China Studies Wiki - User contributions [en]

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-12-30T15:15:44Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Final Exam Paper */

Hello everyone, I'm a 23-year-old from Changsha, China. Music is my passion, and I love listening to various genres, each with its unique melodies and rhythms. Another passion of mine is dogs. Their loyalty and innocence always bring a smile to my face. It's a pleasure to meet you all, and I'm looking forward to sharing more about my interests and experiences.

==Nov 01,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic of the conversation was how to learn Korean.

==Nov 02,2024==
Today I had a conversation with AI, and the topic of the conversation was the place I most want to travel to.

==Nov 03,2024==
Today, I did not learn anything.

==Nov 04,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic of the conversation was how to learn Chinese.

==Nov 05,2024==
Today，I had a conversation with AI, and the topic of the conversation was the TV series I had watched recently.

==Nov 06,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic was about the novels I've read recently.

==Nov 07,2024==
Today, I didn't learn anything.

==Nov 08,2024==
Today, I used AI for translation.

==Nov 09,2024==
Today, I used AI for translation.

==Nov 10,2024==
Today, I used AI to do translation, and the type of translation text was news.

==Nov 11,2024==
Today, I practiced a dialogue with AI, and the topic of the dialogue was what a healthy life is.

==Nov 12,2024==
Today, I had a dialogue with AI, and the topic of the dialogue was what the value of life is.

==Nov 13,2024==
Today, I used AI to do translation, and the type of translation was novel translation.

==Nov 14,2024==
Today, I used AI to search for efficient methods for learning translation.

==Nov 15,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic of the conversation was the impact of weather on people's mood.

==Nov 16,2024==
Today, I used AI for translation, and the text translated was news.

==Nov 17,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic was recent fashion trends.

==Nov 18,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic was what the hottest reality show is recently.

==Nov 19,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic was methods for going to bed early and waking up early.

==Nov 20,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic was how to maintain a good mood.

==Nov 21,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic was how to maintain good health.

==Nov 22,2024==
Today, I used AI to perform translation, and the type of text translated was sports-related.

==Nov 23,2024==
Today, I utilized AI to search for definitions related to translation.

==Nov 24,2024==
Today, I used AI to perform translation, and the type of text translated was entertainment news.

==Nov 25,2024==
Today, I asked AI to evaluate the quality of my translation.

==Nov 26,2024==
Today, I used AI to perform a translation in the medical field.

==Nov 27,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic was the importance of environmental protection.

==Nov 28,2024==
Today I didn't learn anything.

==Nov 29,2024==
Today I used AI to translate a philosophical text.

==Nov 30,2024==
Today I used AI to translate a scientific and technological text.

==Dec 01,2024==
Today I had a conversation with AI, and the topic was the functions of AI.

==Dec 02,2024==
Today I used AI to translate a daily conversation.

==Dec 03,2024==
Today, I didn't learn anything.

==Dec 04,2024==
Today, I used AI to translate entertainment news.

==Dec 05,2024==
Today, I used AI to translate technology news.

==Dec 06,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic was healthy eating.

==Dec 07,2024==
Today, I used AI to translate economic news.

==Dec 08,2024==
Today, I used AI to translate political news.

==Dec 09,2024==
Today, I used AI to translate an academic paper.

==Dec 10,2024==
Today, I used AI to translate an advertisement.

==Dec 11,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic was methods for learning languages.

==Dec 12,2024==
Today, I used AI to translate a children's literature work.

==Dec 13,2024==
Today I used AI to translate, and the translated text is a religious text.

==Dec 14,2024==
Today I used AI to translate, and the translated text is an academic text.

==Dec 15,2024==
Today I used AI to translate, and the translated text is advertising text.

==Dec 16,2024==
Today I used AI to translate, and the translated text is children's literature.

==Dec 17,2024==
Today, I used AI to translate a tourist guide script.

==Dec 18,2024==
Today, I used AI to translate a scenic spot introduction.

==Dec 19,2024==
Today, I had a conversation with AI, and the topic was about the place I most want to travel to.

==Dec 20,2024==
I didn't learn anything today.

==Dec 21,2024==
I translated a fairy tale today using AI.

==Dec 22,2024==
I translated a speech today using AI.

==Dec 23,2024==
I translated a car advertisement using AI today.

==Dec 24,2024==
I translated a sports news report using AI today.

==Dec 25,2024==
I had a conversation with AI today on the topic of healthy living.

==Dec 26,2024==
Today, I did not learn anything.

==Dec 27,2024==
I used AI to translate a Yuelu Mountain guide today.

==Dec 28,2024==
I translated a novel using AI today.

==Dec 29,2024==
I had a conversation with AI today, and the topic of the conversation was the harm of junk food.

==Dec 30,2024==
I had a conversation with AI today, and the topic of the conversation was the importance of learning.

==Dec 31,2024==
I didn't learn anything today.

==Final Exam Paper==
'''彩礼'''
王玉姣

'''摘要'''

婚嫁文化是一个地区文化中的重要组成部分。而彩礼作为婚嫁文化中最为重要的组成部分之一，十分值得我们关注。本文首先介绍了彩礼的含义及其历史追溯。其次，介绍了彩礼在内容上的历史演变。然后分析了古代中国彩礼的三大传统功能，即：补偿功能、规避风险功能、契约功能。此外，简要介绍了其他国家的彩礼文化。最后，探讨了当今中国的彩礼文化的负面影响及解决方案。

'''A.彩礼的含义与历史追溯'''

'''1.彩礼的含义'''

彩礼又称聘礼，是中国的传统婚嫁风俗文化之一。在中国已有几千年历史。在中国传统社会中，彩礼原始功能主要为：男方向女方父母送上一定价值的财物，以表明结婚意向。此外，彩礼还可以显示男方的家庭财力，以减少进入婚姻的阻力。

'''2.彩礼的历史追溯'''

中国古代有“六礼”的说法，从议婚至完婚过程中的六种结婚礼节。包括：纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。其中又以“纳征”和“亲迎”最为重要。“纳征”的含义为：男方向女方家提供聘礼，聘礼便是如今的“彩礼”，“纳征”可以说是中国最早的彩礼风俗。（向吴艺文2024，6）

'''B.彩礼的历史演变'''

上古时期的彩礼多用鸟兽。到了周代，普通百姓的彩礼多为雁皮、布匹。同时，也有直接使用货币作为聘礼的。此时的彩礼金额不高，其象征意义大于其实际礼品价值。到了汉代，黄金成为主要的彩礼，人们开始注重彩礼的实际价值。到了宋代，彩礼数额不断攀升。在民间，人们开始追求“三金”，即：金钏、金镯、金帔坠，这一风俗也一直延续到了当代中国。到了元代中期，统治者注意到了过高的彩礼会带给社会的不利影响，通过颁布法规，针对庶民彩礼负担重的现象对聘礼进行了限制，但效果有限。在明清的中后期，除礼金外，金银首饰也成为了彩礼的普遍要求，彩礼的现实意味越来越浓。中华人民共和国成立后，《中华人民共和国婚姻法》中，并没有规定彩礼制度，彩礼彻底变为了一种文化和民间习俗。虽然彩礼不再具备法律地位，但是由于彩礼有着悠久的历史渊源，在民间也有很深的社会基础，彩礼仍作为一种文化存在在中国。（向吴艺文2024，7-8）

'''C.彩礼的传统功能'''

'''1.补偿功能'''

在中国封建时期，女子婚后开始从属于男性。在该社会观念下，女人一旦结婚后则要从娘家转移至夫家。由此，女方原生家庭便会出现劳动力资源的丧失。在传统的农耕社会，劳动力资源便是最大的财富。女方家庭为抚养女儿长大成人，长时间投入了经济成本。但女儿在结婚后，所有的产出都将归属于男方家庭。而彩礼则是对这种经济损失的赔偿，使两个家庭的利益得以平衡。（尹森林2019，135）

'''2.规避风险'''

彩礼是女方规避风险的一种方式。在封建时代，女子婚后开始从属于男性，需要依靠男性来生活。而彩礼可以检验男方的经济条件。并且，中国古代的道德体系对女性的贞洁有着苛刻的要求，即使是婚约被取消，也会导致女性在道德层面受到较大压力，难以再找到合适的结婚对象。所以，为了尽可能地规避风险，彩礼的风俗得以出现和延续。由此，即使婚约被撕毁，女方至少还能获得彩礼作为经济补偿。（向吴艺文2024，7）

'''3.契约功能'''

从周秦到晚清，彩礼是法律确定婚约是否存在、是否有效的重要依据。一般彩礼会清晰地记载于书面的婚书上，作为婚约成立的证明。按照《唐律疏议》及后来的《大明律》《大清律》，即便男女双方没有书面上的婚约或婚书，只要有男方交付财物、女方受领财物的事实，按照当时的司法审判环节也可以认定双方存在婚约。（刘云生2024，22）

'''D.其他国家的彩礼文化'''

彩礼并非只有中国才有，世界上许多地区都有彩礼。在伊朗，彩礼被称之为 “梅赫里耶”（mehrieh）。并且，彩礼在传统上既是缔结婚姻的必经程序，也是男方必须履行的一项义务，大多数情况下需由男女双方在婚前明确彩礼数额，待婚后女方索取或离婚时由男方兑现。（冀开运2023，20）。在尼日利亚的约鲁巴部落，在结婚之前男方会赠予女方家庭一定财物。但一般而言，赠与的金钱数额仅在5000卢比的范围内（约100至400元人民币）（Ajibola O 2020，45-46）。在约鲁巴部落中，彩礼似乎更像是一种象征意义。在加纳上西地区，男方在婚前需要向女方赠与现金、服装、饰品等，具体的数额则根据家庭经济状况而有所不同（Aasoglenang A T 2024，100626）。此外，苏丹、津巴布韦和印度等许多地区都有彩礼。（Deng A Y 2019，1）在大多数地区中，彩礼仅作为一种文化风俗存在。但也有像伊朗一样的地区，将彩礼纳入了法律。彩礼的数额也有高有低。

'''E.当今中国的彩礼'''

彩礼在中国有着多年历史。目前，彩礼仍是中国婚嫁文化中最重要的内容之一，其部分传统功能在现代中国社会也仍然有效。虽然现在的中国法律未曾规定进入婚姻需要赠与女方彩礼，但赠与彩礼仍是中国人的共识。彩礼也是中国年轻人步入婚姻的一道重要门槛。近年来，彩礼问题也成为了中国互联网上的热门话题。“高额、天价”成为了彩礼的首要表现。彩礼金额攀升到几万到几十万人民币不等，给许多青年一代婚恋选择造成沉重的经济压力和心理负担，并且引发了许多婚姻乱象和离婚纠纷（陈瑞燕2024，95）。

[[https://p1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20220819/85208666a7d84f619d62f9a73122a8d2.jpeg]]
[[https://x0.ifengimg.com/res/2021/8E95A3E563361C09C8F8734827992F0ED07B67D7_size177_w800_h704.jpg]]

总而言之，如今中国的天价彩礼，似乎脱离了原本彩礼中的“礼”，而变得更侧重“财”。高额的彩礼也对中国的婚恋市场造成了一定的负面影响。从根本上而言，彩礼是由于男女社会地位的不平衡而诞生的。由于男女社会地位的不平衡，所以男方通过支付一定金额彩礼，对女方进行一定的经济补偿。倘若想缓解彩礼带来的负面效应，应当推动男女社会地位的真正平等。当女性不再是社会中的弱势群体、当女性不再需要通过彩礼为今后的婚姻生活进行担保时，彩礼或许就能从“财”转变为“礼”。

'''术语'''

Bride Price彩礼
Ancient古代
Labor resources劳动力资源
Woman's family女方家庭
Etiquette礼
Financial Compensation经济补偿
Risk avoidance规避风险
Contract契约

'''问题'''

1.彩礼是什么？
2.“六礼”包括哪些内容？
3.彩礼在中国古代主要有哪些传统功能？
4.文中提到哪个国家的彩礼是法律规定的内容？

'''答案'''

1. 彩礼又称聘礼，是中国的传统婚嫁风俗文化之一。在中国已有几千年历史。在中国传统社会中，彩礼原始功能主要为：男方向女方父母送上一定价值的财物，以表明结婚意向。此外，彩礼还可以显示男方的家庭财力，以减少进入婚姻的阻力。
2. 中国古代有“六礼”的说法，从议婚至完婚过程中的六种结婚礼节。包括：纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。其中又以“纳征”和“亲迎”最为重要。“纳征”的含义为：男方向女方家提供聘礼，聘礼便是如今的“彩礼”，“纳征”可以说是中国最早的彩礼风俗。
3. 补偿功能、规避风险功能、契约功能。
4. 伊朗

'''参考文献'''

[1]向吴艺文.我国婚嫁文化中彩礼风俗的历史脉络研究[J].文化学刊,2024,(02):6-8.
[2]尹森林.我国彩礼制度的功能分析及理性演进[J].法制与社会,2019,(21):135.
[3]刘云生.如何正确认识彩礼婚俗？[J].法治时代,2024,(05):22.
[4]冀开运,廖希玮.伊朗彩礼制度的起源、演变及特征[J].西亚非洲,2023,(01):20.
[5]陈瑞燕.从契约到支付：婚姻礼俗的功能流变与农村天价彩礼危机[J].青年学报,2024,(05):95.
[6]Ajibola O,柯扬茜,李文志,et al.关于中国和非洲约鲁巴部落婚姻习俗中彩礼的比较研究（英文）[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2020,(S1):45-46.
[7]Aasoglenang A T, Susan L, Bonye P. Bride price payment and marriage Stability: An ethnographic study of the Brifors of the Upper West Region, Ghana[J].World Development Perspectives,2024,100626.
[8]Deng A Y. Do Practices such as Dowry and Bride Prices Relate to Violence Among Migrants in OECD countries?[J].Social Science Protocols,2019,1.

'''未使用AI陈述'''
本人在此保证，未借助人工智能来撰写此课程结课论文。

'''Bride Price'''
Wang Yujiao Wendy

'''Abstract'''

Wedding culture is an important part of the culture of a region. As one of the most important parts of the marriage culture, the bride price is very worthy of our attention. This paper firstly introduces the meaning of bride price and its historical tracing. Secondly, it introduces the historical evolution of the bride price in terms of content. Then, it analyzes the three traditional functions of bride price in ancient China, namely: compensation function, risk avoidance function, and contract function. In addition, the bride price cultures of other countries are briefly introduced. Finally, the negative impacts and solutions of the bride price culture in China today are discussed.

'''A. The Meaning and History of the Bride Price Tracing'''

'''1. Meaning of the Bride Price'''

The bride price, also known as Pin Li（聘礼）, is one of China's traditional marriage customs and culture. It has a history of several thousand years in China. In traditional Chinese society, the original function of the bride price is that the man sends a certain value of property to the woman's parents to show the intention of marriage. In addition, the bride price can also show the financial strength of the man's family in order to reduce the resistance to enter into marriage.

