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The Three Body Problem by Liu Cixin

2024-02-01T11:48:44Z

Wei Yuxin: /* Zyta Rydz */

‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ 🪐✩˚₊‧‧₊˚✩ ‧˚₊‧

Author: 刘慈欣 Liu Cixin

Title: 三体 The Three Body Problem

Book series: 地球往事 Remembrance of Earth's Past

Genre: 科幻小说 Science Fiction

Date of publication: 2008

Text in Chinese: https://www.feiku6.com/read/santi/8505669.html

== Book Introduction ==

"The Three-Body Problem" is a science fiction novel by Chinese author Liu Cixin, first published in 2008. It's the first book in the Remembrance of Earth's Past trilogy. The story begins during China's Cultural Revolution, when a young astrophysicist, disturbed by the humanity's capacity for destruction, sends a message into space, inviting alien civilizations to intervene and take over Earth. Centuries later, the narrative shifts to present-day China, where scientist Wang Miao is recruited to investigate a series of inexplicable deaths among physicists. His investigations lead him to a virtual reality game called "Three Body," which is deeply intertwined with the mystery of the deaths and a global conspiracy.

== Chapter 7: INTRODUCTION ==
In this Chapter the main character - the scientist Wang Miao discovers the "Three Body" game and plays it for the first time. The game serves a significant role in the storyline. It is a virtual reality simulation that involves strategic challenges and puzzles that players must solve. The world of the game is set on an incredibly unwelcome planet, whose harsh conditions make it extremely difficult for humans to survive. The world of the game is very chaotic due to the unpredictable moves of the sun - the sun moves around the planet in a mysterious way, causing irregular seasons, varying from extreme cold to boiling heat. In the Era of Chaos, the temperatures can change rapidly even during one day. In the Era of Stability, the temperatures are good enough for humans to live and build civilization. However, the moves of the sun cannot be predicted, and the players never know when the next Era is about to come, so the civilisation arises and dies over and over again.
Because of these terrifying conditions, players of the game must preserve their bodies by occasional "dehydration" - it is a process in which human body removes all water and becomes a light, human-shaped skin that can be preserved for the good times. When the conditions are good again, humans can be returned to life by "hydrating" their bodies once again. The purpose of the game is to discover the rules of this strange world and its physics, so that there is a way for the civilization to exist peacefully.

== Aleksandra Urbańska ==
汪淼在浏览器的地址栏中输入那个很容易记住的游戏网址：www.threebody.com网页上显示该游戏只支持V装具方式。汪淼想起了纳米中心的职工娱乐室里好像有一套V装具，就走出已经空荡荡的中心实验大厅，去值班室要了钥匙，在娱乐室中穿过一排台球桌和健身器材，在一台电脑旁找到了V装具，费了很大劲才把感应服穿上，然后戴上显示头盔，启动电脑。

启动游戏后，汪淼置身于一片黎明之际的荒原，荒原呈暗褐色，细节看不清楚，远方地平线上有一小片白色的曙光，其余的天空则群星闪烁。一声巨响，两座发着红光的山峰砸落到远方的大地上，整个荒原笼罩在红色光芒之中。被激起的遣天蕞日的尘埃散去后，汪淼看清了那两个顶天立地的大字：三体。

== Anna Proskura ==
随后出现了个注册界面，汪淼用“海人”这个ID注册，然后成功登录。

荒原依旧，但V装具感应服中的压缩机咝咝地启动了，汪淼感到一股逼人的寒气。前方出现了两个行走的人影，在曙光的背景前呈黑色的剪影……汪淼追了上去，他看到两人都是男性，披着破烂的长袍，外面还裹着一张肮脏的兽皮，都带着一把青铜时代那种又宽又短的剑。其中一人背着一只有他一半高的细长的木箱子，。那人扭头看看汪森，他的脸像那兽皮一样脏和皱，双眼却很有神，眸子映着曙光。“冷啊”他说。

“是。真冷”汪森附和道。

“这是战国时代，我是周文王。”那人说。

== Asia Zawada ==

“周文王不是战国时代的人吧？”汪淼问。
“他一直活到现在呢，纣王也活着”另一个没背箱子的人说，“我是周文王的追随者，我的ID就叫‘周文王追随者’，他可是个天才。”

“我的ID是‘海人’，”汪淼说，“您背的是什么？”

周文王放下那只长方形木箱，将一个立面象一扇门似的打开。露出里面的五层方格，借着晨曦的微光。汪淼看到每层之间都有高低不等的一小堆细沙，每格中都有从上一格流下的一道涓细的沙流

“沙漏，八小时漏完一次，颠倒三次就是一天。不过我常常忘了颠倒，要靠追随者提醒。”周文王介绍说。

== Edyta Skorupa ==
“你们好像是在长途旅行，有必要背这么笨重的计时器吗？”

“那怎么计时呢？”

“拿个小型的日晷多方便，或者干脆只看太阳也能知道大概的时间。”

周文王和追随者面面相觑。然后一起盯着汪淼，好像他是个白痴，“太阳？看太阳怎么能知道时间？这可是乱纪元。”

汪森正要询问这个怪异名词的含义，追随者哀鸣道：“真冷啊，冷死我了！”

汪淼也觉得冷，但他不能随便脱下感应服，一般情况下。那样做会被游戏注销ID的。他说：“太阳出来就会暖和些的。”

“你在冒充伟大的先知吗？连周文王都不算先知呢！”追随者冲汪淼不屑地摇摇头。

== Ewa Kopania ==
“这需要先知吗？谁还看不出来太阳一两个小时后就会升起。”汪淼指指天边说。

“这是乱纪元！”追随者说。

“什么是乱纪元？”

“除了恒纪元，都是乱纪元。”周文王说，像回答一个无知孩童的提问。

果然，天边的晨光开始暗下去，很快消失了，夜幕重新笼罩了一切，苍穹星光灿烂。

“原来现在是黄昏不是早晨？”汪淼问。

“是早晨，早晨太阳不一定能升起，这是乱纪元。”

寒冷使汪淼很难受。“看这样子，太阳要很长时间以后才会升出来。”他哆嗉着指指模糊的地平线说。

== Gabriela Krukowska ==
“你怎么又会有这种想法？那可不一定，这是乱纪元。”追随者说着转向周文王，“姬昌，给我些鱼干吃吧。”

“不行！”周文王断然说道，“我也是勉强吃饱，要保证我能走到朝歌，而不是你。”

说话间。汪淼注意到另一个方向的地平线又出现了曙光，他分不清东南西北，但肯定不是上次出现时的方向。

这曙光很快增强，不一会儿，这个世界的太阳升起来了，是一颗蓝色的小太阳，很像增强了亮度的月亮，但还是让汪淼感到了一丝温暖，并看清了大地的细节。但这个白昼很短暂，太阳在地平线上方划了一道浅浅的弧形就落下了，夜色和寒冷又笼罩了一切。

== Julia Dereżyńska ==
三人在一棵枯树前停下，周文王和追随者拔出青铜剑来砍柴，汪淼将碎柴收集到一块。追随者拿出火镰，噼啪、噼啪打了好一阵，升起了一堆火。汪淼的感应服的前胸·部分变暖和了，但背后仍然冰冷。

“烧些脱水者，火才旺呢。”追随者说。

“住嘴！那是纣王干的事！”

“反正路上那些散落的，都破成那样，泡不活了。如果你的理论真能行。别说烧一些，吃一些都成，与那理论相比，几条命算什么。”

“胡说！我们是学者！”

篝火燃尽后，三人继续赶路。由于他们之间交谈很少。系统加快了游戏时间的流逝速度。周文王很快将背上的沙漏翻了六下，转眼间两天过去了。

== Karol Perka ==
太阳还没有升起过一次，甚至天边连曙光的影子都没有。

“看来太阳不会出来了。”汪淼说，同时调出游戏界面来看了一下自己的HP，它正因寒冷而迅速减小。

“你又冒充伟大的先知了……”追随者说，汪淼和他一起说出了后半句，“这是乱纪元！”

这话说完不久，天边真的出现了曙光，并且迅速增强，转眼间太阳就升了起来。汪淼发现这次升起的是一颗大太阳。当它升至一半时，直径占了视野内至少五分之一的地平线。暖流扑面而来，今汪淼心旷神怡，但他看周文王和追随者时，发现他们都一脸惊恐，仿佛魔鬼降临。

“快，找阴凉地儿！”追随者大喊，汪淼跟着他们飞奔。

== Karolina Englert ==
跑到了一处低矮的岩石后面蹲下来。岩石的阴影在渐渐缩短，周围的大地像处于白炽状态般刺眼，脚下的冻土迅速融化，由坚硬如铁变成泥泞一片，热浪滚滚。汪淼很快出汗了。当大太阳升到头顶正上方时，三人用兽皮蒙住头，强光仍如利箭般从所有缝隙和孔洞中射进来。三人绕着岩石挪到另一边，躲进那边刚刚出现的阴影中……
太阳落山后，空气依然异常闷热，大汗淋漓的三人坐在岩石上，追随者沮丧地说：“乱纪元旅行，真是在地狱里走路。我受不了了；再说我也没吃的了，你不分我些鱼干，又不让吃脱水者，唉——”

“那你只能脱水了。”周文王说，一手用兽皮扇着风。

== Lena Rzeźnikowska ==
“脱水以后，你不会扔下我吧？”

“当然不会。我保证把你带到朝歌。”

追随者脱下了被汗水浸湿的长袍，赤身躺到泥地上。在落日的余晖中，汪淼看到追随者身上的汗水突然增加了，他很快知道那不是出汗，这人身体内的水分正在被彻底排出，这些水在沙地上形成了几条小小的溪流，追随者的整个躯体如一根熔化的蜡烛在变软变薄……十分钟后水排完了，那躯体化为一张人形的软皮一动不动地铺在泥地上，面部的五官都模糊不清了。

“他死了吗？”汪淼问。他想起来了，一路上不时看到有这样的人形软皮，有的已破损不全，那就是不久前追随者想要用来烧火的脱水者。

The follower was dehydrated. He said he was concerned about being abandoned. A response assured him that he’ll be taken by Chao Ge. The follower removed his robe and laid naked on the muddy ground. The sun was setting, Wang Miao noticed that he was sweating more and more. Then he realized it’s not his sweat but water form the follower’s body. The expelled water appeared as small streams on the ground. Ten minutes after the follower’s body changed into a lifeless, thin and soft skin lying on the mud, his face was all blurry. Wang Miao questioned if the follower really had died, he also remembered that he had already seen similar dehydrated figures on their journey. Some of them were damaged and used for making fire.

