胡欣平. She should send a student roll to the teacher and enter all grades from homework and quizzes and those she receives from the teacher into the roll to be kept with the teacher. We still need 1 [[wiki admin]] and 5 survey assistants, who know how to use http://wjx.top. If we have more than 100 students, we need 2 teaching assistants. All of them will get extra points for their &quot;performance in class&quot; grade. After registration (see point 3 beneath), please write your names here directly behind the role (e.g. &quot;teaching assistant - Lei Feng&quot;). To change anything on the wiki, please see point 3 beneath.<br /> *Teaching Assistant - Hu Xinping<br /> *Wiki Admin - Wang Yihan<br /> *Survey Assistant 1 - Zhao Xizhen<br /> *Survey Assistant 2 - Xu Puliang<br /> *Survey Assistant 3 - Wen Xi<br /> *Survey Assistant 4 - Song Yifang<br /> *Survey Assistant 5 - Xie Shiyi<br /> *Social Media Influencer -Hu Yiqiang<br /> *Grant Writing Assistant - Ding Qian<br /> *Peer Review Assistant - Cao Wen<br /> *Chinese Studies Donation Campaign Assistant - Wang Jiaqi<br /> <br /> 3. Please register on this Wiki. From any place you can register following this link: https://bit.ly/WIKIREG. If you are already here, click on &quot;register&quot; on the top right corner, and then on &quot;request one&quot;. Then please register with your real name in Pinyin (with blank space between the family name and the given name) for the two names (username and real name), so two times &quot;Lei Feng&quot; and &quot;Lei Feng&quot;. Please check the box that you agree to the Terms and Conditions. Then type in the password &quot;wikicaptcha&quot; and click on &quot;submit&quot;. You will receive a confirmation email with a link. You can click on the link, confirm your identity and create a password. Then you need to wait 1-2 days until the teacher grants you access. You will receive another email when it will work. With the access to this wiki, you can directly edit everything, including this page. If you want to learn how to edit on Wiki, please read here: [uvu:Community_Portal] After editing, you will be asked for a password to save changes, this time the password is &quot;wikicaptcha&quot;.<br /> <br /> 4. Please register on the WeChat Group of this class. The WeChat Group will be created by the Teaching Assistant. Please make sure to display your name in the group with the following details: &quot;Lei Feng 雷锋 20级 笔译&quot;.<br /> <br /> 5. For communication please add the teacher good_old_cathay to your WeChat contacts.<br /> <br /> 6. Please take the EU survey here: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY.<br /> <br /> Here a summary of the most important points in Chinese: <br /> @所有人 <br /> 请各位同学将群聊备注改为姓名拼音 姓名 班级的格式，如 Li Xin 李欣 21级 英语笔译。请各位同学浏览此网站了解本学期的课程要求：https://bou.de/u/wiki/Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022 （短一点的是https://bou.de/u/ ，然后按我们课的链接）. 我们的课程还需要六位同学分别做网站管理员（1位）和调查助手（5位），期末可以得到一定加分，请有意向的同学在今天晚上六点前私聊我。请大家尽快完成以下课程前准备：<br /> http://bit.ly/Eval-01 完成此测验<br /> https://bit.ly/WIKIREG 请在此维基网站上注册，用户名和真实姓名都请填写自己姓名的拼音，像&quot;Li Xin&quot;和&quot;Li Xin&quot;，密码填wikicaptcha，收到邮件确认身份后等待老师通过<br /> 完成欧盟调查问卷 http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY <br /> 注：有的链接可能要用vpn才能进<br /> ==<br /> Student roll: <br /> 唐英姿 曾锦泉 舒思靖 刘欣雯 陈奕铮 秦安妮 谢诗祎 谷钰婷 刘盈池 何颖 姜露云 吴松芸 文茜 吴婷 胡艺镪 舒锦玉 赵喜珍 曹文 王佳绮 宋奕芳 胡欣平 邓颖杰 汪奕含 吴倩 许谱亮 丁倩 王鑫鹏 李璐瑶<br /> <br /> =First Session Mon 21, 2022 14:30-16:40 - Organizational Things=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> [[Media: 01_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Duties in Class==<br /> 1. Please come to class prepared. This means please read the book chapter, search for more information about the topic online and learn the vocabulary related to the topic for each session in advance. It is much more benefetial for yourself and for the others. Also the discussions in class then can be conducted on a much more sophisticated level. Please reserve at least two hours of preparation for each session. You have received the textbook pdf via the WeChat group: Woesler, Martin. (2023). Chinese Culture, Bochum: European University Press, 1000 pages.<br /> <br /> 2. Please do your homework seriously every week and submit it in wiki 3 days before the class starts and the corrections of your fellow student's homework 1 day before the class starts. [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF HOMEWORKS]]<br /> <br /> 3. Please participate actively in class. This means for each session: Please ask at least one question or participate with at least one contribution in the discussion.<br /> <br /> 4. Please select the topic for the presentation you will do in class already until session 2 (if we have more students than sessions, then build groups of two - one doing presentation, one a written handout on the same topic). Please remember to upload and link your presentation and your handout here on this website a week ahead to enable your fellow students to prepare it. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF TOPICS]] - This is the same list as the LIST OF PRESENTATIONS and the LIST OF SESSION TOPICS.<br /> <br /> 5. Please select a topic of your final exam paper (5,000 English words) until session 2. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]]<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on use of time inside and outside the classroom==<br /> Since it does not make sense to come together in the classroom and then jointly start reading the primary or secondary literature, please read the texts before class so that we can save the precious classroom time for a well informed discussion about the texts.<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on weight of grades==<br /> *Final Exam paper: 70 percent<br /> *Performance in class: 30 percent (consisting out of oral contributions/participation, 1 presentation or handout per term, participation in surveys and quizzes, homework) - this grade gets extra points if you take over additional duties like survey assistants.<br /> <br /> Note: Grades may take months to be entered into the grade system, since sometimes there are more than 100 students and the teachers want to pay respect to each student and read their final exam paper carefully.<br /> <br /> [[File:Example.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Example for inserting pictures.]]<br /> ==Homework of Session 1 for Session 2==<br /> 1. Please select a topic you want to give a 5-minute ppt presentation on. You can reserve your topic by writing your name behind the topic in the respective section of the Sessions beneath (not above). Please note: If there is no textbook text for the topic, we need 2 more students for this topic, 1 to prepare a textbook text and the 2nd student to write the &quot;terms&quot;, &quot;references&quot;, &quot;questions&quot; and (please submit to teacher and student assistant): &quot;answers&quot;. Please make sure to post the text and appendix at least 1 week ahead of time under the session beneath. Please make sure to send the quiz questions at least 1 week ahead of time to the survey students that they can make a quiz and send the quiz answers at least 1 week ahead of time to the teaching assistant, so that she can grade the quizzes.<br /> <br /> 2. Please prepare all texts for the next session and take the quiz on these texts before the next session starts.<br /> <br /> 3. If you have not yet done so, please add the biographical info on yourself on your wiki homepage. You can find your wiki homepage by typing directly into you browser: https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:He_Minghui - of course Wang Jianguo is just a sample name, you would have to replace it with your own username and exchange the space by an understroke.<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Wiki admin]]: Please set up all homework texts (I have copied chapter 24 to our homework page and you need to split about 3 lines text in average to each student) on new webpages and link them in all sessions beneath. Please also set up dummy links for [[ppt upload]].<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Survey assistant]] Students: Please set up quizzes for all topics on wjx.org, students need to indicate their name and student id. Please paste the link to the quiz here under the respective session and topic beneath. Please tell the teaching assistant the correct answers to the quizzes, so that the teaching assistant can transfer the grades from the quizzes into the student role grade table. Please use <br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Teaching assistant]]: Please write a grade for each student into the student roll grade list. A student who has done the homework (without Pinyin) gets 100 percent for this, a student who has done the correction of a homework of his fellow student gets another 100 percent. A student who has presented a ppt, written a textbook text or a textbook text appendix gets another 100 percent.<br /> <br /> General remarks: I have now created a ranking list of the topics the students selected and published on our course website. Everybody should perform the homework now. This includes special work for the teaching assistant, the wiki admin and the survey students. <br /> <br /> Escpecially the [[Wiki admin]] needs to split the text which needs to be translated into small parts for each student and indicate the students' names so that they can find it easier. Every student can already pick a topic to do a presentation on and write the name behind the topic. <br /> <br /> Also, every student needs to read the textbook texts for coming Monday to be prepared, the survey students need to set up quizzes for the textbook texts and the students need to take the quizzes before class starts on Monday. It is a lot of work, but it will get better, when all of you get used to it. Also, much of the homework, especially setting up webpages for homework etc., including the presentations, creating missing texts in the textbook etc. can be started already now, so that one can do most of the homework for the whole semester already now. <br /> <br /> If people want to start writing their final exam papers, they can also start maybe in March, if they like. The earlier things are done the better and the more chances there are to still improve things during the semester. Here is the link to the homeworks listed for all students and the students with special tasks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022#Homework_of_Session_1_for_Session_2]]<br /> <br /> --[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 06:19, 25 February 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Schedule of Session Topics==<br /> Here is the '''Ranking List of Topics''' as voted on by you:<br /> <br /> '''Rank Topic Percentage''' (please do not write your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front)<br /> <br /> Topic Percentage<br /> <br /> 1 Beverages: Milk Tea 76%<br /> <br /> 2 Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 76%<br /> <br /> 3 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 75%<br /> <br /> 4 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 73%<br /> <br /> 5 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 72%<br /> <br /> 6 Facial Make-up 72%<br /> <br /> 7 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 71%<br /> <br /> 8 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 70%<br /> <br /> 9 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok) 70%<br /> <br /> 10 Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 70%<br /> <br /> 11 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology 68%<br /> <br /> 12 Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 67%<br /> <br /> 13 Chinese Movies 67%<br /> <br /> 14 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 66%<br /> <br /> 15 Animals: Panda 65%<br /> <br /> 16 Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 65%<br /> <br /> 17 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD) 65%<br /> <br /> 18 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝) 64%<br /> <br /> 19 Clothing: Chinese Clothing 63%<br /> <br /> 20 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 63%<br /> <br /> 21 Beverages: Tea 62%<br /> <br /> 22 Mythology: Huli-jing 62%<br /> <br /> 23 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 61%<br /> <br /> 24 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 61%<br /> <br /> 25 Mythology: Gods and Immortals 60%<br /> <br /> 26 Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 60%<br /> <br /> 27 Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 59%<br /> <br /> 28 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 58%<br /> <br /> 29 Architecture: The Forbidden City 58%<br /> <br /> 30 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 58%<br /> <br /> 31 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 58%<br /> <br /> 32 Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 58%<br /> <br /> 33 Fine Arts: Painting 57%<br /> <br /> 34 Games: Kite Flying 57%<br /> <br /> 35 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 57%<br /> <br /> 36 Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 57%<br /> <br /> 37 Astrology: Chinese Astrology 56%<br /> <br /> 38 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 56%<br /> <br /> 39 Social: Round Table Culture 56%<br /> <br /> 40 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游) 56%<br /> <br /> 41 Clothing: Cheongsam 55%<br /> <br /> 42 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 55%<br /> <br /> 43 Traditional Festivals 55%<br /> <br /> 44 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 54%<br /> <br /> 45 Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 54%<br /> <br /> 46 Language: Chinese Dialects 54%<br /> <br /> 47 Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 54%<br /> <br /> 48 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 54%<br /> <br /> 49 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 54%<br /> <br /> 50 National Belief: the Chinese Dream 54%<br /> <br /> 51 Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 53%<br /> <br /> 52 Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 53%<br /> <br /> 53 Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 53%<br /> <br /> 54 Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 53%<br /> <br /> 55 Party Culture (celebretations) 53%<br /> <br /> 56 Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 53%<br /> <br /> 57 Clothing: Vintage Clothing 53%<br /> <br /> 58 Garden Culture: Gardens 52%<br /> <br /> 59 Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 52%<br /> <br /> 60 Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 52%<br /> <br /> Here is the list of session topics sorted by sessions/date. Please indicate your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front.<br /> <br /> '''Session Rank Topic Percentage'''<br /> <br /> 美食烹饪<br /> Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan<br /> <br /> 文化习俗<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> 艺术<br /> <br /> Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> <br /> 日常生活<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> 古代人物评价<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> 文学<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> 动物<br /> <br /> Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> 建筑<br /> <br /> Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> 占星术<br /> <br /> Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> =2nd Session Mon Mar 6, 2023: Cuisine=<br /> '''Topics on Mar 6'''<br /> ==Before class starts: Please read the 4 texts in the textbook and take the quiz to show that you have learned the 4 texts==<br /> <br /> ===quiz===<br /> <br /> tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wnSF2vj.aspx#<br /> <br /> milk tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/e8fupKA.aspx#<br /> <br /> the liquor culture of ancient China：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/eO53AfH.aspx#<br /> <br /> hotpot：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YVyl2Ux.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Milk Tea==<br /> 1. student presentation by tang Yingzi 唐英姿 on Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Milk Tea Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi.]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Tea==<br /> 2. student presentation by Zeng Jingquan曾锦泉 on Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part one.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part two.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.part2]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China==<br /> 3. student presentation by Shu Sijing 舒思靖<br /> <br /> [[Media:The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.]]<br /> <br /> ==Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot==<br /> 4. student presentation by Liu Xinwen 刘欣雯<br /> <br /> [[Media:Hot Pot.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on the Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot.]]<br /> <br /> ==Teacher presentation for download==<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_1.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_2.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_3.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 2 Mar 6 , for Session 3, Mar 8==<br /> <br /> *Read textbook text <br /> <br /> *Take the quiz :<br /> <br /> =Session 3, Wed Mar 8, 12:30-14:10. Architecture=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine The Art of Chinese Cooking.pptx|This is the ppt by Qing Anni]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine.pptx|This is the ppt by Xie Shiyi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Breakfast Culture of Wuhan.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi ]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 3 for Session 4==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> Eight Major Cuisines of China: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PSRarKM.aspx# <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Y0OxQSl.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PGmUI4R.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Breakfast Culture of Wuhan：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/t4X8Eh0.aspx<br /> <br /> =Session 4, Fri Mar 10: Mythology and Literature=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines===<br /> <br /> 何颖 student presentation <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 1 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines1]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 2 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines2]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick===<br /> <br /> 姜露云 student presentation [[Media:Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick ]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi===<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 student presentation [[Media:Jiaozi Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Traditional Cuisine 1: Jiaozi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan===<br /> <br /> 文茜student presentation [[Media:Tangyuan Wen Xi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wen Xi on Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz:==<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coa�ted Haws on a Stick ： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m70xGt2.aspx# <br /> <br /> Tangyuan ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/OgkndYQ.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m7T0xRd.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 4 for Session 5==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Read textbook<br /> <br /> =Session 5, Mar 13 Mon=<br /> <br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love Wuting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wuting on Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Chinese Marriage Customs Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Habits, Ways of Contacting Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting ]]<br /> <br /> 赵喜珍 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money Zhao Xizhen.pptx|This is the ppt by Zhao Xizhen on The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> <br /> P838 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage <br /> and Love: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Pf4RX7W.aspx# <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QN6N6B7.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 5 for Session 6==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> <br /> *Read textbook <br /> <br /> =Session 6, Wen Mar 15 =<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> 曹文 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Spring Festival Couplets Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Traditional Festivals]]<br /> <br /> 宋奕芳 Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang1.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Social: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang2.0.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Socia2: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> 胡欣平 Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping1.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping2.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PKRqrVP.aspx<br /> <br /> P694 Social: Round Table Culture： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/mepnL03.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 6 for Session 7==<br /> *Read the textbook<br /> <br /> ==Session 7, Fri Mar 17==<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Stage entertainment Crosstalk Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Stage entertainment: Crosstalk]]<br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Fine Arts Painting Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Fine Arts: Painting]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Games Kite Flying Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Games: Kite Flying]]<br /> <br /> 许谱亮 Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Chinese Movies by Xu Puliang.pptx|This is the ppt by Xu Puliang on Chinese Movies]]<br /> <br /> ==quizs=<br /> <br /> P353 Language: Chinese Dialects: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Otl8YiZ.aspx# <br /> <br /> p699 Crosstalk :https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m5X0RqX.aspx<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m9zP0RL.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 8,Mon,2023.3.20=<br /> <br /> ==Students' Presentations==<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Ding Qian 1.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Facial Make-up ]]<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian1.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian2.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian3.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao2.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> 唐英姿 Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Cheongsam Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi on Clothing: Cheongsam]]<br /> <br /> =Session 9, Wen, 2023.3.22=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曾锦泉 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Buytogether (PDD) Zeng Jingquan.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan on Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)]]<br /> <br /> 舒思靖 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Douyin (Tik Tok) Shu Sijing.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)]]<br /> <br /> 刘欣雯 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Taobao Liu Xinwen.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on Science and Technology: Taobao]]<br /> <br /> 秦安妮 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Chinese Economy rich businessmen Qin Anni.pptx|This is the ppt by Qin Anni on Chinese Economy: rich businessmen]]<br /> <br /> ==quizzes==<br /> <br /> P647 Science and Technology: Tik Tok(Douyin): https://www.wjx.cn/vm/ruEQQ09.aspx# <br /> <br /> P847Chinese economy:rich businessmen:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/waxfvB4.aspx<br /> <br /> P887 Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) : https://www.wjx.cn/vm/tuEIXG9.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 10, Fri, 2023.3.24=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==[图片]<br /> <br /> 谷钰婷 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Mobile Games Gu Yuting 1.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting on Science and Technology: Mobile Games]]<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Mobile Games Gu Yuting 2.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting on Science and Technology: Mobile Games]]<br /> <br /> 刘盈池 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China Liu YIngchi.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ]]<br /> <br /> 何颖 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:The Four Talented Women of Ancient China He Ying.pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China]]<br /> <br /> 姜露云 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Wu Zetian The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quizzes==<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian - The Only Female <br /> Emperor of Imperial China https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YsGL1kl.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient <br /> China： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/hHoyzVe.aspx# <br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游):https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wpP5Pv8.aspx#<br /> <br /> =Session 11, Mon, 2023.3.27=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Chinese Mythology Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology]]<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Mythology Huli-jing Wu Ting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Ting on Mythology: Huli-jing]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Mythology Gods and Immortals Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Mythology: Gods and Immortals]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Chinese Classical Fairy Tales Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales]]<br /> <br /> =Session 12, Wed, 2023.3.39=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曹文 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Silk and porcelain Celadon and Celadon Song Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song]]<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Silk and porcelain Celadon and Celadon Song Cao Wen2.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song2]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient Literature The Classic of Mountains and Seas Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Four Folk Stories of Ancient China Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China]]<br /> <br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Animals Panda Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Animals: Panda]]<br /> <br /> <br /> =Session 13, Fri, 2023.3.31=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Architecture Fengshui in Chinese Architecture Wu Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture]]<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Architecture The Forbidden City Ding Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Architecture The Forbidden City]]<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Chinese Astrology Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Astrology: Chinese Astrology]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac]]<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac Li Luyao2.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac2]]</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Facial_Make-up_Ding_Qian_1.pptx&diff=154957 2023-03-24T02:44:28Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023&diff=154956 2023-03-24T02:43:49Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Students' Presentations */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Example.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Example for inserting pictures.]]Welcome to our BA course [[Introduction to Chinese Culture Spring 2023]]. <br /> <br /> The shortlink is: https://bit.ly/CULTURE2023 . spring term 2023<br /> <br /> 周一上午8:00-9:40，周三12:30-13:50；周五13:00-14:20，均在602教室<br /> <br /> Quick links for homework pages, [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]] etc.<br /> <br /> ='''Before the class starts'''=<br /> <br /> Note: This class is taught by Martin Woesler in presence. The class language is English, however, some explanations in Chinese will be given.<br /> <br /> 1. Please read the terms of Use: By registering for this Wiki, you give your consent that your data (name, study no., study direction, email, technical data of your device, ip address etc.) and your contributions to class (homework, translations, presentations, handouts, final exam papers etc.) is stored for grading, and academic use (teaching and ANONYMIZED for research). You explicitely agree that your contributions can be used by the teacher under his name, e.g. for publication, for improvement of teaching material etc. After reading, please take this quiz to show your understanding of basic concepts of translation and of data usage: http://bit.ly/Eval-01 .<br /> <br /> 2. Our mentor 課代表 is Hu Xinping 胡欣平. She should send a student roll to the teacher and enter all grades from homework and quizzes and those she receives from the teacher into the roll to be kept with the teacher. We still need 1 [[wiki admin]] and 5 survey assistants, who know how to use http://wjx.top. If we have more than 100 students, we need 2 teaching assistants. All of them will get extra points for their &quot;performance in class&quot; grade. After registration (see point 3 beneath), please write your names here directly behind the role (e.g. &quot;teaching assistant - Lei Feng&quot;). To change anything on the wiki, please see point 3 beneath.<br /> *Teaching Assistant - Hu Xinping<br /> *Wiki Admin - Wang Yihan<br /> *Survey Assistant 1 - Zhao Xizhen<br /> *Survey Assistant 2 - Xu Puliang<br /> *Survey Assistant 3 - Wen Xi<br /> *Survey Assistant 4 - Song Yifang<br /> *Survey Assistant 5 - Xie Shiyi<br /> *Social Media Influencer -Hu Yiqiang<br /> *Grant Writing Assistant - Ding Qian<br /> *Peer Review Assistant - Cao Wen<br /> *Chinese Studies Donation Campaign Assistant - Wang Jiaqi<br /> <br /> 3. Please register on this Wiki. From any place you can register following this link: https://bit.ly/WIKIREG. If you are already here, click on &quot;register&quot; on the top right corner, and then on &quot;request one&quot;. Then please register with your real name in Pinyin (with blank space between the family name and the given name) for the two names (username and real name), so two times &quot;Lei Feng&quot; and &quot;Lei Feng&quot;. Please check the box that you agree to the Terms and Conditions. Then type in the password &quot;wikicaptcha&quot; and click on &quot;submit&quot;. You will receive a confirmation email with a link. You can click on the link, confirm your identity and create a password. Then you need to wait 1-2 days until the teacher grants you access. You will receive another email when it will work. With the access to this wiki, you can directly edit everything, including this page. If you want to learn how to edit on Wiki, please read here: [uvu:Community_Portal] After editing, you will be asked for a password to save changes, this time the password is &quot;wikicaptcha&quot;.<br /> <br /> 4. Please register on the WeChat Group of this class. The WeChat Group will be created by the Teaching Assistant. Please make sure to display your name in the group with the following details: &quot;Lei Feng 雷锋 20级 笔译&quot;.<br /> <br /> 5. For communication please add the teacher good_old_cathay to your WeChat contacts.<br /> <br /> 6. Please take the EU survey here: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY.<br /> <br /> Here a summary of the most important points in Chinese: <br /> @所有人 <br /> 请各位同学将群聊备注改为姓名拼音 姓名 班级的格式，如 Li Xin 李欣 21级 英语笔译。请各位同学浏览此网站了解本学期的课程要求：https://bou.de/u/wiki/Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022 （短一点的是https://bou.de/u/ ，然后按我们课的链接）. 我们的课程还需要六位同学分别做网站管理员（1位）和调查助手（5位），期末可以得到一定加分，请有意向的同学在今天晚上六点前私聊我。请大家尽快完成以下课程前准备：<br /> http://bit.ly/Eval-01 完成此测验<br /> https://bit.ly/WIKIREG 请在此维基网站上注册，用户名和真实姓名都请填写自己姓名的拼音，像&quot;Li Xin&quot;和&quot;Li Xin&quot;，密码填wikicaptcha，收到邮件确认身份后等待老师通过<br /> 完成欧盟调查问卷 http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY <br /> 注：有的链接可能要用vpn才能进<br /> ==<br /> Student roll: <br /> 唐英姿 曾锦泉 舒思靖 刘欣雯 陈奕铮 秦安妮 谢诗祎 谷钰婷 刘盈池 何颖 姜露云 吴松芸 文茜 吴婷 胡艺镪 舒锦玉 赵喜珍 曹文 王佳绮 宋奕芳 胡欣平 邓颖杰 汪奕含 吴倩 许谱亮 丁倩 王鑫鹏 李璐瑶<br /> <br /> =First Session Mon 21, 2022 14:30-16:40 - Organizational Things=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> [[Media: 01_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Duties in Class==<br /> 1. Please come to class prepared. This means please read the book chapter, search for more information about the topic online and learn the vocabulary related to the topic for each session in advance. It is much more benefetial for yourself and for the others. Also the discussions in class then can be conducted on a much more sophisticated level. Please reserve at least two hours of preparation for each session. You have received the textbook pdf via the WeChat group: Woesler, Martin. (2023). Chinese Culture, Bochum: European University Press, 1000 pages.<br /> <br /> 2. Please do your homework seriously every week and submit it in wiki 3 days before the class starts and the corrections of your fellow student's homework 1 day before the class starts. [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF HOMEWORKS]]<br /> <br /> 3. Please participate actively in class. This means for each session: Please ask at least one question or participate with at least one contribution in the discussion.<br /> <br /> 4. Please select the topic for the presentation you will do in class already until session 2 (if we have more students than sessions, then build groups of two - one doing presentation, one a written handout on the same topic). Please remember to upload and link your presentation and your handout here on this website a week ahead to enable your fellow students to prepare it. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF TOPICS]] - This is the same list as the LIST OF PRESENTATIONS and the LIST OF SESSION TOPICS.<br /> <br /> 5. Please select a topic of your final exam paper (5,000 English words) until session 2. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]]<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on use of time inside and outside the classroom==<br /> Since it does not make sense to come together in the classroom and then jointly start reading the primary or secondary literature, please read the texts before class so that we can save the precious classroom time for a well informed discussion about the texts.<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on weight of grades==<br /> *Final Exam paper: 70 percent<br /> *Performance in class: 30 percent (consisting out of oral contributions/participation, 1 presentation or handout per term, participation in surveys and quizzes, homework) - this grade gets extra points if you take over additional duties like survey assistants.<br /> <br /> Note: Grades may take months to be entered into the grade system, since sometimes there are more than 100 students and the teachers want to pay respect to each student and read their final exam paper carefully.<br /> <br /> [[File:Example.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Example for inserting pictures.]]<br /> ==Homework of Session 1 for Session 2==<br /> 1. Please select a topic you want to give a 5-minute ppt presentation on. You can reserve your topic by writing your name behind the topic in the respective section of the Sessions beneath (not above). Please note: If there is no textbook text for the topic, we need 2 more students for this topic, 1 to prepare a textbook text and the 2nd student to write the &quot;terms&quot;, &quot;references&quot;, &quot;questions&quot; and (please submit to teacher and student assistant): &quot;answers&quot;. Please make sure to post the text and appendix at least 1 week ahead of time under the session beneath. Please make sure to send the quiz questions at least 1 week ahead of time to the survey students that they can make a quiz and send the quiz answers at least 1 week ahead of time to the teaching assistant, so that she can grade the quizzes.<br /> <br /> 2. Please prepare all texts for the next session and take the quiz on these texts before the next session starts.<br /> <br /> 3. If you have not yet done so, please add the biographical info on yourself on your wiki homepage. You can find your wiki homepage by typing directly into you browser: https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:He_Minghui - of course Wang Jianguo is just a sample name, you would have to replace it with your own username and exchange the space by an understroke.<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Wiki admin]]: Please set up all homework texts (I have copied chapter 24 to our homework page and you need to split about 3 lines text in average to each student) on new webpages and link them in all sessions beneath. Please also set up dummy links for [[ppt upload]].<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Survey assistant]] Students: Please set up quizzes for all topics on wjx.org, students need to indicate their name and student id. Please paste the link to the quiz here under the respective session and topic beneath. Please tell the teaching assistant the correct answers to the quizzes, so that the teaching assistant can transfer the grades from the quizzes into the student role grade table. Please use <br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Teaching assistant]]: Please write a grade for each student into the student roll grade list. A student who has done the homework (without Pinyin) gets 100 percent for this, a student who has done the correction of a homework of his fellow student gets another 100 percent. A student who has presented a ppt, written a textbook text or a textbook text appendix gets another 100 percent.