'''2. History of the Bride Price'''

In ancient China, there were “Liu Li（六礼）”, six marriage rituals in the process of marriage negotiation and marriage consummation. Including: Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi, Qin Ying（纳采，问名，纳吉，纳征，请期，亲迎）.Among them, the “Na Zheng” and the “Qin Ying” are the most important. The meaning of “Na Zheng” is that the man offers the Pin Li to the woman's family, which is now known as the “bride price”, and “Na Zheng” is the earliest custom of bride price in China. （Xiang Wuyiwen 2024，6）

'''B. Historical Evolution of the Bride Price'''

In the ancient times, the bride price was mostly birds and animals. By the Zhou Dynasty, the bride price for ordinary people was mostly bird skin and cloth. At the same time, there were also direct use of money as bride price. At this time, the amount of bride price is not high, and its symbolic significance is greater than its actual gift value. By the Han Dynasty, gold became the main bride price, and people began to pay attention to the actual value of the bride price. In the Song Dynasty, the amount of bride price continued to rise. In folklore, people began to pursue the “Three Golds（三金：金钏、金镯、金帔坠）” , and this custom has continued into contemporary China. By the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the rulers noticed the negative impact of excessive bride price on society and restricted the bride price by enacting regulations to address the heavy burden of bride price on the common people, but the effect was limited. In the middle and late Ming and Qing dynasties, in addition to money, gold and silver jewelry also became a common requirement for the bride price, and the bride price became more and more realistic. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China did not provide for the bride price system, and the bride price completely changed into a cultural and folk customs. Although the bride price no longer has a legal status, it still exists in China as a culture because it has a long historical origin and a deep social foundation in the folklore. (Xiang Wuyiwen 2024, 7-8)

'''C. Traditional Functions of the Bride Price'''

'''1. Compensation Function'''

During the feudal period in China, women became subordinate to men after marriage. Under this social concept, once a woman is married, she is transferred from her mother's family to her husband's family. As a result, the woman's family of origin suffered a loss of labor resources. In traditional farming societies, labor resources are the greatest wealth. The woman's family has invested a long time in raising her daughter to adulthood. However, after the daughter is married, all the output will belong to the man's family. And the bride price is a compensation for this economic loss, so that the interests of the two families can be balanced. (Yin Senlin 2019, 135)

'''2.Risk Avoidance Function'''

The bride price is a way for the woman to avoid risk. In the feudal era, the woman began to subordinate to the man after marriage and needed to rely on him to live. And the bride price can test the economic condition of the man. Moreover, the moral system of ancient China has harsh requirements on women's chastity, even if the marriage contract is canceled, it will lead to a greater pressure on the moral level of women, and it is difficult to find a suitable marriage partner again. Therefore, in order to avoid the risk as much as possible, the custom of bride price has appeared and continued. As a result, even if the marriage contract is torn up, the woman can at least get the bride price as financial compensation. (Xiang Wuyiwen 2024，7)

'''3.Contract Function'''

From the Zhou and Qin Dynasties to the late Qing Dynasty, the bride price was an important basis for the law to determine whether a marriage contract existed and was valid. Generally, the bride price would be clearly recorded in the written marriage contract as a proof of the marriage contract's establishment. According to the ''Tang Lv Shu Yi''(唐律疏议) and ''Da Ming Lv''(大明律) ''Da Qing Lv''(大清律), even if a man and a woman did not have a written marriage contract or marriage certificate, as long as there was a fact that the man delivered the property and the woman received the property, the two parties could be recognized as having a marriage contract in accordance with the judicial process at that time. (Liu Yunsheng 2024, 22)

'''D. Bride Price Culture in Other Countries'''

The bride price is not unique to China; it is practiced in many parts of the world. In Iran, the bride price is called mehrieh. And, the bride price is traditionally both the necessary procedures for the conclusion of marriage, but also the man must fulfill an obligation, in most cases need to be clear by both men and women in the amount of the bride price before the marriage, to be claimed by the woman after the marriage or divorce by the man to cash. (Ji Kaiyun 2023, 20). In the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria, the man gifts the woman's family a certain amount of property before marriage. Generally, however, the amount of money gifted is only in the range of Rs 5000 (about RMB 100 to RMB 400) (Ajibola O 2020, 45-46). Among the Yoruba tribes, bride price seems to be more of a symbolism. In the Upper West Region of Ghana, the man is required to give the woman cash, clothing, ornaments, etc., before marriage, and the exact amount varies according to the family's financial status (Aasoglenang A T 2024, 100626). In addition, bride price is practiced in many regions such as Sudan, Zimbabwe and India. (Deng A Y 2019, 1) In most regions, bride price exists only as a cultural custom. However, there are regions like Iran where bride price has been incorporated into the law. The amount of bride price also varies from high to low.

'''E. Bride Price in China Today'''

The bride price has a long history in China. At present, the bride price is still one of the most important elements of Chinese marriage culture, and some of its traditional functions are still valid in modern Chinese society. Although Chinese law does not now require a bride price to enter into a marriage, it is still a common understanding among Chinese people to give a bride price. The bride price is also an important threshold for young Chinese to enter into marriage. In recent years, the issue of bride price has also become a hot topic on the Chinese Internet. “High and sky-high prices have become the first manifestation of the bride price. The amount of bride price has risen to tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of RMB, which has caused heavy economic pressure and psychological burden on many young people's marriage choices, as well as triggered many marital chaos and divorce disputes (Chen Ruiyan 2024, 95).

[[https://p1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20220819/85208666a7d84f619d62f9a73122a8d2.jpeg]]
[[https://x0.ifengimg.com/res/2021/8E95A3E563361C09C8F8734827992F0ED07B67D7_size177_w800_h704.jpg]]

All in all, China's exorbitant bride price seems to be detached from the original “etiquette” of the bride price and has become more focused on “money”.
The high bride price has also had a negative impact on China's marriage market. Fundamentally, the bride price was born out of the imbalance between the social status of men and women. Because of the imbalance in social status between men and women, the man pays a certain amount of bride price to compensate the woman for her financial situation. If the negative effects of the bride price are to be mitigated, true equality between men and women should be promoted. When women are no longer a disadvantaged group in society, and when they no longer need to guarantee their future married life through the dowry, the dowry may be transformed from “money” to “etiquette”.

'''Terms and Expressions'''

Bride Price彩礼
Ancient古代
Labor resources劳动力资源
Woman's family女方家庭
Etiquette礼
Financial Compensation经济补偿
Risk avoidance规避风险
Contract契约

'''Questions'''

1. What is the bride price?
2. What is the Liu Li（六礼）?
3. What are the main traditional functions of the bride price in ancient China?
4. In which country is the bride price a legal requirement?

'''Answers'''

1. The bride price, also known as Pin Li（聘礼）, is one of China's traditional marriage customs and culture. It has a history of several thousand years in China. In traditional Chinese society, the original function of the bride price is that the man sends a certain value of property to the woman's parents to show the intention of marriage. In addition, the bride price can also show the financial strength of the man's family in order to reduce the resistance to enter into marriage.
2. In ancient China, there were “Liu Li（六礼）”, six marriage rituals in the process of marriage negotiation and marriage consummation. Including: Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi, Qin Ying（纳采，问名，纳吉，纳征，请期，亲迎）.Among them, the “Na Zheng” and the “Qin Ying” are the most important. The meaning of “Na Zheng” is that the man offers the Pin Li to the woman's family, which is now known as the “bride price”, and “Na Zheng” is the earliest custom of bride price in China.
3. Compensation function, risk avoidance function, and contract function.
4. Iran

'''References'''

1. 向吴艺文Xiang Wuyiwen. (2024). 我国婚嫁文化中彩礼风俗的历史脉络研究[Study on the historical lineage of bride price custom in China's marriage culture]. 文化学刊[Cultural Journal], (02):6-8.
2. 尹森林Yin Senlin. (2019). 我国彩礼制度的功能分析及理性演进[Functional Analysis and Rational Evolution of the Bride Price System in China]. 法制与社会[Legal system and society], (21):135.
3. 刘云生Liu Yunsheng. (2024). 如何正确认识彩礼婚俗？[How to correctly understand the bride price wedding custom?]. 法治时代[Era of the rule of law], (05):22.
4. 冀开运Ji Kaiyun, 廖希玮Liao Xiwei. (2023). 伊朗彩礼制度的起源、演变及特征[Origin, evolution and characteristics of the bride price system in Iran]. 西亚非洲[West Asia and Africa], (01):20.
5. 陈瑞燕Chen Ruiyan. (2024). 从契约到支付：婚姻礼俗的功能流变与农村天价彩礼危机[From Contract to Payment: The Functional Flux of Marriage Rituals and the Crisis of Rural Bride Price Crisis]. 青年学报[Journal of Youth Studies], (05):95.
6.Ajibola O, 柯扬茜, 李文志, et al. (2020). Betrothal gifts: A comparative study of Chinese and Yoruba marriage traditions. Journal of East China Normal University (Natural Science), (S1):45-46.
7.Aasoglenang A T, Susan L, Bonye P. (2024). Bride price payment and marriage Stability: An ethnographic study of the Brifors of the Upper West Region, Ghana. World Development Perspectives, 100626.
8.Deng A Y. (2019). Do Practices such as Dowry and Bride Prices Relate to Violence Among Migrants in OECD countries?.Social Science Protocols, 1.

'''AI Statement'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-12-30T15:07:13Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Final Exam Paper */

Hello everyone, I'm a 23-year-old from Changsha, China. Music is my passion, and I love listening to various genres, each with its unique melodies and rhythms. Another passion of mine is dogs. Their loyalty and innocence always bring a smile to my face. It's a pleasure to meet you all, and I'm looking forward to sharing more about my interests and experiences.

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==Final Exam Paper==
'''彩礼'''
王玉姣

'''摘要'''
婚嫁文化是一个地区文化中的重要组成部分。而彩礼作为婚嫁文化中最为重要的组成部分之一，十分值得我们关注。本文首先介绍了彩礼的含义及其历史追溯。其次，介绍了彩礼在内容上的历史演变。然后分析了古代中国彩礼的三大传统功能，即：补偿功能、规避风险功能、契约功能。此外，简要介绍了其他国家的彩礼文化。最后，探讨了当今中国的彩礼文化的负面影响及解决方案。

'''A.彩礼的含义与历史追溯'''
'''1.彩礼的含义'''
彩礼又称聘礼，是中国的传统婚嫁风俗文化之一。在中国已有几千年历史。在中国传统社会中，彩礼原始功能主要为：男方向女方父母送上一定价值的财物，以表明结婚意向。此外，彩礼还可以显示男方的家庭财力，以减少进入婚姻的阻力。

'''2.彩礼的历史追溯'''
中国古代有“六礼”的说法，从议婚至完婚过程中的六种结婚礼节。包括：纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。其中又以“纳征”和“亲迎”最为重要。“纳征”的含义为：男方向女方家提供聘礼，聘礼便是如今的“彩礼”，“纳征”可以说是中国最早的彩礼风俗。（向吴艺文2024，6）

'''B.彩礼的历史演变'''
上古时期的彩礼多用鸟兽。到了周代，普通百姓的彩礼多为雁皮、布匹。同时，也有直接使用货币作为聘礼的。此时的彩礼金额不高，其象征意义大于其实际礼品价值。到了汉代，黄金成为主要的彩礼，人们开始注重彩礼的实际价值。到了宋代，彩礼数额不断攀升。在民间，人们开始追求“三金”，即：金钏、金镯、金帔坠，这一风俗也一直延续到了当代中国。到了元代中期，统治者注意到了过高的彩礼会带给社会的不利影响，通过颁布法规，针对庶民彩礼负担重的现象对聘礼进行了限制，但效果有限。在明清的中后期，除礼金外，金银首饰也成为了彩礼的普遍要求，彩礼的现实意味越来越浓。中华人民共和国成立后，《中华人民共和国婚姻法》中，并没有规定彩礼制度，彩礼彻底变为了一种文化和民间习俗。虽然彩礼不再具备法律地位，但是由于彩礼有着悠久的历史渊源，在民间也有很深的社会基础，彩礼仍作为一种文化存在在中国。（向吴艺文2024，7-8）

'''C.彩礼的传统功能'''
'''1.补偿功能'''
在中国封建时期，女子婚后开始从属于男性。在该社会观念下，女人一旦结婚后则要从娘家转移至夫家。由此，女方原生家庭便会出现劳动力资源的丧失。在传统的农耕社会，劳动力资源便是最大的财富。女方家庭为抚养女儿长大成人，长时间投入了经济成本。但女儿在结婚后，所有的产出都将归属于男方家庭。而彩礼则是对这种经济损失的赔偿，使两个家庭的利益得以平衡。（尹森林2019，135）

'''2.规避风险'''
彩礼是女方规避风险的一种方式。在封建时代，女子婚后开始从属于男性，需要依靠男性来生活。而彩礼可以检验男方的经济条件。并且，中国古代的道德体系对女性的贞洁有着苛刻的要求，即使是婚约被取消，也会导致女性在道德层面受到较大压力，难以再找到合适的结婚对象。所以，为了尽可能地规避风险，彩礼的风俗得以出现和延续。由此，即使婚约被撕毁，女方至少还能获得彩礼作为经济补偿。（向吴艺文2024，7）

'''3.契约功能'''
从周秦到晚清，彩礼是法律确定婚约是否存在、是否有效的重要依据。一般彩礼会清晰地记载于书面的婚书上，作为婚约成立的证明。按照《唐律疏议》及后来的《大明律》《大清律》，即便男女双方没有书面上的婚约或婚书，只要有男方交付财物、女方受领财物的事实，按照当时的司法审判环节也可以认定双方存在婚约。（刘云生2024，22）

'''D.其他国家的彩礼文化'''
彩礼并非只有中国才有，世界上许多地区都有彩礼。在伊朗，彩礼被称之为 “梅赫里耶”（mehrieh）。并且，彩礼在传统上既是缔结婚姻的必经程序，也是男方必须履行的一项义务，大多数情况下需由男女双方在婚前明确彩礼数额，待婚后女方索取或离婚时由男方兑现。（冀开运2023，20）。在尼日利亚的约鲁巴部落，在结婚之前男方会赠予女方家庭一定财物。但一般而言，赠与的金钱数额仅在5000卢比的范围内（约100至400元人民币）（Ajibola O 2020，45-46）。在约鲁巴部落中，彩礼似乎更像是一种象征意义。在加纳上西地区，男方在婚前需要向女方赠与现金、服装、饰品等，具体的数额则根据家庭经济状况而有所不同（Aasoglenang A T 2024，100626）。此外，苏丹、津巴布韦和印度等许多地区都有彩礼。（Deng A Y 2019，1）在大多数地区中，彩礼仅作为一种文化风俗存在。但也有像伊朗一样的地区，将彩礼纳入了法律。彩礼的数额也有高有低。

'''E.当今中国的彩礼'''
彩礼在中国有着多年历史。目前，彩礼仍是中国婚嫁文化中最重要的内容之一，其部分传统功能在现代中国社会也仍然有效。虽然现在的中国法律未曾规定进入婚姻需要赠与女方彩礼，但赠与彩礼仍是中国人的共识。彩礼也是中国年轻人步入婚姻的一道重要门槛。近年来，彩礼问题也成为了中国互联网上的热门话题。“高额、天价”成为了彩礼的首要表现。彩礼金额攀升到几万到几十万人民币不等，给许多青年一代婚恋选择造成沉重的经济压力和心理负担，并且引发了许多婚姻乱象和离婚纠纷（陈瑞燕2024，95）。

[[https://p1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20220819/85208666a7d84f619d62f9a73122a8d2.jpeg]]
[[https://x0.ifengimg.com/res/2021/8E95A3E563361C09C8F8734827992F0ED07B67D7_size177_w800_h704.jpg]]

总而言之，如今中国的天价彩礼，似乎脱离了原本彩礼中的“礼”，而变得更侧重“财”。高额的彩礼也对中国的婚恋市场造成了一定的负面影响。从根本上而言，彩礼是由于男女社会地位的不平衡而诞生的。由于男女社会地位的不平衡，所以男方通过支付一定金额彩礼，对女方进行一定的经济补偿。倘若想缓解彩礼带来的负面效应，应当推动男女社会地位的真正平等。当女性不再是社会中的弱势群体、当女性不再需要通过彩礼为今后的婚姻生活进行担保时，彩礼或许就能从“财”转变为“礼”。

'''术语'''
Bride Price彩礼
Ancient古代
Labor resources劳动力资源
Woman's family女方家庭
Etiquette礼
Financial Compensation经济补偿
Risk avoidance规避风险
Contract契约

'''问题'''
1.彩礼是什么？
2.“六礼”包括哪些内容？
3.彩礼在中国古代主要有哪些传统功能？
4.文中提到哪个国家的彩礼是法律规定的内容？

'''答案'''
1. 彩礼又称聘礼，是中国的传统婚嫁风俗文化之一。在中国已有几千年历史。在中国传统社会中，彩礼原始功能主要为：男方向女方父母送上一定价值的财物，以表明结婚意向。此外，彩礼还可以显示男方的家庭财力，以减少进入婚姻的阻力。
2. 中国古代有“六礼”的说法，从议婚至完婚过程中的六种结婚礼节。包括：纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。其中又以“纳征”和“亲迎”最为重要。“纳征”的含义为：男方向女方家提供聘礼，聘礼便是如今的“彩礼”，“纳征”可以说是中国最早的彩礼风俗。
3. 补偿功能、规避风险功能、契约功能。
4. 伊朗

'''参考文献'''
[1]向吴艺文.我国婚嫁文化中彩礼风俗的历史脉络研究[J].文化学刊,2024,(02):6-8.
[2]尹森林.我国彩礼制度的功能分析及理性演进[J].法制与社会,2019,(21):135.
[3]刘云生.如何正确认识彩礼婚俗？[J].法治时代,2024,(05):22.
[4]冀开运,廖希玮.伊朗彩礼制度的起源、演变及特征[J].西亚非洲,2023,(01):20.
[5]陈瑞燕.从契约到支付：婚姻礼俗的功能流变与农村天价彩礼危机[J].青年学报,2024,(05):95.
[6]Ajibola O,柯扬茜,李文志,et al.关于中国和非洲约鲁巴部落婚姻习俗中彩礼的比较研究（英文）[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2020,(S1):45-46.
[7]Aasoglenang A T, Susan L, Bonye P. Bride price payment and marriage Stability: An ethnographic study of the Brifors of the Upper West Region, Ghana[J].World Development Perspectives,2024,100626.
[8]Deng A Y. Do Practices such as Dowry and Bride Prices Relate to Violence Among Migrants in OECD countries?[J].Social Science Protocols,2019,1.