== Malwina Filipowicz ==
“没有。”周文王说着，将追随者变成的软皮拎起来，拍了拍上面的土，放到岩石上将他（它）卷起来，就像卷一只放了气的皮球一般，“在水里泡一会儿，他就会恢复原状活过来，就像泡干蘑菇那样。”

“他的骨骼也变软了？”

“是的，都成了干纤维，这样便于携带。”

“这个世界中的每个人都能脱水吗？”

“当然，你也能，要不，在乱纪元是活不下去的。”周文王将卷好的追随者递给汪淼，“你带着他吧，扔到路上不是被人烧了，就是吃了。”

汪淼接过软皮，很轻的一小卷，用胳膊夹着倒也没有什么异样的感觉。

"No" said Zhou Wen Wang. He lifted the skin, dusted off the dirt and mud, then spread it on the rock and wrapped up like a deflated baloon.
"If we soak him in water he will go back his previous form. It's like soaking dried mushrooms".
"His bones soften too?"
"Yes, it turned into fiber so it's easy to carry."
"Can everyone in this world be dried up and soaked?"
"Of course, you too. Otherwise we wouldn't survive the era of chaos." Zhou Wen Wang handed the rolled up follower to the Wang.
"Carry him. If you leave him on the rod he will be burned or eaten."
Wang took the soft skin, very small roll, and carried it under his arm. It didn't seem weird.

== Natalia Gloc ==
汪淼夹着脱水的追随者，周文王背着沙漏，两人继续着艰难的旅程。同前几天一样，这个世界中的太阳运行得完全没有规律，在连续几个严寒的长夜后，可能会突然出现一个酷热的白天，或者相反。两人相依为命，在篝火边抵御严寒，泡在湖水中度过酷热。好在游戏时间可以加快，一个月可以在半小时内过完，这使得乱纪元的旅程还是可以忍受的。

这天，漫漫长夜已延续了近一个星期（按沙漏计时），周文王突然指着夜空欢呼起来：“飞星！飞星！两颗飞星！！”

其实，汪淼之前就注意到那种奇怪的天体，它比星星大，能显出乒乓球大小的圆盘形状，运行速度很快，肉眼能明显地看到它在星空中移动，只是这次出现了两个。

== Paweł Andraszak ==
周文王解释说：“两颗飞星出现，恒纪元就要开始了！”

“以前看到过的。”

“那只有一个。”

“最多只有两个吗？”

“不，有时会有三个，但不会再多了。”

“三颗飞星出现，是不是预示着更美好的纪元？”

周文王用充满恐惧的眼神瞪了汪淼一眼，“你在说什么呀。三颗飞星……祈祷它不要出现吧。”

周文王的话没错，他们向往的恒纪元很快开始了，太阳升起落下开始变得有规律，一个昼夜渐渐固定在十八小时左右，日夜有规律的交替使天气变得暖和了一些。

“恒纪元能持续多长时间？”汪淼问。

This part is a dialogue between Wang and King Wen. They talk about what a specific number of shooting stars portends. Following the appearance of two shooting stars, an era of stability began. The day and night cycle became more stable, the weather was milder.

== Wiktoria Wolny ==
“一天或一个世纪，每次多长谁都说不准。”周文王坐在沙漏上，仰头看着正午的太阳，“据记载，西周曾有过长达两个世纪的恒纪元，唉，生在那个时代的人有福啊。”

“那乱纪元会持续多长时间呢？”

“不是说过嘛，除了恒纪元都是乱纪元，两者互为对方的间隙。”

“那就是说，这是一个全无规律的混乱世界？！”

“是的。文明只能在较长的气候温暖的恒纪元里发展。大部分时间里，人类集体脱水存贮起来，当较长的恒纪元到来时，再集体浸泡复活，生产和建设。”

== Zyta Rydz ==
“那怎样预知每个恒纪元到来的时间和长短呢？”

“做不到，从来没有做到过。当恒纪元到来时，国家是否浸泡取决于大王的直觉，常常是：浸泡复活了，庄稼种下了，城镇开始修筑，生活刚刚开始，恒纪元就结束了，严寒和酷热就毁灭了一切。”周文王说到这里，一手指向汪淼，双眼变得炯炯有神，“好了，你已经知道了这个游戏的目标：就是运用我们的智力和悟性，分析研究各种现象，掌握太阳运行的规律，文明的生存就维系于此。”

“在我看来太阳运行根本就没有规律。”

“那是因为你没能悟出世界的本原。”

Zhou Wenwang says predicting Eternal Eras is impossible; prosperity depends on the king's intuition. Understanding the sun's movements is crucial for civilization's survival. Wang Miao disagrees, and Zhou attributes this to a lack of understanding of the world.

I am this type of woman

2024-02-01T11:38:44Z

Wei Yuxin: /* Zyta Rydz */

=I am this type of woman=
==Introduction==
Author:月下蝶影 Butterfly's Shadow Beneath the Moon

Title: 我就是这般女子 I Am This Type of Woman

Full novel: https://www.zhenhunxiaoshuo.com/wojiushizhebannvzi/

Presentation:
==Summary==
"A stupid father with good luck, a kick-ass and protective mother, and a dandy younger brother all want a principal husband.
Her engagement has been broken off three times yet she does not panic.
Beautiful and magnificent clothes, golden beams in their house.
She has money, she has power, why would she need a husband?
This is a story about a garish woman who has had her engagement broken off three times and a hypocrite of a man."

Story set in ancient China. The main character is a beautiful noble lady who is said to be very vain, her family is also not liked among other nobles. But they have close-knit ties with the emperor, so without doing anything they get all they need to get through and on top of that, live in luxury.

At first the reader thinks, the main character - Ban Hua - has some dreams that predict future. In fact, it's her second time in life, she died in the previous one and it shows through her dreams. Ban Hua gets to see if the predicitions will come true or not.

The male lead is Rong Xia, though at first he doesn't appear much, later on he plays a key role as a romantic lead and the emperor.

==Translation==
This is the first chapter "Jilted". We get to know the Ban family:
- 班婳 main character (MC)
- 阴氏 mother of the MC
- 班淮 aka 静亭侯 father of the MC
- 阴氏 MC's younger brother.
As well as her ex's: 谢启临, 沈钰来.
Main character was jilted for the third time. She has a nightmare that predicts her family's downfall in five years.

==Anna Proskura==
金秋九月，本是丰收的好时节，但是静亭侯却躲在书房里砸了好几样瓷器，嘴里不停地骂骂咧咧，看起来不像是侯爷，倒更像是个市井流氓。
“在京城这个地界儿，敢得罪我班淮，老子弄死他！”
“父亲，您别生气，儿子这就出去找人揍他一顿。”
“你叫人揍他，我找皇上收拾他！”

==Asia Zawada==
“闹够了没有？”阴氏一脚踹开书房门，看着摩拳擦掌的父子俩，厉声呵斥道，“还嫌外面那些话传得不够难听是不是？”
静亭侯与儿子齐齐噤声，静亭侯把踩在椅子上的腿收了回来，静亭侯世子班恒把挽起来的袖子捋了下去。

==Ada Dan==
九月的天，阴氏愣是要扇着扇子才能勉强平复心底的怒气，她看也不看地上的碎瓷片，径直走到椅子上坐下，跟在她身后进来的丫鬟婆子们开始七手八脚的收拾起来。
瓷片撞来撞去的声音听得她心里火气更重，狠狠地瞪了父子二人一眼，素手一拍，桌面上的茶盏跟着跳了跳。

==Edyta Skorupa==
“不过是个乡野小地出来的东西，考上科举竟说要退婚，还摆出一副当初是我侯府逼婚他才不得不从的姿态，什么玩意儿？！”
“母、母亲，”班恒凑到阴氏面前，陪着笑脸道，“您且别动怒，天底下三条腿儿的蟾蜍不好找，两条腿的男人遍地都是，咱们家要收拾他，不过是动动嘴的事情，可别把您身子气坏了。”

==Ewa Kopania==
“我倒是不想生气，可你看看这都什么事儿？”
任哪个做母亲放在心尖尖上的女儿，被人退了三次婚，心里都畅快不起来。
她膝下仅一子一女，侯爷虽荒唐懒散，但不是贪花好色之人，所以家里并无妾侍通房，不过他也就这个优点能拿得出手了。

==Julia Dereżyńska==
当初女儿出生时，她跟一位闺中好友订了娃娃亲，哪知道那孩子长到三岁的时候得了一场天花夭折了。
女儿十三岁时，与忠平伯府嫡次子谢启临定亲，哪知道临出阁了，谢启临突然找到“真爱”，跟“真爱”私奔了。

At first when her daughter was born, she had arranged a childhood engagement with a good friend of hers, but the son died at three years old after contracting smallpox.

At the age of thirteen, her daughter had been betrothed to Xie Qilin, the second son of Zhongping Count’s house, just as she reached the age of marriage however, Xie Qilin suddenly found “True Love” in a brothel and eloped with her.