<br /> <br /> General remarks: I have now created a ranking list of the topics the students selected and published on our course website. Everybody should perform the homework now. This includes special work for the teaching assistant, the wiki admin and the survey students. <br /> <br /> Escpecially the [[Wiki admin]] needs to split the text which needs to be translated into small parts for each student and indicate the students' names so that they can find it easier. Every student can already pick a topic to do a presentation on and write the name behind the topic. <br /> <br /> Also, every student needs to read the textbook texts for coming Monday to be prepared, the survey students need to set up quizzes for the textbook texts and the students need to take the quizzes before class starts on Monday. It is a lot of work, but it will get better, when all of you get used to it. Also, much of the homework, especially setting up webpages for homework etc., including the presentations, creating missing texts in the textbook etc. can be started already now, so that one can do most of the homework for the whole semester already now. <br /> <br /> If people want to start writing their final exam papers, they can also start maybe in March, if they like. The earlier things are done the better and the more chances there are to still improve things during the semester. Here is the link to the homeworks listed for all students and the students with special tasks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022#Homework_of_Session_1_for_Session_2]]<br /> <br /> --[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 06:19, 25 February 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Schedule of Session Topics==<br /> Here is the '''Ranking List of Topics''' as voted on by you:<br /> <br /> '''Rank Topic Percentage''' (please do not write your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front)<br /> <br /> Topic Percentage<br /> <br /> 1 Beverages: Milk Tea 76%<br /> <br /> 2 Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 76%<br /> <br /> 3 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 75%<br /> <br /> 4 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 73%<br /> <br /> 5 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 72%<br /> <br /> 6 Facial Make-up 72%<br /> <br /> 7 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 71%<br /> <br /> 8 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 70%<br /> <br /> 9 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok) 70%<br /> <br /> 10 Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 70%<br /> <br /> 11 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology 68%<br /> <br /> 12 Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 67%<br /> <br /> 13 Chinese Movies 67%<br /> <br /> 14 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 66%<br /> <br /> 15 Animals: Panda 65%<br /> <br /> 16 Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 65%<br /> <br /> 17 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD) 65%<br /> <br /> 18 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝) 64%<br /> <br /> 19 Clothing: Chinese Clothing 63%<br /> <br /> 20 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 63%<br /> <br /> 21 Beverages: Tea 62%<br /> <br /> 22 Mythology: Huli-jing 62%<br /> <br /> 23 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 61%<br /> <br /> 24 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 61%<br /> <br /> 25 Mythology: Gods and Immortals 60%<br /> <br /> 26 Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 60%<br /> <br /> 27 Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 59%<br /> <br /> 28 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 58%<br /> <br /> 29 Architecture: The Forbidden City 58%<br /> <br /> 30 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 58%<br /> <br /> 31 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 58%<br /> <br /> 32 Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 58%<br /> <br /> 33 Fine Arts: Painting 57%<br /> <br /> 34 Games: Kite Flying 57%<br /> <br /> 35 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 57%<br /> <br /> 36 Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 57%<br /> <br /> 37 Astrology: Chinese Astrology 56%<br /> <br /> 38 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 56%<br /> <br /> 39 Social: Round Table Culture 56%<br /> <br /> 40 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游) 56%<br /> <br /> 41 Clothing: Cheongsam 55%<br /> <br /> 42 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 55%<br /> <br /> 43 Traditional Festivals 55%<br /> <br /> 44 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 54%<br /> <br /> 45 Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 54%<br /> <br /> 46 Language: Chinese Dialects 54%<br /> <br /> 47 Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 54%<br /> <br /> 48 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 54%<br /> <br /> 49 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 54%<br /> <br /> 50 National Belief: the Chinese Dream 54%<br /> <br /> 51 Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 53%<br /> <br /> 52 Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 53%<br /> <br /> 53 Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 53%<br /> <br /> 54 Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 53%<br /> <br /> 55 Party Culture (celebretations) 53%<br /> <br /> 56 Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 53%<br /> <br /> 57 Clothing: Vintage Clothing 53%<br /> <br /> 58 Garden Culture: Gardens 52%<br /> <br /> 59 Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 52%<br /> <br /> 60 Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 52%<br /> <br /> Here is the list of session topics sorted by sessions/date. Please indicate your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front.<br /> <br /> '''Session Rank Topic Percentage'''<br /> <br /> 美食烹饪<br /> Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan<br /> <br /> 文化习俗<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> 艺术<br /> <br /> Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> <br /> 日常生活<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> 古代人物评价<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> 文学<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> 动物<br /> <br /> Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> 建筑<br /> <br /> Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> 占星术<br /> <br /> Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> =2nd Session Mon Mar 6, 2023: Cuisine=<br /> '''Topics on Mar 6'''<br /> ==Before class starts: Please read the 4 texts in the textbook and take the quiz to show that you have learned the 4 texts==<br /> <br /> ===quiz===<br /> <br /> tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wnSF2vj.aspx#<br /> <br /> milk tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/e8fupKA.aspx#<br /> <br /> the liquor culture of ancient China：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/eO53AfH.aspx#<br /> <br /> hotpot：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YVyl2Ux.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Milk Tea==<br /> 1. student presentation by tang Yingzi 唐英姿 on Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Milk Tea Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi.]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Tea==<br /> 2. student presentation by Zeng Jingquan曾锦泉 on Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part one.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part two.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.part2]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China==<br /> 3. student presentation by Shu Sijing 舒思靖<br /> <br /> [[Media:The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.]]<br /> <br /> ==Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot==<br /> 4. student presentation by Liu Xinwen 刘欣雯<br /> <br /> [[Media:Hot Pot.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on the Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot.]]<br /> <br /> ==Teacher presentation for download==<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_1.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_2.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_3.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 2 Mar 6 , for Session 3, Mar 8==<br /> <br /> *Read textbook text <br /> <br /> *Take the quiz :<br /> <br /> =Session 3, Wed Mar 8, 12:30-14:10. Architecture=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine The Art of Chinese Cooking.pptx|This is the ppt by Qing Anni]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine.pptx|This is the ppt by Xie Shiyi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Breakfast Culture of Wuhan.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi ]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 3 for Session 4==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> Eight Major Cuisines of China: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PSRarKM.aspx# <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Y0OxQSl.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PGmUI4R.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Breakfast Culture of Wuhan：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/t4X8Eh0.aspx<br /> <br /> =Session 4, Fri Mar 10: Mythology and Literature=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines===<br /> <br /> 何颖 student presentation <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 1 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines1]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 2 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines2]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick===<br /> <br /> 姜露云 student presentation [[Media:Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick ]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi===<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 student presentation [[Media:Jiaozi Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Traditional Cuisine 1: Jiaozi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan===<br /> <br /> 文茜student presentation [[Media:Tangyuan Wen Xi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wen Xi on Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz:==<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coa�ted Haws on a Stick ： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m70xGt2.aspx# <br /> <br /> Tangyuan ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/OgkndYQ.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m7T0xRd.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 4 for Session 5==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Read textbook<br /> <br /> =Session 5, Mar 13 Mon=<br /> <br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love Wuting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wuting on Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Chinese Marriage Customs Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Habits, Ways of Contacting Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting ]]<br /> <br /> 赵喜珍 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money Zhao Xizhen.pptx|This is the ppt by Zhao Xizhen on The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> <br /> P838 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage <br /> and Love: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Pf4RX7W.aspx# <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QN6N6B7.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 5 for Session 6==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> <br /> *Read textbook <br /> <br /> =Session 6, Wen Mar 15 =<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> 曹文 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Spring Festival Couplets Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Traditional Festivals]]<br /> <br /> 宋奕芳 Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang1.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Social: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang2.0.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Socia2: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> 胡欣平 Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping1.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping2.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PKRqrVP.aspx<br /> <br /> P694 Social: Round Table Culture： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/mepnL03.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 6 for Session 7==<br /> *Read the textbook<br /> <br /> ==Session 7, Fri Mar 17==<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Stage entertainment Crosstalk Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Stage entertainment: Crosstalk]]<br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Fine Arts Painting Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Fine Arts: Painting]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Games Kite Flying Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Games: Kite Flying]]<br /> <br /> 许谱亮 Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Chinese Movies by Xu Puliang.pptx|This is the ppt by Xu Puliang on Chinese Movies]]<br /> <br /> ==quizs=<br /> <br /> P353 Language: Chinese Dialects: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Otl8YiZ.aspx# <br /> <br /> p699 Crosstalk :https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m5X0RqX.aspx<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m9zP0RL.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 8,Mon,2023.3.20=<br /> <br /> ==Students' Presentations==<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Ding Qian 1.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Facial Make-up ]]<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian1.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian2.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian3.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao2.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> 唐英姿 Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Cheongsam Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi on Clothing: Cheongsam]]<br /> <br /> =Session 9, Wen, 2023.3.22=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曾锦泉 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Buytogether (PDD) Zeng Jingquan.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan on Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)]]<br /> <br /> 舒思靖 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Douyin (Tik Tok) Shu Sijing.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)]]<br /> <br /> 刘欣雯 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Taobao Liu Xinwen.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on Science and Technology: Taobao]]<br /> <br /> 秦安妮 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Chinese Economy rich businessmen Qin Anni.pptx|This is the ppt by Qin Anni on Chinese Economy: rich businessmen]]<br /> <br /> ==quizzes==<br /> <br /> P647 Science and Technology: Tik Tok(Douyin): https://www.wjx.cn/vm/ruEQQ09.aspx# <br /> <br /> P847Chinese economy:rich businessmen:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/waxfvB4.aspx<br /> <br /> P887 Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) : https://www.wjx.cn/vm/tuEIXG9.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 10, Fri, 2023.3.24=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==[图片]<br /> <br /> 谷钰婷 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Mobile Games Gu Yuting 1.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting on Science and Technology: Mobile Games]]<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Mobile Games Gu Yuting 2.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting on Science and Technology: Mobile Games]]<br /> <br /> 刘盈池 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China Liu YIngchi.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ]]<br /> <br /> 何颖 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:The Four Talented Women of Ancient China He Ying.pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China]]<br /> <br /> 姜露云 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Wu Zetian The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quizzes==<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian - The Only Female <br /> Emperor of Imperial China https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YsGL1kl.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient <br /> China： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/hHoyzVe.aspx# <br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游):https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wpP5Pv8.aspx#<br /> <br /> =Session 11, Mon, 2023.3.27=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Chinese Mythology Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology]]<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Mythology Huli-jing Wu Ting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Ting on Mythology: Huli-jing]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Mythology Gods and Immortals Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Mythology: Gods and Immortals]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Chinese Classical Fairy Tales Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales]]<br /> <br /> =Session 12, Wed, 2023.3.39=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曹文 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Silk and porcelain Celadon and Celadon Song Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient Literature The Classic of Mountains and Seas Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Four Folk Stories of Ancient China Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China]]<br /> <br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Animals Panda Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Animals: Panda]]<br /> <br /> <br /> =Session 13, Fri, 2023.3.31=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Architecture Fengshui in Chinese Architecture Wu Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture]]<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Architecture The Forbidden City Ding Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Architecture The Forbidden City]]<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Chinese Astrology Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Astrology: Chinese Astrology]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac]]</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Science_and_Technology_Mobile_Games_Gu_Yuting_2.pptx&diff=154955 2023-03-24T02:41:42Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Science_and_Technology_Mobile_Games_Gu_Yuting_1.pptx&diff=154954 2023-03-24T02:39:37Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023&diff=154953 2023-03-24T02:38:56Z

<p>Wang Yihan: /* Session 10, Fri, 2023.3.24 */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Example.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Example for inserting pictures.]]Welcome to our BA course [[Introduction to Chinese Culture Spring 2023]]. <br /> <br /> The shortlink is: https://bit.ly/CULTURE2023 . spring term 2023<br /> <br /> 周一上午8:00-9:40，周三12:30-13:50；周五13:00-14:20，均在602教室<br /> <br /> Quick links for homework pages, [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]] etc.<br /> <br /> ='''Before the class starts'''=<br /> <br /> Note: This class is taught by Martin Woesler in presence. The class language is English, however, some explanations in Chinese will be given.<br /> <br /> 1. Please read the terms of Use: By registering for this Wiki, you give your consent that your data (name, study no., study direction, email, technical data of your device, ip address etc.) and your contributions to class (homework, translations, presentations, handouts, final exam papers etc.) is stored for grading, and academic use (teaching and ANONYMIZED for research). You explicitely agree that your contributions can be used by the teacher under his name, e.g. for publication, for improvement of teaching material etc. After reading, please take this quiz to show your understanding of basic concepts of translation and of data usage: http://bit.ly/Eval-01 .<br /> <br /> 2. Our mentor 課代表 is Hu Xinping 胡欣平. She should send a student roll to the teacher and enter all grades from homework and quizzes and those she receives from the teacher into the roll to be kept with the teacher. We still need 1 [[wiki admin]] and 5 survey assistants, who know how to use http://wjx.top. If we have more than 100 students, we need 2 teaching assistants. All of them will get extra points for their &quot;performance in class&quot; grade. After registration (see point 3 beneath), please write your names here directly behind the role (e.g. &quot;teaching assistant - Lei Feng&quot;). To change anything on the wiki, please see point 3 beneath.<br /> *Teaching Assistant - Hu Xinping<br /> *Wiki Admin - Wang Yihan<br /> *Survey Assistant 1 - Zhao Xizhen<br /> *Survey Assistant 2 - Xu Puliang<br /> *Survey Assistant 3 - Wen Xi<br /> *Survey Assistant 4 - Song Yifang<br /> *Survey Assistant 5 - Xie Shiyi<br /> *Social Media Influencer -Hu Yiqiang<br /> *Grant Writing Assistant - Ding Qian<br /> *Peer Review Assistant - Cao Wen<br /> *Chinese Studies Donation Campaign Assistant - Wang Jiaqi<br /> <br /> 3. Please register on this Wiki. From any place you can register following this link: https://bit.ly/WIKIREG. If you are already here, click on &quot;register&quot; on the top right corner, and then on &quot;request one&quot;. Then please register with your real name in Pinyin (with blank space between the family name and the given name) for the two names (username and real name), so two times &quot;Lei Feng&quot; and &quot;Lei Feng&quot;. Please check the box that you agree to the Terms and Conditions. Then type in the password &quot;wikicaptcha&quot; and click on &quot;submit&quot;. You will receive a confirmation email with a link. You can click on the link, confirm your identity and create a password. Then you need to wait 1-2 days until the teacher grants you access. You will receive another email when it will work. With the access to this wiki, you can directly edit everything, including this page. If you want to learn how to edit on Wiki, please read here: [uvu:Community_Portal] After editing, you will be asked for a password to save changes, this time the password is &quot;wikicaptcha&quot;.<br /> <br /> 4. Please register on the WeChat Group of this class. The WeChat Group will be created by the Teaching Assistant. Please make sure to display your name in the group with the following details: &quot;Lei Feng 雷锋 20级 笔译&quot;.<br /> <br /> 5. For communication please add the teacher good_old_cathay to your WeChat contacts.<br /> <br /> 6. Please take the EU survey here: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY.<br /> <br /> Here a summary of the most important points in Chinese: <br /> @所有人 <br /> 请各位同学将群聊备注改为姓名拼音 姓名 班级的格式，如 Li Xin 李欣 21级 英语笔译。请各位同学浏览此网站了解本学期的课程要求：https://bou.de/u/wiki/Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022 （短一点的是https://bou.de/u/ ，然后按我们课的链接）. 我们的课程还需要六位同学分别做网站管理员（1位）和调查助手（5位），期末可以得到一定加分，请有意向的同学在今天晚上六点前私聊我。请大家尽快完成以下课程前准备：<br /> http://bit.ly/Eval-01 完成此测验<br /> https://bit.ly/WIKIREG 请在此维基网站上注册，用户名和真实姓名都请填写自己姓名的拼音，像&quot;Li Xin&quot;和&quot;Li Xin&quot;，密码填wikicaptcha，收到邮件确认身份后等待老师通过<br /> 完成欧盟调查问卷 http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY <br /> 注：有的链接可能要用vpn才能进<br /> ==<br /> Student roll: <br /> 唐英姿 曾锦泉 舒思靖 刘欣雯 陈奕铮 秦安妮 谢诗祎 谷钰婷 刘盈池 何颖 姜露云 吴松芸 文茜 吴婷 胡艺镪 舒锦玉 赵喜珍 曹文 王佳绮 宋奕芳 胡欣平 邓颖杰 汪奕含 吴倩 许谱亮 丁倩 王鑫鹏 李璐瑶<br /> <br /> =First Session Mon 21, 2022 14:30-16:40 - Organizational Things=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> [[Media: 01_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Duties in Class==<br /> 1. Please come to class prepared. This means please read the book chapter, search for more information about the topic online and learn the vocabulary related to the topic for each session in advance. It is much more benefetial for yourself and for the others. Also the discussions in class then can be conducted on a much more sophisticated level. Please reserve at least two hours of preparation for each session. You have received the textbook pdf via the WeChat group: Woesler, Martin. (2023). Chinese Culture, Bochum: European University Press, 1000 pages.<br /> <br /> 2. Please do your homework seriously every week and submit it in wiki 3 days before the class starts and the corrections of your fellow student's homework 1 day before the class starts. [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF HOMEWORKS]]<br /> <br /> 3. Please participate actively in class. This means for each session: Please ask at least one question or participate with at least one contribution in the discussion.<br /> <br /> 4. Please select the topic for the presentation you will do in class already until session 2 (if we have more students than sessions, then build groups of two - one doing presentation, one a written handout on the same topic). Please remember to upload and link your presentation and your handout here on this website a week ahead to enable your fellow students to prepare it. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF TOPICS]] - This is the same list as the LIST OF PRESENTATIONS and the LIST OF SESSION TOPICS.<br /> <br /> 5. Please select a topic of your final exam paper (5,000 English words) until session 2. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]]<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on use of time inside and outside the classroom==<br /> Since it does not make sense to come together in the classroom and then jointly start reading the primary or secondary literature, please read the texts before class so that we can save the precious classroom time for a well informed discussion about the texts.<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on weight of grades==<br /> *Final Exam paper: 70 percent<br /> *Performance in class: 30 percent (consisting out of oral contributions/participation, 1 presentation or handout per term, participation in surveys and quizzes, homework) - this grade gets extra points if you take over additional duties like survey assistants.<br /> <br /> Note: Grades may take months to be entered into the grade system, since sometimes there are more than 100 students and the teachers want to pay respect to each student and read their final exam paper carefully.<br /> <br /> [[File:Example.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Example for inserting pictures.]]<br /> ==Homework of Session 1 for Session 2==<br /> 1. Please select a topic you want to give a 5-minute ppt presentation on. You can reserve your topic by writing your name behind the topic in the respective section of the Sessions beneath (not above). Please note: If there is no textbook text for the topic, we need 2 more students for this topic, 1 to prepare a textbook text and the 2nd student to write the &quot;terms&quot;, &quot;references&quot;, &quot;questions&quot; and (please submit to teacher and student assistant): &quot;answers&quot;. Please make sure to post the text and appendix at least 1 week ahead of time under the session beneath. Please make sure to send the quiz questions at least 1 week ahead of time to the survey students that they can make a quiz and send the quiz answers at least 1 week ahead of time to the teaching assistant, so that she can grade the quizzes.<br /> <br /> 2. Please prepare all texts for the next session and take the quiz on these texts before the next session starts.<br /> <br /> 3. If you have not yet done so, please add the biographical info on yourself on your wiki homepage. You can find your wiki homepage by typing directly into you browser: https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:He_Minghui - of course Wang Jianguo is just a sample name, you would have to replace it with your own username and exchange the space by an understroke.<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Wiki admin]]: Please set up all homework texts (I have copied chapter 24 to our homework page and you need to split about 3 lines text in average to each student) on new webpages and link them in all sessions beneath. Please also set up dummy links for [[ppt upload]].<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Survey assistant]] Students: Please set up quizzes for all topics on wjx.org, students need to indicate their name and student id. Please paste the link to the quiz here under the respective session and topic beneath. Please tell the teaching assistant the correct answers to the quizzes, so that the teaching assistant can transfer the grades from the quizzes into the student role grade table. Please use <br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Teaching assistant]]: Please write a grade for each student into the student roll grade list. A student who has done the homework (without Pinyin) gets 100 percent for this, a student who has done the correction of a homework of his fellow student gets another 100 percent. A student who has presented a ppt, written a textbook text or a textbook text appendix gets another 100 percent.<br /> <br /> General remarks: I have now created a ranking list of the topics the students selected and published on our course website. Everybody should perform the homework now. This includes special work for the teaching assistant, the wiki admin and the survey students. <br /> <br /> Escpecially the [[Wiki admin]] needs to split the text which needs to be translated into small parts for each student and indicate the students' names so that they can find it easier. Every student can already pick a topic to do a presentation on and write the name behind the topic. <br /> <br /> Also, every student needs to read the textbook texts for coming Monday to be prepared, the survey students need to set up quizzes for the textbook texts and the students need to take the quizzes before class starts on Monday. It is a lot of work, but it will get better, when all of you get used to it. Also, much of the homework, especially setting up webpages for homework etc., including the presentations, creating missing texts in the textbook etc. can be started already now, so that one can do most of the homework for the whole semester already now. <br /> <br /> If people want to start writing their final exam papers, they can also start maybe in March, if they like. The earlier things are done the better and the more chances there are to still improve things during the semester. Here is the link to the homeworks listed for all students and the students with special tasks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022#Homework_of_Session_1_for_Session_2]]<br /> <br /> --[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 06:19, 25 February 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Schedule of Session Topics==<br /> Here is the '''Ranking List of Topics''' as voted on by you:<br /> <br /> '''Rank Topic Percentage''' (please do not write your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front)<br /> <br /> Topic Percentage<br /> <br /> 1 Beverages: Milk Tea 76%<br /> <br /> 2 Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 76%<br /> <br /> 3 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 75%<br /> <br /> 4 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 73%<br /> <br /> 5 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 72%<br /> <br /> 6 Facial Make-up 72%<br /> <br /> 7 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 71%<br /> <br /> 8 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 70%<br /> <br /> 9 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok) 70%<br /> <br /> 10 Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 70%<br /> <br /> 11 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology 68%<br /> <br /> 12 Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 67%<br /> <br /> 13 Chinese Movies 67%<br /> <br /> 14 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 66%<br /> <br /> 15 Animals: Panda 65%<br /> <br /> 16 Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 65%<br /> <br /> 17 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD) 65%<br /> <br /> 18 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝) 64%<br /> <br /> 19 Clothing: Chinese Clothing 63%<br /> <br /> 20 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 63%<br /> <br /> 21 Beverages: Tea 62%<br /> <br /> 22 Mythology: Huli-jing 62%<br /> <br /> 23 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 61%<br /> <br /> 24 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 61%<br /> <br /> 25 Mythology: Gods and Immortals 60%<br /> <br /> 26 Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 60%<br /> <br /> 27 Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 59%<br /> <br /> 28 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 58%<br /> <br /> 29 Architecture: The Forbidden City 58%<br /> <br /> 30 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 58%<br /> <br /> 31 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 58%<br /> <br /> 32 Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 58%<br /> <br /> 33 Fine Arts: Painting 57%<br /> <br /> 34 Games: Kite Flying 57%<br /> <br /> 35 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 57%<br /> <br /> 36 Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 57%<br /> <br /> 37 Astrology: Chinese Astrology 56%<br /> <br /> 38 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 56%<br /> <br /> 39 Social: Round Table Culture 56%<br /> <br /> 40 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游) 56%<br /> <br /> 41 Clothing: Cheongsam 55%<br /> <br /> 42 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 55%<br /> <br /> 43 Traditional Festivals 55%<br /> <br /> 44 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 54%<br /> <br /> 45 Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 54%<br /> <br /> 46 Language: Chinese Dialects 54%<br /> <br /> 47 Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 54%<br /> <br /> 48 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 54%<br /> <br /> 49 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 54%<br /> <br /> 50 National Belief: the Chinese Dream 54%<br /> <br /> 51 Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 53%<br /> <br /> 52 Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 53%<br /> <br /> 53 Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 53%<br /> <br /> 54 Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 53%<br /> <br /> 55 Party Culture (celebretations) 53%<br /> <br /> 56 Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 53%<br /> <br /> 57 Clothing: Vintage Clothing 53%<br /> <br /> 58 Garden Culture: Gardens 52%<br /> <br /> 59 Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 52%<br /> <br /> 60 Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 52%<br /> <br /> Here is the list of session topics sorted by sessions/date. Please indicate your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front.<br /> <br /> '''Session Rank Topic Percentage'''<br /> <br /> 美食烹饪<br /> Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan<br /> <br /> 文化习俗<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> 艺术<br /> <br /> Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> <br /> 日常生活<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> 古代人物评价<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> 文学<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> 动物<br /> <br /> Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> 建筑<br /> <br /> Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> 占星术<br /> <br /> Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> =2nd Session Mon Mar 6, 2023: Cuisine=<br /> '''Topics on Mar 6'''<br /> ==Before class starts: Please read the 4 texts in the textbook and take the quiz to show that you have learned the 4 texts==<br /> <br /> ===quiz===<br /> <br /> tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wnSF2vj.aspx#<br /> <br /> milk tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/e8fupKA.aspx#<br /> <br /> the liquor culture of ancient China：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/eO53AfH.aspx#<br /> <br /> hotpot：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YVyl2Ux.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Milk Tea==<br /> 1. student presentation by tang Yingzi 唐英姿 on Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Milk Tea Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi.]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Tea==<br /> 2. student presentation by Zeng Jingquan曾锦泉 on Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part one.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part two.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.part2]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China==<br /> 3. student presentation by Shu Sijing 舒思靖<br /> <br /> [[Media:The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.]]<br /> <br /> ==Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot==<br /> 4. student presentation by Liu Xinwen 刘欣雯<br /> <br /> [[Media:Hot Pot.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on the Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot.]]<br /> <br /> ==Teacher presentation for download==<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_1.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_2.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_3.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 2 Mar 6 , for Session 3, Mar 8==<br /> <br /> *Read textbook text <br /> <br /> *Take the quiz :<br /> <br /> =Session 3, Wed Mar 8, 12:30-14:10. Architecture=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine The Art of Chinese Cooking.pptx|This is the ppt by Qing Anni]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine.pptx|This is the ppt by Xie Shiyi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Breakfast Culture of Wuhan.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi ]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 3 for Session 4==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> Eight Major Cuisines of China: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PSRarKM.aspx# <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Y0OxQSl.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PGmUI4R.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Breakfast Culture of Wuhan：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/t4X8Eh0.aspx<br /> <br /> =Session 4, Fri Mar 10: Mythology and Literature=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines===<br /> <br /> 何颖 student presentation <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 1 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines1]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 2 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines2]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick===<br /> <br /> 姜露云 student presentation [[Media:Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick ]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi===<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 student presentation [[Media:Jiaozi Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Traditional Cuisine 1: Jiaozi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan===<br /> <br /> 文茜student presentation [[Media:Tangyuan Wen Xi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wen Xi on Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz:==<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coa�ted Haws on a Stick ： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m70xGt2.aspx# <br /> <br /> Tangyuan ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/OgkndYQ.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m7T0xRd.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 4 for Session 5==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Read textbook<br /> <br /> =Session 5, Mar 13 Mon=<br /> <br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love Wuting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wuting on Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Chinese Marriage Customs Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Habits, Ways of Contacting Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting ]]<br /> <br /> 赵喜珍 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money Zhao Xizhen.pptx|This is the ppt by Zhao Xizhen on The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> <br /> P838 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage <br /> and Love: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Pf4RX7W.aspx# <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QN6N6B7.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 5 for Session 6==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> <br /> *Read textbook <br /> <br /> =Session 6, Wen Mar 15 =<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> 曹文 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Spring Festival Couplets Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Traditional Festivals]]<br /> <br /> 宋奕芳 Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang1.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Social: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang2.0.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Socia2: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> 胡欣平 Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping1.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping2.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PKRqrVP.aspx<br /> <br /> P694 Social: Round Table Culture： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/mepnL03.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 6 for Session 7==<br /> *Read the textbook<br /> <br /> ==Session 7, Fri Mar 17==<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Stage entertainment Crosstalk Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Stage entertainment: Crosstalk]]<br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Fine Arts Painting Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Fine Arts: Painting]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Games Kite Flying Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Games: Kite Flying]]<br /> <br /> 许谱亮 Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Chinese Movies by Xu Puliang.pptx|This is the ppt by Xu Puliang on Chinese Movies]]<br /> <br /> ==quizs=<br /> <br /> P353 Language: Chinese Dialects: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Otl8YiZ.aspx# <br /> <br /> p699 Crosstalk :https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m5X0RqX.aspx<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m9zP0RL.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 8,Mon,2023.3.20=<br /> <br /> ==Students' Presentations==<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Ding Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Facial Make-up ]]<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian1.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian2.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian3.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao2.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> 唐英姿 Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Cheongsam Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi on Clothing: Cheongsam]]<br /> <br /> =Session 9, Wen, 2023.3.22=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曾锦泉 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Buytogether (PDD) Zeng Jingquan.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan on Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)]]<br /> <br /> 舒思靖 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Douyin (Tik Tok) Shu Sijing.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)]]<br /> <br /> 刘欣雯 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Taobao Liu Xinwen.