'''未使用AI陈述'''
本人在此保证，未借助人工智能来撰写此课程结课论文。

'''Bride Price'''
Wang Yujiao Wendy

'''Abstract'''
Wedding culture is an important part of the culture of a region. As one of the most important parts of the marriage culture, the bride price is very worthy of our attention. This paper firstly introduces the meaning of bride price and its historical tracing. Secondly, it introduces the historical evolution of the bride price in terms of content. Then, it analyzes the three traditional functions of bride price in ancient China, namely: compensation function, risk avoidance function, and contract function. In addition, the bride price cultures of other countries are briefly introduced. Finally, the negative impacts and solutions of the bride price culture in China today are discussed.

'''A. The Meaning and History of the Bride Price Tracing'''
'''1. Meaning of the Bride Price'''
The bride price, also known as Pin Li（聘礼）, is one of China's traditional marriage customs and culture. It has a history of several thousand years in China. In traditional Chinese society, the original function of the bride price is that the man sends a certain value of property to the woman's parents to show the intention of marriage. In addition, the bride price can also show the financial strength of the man's family in order to reduce the resistance to enter into marriage.

'''2. History of the Bride Price'''
In ancient China, there were “Liu Li（六礼）”, six marriage rituals in the process of marriage negotiation and marriage consummation. Including: Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi, Qin Ying（纳采，问名，纳吉，纳征，请期，亲迎）.Among them, the “Na Zheng” and the “Qin Ying” are the most important. The meaning of “Na Zheng” is that the man offers the Pin Li to the woman's family, which is now known as the “bride price”, and “Na Zheng” is the earliest custom of bride price in China. （Xiang Wuyiwen 2024，6）

'''B. Historical Evolution of the Bride Price'''
In the ancient times, the bride price was mostly birds and animals. By the Zhou Dynasty, the bride price for ordinary people was mostly bird skin and cloth. At the same time, there were also direct use of money as bride price. At this time, the amount of bride price is not high, and its symbolic significance is greater than its actual gift value. By the Han Dynasty, gold became the main bride price, and people began to pay attention to the actual value of the bride price. In the Song Dynasty, the amount of bride price continued to rise. In folklore, people began to pursue the “Three Golds（三金：金钏、金镯、金帔坠）” , and this custom has continued into contemporary China. By the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the rulers noticed the negative impact of excessive bride price on society and restricted the bride price by enacting regulations to address the heavy burden of bride price on the common people, but the effect was limited. In the middle and late Ming and Qing dynasties, in addition to money, gold and silver jewelry also became a common requirement for the bride price, and the bride price became more and more realistic. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China did not provide for the bride price system, and the bride price completely changed into a cultural and folk customs. Although the bride price no longer has a legal status, it still exists in China as a culture because it has a long historical origin and a deep social foundation in the folklore. (Xiang Wuyiwen 2024, 7-8)

'''C. Traditional Functions of the Bride Price'''
'''1. Compensation Function'''
During the feudal period in China, women became subordinate to men after marriage. Under this social concept, once a woman is married, she is transferred from her mother's family to her husband's family. As a result, the woman's family of origin suffered a loss of labor resources. In traditional farming societies, labor resources are the greatest wealth. The woman's family has invested a long time in raising her daughter to adulthood. However, after the daughter is married, all the output will belong to the man's family. And the bride price is a compensation for this economic loss, so that the interests of the two families can be balanced. (Yin Senlin 2019, 135)

'''2.Risk Avoidance Function'''
The bride price is a way for the woman to avoid risk. In the feudal era, the woman began to subordinate to the man after marriage and needed to rely on him to live. And the bride price can test the economic condition of the man. Moreover, the moral system of ancient China has harsh requirements on women's chastity, even if the marriage contract is canceled, it will lead to a greater pressure on the moral level of women, and it is difficult to find a suitable marriage partner again. Therefore, in order to avoid the risk as much as possible, the custom of bride price has appeared and continued. As a result, even if the marriage contract is torn up, the woman can at least get the bride price as financial compensation. (Xiang Wuyiwen 2024，7)

'''3.Contract Function'''
From the Zhou and Qin Dynasties to the late Qing Dynasty, the bride price was an important basis for the law to determine whether a marriage contract existed and was valid. Generally, the bride price would be clearly recorded in the written marriage contract as a proof of the marriage contract's establishment. According to the ''Tang Lv Shu Yi''(唐律疏议) and ''Da Ming Lv''(大明律) ''Da Qing Lv''(大清律), even if a man and a woman did not have a written marriage contract or marriage certificate, as long as there was a fact that the man delivered the property and the woman received the property, the two parties could be recognized as having a marriage contract in accordance with the judicial process at that time. (Liu Yunsheng 2024, 22)

'''D. Bride Price Culture in Other Countries'''
The bride price is not unique to China; it is practiced in many parts of the world. In Iran, the bride price is called mehrieh. And, the bride price is traditionally both the necessary procedures for the conclusion of marriage, but also the man must fulfill an obligation, in most cases need to be clear by both men and women in the amount of the bride price before the marriage, to be claimed by the woman after the marriage or divorce by the man to cash. (Ji Kaiyun 2023, 20). In the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria, the man gifts the woman's family a certain amount of property before marriage. Generally, however, the amount of money gifted is only in the range of Rs 5000 (about RMB 100 to RMB 400) (Ajibola O 2020, 45-46). Among the Yoruba tribes, bride price seems to be more of a symbolism. In the Upper West Region of Ghana, the man is required to give the woman cash, clothing, ornaments, etc., before marriage, and the exact amount varies according to the family's financial status (Aasoglenang A T 2024, 100626). In addition, bride price is practiced in many regions such as Sudan, Zimbabwe and India. (Deng A Y 2019, 1) In most regions, bride price exists only as a cultural custom. However, there are regions like Iran where bride price has been incorporated into the law. The amount of bride price also varies from high to low.

'''E. Bride Price in China Today'''
The bride price has a long history in China. At present, the bride price is still one of the most important elements of Chinese marriage culture, and some of its traditional functions are still valid in modern Chinese society. Although Chinese law does not now require a bride price to enter into a marriage, it is still a common understanding among Chinese people to give a bride price. The bride price is also an important threshold for young Chinese to enter into marriage. In recent years, the issue of bride price has also become a hot topic on the Chinese Internet. “High and sky-high prices have become the first manifestation of the bride price. The amount of bride price has risen to tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of RMB, which has caused heavy economic pressure and psychological burden on many young people's marriage choices, as well as triggered many marital chaos and divorce disputes (Chen Ruiyan 2024, 95).

[[https://p1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20220819/85208666a7d84f619d62f9a73122a8d2.jpeg]]
[[https://x0.ifengimg.com/res/2021/8E95A3E563361C09C8F8734827992F0ED07B67D7_size177_w800_h704.jpg]]

All in all, China's exorbitant bride price seems to be detached from the original “etiquette” of the bride price and has become more focused on “money”.
The high bride price has also had a negative impact on China's marriage market. Fundamentally, the bride price was born out of the imbalance between the social status of men and women. Because of the imbalance in social status between men and women, the man pays a certain amount of bride price to compensate the woman for her financial situation. If the negative effects of the bride price are to be mitigated, true equality between men and women should be promoted. When women are no longer a disadvantaged group in society, and when they no longer need to guarantee their future married life through the dowry, the dowry may be transformed from “money” to “etiquette”.

'''Terms and Expressions'''
Bride Price彩礼
Ancient古代
Labor resources劳动力资源
Woman's family女方家庭
Etiquette礼
Financial Compensation经济补偿
Risk avoidance规避风险
Contract契约

'''Questions'''
1. What is the bride price?
2. What is the Liu Li（六礼）?
3. What are the main traditional functions of the bride price in ancient China?
4. In which country is the bride price a legal requirement?

'''Answers'''
1. The bride price, also known as Pin Li（聘礼）, is one of China's traditional marriage customs and culture. It has a history of several thousand years in China. In traditional Chinese society, the original function of the bride price is that the man sends a certain value of property to the woman's parents to show the intention of marriage. In addition, the bride price can also show the financial strength of the man's family in order to reduce the resistance to enter into marriage.
2. In ancient China, there were “Liu Li（六礼）”, six marriage rituals in the process of marriage negotiation and marriage consummation. Including: Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi, Qin Ying（纳采，问名，纳吉，纳征，请期，亲迎）.Among them, the “Na Zheng” and the “Qin Ying” are the most important. The meaning of “Na Zheng” is that the man offers the Pin Li to the woman's family, which is now known as the “bride price”, and “Na Zheng” is the earliest custom of bride price in China.
3. Compensation function, risk avoidance function, and contract function.
4. Iran

'''References'''
1. 向吴艺文Xiang Wuyiwen. (2024). 我国婚嫁文化中彩礼风俗的历史脉络研究[Study on the historical lineage of bride price custom in China's marriage culture]. 文化学刊[Cultural Journal], (02):6-8.
2. 尹森林Yin Senlin. (2019). 我国彩礼制度的功能分析及理性演进[Functional Analysis and Rational Evolution of the Bride Price System in China]. 法制与社会[Legal system and society], (21):135.
3. 刘云生Liu Yunsheng. (2024). 如何正确认识彩礼婚俗？[How to correctly understand the bride price wedding custom?]. 法治时代[Era of the rule of law], (05):22.
4. 冀开运Ji Kaiyun, 廖希玮Liao Xiwei. (2023). 伊朗彩礼制度的起源、演变及特征[Origin, evolution and characteristics of the bride price system in Iran]. 西亚非洲[West Asia and Africa], (01):20.
5. 陈瑞燕Chen Ruiyan. (2024). 从契约到支付：婚姻礼俗的功能流变与农村天价彩礼危机[From Contract to Payment: The Functional Flux of Marriage Rituals and the Crisis of Rural Bride Price Crisis]. 青年学报[Journal of Youth Studies], (05):95.
6.Ajibola O, 柯扬茜, 李文志, et al. (2020). Betrothal gifts: A comparative study of Chinese and Yoruba marriage traditions. Journal of East China Normal University (Natural Science), (S1):45-46.
7.Aasoglenang A T, Susan L, Bonye P. (2024). Bride price payment and marriage Stability: An ethnographic study of the Brifors of the Upper West Region, Ghana. World Development Perspectives, 100626.
8.Deng A Y. (2019). Do Practices such as Dowry and Bride Prices Relate to Violence Among Migrants in OECD countries?.Social Science Protocols, 1.

'''AI Statement'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-12-30T15:00:58Z

Wang Yujiao: /* final exam paper */

Hello everyone, I'm a 23-year-old from Changsha, China. Music is my passion, and I love listening to various genres, each with its unique melodies and rhythms. Another passion of mine is dogs. Their loyalty and innocence always bring a smile to my face. It's a pleasure to meet you all, and I'm looking forward to sharing more about my interests and experiences.

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==Final Exam Paper==
'''彩礼'''
王玉姣

'''摘要'''
婚嫁文化是一个地区文化中的重要组成部分。而彩礼作为婚嫁文化中最为重要的组成部分之一，十分值得我们关注。本文首先介绍了彩礼的含义及其历史追溯。其次，介绍了彩礼在内容上的历史演变。然后分析了古代中国彩礼的三大传统功能，即：补偿功能、规避风险功能、契约功能。此外，简要介绍了其他国家的彩礼文化。最后，探讨了当今中国的彩礼文化的负面影响及解决方案。

'''A.彩礼的含义与历史追溯
1.彩礼的含义'''
彩礼又称聘礼，是中国的传统婚嫁风俗文化之一。在中国已有几千年历史。在中国传统社会中，彩礼原始功能主要为：男方向女方父母送上一定价值的财物，以表明结婚意向。此外，彩礼还可以显示男方的家庭财力，以减少进入婚姻的阻力。

'''2.彩礼的历史追溯'''
中国古代有“六礼”的说法，从议婚至完婚过程中的六种结婚礼节。包括：纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。其中又以“纳征”和“亲迎”最为重要。“纳征”的含义为：男方向女方家提供聘礼，聘礼便是如今的“彩礼”，“纳征”可以说是中国最早的彩礼风俗。（向吴艺文2024，6）

'''B.彩礼的历史演变'''
上古时期的彩礼多用鸟兽。到了周代，普通百姓的彩礼多为雁皮、布匹。同时，也有直接使用货币作为聘礼的。此时的彩礼金额不高，其象征意义大于其实际礼品价值。到了汉代，黄金成为主要的彩礼，人们开始注重彩礼的实际价值。到了宋代，彩礼数额不断攀升。在民间，人们开始追求“三金”，即：金钏、金镯、金帔坠，这一风俗也一直延续到了当代中国。到了元代中期，统治者注意到了过高的彩礼会带给社会的不利影响，通过颁布法规，针对庶民彩礼负担重的现象对聘礼进行了限制，但效果有限。在明清的中后期，除礼金外，金银首饰也成为了彩礼的普遍要求，彩礼的现实意味越来越浓。中华人民共和国成立后，《中华人民共和国婚姻法》中，并没有规定彩礼制度，彩礼彻底变为了一种文化和民间习俗。虽然彩礼不再具备法律地位，但是由于彩礼有着悠久的历史渊源，在民间也有很深的社会基础，彩礼仍作为一种文化存在在中国。（向吴艺文2024，7-8）

'''C.彩礼的传统功能
1.补偿功能'''
在中国封建时期，女子婚后开始从属于男性。在该社会观念下，女人一旦结婚后则要从娘家转移至夫家。由此，女方原生家庭便会出现劳动力资源的丧失。在传统的农耕社会，劳动力资源便是最大的财富。女方家庭为抚养女儿长大成人，长时间投入了经济成本。但女儿在结婚后，所有的产出都将归属于男方家庭。而彩礼则是对这种经济损失的赔偿，使两个家庭的利益得以平衡。（尹森林2019，135）

'''2.规避风险'''
彩礼是女方规避风险的一种方式。在封建时代，女子婚后开始从属于男性，需要依靠男性来生活。而彩礼可以检验男方的经济条件。并且，中国古代的道德体系对女性的贞洁有着苛刻的要求，即使是婚约被取消，也会导致女性在道德层面受到较大压力，难以再找到合适的结婚对象。所以，为了尽可能地规避风险，彩礼的风俗得以出现和延续。由此，即使婚约被撕毁，女方至少还能获得彩礼作为经济补偿。（向吴艺文2024，7）

'''3.契约功能'''
从周秦到晚清，彩礼是法律确定婚约是否存在、是否有效的重要依据。一般彩礼会清晰地记载于书面的婚书上，作为婚约成立的证明。按照《唐律疏议》及后来的《大明律》《大清律》，即便男女双方没有书面上的婚约或婚书，只要有男方交付财物、女方受领财物的事实，按照当时的司法审判环节也可以认定双方存在婚约。（刘云生2024，22）