==Karol Perka==
害得外面都在传，她家姑娘是个草包，连一个丫鬟都比不上。
不然堂堂伯爷府的公子为什么宁可跟一个上不得台面的女人私奔，也不跟她成亲？
后来谢启临虽然被找了回来，但两家婚事黄了，从此两家人也不再来往，差点没成为仇人。

==Karolina Englert==
这次的事情更加荒唐，这个沈钰是是东洲沈氏偏支，勉强算得上当地的望族，来京城后对他们家姑娘一见钟情，哭着求着跟他家提亲七八次，结果他们家刚答应下来，他这厢又反口了。
退婚的时候，表面上说着配不上他们家，内里却是嫌弃她家姑娘口有美貌没有头脑，为人奢侈懒散，不是良配。

==Lena Rzeźnikowska==
当初你没考上探花时咋不这么说？这会儿倒嫌弃她家姑娘奢侈了，他们静亭侯府有钱，愿意让自家姑娘奢侈点又怎么了？！
这厢班家三人气得食不下咽，那边被退婚的正主却还睡得正香。
班婳在做梦，这个梦很长，长到她醒来的时候，根本分不清这里是现实还是梦境。当她坐起身，看到外面挂着的珍珠帘，才恍然惊觉，她刚才是在做梦。

==Malwina Filipowicz==
对了，她刚才梦到什么了？
好像是她又被退婚，谁做了皇帝，她父亲冒犯新帝，被削去了爵位，然后他们全家就过上了苦巴巴的日子。
天啊，不能跟人攀比首饰，攀比华服的日子有多么可怕？
不能看那些人明明在背后骂她，表面却不得不恭敬她的憋屈样子，这人生该有多无聊？

==Natalia Gloc==
这个梦实在太晦气，她还是早点忘了好。
“乡君，”丫鬟抹着眼泪哭哭啼啼地走了进来，“沈探花竟然来退婚了。”
班婳软趴趴的腰杆顿时挺直起来：“退婚？”
完了，噩梦成真了！

==Paweł Andraszak==
她父亲不是静亭侯，那她弟弟就不是世子，她也不再是当今陛下亲封的乡君，她以后还怎么吃喝玩乐，打马遛狗赏花？
人生苦短，难道她只有短短几年的享乐时光了吗？
那个梦别的她没记住多少，自己不是乡君以后有多惨倒是记得清清楚楚。想到这，她顿时悲从心来，穿上鞋子披上衣服就往主院跑去。

==Wikotria Wolny==
“乡君，您的头发！”
幸好静亭侯府的下人嘴严，不然到了明天，京城里的热点就会变成“静亭侯嫡女因退婚发狂，衣衫不整在家中狂奔。”
实际上，这也是静亭侯看到女儿后的第一个想法。
“我的乖女，”静亭侯看到女儿披头散发，衣衫不整的出现在书房，顿时嚎啕大哭起来，“乖女，咱不嫁了，明天爹去给买一打的面首回来，能文能武长得好，你喜欢哪个挑哪个。”

==Zyta Rydz==
天下的男人都不是好东西，害得他女儿变成了这样。
这种时候，静亭侯已经把自己抛出了男人的范围。
班恒艳羡的瞥了姐姐一眼，他连个通房丫头都没有，也没见谁给他张罗一个，夜深人静红袖添香，也是雅事嘛。
“想都别想，”阴氏斜着眼睛瞪了儿子一眼，“你给我乖乖待在家里念书。”

All men are trash (༼ ༎ຶ ෴ ༎ຶ༽), causing his daughter to become like this. Jingting already removed himself from the category of men. Ban Hengyan glanced at his sister; he didn't even have a maid, let alone anyone to arrange one for him. 'Don't even think about it,' Yin Shi glared at her son with narrowed eyes. 'You stay at home and study obediently.'

The Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

2024-02-01T11:24:12Z

Wei Yuxin: /* WYX */

== Introduction ==

Author:墨香铜臭 MoXiang TongXiu

Title:魔道祖师 The Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation

Full novel: https://www.zhenhunxiaoshuo.com/modaozushi/

Presentation:[[Media:The Grandmaster of Cultivation.pptx]]

== Summary ==

The Grandmaster of Demonic Cultivation is a web novel written by an anonymous writer with an alias MoXiang TongXiu. It is a fantasy historical novel with many plot lines and twists. It focuses on the story of the main character, Wei Wuxian, who after experiencing war, torture and loss begins his journey with the new cultivation method for which he was in the end killed. The story is divided into two parts: Wei Wuxian’s first and second life. The first one is focused on main character’s journey through moral dilemmas while facing an enemy. This storyline occurs when the main characters are still learning the ways of Cultivation as teenagers, and focuses on the Wen Sect growing in power and trying to control/dominate the other Sects. The second part which occurs after his reincarnation, 16 years after his death, shows the main character (after his reincarnation) along with his partner, Lan Wangji, solving a case of mysterious murder and uncovering sudden political and internal schemes. The novel is quite complex thanks to the huge amount of characters and plotlines, moral dilemmas and compelling villains.

== Translation==

Below there are chapters 1 and 78. Chapter 1 showcases the overall plot from the outsider point of view, Chapter 78 shows the same/close scene from the perspective of the mian character (not ACTUALLY his point of view though).

Translation help:

Sects:
Gusu Lan 姑苏蓝氏
Mingshan Wen 岐山温氏

Wei WuXian 魏无羡 = Wei Ying 魏婴, Yiling Patriarch 夷陵老祖, Xianxian 羡羡

Lan Wangji 蓝忘机= Lan Zhan 蓝湛, Hanguang-Jun 含光君

Other:

Chenqing 陈情 (flute)

Stygian Tiger Amulet 阴虎符

== ZYX ==
(第1章 CHAPTER 1)

“魏无羡死了。大快人心！”
乱葬岗大围剿刚刚结束，未及第二日，这个消息便插翅一般飞遍了整个修真界，比之当初战火蔓延的速度有过之而无不及。
一时之间，无论是世家名门，还是山野散修，人人都在议论此次由四大玄门世家联率、大小百家参与混战的围剿行动。
“好好好，果然是大快人心！手刃这夷陵老祖的是哪位名士英豪？”
“还能是谁。他师弟小江宗主江澄呗，云梦江氏、兰陵金氏、姑苏蓝氏、清河聂氏四大家族打头阵，大义灭亲，把魏无羡那老巢‘乱葬岗’一锅端了。”
“我得说句公道话：杀得好。”
立即有人抚掌亮声应和：“不错，杀得好！要不是云梦江氏收养他栽培他，他魏婴这辈子就是个混迹乡野市井的庸徒……还谈什么别的。原先的江宗主可是把他当亲儿子在养，他倒好，公然叛逃，与百家为敌，丢尽了云梦江氏的脸，还害得江家几乎满门惨死。什么叫忘恩负义白眼狼？这就是！”
“江澄居然就让这厮嚣张了这么久，换了是我，当初魏某人叛逃时就不是只捅他一刀，而是直接清理门户，否则他也没机会做出后来那些丧心病狂之事。对这种人，还讲什么同门同修青梅竹马的情面。”
“可我听到的不是这样的啊？魏婴不是因为自己修炼邪术遭受反噬、受手下鬼将撕咬蚕食而死的吗？听说活活被咬碎成了齑粉呢。”

== JL ==

“哈哈哈哈……这就叫现世报。我早就想说了，他养的那批鬼将就像一群没拴好的疯狗到处咬人，最后咬死自己，活该！”
“话虽如此，可此次围剿乱葬岗，若不是小江宗主依夷陵老祖的弱点拟定计划，成功与否还难说呢。你们可别忘了魏无羡手上有什么东西，当初一晚上三千多个成名修士是怎么全军覆没的。”
“不是五千吗？”
“三千五千都差不多。我觉得五千更有可能。”
“果真丧心病狂……”
“他死之前毁掉了阴虎符，倒也算积了点阴德，否则留下那鬼东西继续贻害人间，更加罪孽深重喽。”
“阴虎符”三字一出，忽然一阵静默，似乎都在顾忌着什么。
片刻之后，一人慨叹道：
“哎……要说这魏无羡，当年也是仙门之中极富盛名的世家公子，并非不曾有过佳迹。年少成名，何等风光恣意……究竟他是怎么走到这一步的……”
话题转移，议论声又纷纷然起来。
“由此可见，修炼终归是非走正统路子不可。邪魔歪道，一时风光无限，好像很嚣张很了不起？嘿，最后是什么下场？”
掷地有声：“死无全尸！”
“也不全是修炼之道害的，归根结底还是魏无羡此人人品太差，天怒人怨啊。所谓善恶终有报，天道好轮回……”....