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on Science and Technology: Taobao]]<br /> <br /> 秦安妮 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Chinese Economy rich businessmen Qin Anni.pptx|This is the ppt by Qin Anni on Chinese Economy: rich businessmen]]<br /> <br /> ==quizzes==<br /> <br /> P647 Science and Technology: Tik Tok(Douyin): https://www.wjx.cn/vm/ruEQQ09.aspx# <br /> <br /> P847Chinese economy:rich businessmen:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/waxfvB4.aspx<br /> <br /> P887 Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) : https://www.wjx.cn/vm/tuEIXG9.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 10, Fri, 2023.3.24=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==[图片]<br /> <br /> 谷钰婷 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Mobile Games Gu Yuting 1.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting on Science and Technology: Mobile Games]]<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Mobile Games Gu Yuting 2.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting on Science and Technology: Mobile Games]]<br /> <br /> 刘盈池 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China Liu YIngchi.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ]]<br /> <br /> 何颖 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:The Four Talented Women of Ancient China He Ying.pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China]]<br /> <br /> 姜露云 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Wu Zetian The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quizzes==<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian - The Only Female <br /> Emperor of Imperial China https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YsGL1kl.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient <br /> China： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/hHoyzVe.aspx# <br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游):https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wpP5Pv8.aspx#<br /> <br /> =Session 11, Mon, 2023.3.27=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Chinese Mythology Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology]]<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Mythology Huli-jing Wu Ting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Ting on Mythology: Huli-jing]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Mythology Gods and Immortals Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Mythology: Gods and Immortals]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Chinese Classical Fairy Tales Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales]]<br /> <br /> =Session 12, Wed, 2023.3.39=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曹文 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Silk and porcelain Celadon and Celadon Song Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient Literature The Classic of Mountains and Seas Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Four Folk Stories of Ancient China Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China]]<br /> <br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Animals Panda Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Animals: Panda]]<br /> <br /> <br /> =Session 13, Fri, 2023.3.31=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Architecture Fengshui in Chinese Architecture Wu Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture]]<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Architecture The Forbidden City Ding Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Architecture The Forbidden City]]<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Chinese Astrology Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Astrology: Chinese Astrology]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac]]</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:The_Four_Talented_Women_of_Ancient_China_He_Ying.pptx&diff=154952 2023-03-24T02:37:12Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023&diff=154949 2023-03-23T13:01:59Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Example.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Example for inserting pictures.]]Welcome to our BA course [[Introduction to Chinese Culture Spring 2023]]. <br /> <br /> The shortlink is: https://bit.ly/CULTURE2023 . spring term 2023<br /> <br /> 周一上午8:00-9:40，周三12:30-13:50；周五13:00-14:20，均在602教室<br /> <br /> Quick links for homework pages, [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]] etc.<br /> <br /> ='''Before the class starts'''=<br /> <br /> Note: This class is taught by Martin Woesler in presence. The class language is English, however, some explanations in Chinese will be given.<br /> <br /> 1. Please read the terms of Use: By registering for this Wiki, you give your consent that your data (name, study no., study direction, email, technical data of your device, ip address etc.) and your contributions to class (homework, translations, presentations, handouts, final exam papers etc.) is stored for grading, and academic use (teaching and ANONYMIZED for research). You explicitely agree that your contributions can be used by the teacher under his name, e.g. for publication, for improvement of teaching material etc. After reading, please take this quiz to show your understanding of basic concepts of translation and of data usage: http://bit.ly/Eval-01 .<br /> <br /> 2. Our mentor 課代表 is Hu Xinping 胡欣平. She should send a student roll to the teacher and enter all grades from homework and quizzes and those she receives from the teacher into the roll to be kept with the teacher. We still need 1 [[wiki admin]] and 5 survey assistants, who know how to use http://wjx.top. If we have more than 100 students, we need 2 teaching assistants. All of them will get extra points for their &quot;performance in class&quot; grade. After registration (see point 3 beneath), please write your names here directly behind the role (e.g. &quot;teaching assistant - Lei Feng&quot;). To change anything on the wiki, please see point 3 beneath.<br /> *Teaching Assistant - Hu Xinping<br /> *Wiki Admin - Wang Yihan<br /> *Survey Assistant 1 - Zhao Xizhen<br /> *Survey Assistant 2 - Xu Puliang<br /> *Survey Assistant 3 - Wen Xi<br /> *Survey Assistant 4 - Song Yifang<br /> *Survey Assistant 5 - Xie Shiyi<br /> *Social Media Influencer -Hu Yiqiang<br /> *Grant Writing Assistant - Ding Qian<br /> *Peer Review Assistant - Cao Wen<br /> *Chinese Studies Donation Campaign Assistant - Wang Jiaqi<br /> <br /> 3. Please register on this Wiki. From any place you can register following this link: https://bit.ly/WIKIREG. If you are already here, click on &quot;register&quot; on the top right corner, and then on &quot;request one&quot;. Then please register with your real name in Pinyin (with blank space between the family name and the given name) for the two names (username and real name), so two times &quot;Lei Feng&quot; and &quot;Lei Feng&quot;. Please check the box that you agree to the Terms and Conditions. Then type in the password &quot;wikicaptcha&quot; and click on &quot;submit&quot;. You will receive a confirmation email with a link. You can click on the link, confirm your identity and create a password. Then you need to wait 1-2 days until the teacher grants you access. You will receive another email when it will work. With the access to this wiki, you can directly edit everything, including this page. If you want to learn how to edit on Wiki, please read here: [uvu:Community_Portal] After editing, you will be asked for a password to save changes, this time the password is &quot;wikicaptcha&quot;.<br /> <br /> 4. Please register on the WeChat Group of this class. The WeChat Group will be created by the Teaching Assistant. Please make sure to display your name in the group with the following details: &quot;Lei Feng 雷锋 20级 笔译&quot;.<br /> <br /> 5. For communication please add the teacher good_old_cathay to your WeChat contacts.<br /> <br /> 6. Please take the EU survey here: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY.<br /> <br /> Here a summary of the most important points in Chinese: <br /> @所有人 <br /> 请各位同学将群聊备注改为姓名拼音 姓名 班级的格式，如 Li Xin 李欣 21级 英语笔译。请各位同学浏览此网站了解本学期的课程要求：https://bou.de/u/wiki/Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022 （短一点的是https://bou.de/u/ ，然后按我们课的链接）. 我们的课程还需要六位同学分别做网站管理员（1位）和调查助手（5位），期末可以得到一定加分，请有意向的同学在今天晚上六点前私聊我。请大家尽快完成以下课程前准备：<br /> http://bit.ly/Eval-01 完成此测验<br /> https://bit.ly/WIKIREG 请在此维基网站上注册，用户名和真实姓名都请填写自己姓名的拼音，像&quot;Li Xin&quot;和&quot;Li Xin&quot;，密码填wikicaptcha，收到邮件确认身份后等待老师通过<br /> 完成欧盟调查问卷 http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY <br /> 注：有的链接可能要用vpn才能进<br /> ==<br /> Student roll: <br /> 唐英姿 曾锦泉 舒思靖 刘欣雯 陈奕铮 秦安妮 谢诗祎 谷钰婷 刘盈池 何颖 姜露云 吴松芸 文茜 吴婷 胡艺镪 舒锦玉 赵喜珍 曹文 王佳绮 宋奕芳 胡欣平 邓颖杰 汪奕含 吴倩 许谱亮 丁倩 王鑫鹏 李璐瑶<br /> <br /> =First Session Mon 21, 2022 14:30-16:40 - Organizational Things=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> [[Media: 01_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Duties in Class==<br /> 1. Please come to class prepared. This means please read the book chapter, search for more information about the topic online and learn the vocabulary related to the topic for each session in advance. It is much more benefetial for yourself and for the others. Also the discussions in class then can be conducted on a much more sophisticated level. Please reserve at least two hours of preparation for each session. You have received the textbook pdf via the WeChat group: Woesler, Martin. (2023). Chinese Culture, Bochum: European University Press, 1000 pages.<br /> <br /> 2. Please do your homework seriously every week and submit it in wiki 3 days before the class starts and the corrections of your fellow student's homework 1 day before the class starts. [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF HOMEWORKS]]<br /> <br /> 3. Please participate actively in class. This means for each session: Please ask at least one question or participate with at least one contribution in the discussion.<br /> <br /> 4. Please select the topic for the presentation you will do in class already until session 2 (if we have more students than sessions, then build groups of two - one doing presentation, one a written handout on the same topic). Please remember to upload and link your presentation and your handout here on this website a week ahead to enable your fellow students to prepare it. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF TOPICS]] - This is the same list as the LIST OF PRESENTATIONS and the LIST OF SESSION TOPICS.<br /> <br /> 5. Please select a topic of your final exam paper (5,000 English words) until session 2. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]]<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on use of time inside and outside the classroom==<br /> Since it does not make sense to come together in the classroom and then jointly start reading the primary or secondary literature, please read the texts before class so that we can save the precious classroom time for a well informed discussion about the texts.<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on weight of grades==<br /> *Final Exam paper: 70 percent<br /> *Performance in class: 30 percent (consisting out of oral contributions/participation, 1 presentation or handout per term, participation in surveys and quizzes, homework) - this grade gets extra points if you take over additional duties like survey assistants.<br /> <br /> Note: Grades may take months to be entered into the grade system, since sometimes there are more than 100 students and the teachers want to pay respect to each student and read their final exam paper carefully.<br /> <br /> [[File:Example.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Example for inserting pictures.]]<br /> ==Homework of Session 1 for Session 2==<br /> 1. Please select a topic you want to give a 5-minute ppt presentation on. You can reserve your topic by writing your name behind the topic in the respective section of the Sessions beneath (not above). Please note: If there is no textbook text for the topic, we need 2 more students for this topic, 1 to prepare a textbook text and the 2nd student to write the &quot;terms&quot;, &quot;references&quot;, &quot;questions&quot; and (please submit to teacher and student assistant): &quot;answers&quot;. Please make sure to post the text and appendix at least 1 week ahead of time under the session beneath. Please make sure to send the quiz questions at least 1 week ahead of time to the survey students that they can make a quiz and send the quiz answers at least 1 week ahead of time to the teaching assistant, so that she can grade the quizzes.<br /> <br /> 2. Please prepare all texts for the next session and take the quiz on these texts before the next session starts.<br /> <br /> 3. If you have not yet done so, please add the biographical info on yourself on your wiki homepage. You can find your wiki homepage by typing directly into you browser: https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:He_Minghui - of course Wang Jianguo is just a sample name, you would have to replace it with your own username and exchange the space by an understroke.<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Wiki admin]]: Please set up all homework texts (I have copied chapter 24 to our homework page and you need to split about 3 lines text in average to each student) on new webpages and link them in all sessions beneath. Please also set up dummy links for [[ppt upload]].<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Survey assistant]] Students: Please set up quizzes for all topics on wjx.org, students need to indicate their name and student id. Please paste the link to the quiz here under the respective session and topic beneath. Please tell the teaching assistant the correct answers to the quizzes, so that the teaching assistant can transfer the grades from the quizzes into the student role grade table. Please use <br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Teaching assistant]]: Please write a grade for each student into the student roll grade list. A student who has done the homework (without Pinyin) gets 100 percent for this, a student who has done the correction of a homework of his fellow student gets another 100 percent. A student who has presented a ppt, written a textbook text or a textbook text appendix gets another 100 percent.<br /> <br /> General remarks: I have now created a ranking list of the topics the students selected and published on our course website. Everybody should perform the homework now. This includes special work for the teaching assistant, the wiki admin and the survey students. <br /> <br /> Escpecially the [[Wiki admin]] needs to split the text which needs to be translated into small parts for each student and indicate the students' names so that they can find it easier. Every student can already pick a topic to do a presentation on and write the name behind the topic. <br /> <br /> Also, every student needs to read the textbook texts for coming Monday to be prepared, the survey students need to set up quizzes for the textbook texts and the students need to take the quizzes before class starts on Monday. It is a lot of work, but it will get better, when all of you get used to it. Also, much of the homework, especially setting up webpages for homework etc., including the presentations, creating missing texts in the textbook etc. can be started already now, so that one can do most of the homework for the whole semester already now. <br /> <br /> If people want to start writing their final exam papers, they can also start maybe in March, if they like. The earlier things are done the better and the more chances there are to still improve things during the semester. Here is the link to the homeworks listed for all students and the students with special tasks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022#Homework_of_Session_1_for_Session_2]]<br /> <br /> --[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 06:19, 25 February 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Schedule of Session Topics==<br /> Here is the '''Ranking List of Topics''' as voted on by you:<br /> <br /> '''Rank Topic Percentage''' (please do not write your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front)<br /> <br /> Topic Percentage<br /> <br /> 1 Beverages: Milk Tea 76%<br /> <br /> 2 Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 76%<br /> <br /> 3 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 75%<br /> <br /> 4 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 73%<br /> <br /> 5 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 72%<br /> <br /> 6 Facial Make-up 72%<br /> <br /> 7 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 71%<br /> <br /> 8 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 70%<br /> <br /> 9 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok) 70%<br /> <br /> 10 Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 70%<br /> <br /> 11 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology 68%<br /> <br /> 12 Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 67%<br /> <br /> 13 Chinese Movies 67%<br /> <br /> 14 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 66%<br /> <br /> 15 Animals: Panda 65%<br /> <br /> 16 Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 65%<br /> <br /> 17 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD) 65%<br /> <br /> 18 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝) 64%<br /> <br /> 19 Clothing: Chinese Clothing 63%<br /> <br /> 20 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 63%<br /> <br /> 21 Beverages: Tea 62%<br /> <br /> 22 Mythology: Huli-jing 62%<br /> <br /> 23 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 61%<br /> <br /> 24 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 61%<br /> <br /> 25 Mythology: Gods and Immortals 60%<br /> <br /> 26 Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 60%<br /> <br /> 27 Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 59%<br /> <br /> 28 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 58%<br /> <br /> 29 Architecture: The Forbidden City 58%<br /> <br /> 30 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 58%<br /> <br /> 31 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 58%<br /> <br /> 32 Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 58%<br /> <br /> 33 Fine Arts: Painting 57%<br /> <br /> 34 Games: Kite Flying 57%<br /> <br /> 35 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 57%<br /> <br /> 36 Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 57%<br /> <br /> 37 Astrology: Chinese Astrology 56%<br /> <br /> 38 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 56%<br /> <br /> 39 Social: Round Table Culture 56%<br /> <br /> 40 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游) 56%<br /> <br /> 41 Clothing: Cheongsam 55%<br /> <br /> 42 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 55%<br /> <br /> 43 Traditional Festivals 55%<br /> <br /> 44 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 54%<br /> <br /> 45 Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 54%<br /> <br /> 46 Language: Chinese Dialects 54%<br /> <br /> 47 Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 54%<br /> <br /> 48 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 54%<br /> <br /> 49 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 54%<br /> <br /> 50 National Belief: the Chinese Dream 54%<br /> <br /> 51 Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 53%<br /> <br /> 52 Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 53%<br /> <br /> 53 Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 53%<br /> <br /> 54 Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 53%<br /> <br /> 55 Party Culture (celebretations) 53%<br /> <br /> 56 Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 53%<br /> <br /> 57 Clothing: Vintage Clothing 53%<br /> <br /> 58 Garden Culture: Gardens 52%<br /> <br /> 59 Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 52%<br /> <br /> 60 Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 52%<br /> <br /> Here is the list of session topics sorted by sessions/date. Please indicate your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front.<br /> <br /> '''Session Rank Topic Percentage'''<br /> <br /> 美食烹饪<br /> Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan<br /> <br /> 文化习俗<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> 艺术<br /> <br /> Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> <br /> 日常生活<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> 古代人物评价<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> 文学<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> 动物<br /> <br /> Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> 建筑<br /> <br /> Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> 占星术<br /> <br /> Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> =2nd Session Mon Mar 6, 2023: Cuisine=<br /> '''Topics on Mar 6'''<br /> ==Before class starts: Please read the 4 texts in the textbook and take the quiz to show that you have learned the 4 texts==<br /> <br /> ===quiz===<br /> <br /> tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wnSF2vj.aspx#<br /> <br /> milk tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/e8fupKA.aspx#<br /> <br /> the liquor culture of ancient China：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/eO53AfH.aspx#<br /> <br /> hotpot：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YVyl2Ux.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Milk Tea==<br /> 1. student presentation by tang Yingzi 唐英姿 on Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Milk Tea Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi.]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Tea==<br /> 2. student presentation by Zeng Jingquan曾锦泉 on Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part one.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part two.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.part2]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China==<br /> 3. student presentation by Shu Sijing 舒思靖<br /> <br /> [[Media:The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.]]<br /> <br /> ==Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot==<br /> 4. student presentation by Liu Xinwen 刘欣雯<br /> <br /> [[Media:Hot Pot.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on the Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot.]]<br /> <br /> ==Teacher presentation for download==<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_1.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_2.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_3.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 2 Mar 6 , for Session 3, Mar 8==<br /> <br /> *Read textbook text <br /> <br /> *Take the quiz :<br /> <br /> =Session 3, Wed Mar 8, 12:30-14:10. Architecture=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine The Art of Chinese Cooking.pptx|This is the ppt by Qing Anni]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine.pptx|This is the ppt by Xie Shiyi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Breakfast Culture of Wuhan.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi ]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 3 for Session 4==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> Eight Major Cuisines of China: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PSRarKM.aspx# <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Y0OxQSl.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PGmUI4R.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Breakfast Culture of Wuhan：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/t4X8Eh0.aspx<br /> <br /> =Session 4, Fri Mar 10: Mythology and Literature=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines===<br /> <br /> 何颖 student presentation <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 1 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines1]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 2 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines2]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick===<br /> <br /> 姜露云 student presentation [[Media:Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick ]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi===<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 student presentation [[Media:Jiaozi Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Traditional Cuisine 1: Jiaozi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan===<br /> <br /> 文茜student presentation [[Media:Tangyuan Wen Xi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wen Xi on Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz:==<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coa�ted Haws on a Stick ： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m70xGt2.aspx# <br /> <br /> Tangyuan ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/OgkndYQ.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m7T0xRd.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 4 for Session 5==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Read textbook<br /> <br /> =Session 5, Mar 13 Mon=<br /> <br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love Wuting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wuting on Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Chinese Marriage Customs Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Habits, Ways of Contacting Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting ]]<br /> <br /> 赵喜珍 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money Zhao Xizhen.pptx|This is the ppt by Zhao Xizhen on The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> <br /> P838 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage <br /> and Love: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Pf4RX7W.aspx# <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QN6N6B7.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 5 for Session 6==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> <br /> *Read textbook <br /> <br /> =Session 6, Wen Mar 15 =<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> 曹文 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Spring Festival Couplets Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Traditional Festivals]]<br /> <br /> 宋奕芳 Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang1.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Social: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang2.0.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Socia2: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> 胡欣平 Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping1.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping2.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PKRqrVP.aspx<br /> <br /> P694 Social: Round Table Culture： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/mepnL03.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 6 for Session 7==<br /> *Read the textbook<br /> <br /> ==Session 7, Fri Mar 17==<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Stage entertainment Crosstalk Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Stage entertainment: Crosstalk]]<br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Fine Arts Painting Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Fine Arts: Painting]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Games Kite Flying Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Games: Kite Flying]]<br /> <br /> 许谱亮 Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Chinese Movies by Xu Puliang.pptx|This is the ppt by Xu Puliang on Chinese Movies]]<br /> <br /> ==quizs=<br /> <br /> P353 Language: Chinese Dialects: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Otl8YiZ.aspx# <br /> <br /> p699 Crosstalk :https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m5X0RqX.aspx<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m9zP0RL.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 8,Mon,2023.3.20=<br /> <br /> ==Students' Presentations==<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Ding Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Facial Make-up ]]<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian1.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian2.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian3.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao2.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> 唐英姿 Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Cheongsam Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi on Clothing: Cheongsam]]<br /> <br /> =Session 9, Wen, 2023.3.22=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曾锦泉 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Buytogether (PDD) Zeng Jingquan.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan on Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)]]<br /> <br /> 舒思靖 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Douyin (Tik Tok) Shu Sijing.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)]]<br /> <br /> 刘欣雯 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Taobao Liu Xinwen.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on Science and Technology: Taobao]]<br /> <br /> 秦安妮 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Chinese Economy rich businessmen Qin Anni.pptx|This is the ppt by Qin Anni on Chinese Economy: rich businessmen]]<br /> <br /> ==quizzes==<br /> <br /> P647 Science and Technology: Tik Tok(Douyin): https://www.wjx.cn/vm/ruEQQ09.aspx# <br /> <br /> P847Chinese economy:rich businessmen:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/waxfvB4.aspx<br /> <br /> P887 Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) : https://www.wjx.cn/vm/tuEIXG9.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 10, Fri, 2023.3.24=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==[图片]<br /> <br /> 谷钰婷 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Mobile Games Gu Yuting.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting on Science and Technology: Mobile Games]]<br /> <br /> 刘盈池 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China Liu YIngchi.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ]]<br /> <br /> 何颖 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:The Four Talented Women of Ancient China He Ying.pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China]]<br /> <br /> 姜露云 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Wu Zetian The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quizzes==<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian - The Only Female <br /> Emperor of Imperial China https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YsGL1kl.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient <br /> China： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/hHoyzVe.aspx# <br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游):https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wpP5Pv8.aspx# <br /> =Session 11, Mon, 2023.3.27=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Chinese Mythology Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology]]<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Mythology Huli-jing Wu Ting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Ting on Mythology: Huli-jing]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Mythology Gods and Immortals Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Mythology: Gods and Immortals]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Chinese Classical Fairy Tales Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales]]<br /> <br /> =Session 12, Wed, 2023.3.39=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曹文 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Silk and porcelain Celadon and Celadon Song Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient Literature The Classic of Mountains and Seas Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Four Folk Stories of Ancient China Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China]]<br /> <br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Animals Panda Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Animals: Panda]]<br /> <br /> <br /> =Session 13, Fri, 2023.3.31=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Architecture Fengshui in Chinese Architecture Wu Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture]]<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Architecture The Forbidden City Ding Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Architecture The Forbidden City]]<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Chinese Astrology Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Astrology: Chinese Astrology]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac]]</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023&diff=154946 2023-03-23T03:36:04Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Example.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Example for inserting pictures.]]Welcome to our BA course [[Introduction to Chinese Culture Spring 2023]]. <br /> <br /> The shortlink is: https://bit.ly/CULTURE2023 . spring term 2023<br /> <br /> 周一上午8:00-9:40，周三12:30-13:50；周五13:00-14:20，均在602教室<br /> <br /> Quick links for homework pages, [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]] etc.<br /> <br /> ='''Before the class starts'''=<br /> <br /> Note: This class is taught by Martin Woesler in presence. The class language is English, however, some explanations in Chinese will be given.<br /> <br /> 1. Please read the terms of Use: By registering for this Wiki, you give your consent that your data (name, study no., study direction, email, technical data of your device, ip address etc.) and your contributions to class (homework, translations, presentations, handouts, final exam papers etc.) is stored for grading, and academic use (teaching and ANONYMIZED for research). You explicitely agree that your contributions can be used by the teacher under his name, e.g. for publication, for improvement of teaching material etc. After reading, please take this quiz to show your understanding of basic concepts of translation and of data usage: http://bit.ly/Eval-01 .<br /> <br /> 2. Our mentor 課代表 is Hu Xinping 胡欣平. She should send a student roll to the teacher and enter all grades from homework and quizzes and those she receives from the teacher into the roll to be kept with the teacher. We still need 1 [[wiki admin]] and 5 survey assistants, who know how to use http://wjx.top. If we have more than 100 students, we need 2 teaching assistants. All of them will get extra points for their &quot;performance in class&quot; grade. After registration (see point 3 beneath), please write your names here directly behind the role (e.g. &quot;teaching assistant - Lei Feng&quot;). To change anything on the wiki, please see point 3 beneath.<br /> *Teaching Assistant - Hu Xinping<br /> *Wiki Admin - Wang Yihan<br /> *Survey Assistant 1 - Zhao Xizhen<br /> *Survey Assistant 2 - Xu Puliang<br /> *Survey Assistant 3 - Wen Xi<br /> *Survey Assistant 4 - Song Yifang<br /> *Survey Assistant 5 - Xie Shiyi<br /> *Social Media Influencer -Hu Yiqiang<br /> *Grant Writing Assistant - Ding Qian<br /> *Peer Review Assistant - Cao Wen<br /> *Chinese Studies Donation Campaign Assistant - Wang Jiaqi<br /> <br /> 3. Please register on this Wiki. From any place you can register following this link: https://bit.ly/WIKIREG. If you are already here, click on &quot;register&quot; on the top right corner, and then on &quot;request one&quot;. Then please register with your real name in Pinyin (with blank space between the family name and the given name) for the two names (username and real name), so two times &quot;Lei Feng&quot; and &quot;Lei Feng&quot;. Please check the box that you agree to the Terms and Conditions. Then type in the password &quot;wikicaptcha&quot; and click on &quot;submit&quot;. You will receive a confirmation email with a link. You can click on the link, confirm your identity and create a password. Then you need to wait 1-2 days until the teacher grants you access. You will receive another email when it will work. With the access to this wiki, you can directly edit everything, including this page. If you want to learn how to edit on Wiki, please read here: [uvu:Community_Portal] After editing, you will be asked for a password to save changes, this time the password is &quot;wikicaptcha&quot;.<br /> <br /> 4. Please register on the WeChat Group of this class. The WeChat Group will be created by the Teaching Assistant. Please make sure to display your name in the group with the following details: &quot;Lei Feng 雷锋 20级 笔译&quot;.<br /> <br /> 5. For communication please add the teacher good_old_cathay to your WeChat contacts.<br /> <br /> 6. Please take the EU survey here: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY.<br /> <br /> Here a summary of the most important points in Chinese: <br /> @所有人 <br /> 请各位同学将群聊备注改为姓名拼音 姓名 班级的格式，如 Li Xin 李欣 21级 英语笔译。请各位同学浏览此网站了解本学期的课程要求：https://bou.de/u/wiki/Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022 （短一点的是https://bou.de/u/ ，然后按我们课的链接）. 我们的课程还需要六位同学分别做网站管理员（1位）和调查助手（5位），期末可以得到一定加分，请有意向的同学在今天晚上六点前私聊我。请大家尽快完成以下课程前准备：<br /> http://bit.ly/Eval-01 完成此测验<br /> https://bit.ly/WIKIREG 请在此维基网站上注册，用户名和真实姓名都请填写自己姓名的拼音，像&quot;Li Xin&quot;和&quot;Li Xin&quot;，密码填wikicaptcha，收到邮件确认身份后等待老师通过<br /> 完成欧盟调查问卷 http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY <br /> 注：有的链接可能要用vpn才能进<br /> ==<br /> Student roll: <br /> 唐英姿 曾锦泉 舒思靖 刘欣雯 陈奕铮 秦安妮 谢诗祎 谷钰婷 刘盈池 何颖 姜露云 吴松芸 文茜 吴婷 胡艺镪 舒锦玉 赵喜珍 曹文 王佳绮 宋奕芳 胡欣平 邓颖杰 汪奕含 吴倩 许谱亮 丁倩 王鑫鹏 李璐瑶<br /> <br /> =First Session Mon 21, 2022 14:30-16:40 - Organizational Things=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> [[Media: 01_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Duties in Class==<br /> 1. Please come to class prepared. This means please read the book chapter, search for more information about the topic online and learn the vocabulary related to the topic for each session in advance. It is much more benefetial for yourself and for the others. Also the discussions in class then can be conducted on a much more sophisticated level. Please reserve at least two hours of preparation for each session. You have received the textbook pdf via the WeChat group: Woesler, Martin. (2023). Chinese Culture, Bochum: European University Press, 1000 pages.<br /> <br /> 2. Please do your homework seriously every week and submit it in wiki 3 days before the class starts and the corrections of your fellow student's homework 1 day before the class starts. [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF HOMEWORKS]]<br /> <br /> 3. Please participate actively in class. This means for each session: Please ask at least one question or participate with at least one contribution in the discussion.<br /> <br /> 4. Please select the topic for the presentation you will do in class already until session 2 (if we have more students than sessions, then build groups of two - one doing presentation, one a written handout on the same topic). Please remember to upload and link your presentation and your handout here on this website a week ahead to enable your fellow students to prepare it. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF TOPICS]] - This is the same list as the LIST OF PRESENTATIONS and the LIST OF SESSION TOPICS.<br /> <br /> 5. Please select a topic of your final exam paper (5,000 English words) until session 2. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]]<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on use of time inside and outside the classroom==<br /> Since it does not make sense to come together in the classroom and then jointly start reading the primary or secondary literature, please read the texts before class so that we can save the precious classroom time for a well informed discussion about the texts.<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on weight of grades==<br /> *Final Exam paper: 70 percent<br /> *Performance in class: 30 percent (consisting out of oral contributions/participation, 1 presentation or handout per term, participation in surveys and quizzes, homework) - this grade gets extra points if you take over additional duties like survey assistants.<br /> <br /> Note: Grades may take months to be entered into the grade system, since sometimes there are more than 100 students and the teachers want to pay respect to each student and read their final exam paper carefully.<br /> <br /> [[File:Example.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Example for inserting pictures.]]<br /> ==Homework of Session 1 for Session 2==<br /> 1. Please select a topic you want to give a 5-minute ppt presentation on. You can reserve your topic by writing your name behind the topic in the respective section of the Sessions beneath (not above). Please note: If there is no textbook text for the topic, we need 2 more students for this topic, 1 to prepare a textbook text and the 2nd student to write the &quot;terms&quot;, &quot;references&quot;, &quot;questions&quot; and (please submit to teacher and student assistant): &quot;answers&quot;. Please make sure to post the text and appendix at least 1 week ahead of time under the session beneath. Please make sure to send the quiz questions at least 1 week ahead of time to the survey students that they can make a quiz and send the quiz answers at least 1 week ahead of time to the teaching assistant, so that she can grade the quizzes.<br /> <br /> 2. Please prepare all texts for the next session and take the quiz on these texts before the next session starts.