'''D.其他国家的彩礼文化'''
彩礼并非只有中国才有，世界上许多地区都有彩礼。在伊朗，彩礼被称之为 “梅赫里耶”（mehrieh）。并且，彩礼在传统上既是缔结婚姻的必经程序，也是男方必须履行的一项义务，大多数情况下需由男女双方在婚前明确彩礼数额，待婚后女方索取或离婚时由男方兑现。（冀开运2023，20）。在尼日利亚的约鲁巴部落，在结婚之前男方会赠予女方家庭一定财物。但一般而言，赠与的金钱数额仅在5000卢比的范围内（约100至400元人民币）（Ajibola O 2020，45-46）。在约鲁巴部落中，彩礼似乎更像是一种象征意义。在加纳上西地区，男方在婚前需要向女方赠与现金、服装、饰品等，具体的数额则根据家庭经济状况而有所不同（Aasoglenang A T 2024，100626）。此外，苏丹、津巴布韦和印度等许多地区都有彩礼。（Deng A Y 2019，1）在大多数地区中，彩礼仅作为一种文化风俗存在。但也有像伊朗一样的地区，将彩礼纳入了法律。彩礼的数额也有高有低。

'''E.当今中国的彩礼'''
彩礼在中国有着多年历史。目前，彩礼仍是中国婚嫁文化中最重要的内容之一，其部分传统功能在现代中国社会也仍然有效。虽然现在的中国法律未曾规定进入婚姻需要赠与女方彩礼，但赠与彩礼仍是中国人的共识。彩礼也是中国年轻人步入婚姻的一道重要门槛。近年来，彩礼问题也成为了中国互联网上的热门话题。“高额、天价”成为了彩礼的首要表现。彩礼金额攀升到几万到几十万人民币不等，给许多青年一代婚恋选择造成沉重的经济压力和心理负担，并且引发了许多婚姻乱象和离婚纠纷（陈瑞燕2024，95）。

[[https://p1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20220819/85208666a7d84f619d62f9a73122a8d2.jpeg]]
[[https://x0.ifengimg.com/res/2021/8E95A3E563361C09C8F8734827992F0ED07B67D7_size177_w800_h704.jpg]]

总而言之，如今中国的天价彩礼，似乎脱离了原本彩礼中的“礼”，而变得更侧重“财”。高额的彩礼也对中国的婚恋市场造成了一定的负面影响。从根本上而言，彩礼是由于男女社会地位的不平衡而诞生的。由于男女社会地位的不平衡，所以男方通过支付一定金额彩礼，对女方进行一定的经济补偿。倘若想缓解彩礼带来的负面效应，应当推动男女社会地位的真正平等。当女性不再是社会中的弱势群体、当女性不再需要通过彩礼为今后的婚姻生活进行担保时，彩礼或许就能从“财”转变为“礼”。

'''术语'''
Bride Price彩礼
Ancient古代
Labor resources劳动力资源
Woman's family女方家庭
Etiquette礼
Financial Compensation经济补偿
Risk avoidance规避风险
Contract契约

'''问题'''
1.彩礼是什么？
2.“六礼”包括哪些内容？
3.彩礼在中国古代主要有哪些传统功能？
4.文中提到哪个国家的彩礼是法律规定的内容？

'''答案'''
1. 彩礼又称聘礼，是中国的传统婚嫁风俗文化之一。在中国已有几千年历史。在中国传统社会中，彩礼原始功能主要为：男方向女方父母送上一定价值的财物，以表明结婚意向。此外，彩礼还可以显示男方的家庭财力，以减少进入婚姻的阻力。
2. 中国古代有“六礼”的说法，从议婚至完婚过程中的六种结婚礼节。包括：纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。其中又以“纳征”和“亲迎”最为重要。“纳征”的含义为：男方向女方家提供聘礼，聘礼便是如今的“彩礼”，“纳征”可以说是中国最早的彩礼风俗。
3. 补偿功能、规避风险功能、契约功能。
4. 伊朗

'''参考文献'''
[1]向吴艺文.我国婚嫁文化中彩礼风俗的历史脉络研究[J].文化学刊,2024,(02):6-8.
[2]尹森林.我国彩礼制度的功能分析及理性演进[J].法制与社会,2019,(21):135.
[3]刘云生.如何正确认识彩礼婚俗？[J].法治时代,2024,(05):22.
[4]冀开运,廖希玮.伊朗彩礼制度的起源、演变及特征[J].西亚非洲,2023,(01):20.
[5]陈瑞燕.从契约到支付：婚姻礼俗的功能流变与农村天价彩礼危机[J].青年学报,2024,(05):95.
[6]Ajibola O,柯扬茜,李文志,et al.关于中国和非洲约鲁巴部落婚姻习俗中彩礼的比较研究（英文）[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2020,(S1):45-46.
[7]Aasoglenang A T, Susan L, Bonye P. Bride price payment and marriage Stability: An ethnographic study of the Brifors of the Upper West Region, Ghana[J].World Development Perspectives,2024,100626.
[8]Deng A Y. Do Practices such as Dowry and Bride Prices Relate to Violence Among Migrants in OECD countries?[J].Social Science Protocols,2019,1.

'''未使用AI陈述'''
本人在此保证，未借助人工智能来撰写此课程结课论文。

'''Bride Price'''
Wang Yujiao Wendy

'''Abstract'''
Wedding culture is an important part of the culture of a region. As one of the most important parts of the marriage culture, the bride price is very worthy of our attention. This paper firstly introduces the meaning of bride price and its historical tracing. Secondly, it introduces the historical evolution of the bride price in terms of content. Then, it analyzes the three traditional functions of bride price in ancient China, namely: compensation function, risk avoidance function, and contract function. In addition, the bride price cultures of other countries are briefly introduced. Finally, the negative impacts and solutions of the bride price culture in China today are discussed.

'''A. The Meaning and History of the Bride Price Tracing
1. Meaning of the Bride Price'''
The bride price, also known as Pin Li（聘礼）, is one of China's traditional marriage customs and culture. It has a history of several thousand years in China. In traditional Chinese society, the original function of the bride price is that the man sends a certain value of property to the woman's parents to show the intention of marriage. In addition, the bride price can also show the financial strength of the man's family in order to reduce the resistance to enter into marriage.

'''2. History of the Bride Price'''
In ancient China, there were “Liu Li（六礼）”, six marriage rituals in the process of marriage negotiation and marriage consummation. Including: Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi, Qin Ying（纳采，问名，纳吉，纳征，请期，亲迎）.Among them, the “Na Zheng” and the “Qin Ying” are the most important. The meaning of “Na Zheng” is that the man offers the Pin Li to the woman's family, which is now known as the “bride price”, and “Na Zheng” is the earliest custom of bride price in China. （Xiang Wuyiwen 2024，6）

'''B. Historical Evolution of the Bride Price'''
In the ancient times, the bride price was mostly birds and animals. By the Zhou Dynasty, the bride price for ordinary people was mostly bird skin and cloth. At the same time, there were also direct use of money as bride price. At this time, the amount of bride price is not high, and its symbolic significance is greater than its actual gift value. By the Han Dynasty, gold became the main bride price, and people began to pay attention to the actual value of the bride price. In the Song Dynasty, the amount of bride price continued to rise. In folklore, people began to pursue the “Three Golds（三金：金钏、金镯、金帔坠）” , and this custom has continued into contemporary China. By the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the rulers noticed the negative impact of excessive bride price on society and restricted the bride price by enacting regulations to address the heavy burden of bride price on the common people, but the effect was limited. In the middle and late Ming and Qing dynasties, in addition to money, gold and silver jewelry also became a common requirement for the bride price, and the bride price became more and more realistic. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China did not provide for the bride price system, and the bride price completely changed into a cultural and folk customs. Although the bride price no longer has a legal status, it still exists in China as a culture because it has a long historical origin and a deep social foundation in the folklore. (Xiang Wuyiwen 2024, 7-8)

'''C. Traditional Functions of the Bride Price
1. Compensation Function'''
During the feudal period in China, women became subordinate to men after marriage. Under this social concept, once a woman is married, she is transferred from her mother's family to her husband's family. As a result, the woman's family of origin suffered a loss of labor resources. In traditional farming societies, labor resources are the greatest wealth. The woman's family has invested a long time in raising her daughter to adulthood. However, after the daughter is married, all the output will belong to the man's family. And the bride price is a compensation for this economic loss, so that the interests of the two families can be balanced. (Yin Senlin 2019, 135)

'''2.Risk Avoidance Function'''
The bride price is a way for the woman to avoid risk. In the feudal era, the woman began to subordinate to the man after marriage and needed to rely on him to live. And the bride price can test the economic condition of the man. Moreover, the moral system of ancient China has harsh requirements on women's chastity, even if the marriage contract is canceled, it will lead to a greater pressure on the moral level of women, and it is difficult to find a suitable marriage partner again. Therefore, in order to avoid the risk as much as possible, the custom of bride price has appeared and continued. As a result, even if the marriage contract is torn up, the woman can at least get the bride price as financial compensation. (Xiang Wuyiwen 2024，7)

'''3.Contract Function'''
From the Zhou and Qin Dynasties to the late Qing Dynasty, the bride price was an important basis for the law to determine whether a marriage contract existed and was valid. Generally, the bride price would be clearly recorded in the written marriage contract as a proof of the marriage contract's establishment. According to the ''Tang Lv Shu Yi''(唐律疏议) and ''Da Ming Lv''(大明律) ''Da Qing Lv''(大清律), even if a man and a woman did not have a written marriage contract or marriage certificate, as long as there was a fact that the man delivered the property and the woman received the property, the two parties could be recognized as having a marriage contract in accordance with the judicial process at that time. (Liu Yunsheng 2024, 22)

'''D. Bride Price Culture in Other Countries'''
The bride price is not unique to China; it is practiced in many parts of the world. In Iran, the bride price is called mehrieh. And, the bride price is traditionally both the necessary procedures for the conclusion of marriage, but also the man must fulfill an obligation, in most cases need to be clear by both men and women in the amount of the bride price before the marriage, to be claimed by the woman after the marriage or divorce by the man to cash. (Ji Kaiyun 2023, 20). In the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria, the man gifts the woman's family a certain amount of property before marriage. Generally, however, the amount of money gifted is only in the range of Rs 5000 (about RMB 100 to RMB 400) (Ajibola O 2020, 45-46). Among the Yoruba tribes, bride price seems to be more of a symbolism. In the Upper West Region of Ghana, the man is required to give the woman cash, clothing, ornaments, etc., before marriage, and the exact amount varies according to the family's financial status (Aasoglenang A T 2024, 100626). In addition, bride price is practiced in many regions such as Sudan, Zimbabwe and India. (Deng A Y 2019, 1) In most regions, bride price exists only as a cultural custom. However, there are regions like Iran where bride price has been incorporated into the law. The amount of bride price also varies from high to low.

'''E. Bride Price in China Today'''
The bride price has a long history in China. At present, the bride price is still one of the most important elements of Chinese marriage culture, and some of its traditional functions are still valid in modern Chinese society. Although Chinese law does not now require a bride price to enter into a marriage, it is still a common understanding among Chinese people to give a bride price. The bride price is also an important threshold for young Chinese to enter into marriage. In recent years, the issue of bride price has also become a hot topic on the Chinese Internet. “High and sky-high prices have become the first manifestation of the bride price. The amount of bride price has risen to tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of RMB, which has caused heavy economic pressure and psychological burden on many young people's marriage choices, as well as triggered many marital chaos and divorce disputes (Chen Ruiyan 2024, 95).

[[https://p1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20220819/85208666a7d84f619d62f9a73122a8d2.jpeg]]
[[https://x0.ifengimg.com/res/2021/8E95A3E563361C09C8F8734827992F0ED07B67D7_size177_w800_h704.jpg]]

All in all, China's exorbitant bride price seems to be detached from the original “etiquette” of the bride price and has become more focused on “money”.
The high bride price has also had a negative impact on China's marriage market. Fundamentally, the bride price was born out of the imbalance between the social status of men and women. Because of the imbalance in social status between men and women, the man pays a certain amount of bride price to compensate the woman for her financial situation. If the negative effects of the bride price are to be mitigated, true equality between men and women should be promoted. When women are no longer a disadvantaged group in society, and when they no longer need to guarantee their future married life through the dowry, the dowry may be transformed from “money” to “etiquette”.

'''Terms and Expressions'''
Bride Price彩礼
Ancient古代
Labor resources劳动力资源
Woman's family女方家庭
Etiquette礼
Financial Compensation经济补偿
Risk avoidance规避风险
Contract契约

'''Questions'''
1. What is the bride price?
2. What is the Liu Li（六礼）?
3. What are the main traditional functions of the bride price in ancient China?
4. In which country is the bride price a legal requirement?

'''Answers'''
1. The bride price, also known as Pin Li（聘礼）, is one of China's traditional marriage customs and culture. It has a history of several thousand years in China. In traditional Chinese society, the original function of the bride price is that the man sends a certain value of property to the woman's parents to show the intention of marriage. In addition, the bride price can also show the financial strength of the man's family in order to reduce the resistance to enter into marriage.
2. In ancient China, there were “Liu Li（六礼）”, six marriage rituals in the process of marriage negotiation and marriage consummation. Including: Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi, Qin Ying（纳采，问名，纳吉，纳征，请期，亲迎）.Among them, the “Na Zheng” and the “Qin Ying” are the most important. The meaning of “Na Zheng” is that the man offers the Pin Li to the woman's family, which is now known as the “bride price”, and “Na Zheng” is the earliest custom of bride price in China.
3. Compensation function, risk avoidance function, and contract function.
4. Iran

'''References'''
1. 向吴艺文Xiang Wuyiwen. (2024). 我国婚嫁文化中彩礼风俗的历史脉络研究[Study on the historical lineage of bride price custom in China's marriage culture]. 文化学刊[Cultural Journal], (02):6-8.
2. 尹森林Yin Senlin. (2019). 我国彩礼制度的功能分析及理性演进[Functional Analysis and Rational Evolution of the Bride Price System in China]. 法制与社会[Legal system and society], (21):135.
3. 刘云生Liu Yunsheng. (2024). 如何正确认识彩礼婚俗？[How to correctly understand the bride price wedding custom?]. 法治时代[Era of the rule of law], (05):22.
4. 冀开运Ji Kaiyun, 廖希玮Liao Xiwei. (2023). 伊朗彩礼制度的起源、演变及特征[Origin, evolution and characteristics of the bride price system in Iran]. 西亚非洲[West Asia and Africa], (01):20.
5. 陈瑞燕Chen Ruiyan. (2024). 从契约到支付：婚姻礼俗的功能流变与农村天价彩礼危机[From Contract to Payment: The Functional Flux of Marriage Rituals and the Crisis of Rural Bride Price Crisis]. 青年学报[Journal of Youth Studies], (05):95.
6.Ajibola O, 柯扬茜, 李文志, et al. (2020). Betrothal gifts: A comparative study of Chinese and Yoruba marriage traditions. Journal of East China Normal University (Natural Science), (S1):45-46.
7.Aasoglenang A T, Susan L, Bonye P. (2024). Bride price payment and marriage Stability: An ethnographic study of the Brifors of the Upper West Region, Ghana. World Development Perspectives, 100626.
8.Deng A Y. (2019). Do Practices such as Dowry and Bride Prices Relate to Violence Among Migrants in OECD countries?.Social Science Protocols, 1.

'''AI Statement'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-12-30T14:57:30Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Dec 31,2024 */

Hello everyone, I'm a 23-year-old from Changsha, China. Music is my passion, and I love listening to various genres, each with its unique melodies and rhythms. Another passion of mine is dogs. Their loyalty and innocence always bring a smile to my face. It's a pleasure to meet you all, and I'm looking forward to sharing more about my interests and experiences.