== AD ==

身死之后，盖棺定论。所论内容大同小异，偶有微弱的异声，也会立刻被压了下去。
只是每个人的心头都还有一缕阴霾挥之不去。
虽说夷陵老祖魏无羡已身死乱葬岗，但事成之后，却无法召唤他的残魂。
他的魂魄，也许是在被万鬼吞噬之时一同被分食了，又也许是逃逸了。

若是前者，自然皆大欢喜普天同庆。然而，夷陵老祖有翻天灭地、移山倒海之能——至少传闻中是这样的，他若要抗拒召魂，也不是什么难事。一旦他来日元神复位，夺舍重生，届时，玄门百家甚至整个人间必将迎来更加丧心病狂的报复和诅咒，陷入暗无天日和腥风血雨之中。
因此，将一百二十座镇山石兽压在乱葬岗顶后，各大家族开始进行频繁的召魂仪式，同时严查夺舍，搜集各地异象，全力警戒。
第一年，风平浪静。
第二年，风平浪静。
第三年，风平浪静。
……
第十三年，依然风平浪静。
至此，终于越来越多的人相信，也许魏无羡也没那么了不起，也许他真的神魂俱灭了。
纵使曾经翻手为云覆手雨，也终归有一日成为被翻覆的那一个。
没有人会被永远奉在神坛之上，传说也仅仅只是传说而已。

== AX ==
(第78章 CHAPTER 78)

这群人原本以为自己一定会惨死夷陵老祖之手, 然后沦为被他操纵的行尸走肉，个个惊恐万状, 谁知, 魏无羡并没有兴趣和他们多作纠缠，看完告示之后，把这群人扔在地上，这便负手离开了。
他没有收回那些阴灵, 满地呼痛的继续哀哀呼痛, 哼唧的继续蠕动哼唧，全都爬不起来。
不知过了多久, 忽然一道蓝色剑光掠过, 众人顿感背上一轻。有人惊呼道：“我能动了！”
几人率先勉强爬起身，只见那道蓝色剑光飞回, 收入一人鞘中。
那人是个极为年轻的俊雅男子, 白衣抹额, 面容冷肃, 眉目间似乎带着一缕压抑的忧色, 行来极快, 却分毫不显急态, 连衣袂也未曾翻飞。
那名摔断了双腿的修士忍痛道：“含……含光君！”纳尼亚传奇小说
蓝忘机走到他身边, 蹲下来按了按他的腿, 探明了伤势, 并不十分严重，起身还未说话, 那名修士又道：“含光君，您来得迟了，魏无羡刚走！”
不少人都知道，这几日姑苏蓝氏的含光君在到处追查魏无羡的下落，多半是要拿他算账，讨还姑苏蓝氏那数十条白白折了的人命，忙道：“是啊，他才走了不到半个时辰！”
蓝忘机道：“他做了什么。去向何处。”
众人连忙诉苦：“他不分青红皂白，将我们打杀一通，险些把我们当场全部杀死！”
蓝忘机藏在雪白宽袖之下的手指微微抽动，似乎想握成拳，却很快放开了。
那名修士连忙又道：“不过他放话了，他现在要去不夜天城，去誓师大会找四大家族算账！”

== TXL ==

岐山温氏覆灭之后，不夜天城的主殿群便沦为了一座华丽而空洞的废墟。
坐落于整座不夜天城最高处的炎阳烈焰殿前，有一个宽阔无比的广场。从前有三支冲天而起的旗杆立于广场最前端，如今，其中两支都已经折断了，剩下的一支，挂的是一面被撕得破破烂烂，还涂满了鲜血的炎阳烈焰旗。
此夜，广场上密密麻麻列满了大大小小各家族的方阵，每个家族的家纹锦旗都在夜风中猎猎飘动。断旗杆前是一座临时设立的祭台，各个家族的家主站在自家方阵之前，由金光瑶为他们每人依次送上一杯酒。尽数接过酒盏后，众位家主将之高高举起，再酹于地面。
酒洒入土，金光善肃然道：“不问何族，不分何姓。这杯酒，祭死去的世家烈士们。”
聂明玦道：“英魂长存。”
蓝曦臣道：“愿安息。”
江澄则是阴沉着面容，倾完了酒也一语不发。
接下来，金光瑶又从兰陵金氏的方阵之中走出，双手呈上了一只黑色的方形铁盒。金光善单手拿起那只铁盒，高高举起，喝道：“温氏余孽焚灰在此！”
说完，他运转灵力，将铁盒赤手震裂。黑色铁盒碎为数片，无数白色的灰末纷纷扬扬撒于凄冷的夜风之中。

== WMF ==

挫骨扬灰！
人群中爆发出一阵欢呼喝彩之声。金光善举起双手，示意众人安静，听他讲话。等到叫好声渐渐平息，他又高声道：“今夜，被挫骨扬灰的，是温党余孽中的两名为首者。而明日！就会是剩下的所有温狗，还有——夷陵老祖，魏婴！”
忽然，一声低笑打断了他慷慨激昂的陈词。
这声低笑响起得太不是时候，突兀又刺耳，众人立即刷刷地朝声音传来之处望去。
炎阳烈焰殿是一座宏伟的大殿，共有十二条屋脊，每条屋脊之末各设有八只神兽。而此时，众人发觉，其中一条屋脊上，竟然有九只，方才那声低笑，就是从那边发出来的！
那只多出来的脊兽微微一动，下一刻，一只靴子和一片黑色衣角便从屋檐上垂了下来，轻轻晃荡。
所有人的手都压到了剑柄上，江澄的瞳孔一缩，手背青筋突起。金光善惊恨交加，道：“魏婴！你胆敢出现在此！”
那人开口说话，果然是魏无羡的声音，听起来很是奇怪：“我为什么不敢出现在此？你们这些人加起来，有三千么？别忘了当年在射日之征里，别说三千，五千人我也单挑过。而且我出现在这里，岂不正合你们的意？省得劳你们明天还要特地找上门去把我挫骨扬灰。”
清河聂氏也有数名门生丧生于发狂的温宁之手，聂明玦冷冷地道：“竖子嚣张。”

==YSY==

魏无羡道：“我岂非一直如此嚣张？金宗主，自己打自己的脸，痛快么？说只要温氏姐弟去金麟台给你们请罪这件事便揭过的是谁？刚才口口声声说明天要把我和其他温党余孽挫骨扬灰的又是谁？”
金光善道：“一码归一码！穷奇道截杀你屠杀我兰陵金氏子弟一百余人，这是一码。你纵温宁金麟台行凶，这又是另……”
魏无羡道：“那么敢问金宗主，穷奇道截杀，截的是谁？杀的又是谁？主谋者是谁？中计者又是谁？归根结底，先来招惹我的，究竟是谁？！”
那些站在方阵之中的门生们藏身于人山人海，倍感安全，纷纷壮起了胆子，隔空喊话道：“即便是金子勋先设计截杀你，你也断不应该下这么大狠手，杀伤那么多条人命！”
“哦。”魏无羡替他分析道：“他要杀我，可以不用顾忌下死手，我死了算我倒霉。我自保就必须要顾忌不能伤这个不能伤那个，不能掉他一根头发了？总而言之，就是你们围攻我可以，我反击就不行，对不对？”
姚宗主扬声道：“反击？那一百多人和金麟台上的三十多人是无辜的，你反击为何要连累他们！”
魏无羡道：“那乱葬岗上的五十多名温家修士也是无辜的啊，你们又为何要连累他们？”
另一人啐道：“温狗究竟给了你什么大恩大德？这样向着这群杂碎。”
“我看根本没有甚么大恩大德。只是他自以为是个和全世界作对的英雄，自以为在做一件义举，觉得冒天下之大不韪的自己很伟大罢了！”

Wei Wuxian and people from sects present at the meeting are arguing about an incidents that happened at the Jinlin Tower and Qiongqi Path. There were a lot of casualties in both incidents and the men are blaming Wei Wuxian for killing a lot of people, while he says that he was defending himself after being ambushed and schemed against. He also brought up 50 cultivators on the Burial Mound. Someone asked him why he's on their side, what virtue and kindness have they shown to him, one of the people replied that they haven't shown any, Wei Wuxian just thinks he's a lone hero fighting against the world, bringing justice and being an impressive person.

== KMJ ==

听了这一句，魏无羡却沉默了。三体小说
下方众人将他的沉默当作退缩，道：“归根结底，还不是你对金子勋下那种卑鄙阴损的恶咒在先！”
魏无羡道：“请问你究竟有什么证据，证明恶咒是我下的？”
发问那人哑口无言，噎了噎，道：“那你又有什么证据，证明不是你下的？”
魏无羡笑了：“那我再请问，为什么不是你？你不也没证据证明不是你下的恶咒吗？”
那人又惊又怒：“我？我怎么会和你一样？休要混淆是非胡搅蛮缠！你的嫌疑最大，你以为我们不知道吗，你和金子勋一年多以前就结过怨！”
魏无羡森然道：“究竟胡搅蛮缠的是谁？对啊，我若想杀他，一年多以前就杀了，用不着留到现在。不然他这种角色，要不了一年，我三天就忘了。”
姚宗主震惊了：“……魏无羡啊魏无羡，我今天算是长见识了，我真是从未见过你这样无理的恶徒……把人杀死之后，还要言辞侮辱，恶语相向。你莫非就没有半点同情之心、愧疚之情？”
骂声一片，魏无羡却安然受之。
唯有愤怒，才能把他心中其他的情绪压下去。
一名站在方阵较前列的修士痛心疾首道：“魏婴，你太让我失望了。亏我当初还曾经仰慕钦佩过你，还说过你好歹是开宗立派的一代人物。如今想来，真是几欲作呕。从此刻开始起，我与你势不两立！”
Wei Wuxian is being accused of cursing someone. There's a disscussion going back and forth between him and the person asking questions. They argue that there's no proof of that, and if not having a proof of innocence is also a reason to think someone is guilty then aren't they both guilty? Suzerain Yao also thinks Wei Wuxian is guilty and scolds him for not having respect for the dead.