<br /> <br /> 3. If you have not yet done so, please add the biographical info on yourself on your wiki homepage. You can find your wiki homepage by typing directly into you browser: https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:He_Minghui - of course Wang Jianguo is just a sample name, you would have to replace it with your own username and exchange the space by an understroke.<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Wiki admin]]: Please set up all homework texts (I have copied chapter 24 to our homework page and you need to split about 3 lines text in average to each student) on new webpages and link them in all sessions beneath. Please also set up dummy links for [[ppt upload]].<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Survey assistant]] Students: Please set up quizzes for all topics on wjx.org, students need to indicate their name and student id. Please paste the link to the quiz here under the respective session and topic beneath. Please tell the teaching assistant the correct answers to the quizzes, so that the teaching assistant can transfer the grades from the quizzes into the student role grade table. Please use <br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Teaching assistant]]: Please write a grade for each student into the student roll grade list. A student who has done the homework (without Pinyin) gets 100 percent for this, a student who has done the correction of a homework of his fellow student gets another 100 percent. A student who has presented a ppt, written a textbook text or a textbook text appendix gets another 100 percent.<br /> <br /> General remarks: I have now created a ranking list of the topics the students selected and published on our course website. Everybody should perform the homework now. This includes special work for the teaching assistant, the wiki admin and the survey students. <br /> <br /> Escpecially the [[Wiki admin]] needs to split the text which needs to be translated into small parts for each student and indicate the students' names so that they can find it easier. Every student can already pick a topic to do a presentation on and write the name behind the topic. <br /> <br /> Also, every student needs to read the textbook texts for coming Monday to be prepared, the survey students need to set up quizzes for the textbook texts and the students need to take the quizzes before class starts on Monday. It is a lot of work, but it will get better, when all of you get used to it. Also, much of the homework, especially setting up webpages for homework etc., including the presentations, creating missing texts in the textbook etc. can be started already now, so that one can do most of the homework for the whole semester already now. <br /> <br /> If people want to start writing their final exam papers, they can also start maybe in March, if they like. The earlier things are done the better and the more chances there are to still improve things during the semester. Here is the link to the homeworks listed for all students and the students with special tasks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022#Homework_of_Session_1_for_Session_2]]<br /> <br /> --[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 06:19, 25 February 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Schedule of Session Topics==<br /> Here is the '''Ranking List of Topics''' as voted on by you:<br /> <br /> '''Rank Topic Percentage''' (please do not write your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front)<br /> <br /> Topic Percentage<br /> <br /> 1 Beverages: Milk Tea 76%<br /> <br /> 2 Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 76%<br /> <br /> 3 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 75%<br /> <br /> 4 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 73%<br /> <br /> 5 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 72%<br /> <br /> 6 Facial Make-up 72%<br /> <br /> 7 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 71%<br /> <br /> 8 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 70%<br /> <br /> 9 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok) 70%<br /> <br /> 10 Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 70%<br /> <br /> 11 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology 68%<br /> <br /> 12 Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 67%<br /> <br /> 13 Chinese Movies 67%<br /> <br /> 14 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 66%<br /> <br /> 15 Animals: Panda 65%<br /> <br /> 16 Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 65%<br /> <br /> 17 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD) 65%<br /> <br /> 18 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝) 64%<br /> <br /> 19 Clothing: Chinese Clothing 63%<br /> <br /> 20 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 63%<br /> <br /> 21 Beverages: Tea 62%<br /> <br /> 22 Mythology: Huli-jing 62%<br /> <br /> 23 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 61%<br /> <br /> 24 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 61%<br /> <br /> 25 Mythology: Gods and Immortals 60%<br /> <br /> 26 Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 60%<br /> <br /> 27 Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 59%<br /> <br /> 28 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 58%<br /> <br /> 29 Architecture: The Forbidden City 58%<br /> <br /> 30 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 58%<br /> <br /> 31 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 58%<br /> <br /> 32 Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 58%<br /> <br /> 33 Fine Arts: Painting 57%<br /> <br /> 34 Games: Kite Flying 57%<br /> <br /> 35 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 57%<br /> <br /> 36 Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 57%<br /> <br /> 37 Astrology: Chinese Astrology 56%<br /> <br /> 38 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 56%<br /> <br /> 39 Social: Round Table Culture 56%<br /> <br /> 40 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游) 56%<br /> <br /> 41 Clothing: Cheongsam 55%<br /> <br /> 42 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 55%<br /> <br /> 43 Traditional Festivals 55%<br /> <br /> 44 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 54%<br /> <br /> 45 Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 54%<br /> <br /> 46 Language: Chinese Dialects 54%<br /> <br /> 47 Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 54%<br /> <br /> 48 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 54%<br /> <br /> 49 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 54%<br /> <br /> 50 National Belief: the Chinese Dream 54%<br /> <br /> 51 Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 53%<br /> <br /> 52 Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 53%<br /> <br /> 53 Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 53%<br /> <br /> 54 Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 53%<br /> <br /> 55 Party Culture (celebretations) 53%<br /> <br /> 56 Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 53%<br /> <br /> 57 Clothing: Vintage Clothing 53%<br /> <br /> 58 Garden Culture: Gardens 52%<br /> <br /> 59 Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 52%<br /> <br /> 60 Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 52%<br /> <br /> Here is the list of session topics sorted by sessions/date. Please indicate your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front.<br /> <br /> '''Session Rank Topic Percentage'''<br /> <br /> 美食烹饪<br /> Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan<br /> <br /> 文化习俗<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> 艺术<br /> <br /> Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> <br /> 日常生活<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> 古代人物评价<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> 文学<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> 动物<br /> <br /> Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> 建筑<br /> <br /> Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> 占星术<br /> <br /> Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> =2nd Session Mon Mar 6, 2023: Cuisine=<br /> '''Topics on Mar 6'''<br /> ==Before class starts: Please read the 4 texts in the textbook and take the quiz to show that you have learned the 4 texts==<br /> <br /> ===quiz===<br /> <br /> tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wnSF2vj.aspx#<br /> <br /> milk tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/e8fupKA.aspx#<br /> <br /> the liquor culture of ancient China：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/eO53AfH.aspx#<br /> <br /> hotpot：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YVyl2Ux.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Milk Tea==<br /> 1. student presentation by tang Yingzi 唐英姿 on Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Milk Tea Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi.]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Tea==<br /> 2. student presentation by Zeng Jingquan曾锦泉 on Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part one.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part two.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.part2]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China==<br /> 3. student presentation by Shu Sijing 舒思靖<br /> <br /> [[Media:The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.]]<br /> <br /> ==Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot==<br /> 4. student presentation by Liu Xinwen 刘欣雯<br /> <br /> [[Media:Hot Pot.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on the Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot.]]<br /> <br /> ==Teacher presentation for download==<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_1.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_2.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_3.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 2 Mar 6 , for Session 3, Mar 8==<br /> <br /> *Read textbook text <br /> <br /> *Take the quiz :<br /> <br /> =Session 3, Wed Mar 8, 12:30-14:10. Architecture=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine The Art of Chinese Cooking.pptx|This is the ppt by Qing Anni]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine.pptx|This is the ppt by Xie Shiyi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Breakfast Culture of Wuhan.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi ]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 3 for Session 4==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> Eight Major Cuisines of China: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PSRarKM.aspx# <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Y0OxQSl.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PGmUI4R.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Breakfast Culture of Wuhan：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/t4X8Eh0.aspx<br /> <br /> =Session 4, Fri Mar 10: Mythology and Literature=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines===<br /> <br /> 何颖 student presentation <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 1 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines1]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 2 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines2]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick===<br /> <br /> 姜露云 student presentation [[Media:Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick ]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi===<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 student presentation [[Media:Jiaozi Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Traditional Cuisine 1: Jiaozi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan===<br /> <br /> 文茜student presentation [[Media:Tangyuan Wen Xi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wen Xi on Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz:==<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coa�ted Haws on a Stick ： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m70xGt2.aspx# <br /> <br /> Tangyuan ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/OgkndYQ.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m7T0xRd.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 4 for Session 5==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Read textbook<br /> <br /> =Session 5, Mar 13 Mon=<br /> <br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love Wuting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wuting on Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Chinese Marriage Customs Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Habits, Ways of Contacting Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting ]]<br /> <br /> 赵喜珍 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money Zhao Xizhen.pptx|This is the ppt by Zhao Xizhen on The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> <br /> P838 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage <br /> and Love: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Pf4RX7W.aspx# <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QN6N6B7.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 5 for Session 6==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> <br /> *Read textbook <br /> <br /> =Session 6, Wen Mar 15 =<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> 曹文 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Spring Festival Couplets Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Traditional Festivals]]<br /> <br /> 宋奕芳 Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang1.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Social: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang2.0.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Socia2: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> 胡欣平 Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping1.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping2.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PKRqrVP.aspx<br /> <br /> P694 Social: Round Table Culture： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/mepnL03.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 6 for Session 7==<br /> *Read the textbook<br /> <br /> ==Session 7, Fri Mar 17==<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Stage entertainment Crosstalk Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Stage entertainment: Crosstalk]]<br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Fine Arts Painting Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Fine Arts: Painting]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Games Kite Flying Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Games: Kite Flying]]<br /> <br /> 许谱亮 Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Chinese Movies by Xu Puliang.pptx|This is the ppt by Xu Puliang on Chinese Movies]]<br /> <br /> ==quizs=<br /> <br /> P353 Language: Chinese Dialects: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Otl8YiZ.aspx# <br /> <br /> p699 Crosstalk :https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m5X0RqX.aspx<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m9zP0RL.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 8,Mon,2023.3.20=<br /> <br /> ==Students' Presentations==<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Ding Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Facial Make-up ]]<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian1.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian2.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian3.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao2.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> 唐英姿 Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Cheongsam Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi on Clothing: Cheongsam]]<br /> <br /> =Session 9, Wen, 2023.3.22=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曾锦泉 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Buytogether (PDD) Zeng Jingquan.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan on Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)]]<br /> <br /> 舒思靖 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Douyin (Tik Tok) Shu Sijing.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)]]<br /> <br /> 刘欣雯 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Taobao Liu Xinwen.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on Science and Technology: Taobao]]<br /> <br /> 秦安妮 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Chinese Economy rich businessmen Qin Anni.pptx|This is the ppt by Qin Anni on Chinese Economy: rich businessmen]]<br /> <br /> ==quizzes==<br /> <br /> P647 Science and Technology: Tik Tok(Douyin): https://www.wjx.cn/vm/ruEQQ09.aspx# <br /> <br /> P847Chinese economy:rich businessmen:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/waxfvB4.aspx<br /> <br /> P887 Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) : https://www.wjx.cn/vm/tuEIXG9.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 10, Fri, 2023.3.24=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==[图片]<br /> <br /> 谷钰婷 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Mobile Games Gu Yuting.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting on Science and Technology: Mobile Games]]<br /> <br /> 刘盈池 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China Liu YIngchi.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ]]<br /> <br /> 何颖 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:The Four Talented Women of Ancient China He Ying.pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China]]<br /> <br /> 姜露云 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Wu Zetian The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quizzes==<br /> <br /> =Session 11, Mon, 2023.3.27=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Chinese Mythology Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology]]<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Mythology Huli-jing Wu Ting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Ting on Mythology: Huli-jing]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Mythology Gods and Immortals Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Mythology: Gods and Immortals]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Chinese Classical Fairy Tales Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales]]<br /> <br /> =Session 12, Wed, 2023.3.39=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曹文 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Silk and porcelain Celadon and Celadon Song Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient Literature The Classic of Mountains and Seas Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Chinese Astrology Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Astrology: Chinese Astrology]]<br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Animals Panda Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Animals: Panda]]<br /> <br /> <br /> =Session 13, Fri, 2023.3.31=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Architecture Fengshui in Chinese Architecture Wu Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture]]<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Architecture The Forbidden City Ding Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Architecture The Forbidden City]]<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Ancient literature Four Folk Stories of Ancient China Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Astrology Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac]]</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Clothing_Chinese_Clothing_Li_Luyao2.pptx&diff=154892 2023-03-19T16:06:11Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Clothing_Chinese_Clothing_Li_Luyao.pptx&diff=154891 2023-03-19T16:05:36Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Facial_Make-up_Ding_Qian.pptx&diff=154890 2023-03-19T16:04:28Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=File:Milk_Tea_Tang_Yingzi.pptx&diff=154889 2023-03-19T16:02:30Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023&diff=154888 2023-03-19T16:01:04Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Example.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Example for inserting pictures.]]Welcome to our BA course [[Introduction to Chinese Culture Spring 2023]]. <br /> <br /> The shortlink is: https://bit.ly/CULTURE2023 . spring term 2023<br /> <br /> 周一上午8:00-9:40，周三12:30-13:50；周五13:00-14:20，均在602教室<br /> <br /> Quick links for homework pages, [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]] etc.<br /> <br /> ='''Before the class starts'''=<br /> <br /> Note: This class is taught by Martin Woesler in presence. The class language is English, however, some explanations in Chinese will be given.<br /> <br /> 1. Please read the terms of Use: By registering for this Wiki, you give your consent that your data (name, study no., study direction, email, technical data of your device, ip address etc.) and your contributions to class (homework, translations, presentations, handouts, final exam papers etc.) is stored for grading, and academic use (teaching and ANONYMIZED for research). You explicitely agree that your contributions can be used by the teacher under his name, e.g. for publication, for improvement of teaching material etc. After reading, please take this quiz to show your understanding of basic concepts of translation and of data usage: http://bit.ly/Eval-01 .<br /> <br /> 2. Our mentor 課代表 is Hu Xinping 胡欣平. She should send a student roll to the teacher and enter all grades from homework and quizzes and those she receives from the teacher into the roll to be kept with the teacher. We still need 1 [[wiki admin]] and 5 survey assistants, who know how to use http://wjx.top. If we have more than 100 students, we need 2 teaching assistants. All of them will get extra points for their &quot;performance in class&quot; grade. After registration (see point 3 beneath), please write your names here directly behind the role (e.g. &quot;teaching assistant - Lei Feng&quot;). To change anything on the wiki, please see point 3 beneath.<br /> *Teaching Assistant - Hu Xinping<br /> *Wiki Admin - Wang Yihan<br /> *Survey Assistant 1 - Zhao Xizhen<br /> *Survey Assistant 2 - Xu Puliang<br /> *Survey Assistant 3 - Wen Xi<br /> *Survey Assistant 4 - Song Yifang<br /> *Survey Assistant 5 - Xie Shiyi<br /> *Social Media Influencer -Hu Yiqiang<br /> *Grant Writing Assistant - Ding Qian<br /> *Peer Review Assistant - Cao Wen<br /> *Chinese Studies Donation Campaign Assistant - Wang Jiaqi<br /> <br /> 3. Please register on this Wiki. From any place you can register following this link: https://bit.ly/WIKIREG. If you are already here, click on &quot;register&quot; on the top right corner, and then on &quot;request one&quot;. Then please register with your real name in Pinyin (with blank space between the family name and the given name) for the two names (username and real name), so two times &quot;Lei Feng&quot; and &quot;Lei Feng&quot;. Please check the box that you agree to the Terms and Conditions. Then type in the password &quot;wikicaptcha&quot; and click on &quot;submit&quot;. You will receive a confirmation email with a link. You can click on the link, confirm your identity and create a password. Then you need to wait 1-2 days until the teacher grants you access. You will receive another email when it will work. With the access to this wiki, you can directly edit everything, including this page. If you want to learn how to edit on Wiki, please read here: [uvu:Community_Portal] After editing, you will be asked for a password to save changes, this time the password is &quot;wikicaptcha&quot;.<br /> <br /> 4. Please register on the WeChat Group of this class. The WeChat Group will be created by the Teaching Assistant. Please make sure to display your name in the group with the following details: &quot;Lei Feng 雷锋 20级 笔译&quot;.<br /> <br /> 5. For communication please add the teacher good_old_cathay to your WeChat contacts.<br /> <br /> 6. Please take the EU survey here: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY.<br /> <br /> Here a summary of the most important points in Chinese: <br /> @所有人 <br /> 请各位同学将群聊备注改为姓名拼音 姓名 班级的格式，如 Li Xin 李欣 21级 英语笔译。请各位同学浏览此网站了解本学期的课程要求：https://bou.de/u/wiki/Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022 （短一点的是https://bou.de/u/ ，然后按我们课的链接）. 我们的课程还需要六位同学分别做网站管理员（1位）和调查助手（5位），期末可以得到一定加分，请有意向的同学在今天晚上六点前私聊我。请大家尽快完成以下课程前准备：<br /> http://bit.ly/Eval-01 完成此测验<br /> https://bit.ly/WIKIREG 请在此维基网站上注册，用户名和真实姓名都请填写自己姓名的拼音，像&quot;Li Xin&quot;和&quot;Li Xin&quot;，密码填wikicaptcha，收到邮件确认身份后等待老师通过<br /> 完成欧盟调查问卷 http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY <br /> 注：有的链接可能要用vpn才能进<br /> ==<br /> Student roll: <br /> 唐英姿 曾锦泉 舒思靖 刘欣雯 陈奕铮 秦安妮 谢诗祎 谷钰婷 刘盈池 何颖 姜露云 吴松芸 文茜 吴婷 胡艺镪 舒锦玉 赵喜珍 曹文 王佳绮 宋奕芳 胡欣平 邓颖杰 汪奕含 吴倩 许谱亮 丁倩 王鑫鹏 李璐瑶<br /> <br /> =First Session Mon 21, 2022 14:30-16:40 - Organizational Things=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> [[Media: 01_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Duties in Class==<br /> 1. Please come to class prepared. This means please read the book chapter, search for more information about the topic online and learn the vocabulary related to the topic for each session in advance. It is much more benefetial for yourself and for the others. Also the discussions in class then can be conducted on a much more sophisticated level. Please reserve at least two hours of preparation for each session. You have received the textbook pdf via the WeChat group: Woesler, Martin. (2023). Chinese Culture, Bochum: European University Press, 1000 pages.<br /> <br /> 2. Please do your homework seriously every week and submit it in wiki 3 days before the class starts and the corrections of your fellow student's homework 1 day before the class starts. [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF HOMEWORKS]]<br /> <br /> 3. Please participate actively in class. This means for each session: Please ask at least one question or participate with at least one contribution in the discussion.<br /> <br /> 4. Please select the topic for the presentation you will do in class already until session 2 (if we have more students than sessions, then build groups of two - one doing presentation, one a written handout on the same topic). Please remember to upload and link your presentation and your handout here on this website a week ahead to enable your fellow students to prepare it. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF TOPICS]] - This is the same list as the LIST OF PRESENTATIONS and the LIST OF SESSION TOPICS.<br /> <br /> 5. Please select a topic of your final exam paper (5,000 English words) until session 2. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]]<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on use of time inside and outside the classroom==<br /> Since it does not make sense to come together in the classroom and then jointly start reading the primary or secondary literature, please read the texts before class so that we can save the precious classroom time for a well informed discussion about the texts.<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on weight of grades==<br /> *Final Exam paper: 70 percent<br /> *Performance in class: 30 percent (consisting out of oral contributions/participation, 1 presentation or handout per term, participation in surveys and quizzes, homework) - this grade gets extra points if you take over additional duties like survey assistants.<br /> <br /> Note: Grades may take months to be entered into the grade system, since sometimes there are more than 100 students and the teachers want to pay respect to each student and read their final exam paper carefully.<br /> <br /> [[File:Example.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Example for inserting pictures.]]<br /> ==Homework of Session 1 for Session 2==<br /> 1. Please select a topic you want to give a 5-minute ppt presentation on. You can reserve your topic by writing your name behind the topic in the respective section of the Sessions beneath (not above). Please note: If there is no textbook text for the topic, we need 2 more students for this topic, 1 to prepare a textbook text and the 2nd student to write the &quot;terms&quot;, &quot;references&quot;, &quot;questions&quot; and (please submit to teacher and student assistant): &quot;answers&quot;. Please make sure to post the text and appendix at least 1 week ahead of time under the session beneath. Please make sure to send the quiz questions at least 1 week ahead of time to the survey students that they can make a quiz and send the quiz answers at least 1 week ahead of time to the teaching assistant, so that she can grade the quizzes.<br /> <br /> 2. Please prepare all texts for the next session and take the quiz on these texts before the next session starts.<br /> <br /> 3. If you have not yet done so, please add the biographical info on yourself on your wiki homepage. You can find your wiki homepage by typing directly into you browser: https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:He_Minghui - of course Wang Jianguo is just a sample name, you would have to replace it with your own username and exchange the space by an understroke.<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Wiki admin]]: Please set up all homework texts (I have copied chapter 24 to our homework page and you need to split about 3 lines text in average to each student) on new webpages and link them in all sessions beneath. Please also set up dummy links for [[ppt upload]].<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Survey assistant]] Students: Please set up quizzes for all topics on wjx.org, students need to indicate their name and student id. Please paste the link to the quiz here under the respective session and topic beneath. Please tell the teaching assistant the correct answers to the quizzes, so that the teaching assistant can transfer the grades from the quizzes into the student role grade table. Please use <br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Teaching assistant]]: Please write a grade for each student into the student roll grade list. A student who has done the homework (without Pinyin) gets 100 percent for this, a student who has done the correction of a homework of his fellow student gets another 100 percent. A student who has presented a ppt, written a textbook text or a textbook text appendix gets another 100 percent.<br /> <br /> General remarks: I have now created a ranking list of the topics the students selected and published on our course website. Everybody should perform the homework now. This includes special work for the teaching assistant, the wiki admin and the survey students. <br /> <br /> Escpecially the [[Wiki admin]] needs to split the text which needs to be translated into small parts for each student and indicate the students' names so that they can find it easier. Every student can already pick a topic to do a presentation on and write the name behind the topic. <br /> <br /> Also, every student needs to read the textbook texts for coming Monday to be prepared, the survey students need to set up quizzes for the textbook texts and the students need to take the quizzes before class starts on Monday. It is a lot of work, but it will get better, when all of you get used to it. Also, much of the homework, especially setting up webpages for homework etc., including the presentations, creating missing texts in the textbook etc. can be started already now, so that one can do most of the homework for the whole semester already now. <br /> <br /> If people want to start writing their final exam papers, they can also start maybe in March, if they like. The earlier things are done the better and the more chances there are to still improve things during the semester. Here is the link to the homeworks listed for all students and the students with special tasks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022#Homework_of_Session_1_for_Session_2]]<br /> <br /> --[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 06:19, 25 February 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Schedule of Session Topics==<br /> Here is the '''Ranking List of Topics''' as voted on by you:<br /> <br /> '''Rank Topic Percentage''' (please do not write your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front)<br /> <br /> Topic Percentage<br /> <br /> 1 Beverages: Milk Tea 76%<br /> <br /> 2 Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 76%<br /> <br /> 3 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 75%<br /> <br /> 4 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 73%<br /> <br /> 5 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 72%<br /> <br /> 6 Facial Make-up 72%<br /> <br /> 7 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 71%<br /> <br /> 8 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 70%<br /> <br /> 9 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok) 70%<br /> <br /> 10 Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 70%<br /> <br /> 11 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology 68%<br /> <br /> 12 Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 67%<br /> <br /> 13 Chinese Movies 67%<br /> <br /> 14 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 66%<br /> <br /> 15 Animals: Panda 65%<br /> <br /> 16 Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 65%<br /> <br /> 17 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD) 65%<br /> <br /> 18 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝) 64%<br /> <br /> 19 Clothing: Chinese Clothing 63%<br /> <br /> 20 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 63%<br /> <br /> 21 Beverages: Tea 62%<br /> <br /> 22 Mythology: Huli-jing 62%<br /> <br /> 23 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 61%<br /> <br /> 24 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 61%<br /> <br /> 25 Mythology: Gods and Immortals 60%<br /> <br /> 26 Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 60%<br /> <br /> 27 Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 59%<br /> <br /> 28 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 58%<br /> <br /> 29 Architecture: The Forbidden City 58%<br /> <br /> 30 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 58%<br /> <br /> 31 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 58%<br /> <br /> 32 Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 58%<br /> <br /> 33 Fine Arts: Painting 57%<br /> <br /> 34 Games: Kite Flying 57%<br /> <br /> 35 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 57%<br /> <br /> 36 Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 57%<br /> <br /> 37 Astrology: Chinese Astrology 56%<br /> <br /> 38 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 56%<br /> <br /> 39 Social: Round Table Culture 56%<br /> <br /> 40 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游) 56%<br /> <br /> 41 Clothing: Cheongsam 55%<br /> <br /> 42 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 55%<br /> <br /> 43 Traditional Festivals 55%<br /> <br /> 44 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 54%<br /> <br /> 45 Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 54%<br /> <br /> 46 Language: Chinese Dialects 54%<br /> <br /> 47 Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 54%<br /> <br /> 48 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 54%<br /> <br /> 49 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 54%<br /> <br /> 50 National Belief: the Chinese Dream 54%<br /> <br /> 51 Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 53%<br /> <br /> 52 Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 53%<br /> <br /> 53 Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 53%<br /> <br /> 54 Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 53%<br /> <br /> 55 Party Culture (celebretations) 53%<br /> <br /> 56 Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 53%<br /> <br /> 57 Clothing: Vintage Clothing 53%<br /> <br /> 58 Garden Culture: Gardens 52%<br /> <br /> 59 Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 52%<br /> <br /> 60 Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 52%<br /> <br /> Here is the list of session topics sorted by sessions/date. Please indicate your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front.<br /> <br /> '''Session Rank Topic Percentage'''<br /> <br /> 美食烹饪<br /> Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan<br /> <br /> 文化习俗<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> 艺术<br /> <br /> Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> <br /> 日常生活<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> 古代人物评价<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> 文学<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> 动物<br /> <br /> Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> 建筑<br /> <br /> Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> 占星术<br /> <br /> Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> =2nd Session Mon Mar 6, 2023: Cuisine=<br /> '''Topics on Mar 6'''<br /> ==Before class starts: Please read the 4 texts in the textbook and take the quiz to show that you have learned the 4 texts==<br /> <br /> ===quiz===<br /> <br /> tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wnSF2vj.aspx#<br /> <br /> milk tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/e8fupKA.aspx#<br /> <br /> the liquor culture of ancient China：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/eO53AfH.aspx#<br /> <br /> hotpot：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YVyl2Ux.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Milk Tea==<br /> 1. student presentation by tang Yingzi 唐英姿 on Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Milk Tea Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi.]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Tea==<br /> 2. student presentation by Zeng Jingquan曾锦泉 on Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part one.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part two.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.part2]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China==<br /> 3. student presentation by Shu Sijing 舒思靖<br /> <br /> [[Media:The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.]]<br /> <br /> ==Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot==<br /> 4. student presentation by Liu Xinwen 刘欣雯<br /> <br /> [[Media:Hot Pot.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on the Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot.]]<br /> <br /> ==Teacher presentation for download==<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_1.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_2.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_3.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 2 Mar 6 , for Session 3, Mar 8==<br /> <br /> *Read textbook text <br /> <br /> *Take the quiz :<br /> <br /> =Session 3, Wed Mar 8, 12:30-14:10. Architecture=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine The Art of Chinese Cooking.pptx|This is the ppt by Qing Anni]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine.pptx|This is the ppt by Xie Shiyi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Breakfast Culture of Wuhan.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi ]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 3 for Session 4==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> Eight Major Cuisines of China: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PSRarKM.aspx# <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Y0OxQSl.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PGmUI4R.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Breakfast Culture of Wuhan：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/t4X8Eh0.aspx<br /> <br /> =Session 4, Fri Mar 10: Mythology and Literature=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines===<br /> <br /> 何颖 student presentation <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 1 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines1]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 2 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines2]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick===<br /> <br /> 姜露云 student presentation [[Media:Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick ]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi===<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 student presentation [[Media:Jiaozi Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Traditional Cuisine 1: Jiaozi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan===<br /> <br /> 文茜student presentation [[Media:Tangyuan Wen Xi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wen Xi on Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz:==<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coa�ted Haws on a Stick ： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m70xGt2.aspx# <br /> <br /> Tangyuan ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/OgkndYQ.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m7T0xRd.