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==final exam paper==
'''彩礼'''
王玉姣

'''摘要'''
婚嫁文化是一个地区文化中的重要组成部分。而彩礼作为婚嫁文化中最为重要的组成部分之一，十分值得我们关注。本文首先介绍了彩礼的含义及其历史追溯。其次，介绍了彩礼在内容上的历史演变。然后分析了古代中国彩礼的三大传统功能，即：补偿功能、规避风险功能、契约功能。此外，简要介绍了其他国家的彩礼文化。最后，探讨了当今中国的彩礼文化的负面影响及解决方案。

'''A.彩礼的含义与历史追溯
1.彩礼的含义'''
彩礼又称聘礼，是中国的传统婚嫁风俗文化之一。在中国已有几千年历史。在中国传统社会中，彩礼原始功能主要为：男方向女方父母送上一定价值的财物，以表明结婚意向。此外，彩礼还可以显示男方的家庭财力，以减少进入婚姻的阻力。

'''2.彩礼的历史追溯'''
中国古代有“六礼”的说法，从议婚至完婚过程中的六种结婚礼节。包括：纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。其中又以“纳征”和“亲迎”最为重要。“纳征”的含义为：男方向女方家提供聘礼，聘礼便是如今的“彩礼”，“纳征”可以说是中国最早的彩礼风俗。（向吴艺文2024，6）

'''B.彩礼的历史演变'''
上古时期的彩礼多用鸟兽。到了周代，普通百姓的彩礼多为雁皮、布匹。同时，也有直接使用货币作为聘礼的。此时的彩礼金额不高，其象征意义大于其实际礼品价值。到了汉代，黄金成为主要的彩礼，人们开始注重彩礼的实际价值。到了宋代，彩礼数额不断攀升。在民间，人们开始追求“三金”，即：金钏、金镯、金帔坠，这一风俗也一直延续到了当代中国。到了元代中期，统治者注意到了过高的彩礼会带给社会的不利影响，通过颁布法规，针对庶民彩礼负担重的现象对聘礼进行了限制，但效果有限。在明清的中后期，除礼金外，金银首饰也成为了彩礼的普遍要求，彩礼的现实意味越来越浓。中华人民共和国成立后，《中华人民共和国婚姻法》中，并没有规定彩礼制度，彩礼彻底变为了一种文化和民间习俗。虽然彩礼不再具备法律地位，但是由于彩礼有着悠久的历史渊源，在民间也有很深的社会基础，彩礼仍作为一种文化存在在中国。（向吴艺文2024，7-8）

'''C.彩礼的传统功能
1.补偿功能'''
在中国封建时期，女子婚后开始从属于男性。在该社会观念下，女人一旦结婚后则要从娘家转移至夫家。由此，女方原生家庭便会出现劳动力资源的丧失。在传统的农耕社会，劳动力资源便是最大的财富。女方家庭为抚养女儿长大成人，长时间投入了经济成本。但女儿在结婚后，所有的产出都将归属于男方家庭。而彩礼则是对这种经济损失的赔偿，使两个家庭的利益得以平衡。（尹森林2019，135）

'''2.规避风险'''
彩礼是女方规避风险的一种方式。在封建时代，女子婚后开始从属于男性，需要依靠男性来生活。而彩礼可以检验男方的经济条件。并且，中国古代的道德体系对女性的贞洁有着苛刻的要求，即使是婚约被取消，也会导致女性在道德层面受到较大压力，难以再找到合适的结婚对象。所以，为了尽可能地规避风险，彩礼的风俗得以出现和延续。由此，即使婚约被撕毁，女方至少还能获得彩礼作为经济补偿。（向吴艺文2024，7）

'''3.契约功能'''
从周秦到晚清，彩礼是法律确定婚约是否存在、是否有效的重要依据。一般彩礼会清晰地记载于书面的婚书上，作为婚约成立的证明。按照《唐律疏议》及后来的《大明律》《大清律》，即便男女双方没有书面上的婚约或婚书，只要有男方交付财物、女方受领财物的事实，按照当时的司法审判环节也可以认定双方存在婚约。（刘云生2024，22）

'''D.其他国家的彩礼文化'''
彩礼并非只有中国才有，世界上许多地区都有彩礼。在伊朗，彩礼被称之为 “梅赫里耶”（mehrieh）。并且，彩礼在传统上既是缔结婚姻的必经程序，也是男方必须履行的一项义务，大多数情况下需由男女双方在婚前明确彩礼数额，待婚后女方索取或离婚时由男方兑现。（冀开运2023，20）。在尼日利亚的约鲁巴部落，在结婚之前男方会赠予女方家庭一定财物。但一般而言，赠与的金钱数额仅在5000卢比的范围内（约100至400元人民币）（Ajibola O 2020，45-46）。在约鲁巴部落中，彩礼似乎更像是一种象征意义。在加纳上西地区，男方在婚前需要向女方赠与现金、服装、饰品等，具体的数额则根据家庭经济状况而有所不同（Aasoglenang A T 2024，100626）。此外，苏丹、津巴布韦和印度等许多地区都有彩礼。（Deng A Y 2019，1）在大多数地区中，彩礼仅作为一种文化风俗存在。但也有像伊朗一样的地区，将彩礼纳入了法律。彩礼的数额也有高有低。

'''E.当今中国的彩礼'''
彩礼在中国有着多年历史。目前，彩礼仍是中国婚嫁文化中最重要的内容之一，其部分传统功能在现代中国社会也仍然有效。虽然现在的中国法律未曾规定进入婚姻需要赠与女方彩礼，但赠与彩礼仍是中国人的共识。彩礼也是中国年轻人步入婚姻的一道重要门槛。近年来，彩礼问题也成为了中国互联网上的热门话题。“高额、天价”成为了彩礼的首要表现。彩礼金额攀升到几万到几十万人民币不等，给许多青年一代婚恋选择造成沉重的经济压力和心理负担，并且引发了许多婚姻乱象和离婚纠纷（陈瑞燕2024，95）。

[[https://p1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20220819/85208666a7d84f619d62f9a73122a8d2.jpeg]]
[[https://x0.ifengimg.com/res/2021/8E95A3E563361C09C8F8734827992F0ED07B67D7_size177_w800_h704.jpg]]

总而言之，如今中国的天价彩礼，似乎脱离了原本彩礼中的“礼”，而变得更侧重“财”。高额的彩礼也对中国的婚恋市场造成了一定的负面影响。从根本上而言，彩礼是由于男女社会地位的不平衡而诞生的。由于男女社会地位的不平衡，所以男方通过支付一定金额彩礼，对女方进行一定的经济补偿。倘若想缓解彩礼带来的负面效应，应当推动男女社会地位的真正平等。当女性不再是社会中的弱势群体、当女性不再需要通过彩礼为今后的婚姻生活进行担保时，彩礼或许就能从“财”转变为“礼”。

'''术语'''
Bride Price彩礼
Ancient古代
Labor resources劳动力资源
Woman's family女方家庭
Etiquette礼
Financial Compensation经济补偿
Risk avoidance规避风险
Contract契约

'''问题'''
1.彩礼是什么？
2.“六礼”包括哪些内容？
3.彩礼在中国古代主要有哪些传统功能？
4.文中提到哪个国家的彩礼是法律规定的内容？

'''答案'''
1. 彩礼又称聘礼，是中国的传统婚嫁风俗文化之一。在中国已有几千年历史。在中国传统社会中，彩礼原始功能主要为：男方向女方父母送上一定价值的财物，以表明结婚意向。此外，彩礼还可以显示男方的家庭财力，以减少进入婚姻的阻力。
2. 中国古代有“六礼”的说法，从议婚至完婚过程中的六种结婚礼节。包括：纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。其中又以“纳征”和“亲迎”最为重要。“纳征”的含义为：男方向女方家提供聘礼，聘礼便是如今的“彩礼”，“纳征”可以说是中国最早的彩礼风俗。
3. 补偿功能、规避风险功能、契约功能。
4. 伊朗

'''参考文献'''
[1]向吴艺文.我国婚嫁文化中彩礼风俗的历史脉络研究[J].文化学刊,2024,(02):6-8.
[2]尹森林.我国彩礼制度的功能分析及理性演进[J].法制与社会,2019,(21):135.
[3]刘云生.如何正确认识彩礼婚俗？[J].法治时代,2024,(05):22.
[4]冀开运,廖希玮.伊朗彩礼制度的起源、演变及特征[J].西亚非洲,2023,(01):20.
[5]陈瑞燕.从契约到支付：婚姻礼俗的功能流变与农村天价彩礼危机[J].青年学报,2024,(05):95.
[6]Ajibola O,柯扬茜,李文志,et al.关于中国和非洲约鲁巴部落婚姻习俗中彩礼的比较研究（英文）[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2020,(S1):45-46.
[7]Aasoglenang A T, Susan L, Bonye P. Bride price payment and marriage Stability: An ethnographic study of the Brifors of the Upper West Region, Ghana[J].World Development Perspectives,2024,100626.
[8]Deng A Y. Do Practices such as Dowry and Bride Prices Relate to Violence Among Migrants in OECD countries?[J].Social Science Protocols,2019,1.

'''未使用AI陈述'''
本人在此保证，未借助人工智能来撰写此课程结课论文。

'''Bride Price'''
Wang Yujiao Wendy

'''Abstract'''
Wedding culture is an important part of the culture of a region. As one of the most important parts of the marriage culture, the bride price is very worthy of our attention. This paper firstly introduces the meaning of bride price and its historical tracing. Secondly, it introduces the historical evolution of the bride price in terms of content. Then, it analyzes the three traditional functions of bride price in ancient China, namely: compensation function, risk avoidance function, and contract function. In addition, the bride price cultures of other countries are briefly introduced. Finally, the negative impacts and solutions of the bride price culture in China today are discussed.

'''A. The Meaning and History of the Bride Price Tracing
1. Meaning of the Bride Price'''
The bride price, also known as Pin Li（聘礼）, is one of China's traditional marriage customs and culture. It has a history of several thousand years in China. In traditional Chinese society, the original function of the bride price is that the man sends a certain value of property to the woman's parents to show the intention of marriage. In addition, the bride price can also show the financial strength of the man's family in order to reduce the resistance to enter into marriage.

'''2. History of the Bride Price'''
In ancient China, there were “Liu Li（六礼）”, six marriage rituals in the process of marriage negotiation and marriage consummation. Including: Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi, Qin Ying（纳采，问名，纳吉，纳征，请期，亲迎）.Among them, the “Na Zheng” and the “Qin Ying” are the most important. The meaning of “Na Zheng” is that the man offers the Pin Li to the woman's family, which is now known as the “bride price”, and “Na Zheng” is the earliest custom of bride price in China. （Xiang Wuyiwen 2024，6）

'''B. Historical Evolution of the Bride Price'''
In the ancient times, the bride price was mostly birds and animals. By the Zhou Dynasty, the bride price for ordinary people was mostly bird skin and cloth. At the same time, there were also direct use of money as bride price. At this time, the amount of bride price is not high, and its symbolic significance is greater than its actual gift value. By the Han Dynasty, gold became the main bride price, and people began to pay attention to the actual value of the bride price. In the Song Dynasty, the amount of bride price continued to rise. In folklore, people began to pursue the “Three Golds（三金：金钏、金镯、金帔坠）” , and this custom has continued into contemporary China. By the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the rulers noticed the negative impact of excessive bride price on society and restricted the bride price by enacting regulations to address the heavy burden of bride price on the common people, but the effect was limited. In the middle and late Ming and Qing dynasties, in addition to money, gold and silver jewelry also became a common requirement for the bride price, and the bride price became more and more realistic. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China did not provide for the bride price system, and the bride price completely changed into a cultural and folk customs. Although the bride price no longer has a legal status, it still exists in China as a culture because it has a long historical origin and a deep social foundation in the folklore. (Xiang Wuyiwen 2024, 7-8)

'''C. Traditional Functions of the Bride Price
1. Compensation Function'''
During the feudal period in China, women became subordinate to men after marriage. Under this social concept, once a woman is married, she is transferred from her mother's family to her husband's family. As a result, the woman's family of origin suffered a loss of labor resources. In traditional farming societies, labor resources are the greatest wealth. The woman's family has invested a long time in raising her daughter to adulthood. However, after the daughter is married, all the output will belong to the man's family. And the bride price is a compensation for this economic loss, so that the interests of the two families can be balanced. (Yin Senlin 2019, 135)

'''2.Risk Avoidance Function'''
The bride price is a way for the woman to avoid risk. In the feudal era, the woman began to subordinate to the man after marriage and needed to rely on him to live. And the bride price can test the economic condition of the man. Moreover, the moral system of ancient China has harsh requirements on women's chastity, even if the marriage contract is canceled, it will lead to a greater pressure on the moral level of women, and it is difficult to find a suitable marriage partner again. Therefore, in order to avoid the risk as much as possible, the custom of bride price has appeared and continued. As a result, even if the marriage contract is torn up, the woman can at least get the bride price as financial compensation. (Xiang Wuyiwen 2024，7)

'''3.Contract Function'''
From the Zhou and Qin Dynasties to the late Qing Dynasty, the bride price was an important basis for the law to determine whether a marriage contract existed and was valid. Generally, the bride price would be clearly recorded in the written marriage contract as a proof of the marriage contract's establishment. According to the ''Tang Lv Shu Yi''(唐律疏议) and ''Da Ming Lv''(大明律) ''Da Qing Lv''(大清律), even if a man and a woman did not have a written marriage contract or marriage certificate, as long as there was a fact that the man delivered the property and the woman received the property, the two parties could be recognized as having a marriage contract in accordance with the judicial process at that time. (Liu Yunsheng 2024, 22)

'''D. Bride Price Culture in Other Countries'''
The bride price is not unique to China; it is practiced in many parts of the world. In Iran, the bride price is called mehrieh. And, the bride price is traditionally both the necessary procedures for the conclusion of marriage, but also the man must fulfill an obligation, in most cases need to be clear by both men and women in the amount of the bride price before the marriage, to be claimed by the woman after the marriage or divorce by the man to cash. (Ji Kaiyun 2023, 20). In the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria, the man gifts the woman's family a certain amount of property before marriage. Generally, however, the amount of money gifted is only in the range of Rs 5000 (about RMB 100 to RMB 400) (Ajibola O 2020, 45-46). Among the Yoruba tribes, bride price seems to be more of a symbolism. In the Upper West Region of Ghana, the man is required to give the woman cash, clothing, ornaments, etc., before marriage, and the exact amount varies according to the family's financial status (Aasoglenang A T 2024, 100626). In addition, bride price is practiced in many regions such as Sudan, Zimbabwe and India. (Deng A Y 2019, 1) In most regions, bride price exists only as a cultural custom. However, there are regions like Iran where bride price has been incorporated into the law. The amount of bride price also varies from high to low.

'''E. Bride Price in China Today'''
The bride price has a long history in China. At present, the bride price is still one of the most important elements of Chinese marriage culture, and some of its traditional functions are still valid in modern Chinese society. Although Chinese law does not now require a bride price to enter into a marriage, it is still a common understanding among Chinese people to give a bride price. The bride price is also an important threshold for young Chinese to enter into marriage. In recent years, the issue of bride price has also become a hot topic on the Chinese Internet. “High and sky-high prices have become the first manifestation of the bride price. The amount of bride price has risen to tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of RMB, which has caused heavy economic pressure and psychological burden on many young people's marriage choices, as well as triggered many marital chaos and divorce disputes (Chen Ruiyan 2024, 95).

[[https://p1.itc.cn/q_70/images03/20220819/85208666a7d84f619d62f9a73122a8d2.jpeg]]
[[https://x0.ifengimg.com/res/2021/8E95A3E563361C09C8F8734827992F0ED07B67D7_size177_w800_h704.jpg]]

All in all, China's exorbitant bride price seems to be detached from the original “etiquette” of the bride price and has become more focused on “money”.
The high bride price has also had a negative impact on China's marriage market. Fundamentally, the bride price was born out of the imbalance between the social status of men and women. Because of the imbalance in social status between men and women, the man pays a certain amount of bride price to compensate the woman for her financial situation. If the negative effects of the bride price are to be mitigated, true equality between men and women should be promoted. When women are no longer a disadvantaged group in society, and when they no longer need to guarantee their future married life through the dowry, the dowry may be transformed from “money” to “etiquette”.

'''Terms and Expressions'''
Bride Price彩礼
Ancient古代
Labor resources劳动力资源
Woman's family女方家庭
Etiquette礼
Financial Compensation经济补偿
Risk avoidance规避风险
Contract契约

'''Questions'''
1. What is the bride price?
2. What is the Liu Li（六礼）?
3. What are the main traditional functions of the bride price in ancient China?
4. In which country is the bride price a legal requirement?