== AKR ==

闻言，魏无羡先是一怔，随即爆发出一阵狂笑：“哈哈哈哈……”
他笑得几乎喘不过气了，道：“你仰慕我？你说你仰慕我，那为何你仰慕我的时候我没见过你？而我一人人喊打，你就跳出来摇旗呐喊？”
魏无羡眼角笑出了眼泪，道：“你这仰慕，未免也太廉价了。你说你从此与我势不两立，很好，你的势不两立抑或不共戴天，对我有任何影响吗？你的仰慕和憎恶，都如此微不足道，怎好意思拿出来叫嚣？”
话音未落，他喉咙忽然一噎，胸口传来一阵突如其来的闷痛。
低头一看，一只羽箭正正插在他胸口，箭头埋入了两条肋骨之中。
他朝羽箭射来的方向望去。射出这一箭的，是一个眉清目秀的少年修士，站在一个小家族的方阵之中，兀自维持着姿势，弓弦犹在颤抖。
魏无羡看得出来，这只箭，原本是直冲他心口致命之处射来的。只是射箭人技艺不精，箭势在半空中衰落，这才偏下了心脏部位，射入了肋骨之中。
那射箭人身旁的人都目光惊愕、甚至惊恐地看着做出了这种鲁莽举动的这名同门。魏无羡抬起头，脸现煞气，反手拔下这只羽箭，用力掷了回去。只听一声惨呼，那名偷射他的年轻修士，竟然就这样被他徒手掷回的一箭插中了胸口！
他身旁另一名少年扑到他身上，嚎啕道：“哥！哥！”

== SSM ==

那个家族的方阵瞬间乱了套，家主伸出颤抖的手指着魏无羡道：“你……你……你好狠毒！”
魏无羡右手随便在胸膛的伤口处按了按，暂时止住血，漠然道：“什么叫狠毒？他既然敢偷袭射我这一箭，就该料到万一没射中会是什么下场。既然都叫我邪魔歪道了，总不至于指望我宽宏大量地不和他计较。”
金光善呼道：“布阵，布阵！今天绝不能让他活着离开这里！”
一声令下，对峙局面终于被打破，数名门生御剑持弓，向着大殿上方包抄过去。
终于先动手了！
魏无羡冷笑着将腰间陈情取了下来，举到唇边，随着笛子发出尖锐的嘶鸣，不夜天城广场的地面之上，一只只惨白的手臂破土而出！
一具具尸体顶破白石铺就的细墁地面，从泥土深处爬了出来。有御剑刚刚离地的，立即被他们拖了下来。
魏无羡站在炎阳烈焰殿的屋脊之上，竹笛横吹，双目在夜色中闪闪发出冷光。俯瞰下方，各家服饰犹如五颜六色沸腾不止的水，翻搅不止，时而四散，时而又聚拢。除了云梦江氏的方阵那边无恙，其他家族尽皆大乱，各个家主都忙着护住自己的门生，一时都无暇去攻击魏无羡。
正在此时，一道泠泠的琴音扰乱了陈情的笛音。
魏无羡放下陈情，回头望去。只见一人坐在另一条屋脊上，横琴于前，一袭雪白的衣衫在黑夜中有些刺目。

The family is in chaos. The head of the family pointed a finger at Wei Wuxian, accusing him of being too strict and heartless. Wei Wuxian was unmoved and responded that his actions were justified since he was attacked first. As the situation escalated, disciples were ordered to surround the hall and confront Wei Wuxian. Taking out his flute, Wei Wuxian summoned reanimated corpses from the ground, causing panic among the other families. In the tragedy, a soothing melody from a distant qin disrupted the flute music. Turning around, Wei Wuxian saw a figure in white clothing sitting on another roof, playing the qin.

== LML ==

魏无羡冷声道：“啊，蓝湛。”
打完招呼过后，他又将笛子举到唇边，道：“从前你就该知道了，清心音对我没用！”
蓝忘机翻琴上背，改为抽出避尘，直冲陈情袭去，要斩断这支催生出魔音的鬼笛。魏无羡旋身一错，哈哈大笑道：“好好好，我就知道，终有一天咱们要这样真刀实枪地杀一场。横竖你从来都看我不顺眼，来啊！”
听了这句话，蓝忘机的动作顿了顿，道：“魏婴！”
这一声虽然是喝出来的，可是，换了任何一个清醒的人来听，都会听出来，蓝忘机的声音分明在颤抖。然而，魏无羡此刻已经失去判断能力了。他已然半是疯狂，半神智不清，一切恶意都被他无限放大，只觉得世界上所有人都恨他，他也恨所有人。谁来都不怕，谁来都一样，也不过如此。
忽然，在一片厮杀声中，魏无羡听到了一个细微的声音。
那声音在喊：“阿羡！”
这个声音犹如一盆冷水，将他心头狂飙的邪火浇了个透心凉。
江厌离？
她是什么时候来了誓师大会的？！
魏无羡登时魂飞魄散，顾不上再和蓝忘机相斗，放下陈情：“师姐？！”
江澄也听到了这个声音，刹那间脸色煞白，道：“姐？姐！你在哪里？你在哪里？”
魏无羡跳下了炎阳烈焰殿的屋脊，和江澄一样声嘶力竭地大喊：“师姐？师姐？你在哪里？你在哪里？我看不到你！”

== PMJ ==

他顾不得数道冲他逼来的刀光剑影，在混乱的人群之中一边掌劈拳打，一边急急奔走，忽然，看到江厌离白色的身影被淹没在人群之后，魏无羡奋力地拨开挡路之人，艰难前行。他们之间还隔着不少距离，隔着无数人，一时半会儿魏无羡根本冲不过去，江澄也冲不过去。更糟的是，恰在此时，两人都忽然发觉，江厌离身后，摇摇晃晃地站起了一具凶尸。
那凶尸躯体腐烂了一半，手中拖着一把生锈的长剑，正在朝江厌离靠近。
看到这令人肝胆俱裂的一幕，魏无羡厉声喝道：“滚开！给我滚开！别碰她！”
江澄也咆哮道：“让它滚！”
他掷出了三毒，紫色的剑光冲那具凶尸飞去，然而，剑光在半路就被其他修士的剑光干扰了，偏离了方向。魏无羡心神越紊乱，控制能力就越差，那具凶尸无视他的指令，反而扬起了手中长剑，朝江厌离劈去！
魏无羡疯了，边冲边喊道：“停下来，停下来，给我停下来！”
现在人人都在忙着对付自己身边纠缠的凶尸，根本没有谁还有心思注意别人是不是危在旦夕。那具凶尸一剑劈下，划开了江厌离的背部！
江厌离一下子摔倒在了地上。
那凶尸站在她背后，继续扬起了长剑。正在这时，一道剑光削飞了它的半个身躯！
蓝忘机落在广场之上，顺手接过回召的避尘，魏无羡和江澄这才冲了过去，连感谢都顾不上对蓝忘机说。江澄抢先抱起江厌离，蓝忘机则截住了魏无羡，抓住他的衣领，提到面前，厉声道：“魏婴！停止催动尸群！”

==AHY==

魏无羡眼下根本顾不上别的事，眼中也完全没有蓝忘机的脸，更看不到蓝忘机眼中的血丝，也看不到他发红的眼眶，只想去看江厌离有事没有，赤着眼睛拨开他，扑到地上。蓝忘机被他推得身形一晃，站稳了看着他，还没下一步动作，忽听远处又有人惨叫呼救，敛了目光，飞身前去救援。
江厌离的背都被鲜血浸染了，闭着眼睛，好在还有呼吸。江澄探她脉搏的手颤抖着抽了回来，松了一口气，忽然冲着魏无羡的脸就是一拳，喝道：“怎么回事！你不是说你能控制住的吗？你不是说没问题的吗？！”
魏无羡跌坐在地上，茫然道：“……我也不知道。”
他绝望地道：“……我控制不住、我控制不住啊……”
这时，江厌离动了一下，江澄紧紧抱着她，语无伦次道：“姐姐！没事！没事，你怎么样？还好，只是划了一剑，还好，我马上带你下去……”
他说着便要把江厌离抱起来，江厌离却忽然道：“……阿羡。”
魏无羡打了一个哆嗦，忙道：“师姐，我……我在这里。”
江厌离缓缓睁开那双漆黑的眸子，魏无羡心中一阵恐慌。
江厌离勉力道：“……阿羡。你之前……怎么跑的那么快……我都没来得及看你一眼，和你说一句话……”
听着听着，魏无羡的心砰砰狂跳。
他还是不敢面对江厌离的脸，尤其是此时此刻，这张脸和当时的金子轩一样，沾满了尘土和鲜血。
他更不敢听她接下来要说的话。
江厌离道：“我……是来跟你说……”

== WXT ==

说什么？
没关系？
我不恨你？
什么事都没有？
不怪你杀了金子轩？
不可能。
但是完全与之相反的话，她也说不出来。
所以，她也不知道，此情此景，还能对魏无羡说什么。
可是，她心中就是觉得，她一定要来见这个弟弟一面。
叹了一口气，江厌离道：“阿羡，你……你先停下吧。别再，别再……”
魏无羡忙道：“好，我停下。”
他拿起陈情，放到唇边，低着头吹奏起来。他费了极大精力才稳住心神，这次，凶尸们终于不再无视他的命令了，一只一只，喉咙里发出咕咕怪声，像是在抱怨一般，缓缓伏了下来。
蓝忘机微微顿足，远远望向这边，末了，回头继续出剑，救援尚在苦斗的同门和非同门。
突然，江厌离双目一睁，双手不知从哪里爆发出一阵大力，将魏无羡一推！
魏无羡被她这一推推得又摔倒了地上，再抬起头时，就见一柄明晃晃的长剑，刺穿了她的喉咙。
握着剑的那名少年，正是刚才扑到那射箭人身上痛哭的年轻修士。他还在哇哇大哭，泪眼朦胧地道：“魏贼！这一剑代我哥还给你！”
魏无羡坐在脏兮兮的地面上，不敢置信地看着头已经歪下去、喉咙汩汩冒出大量鲜血的江厌离。
他刚才还在等着她说话，仿佛是对他下达最后的宣判。
江澄也是愣愣的，还抱着姐姐的身体，全然没有反应过来。
半晌，魏无羡才发出一声凄厉的惨叫。

== WYX ==

蓝忘机一剑刺出，猛地回头。
那名少年这才发现自己错手杀错了人，拔出长剑，带出一串血淋淋的血花，恐慌地连连后退，边退边道：“……不是，不是我，不是……我是要杀魏无羡，我是要给我哥报仇……是她自己扑上来的！”
魏无羡倏地闪到他身前，掐住了他的脖子，姚宗主挥剑喝道：“邪魔，放开他！”
蓝忘机什么风度仪态也顾不上了。
他推开一个又一个的挡路之人，朝魏无羡的方向奔去。然而，还没奔到一半的距离，魏无羡便在众目睽睽之下，徒手捏断了这名少年的喉骨。
一名白发苍苍的家主怒道：“你！你——当初累死江枫眠夫妇，如今又累死你师姐，你咎由自取，还敢迁怒别人！不知回头，反而继续杀伤人命。魏无羡，你——罪无可恕！”
可是，再多的谩骂和斥责，此时的魏无羡也听不到了。
仿佛被另外一个灵魂支配着，他伸出双手，从袖中取出了两样东西，在所有人面前，把它们拼到了一起。
那两样东西一半上，一半下，合为一体，发出一声森然的铿锵厉响。
魏无羡将它托在掌心，高高举了起来。
阴虎符！

Lan Wangji mistakenly attacks a young man, who panics and retreats, claiming he meant to kill Wei Wuxian for revenge. Wei Wuxian swiftly intervenes, killing the young man as accusations fly against him for past crimes. Unfazed, Wei Wuxian combines two items into a powerful talisman, the Yin Tiger Seal.