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 4 for Session 5==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Read textbook<br /> <br /> =Session 5, Mar 13 Mon=<br /> <br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love Wuting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wuting on Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Chinese Marriage Customs Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Habits, Ways of Contacting Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting ]]<br /> <br /> 赵喜珍 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money Zhao Xizhen.pptx|This is the ppt by Zhao Xizhen on The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> <br /> P838 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage <br /> and Love: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Pf4RX7W.aspx# <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QN6N6B7.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 5 for Session 6==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> <br /> *Read textbook <br /> <br /> =Session 6, Wen Mar 15 =<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> 曹文 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Spring Festival Couplets Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Traditional Festivals]]<br /> <br /> 宋奕芳 Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang1.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Social: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang2.0.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Socia2: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> 胡欣平 Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping1.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping2.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PKRqrVP.aspx<br /> <br /> P694 Social: Round Table Culture： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/mepnL03.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 6 for Session 7==<br /> *Read the textbook<br /> <br /> ==Session 7, Fri Mar 17==<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Stage entertainment Crosstalk Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Stage entertainment: Crosstalk]]<br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Fine Arts Painting Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Fine Arts: Painting]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Games Kite Flying Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Games: Kite Flying]]<br /> <br /> 许谱亮 Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Chinese Movies by Xu Puliang.pptx|This is the ppt by Xu Puliang on Chinese Movies]]<br /> <br /> ==quizs=<br /> <br /> P353 Language: Chinese Dialects: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Otl8YiZ.aspx# <br /> <br /> p699 Crosstalk :https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m5X0RqX.aspx<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m9zP0RL.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 8,Mon,2023.3.20=<br /> <br /> ==Students' Presentations==<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Ding Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Facial Make-up ]]<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian1.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian2.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian3.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao2.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> 唐英姿 Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Cheongsam Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi on Clothing: Cheongsam]]<br /> <br /> =Session 9, Wen, 2023.3.22=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曾锦泉 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Buytogether (PDD) Zeng Jingquan.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan on Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)]]<br /> <br /> 舒思靖 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Douyin (Tik Tok) Shu Sijing.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)]]<br /> <br /> 刘欣雯 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Taobao Liu Xinwen.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on Science and Technology: Taobao]]<br /> <br /> 秦安妮 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Chinese Economy rich businessmen Qin Anni.pptx|This is the ppt by Qin Anni on Chinese Economy: rich businessmen]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> =Final Exam Paper=<br /> The final exam paper makes 60% of the total grade. You can start to write your paper now. Fellow students are allowed and encouraged to correct your mistakes.<br /> <br /> Please write a new chapter in the course book, explaining an element of Chinese culture. Please use the structure you know from the textbook: Text (please make paragraphs no longer than 3 sentences. Please indicate at least 1 reference per paragraph), Terms (English and Chinese), Questions (multiple choice, please also provide the answers), References<br /> <br /> You can write your final exam paper here [[Culture2022_final_exam_papers]]<br /> <br /> =Here is a sample of the website from last year's course=<br /> Quicklinks: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Course Homepage (this page)]]. [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] Homework [[20210303_culture|1, Mar 3 Chapters 1-4]], [[20210310_culture|2, Mar 10 Chapters 6-7]], [[20210317_culture|3, Mar 17 Chapters 11-13]], [[20210324_culture|4, Mar 24 Chapters 15-17]], [[20210331_culture|5, Mar 31 Chapters 4-7]], [[20210407_culture|6, Apr 7 Chapters 8-10]], [[20210414_culture|7, Apr 14 Chapters 13-15]] , [[20210421_culture|8, Apr 21 Chapters 17-19]] (这是5.19的作业）[[20210526_culture|13, May 26 Chapters 17-20]][[20210602_culture|14, June 2 Chapters 21-23]] etc. [[20210601_culture|Final Exam &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;extended deadline June 15&lt;/span&gt;]]<br /> <br /> '''《红楼梦》程甲本'''<br /> <br /> Welcome to our course website '''Foundations of Chinese Cultures 2022'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is welcome!<br /> <br /> 欢迎访问我们'''中国文化基础'''网页。…………--[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 07:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)<br /> <br /> =Organizational Things=<br /> *Please register for the Course Wiki.<br /> *Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.<br /> ==Description of Homework==<br /> *Our website admin student is Zhu Renduo.<br /> ===Regular students===<br /> 1. Please read and prepare all the texts for the next textbook unit.<br /> <br /> 2. Please go to the homework page and translate the short passage of the Dream of the Red Chamber into English. Do not forget to sign by typing - - ~ ~ ~ ~ (without spaces) at the end.<br /> <br /> Then please help your fellow students to correct and improve their translations. Do not forget to sign by typing - - ~ ~ ~ ~ (without spaces) at the end.<br /> <br /> 3. Once in the semester, you give a presentation on a topic of the textbook. Please do not just repeat the content, but say something from the perspective of a translator: What problems do you encounter when translating the textbook text or when translating texts of this topic. One student can do a presentation, the other can do a handout. Both contributions are graded separately.<br /> <br /> ===Website Admin student===<br /> Thank you for helping to watch the Wiki website! Please make sure that it looks nice (formatting, especially if a fellow students makes a mess by putting the wrong format etc., should not look to crowded, so make sub-websites for homework etc.). <br /> <br /> ===Online Survey students===<br /> There will be several online surveys conducted throughout the semester. <br /> Please fill in the first survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY<br /> Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2.<br /> <br /> ==Edits==<br /> Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:<br /> * Translate a pragraph from English to Chinese.<br /> * Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.<br /> * Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.<br /> * Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on &quot;History of Translations&quot;, &quot;History of Translation Theories&quot;, &quot;Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?&quot;, &quot;Culture loaded words&quot;, &quot;The cultural turn in Translation History&quot;...<br /> <br /> ==Material==<br /> The coursebook will be provided to you in the WeChat Group.<br /> <br /> Please rate the 127 topics on http://shijiehanxue.mikecrm.com/uysEi5J or http://bit.ly/rate_topics (you can only rate once). We will select the top 45 topics and deal with 3 topics per week/session.<br /> <br /> '''Results of the Rating'''<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse;width:500pt&quot; width=&quot;450&quot;<br /> cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl65&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;width:62pt&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;Order&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl65&quot; style=&quot;border-left:none;width:62pt&quot;<br /> width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;Date&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl66&quot; style=&quot;border-left:none;width:508pt&quot;<br /> width=&quot;677&quot;&gt;Topic&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl65&quot; style=&quot;border-left:none;width:62pt&quot;<br /> width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;Chapter&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl65&quot; style=&quot;border-left:none;width:44pt&quot;<br /> width=&quot;58&quot;&gt;Points&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl67&quot; style=&quot;border-left:none;width:44pt&quot;<br /> width=&quot;58&quot;&gt;Popularity&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;10.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Beverages:<br /> Milk Tea&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;474&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;79%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;10.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines in China&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;468&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;78%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;10.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Beverages:<br /> Tea&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;451&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;75%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;17.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Architecture:<br /> <br /> Architecture and Gardens, The Forbidden City&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;36&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;433&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;72%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;17.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Festivals&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;432&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;72%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;17.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;108&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;427&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;71%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;24.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;423&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;71%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;24.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;119&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;417&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;70%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;24.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;415&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;69%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;31.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Aesthetic<br /> ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;110&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;409&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;68%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;31.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Music and instruments: Pipa&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;95&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;406&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;68%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;31.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;404&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;67%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;07.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Silk<br /> and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;401&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;67%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;07.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;396&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;66%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;07.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;98&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;395&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;66%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;14.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Garden<br /> Culture: The Summer Palace&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;41&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;385&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;64%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;14.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;106&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;384&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;64%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;18&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;14.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;99&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;383&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;64%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;19&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;21.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Architecture&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;377&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;63%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;20&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;21.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Music and instruments: Guzheng&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;94&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;375&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;63%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;21&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;21.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;71&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;372&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;62%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;22&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;28.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Ancient<br /> literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;49&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;371&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;62%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;23&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;28.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;369&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;62%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;24&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;28.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese language: Chinese Dialects&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;45&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;368&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;61%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;25&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;08.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Animals:<br /> Panda&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;366&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;61%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;26&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;08.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;97&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;365&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;61%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;27&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;08.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Mythology: Huli-jing&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;73&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;364&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;61%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;28&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;12.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;364&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;61%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;29&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;12.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;362&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;60%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;30&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;12.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese clothing / interieur: Chinese clothing&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;112&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;361&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;60%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;31&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;19.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Facial Make-up&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;360&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;60%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;32&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;19.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;357&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;60%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;33&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;19.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Premodern literature: Tang and Song (2 texts)&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;51&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;357&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;60%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;34&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;26.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Medicine: The Development of Chinese Medicine&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;356&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;59%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;26.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien<br /> Chung-shu)&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;56&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;349&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;58%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;36&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;26.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;103&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;346&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;58%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;37&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;02.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;72&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;346&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;58%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;38&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;02.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Stage entertainment: Shadow Play&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;344&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;57%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;39&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;02.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;70&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;338&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;56%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;40&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;09.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;336&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;56%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;41&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;09.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Landscapes and tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;122&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;333&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;56%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;42&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;09.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Crafts: Carving&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;326&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;54%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;16.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Landscapes and tourism: Tourism, Nanjing-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;126&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;319&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;44&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;16.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;317&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;45&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;16.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;317&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;46&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Fine Arts: Painting&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;316&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese clothing / interieur: Cheongsam&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;113&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;312&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;52%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;48&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;89&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;309&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;52%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;49&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song<br /> Dynasty)&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;105&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;308&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;50&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Beijing Opera: Actor Mei Lanfang&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;61&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;306&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Education: Ancient Chinese Education&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;116&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;305&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;52&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese language&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;44&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;304&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;53&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Crafts: Embroidery&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;304&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;54&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Mythology: Gods and Immortals&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;74&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;303&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;55&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Writing: Calligraphy&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;302&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;50%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;56&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Landscapes and tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;123&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;300&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;50%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;57&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;299&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;50%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;58&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Premodern literature: Li Bai's 李白 《长干行》 and its translations&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;52&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;297&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;50%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;59&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Medicine: Acupuncture and Moxibustion&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;67&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;296&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;49%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;60&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Silk and porcelain: Silk&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;296&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;49%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;61&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;294&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;49%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;62&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Stage entertainment: Chinese cinema (dramas and movies) and its popularity and affection in Vietnam&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;101&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;294&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;49%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;63&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Games: Go 围棋&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;107&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;291&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;49%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;64&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Premodern<br /> literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;54&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;289&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;48%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;65&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Religions: Daoism&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;76&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;288&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;48%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;66&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;286&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;48%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;67&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Architecture:<br /> Bridges&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;39&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;284&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;68&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Education:<br /> Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies)&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;117&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;283&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;69&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Landscapes<br /> and tourism: Mogao Grottoes&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;124&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;283&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;70&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk<br /> Road&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;90&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;283&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;71&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Ancient<br /> literature: Classical Literature&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;281&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;72&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Army<br /> and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;121&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;281&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;73&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Aesthetic<br /> ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;279&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;74&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Architecture:<br /> Three Great Towers in China&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;38&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;275&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;75&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Fine<br /> Arts: Seal-cutting&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;33&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;275&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;76&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Silk<br /> Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;91&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;275&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;77&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Garden<br /> Culture: Gardens&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;274&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;78&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> Medicine: Diagnosis and Pharmacology&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;273&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;79&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Beijing<br /> Opera&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;272&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;45%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;80&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;272&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;45%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;81&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Premodern<br /> literature: China's Four Great Classical Novels&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;53&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;270&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;45%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;82&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> clothing / interieur: The Folding Screen&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;115&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;267&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;45%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;83&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Ancient<br /> literature: Chinese Mythology&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;265&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;44%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;84&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> Medicine: Zhang Zhongjing&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;69&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;264&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;44%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;85&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Landscapes<br /> and tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;125&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;263&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;44%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;86&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Martial<br /> Arts: Qigong&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;262&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;44%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;87&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Architecture:<br /> Four Great Pavilions&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;37&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;261&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;44%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;88&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Religions:<br /> Buddhism&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;75&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;260&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;89&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Cuisine: Chopsticks&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;260&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;90&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Westernization:<br /> The Eastward Spread of Western Learning&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;92&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;260&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;91&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Body<br /> movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;104&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;259&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;92&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Body<br /> movement performance: Stilts&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;102&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;259&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;93&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Science<br /> and Technology: Compass&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;259&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;94&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;258&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;95&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;255&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;96&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Garden<br /> Culture: Bonsai (Penjing)&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;43&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;253&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;42%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;97&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Crafts: Lacquerware&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;247&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;41%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;98&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> clothing / interieur: Batik&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;114&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;242&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;40%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;99&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Confucianism:<br /> <br /> Confucian Culture&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;81&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;237&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;40%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;100&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Westernization:<br /> The Westernization Movement&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;236&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;39%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;101&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Modern and Contemporary Literature: Novels&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;234&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;39%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;102&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction,<br /> and Fantasy&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;59&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;233&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;39%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;103&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Ancient<br /> literature: Yue Fu&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;47&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;231&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;39%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;104&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Modern and Contemporary Literature: Modern Literature&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;55&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;231&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;39%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;105&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;118&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;229&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;38%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;106&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Confucianism: Four Main Philosophic Schools&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;79&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;226&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;38%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;107&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;85&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;225&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;38%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;108&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;111&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;219&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;37%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;109&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Landscapes<br /> and tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;127&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;213&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;36%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;110&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Beijing<br /> Opera: Beijing Opera Acrobatics&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;62&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;211&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;111&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Confucianism:<br /> <br /> Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;80&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;211&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;112&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Martial<br /> Arts: Wushu&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;63&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;211&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;113&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Army<br /> and weapons: Terracotta Army&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;120&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;210&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;114&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Fine<br /> Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;34&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;210&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;115&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Martial<br /> Arts: Huo Yuanjia&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;65&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;210&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;116&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Modern and Contemporary Literature: Contemporary Literature&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;58&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;209&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;117&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Daoism&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;84&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;204&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;34%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;118&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> <br /> Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;203&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;34%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;119&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Silk<br /> and porcelain: Porcelain&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;197&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;33%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;120&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;88&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;196&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;33%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;121&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Confucianism:<br /> Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;83&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;195&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;33%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;122&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Crafts: Cloisonne&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;194&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;32%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;123&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Religions:<br /> <br /> Christianity&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;78&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;176&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;29%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;124&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Religions:<br /> Islam&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;77&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;171&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;29%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;125&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Confucianism:<br /> <br /> Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;82&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;170&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;28%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;126&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;87&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;168&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;28%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;127&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;86&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;154&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;26%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> =Schedule=<br /> 1st Session: Organizational things<br /> <br /> Vote on the topics for the current semester.