'''Answers'''
1. The bride price, also known as Pin Li（聘礼）, is one of China's traditional marriage customs and culture. It has a history of several thousand years in China. In traditional Chinese society, the original function of the bride price is that the man sends a certain value of property to the woman's parents to show the intention of marriage. In addition, the bride price can also show the financial strength of the man's family in order to reduce the resistance to enter into marriage.
2. In ancient China, there were “Liu Li（六礼）”, six marriage rituals in the process of marriage negotiation and marriage consummation. Including: Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi, Qin Ying（纳采，问名，纳吉，纳征，请期，亲迎）.Among them, the “Na Zheng” and the “Qin Ying” are the most important. The meaning of “Na Zheng” is that the man offers the Pin Li to the woman's family, which is now known as the “bride price”, and “Na Zheng” is the earliest custom of bride price in China.
3. Compensation function, risk avoidance function, and contract function.
4. Iran

'''References'''
1. 向吴艺文Xiang Wuyiwen. (2024). 我国婚嫁文化中彩礼风俗的历史脉络研究[Study on the historical lineage of bride price custom in China's marriage culture]. 文化学刊[Cultural Journal], (02):6-8.
2. 尹森林Yin Senlin. (2019). 我国彩礼制度的功能分析及理性演进[Functional Analysis and Rational Evolution of the Bride Price System in China]. 法制与社会[Legal system and society], (21):135.
3. 刘云生Liu Yunsheng. (2024). 如何正确认识彩礼婚俗？[How to correctly understand the bride price wedding custom?]. 法治时代[Era of the rule of law], (05):22.
4. 冀开运Ji Kaiyun, 廖希玮Liao Xiwei. (2023). 伊朗彩礼制度的起源、演变及特征[Origin, evolution and characteristics of the bride price system in Iran]. 西亚非洲[West Asia and Africa], (01):20.
5. 陈瑞燕Chen Ruiyan. (2024). 从契约到支付：婚姻礼俗的功能流变与农村天价彩礼危机[From Contract to Payment: The Functional Flux of Marriage Rituals and the Crisis of Rural Bride Price Crisis]. 青年学报[Journal of Youth Studies], (05):95.
6.Ajibola O, 柯扬茜, 李文志, et al. (2020). Betrothal gifts: A comparative study of Chinese and Yoruba marriage traditions. Journal of East China Normal University (Natural Science), (S1):45-46.
7.Aasoglenang A T, Susan L, Bonye P. (2024). Bride price payment and marriage Stability: An ethnographic study of the Brifors of the Upper West Region, Ghana. World Development Perspectives, 100626.
8.Deng A Y. (2019). Do Practices such as Dowry and Bride Prices Relate to Violence Among Migrants in OECD countries?.Social Science Protocols, 1.

'''AI Statement'''
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-12-30T14:36:24Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Dec 19,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-12-19T11:07:16Z

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2024-12-16T14:28:46Z

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2024-12-12T09:03:35Z

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Chinese Language and Culture 2024

2024-12-02T06:36:50Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper */

Welcome to Chinese Language and Culture 2024

THU (19:00-19:45,19:55-20:40,20:50-21:35) 至善楼105 MA2 (23级笔译口译 Translation & Interpretation) 中国语言文化 Chinese Language and Culture 2024, Textbook: Woesler 2024, 1 5.9., 2 12.9., 3 19.9., 4 26.9., 5 10.10., 6 17.10., 7 24.10., 8 31.10., 9 7.11., 10 14.11., 11 21.11., 12 28.11., 13 5.12., 14 12.12., 15 19.12., 16 26.12.

=Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations=
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#Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?
#Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?
#Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?
#Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?
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#Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?
#Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?
#Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?
#Did the presentation avoid deadly mistakes like plagiarism, using ai without indicating it (if you use ai to create the presentation, you need to indicate the platform and the full prompt you gave to ai and the main adjustments you did to the prompt), using ideology, patriotism, politics, religious beliefs, advertisement for products, ignorance (e.g. that a cultural phenomenon is wide spread in Asia and the origin is unclear, but claiming it was Chinese and originated in China), racism, prejudices, telling lies, spreading false rumors etc.?

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1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development .. 16

2.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs ............................................................................. 21

3.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting .......................................................................... 28

4.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan ......................................... 37

5.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia ................................................................................... 46

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason)

7.
Animals: Panda .................................................................. 68

8.
Architecture ....................................................................... 75

9.
Architecture: The Forbidden City .................................... 84

10.
Architecture: Four Famous Bridges ................................... 97

11.
Architecture: Four Great Pavilions .................................. 107

12.
Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace .......................... 118

13.
Architecture: Three Great Towers in China ..................... 125

14.
Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture .............. 138

15.
Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons ............... 147

16.
Army and weapons: Terracotta Army .............................. 155

17.
Astrology: Chinese Astrology .......................................... 162

18.
Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms ........................ 169

19.
Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac .......... 178

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia)

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）

23.
Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing .. 207

24.
Body movement performance: Stilts ................................ 211
25.
Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance
6
......................................................................................... 217

26.
Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush ................................................................................ 223

27.
Chinese Writing: Calligraphy ........................................... 232

28.
Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy ............... 238

29.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters ............................... 247

30.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts ............ 260

31.
Clothing: Chinese Clothing .............................................. 267

32.
Clothing: Batik (Lanran) .................................................. 275

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285 (Tang Yuewei/ Eavan)

34.
Confucianism: Confucian Culture .................................... 293

35.
Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues .............................................................................. 307

36.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism ................................................................... 315

37.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects ......................................................................................... 322

38.
Education: Ancient Chinese Education ............................ 332

39.
Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China .................................................................. 343
40.
Education: Modern Chinese Education System ............... 353

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367（Hannah/Zhou Yicen）

42.
Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) .................................................... 376

43.
Facial Make-up ................................................................ 386

44.
Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up ......................................................................................... 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda)

45.
Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera .......... 409

46.
Fine Arts: Painting ........................................................... 418

47.
Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi ............................ 423

48.
Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day ......................................................................................... 429

49.
Fine Arts: Seal-cutting ..................................................... 436
7

50.
Games: Go 围棋 ........................................................... 439 (Peng Yixin/ Eason)

51.
Games: Kite Flying .......................................................... 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）

52.
Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play ............ 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)

53.
Garden Culture: Gardens ................................................. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian)

54.
Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) .................................. 486

55.
Garden Culture: The Summer Palace ............................... 493(Liu Zhehui/Mary)

56.
Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500 (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)

57.
Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ................................................................................ 509
(Zhou Ranran/Jerry)
58.
History: Carl and Cixi ...................................................... 521

59.
Interieur: The Folding Screen .......................................... 525

60.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines ............ 534

61.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics ......................................................................................... 545

62.
Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains ........................................................................ 555（Wu Jing/Jennie）

63.
Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes ...................... 563

64.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai ....... 576

65.
Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） ........................ 591

66.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road .. 604

67.
Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties ................................................... 610

68.
Language: Chinese Language .......................................... 616

69.
Language: Chinese Dialects ............................................. 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara) (present first on Oct 10, Session 5)

70.
Language: Chinese Folk Argot ......................................... 635

71.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales ......................................................................................... 646

72.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology ......... 653

73.
Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature .......... 664

74.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China ................................................................... 671

75.
Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient
8
China
................................................................................ 680

76.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China ............................ 689

77.
Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas .................................................................................. 711

78.
Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu................................. 727

79.
Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels .................................................................................. 734

80.
Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations ............... 741

81.
Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio ................................................................. 747

82.
Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song.................... 755

83.
Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty ..................................... 783

84.
Literature: Modern Literature .......................................... 792

85.
Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) ....................................................................... 800

86.
Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy ............................................ 807

87.
Literature: Contemporary Literature ................................ 818(Chen Guangzi/Alan)

88.
Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia ................................................ 823

89.
Martial Arts: Qigong ........................................................ 826

Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing ................... 831

91.
Martial Arts: Wushu ......................................................... 842

92.
Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) ....... 847

93.
Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ............. 857

94.
Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion ............ 863

95.
Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology .............. 868

96.
Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine ......................................................................................... 873

97.
Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing ......................................................................... 880

98.
Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
................................................................ 889

99.
Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes ....... 896(Zeng Man/Emily)

100.
Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) .................................................. 907

101.
Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ....................................................................... 917（Chen Pingan/Grace）

102.
Music and instruments: Guzheng ..................................... 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)

103.
Music and instruments: Pipa ............................................ 939

104.
Mythology: Gods and Immortals ..................................... 949(Wang Yue/Nora)
(present in the end on Sep 26, Session 4)
105.
Mythology: Huli-jing ....................................................... 958(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)

106.
National Symbols: National Anthem ............................... 969

107.
National Symbols: National Flag ..................................... 976

108.
Opera: Peking Opera ........................................................ 984

109.
Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics ...................................... 992

110.
Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang ........................ 999

111.
Opera: Tea-picking Opera .............................................. 1004（Chen Kuanshun/Jason）

112.
Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) ........ 1012

113.
Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools ....................................................................................... 1023

114.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism ...................................... 1032

115.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching ............... 1037

116.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng . 1043

117.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living ....................................................................................... 1049

118.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism ....................................................................... 1060

119.
Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture .... 1070

120.
Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture .............. 1082

121.
Religion: Buddhism ....................................................... 1096

122.
Religion: Daoism ........................................................... 1110

123.
Religion: Christianity ..................................................... 1115

124.
Religion: Islam ............................................................... 1121

125.
Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology ....................................................................................... 1125

126.
Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130 (Wang Xudong/Hue)

127.
Science and Technology: Compass ................................ 1154

128.
Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) .................... 1162

129.
Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China ..................................................... 1171

130.
Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies ..................................................................... 1191

131.
Silk and porcelain: Silk .................................................. 1206

132.
Silk and porcelain: Porcelain ......................................... 1211

133.
Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 ............................................................................... 1217

134.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road ....................................................................................... 1224

135.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road ....................................................................... 1229

136.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages .... 1233

137.
Social: The Long-life Lock ............................................ 1241 （Shu Lin/Shirleen）

138.
Social: Round Table Culture .......................................... 1249（Yu Yi/Memo)

139.
Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 ............................. 1257(Lv Di/Ludy)

140.
Stage entertainment: Shadow Play ................................. 1264

141.
Traditional Crafts: Carving ............................................ 1272

142.
Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture ....................... 1280Zhang Yange(Mia)

143.
Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne ......................................... 1294

144.
Traditional Crafts: Embroidery ...................................... 1298

145.
Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) ....................................................................................... 1302

146.
Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery ........................... 1315

147.
Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting ..... 1329

148.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ............... 1336(Chen Zilan/Landy)

149.
Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware .................................... 1344

150.
Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 ............... 1349

151.
Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette ............... 1362

152.
Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks ..................................... 1376(Peng Yingying/Becca)

153.
Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China ...... 1381 (Tang Xinyu/Eric)

154.
Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines .... 1398(Peng Jiayi/Eva)

155.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan .......... 1404 Chen Shanshan /Rebecca

156.
Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick .................................................................. 1414(Chen Mengzhu/Chris)

157.
Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot ............................................ 1423（Xiao Yixuan/Yuki)

158.
Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking .......... 1430(Liu Zhouli/ lovia)

159.
Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes ...................... 1436

160.
Traditional Festivals ....................................................... 1440

161.
Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows ....................................................................................... 1447

162.
Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets ............. 1459

163.
Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning ....................................................................................... 1465

164.
Westernization: The Westernization Movement ............. 1471

165.
Worship: Chinese Incense Culture ................................. 1479(Tang Xinyan/Estrella)

166.
Economy: Chinese Currency Changes ........................... 1489

167.
History: Wang Shouren .................................................. 1493

168.
Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit ........................ 1502(Zhang Rui)

169.
Cuisine: Luosifen ........................................................... 1513(Wang Xuan/Cynthia)

170.
Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ................................... 1521

171.
Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ...................... 1531（Li Songlin/Solin)

172.
Traditional Craft: Bronze ............................................... 1541

173.
Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ................................. 1548

174.
Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi ............................................. 1561 (Liu Yi/Zer)

175.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China ............................................................. 1572

176.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella ....... 1581（Wang Yan/Doris）

177.
stage entertainment:Yuan drama .................................... 1592

178.
Music and instruments: Erhu ......................................... 1601

179.
Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .. 1608(Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

180.
Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan ....................................... 1615 (Su Yi/Suri)

181.
Animals：Golden Monkey ............................................ 1625

182.
Chinese Economy: rich businessmen ............................. 1631

183.
Opera: Chinese Local Operas ........................................ 1639

184.
The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship ..................... 1651(Shi Zhanning/Harper)

185.
Opera: Huangmei opera ................................................. 1663

186.
The “reference” of Chinese Music........................... 1670(Huang Zechen/Zachary)

187.
Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance ........................................ 1676

188.
Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） ....... 1691 (Liu Peinan/Peter)

189.
Clothing: Vintage Clothing ............................................ 1697(Hu Shanshan/Maddy)

190.
Fine arts:Kunqu Opera ................................................... 1704

191.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers ....................................................................................... 1712（Chen Weiping/Jackie）

192.
National Belief: the Chinese Dream .............................. 1722

193.
Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) ............ 1729（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

194.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ................................................ 1748(Jiao Mengting/Sherry)

195.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Guangdong传统美食：广东早餐文化 ....................................................... 1753（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

196.
Telecast: Become a Farmer 种地吧 .............................. 1765（Sha Lijia/Reika）

197.
Animals: Chinese Rural Dogs 动物：中华田园犬 ...... 1773 (Zhao Jing/Winnie)

198.
Clothing: Hanfu 汉服：揭示中国传统服饰之美 ........ 1781（Guo Zibin/Anne）

199.
Music and instruments: Chime 音乐与乐器：编钟 ..... 1788

200.
Garden Culture: Suzhou Gardens 苏州园林 ................. 1795(Liang Dan/Anne)

201.
Traditional crafts: Moon-shaped Fans 传统技艺：团扇 1806(Le Yuxuan/Lydia)

202.
Minority cultures: Miao Silver Ornaments Culture 苗族银饰文化 ................................................................... 1827(Yang Hanxu/Hansu)

203.
Mysterious culture: Facial Physiognomy 相面术 ......... 1836(Zhou Xiaoqiao）
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204.
Games: Chinese Chess 游戏：象棋 ............................. 1847(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)

205.
Music and instruments: Guqin 古琴 ............................. 1863

206.
Music and instruments: The Spring Snow 音乐和乐器：《阳春白雪》 ........................................................................... 1878

207.
The "Four Gentlemen": Plum, Orchid Bamboo, Chrysanthemum “四君子”的象征意义 ....................... 1885 （Hu Zheng/ Leven）

208.
Traditional festivals: The Flower Fairy Festival 花朝节 1898 （Gong Tao/Gisele)

209.
Architecture: Shigu Academy 建筑：石鼓书院 .......... 1906

210.
Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1918

211.
Beverages: Sexy Tea 饮品：茶颜悦色 ........................ 1926 (Huang Qi/ Esther)

212.
Opera: Flower-drum Opera 花鼓戏 .............................. 1935(Zhou Jing/ Amy)

213.
Traditional Festivals: Shangsi Festival 上巳节 ............. 1943 （Li Jia/ Zoe）

214.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture: Ji Sor (Self-combing female) 自梳女 ................................................................. 1949 (Wu Jiaying Cathy)

215.
Cuisine: Dong'an chicken: The Premier Dish of Hunan Cuisine 东安鸡：湘菜之首 ........................................... 1962

216.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture：Nüshu (Women's Script) 女书 ................................................................................... 1970（He Chuwen/Lyra）

217.
Opera: Shaoxing Opera 越剧 ........................................ 1991

218.
Traditional Crafts: Jade Carving Art 玉雕 .................... 1997

219.
Chinese snack: spicy gluten 中国小吃：辣条 ............. 2003(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

220.
Social Phenomenon: Marriage: Women Being Urged to Get Married 婚姻：被催婚的女性 ........................................ 2010 Liu XinYu

221.
Chinese mythology: Chinese Dragon Culture 中国龙是什么
....................................................................................... 2019(Zhang Shuai / Andy)