Maqiao Cidian

2024-02-01T11:07:21Z

Wei Yuxin: /* WYX ~(˘▾˘~) */

== Basic information ==
Title: 马桥词典 (Dictionary of Maqiao)

Author: 韩少功 (Han Shaogong)

Original text:https://archive.org/details/maqiaocidian0007hans/page/n7/mode/1up

Translation (bardzo polecam, książka jest naprawdę dobra): https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmaqi0000hans/page/n1/mode/1up

Presentation: [na google doc będzie]

== Who is Who ==
Bandit Ma: see Ma Wenjie.

Benren: Benyi's same-pot brother; fled to Jiangxi during the Great Leap Forward.

Benyi (also Ma Benyi): Party Branch Secretary in Maqiao.

Commune Head He: leader of the local commune.

Fucha: Maqiao's accountant.

Kuiyan: "lazy" son of Zhaoqing.

Long Stick Xi: a mysterious outsider who introduced "tincture of iodine" to Maqiao.

Ma Ming: leader of Maqiao's "Daoist Immortals," inhabitant of the "House of Immortals."

Ma Wenjie: Maqiao's most famous modern historical figure and former County Leader.

Master Black (also Mou Jisheng): muscular but dim Educated Youth.

Master Nine Pockets: renowned beggar king of Changle.

Shuishui: wife of Zhihuang the stonemason, later a "dream-woman."

Three Ears: unfilial son of Zhaoqing, one of the "Daoist Immortals," later lover of Tiexiang.

Tiexiang: daughter of Master Nine Pockets, later wife of Benyi and lover of Three Ears.

Uncle Luo: former village leader; Maqiao's oldest cadre.

Wanyu: Maqiao's singing star.

Xiongshi: son of Zhihuang and Shui Shui, killed in delayed blast of Japanese bomb.

Yanwu: talented younger brother of Yanzao.

Yanzao: "Traitor to the Chinese," persecuted and bullied for being a landlord's son.

Zhaoqing: notoriously stingy inhabitant of Maqiao, father of Three Ears.

Zhihuang: Maqiao's stonemason, famed for his stupidity, married toShuishui.

Zhongqi: Maqiao's resident gossip and busybody.

== ATTENTION COMRADES !!!!!!!==

Due to technical issues (and the fact that I study sinology cause I am a technical dumb-ass that cannot even open a power point without sth catching on fire) the fragments will be given in a form of Google Doc.
After reading them, pretty please upload the summary directly onto the wiki (or to google doc too, if you are feeling generous, i don't give a duck).
Thank you for your attention comrades and God Save the Queen.

== Fragments to summarize ==
https://docs.google.com/document/d/10WL6Nu4vHXLI87i5EIJqy_SywLchGPhmr4kYevAARqQ/edit?usp=sharing

==YL==

== ZYX ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)==

== AD ಠ_ಠ ==

Standing the Body
[企尸]

The author describes a ritual that received the name of "standing the body". After Kuiyuan dies, Fangying refuses to bury his body underground and instead, insists that the coffin stands vertically upright. The standing coffin became a way to express plaint. With this custom, people hoped to attract the attention of the officials. They used rocks to support the sides of the coffin in order to balance its weight. The stones placed around the coffin, tossed into great piles, symbolised that the grievance was as enormous as the mountains. The upright position of the coffin posed as a statement that even the dead have to voice their complaints and until they are heard, they cannot rest in the ground. ⚰️💀

==AX (=^ェ^=)==

== TXL ノ( º _ ºノ) ==

== WMF (ง’̀-‘́)ง ==

==YSY==

Confucian [道学]

Firstly, the narrator gives an example of the word's usage. Then he goes on to explain that the term referes to etiquette, morals and intelect, so it is a rather positive word, but then mentions that because of the hypocrisy of Confucianism over the years it can invoke an uncomfortable feeling. Then he asks philosophical questions, such as "can sympathy and affection exist between humans" and wonders if Maqiao people replaced other words with "Confucian" because they had doubts about human nature and what feelings can these doubts produce.

== AKR ☉_☉==

== KMJ (▀̿Ĺ̯▀̿ ̿) ==
Jackal-Fiend [豺猛子]
In the Tianzi Peak was hidden a small stockade, to get to it you had to cross a small, not very deep stream. The narrator crossed it many times on his way to Chazi Bow. One time a companion asked him, if he spotted something unusual about the river. Turns out that the long rock that was previously in the water was actually a jackal-fiend. Maoqiao people said that this fish eats other fish and not plants, it was firece at times but mostly stoic, people would trad over it for months without it moving. After that the narrator started to wonder everytime he was big rocks or big lumps of wood. Will it move this time, become alive and escape or not?

== SSM ╮ (. ❛ ᴗ ❛.) ╭ ==

: Each of Maqiao's oxen had its own name. People had lots of different words for oxen: for example, there were oxen that "understood," meaning oxen with intelligence; there were oxen "born-to-the-pen," meaning oxen that had been brought up like family, oxen that ox-rustlers found hard to steal away. Although Three-Hairs had something of a foul temper, it was still an ox born-to-the-pen.
Two months before it died, nothing had been seen of it for two days, the team leader had sent people searching everywhere with no result, and everyone thought it'd never be found again, that it'd already been slaughtered or sold by ox-rustlers. But on the evening of the third day, while I was playing chess at Zhihuang's, Zhihuang unexpectedly turned back from relieving himself and said his ox whip was twitching on the wall, there was definitely something up, definitely. Maybe Three-Hairs had come back. No sooner were we out of the door than we heard Three-Hairs' lows and saw a familiar black shadow in front of the oxpen. Right at that moment it was butting the wooden oxpen with its horns-clunk, clunk, clunk-wanting to get inside. Half a length of ox rope was hanging from its nose, its tail had been cut to half its length for some unknown reason, its whole body was covered with dozens of bloody scars, its whiskers were in a real state and it had clearly lost a lot of weight. After escaping from the ox-rustlers it must have meandered all over the mountains on its long, long tramp home.

== LML ( ͡ᵔ ͜ʖ ͡ᵔ )==
Model Worker

The texts talks about how commune wanted every team to pick a model worker who would study philosophy and attend special meetings in the commune. Benyi was not present so his uncle Luo took charge. After the breakfast he assigned work to some other workers and made Wanyu a model field worker. The narrator laughed about it and asked why don't they put to a vote who should be a model worker. Luo replied that Wanyu lacks skills and strenght to do anything else and other people agreed. The author notes that the person being the model worker changes depending on the weather conditions, bringing up an example of other worker called Fucha.

==PMJ (づ｡◕‿‿◕｡)づ==

==AHY==

Curse-grinding

The author mentions the unusual habit of curse-grinding. This is a kind of procedure for taking revenge on enemies of the local society. If the visitor makes something very inappropriate, the members of the society covertly circle three times around him. Then they wait for him to go into the nearby woods and they start to call out some complex and often tongue-twisting rhymes. It would often make the victims get lost in the forest, being unable to tell the directions and exposed to some traps, wild animals and insects. The next step in the whole procedure is so-called soul-taking incantation. It would finally make the unhappy victim change into a zombielike creature.

==WXT ʕ •ᴥ•ʔ==

Lax

To explain this word, the narrator introduces us to the story of Zhaoqing. On one occasion, when the narrator was in danger as he almost fell from a height, Zhaoqing witnessed this and tried to summon some help, crying over the narrator's fate. The situation made a very strong impression on the narrator, but he did not know how he could thank Zhaoqing. It was only after Zhaoqing's death that he returned the favour by bringing him cotton blankets to his coffin, on which he could finally rest in peace and 'relax'.

The word 'lax' thus means ‘to rest’, ‘to relax’.

== WYX ~(˘▾˘~) ==

Yellow-Grass Miasma

In Maqiao, Zhaoqing warned the speaker not to venture into the mountains early in the morning due to the presence of poisonous miasma, which could cause severe illness or death. Different types of miasma were associated with different seasons. Even during the daytime, caution was necessary when entering the mountains, including abstaining from certain foods and activities. Zhaoqing emphasized the importance of drinking rice wine before mountain expeditions to bolster one's vitality.