<br /> <br /> At the end of the session: Take the EU survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY<br /> <br /> 2nd session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> 3rd session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> 4th session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> 5th session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> 6th session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> 7th session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> 8th session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> ...<br /> <br /> New topics suggested by students: ...<br /> <br /> ==1st Session==<br /> *Teacher Classroom presentation 01 [[Media:Found_Chin_Cult_01.ppt|Teacher presentation of 1st session]]<br /> *Teacher Course Book is provided in WeChat group. Cannot be uploaded here because of copyright reasons.<br /> <br /> Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 1 (Mar 3, 2021), due for Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021)===<br /> 1. Every student receives a short paragraph in English to translate into Chinese. You can &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''write it [[20210303_culture|here]]'''&lt;/span&gt;.<br /> <br /> The full text which should be translated throughout the year is [[Media:Chengjiaben.doc]]<br /> <br /> 2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.<br /> <br /> 3. Please answer the quiz on ... (see links in WeChat group)<br /> <br /> ==2nd Session Mar 10, 2021: Milk Tea, Eight Major Cuisines, Tea==<br /> ===Homework as a preparation for March 10===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 1 (Mar 3, 2021), due for Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021) [[20210303_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary. The texts are: 1 Beverages: Milk Tea, 2 Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines in China, 3 Beverages: Tea.<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts:<br /> *Milk Tea http://geip720doqudd7v4.mikecrm.com/bpJOj93<br /> *Eight Major Cuisines in China http://jy0tp60pjbxfwebr.mikecrm.com/fY4Aggt<br /> *Tea http://mtv80dxnpmlcptyw.mikecrm.com/VkAgGL6<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ===Presentations March 10===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Tea.pptx|Powerpoint for 2nd session on Tea by Martin Woesler]] for download<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation on topic 1 Milk Tea [[Media:Milk_Tea_by_Shu_Lin.ppt|Presentation on Milk Tea by Shu Lin 舒琳]]<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation on topic 2 Eight Major Cuisines [[Media:Traditional_Cuisine_Eight_Major_Cuisines_in_China_by_Su_Xiao.pptx|Presentation on Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines in China by Su Xiao 苏潇]]<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation on topic 3 Tea [[Media:Tea_by_Teng_Bixia.ppt|Presentation on tea by Teng Bixia 滕璧霞]]<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021) for Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021), due for Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021) [[20210310_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==3rd Session Mar 17: Architecture incl. Forbidden City, Traditional Festivals, Handsome Men==<br /> ===Homework as a preparation for Mar 17===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021), due for Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021) [[20210310_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts:<br /> *Architecture, including Forbidden Cities http://sg.mikecrm.com/T9apJoZ<br /> *Traditional Festivals http://u3xxio2gkk43us5u.mikecrm.com/KdFESNp<br /> *Aesthetic Ideals: The Four Most Handsome Men https://ks.wjx.top/vm/YHNWyGB.aspx<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ===Presentations Mar 17===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:03_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Architecture.pptx|Powerpoint for 3rd session on Architecture by Martin Woesler]] for download (will be uploaded after class)<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no. 4 on topic Architecture and Gardens, The Forbidden City [[Media:Architecture_and_Forbidden_City.ppt|Presentation on Architecture and Forbidden City by Mr. Zhào Kē 赵轲]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Spring_Festival.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Photo - cc licence.]]<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 5 on topic Traditional Festivals [[Media:Traditional_Festivals.ppt|Presentation on Traditional Festivals by Yì Míngxiá 易明霞]]<br /> <br /> [[File:King_Lanling.png|500px|thumb|right|Manga version of King Lanling - no copyright.]]<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 6 on topic Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China [[Media:Four_Most_Handsome_Men.ppt|Presentation on The Four Most Handsome Men by Péng Jiāyù 彭佳钰]]<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021) for Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021), due for Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021) [[20210317_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==4th Session Mar 24: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines; Historical Figures, Four Women; Two Famous Dishes==<br /> ===Homework as a preparation for Mar 24===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021), due for Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021) [[20210317_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary. <br /> <br /> This time, you do not need to take the quizzes about the three texts to prepare in advance.<br /> <br /> 3. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ===Session Mar 24: Quizzes and Presentations===<br /> <br /> '''Contents for today's Session'''<br /> *Four Distinct Regional Cuisines<br /> *Historical Figures, Four Women<br /> *Two Famous Dishes<br /> <br /> *Explanation about Hounglou Meng translation homework<br /> <br /> *We take the following quizzes in class to check on the preparation for today:<br /> *Four Distinct Regional Cuisines https://ks.wjx.top/vj/tUEq5AW.aspx<br /> *Historical Figures, Four Women https://ks.wjx.top/vm/YhIAxyb.aspx<br /> *Two Famous Dishes https://ks.wjx.top/vm/ek295PA.aspx<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:04_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Cuisine_Women.pptx|Powerpoint for 4th session on Cuisine and Women by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no. 7 on topic Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines [[Media:Traditional_Cuisine_Four_Distinct_Regional_Cuisines.ppt|Presentation on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines by 王子涵]]<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 8 on topic Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China [[Media:Education_Historical_Figures_The_Four_Talented_Women_of_Ancient_China.ppt|Presentation on Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China by 袁静]]<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 9 on topic Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes [[Media:Traditional_Cuisine_Two_Famous_Dishes.ppt|Presentation on Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes by 刘廷阳]]<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021) for Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021), due for Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021) [[20210324_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==5th Session Mar 31: Marriage Customs; Pipa; The Art of Chinese Cooking==<br /> ===Homework as a preparation for Mar 31===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021), due for Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021) [[20210324_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> *Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> *Music and instruments: Pipa<br /> *Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking<br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 杜心语, 刘卓凡, 戴沐雨: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ===Presentations Mar 31===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:05_Foundation_Marriage_Pipa_Cooking.pptx|Powerpoint for 5th session on Marriage/Pipa/Cooking by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no. 10 on topic Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs [[Media:Marriage.ppt|Presentation on Marriage Customs by 杜心语]]<br /> <br /> Quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/w3HDLsU.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 11 on topic Music and instruments: Pipa [[Media:Pipa.ppt|Presentation on Music and instruments: Pipa by 刘卓凡]]<br /> <br /> Quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/rutjD9h.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 12 on topic Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking [[Media:Cooking.ppt|Presentation on the Art of Chinese Cooking by 戴沐雨]]<br /> <br /> Quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q0s0tfA.aspx<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021) for Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021), due for Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021) [[20210331_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 唐启洲, 邓丹, 吴欣欣: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==6th Session Apr 7: Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词; Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette; Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up==<br /> ===Homework as a preparation for Apr 7===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021), due for Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021) [[20210331_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. (Only for the 3 students 唐启洲, 邓丹, 吴欣欣: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ===Presentations Apr 7===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:06_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Celdaon_Etiquette_Make-up.pptx|Powerpoint for 6th session on Apr 7 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> Repitition of last session: presentation no. 10 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs Presentation on Marriage Customs by Dù Xīnyǔ 杜心语 (Quiz has been taken)<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no. 13 on topic Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 by 唐启洲 Tang Qizhou [[Media:Celadon_by_Tang_Qizhou.ppt|Presentation on Celadon by 唐启洲]]<br /> <br /> Compare old presentations [[Media:Celadon.pptx]] by Chen Jingjing 18 October 2020 (UTC) and <br /> Handout [[Media:Celadon.docx]] by Gao Mingzhu 18 October 2020 (UTC)<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 14 on topic Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette by 邓丹 Deng Dan [[Media:Dining_Etiquette.ppt|Presentation on Dinging_Etiquette by 邓丹]]<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 15 on topic Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up by 吴欣欣 Wu Xinxin [[Media:Make-up.ppt|Presentation on Make-up by 吴欣欣]]<br /> <br /> During class: please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> *13 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 by Tang Qizhou 唐启洲 https://ks.wjx.top/vj/mbCcX4k.aspx<br /> *14 Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette by Deng Dan 邓丹https://ks.wjx.top/vj/eToeY28.aspx<br /> *15 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up by Wu Xinxin 吴欣欣 https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QsAO21a.aspx<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021) for Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021), due for Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021) [[20210407_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 丁仲夏, 汤惠, 王沁瑜: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==7th Session Apr 14: Garden Culture: The Summer Palace; Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money; Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声==<br /> ===Homework as a preparation for Apr 14===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021), due for Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021) [[20210407_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. (Only for the 3 students 丁仲夏, 汤惠, 王沁瑜: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ===Presentations Apr 7===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:07_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 7th session on Apr 14 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no. 16 on topic Garden Culture: The Summer Palace by 丁仲夏 [[Media:Summer_Palace_by_Ding_Zhongxia.pptx|Presentation on Summer Palace by 丁仲夏]] Quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/emI82uf.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 17 on topic Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money by Tang Hui 汤惠 [[Media:Red_Envelope_by_Tang_Hui.pptx|Presentation on Red Envelope by Tang Hui 汤惠]] Quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QQ50gHA.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 18 on topic Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 by 王沁瑜 [[Media:Crosstalk_by_Wang_Xinyu.pptx|Presentation on Crosstalk by Wang Xinyu 王沁瑜]] <br /> https://ks.wjx.top/vj/mRSdEeX.aspx<br /> <br /> During class: please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> *16 Garden Culture: The Summer Palace by 黄梓龙<br /> *17 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money by 黄沥霈<br /> *18 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 by 鲍沁雯<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021) for Session 8 (Apr 21, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021), due for Session 8 (Apr 21, 2021) [[20210414_culture|7, Apr 14 Chapters 13-15]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 黄梓龙，黄沥霈，鲍沁雯: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Session 8 (April 21, 2021) Architecture, Guzheng and Zodiac==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations Apr 21===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:08_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 8th session on Apr 21 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no.19 on topic Architecture by 黄梓龙 Huang Zilong [[Media:Architecture.pptx|Presentation on topic Architecture by 黄梓龙 Huang Zilong]], quiz quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/exCQe42.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 20 on topic Music and instruments: Guzheng by 黄沥霈 Huang Lipei[[Media:Music and instruments.pptx|Presentation on topic Music and instruments: Guzheng by 黄沥霈 Huang Lipei]], quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QhAxOuc.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 21 on topic Chinese Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac by 鲍沁雯 Bao Qinwen [[Media:Chinese Astrology.pptx|Presentation on topic Chinese Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac by 鲍沁雯 Bao Qinwen]] quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/mtuOXCk.aspx<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 8 (Apr 14, 2021) for Session 9 (Apr 21, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 8 (Apr 21, 2021), due for Session 9 (Apr 28, 2021) [[202104021_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 郭亚波，李艺浩，王楚仪: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==Session 9 (April 28, 2021): Four Folk Stories; Fairy Tales; Dialects==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations Apr 28===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:09_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 9th session on Apr 28 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no.22 on topic [[Media:pptx|Presentation]] <br /> Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China by Guo Yabo 郭亚<br /> <br /> https://ks.wjx.top/vj/tjSBAcA.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no.23 on topic Chinese fairy tales by 李艺浩 [[Media:Chinese fairy tales.pptx|Presentation on topic Chinese fairy tales by 李艺浩 Li Yihao]]<br /> <br /> https://ks.wjx.top/vj/wUOEtUD.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no.24 on [[Media:pptx|Presentation]]<br /> Chinese language: Chinese Dialects by Wang Chuyi 王楚仪<br /> <br /> https://ks.wjx.top/vm/P2rF4SZ.aspx<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 9 (Apr 28, 2021) for Session 10 (May 8, 2021)===<br /> 1.修改前七次作业中出现的人名<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 黄芳芳，王静怡，伍斯仪: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==Session 10 (May 8, 2021): Panda; Face Changing in Sichuan Opera; Mythology: Huli-jing==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations May 8===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:10_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 10th session on May 8 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> For interested students: [[Book_projects|Current book projects.]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no. 25 on Panda by 黄芳芳 [[Media:panda.pptx|Presentation on panda by Huang Fangfang 黄芳芳]] 这是quiz的链接：https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QDLYAKI.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 26 on topic Face Changing in Sichuan Opera by Wang Jingyi 王静怡[[Media:Face Changing in Sichuan Opera.pptx|Presentation on Face Changing in Sichuan Opera by Wang Jingyi 王静怡]] https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Pph4FZk.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 27 on Mythology:Huli-jing by 伍斯仪 [[Media:Mythology:Huli-jing.pptx|Presentation on Mythology: Huli-jing by Wu Siyi 伍斯仪]] https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QeARcL0.aspx<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 10 (May 8, 2021) for Session 11 (May 12, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 10 (May 8, 2021), due on Session 11 (May 12, 2021) [[202105008_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 28 么阳, 29 黄笑兰, 1 # ...: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==Session 11 (May 12, 2021): Paper-cutting; Douyin (Tik Tok); Chinese clothing==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations May 12===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:11_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 11th session on May 12 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 28. Classroom presentation [[Media:Paper-cutting.pptx|Presentation on May 12 by Yao Yang 么阳]] Classroom presentation no. 28 on paper cutting by Yao Yang 么阳. 这是quiz的链接：https://ks.wjx.top/vj/hWic51g.aspx<br /> <br /> 29. Classroom presentation no. 29 [[Media:Tiktok.pptx|on tiktok]] by Huang Xiaolan黄笑兰. 这是quiz的链接： https://ks.wjx.top/vj/YyKMJyZ.aspx<br /> <br /> 30. Classroom presentation no. 30 [[Media:ChineseClothing.pptx|on Chinese clothing]] by Shu Lin 舒琳. 这是quiz的链接：https://ks.wjx.top/vj/rPvogih.aspx<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 11 (May 12, 2021) for Session 12 (May 19, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 11 (May 12, 2021), due on Session 12 (May 19, 2021) [[202105012_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 31 #, 32 #, 33 # ...: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==Session 12 (May 19, 2021): Facial Make-up; Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China; Premodern literature: Tang and Song (2 texts)==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations May 19===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:12_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 12th session on May 19 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 31. Classroom presentation no.31 [[Media:Facial_Make-up.pptx|Presentation on May 19 on traditional Chinese Make-up by Su Xiao 苏潇]] <br /> <br /> 32. Classroom presentation no.32 [[Media:Beverages_The_Liquor_Culture_of_Ancient_China.pptx|on Beverages The Liquor Culture of Ancient China by 滕璧霞]] <br /> <br /> 33. Classroom presentation no.33 [[Media:Premodern_literature_Tang_and_Song_2_texts.pptx|on Premodern literature Tang and Song by 赵轲]]<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 12 (May 19, 2021) for Session 13 (May 26, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 12 (May 19, 2021), due on Session 13 (May 26, 2021) [[202105019_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook on Qian Zhongshu, Dance and Calendar/24 solar terms and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 34 Qian Zhongshu by Yì Míngxiá 易明霞, 35 Dance by Péng Jiāyù 彭佳钰, 36 Calendar, 24 solar terms by Wang Zihan 王子涵: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==Session 13 (May 26,2021): Chinese Medicine: The Development of Chinese Medicine; Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu); Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance ==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations May 26===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:13_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 13th session on May 26 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no.34 Presentation on [[Media:Chinese_Medicine.pptx|Chinese Medicine: The Development of Chinese Medicine]] by Yì Míngxiá 易明霞quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q1uEUyp.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. no.36 on Traditional [[Media:Chinese_Dance.pptx|Chinese Dance]] by Péng Jiāyù 彭佳钰 https://ks.wjx.top/vj/ez2zNsA.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no.37 Calendar: [[Media:24_solar_terms.pptx|24 solar terms]] by Wang Zihan 王子涵<br /> <br /> Next time:<br /> <br /> 4. Classroom presentation no.35 on Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) by ...<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 13 (May 26, 2021) for ( June 2, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 13 (May 26, 2021), due on (June 2, 2021) <br /> <br /> ==Session 14 (June 2,2021): Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu); Stage entertainment: Shadow Play; Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology ==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations June 2===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:14_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 14th session on June 2 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations and quizzes'''<br /> <br /> 1. Quiz on 24 solar terms https://ks.wjx.top/vj/h1iYEKj.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no.10[[Media:.pptx|Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs]] by 杜心语 (quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/w3HDLsU.aspx has been taken)<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no.35 [[Media:.pptx|Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu)]] by 袁静 Yuan Jing, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/OHy8u1P.aspx<br /> <br /> 4. Classroom presentation no.38 [[Media:.pptx|Stage entertainment: Shadow Play]] by 刘廷阳, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/YiDw8PV.aspx<br /> <br /> 5. Classroom presentation no.39 [[Media:.pptx|Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology]] by 杜心语, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q0MUUEL.aspx （杜心语第一轮pre的quiz大家已经完成了，所以不用再测<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 14 (June 02, 2021) for ( June 9, 2021)===<br /> [[20210602_culture|14, June 2 Chapters 21-23]]<br /> <br /> ==Session 15 (June 9,2021): Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters; Landscapes and tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains; Traditional Crafts: Carving ==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations June 9===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:15_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 15h session on June 9 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no.40 [[Media:Chinese_Characters.pptx|Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters]] by刘卓凡, Quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/YFwHXlD.aspx <br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no.41 [[Media:Landscape_Five_Famous_Mountains.pptx|Landscapes and tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains]] by 戴沐雨, Quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/YDrwyIM.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no.42 [[Media:Carving.pptx|Traditional Crafts: Carving]] by 唐启洲<br /> https://ks.wjx.top/vj/PpNbr3j.aspx<br /> <br /> 4. (?) Chinese Astrology（杜心语）Classroom presentation no.39 [[Media:Astrology.pptx|Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology]] by Du Xinyu 杜心语, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q0MUUEL.aspx 依旧待定<br /> <br /> ==Session 16 (June 16,2021): Landscapes and tourism: Tourism, Nanjing-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties;Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden; Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations June 16===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:16_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 16th session on June 16 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no.43 [[Media:Tourism.pptx|Landscapes and tourism: Tourism, Nanjing-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties]] by Deng Dan 邓丹, quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/t439hEm.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no.44 [[Media:Garden.pptx|Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscape Garden]] by Wu Xinxin 吴欣欣Quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/OKFUuXq.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no.45 [[Media:Crafts.pptx| Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots]] by Ding Zhongxia 丁仲夏 Quiz ps://ks.wjx.top/vj/eGI4k8R.aspx<br /> <br /> 4. Classroom presentation no.39 [[Media:Astrology.pptx|Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology]] by Du Xinyu 杜心语, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q0MUUEL.aspx 依旧待定<br /> <br /> ==Final Exam Paper (deadline June &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;, 2021)==<br /> The final exam paper makes 60% of the total grade. You can start to write your paper now. Fellow students are allowed and encouraged to correct your mistakes.<br /> <br /> Please write a new chapter (approximately 5,000 English characters/letters) in the course book, explaining an element of Chinese culture. Please use the structure you know from the textbook: Text (please make paragraphs no longer than 3 sentences. Please indicate at least 1 reference per paragraph), Terms (English and Chinese), Questions (multiple choice, please also provide the answers), References<br /> <br /> You can write your final exam paper here [[20210601_culture|here]]</div>

Wang Yihan https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Chinese_Culture_Spring_2023&diff=154873 2023-03-19T05:19:01Z

<p>Wang Yihan: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Example.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Example for inserting pictures.]]Welcome to our BA course [[Introduction to Chinese Culture Spring 2023]]. <br /> <br /> The shortlink is: https://bit.ly/CULTURE2023 . spring term 2023<br /> <br /> 周一上午8:00-9:40，周三12:30-13:50；周五13:00-14:20，均在602教室<br /> <br /> Quick links for homework pages, [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]] etc.<br /> <br /> ='''Before the class starts'''=<br /> <br /> Note: This class is taught by Martin Woesler in presence. The class language is English, however, some explanations in Chinese will be given.<br /> <br /> 1. Please read the terms of Use: By registering for this Wiki, you give your consent that your data (name, study no., study direction, email, technical data of your device, ip address etc.) and your contributions to class (homework, translations, presentations, handouts, final exam papers etc.) is stored for grading, and academic use (teaching and ANONYMIZED for research). You explicitely agree that your contributions can be used by the teacher under his name, e.g. for publication, for improvement of teaching material etc. After reading, please take this quiz to show your understanding of basic concepts of translation and of data usage: http://bit.ly/Eval-01 .<br /> <br /> 2. Our mentor 課代表 is Hu Xinping 胡欣平. She should send a student roll to the teacher and enter all grades from homework and quizzes and those she receives from the teacher into the roll to be kept with the teacher. We still need 1 [[wiki admin]] and 5 survey assistants, who know how to use http://wjx.top. If we have more than 100 students, we need 2 teaching assistants. All of them will get extra points for their &quot;performance in class&quot; grade. After registration (see point 3 beneath), please write your names here directly behind the role (e.g. &quot;teaching assistant - Lei Feng&quot;). To change anything on the wiki, please see point 3 beneath.<br /> *Teaching Assistant - Hu Xinping<br /> *Wiki Admin - Wang Yihan<br /> *Survey Assistant 1 - Zhao Xizhen<br /> *Survey Assistant 2 - Xu Puliang<br /> *Survey Assistant 3 - Wen Xi<br /> *Survey Assistant 4 - Song Yifang<br /> *Survey Assistant 5 - Xie Shiyi<br /> *Social Media Influencer -Hu Yiqiang<br /> *Grant Writing Assistant - Ding Qian<br /> *Peer Review Assistant - Cao Wen<br /> *Chinese Studies Donation Campaign Assistant - Wang Jiaqi<br /> <br /> 3. Please register on this Wiki. From any place you can register following this link: https://bit.ly/WIKIREG. If you are already here, click on &quot;register&quot; on the top right corner, and then on &quot;request one&quot;. Then please register with your real name in Pinyin (with blank space between the family name and the given name) for the two names (username and real name), so two times &quot;Lei Feng&quot; and &quot;Lei Feng&quot;. Please check the box that you agree to the Terms and Conditions. Then type in the password &quot;wikicaptcha&quot; and click on &quot;submit&quot;. You will receive a confirmation email with a link. You can click on the link, confirm your identity and create a password. Then you need to wait 1-2 days until the teacher grants you access. You will receive another email when it will work. With the access to this wiki, you can directly edit everything, including this page. If you want to learn how to edit on Wiki, please read here: [uvu:Community_Portal] After editing, you will be asked for a password to save changes, this time the password is &quot;wikicaptcha&quot;.<br /> <br /> 4. Please register on the WeChat Group of this class. The WeChat Group will be created by the Teaching Assistant. Please make sure to display your name in the group with the following details: &quot;Lei Feng 雷锋 20级 笔译&quot;.<br /> <br /> 5. For communication please add the teacher good_old_cathay to your WeChat contacts.<br /> <br /> 6. Please take the EU survey here: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY.<br /> <br /> Here a summary of the most important points in Chinese: <br /> @所有人 <br /> 请各位同学将群聊备注改为姓名拼音 姓名 班级的格式，如 Li Xin 李欣 21级 英语笔译。请各位同学浏览此网站了解本学期的课程要求：https://bou.de/u/wiki/Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022 （短一点的是https://bou.de/u/ ，然后按我们课的链接）. 我们的课程还需要六位同学分别做网站管理员（1位）和调查助手（5位），期末可以得到一定加分，请有意向的同学在今天晚上六点前私聊我。请大家尽快完成以下课程前准备：<br /> http://bit.ly/Eval-01 完成此测验<br /> https://bit.ly/WIKIREG 请在此维基网站上注册，用户名和真实姓名都请填写自己姓名的拼音，像&quot;Li Xin&quot;和&quot;Li Xin&quot;，密码填wikicaptcha，收到邮件确认身份后等待老师通过<br /> 完成欧盟调查问卷 http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY <br /> 注：有的链接可能要用vpn才能进<br /> ==<br /> Student roll: <br /> 唐英姿 曾锦泉 舒思靖 刘欣雯 陈奕铮 秦安妮 谢诗祎 谷钰婷 刘盈池 何颖 姜露云 吴松芸 文茜 吴婷 胡艺镪 舒锦玉 赵喜珍 曹文 王佳绮 宋奕芳 胡欣平 邓颖杰 汪奕含 吴倩 许谱亮 丁倩 王鑫鹏 李璐瑶<br /> <br /> =First Session Mon 21, 2022 14:30-16:40 - Organizational Things=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> [[Media: 01_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Duties in Class==<br /> 1. Please come to class prepared. This means please read the book chapter, search for more information about the topic online and learn the vocabulary related to the topic for each session in advance. It is much more benefetial for yourself and for the others. Also the discussions in class then can be conducted on a much more sophisticated level. Please reserve at least two hours of preparation for each session. You have received the textbook pdf via the WeChat group: Woesler, Martin. (2023). Chinese Culture, Bochum: European University Press, 1000 pages.<br /> <br /> 2. Please do your homework seriously every week and submit it in wiki 3 days before the class starts and the corrections of your fellow student's homework 1 day before the class starts. [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF HOMEWORKS]]<br /> <br /> 3. Please participate actively in class. This means for each session: Please ask at least one question or participate with at least one contribution in the discussion.<br /> <br /> 4. Please select the topic for the presentation you will do in class already until session 2 (if we have more students than sessions, then build groups of two - one doing presentation, one a written handout on the same topic). Please remember to upload and link your presentation and your handout here on this website a week ahead to enable your fellow students to prepare it. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[CULTURE2023 LIST OF TOPICS]] - This is the same list as the LIST OF PRESENTATIONS and the LIST OF SESSION TOPICS.<br /> <br /> 5. Please select a topic of your final exam paper (5,000 English words) until session 2. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics: [[Culture2023_final_exam_papers]]<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on use of time inside and outside the classroom==<br /> Since it does not make sense to come together in the classroom and then jointly start reading the primary or secondary literature, please read the texts before class so that we can save the precious classroom time for a well informed discussion about the texts.<br /> <br /> ==Joint agreement on weight of grades==<br /> *Final Exam paper: 70 percent<br /> *Performance in class: 30 percent (consisting out of oral contributions/participation, 1 presentation or handout per term, participation in surveys and quizzes, homework) - this grade gets extra points if you take over additional duties like survey assistants.<br /> <br /> Note: Grades may take months to be entered into the grade system, since sometimes there are more than 100 students and the teachers want to pay respect to each student and read their final exam paper carefully.<br /> <br /> [[File:Example.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Example for inserting pictures.]]<br /> ==Homework of Session 1 for Session 2==<br /> 1. Please select a topic you want to give a 5-minute ppt presentation on. You can reserve your topic by writing your name behind the topic in the respective section of the Sessions beneath (not above). Please note: If there is no textbook text for the topic, we need 2 more students for this topic, 1 to prepare a textbook text and the 2nd student to write the &quot;terms&quot;, &quot;references&quot;, &quot;questions&quot; and (please submit to teacher and student assistant): &quot;answers&quot;. Please make sure to post the text and appendix at least 1 week ahead of time under the session beneath. Please make sure to send the quiz questions at least 1 week ahead of time to the survey students that they can make a quiz and send the quiz answers at least 1 week ahead of time to the teaching assistant, so that she can grade the quizzes.<br /> <br /> 2. Please prepare all texts for the next session and take the quiz on these texts before the next session starts.<br /> <br /> 3. If you have not yet done so, please add the biographical info on yourself on your wiki homepage. You can find your wiki homepage by typing directly into you browser: https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:He_Minghui - of course Wang Jianguo is just a sample name, you would have to replace it with your own username and exchange the space by an understroke.<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Wiki admin]]: Please set up all homework texts (I have copied chapter 24 to our homework page and you need to split about 3 lines text in average to each student) on new webpages and link them in all sessions beneath. Please also set up dummy links for [[ppt upload]].<br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Survey assistant]] Students: Please set up quizzes for all topics on wjx.org, students need to indicate their name and student id. Please paste the link to the quiz here under the respective session and topic beneath. Please tell the teaching assistant the correct answers to the quizzes, so that the teaching assistant can transfer the grades from the quizzes into the student role grade table. Please use <br /> <br /> Special homework for [[Teaching assistant]]: Please write a grade for each student into the student roll grade list. A student who has done the homework (without Pinyin) gets 100 percent for this, a student who has done the correction of a homework of his fellow student gets another 100 percent. A student who has presented a ppt, written a textbook text or a textbook text appendix gets another 100 percent.<br /> <br /> General remarks: I have now created a ranking list of the topics the students selected and published on our course website. Everybody should perform the homework now. This includes special work for the teaching assistant, the wiki admin and the survey students. <br /> <br /> Escpecially the [[Wiki admin]] needs to split the text which needs to be translated into small parts for each student and indicate the students' names so that they can find it easier. Every student can already pick a topic to do a presentation on and write the name behind the topic. <br /> <br /> Also, every student needs to read the textbook texts for coming Monday to be prepared, the survey students need to set up quizzes for the textbook texts and the students need to take the quizzes before class starts on Monday. It is a lot of work, but it will get better, when all of you get used to it. Also, much of the homework, especially setting up webpages for homework etc., including the presentations, creating missing texts in the textbook etc. can be started already now, so that one can do most of the homework for the whole semester already now. <br /> <br /> If people want to start writing their final exam papers, they can also start maybe in March, if they like. The earlier things are done the better and the more chances there are to still improve things during the semester. Here is the link to the homeworks listed for all students and the students with special tasks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022#Homework_of_Session_1_for_Session_2]]<br /> <br /> --[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 06:19, 25 February 2022 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ==Schedule of Session Topics==<br /> Here is the '''Ranking List of Topics''' as voted on by you:<br /> <br /> '''Rank Topic Percentage''' (please do not write your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front)<br /> <br /> Topic Percentage<br /> <br /> 1 Beverages: Milk Tea 76%<br /> <br /> 2 Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 76%<br /> <br /> 3 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 75%<br /> <br /> 4 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 73%<br /> <br /> 5 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 72%<br /> <br /> 6 Facial Make-up 72%<br /> <br /> 7 Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 71%<br /> <br /> 8 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 70%<br /> <br /> 9 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok) 70%<br /> <br /> 10 Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 70%<br /> <br /> 11 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology 68%<br /> <br /> 12 Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 67%<br /> <br /> 13 Chinese Movies 67%<br /> <br /> 14 Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 66%<br /> <br /> 15 Animals: Panda 65%<br /> <br /> 16 Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 65%<br /> <br /> 17 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD) 65%<br /> <br /> 18 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝) 64%<br /> <br /> 19 Clothing: Chinese Clothing 63%<br /> <br /> 20 Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 63%<br /> <br /> 21 Beverages: Tea 62%<br /> <br /> 22 Mythology: Huli-jing 62%<br /> <br /> 23 Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 61%<br /> <br /> 24 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 61%<br /> <br /> 25 Mythology: Gods and Immortals 60%<br /> <br /> 26 Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 60%<br /> <br /> 27 Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 59%<br /> <br /> 28 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 58%<br /> <br /> 29 Architecture: The Forbidden City 58%<br /> <br /> 30 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 58%<br /> <br /> 31 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 58%<br /> <br /> 32 Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 58%<br /> <br /> 33 Fine Arts: Painting 57%<br /> <br /> 34 Games: Kite Flying 57%<br /> <br /> 35 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 57%<br /> <br /> 36 Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 57%<br /> <br /> 37 Astrology: Chinese Astrology 56%<br /> <br /> 38 Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 56%<br /> <br /> 39 Social: Round Table Culture 56%<br /> <br /> 40 Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游) 56%<br /> <br /> 41 Clothing: Cheongsam 55%<br /> <br /> 42 Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 55%<br /> <br /> 43 Traditional Festivals 55%<br /> <br /> 44 Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 54%<br /> <br /> 45 Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 54%<br /> <br /> 46 Language: Chinese Dialects 54%<br /> <br /> 47 Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 54%<br /> <br /> 48 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 54%<br /> <br /> 49 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 54%<br /> <br /> 50 National Belief: the Chinese Dream 54%<br /> <br /> 51 Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 53%<br /> <br /> 52 Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 53%<br /> <br /> 53 Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 53%<br /> <br /> 54 Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 53%<br /> <br /> 55 Party Culture (celebretations) 53%<br /> <br /> 56 Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 53%<br /> <br /> 57 Clothing: Vintage Clothing 53%<br /> <br /> 58 Garden Culture: Gardens 52%<br /> <br /> 59 Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 52%<br /> <br /> 60 Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 52%<br /> <br /> Here is the list of session topics sorted by sessions/date. Please indicate your name here, if you want to do a presentation on a topic or want to create a textbook text for a topic, but write your name in the next list with the session numbers in front.