222.
Minority cultures: Laosicheng 老司城 ......................... 2028

223.
The Torch of Unity: Celebrating Torch Festival Among China's Ethnic Minorities 团结的火炬——中国少数民族庆祝火把节
........................................................................... 2041 Xiao Feiyan
224.
Chinese Painting: A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains 《千里江山图》 ............................................ 2048(Yao Yiyun/Olivia）

225.
Festival: Qixi Festival 七夕节 ...................................... 2055（Li Ru/Lee）

226.
Music and instruments: Yuge (Fishing song) 渔歌 ....... 2063

227.
Education: Chicken Child (Fired-up Child) 教育：鸡娃 2071(tao yu/mikansei)

228.
Chinese Science Fiction: The Three-Body Problem 中国科幻小说：《三体》 ............................................................. 2083(Zhang Mengzhe/Nine)

229.
Ganshi in Xiangxi: The Cycle of Life and Death under Ancient Witchcraft 湘西赶尸：古老巫术下的生死轮回 2092 (Liao Wenyao/Rose)

230.
Architecture: Chinese Memorial Archway (Paifang) 中国传统建筑：牌坊 ................................................................... 2098

231.
Chinese Animation 中国动画传统 ............................... 2110（pan yilin/ceci）

232.
Social Phenomenon: Military-style Travel 特种兵式旅游 2121

233.
Folk Art: Youshen Fairs 游神 ....................................... 2131

234.
Nuo Opera 傩戏 ............................................................ 2141

235.
Music and Instruments: Suona Horn 唢呐 .................... 2157（Liu Jieyu/Erica）

236.
Chinese Handicraft: Kesi 中国手工艺品：缂丝 .......... 2166

237.
Sangzhi Folk Songs 桑植民歌 ...................................... 2173

238.
Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale – Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu 五声音阶，汉族古代音律：宫—商—角—徵—羽 ............................................................... 2192 (Han Yaxuan)

239.
Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population 社会现象：流动人口 ....................................................................................... 2204(Hu Zetao/Francis)

240.
Chinese tradition culture: Zanhua 簪花 ........................ 2213 （Xie Ke）

241.
Incense Culture 香道文化 ............................................ 2221 （Zeng Xin）

242.
The Imperial Civil Examination System 科举制度 ...... 2230

243.
Literature: Qu Yuan 文学：屈原 .................................. 2238(Jiang Caiyun/Tony)

244.
Games: pitch-pot game (Touhu) 投壶游戏 ................... 2244(Kuang Jing/Jin)

245.
Folk Art: Piao Se 民间艺术：飘色 .............................. 2253(Huang Mengyan/Mandy)

246.
Jingdezhen Porcelain 景德镇陶瓷 ................................ 2261(Li Dinghao/Leo)

247.
Folk Traditional Customs: Fireworks and Firecrackers 民间传统习俗：烟花和爆竹 ........................................... 2270 (Cao Jialong/caron)

248.
The Literati Painting of the Ming Dynasty: The Wu School 明代文人画：吴门画派 ................................................... 2278

249.
Thangka 唐卡 ............................................................... 2285（Yang Lingyue/Judy）

250.
Striking iron flower 打铁花 .......................................... 2294 (Fu Xinke/Finger)

251.
Chinese Cuisine: Xiang Cuisine – One of the Eight Major Cuisines 湘菜 ................................................................... 23029（Liu Li/Glen）

252.
The Evolution of the Official Selection System 仕进制度 2312（Xia Rong/Sharon)

=Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper=
Deadline: Sep 15, 2024

1. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠)......（Liu Yi/Zer）

2. Science and Technology: Chinese Electrical Vehicles 中国电动汽车 ......(Cheng Linjia/Jason)

3. Chinese tradition culture: Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花………(Xiao Feiyan)

4. Stage entertainment: northeast Errenzhuan (二人转).........(Wu Jiaying/Cathy)

5. Traditional Crafts: Dough Sculpture 面塑 ...... (Zhao Jing/winnie)

6. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty (Yao Yiyun)

7. Grass cloth 夏布（Yu Yi/Memo）

8. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》(Yang Lingyue/ Judy)

9.Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片......(Zhou Xiaoqiao/ Summer)

10. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧......(Huang Zechen/ Zachary)

11. Bride-price（彩礼）……（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

12. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片......（Liu Peinan/Peter）

13.Xiang Embroidery蜀绣······（Liu Zhehui/Mary

14.Chinese traditional jewellery: Buyao(dangling ornament worn by women) （步摇）……（Shu Lin/Shirleen）

15. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) （Su Yi/Suri）

16. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) …… (Li Jia/Zoe)

17. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛）……（Li Ru/ Lee）

18. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班）……（Jiang Caiyun/Tony）

19. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) ……（Tao Yu/Mikansei）

20.Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班）……（Xiao Yixuan/Yuki）

21. Live-stream shopping（直播带货）……（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦）......(Sha Lijia/Reika)

23. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) …… （Fu Xinke/Finger）

23.Herbal tea（凉茶）……（Huang Mengyan/Mandy）

24.Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻）……（Wang Yan/Doris ）

25.Rice cake(年糕）……（Chen Pingan/Grace）

26.Zhongyuan festival……(Pan Yilin/Ceci)

27.Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面)……（Zeng Xin）

27.The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格）……（Zeng Wenjing/Zoey）

28.Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜）……（Jiao Mengting/Sherry）

29. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛）……（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

30. Chinese Musical Instrument: Konghou(箜篌)…… (Chen Zilan/Landy)

31. Chinese Bossy Fictions&Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧）……（Zhang Mengzhe/Nine）

32. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）……（Kuang Jing/Jin）<----- Please check if this topic is not already treated in the textbook. ——— Mortise and Tenon Joint（榫卯结构）

33. Jingdezhen Porcelain……(Le Yuxuan/Lydia) <----- Please check if this topic is not already treated under "porcellain" in the textbook.
The Emotional Bearings and Cultural Connotations of the Moon Imagery in Song Poems (宋词中“月”意象的情感承载和文化内涵）

34. Music and instruments: Erhu ……（Hu Zheng/Leven）<----- Please check if this topic is not already treated under "Erhu" in the textbook.（National Belief: the Chinese Dream ）

35.The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联）……（Jiang Chenmei/Lilian）

36. Sun Wukong（孙悟空）……（Liu Huixaun/ Polly）

37. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料）……(Liu Zhuofan/Drovan)

38. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯）……（Zhou Jing/Amy）

39. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） ......（Zeng Man/ Emily)

40. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) ...... (Chen Mengzhu/ Chris)

41. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan)……(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

42. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山)......(Liang Dan/Anne) <----- Please check if this topic is not already treated in the textbook.

43. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian......(Zhou Ranran/Jerry) <----- Please check if this topic is not already treated in the textbook.

44. Hotpot(火锅）……(Liu Jieyu/Erica) <----- Please check if this topic is not already treated in the textbook.

45. Abacus(中国珠算）……(Zhang Yange/Mia)

46. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） ……(Cao Jialong/Caron)

47. Yao-Chinese folktales（中国奇谭）……(Chen Weiping/Jackie)

48. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”）……(Liu Xinyu/Layla)

49. Douzhi (豆汁儿) ……(Lv Di/Ludy)

50.New Year Wood-block Paintings(木版年画）......(Chen Shanshan/Rebecca)

51.The rural revitalization （乡村振兴）......（Liu Zhouli/lovia）

52. Jing Gang Mountain(井冈山）......(Chen Kuanshun/Jason)

53. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑）......（Peng Lu/Julia）

54. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话）……（Tang Yuewei/Eavan）

55. Rice noodle roll（肠粉）……（Zhou Yicen/Hannah）

56. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜）…… （Wang Yue/Nora)

57. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山)……(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)

58.Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染）……（Xie Ke）

59. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒）…… (Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

60. Fengshui (风水）…… (Zhang Shuai/Andy)

61.Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化）…… (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)

62.Indigo Dyeing(蓝染)……(Long Jiayu/Tara)

63.Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua……(Liao Wenyao/Rose)

64. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty(宋代婚服）……(Peng Yingying/Becca)

65.The great unification in ancient China(中国古代的大一统思想)……(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)

66. The Four Pillars of Destiny (八字).....（Li Dinghao / Leo）

67. Shaolin Temple (少林寺)......(Shi Zhanning/ Harper)

68. Single bamboo drifting（独竹漂）……(Guo Zibin/Binbin)

69. Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来……(Zhou Ranran/Jerry)

70. Hui Culture(徽文化)......（Chen Guangzi /Alan）

71. Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化）……（Liu Li/ Glen）

72. Table Manners …… (Tang Xinyu/Eric)

73. The Mongol nationality(蒙古族）...... ( Liu Zeyu/ Yew)

74. The Yingge Dance（英歌舞）......（Hu Zetao）

75. Palace Lantern（宫灯）......（He Chuwen/Lyra）

76. Chinese Term of Endearment（中国亲昵称谓）......（Huang Qi/Esther）

77. Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ........（Wang Xuan/ Cynthia）

78.The God of Wealth(财神爷)......(Wu Jing/ Jennie)

79. Zhuazhou （抓周）......(Gong Tao/ Gisele)

=Session 1 Thursday Sep 5, 2024 19:00-21:35=
Please download the powerpoint presentation of the teacher here: [[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_2024.pptx]].

=Session 2 Thursday Sep 12, 2024 19:00-21:35=
During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason) [[Media:Handsome_Men_2024.pptx]]

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia) [[Media:Milk_Tea_2024.pptx]]

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）[[Media:Tea_2024_fall.pptx]] (Please compare with old presentation from Spring 2024: [[Media:Tea_2024.pptx]].)

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）[[Media:Liquor_2024.pptx]]

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285 (Tang Yuewei/ Eavan) [[Media:Cheongsam_fall_2024.pptx]] (Please compare with old presentation from Spring 2024: [[Media:Cheongsam_2024.pptx]].)

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367（Hannah/Zhou Yicen）[[Media:Official_Selection_System_2024.pptx]]

=Session 3 Thursday Sep 19, 2024 19:00-21:35=

All students: Please prepare these three texts in the textbook for today.

During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up, p. 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda) [[Media:Cosmetics_2024.pptx]]

50. Games: Go 围棋, p. 439 (Peng Yixin/ Eason) [[Media:Go_2024.pptx]]

51. Games: Kite Flying p. 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）[[Media:Kite_2024.pptx]]

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play, p. 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)[[Media:Mahjong_2024.pptx]]

53. Garden Culture: Gardens, p. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian) [[Media:Gardens_2024.pptx]]

55. Garden culture: the Summer Palace, p. 493(Liu Zhehui/Mary) [[Media:Summer_Palace_2024.pptx]]

Homework:

1. Please read the six texts for next time in the textbook.

2. Please add your final exam paper topic and your name in the respective section above.

3. Take the surveys (EU: https://wn8ae3qwafbc11zv.mikecrm.com/9gdWrQT, 2024: https://wn8ae3qwafbc11zv.mikecrm.com/CTrdOjm).

=Session 4 Thursday Sep 26, 2024 19:00-21:35=

During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500 (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)[[Media:Qingming_2024.pptx]]

57.Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China (Zhou Ranran/Jerry)[[Media:wuzetian.pptx]]

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains p. 555（Wu Jing/Jennie）[[Media:Five_Mountains 1_2024.pptx]]，[[Media:Five_Mountains 2_2024.pptx]]

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature p. 818 (Chen Guangzi/Alan) [[Media:Contemporary_Chinese_Literature_2024.pptx]]

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes p. 896(Zeng Man/Emily)[[Media:Costumes_2024.pptx]]

=Session 5 Thursday Oct 10, 2024 19:00-21:35=

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals p. 949 (Wang Yue/Nora) p.949 [[Media:Gods and Immortals1_2024.pptx]], [[Media:Gods and Immortals2_2024.pptx]], [[Media:Gods and Immortals3_2024.pptx]]

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara)[[Media:Dialects_2024.pptx]]

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money p. 917（Chen Pingan/Grace）[[Media:Red_Envelope_2024.pptx]]

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng p. 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)[[Media:Guzheng_2024.pptx]]

105. Mythology: Huli-jing p. 958(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)[[Media:Huli-jing_2024.pptx]]

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera p. 1004（Chen Kuanshun/Jason）[[Media:Tea-picking_Opera_2024fall.pptx]]

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130 (Wang Xudong/Hue) [[Media:Four_New_Inventions(1)_2024.pptx]][[Media:Four_New_Inventions(2)_2024.pptx]]

=Session 6 Thursday Oct 17, 2024 19:00-21:35=

137. Social: The Long-life Lock p. 1241 （Shu Lin/Shirleen） [[Media:Long-life Lock_2024_fall.pptx]]

138. Social: Round Table Culture p. 1249（Yu Yi/Memo) [[Media:Round Table_2024.pptx]] [[Media:Round Table_2024_fall.pptx]]

139. Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 p. 1257(Lv Di/Ludy) [[Media:Crosstalk_2024.pptx]] [[Media:Crosstalk_2024_fall.pptx]]

142. Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture p. 1280Zhang Yange(Mia) [[Media:Jade_2024.pptx]]

148. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots p. 1336(Chen Zilan/Landy) [[Media:Chinese Knots_2024.pptx]]

152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks p. 1376(Peng Yingying/Becca) [[Media:Chopsticks(1)_2024.pptx]][[Media:Chopsticks(2)_2024.pptx]]

=Session 7 Thursday Oct 24, 2024 19:00-21:35=

153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China p. 1381 (Tang Xinyu/Eric) [[Media:Eight_Cuisines_2024.pptx]]

154. Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines p. 1398(Peng Jiayi/Eva) [[Media:Regional_Cuisines_2024.pptx]]

155. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan p. 1404 Chen Shanshan /Rebecca [[Media:Breakfast1_2024.pptx]][[Media:Breakfast2_2024.pptx]]

156. Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick p. 1414(Chen Mengzhu/Chris) [[Media:Tanghulu_2024.pptx]]

157. Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot p. 1423（Xiao Yixuan/Yuki) [[Media:Hot Pot_Fall_2024.pptx]]

158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking p. 1430(Liu Zhouli/ lovia)[[Media:Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking_2024.pptx]]

=Student roll=
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cai_Yingchu -
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cao_Jialong a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Guangzi a
*Chen Kuanshun n
*Chen Mengzhu a
*Chen Pingan -
*Chen Shanshan a
*Chen Weiping a
*Chen Zilan a
*Cheng Linjia a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Fu_Xinke a
*Gong Tao n
*Guo Zibin n
*Han Yaxuan -
*He Chuwen n
*Hu ShanShan a
*Hu Zetao a
*Hu Zheng n
*Huang Mengyan -
*Huang Qi n
*Huang Zechen a
*Jiang Caiyun a
*Jiang Chenmei n
*Jiang Yaping a
*Jiao Mengting a
*Kuang Jing a
*Le Yuxuan a
*Li Dinghao a
*Li Jia a
*Li Ru a
*Li Songlin a
*Li Xiaosu a
*Liang Dan a
*Liao Wenyao a
*Liu Huixuan a
*Liu Jieyu a
*Liu Li2 -
*Liu Peinan a
*Liu Xinyu2 -
*Liu Yi2 a
*Liu Zeyu a
*Liu Zhehui -
*Liu Zhouli -
*Liu Zhuofan a
*Long Jiayu a
*Lv Di a
*Ma Ruiqing a
*Pan Yilin a
*Peng Jiayi -
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Peng_Jiayi n
*Peng Lu a
*Peng Yingying -
*Peng Yixin a
*Sha Lijia a
*Shi Zhanning a
*Shu Lin2 a
*Su Yi a
*Tang Xinyan a
*Tang Xinyu n
*Tang Yuewei a
*Tao Yu a
*Wang Xuan2 a
*Wang Xudong -
*Wang Yan2 a
*Wang Yue a
*Wang Yujiao a
*Wu Jiaying a
*Wu Jing a
*Wu Ziyi a
*Xia Rong -
*Xiao Feiyan a
*Xiao Yixuan a
*Xie Ke -
*Yang Fan a
*Yang Hanxu a
*Yang Lingyue a
*Yao Yiyun a
*Yu Yi n
*Zeng Man n
*Zeng Wenjing n
*Zeng Xin a
*Zhang Mengzhe n
*Zhang Rui3 n
*Zhang Shuai a
*Zhang Yange a
*Zhao Jing a
*Zhao Siyao a
*Zhou Jing a
*Zhou Ranran a
*Zhou Xiaoqiao n
*Zhou Xukai a
*Zhou Yicen n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Yicen -

=Session 8 Thursday Oct 31, 2024 19:00-21:35=

Today, we start a field research study under the HUNNU JM Research Centre of Excellence (EU grant).