Wang Meng ppt

2024-02-01T11:03:08Z

Wei Yuxin: /* WYX */

Back to [[Critical_Review_of_Chinese_Literature#Session_9:_Modern_literature|Course Homepage]]

[[Media:Wang_Meng.pptx]]

==Wang Meng SSM Homework==

=Introduction to the text=

Introduction to the text: Zhong Yicheng, a young Communist Party backer, and Ling Xue have their happy new marriage interrupted when a children's poem that Zhong has written is deemed by authorities to be politically ""subversive."" Following Cultural Revolutionary custom, he loses his party membership and is sent to work in the country. Zhong Yicheng has a psychological crisis and fights with his thoughts about his sins against the Party. The Party has him brainwashed and he starts to believe he really has done something wrong.He is blindly loyal, even when they torture him.
年轻的共产党支持者钟一成和凌雪的幸福新婚因为钟一成写的一首儿童诗被当局认定为政治“颠覆”而中断。被派往国内工作。钟宜城出现心理危机，并与自己对党犯下的罪孽进行斗争。党对他进行了洗脑，他开始相信自己确实做错了事。他盲目忠诚，即使他们折磨他。

=YL=
劳动，劳动，劳动！几十万年前，劳动使猿猴变成了人。几十万年后的中国，体力劳动也正发挥着它净化思想、再造灵魂的伟力。钟亦成深信这一点。他的对祖国山川和人民大众的热爱，他的献身的愿望，他的赎罪的狂热，他的青春的活力，他的不论在什么处境之下都无法中断的、不断从生活中获得补充和激发的诗情，全都倾注在山区农村的笨重的、应该说是还相当原始的体力劳动里。

Labor, labor, labor! Hundreds of thousands of years ago, labor turned apes and monkeys into human beings. Hundreds of thousands of years later in China, physical labor is also exerting its great power to purify the mind and recreate the soul. Zhong Yicheng is convinced of this. His love for his motherland and the people, his desire to dedicate himself, his fervor to amend his sins, his youthful vitality, and his poetic feelings which cannot be interrupted no matter what the situation is, and which are constantly replenished and inspired by life, are all poured out in the bulky and primitive manual labor in the mountainous countryside.

=ZYX=
他背着满满的一篓子羊粪蛋上山，给梯田施肥，刚起步两分钟，就像做豆腐的最后一道工序——用石板压一样，汗水像豆腐水一样地从四面溢了出来。他爬梁越坡，沿着蜿蜒崎岖的山径前行。他的腰背弯成七十度，尽力学着老农的样子，两腿叉开，略略拳曲以利于维持平衡。

He carried a basket full of sheep's dung eggs up the mountain to fertilize the terraced fields, and just two minutes after starting, like the last process of making tofu – pressing it with a stone slab - sweat poured out from all sides like tofu water. He climbed beams and slopes, travelling along the winding and rugged mountain paths. His back was bent at seventy degrees and he did his best to act like an old farmer, with his legs spread and slightly fist-curved to help maintain his balance.

=JL=
两只手是自由的，有时甩来甩去，觉得上肢轻松得令人飘飘然。有时交插手指放在胸前，一副虔诚的样子。有时用两手拢成一个圆环，这是一个练气功的姿势，为了拔步陡坡，必须气运丹田。每走一步他都觉得腿在长劲，腰在长劲，他确实是脚跟站稳，脚踏实地，在把自己的体力和热情，把饱含着农作物所需要的氮、磷、钾和有机质的肥料，献给哺育着我们的共和国的农田。

He felt that his hands were free and sometimes even form in a shape of a circle. He felt himself slowly getting stronger and put this strength into fertilizing crops for his country.

=AD=
他掏大粪。粪的臭味使他觉得光荣和心安。一挑一挑粪稀和黄土拌在一起，他确实从心眼里觉得可爱，拌匀了，发酵了，滤细了，黄土变得黑油油的了，粘土也变得疏松，然后装上马车，拉到地里，撒开，风把粪渣送到嘴里。他觉得舒畅，因为，他已经被大地妈妈养活了二十多年，如今第一次把礼物献给大地妈妈……

Because of his mental and physical exhaustion he starts to perceive his tiresome and humiliating work as honorable. When he mixes stinky dung to fertilize the soil, he thinks about Mother Earth, about how he can "repay" her feeding him for his whole life.

=TXL=
春天了，他深翻地，目不斜视，耳不旁听，全部肌肉和全部灵魂的能力集中在三个动作上：直腰竖锨，下蹬，翻土；然后又是直腰竖锨……他变成了一台翻地机，除了这三个动作他的生命再没有其他的运动。他飞速地，像是被电马达所连动，像是在参加一场国际比赛一样地做着这三位一体的动作。腰疼了，他狠狠心，腿软了，他咬咬牙。

=WMF=
腿完全无力了，他便跳起来，把全身的重量集中到蹬锨的一条腿上，于是，借身体下落的重力一压，扑哧，锨头直溜溜地插到田地里……头昏了，这只能使他更加机械地、身不由己地加速着三段式的轮转。忘我的劳动，艰苦而又欢乐。刹那间，一个小时过去了，三个小时过去了，十二个小时也过去了，他翻了多么大一片土地！都是带着墒、带着铁锨的脖颈印儿的褐黑色土块，你想数一数有多少锨土吗？简直比你的头发还多……人原来可以做这么多切实有益的事。

When his legs were completely weak, he jumped up and concentrated his whole body weight on the leg that was on the shovel. This way, he used the gravity of his falling body to press, breathing hard when throwing himself down, the shovel head went plunged straight into the ground... Dizziness only made him more machine like and involuntary speed up the three stage rotation. Selfless labour, hard but also joyful. In the blink of an eye, one hour went by, three hours went by, then twelve hours went by, he flipped over so much soil! It was all brownish-black earth with moisture and the neck marks of the shovel, and do you want to count how many shovels of earth there were? Simply put, it was more than your hair... People can do so many practical and beneficial things.

=YSY=
这些事不会在一个早上被彻底否定，被批判得体无完肤…… 夏天，他割麦子，上身脱个精光，弯下腰来把脊背袒露在阳光下面。镰刀原来是那么精巧，那么富有生命，像灵巧的手指一样，它不但能斩断麦秸，而且可以归拢，可以捡拾，可以搬运。他学会用镰刀了，而且还能使出一些花招，嚓嚓嚓，腾出了一片地，嚓嚓嚓，又是一片地。

Those things cannot be completely denied and criticized on one morning. In the summer, when he was cutting wheat, his upper body all shiny, he bent down to expose his back to the sunlight. The sickle turned out to be so exquisite, so full of life, just like nimble fingers, not only could it cut the wheat straw, but also could gather it, pick it up and transport it. He learned how to use the sickle but also how to perform some tricks. Swoosh, and a piece of land was clear, swoosh, and another one was cleared up.

=KMJ=
多么可爱的眉毛，每个人都有两道眉毛，这样的安排是多么好，不然，汗水流得就会糊住眼睛。直一下腰吧，刚才还是密不透风的麦田一下子开阔了许多，看见了在另一边劳动的农民，看到山和水。一阵风吹来，真凉快，真自豪……秋天，他打荆条，腰里缠着绳子，手里握着镰刀。几个月没有摸镰刀了，再拿起来，就像重新造访疏于问候的老友一样令人欢欣。
Such lovely eyebrows, everyone has two eyebrows, this is such a good arrangement, otherwise, the sweat would blur our vision. Let's straighten up, the wheat field which just now was airtight opened up, revealing the farmers working on the other side, we can see mountains and water. A gust of wind blows, so refreshing, so poud... In autumn he weaved the twigs of the chaste tree, with a rope tied around his waist and a sicke in his hand. It's been several months since he last touched a sickle, picking it up again feels as delightful as visiting an old friend which one has neglected.

=AKR=
他登高涉险，行走在无路之处如履平地，一年的时间，他爱上了山区，他成了山里人。如同一个狩猎者，远远一瞭望，啊，发现了，在群石和杂草之中，有一簇当年生的荆条，长短合度，精细匀调，无斑无节，不嫩不老，令人心神俱往，令人心花怒放。他几个箭步，蹿上去了，左手捏紧，右手轻挥镰刀，嚓地一声，一束优质荆条已经在握了，捆好，挂在腰间的绳子上；

=SSM=
又一抬头，又发现了目标，他又攀登上去了，像黄羊一样灵活，像麋鹿一样敏捷，身手矫健，目光如电…… 除了和农民、和下放干部们一起劳动以外，他和几个“分子”还主动地或被动地给自己加了成倍的额外任务。夜里三点，好像脑袋才刚挨枕头，就起来“早战”了，把粪背到梯田上，把核桃、枣、甘薯、萝卜背下去。

The protagonist saw his aim again and rushed towards it. He's done it very efficiently. He figured that in addition with farmers and isolated cadres,all them, called "molecules", were working harder then the rest, on purpose. Three at night, even though nobody would normally even consider waking up, he rushes to his work and picks vegetables.

=LML=
在星空下走小路，星星好像就在人的身边，随手都可以抓到。中午嘴里还啃着咸菜和窝头，又开始“午战”了。晚上喝完两大碗稀粥，又是“夜战”。夜战的时间长了，有时候也犯迷糊，分不清早战和夜战了。除了星宿的位置有些不同，别的区别很少能觉察到。人真是有本事，把加班说成什么什么“战”，马上就增加了一层非凡的革命的色彩，
The fragment describes walking under the starry sky. The narrator described daily routine as eating daytime snack of pickled vegetables and bread as "midday battle" and the nighttime drinking of thin porridge, referred to as "night battle". The author highlights the blurred line between day and night and that besides the changing layout of the starts nothing changes.

=PMJ=
原来他们是在战，在打仗，在向资产阶级、向自己思想中的敌人开火，不是你死，就是我活，谁能懈怠呢？干就干吧，还要竞赛，还要批评表扬，一得空就要评比，还要按劳动和遵守纪律的情况划分类别，改造得较好的——一类，一般的——二类，较差的——三类，继续反党、反社会主义的准备带着花岗岩脑袋见上帝的——四类。这种评比可真有刺激的力量！

This part describes that they were fighting with their enemies - the bourgeoisie and that it was also about who was going to get out of the situation alive (不是你死，就是我活，谁能懈怠呢?). The text also introduces four categories of people (the first one - the better, the second one - the average, the third one - the mediocre, and the fourth one - the worst (they continue to be anti-party).