<br /> <br /> '''Session Rank Topic Percentage'''<br /> <br /> 美食烹饪<br /> Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan<br /> <br /> 文化习俗<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> 艺术<br /> <br /> Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> <br /> 日常生活<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)<br /> <br /> 古代人物评价<br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China<br /> <br /> Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China<br /> <br /> Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China<br /> <br /> 文学<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Mythology<br /> <br /> Mythology: Huli-jing<br /> <br /> Mythology: Gods and Immortals<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales<br /> <br /> Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas<br /> <br /> Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China<br /> <br /> 动物<br /> <br /> Animals: Panda<br /> <br /> 建筑<br /> <br /> Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture<br /> <br /> Architecture: The Forbidden City<br /> <br /> 占星术<br /> <br /> Astrology: Chinese Astrology<br /> <br /> Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac<br /> <br /> =2nd Session Mon Mar 6, 2023: Cuisine=<br /> '''Topics on Mar 6'''<br /> ==Before class starts: Please read the 4 texts in the textbook and take the quiz to show that you have learned the 4 texts==<br /> <br /> ===quiz===<br /> <br /> tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/wnSF2vj.aspx#<br /> <br /> milk tea：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/e8fupKA.aspx#<br /> <br /> the liquor culture of ancient China：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/eO53AfH.aspx#<br /> <br /> hotpot：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/YVyl2Ux.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Milk Tea==<br /> 1. student presentation by tang Yingzi 唐英姿 on Beverages: Milk Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Milk Tea.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi.]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: Tea==<br /> 2. student presentation by Zeng Jingquan曾锦泉 on Beverages: Tea<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part one.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Chinese Tea Culture Part two.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan.part2]]<br /> <br /> ==Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China==<br /> 3. student presentation by Shu Sijing 舒思靖<br /> <br /> [[Media:The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China.]]<br /> <br /> ==Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot==<br /> 4. student presentation by Liu Xinwen 刘欣雯<br /> <br /> [[Media:Hot Pot.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on the Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot.]]<br /> <br /> ==Teacher presentation for download==<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_1.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_2.pptx]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023_part_3.pptx]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 2 Mar 6 , for Session 3, Mar 8==<br /> <br /> *Read textbook text <br /> <br /> *Take the quiz :<br /> <br /> =Session 3, Wed Mar 8, 12:30-14:10. Architecture=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine The Art of Chinese Cooking.pptx|This is the ppt by Qing Anni]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Traditional Cuisine.pptx|This is the ppt by Xie Shiyi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Breakfast Culture of Wuhan.pptx|This is the ppt by Gu Yuting]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China===<br /> <br /> [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Yingchi ]]<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 3 for Session 4==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> Eight Major Cuisines of China: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PSRarKM.aspx# <br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Y0OxQSl.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PGmUI4R.aspx# <br /> <br /> The Breakfast Culture of Wuhan：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/t4X8Eh0.aspx<br /> <br /> =Session 4, Fri Mar 10: Mythology and Literature=<br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines===<br /> <br /> 何颖 student presentation <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 1 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines1]]<br /> <br /> [[Media:Four Distinct Regional Cuisines He Ying 2 .pptx|This is the ppt by He Ying on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines2]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick===<br /> <br /> 姜露云 student presentation [[Media:Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick Jiang Luyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Jiang Luyun on Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick ]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi===<br /> <br /> 吴松芸 student presentation [[Media:Jiaozi Wu Songyun.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Songyun on Traditional Cuisine 1: Jiaozi]]<br /> <br /> ===Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan===<br /> <br /> 文茜student presentation [[Media:Tangyuan Wen Xi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wen Xi on Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz:==<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coa�ted Haws on a Stick ： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m70xGt2.aspx# <br /> <br /> Tangyuan ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/OgkndYQ.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m7T0xRd.aspx#<br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 4 for Session 5==<br /> <br /> <br /> *Read textbook<br /> <br /> =Session 5, Mar 13 Mon=<br /> <br /> Teacher presentation for download:<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> <br /> 吴婷 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love Wuting.pptx|This is the ppt by Wuting on Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love]]<br /> <br /> 胡艺镪 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Chinese Marriage Customs Hu Yiqiang.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Yiqiang on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs]]<br /> <br /> 舒锦玉 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Aesthetic ideals and social customs Habits, Ways of Contacting Shu Jingyu.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Jingyu on Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting ]]<br /> <br /> 赵喜珍 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money Zhao Xizhen.pptx|This is the ppt by Zhao Xizhen on The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> <br /> P838 Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage <br /> and Love: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Pf4RX7W.aspx# <br /> <br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QN6N6B7.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 5 for Session 6==<br /> <br /> Please do your homework here.<br /> <br /> *Read textbook <br /> <br /> =Session 6, Wen Mar 15 =<br /> <br /> ==Preparation for this session==<br /> 曹文 Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Spring Festival Couplets Cao Wen.pptx|This is the ppt by Cao Wen on Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets]]<br /> <br /> 王佳绮 Traditional Festivals<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Traditional Festivals Wang Jiaqi.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Jiaqi on Traditional Festivals]]<br /> <br /> 宋奕芳 Social: Round Table Culture<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang1.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Social: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Social Round Table Culture Song Yifang2.0.pptx|This is the ppt by Song Yifang on Socia2: Round Table Culture]]<br /> <br /> 胡欣平 Language: Chinese Dialects<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping1.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Language Chinese Dialects Hu Xinping2.pptx|This is the ppt by Hu Xingping on Language: Chinese Dialects]]<br /> <br /> ==Quiz==<br /> Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits,ways of contacting ：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/QyK76BW.aspx<br /> <br /> Traditional Festivals:https://www.wjx.cn/vm/PKRqrVP.aspx<br /> <br /> P694 Social: Round Table Culture： https://www.wjx.cn/vm/mepnL03.aspx# <br /> <br /> ==Homework of Session 6 for Session 7==<br /> *Read the textbook<br /> <br /> ==Session 7, Fri Mar 17==<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 邓颖杰 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Stage entertainment Crosstalk Deng Yingjie.pptx|This is the ppt by Deng Yingjie on Stage entertainment: Crosstalk]]<br /> <br /> 汪奕含 Fine Arts: Painting<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Fine Arts Painting Wang Yihan.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Yihan on Fine Arts: Painting]]<br /> <br /> 王鑫鹏 Games: Kite Flying<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Games Kite Flying Wang Xinpeng.pptx|This is the ppt by Wang Xinpeng on Games: Kite Flying]]<br /> <br /> 许谱亮 Chinese Movies<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Chinese Movies by Xu Puliang.pptx|This is the ppt by Xu Puliang on Chinese Movies]]<br /> <br /> ==quizs=<br /> <br /> P353 Language: Chinese Dialects: https://www.wjx.cn/vm/Otl8YiZ.aspx# <br /> <br /> p699 Crosstalk :https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m5X0RqX.aspx<br /> <br /> Fine Arts: Painting：https://www.wjx.cn/vm/m9zP0RL.aspx# <br /> <br /> =Session 8,Mon,2023.3.20=<br /> <br /> ==Students' Presentations==<br /> <br /> 丁倩 Facial Make-up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Xu Puliang.pptx|This is the ppt by Ding Qian on Facial Make-up ]]<br /> <br /> 吴倩 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Facial Make-up Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up Wu Qian.pptx|This is the ppt by Wu Qian on Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up]]<br /> <br /> 李璐瑶 Clothing: Chinese Clothing<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Chinese Clothing Li Luyao.pptx|This is the ppt by Li Luyao on Clothing: Chinese Clothing ]]<br /> <br /> 唐英姿 Clothing: Cheongsam<br /> <br /> student presentation [[Media:Clothing Cheongsam Tang Yingzi.pptx|This is the ppt by Tang Yingzi on Clothing: Cheongsam]]<br /> <br /> =Session 9, Wen, 2023.3.22=<br /> <br /> ==Students' presentations==<br /> <br /> 曾锦泉 Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Buytogether (PDD) Zeng Jingquan.pptx|This is the ppt by Zeng Jingquan on Science and Technology: Buytogether (PDD)]]<br /> <br /> 舒思靖 Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Douyin (Tik Tok) Shu Sijing.pptx|This is the ppt by Shu Sijing on Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)]]<br /> <br /> 刘欣雯 Science and Technology: Taobao (淘宝)<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Science and Technology Taobao Liu Xinwen.pptx|This is the ppt by Liu Xinwen on Science and Technology: Taobao]]<br /> <br /> 秦安妮 Chinese Economy: rich businessmen<br /> <br /> Student presentation [[Media:Chinese Economy rich businessmen Qin Anni.pptx|This is the ppt by Qin Anni on Chinese Economy: rich businessmen]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> =Final Exam Paper=<br /> The final exam paper makes 60% of the total grade. You can start to write your paper now. Fellow students are allowed and encouraged to correct your mistakes.<br /> <br /> Please write a new chapter in the course book, explaining an element of Chinese culture. Please use the structure you know from the textbook: Text (please make paragraphs no longer than 3 sentences. Please indicate at least 1 reference per paragraph), Terms (English and Chinese), Questions (multiple choice, please also provide the answers), References<br /> <br /> You can write your final exam paper here [[Culture2022_final_exam_papers]]<br /> <br /> =Here is a sample of the website from last year's course=<br /> Quicklinks: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Course Homepage (this page)]]. [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] Homework [[20210303_culture|1, Mar 3 Chapters 1-4]], [[20210310_culture|2, Mar 10 Chapters 6-7]], [[20210317_culture|3, Mar 17 Chapters 11-13]], [[20210324_culture|4, Mar 24 Chapters 15-17]], [[20210331_culture|5, Mar 31 Chapters 4-7]], [[20210407_culture|6, Apr 7 Chapters 8-10]], [[20210414_culture|7, Apr 14 Chapters 13-15]] , [[20210421_culture|8, Apr 21 Chapters 17-19]] (这是5.19的作业）[[20210526_culture|13, May 26 Chapters 17-20]][[20210602_culture|14, June 2 Chapters 21-23]] etc. [[20210601_culture|Final Exam &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;extended deadline June 15&lt;/span&gt;]]<br /> <br /> '''《红楼梦》程甲本'''<br /> <br /> Welcome to our course website '''Foundations of Chinese Cultures 2022'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is welcome!<br /> <br /> 欢迎访问我们'''中国文化基础'''网页。…………--[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 07:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)<br /> <br /> =Organizational Things=<br /> *Please register for the Course Wiki.<br /> *Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.<br /> ==Description of Homework==<br /> *Our website admin student is Zhu Renduo.<br /> ===Regular students===<br /> 1. Please read and prepare all the texts for the next textbook unit.<br /> <br /> 2. Please go to the homework page and translate the short passage of the Dream of the Red Chamber into English. Do not forget to sign by typing - - ~ ~ ~ ~ (without spaces) at the end.<br /> <br /> Then please help your fellow students to correct and improve their translations. Do not forget to sign by typing - - ~ ~ ~ ~ (without spaces) at the end.<br /> <br /> 3. Once in the semester, you give a presentation on a topic of the textbook. Please do not just repeat the content, but say something from the perspective of a translator: What problems do you encounter when translating the textbook text or when translating texts of this topic. One student can do a presentation, the other can do a handout. Both contributions are graded separately.<br /> <br /> ===Website Admin student===<br /> Thank you for helping to watch the Wiki website! Please make sure that it looks nice (formatting, especially if a fellow students makes a mess by putting the wrong format etc., should not look to crowded, so make sub-websites for homework etc.). <br /> <br /> ===Online Survey students===<br /> There will be several online surveys conducted throughout the semester. <br /> Please fill in the first survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY<br /> Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2.<br /> <br /> ==Edits==<br /> Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:<br /> * Translate a pragraph from English to Chinese.<br /> * Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.<br /> * Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.<br /> * Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on &quot;History of Translations&quot;, &quot;History of Translation Theories&quot;, &quot;Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?&quot;, &quot;Culture loaded words&quot;, &quot;The cultural turn in Translation History&quot;...<br /> <br /> ==Material==<br /> The coursebook will be provided to you in the WeChat Group.<br /> <br /> Please rate the 127 topics on http://shijiehanxue.mikecrm.com/uysEi5J or http://bit.ly/rate_topics (you can only rate once). We will select the top 45 topics and deal with 3 topics per week/session.<br /> <br /> '''Results of the Rating'''<br /> &lt;table style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse;width:500pt&quot; width=&quot;450&quot;<br /> cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl65&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;width:62pt&quot; width=&quot;83&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;Order&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl65&quot; style=&quot;border-left:none;width:62pt&quot;<br /> width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;Date&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl66&quot; style=&quot;border-left:none;width:508pt&quot;<br /> width=&quot;677&quot;&gt;Topic&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl65&quot; style=&quot;border-left:none;width:62pt&quot;<br /> width=&quot;83&quot;&gt;Chapter&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl65&quot; style=&quot;border-left:none;width:44pt&quot;<br /> width=&quot;58&quot;&gt;Points&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl67&quot; style=&quot;border-left:none;width:44pt&quot;<br /> width=&quot;58&quot;&gt;Popularity&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;10.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Beverages:<br /> Milk Tea&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;21&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;474&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;79%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;10.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines in China&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;468&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;78%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;10.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Beverages:<br /> Tea&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;451&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;75%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;17.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Architecture:<br /> <br /> Architecture and Gardens, The Forbidden City&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;36&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;433&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;72%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;17.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Festivals&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;432&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;72%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;17.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;108&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;427&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;71%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;7&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;24.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;423&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;71%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;8&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;24.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;119&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;417&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;70%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;9&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;24.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;415&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;69%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;10&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;31.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Aesthetic<br /> ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;110&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;409&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;68%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;11&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;31.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Music and instruments: Pipa&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;95&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;406&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;68%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;12&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;31.03.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;404&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;67%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;13&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;07.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Silk<br /> and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;31&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;401&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;67%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;14&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;07.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;23&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;396&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;66%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;15&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;07.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;98&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;395&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;66%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;16&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;14.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Garden<br /> Culture: The Summer Palace&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;41&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;385&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;64%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;17&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;14.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;106&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;384&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;64%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;18&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;14.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;99&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;383&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;64%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;19&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;21.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Architecture&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;35&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;377&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;63%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;20&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;21.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Music and instruments: Guzheng&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;94&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;375&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;63%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;21&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;21.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;71&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;372&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;62%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;22&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;28.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Ancient<br /> literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;49&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;371&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;62%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;23&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;28.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Ancient literature: Chinese Classical Fairy Tales&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;50&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;369&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;62%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;24&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;28.04.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese language: Chinese Dialects&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;45&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;368&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;61%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;25&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;08.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Animals:<br /> Panda&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;366&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;61%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;26&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;08.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;97&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;365&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;61%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;27&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;08.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Mythology: Huli-jing&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;73&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;364&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;61%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;28&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;12.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;19&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;364&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;61%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;29&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;12.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Science and Technology: Douyin (Tik Tok)&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;362&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;60%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;30&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;12.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese clothing / interieur: Chinese clothing&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;112&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;361&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;60%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;31&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;19.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Facial Make-up&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;96&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;360&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;60%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;32&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;19.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;357&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;60%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;33&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;19.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Premodern literature: Tang and Song (2 texts)&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;51&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;357&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;60%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;34&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;26.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Medicine: The Development of Chinese Medicine&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;68&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;356&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;59%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;26.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien<br /> Chung-shu)&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;56&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;349&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;58%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;36&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;26.05.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;103&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;346&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;58%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;37&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;02.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;72&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;346&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;58%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;38&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;02.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Stage entertainment: Shadow Play&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;100&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;344&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;57%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;39&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;02.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;70&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;338&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;56%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;40&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;09.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;336&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;56%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;41&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;09.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Landscapes and tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;122&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;333&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;56%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;42&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;09.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Crafts: Carving&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;326&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;54%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;16.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Landscapes and tourism: Tourism, Nanjing-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;126&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;319&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;44&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;16.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;317&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;45&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl69&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;16.06.2021&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;317&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;46&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Fine Arts: Painting&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;316&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;53%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese clothing / interieur: Cheongsam&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;113&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;312&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;52%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;48&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;89&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;309&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;52%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;49&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song<br /> Dynasty)&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;105&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;308&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;50&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Beijing Opera: Actor Mei Lanfang&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;61&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;306&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Education: Ancient Chinese Education&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;116&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;305&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;52&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese language&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;44&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;304&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;53&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Crafts: Embroidery&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;304&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;54&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Mythology: Gods and Immortals&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;74&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;303&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;51%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;55&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Writing: Calligraphy&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;302&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;50%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;56&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Landscapes and tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;123&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;300&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;50%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;57&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;299&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;50%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;58&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Premodern literature: Li Bai's 李白 《长干行》 and its translations&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;52&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;297&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;50%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;59&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese Medicine: Acupuncture and Moxibustion&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;67&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;296&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;49%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;60&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Silk and porcelain: Silk&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;296&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;49%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;61&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;294&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;49%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;62&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Stage entertainment: Chinese cinema (dramas and movies) and its popularity and affection in Vietnam&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;101&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;294&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;49%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;63&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Games: Go 围棋&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;107&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;291&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;49%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;64&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Premodern<br /> literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;54&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;289&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;48%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;65&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Religions: Daoism&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;76&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;288&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;48%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;66&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;286&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;48%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;67&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Architecture:<br /> Bridges&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;39&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;284&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;68&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Education:<br /> Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies)&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;117&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;283&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;69&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Landscapes<br /> and tourism: Mogao Grottoes&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;124&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;283&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;70&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk<br /> Road&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;90&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;283&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;71&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Ancient<br /> literature: Classical Literature&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;46&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;281&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;72&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Army<br /> and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;121&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;281&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;73&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Aesthetic<br /> ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;109&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;279&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;47%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;74&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Architecture:<br /> Three Great Towers in China&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;38&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;275&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;75&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Fine<br /> Arts: Seal-cutting&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;33&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;275&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;76&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Silk<br /> Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;91&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;275&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;77&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Garden<br /> Culture: Gardens&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;274&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;78&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> Medicine: Diagnosis and Pharmacology&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;66&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;273&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;46%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;79&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Beijing<br /> Opera&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;60&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;272&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;45%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;80&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;272&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;45%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;81&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Premodern<br /> literature: China's Four Great Classical Novels&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;53&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;270&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;45%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;82&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> clothing / interieur: The Folding Screen&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;115&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;267&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;45%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;83&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Ancient<br /> literature: Chinese Mythology&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;48&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;265&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;44%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;84&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> Medicine: Zhang Zhongjing&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;69&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;264&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;44%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;85&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Landscapes<br /> and tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;125&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;263&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;44%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;86&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Martial<br /> Arts: Qigong&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;64&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;262&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;44%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;87&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Architecture:<br /> Four Great Pavilions&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;37&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;261&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;44%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;88&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Religions:<br /> Buddhism&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;75&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;260&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;89&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Cuisine: Chopsticks&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;260&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;90&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Westernization:<br /> The Eastward Spread of Western Learning&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;92&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;260&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;91&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Body<br /> movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;104&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;259&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;92&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Body<br /> movement performance: Stilts&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;102&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;259&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;93&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Science<br /> and Technology: Compass&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;259&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;94&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;258&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;95&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;255&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;43%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;96&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Garden<br /> Culture: Bonsai (Penjing)&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;43&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;253&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;42%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;97&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Crafts: Lacquerware&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;247&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;41%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;98&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Chinese<br /> clothing / interieur: Batik&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;114&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;242&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;40%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;99&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Confucianism:<br /> <br /> Confucian Culture&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;81&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;237&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;40%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;100&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Westernization:<br /> The Westernization Movement&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;93&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;236&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;39%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;101&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Modern and Contemporary Literature: Novels&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;234&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;39%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;102&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction,<br /> and Fantasy&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;59&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;233&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;39%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;103&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Ancient<br /> literature: Yue Fu&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot;<br /> lang=&quot;IT&quot;&gt;47&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;231&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;39%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;104&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Modern and Contemporary Literature: Modern Literature&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;55&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;231&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;39%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;105&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;118&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;229&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;38%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;106&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Confucianism: Four Main Philosophic Schools&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;79&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;226&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;38%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;107&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;85&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;225&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;38%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;108&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;111&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;219&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;37%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;109&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Landscapes<br /> and tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;127&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;213&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;36%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;110&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Beijing<br /> Opera: Beijing Opera Acrobatics&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;62&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;211&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;111&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Confucianism:<br /> <br /> Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;80&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;211&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;112&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Martial<br /> Arts: Wushu&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;63&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;211&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;113&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Army<br /> and weapons: Terracotta Army&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;120&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;210&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;114&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Fine<br /> Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;34&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;210&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;115&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Martial<br /> Arts: Huo Yuanjia&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;65&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;210&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;116&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Modern and Contemporary Literature: Contemporary Literature&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;58&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;209&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;35%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;117&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Daoism&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;84&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;204&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;34%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;118&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> <br /> Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;203&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;34%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;119&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Silk<br /> and porcelain: Porcelain&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;197&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;33%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;120&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-spacerun:yes&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;88&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;196&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;33%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;121&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Confucianism:<br /> Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;83&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;195&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;33%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;122&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Traditional<br /> Crafts: Cloisonne&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;194&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;32%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;123&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Religions:<br /> <br /> Christianity&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;78&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;176&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;29%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;124&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Religions:<br /> Islam&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;77&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;171&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;29%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;125&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Confucianism:<br /> <br /> Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;82&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;170&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;28%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;126&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;87&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;168&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;28%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;tr style=&quot;height:14.4pt&quot; height=&quot;19&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;height:14.4pt;border-top:none&quot;<br /> height=&quot;19&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;127&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl68&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl70&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl71&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;&gt;&lt;span<br /> style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;86&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl72&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;154&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;td class=&quot;xl73&quot; style=&quot;border-top:none;border-left:none&quot;<br /> align=&quot;right&quot;&gt;26%&lt;/td&gt;<br /> &lt;/tr&gt;<br /> &lt;/table&gt;<br /> <br /> =Schedule=<br /> 1st Session: Organizational things<br /> <br /> Vote on the topics for the current semester.<br /> <br /> At the end of the session: Take the EU survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY<br /> <br /> 2nd session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> 3rd session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> 4th session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> 5th session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> 6th session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> 7th session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> 8th session: (topic chosen by students)<br /> <br /> ...<br /> <br /> New topics suggested by students: ...<br /> <br /> ==1st Session==<br /> *Teacher Classroom presentation 01 [[Media:Found_Chin_Cult_01.ppt|Teacher presentation of 1st session]]<br /> *Teacher Course Book is provided in WeChat group. Cannot be uploaded here because of copyright reasons.<br /> <br /> Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 1 (Mar 3, 2021), due for Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021)===<br /> 1. Every student receives a short paragraph in English to translate into Chinese. You can &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''write it [[20210303_culture|here]]'''&lt;/span&gt;.<br /> <br /> The full text which should be translated throughout the year is [[Media:Chengjiaben.doc]]<br /> <br /> 2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page.<br /> <br /> 3. Please answer the quiz on ... (see links in WeChat group)<br /> <br /> ==2nd Session Mar 10, 2021: Milk Tea, Eight Major Cuisines, Tea==<br /> ===Homework as a preparation for March 10===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 1 (Mar 3, 2021), due for Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021) [[20210303_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary. The texts are: 1 Beverages: Milk Tea, 2 Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines in China, 3 Beverages: Tea.<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts:<br /> *Milk Tea http://geip720doqudd7v4.mikecrm.com/bpJOj93<br /> *Eight Major Cuisines in China http://jy0tp60pjbxfwebr.mikecrm.com/fY4Aggt<br /> *Tea http://mtv80dxnpmlcptyw.mikecrm.com/VkAgGL6<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ===Presentations March 10===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:02_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Tea.pptx|Powerpoint for 2nd session on Tea by Martin Woesler]] for download<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation on topic 1 Milk Tea [[Media:Milk_Tea_by_Shu_Lin.ppt|Presentation on Milk Tea by Shu Lin 舒琳]]<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation on topic 2 Eight Major Cuisines [[Media:Traditional_Cuisine_Eight_Major_Cuisines_in_China_by_Su_Xiao.pptx|Presentation on Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines in China by Su Xiao 苏潇]]<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation on topic 3 Tea [[Media:Tea_by_Teng_Bixia.ppt|Presentation on tea by Teng Bixia 滕璧霞]]<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021) for Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021), due for Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021) [[20210310_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==3rd Session Mar 17: Architecture incl. Forbidden City, Traditional Festivals, Handsome Men==<br /> ===Homework as a preparation for Mar 17===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 2 (Mar 10, 2021), due for Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021) [[20210310_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts:<br /> *Architecture, including Forbidden Cities http://sg.mikecrm.com/T9apJoZ<br /> *Traditional Festivals http://u3xxio2gkk43us5u.mikecrm.com/KdFESNp<br /> *Aesthetic Ideals: The Four Most Handsome Men https://ks.wjx.top/vm/YHNWyGB.aspx<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ===Presentations Mar 17===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:03_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Architecture.pptx|Powerpoint for 3rd session on Architecture by Martin Woesler]] for download (will be uploaded after class)<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no. 4 on topic Architecture and Gardens, The Forbidden City [[Media:Architecture_and_Forbidden_City.ppt|Presentation on Architecture and Forbidden City by Mr. Zhào Kē 赵轲]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Spring_Festival.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Photo - cc licence.]]<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 5 on topic Traditional Festivals [[Media:Traditional_Festivals.ppt|Presentation on Traditional Festivals by Yì Míngxiá 易明霞]]<br /> <br /> [[File:King_Lanling.png|500px|thumb|right|Manga version of King Lanling - no copyright.]]<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 6 on topic Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China [[Media:Four_Most_Handsome_Men.ppt|Presentation on The Four Most Handsome Men by Péng Jiāyù 彭佳钰]]<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021) for Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021), due for Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021) [[20210317_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==4th Session Mar 24: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines; Historical Figures, Four Women; Two Famous Dishes==<br /> ===Homework as a preparation for Mar 24===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 3 (Mar 17, 2021), due for Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021) [[20210317_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary. <br /> <br /> This time, you do not need to take the quizzes about the three texts to prepare in advance.<br /> <br /> 3. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ===Session Mar 24: Quizzes and Presentations===<br /> <br /> '''Contents for today's Session'''<br /> *Four Distinct Regional Cuisines<br /> *Historical Figures, Four Women<br /> *Two Famous Dishes<br /> <br /> *Explanation about Hounglou Meng translation homework<br /> <br /> *We take the following quizzes in class to check on the preparation for today:<br /> *Four Distinct Regional Cuisines https://ks.wjx.top/vj/tUEq5AW.aspx<br /> *Historical Figures, Four Women https://ks.wjx.top/vm/YhIAxyb.aspx<br /> *Two Famous Dishes https://ks.wjx.top/vm/ek295PA.aspx<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:04_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Cuisine_Women.pptx|Powerpoint for 4th session on Cuisine and Women by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no. 7 on topic Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines [[Media:Traditional_Cuisine_Four_Distinct_Regional_Cuisines.ppt|Presentation on Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines by 王子涵]]<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 8 on topic Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China [[Media:Education_Historical_Figures_The_Four_Talented_Women_of_Ancient_China.ppt|Presentation on Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China by 袁静]]<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 9 on topic Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes [[Media:Traditional_Cuisine_Two_Famous_Dishes.ppt|Presentation on Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes by 刘廷阳]]<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021) for Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021), due for Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021) [[20210324_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for 3 students: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==5th Session Mar 31: Marriage Customs; Pipa; The Art of Chinese Cooking==<br /> ===Homework as a preparation for Mar 31===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 4 (Mar 24, 2021), due for Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021) [[20210324_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> *Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs<br /> *Music and instruments: Pipa<br /> *Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking<br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 杜心语, 刘卓凡, 戴沐雨: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ===Presentations Mar 31===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:05_Foundation_Marriage_Pipa_Cooking.pptx|Powerpoint for 5th session on Marriage/Pipa/Cooking by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no. 10 on topic Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs [[Media:Marriage.ppt|Presentation on Marriage Customs by 杜心语]]<br /> <br /> Quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/w3HDLsU.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 11 on topic Music and instruments: Pipa [[Media:Pipa.ppt|Presentation on Music and instruments: Pipa by 刘卓凡]]<br /> <br /> Quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/rutjD9h.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 12 on topic Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking [[Media:Cooking.ppt|Presentation on the Art of Chinese Cooking by 戴沐雨]]<br /> <br /> Quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q0s0tfA.aspx<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021) for Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021), due for Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021) [[20210331_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 唐启洲, 邓丹, 吴欣欣: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==6th Session Apr 7: Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词; Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette; Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up==<br /> ===Homework as a preparation for Apr 7===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 5 (Mar 31, 2021), due for Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021) [[20210331_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. (Only for the 3 students 唐启洲, 邓丹, 吴欣欣: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ===Presentations Apr 7===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:06_Foundation_Chin_Cult_Celdaon_Etiquette_Make-up.pptx|Powerpoint for 6th session on Apr 7 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> Repitition of last session: presentation no. 10 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs Presentation on Marriage Customs by Dù Xīnyǔ 杜心语 (Quiz has been taken)<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no. 13 on topic Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 by 唐启洲 Tang Qizhou [[Media:Celadon_by_Tang_Qizhou.ppt|Presentation on Celadon by 唐启洲]]<br /> <br /> Compare old presentations [[Media:Celadon.pptx]] by Chen Jingjing 18 October 2020 (UTC) and <br /> Handout [[Media:Celadon.docx]] by Gao Mingzhu 18 October 2020 (UTC)<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 14 on topic Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette by 邓丹 Deng Dan [[Media:Dining_Etiquette.ppt|Presentation on Dinging_Etiquette by 邓丹]]<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 15 on topic Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up by 吴欣欣 Wu Xinxin [[Media:Make-up.ppt|Presentation on Make-up by 吴欣欣]]<br /> <br /> During class: please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> *13 Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 by Tang Qizhou 唐启洲 https://ks.wjx.top/vj/mbCcX4k.aspx<br /> *14 Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette by Deng Dan 邓丹https://ks.wjx.top/vj/eToeY28.aspx<br /> *15 Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up by Wu Xinxin 吴欣欣 https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QsAO21a.aspx<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021) for Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021), due for Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021) [[20210407_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 丁仲夏, 汤惠, 王沁瑜: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==7th Session Apr 14: Garden Culture: The Summer Palace; Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money; Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声==<br /> ===Homework as a preparation for Apr 14===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 6 (Apr 7, 2021), due for Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021) [[20210407_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. (Only for the 3 students 丁仲夏, 汤惠, 王沁瑜: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ===Presentations Apr 7===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:07_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 7th session on Apr 14 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no. 16 on topic Garden Culture: The Summer Palace by 丁仲夏 [[Media:Summer_Palace_by_Ding_Zhongxia.pptx|Presentation on Summer Palace by 丁仲夏]] Quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/emI82uf.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 17 on topic Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money by Tang Hui 汤惠 [[Media:Red_Envelope_by_Tang_Hui.pptx|Presentation on Red Envelope by Tang Hui 汤惠]] Quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QQ50gHA.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 18 on topic Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 by 王沁瑜 [[Media:Crosstalk_by_Wang_Xinyu.pptx|Presentation on Crosstalk by Wang Xinyu 王沁瑜]] <br /> https://ks.wjx.top/vj/mRSdEeX.aspx<br /> <br /> During class: please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> *16 Garden Culture: The Summer Palace by 黄梓龙<br /> *17 Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money by 黄沥霈<br /> *18 Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 by 鲍沁雯<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021) for Session 8 (Apr 21, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 7 (Apr 14, 2021), due for Session 8 (Apr 21, 2021) [[20210414_culture|7, Apr 14 Chapters 13-15]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 黄梓龙，黄沥霈，鲍沁雯: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Session 8 (April 21, 2021) Architecture, Guzheng and Zodiac==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations Apr 21===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:08_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 8th session on Apr 21 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no.19 on topic Architecture by 黄梓龙 Huang Zilong [[Media:Architecture.pptx|Presentation on topic Architecture by 黄梓龙 Huang Zilong]], quiz quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/exCQe42.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 20 on topic Music and instruments: Guzheng by 黄沥霈 Huang Lipei[[Media:Music and instruments.pptx|Presentation on topic Music and instruments: Guzheng by 黄沥霈 Huang Lipei]], quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QhAxOuc.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 21 on topic Chinese Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac by 鲍沁雯 Bao Qinwen [[Media:Chinese Astrology.pptx|Presentation on topic Chinese Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac by 鲍沁雯 Bao Qinwen]] quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/mtuOXCk.aspx<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 8 (Apr 14, 2021) for Session 9 (Apr 21, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 8 (Apr 21, 2021), due for Session 9 (Apr 28, 2021) [[202104021_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 郭亚波，李艺浩，王楚仪: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==Session 9 (April 28, 2021): Four Folk Stories; Fairy Tales; Dialects==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations Apr 28===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:09_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 9th session on Apr 28 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no.22 on topic [[Media:pptx|Presentation]] <br /> Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China by Guo Yabo 郭亚<br /> <br /> https://ks.wjx.top/vj/tjSBAcA.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no.23 on topic Chinese fairy tales by 李艺浩 [[Media:Chinese fairy tales.pptx|Presentation on topic Chinese fairy tales by 李艺浩 Li Yihao]]<br /> <br /> https://ks.wjx.top/vj/wUOEtUD.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no.24 on [[Media:pptx|Presentation]]<br /> Chinese language: Chinese Dialects by Wang Chuyi 王楚仪<br /> <br /> https://ks.wjx.top/vm/P2rF4SZ.aspx<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 9 (Apr 28, 2021) for Session 10 (May 8, 2021)===<br /> 1.修改前七次作业中出现的人名<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 黄芳芳，王静怡，伍斯仪: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==Session 10 (May 8, 2021): Panda; Face Changing in Sichuan Opera; Mythology: Huli-jing==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations May 8===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:10_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 10th session on May 8 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> For interested students: [[Book_projects|Current book projects.]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no. 25 on Panda by 黄芳芳 [[Media:panda.pptx|Presentation on panda by Huang Fangfang 黄芳芳]] 这是quiz的链接：https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QDLYAKI.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no. 26 on topic Face Changing in Sichuan Opera by Wang Jingyi 王静怡[[Media:Face Changing in Sichuan Opera.pptx|Presentation on Face Changing in Sichuan Opera by Wang Jingyi 王静怡]] https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Pph4FZk.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no. 27 on Mythology:Huli-jing by 伍斯仪 [[Media:Mythology:Huli-jing.pptx|Presentation on Mythology: Huli-jing by Wu Siyi 伍斯仪]] https://ks.wjx.top/vj/QeARcL0.aspx<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 10 (May 8, 2021) for Session 11 (May 12, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 10 (May 8, 2021), due on Session 11 (May 12, 2021) [[202105008_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 28 么阳, 29 黄笑兰, 1 # ...: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==Session 11 (May 12, 2021): Paper-cutting; Douyin (Tik Tok); Chinese clothing==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations May 12===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:11_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 11th session on May 12 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 28. Classroom presentation [[Media:Paper-cutting.pptx|Presentation on May 12 by Yao Yang 么阳]] Classroom presentation no. 28 on paper cutting by Yao Yang 么阳. 这是quiz的链接：https://ks.wjx.top/vj/hWic51g.aspx<br /> <br /> 29. Classroom presentation no. 29 [[Media:Tiktok.pptx|on tiktok]] by Huang Xiaolan黄笑兰. 这是quiz的链接： https://ks.wjx.top/vj/YyKMJyZ.aspx<br /> <br /> 30. Classroom presentation no. 30 [[Media:ChineseClothing.pptx|on Chinese clothing]] by Shu Lin 舒琳. 这是quiz的链接：https://ks.wjx.top/vj/rPvogih.aspx<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 11 (May 12, 2021) for Session 12 (May 19, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 11 (May 12, 2021), due on Session 12 (May 19, 2021) [[202105012_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 31 #, 32 #, 33 # ...: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==Session 12 (May 19, 2021): Facial Make-up; Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China; Premodern literature: Tang and Song (2 texts)==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations May 19===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:12_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 12th session on May 19 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 31. Classroom presentation no.31 [[Media:Facial_Make-up.pptx|Presentation on May 19 on traditional Chinese Make-up by Su Xiao 苏潇]] <br /> <br /> 32. Classroom presentation no.32 [[Media:Beverages_The_Liquor_Culture_of_Ancient_China.pptx|on Beverages The Liquor Culture of Ancient China by 滕璧霞]] <br /> <br /> 33. Classroom presentation no.33 [[Media:Premodern_literature_Tang_and_Song_2_texts.pptx|on Premodern literature Tang and Song by 赵轲]]<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 12 (May 19, 2021) for Session 13 (May 26, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 12 (May 19, 2021), due on Session 13 (May 26, 2021) [[202105019_culture|here]]<br /> <br /> 2. Please read the three texts in our coursebook on Qian Zhongshu, Dance and Calendar/24 solar terms and learn the vocabulary<br /> <br /> 3. Please take the quiz to show that you have learned the three texts.<br /> <br /> 4. (Only for the 3 students 34 Qian Zhongshu by Yì Míngxiá 易明霞, 35 Dance by Péng Jiāyù 彭佳钰, 36 Calendar, 24 solar terms by Wang Zihan 王子涵: Please prepare a 5-minute presentation about one of the three texts and upload it here.)<br /> <br /> ==Session 13 (May 26,2021): Chinese Medicine: The Development of Chinese Medicine; Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu); Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance ==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations May 26===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:13_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 13th session on May 26 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no.34 Presentation on [[Media:Chinese_Medicine.pptx|Chinese Medicine: The Development of Chinese Medicine]] by Yì Míngxiá 易明霞quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q1uEUyp.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. no.36 on Traditional [[Media:Chinese_Dance.pptx|Chinese Dance]] by Péng Jiāyù 彭佳钰 https://ks.wjx.top/vj/ez2zNsA.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no.37 Calendar: [[Media:24_solar_terms.pptx|24 solar terms]] by Wang Zihan 王子涵<br /> <br /> Next time:<br /> <br /> 4. Classroom presentation no.35 on Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) by ...<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 13 (May 26, 2021) for ( June 2, 2021)===<br /> 1. Please translate your paragraph of Session 13 (May 26, 2021), due on (June 2, 2021) <br /> <br /> ==Session 14 (June 2,2021): Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu); Stage entertainment: Shadow Play; Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology ==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations June 2===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:14_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 14th session on June 2 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations and quizzes'''<br /> <br /> 1. Quiz on 24 solar terms https://ks.wjx.top/vj/h1iYEKj.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no.10[[Media:.pptx|Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs]] by 杜心语 (quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/w3HDLsU.aspx has been taken)<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no.35 [[Media:.pptx|Modern and Contemporary Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu)]] by 袁静 Yuan Jing, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/OHy8u1P.aspx<br /> <br /> 4. Classroom presentation no.38 [[Media:.pptx|Stage entertainment: Shadow Play]] by 刘廷阳, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/YiDw8PV.aspx<br /> <br /> 5. Classroom presentation no.39 [[Media:.pptx|Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology]] by 杜心语, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q0MUUEL.aspx （杜心语第一轮pre的quiz大家已经完成了，所以不用再测<br /> <br /> ===Homework of Session 14 (June 02, 2021) for ( June 9, 2021)===<br /> [[20210602_culture|14, June 2 Chapters 21-23]]<br /> <br /> ==Session 15 (June 9,2021): Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters; Landscapes and tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains; Traditional Crafts: Carving ==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations June 9===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:15_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 15h session on June 9 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no.40 [[Media:Chinese_Characters.pptx|Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters]] by刘卓凡, Quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/YFwHXlD.aspx <br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no.41 [[Media:Landscape_Five_Famous_Mountains.pptx|Landscapes and tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains]] by 戴沐雨, Quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/YDrwyIM.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no.42 [[Media:Carving.pptx|Traditional Crafts: Carving]] by 唐启洲<br /> https://ks.wjx.top/vj/PpNbr3j.aspx<br /> <br /> 4. (?) Chinese Astrology（杜心语）Classroom presentation no.39 [[Media:Astrology.pptx|Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology]] by Du Xinyu 杜心语, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q0MUUEL.aspx 依旧待定<br /> <br /> ==Session 16 (June 16,2021): Landscapes and tourism: Tourism, Nanjing-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties;Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden; Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ==<br /> <br /> ===Presentations June 16===<br /> <br /> '''Teacher presentation''' <br /> <br /> [[Media:16_Foundation_Chin_Cult.pptx|Powerpoint for 16th session on June 16 by Martin Woesler]]<br /> <br /> '''Student presentations'''<br /> <br /> 1. Classroom presentation no.43 [[Media:Tourism.pptx|Landscapes and tourism: Tourism, Nanjing-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties]] by Deng Dan 邓丹, quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/t439hEm.aspx<br /> <br /> 2. Classroom presentation no.44 [[Media:Garden.pptx|Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscape Garden]] by Wu Xinxin 吴欣欣Quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vj/OKFUuXq.aspx<br /> <br /> 3. Classroom presentation no.45 [[Media:Crafts.pptx| Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots]] by Ding Zhongxia 丁仲夏 Quiz ps://ks.wjx.top/vj/eGI4k8R.aspx<br /> <br /> 4. Classroom presentation no.39 [[Media:Astrology.pptx|Chinese Astrology: Chinese Astrology]] by Du Xinyu 杜心语, quiz: https://ks.wjx.top/vj/Q0MUUEL.aspx 依旧待定<br /> <br /> ==Final Exam Paper (deadline June &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;15&lt;/span&gt;, 2021)==<br /> The final exam paper makes 60% of the total grade. You can start to write your paper now. Fellow students are allowed and encouraged to correct your mistakes.<br /> <br /> Please write a new chapter (approximately 5,000 English characters/letters) in the course book, explaining an element of Chinese culture. Please use the structure you know from the textbook: Text (please make paragraphs no longer than 3 sentences. Please indicate at least 1 reference per paragraph), Terms (English and Chinese), Questions (multiple choice, please also provide the answers), References<br /> <br /> You can write your final exam paper here [[20210601_culture|here]]</div>

Wang Yihan