The study is intended to compare learning a foreign language with AI and without AI.

By participating in the study, you agree that your data will be collected. However, the data will first be anonymized and only as anonymized data analyzed and compared with other sets of data. Some general information like study discipline, year and sex will also be used. The results are inteded to be published in scientific publications.

Task 1: Please decide whether you

- want to use

- or not want to use

an AI app with a daily dialogue of 7 phrases to improve your foreign (English, Korean, Japanese) language learning until end of the year.

The groups should almost be equally large.

The group that decides not to use an AI app to improve their language learning are not allowed to use any AI app to improve their language learning. It should not learn less, but try to learn more with humans and from books.

==AI group==
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cao_Jialong a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Guangzi a 95, 加分: 0, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Mengzhu a 90, 加分: 0,
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Shanshan a 91, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Weiping 90, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Zilan 95, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cheng_Linjia a 92, 加分: 5 = '''97''',
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Fu_Xinke a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Hu_Shanshan a 83, 加分: 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Hu_Zetao a,0,0,
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Huang_Zechen a 100, 加分: 5 = '''100'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Jiang_Caiyun a, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Jiang_Yaping a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Jiao_Mengting 91, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Kuang_Jing a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Le_Yuxuan 92, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Dinghao a, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Jia a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Ru a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Songlin a 70, 加分: 5 = '''75'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Xiaosu a 86, 加分: 0, 0,-1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liang_Dan 82, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liao_Wenyao a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Huixuan a 93, 加分: 5 = '''98'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Jieyu a, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Peinan a 90, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Yi2 a 100, 加分: 5 = '''100'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Zeyu a 90, 加分: 5 = '''95'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Zhuofan a 90, 加分: 5 = '''95'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Long_Jiayu a 90, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Lv_Di 88, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Ma_Ruiqing a 95, 加分: 0, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Pan_Yilin a, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Peng_Lu a 94, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Peng_Yixin a 89, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Sha_Lijia 85, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Shi_Zhanning a 92, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Shu_Lin2 91, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Su_Yi a 86, 加分: 5 = '''91'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tang_Xinyan a 90, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tang_Xinyu a 88, 加分: 0, -1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tang_Yuewei a 88, 加分: 5 = '''93'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tao_Yu a, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wu_Jing a, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Xuan2 a, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Yan2 a 91, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Yue a 89, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Yujiao 87, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wu_Jiaying a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wu_Jing a 96, 加分: 0, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wu_Ziyi 92, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Xiao_Feiyan a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Xiao_Yixuan a 92, 加分: 5 = '''97''', 0,
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Yang_Fan a 90, 加分: 0, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Yang_Hanxu a,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Yang_Lingyue a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Yao_Yiyun a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zeng_Xin a, 0,
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Shuai a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Yange 87, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhao_Jing a, 80
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhao_Siyao a 93, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Jing a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Xukai a, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Ranran a 100, 加分: 5 = '''100'''

==Human group==
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cai_Yingchu 0, 86, 加分: 0, 0,0, -1,-1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Kuanshun n 85, 加分: 0, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Pingan 0, 91, 加分: 5 = '''96''', 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Gong_Tao n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Guo_Zibin 88 n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Han_Yaxuan 0, 0,0, -1,-1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:He_Chuwen n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Hu_Zheng n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Huang_Mengyan 0,
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Huang_Qi n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Jiang_Chenmei n 91, 加分: 1 = '''92'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Li2 0, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Xinyu2 0, 0,0 , -1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Zhehui 0, 91, 加分: 1 = '''92''', 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Zhouli 0, 93, 加分: 0, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Peng_Jiayi n 88, 加分: 5 = '''93'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Peng_Yingying 87, 0, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Xudong 0, 85, 加分: 0, 0,0, -1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Xia_Rong n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Xie_Ke 0, 0,0, -1,-1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Yu_Yi 90, n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zeng_Man n 97, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zeng_Wenjing n 94, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Mengzhe n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Rui3 n 85, 加分: 0, -1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Xiaoqiao n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Yicen 0, 89, 加分: 5 = '''94'''

==Task 2==
Every group should take some notes every day on your wiki homepage about your language learning. You can also write "Today I did not do anything for my language learning."

How to find your homepage?

https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tang_Yuewei

or

https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Yi2

Then click on edit. Input two new lines (leave one line free) and then write

Also, in the name list of the groups, please add "f" or "m" for female or male, your birth date, your study subject (incl. language), study year, if you come from "city" or "land", from "Changsha" or from a different city

\= Oct 31, 2024 \=

Today I talked with TalkAI about hobbys.

==Student Presentations today==
165. Worship: Chinese Incense Culture p. 1479(Tang Xinyan/Estrella)[[Media:Incense_2024.pptx]]

168. Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit p. 1502(Zhang Rui) [[Media:Swordsman_2024.pptx]]

169. Cuisine: Luosifen p. 1513(Wang Xuan/Cynthia)[[Media:Luosifen_2024.pptx]]

171. Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) p. 1531（Li Songlin/Solin)[[Media:Taobao(1)_2024.pptx]]
[[Media:Taobao(2)_2024.pptx]][[Media:Taobao(3)_2024.pptx]]

174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi p. 1561 (Liu Yi/Zer)[[Media:Jiaozi_2024.pptx]]

=Session 9 Thursday Nov 7, 2024 19:00-21:35=

176. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella p. 1581（Wang Yan/Doris）[[Media:Oil-paper_Umbrella_2024.pptx]]

179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love p. 1608(Zhao Siyao/Caroline) [[Media:Marriage_and_Love_(1)2024.pptx]][[Media:Marriage and love (2)]]

180. Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan p. 1615 (Su Yi/Suri) [[Media:Tangyuan_2024.pptx]]

184. The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship p. 1651(Shi Zhanning/Harper)[[Media:Ancestor_Worship_2024-.pptx]]

186. The “reference” of Chinese Music p. 1670(Huang Zechen/Zachary)[[Media:Chinese_Music_2024.pptx]]

188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） p. 1691 (Liu Peinan/Peter)[[Media:Mobile_Games_2024.pptx]]

189. Clothing: Vintage Clothing p. 1697(Hu Shanshan/Maddy)[[Media:Vintage_Clothing_2024.pptx]]

=Session 10 Thursday Nov 14, 2024 19:00-21:35=

191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers p. 1712（Chen Weiping/Jackie）[[Media:Flowers_2024.pptx]][[Media:Flowers_2024.pptx]]

193. Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) p. 1729（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）[[Media:PDD_2024.pptx]]

194. Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People p. 1748(Jiao Mengting/Sherry)[[Media:Marriage_and_Burial_2024.pptx]][[Media:Marriage_and_Burial(2)_2024.pptx]][[Media:Marriage_and_Burial(3)_2024.pptx]]

195. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Guangdong传统美食：广东早餐文化 p. 1753（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）[[Media:Breakfast_Culture_of_Guangdong_2024_(1).pptx]][[Media:Breakfast_Culture_of_Guangdong_2024_(2).pptx]] [[Media:Breakfast_Culture_of_Guangdong_2024_(3).pptx]]

196. Telecast: Become a Farmer 种地吧 p. 1765（Sha Lijia/Reika）[[Media:Become_a_Farmer_2024_(1).pptx]]
[[Media:Become_a_Farmer_2024_(2).pptx]]

197. Animals: Chinese Rural Dogs 动物：中华田园犬 p. 1773 (Zhao Jing/winnie)[[Media:Chinese_Rural_Dogs2024.pptx]]

=Session 11 Thursday Nov 21, 2024 19:00-21:35=

198. Clothing: Hanfu 汉服：揭示中国传统服饰之美 p. 1781（Guo Zibin/Anne）[[Media:Hanfu_2024.pptx]]

200. Garden Culture: Suzhou Gardens 苏州园林 p. 1795(Liang Dan/Anne)[[Media:Suzhou_Gardens_2024.pptx]]

201. Traditional crafts: Moon-shaped Fans 传统技艺：团扇 p.1806(Le Yuxuan/Lydia)[[Media:Moon-shaped_ Fans_2024.pptx]]

202. Minority cultures: Miao Silver Ornaments Culture 苗族银饰文化 p. 1827(Yang Hanxu/Hansu)[[Media:Miao_Silver_Ornaments_2024.pptx]]

203. Mysterious culture: Facial Physiognomy 相面术 p. 1836(Zhou Xiaoqiao）[[Media:Facial_ Physiognomy_2024.pptx]]

204. Games: Chinese Chess 游戏：象棋 p. 1847(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)[[Media:Chinese_Chess_2024.pptx]]

=Session 12 Thursday Nov 28, 2024 19:00-21:35=

#Student roll
#Final Exam Paper: No AI. If AI: Prompt, adjustments at the References Section
#Language Learning Progress Diary
#Remaining presentations

207. The "Four Gentlemen": Plum, Orchid Bamboo, Chrysanthemum “四君子”的象征意义 p. 1885 （Hu Zheng/ Leven）[[Media:Four_Gentlemen_2024.pptx]]

208. Traditional festivals: The Flower Fairy Festival 花朝节 p.1898 （Gong Tao/Gisele) [[Media:Flower_Fairy_Festival_2024.pptx]]

211. Beverages: Sexy Tea 饮品：茶颜悦色 p. 1926 (Huang Qi/ Esther)[[Media:Sexy_Tea_2024.pptx]]

212. Opera: Flower-drum Opera 花鼓戏 p. 1935(Zhou Jing/ Amy)[[Media:Flower-drum_Opera_2024.pptx]]

213. Traditional Festivals: Shangsi Festival 上巳节 p. 1943 （Li Jia/ Zoe）[[Media:Shangsi_Festival_2024.pptx]]

214. Ancient Chinese Women's Culture: Ji Sor (Self-combing female) 自梳女 p. 1949 (Wu Jiaying Cathy)[[Media:Self-combing_female_2024.pptx]]
Homework: choose a final exam topic: deadline Dec 5 12:00 pm (noon)
=Session 13 Thursday Dec 5, 2024 19:00-21:35=
Today: 13 presentations, each 10 minutes, strict time control

216. Ancient Chinese Women's Culture：Nüshu (Women's Script) 女书 p. 1970（He Chuwen/Lyra）[[Media:Women's_Script_2024.pptx]]

219. Chinese snack: spicy gluten 中国小吃：辣条 p. 2003(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)[[Media:spicy_gluten_2024.pptx]]

220. Social Phenomenon: Marriage: Women Being Urged to Get Married 婚姻：被催婚的女性 p. 2010 Liu Xinyu[[Media: Urged_to_Get_Married_2024.pptx]]

221. Chinese mythology: Chinese Dragon Culture 中国龙是什么 p. 2019(Zhang Shuai / Andy)[[Media:Chinese_Dragon_2024.pptx]]

223. The Torch of Unity: Celebrating Torch Festival Among China's Ethnic Minorities 团结的火炬——中国少数民族庆祝火把节 p. 2041 Xiao Feiyan [[Media:Torch_Festival_2024.pptx]]

224. Chinese Painting: A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains 《千里江山图》 p. 2048(Yao Yiyun/Olivia）[[Media:Chinese_Painting_2024.pptx]]

225. Festival: Qixi Festival 七夕节 p. 2055（Li Ru/Lee）[[Media:Qixi_Festival_2024.pptx]]

227. Education: Chicken Child (Fired-up Child) 教育：鸡娃 p.2071(tao yu/mikansei)[[Media:Chicken_ Child_2024.pptx]]

228. Chinese Science Fiction: The Three-Body Problem 中国科幻小说：《三体》 p. 2083(Zhang Mengzhe/Nine)[[Media:The_Three-Body_Problem_2024.pptx]]

229. Ganshi in Xiangxi: The Cycle of Life and Death under Ancient Witchcraft 湘西赶尸：古老巫术下的生死轮回 p.2092 (Liao Wenyao/Rose)[[Media:Ganshi_2024.pptx]]

231. Chinese Animation 中国动画传统 p. 2110（pan yilin/ceci）[[Media:Animation_2024.pptx]]

235. Music and Instruments: Suona Horn 唢呐 p. 2157（Liu Jieyu/Erica）[[Media:Suona_Horn_2024.pptx]]

238. Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale – Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu 五声音阶，汉族古代音律：宫—商—角—徵—羽 p. 2192 (Han Yaxuan)[[Media:pentatonic_scale_2024.pptx]]

=Session 14 Thursday Dec 12, 2024 19:00-21:35=
Today: 12 presentations, each 10 minutes, strict time control

239. Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population 社会现象：流动人口 p. 2204(Hu Zetao/Francis)[[Media:Mobile_Population_2024.pptx]]

240. Chinese tradition culture: Zanhua 簪花 p. 2213 （Xie Ke）[[Media:Zanhua_2024.pptx]]

241. Incense Culture 香道文化 p. 2221 （Zeng Xin）[[Media:Incense_Culture_2024.pptx]]

243. Literature: Qu Yuan 文学：屈原 p. 2238(Jiang Caiyun/Tony)[[Media:Qu_Yuan_2024.pptx]]

244. Games: pitch-pot game (Touhu) 投壶游戏 p. 2244(Kuang Jing/Jin)[[Media:Touhu_2024.pptx]]

245. Folk Art: Piao Se 民间艺术：飘色 p. 2253(Huang Mengyan/Mandy)[[Media:Piao_Se_2024.pptx]]

246. Jingdezhen Porcelain 景德镇陶瓷 p. 2261(Li Dinghao/Leo)[[Media:Jingdezhen_Porcelain_2024.pptx]]

247. Folk Traditional Customs: Fireworks and Firecrackers 民间传统习俗：烟花和爆竹 p. 2270 (Cao Jialong/caron)[[Media:Fireworks_and_Firecrackers_2024.pptx]]

249. Thangka 唐卡 p. 2285（Yang Lingyue/Judy）[[Media:Thangka_2024.pptx]]

250. Striking iron flower 打铁花 p. 2294 (Fu Xinke/Finger)[[Media:Striking_iron_flower _2024.pptx]]

251. Chinese Cuisine: Xiang Cuisine – One of the Eight Major Cuisines 湘菜 ................................................................... 23029（Liu Li/Glen）[[Media:Xiang Cuisine_2024.pptx]]

252. The Evolution of the Official Selection System 仕进制度 2312（Xia Rong/Sharon)[[Media:Evolution_of_the_Official_Selection_System_2024.pptx]]

=Session 15 Thursday Dec 19, 2024 19:00-21:35=
Everybody gets a work sheet for today to finalise the research project

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-12-02T06:33:52Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 27,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-27T08:16:13Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 24,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

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Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 21,2024 */

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Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 18,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

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Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 15,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-15T08:46:37Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 13,2024 */

File:PDD 2024.pptx

2024-11-14T07:18:40Z

Wang Yujiao: Wang Yujiao uploaded a new version of "File:PDD 2024.pptx"

File:PDD 2024.pptx

2024-11-14T05:30:58Z

Wang Yujiao: Wang Yujiao uploaded a new version of "File:PDD 2024.pptx"

File:PDD 2024.pptx

2024-11-14T05:29:06Z

Wang Yujiao:

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-13T14:25:42Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 12,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-12T12:35:05Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 11,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-12T12:34:21Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 10,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-12T12:33:27Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 09,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-09T08:54:20Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 08,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

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Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 05,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-05T12:39:59Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 04,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-04T12:30:01Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 02,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-04T12:29:34Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 03,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-04T12:29:17Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 02,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

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Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 04,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-04T12:27:50Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 03,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-04T12:25:53Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 01,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-02T15:15:39Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Nov 01,2024 */

User:Wang Yujiao

2024-11-01T13:35:42Z

Wang Yujiao:

Chinese Language and Culture 2024

2024-09-23T13:17:23Z

Wang Yujiao: /* Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper */

Chinese Language and Culture 2024

2024-09-04T17:44:45Z

Wang Yujiao: /* 簽到 Here you can sign in behind the topic you want to present in class */