=AHY=
所以农民反映：“分子”们劳动是拼命，像“砸明火”一样气急败坏，看着他们干活我们都害怕——他们重载上山的时候是跑步，下山的时候是跳跃，喘气的声音两里地外都听得见。这还不算，一有空他们还得考虑自己的罪行，考虑通过这种“砸明火”的劳动如何进一步认识自己的丑恶面目，进一步感谢党的挽救……

The farmers reported that so-called elements worked really hard. They had a lot of strength and were able to lift some heavy loads. They would move quickly and jump while going up and down the mountain. They were obliged to think about their crimes and then thank the party for saving them by changing their blameworthy habits and deeds from the past.

=WXT=
钟亦成出身城市贫民，从小家境不好，在他发育成长的关键时期——十一岁至十四岁的时候，正是家里吃了上顿没有下顿的时候，所以，他身材瘦小，手腕和脚踝特别细，解放后的繁忙的会议、工作之中，他也没有年轻人应有的娱乐、体育锻炼和足够的休息。来山区后营养又差，农民还可以从供销社买点点心吃，而他们的纪律是不准买任何吃的东西。

Zhong Yicheng came from an urban poor background, he grew up in a poor family. During the critical period of his growth and development, so between the ages of eleven and fourteen, his family could barely put food on the table. Because of that, he was emaciated and small, with particularly thin wrists and ankles. After liberation, in the midst of the busy meetings and work, he did not have the entertainment, physical exercise and sufficient rest that young people should have. When he came to the mountains, he was malnourished once again. The peasants could buy some snacks from the supply and marketing cooperatives, whereas their discipline did not allow them to buy anthing to eat.

=WYX=
但不知道是一股什么样的内在的、神奇的力量，支持着钟亦成，使他在如此严酷沉重的劳动中没有垮下来——许多比他们干活少得多的下放干部这个住了院，那个请了假，有的一回城就半年不见影子——他咬紧牙关，勇往直前，在严酷的劳动中体味到新的乐趣，新的安慰。他甚至觉得，以往不从事体力劳动的岁月全是浮夸，全是高高在上，虚度年华。

Without his knowledge, an unseen force empowers Zhong Yicheng, preventing him from buckling under labor's strain. Despite cadres slacking off or disappearing, Zhong perseveres, finding fulfillment in toil. He now sees his past avoidance of labor as futile vanity.

Mo Yan ppt

2024-02-01T10:56:50Z

Wei Yuxin: /* WYX */

Back to [[Critical_Review_of_Chinese_Literature#Session_9:_Modern_literature|Course Homepage]]

==Mo Yan 酒国 (第三章） Homework==

[[Media:MoYanPrezentacja.pptx]]

=Introduction to the next=

The Republic of Wine: A Novel (simplified Chinese: 酒国; traditional Chinese: 酒國; pinyin: Jiǔguó) is a satirical novel by Mo Yan, which was first published in 1992. The novel explores the relationship between Chinese people and food and drink, and comments on government corruption and excesses. It was translated to English by Howard Goldblatt.

The novel has two distinct narrative threads, one of a standard fiction form following a detective, and the other a series of letters between "Mo Yan" and an aspiring author who is a fan of his work. The book contains ten chapters; each chapter contains several parts. The "detective" thread follows a special investigator, Ding Gou'er, sent to rural China to investigate claims of cannibalism. The "letters" thread contains letters exchanged between Li Yidou, an aspiring author, and "Mo Yan", as well as short stories that Li Yidou sends to "Mo Yan". As the novel progresses, the focus shifts from the Ding Gou'er standard narrative thread to the Li Yidou/Mo Yan thread. Some characters appear in both threads.

=Summary of chapter three=

The centrepiece of the banquet is revealed, "Stork Delivering a Son". It appears to be a whole human baby boy, sitting up in a dish, and smells delicious. Ding draws his gun and accuses his company of cannibalism. Diamond Jin insists the dish is a culinary masterpiece -- a fake child. Ding panics and fires his gun wildly, shooting the baby boy in the head and collapses, drunk. The serving girls bring him sobering-up soup and he recovers somewhat. Diamond Jin explains how the fake boy is created and convinces Ding to eat a lotus root arm.
After further drinking, Ding has an out of body experience where he witnesses the serving girls taking his comatose body to an underground hotel room. While his body is there, a "scaly-skinned demon" enters the room and strips his body of useful implements.

=YL=

那男孩盘腿坐在镀金的大盘里、周身金黄，流着香喷喷的油，脸上挂着傻乎乎的笑容，憨态可掬。他的身体周围装饰着碧绿的菜叶和鲜红的萝卜花。侦察员丢魂落魄般望着男孩，吞咽着翻卷而上的胃中液体。男孩水灵灵的眼睛回望着他，鼻孔里喷出热气，嘴唇翕动，好像要开口说话。他的笑容他的憨态令侦察员浮想联翩，他恍惚觉得这男孩非常面熟，好像不久前见过面。他的清脆的笑声在侦察员耳边盘旋。他的小嘴巴里喷出新鲜草莓的味道。爸爸给我讲故事。别缠着爸爸。那时还是温柔的妻子抱着粉红的婴儿微笑。转眼间妻子的微笑变成可怕的阴阳怪气，她抽搐着腮帮子，伪装出一副十分深沉的模样。混蛋！他拍着桌子，愤怒地站起来。

The boy sat cross-legged in a large gold dish, dripping with fragrant oil, with a silly grin on his face. His body was decorated with turquoise leaves and bright red radish flowers. The detective looked at the boy in disbelief, swallowing the liquid that came up back into his stomach. The boy's watery eyes stared back at him, hot breath erupted from his nostrils, and his lips opened and closed as if he were about to speak. His smile and his simplicity floored the detective, and he was struck by the fact that the boy looked very familiar, as if he had met him some time ago. His clear laugh hovered in the detective's ears. The smell of fresh strawberries came from his little mouth. "Daddy tell me a story. Don't pester Daddy." Back then it was the gentle wife smiling as she held her pink baby. In the blink of an eye the wife's smile turned into a horrible grimace as she twitched her cheeks and disguised a very deep look. Bastard! He slapped the table and stood up angrily.

=ZYX=

金刚钻意味深长的笑着。矿长和党委书记鬼鬼祟祟地笑着。侦察员以为自己在做梦，睁大眼睛，仔细观察，那男孩仍旧盘着腿坐在盘里。
金刚钻说：
“丁钩儿同志，请吧！”
党委书记和矿长说：
“这是我市一道最有名的菜，叫做‘麒麟送子’。我们用它招待外宾，给外宾留下了终生难忘的深刻印象，赢得了外宾的高度评价。我们用它为国家换取了大量宝贵的外汇。用它招待最尊贵的客人。您就是我们最尊贵的客人。”
“请吧！老丁同志，检察院派来的特级侦察员丁钩儿，请吃‘麒麟送子’。”党委书记和矿长抄起筷子，迫不及待地催促着。

Smiling meaningfully and mysteriously, Jin Ganzuan with the Mine Director and Party Secretary offer Ding Gou'er to taste the famous dish "Qilin brings a son", which they treat honoured guests, receiving high praise from them and earning a lot of money.

=JL=

男孩的香气强劲有力，难以抗拒。丁钩儿咽了一些口水，把手伸到公事包里。他的手摸到了光滑的枪管和有刻纹的枪柄，还有刻纹中央那颗五角星。枪口是圆的，准星三角形，枪的温度低于手的温度，所以感觉到凉意。一切感觉正常，一切判断正常。我没醉，我是侦察员丁钩儿，奉命来酒国市调查以金刚钻为首的领导干部烹吃男孩案件，大案特案要案，世界少有之残忍，空前绝后之腐化。我没有醉，没有产生错觉，他们要想逃脱万不能。我的眼前摆着一个红烧婴孩，按他们的说法：一盘“麒麟送子”。我神志很清楚，为了保险起见，我进行自我测验：85×85＝7225，随口喊出，丝毫不差，他们杀了一个男孩让我吃，想堵住我的嘴，阴谋家，畜生，禽兽。他端着手枪，凌厉地喊：
“不许动，举起手来，你们这些野兽！”

When Ding Gou'er was shown the boy he was salivating from hunger but instead reached for his hidden gun to ground himself. He was trying to convince himself that he does not look at a real child prepared as a meal. He pulled his gun and aim at his comrades.

=AD=

三个男人呆呆地坐着，红色小姐们尖叫着挤成一堆，好像一群受惊的小鸡。丁钩儿一手端着枪，另一只手推开身下的凳子，退两步，背贴着窗户站定。他想要是他们是有军事经验的人，完全可以近便地把枪夺走，但是他们没有。现在，三个人都在他的枪口之下，谁也休想轻举妄动。他起身时那只公事包从两腿之间滑落在地。他的手虎口感觉到手枪枪柄沉甸甸的凉意，食指感觉到光滑的扳机柔韧的弹性。保险机在抓枪的过程中已经打开，子弹和撞针等待着撞击，一触即发。他冷静地骂道：
“王八蛋们，你们是百分之百的法西斯！都给我举起手来！”

Ding Gou'er aims his gun at the three men while the red waitresses scream in terror. Convinced that the child-shaped meal they served him is actually a real boy, Ding Gou'er attempts to arrest them, calling them all fascists.

=AX=

金刚钻缓慢地举起双臂，党委书记和矿长的手臂也缓缓举起。金刚钻面带笑容，镇定自若地问：
“老丁同志，您这玩笑开过火了吧！”
“开玩笑？”丁钩儿咬牙切齿地说，“谁跟你们开玩笑？！吃儿童的野兽！”
金刚钻仰着脸，朗声大笑起来。党委书记和矿长也傻乎乎地笑起来。
金刚钻笑着说：
“老丁啊老丁，您是个富有人道主义精神的好同志，真令人钦佩！可是，您错了，您犯了主观主义的错误，请仔细地看看，这是个男孩吗？”

Diamond Jin lifts his arms with a smile and jokingly questions Comrade Lao Ding about the seriousness of his joke. In response, Ding Gou'er angrily accuses them of being a monster eating children. Despite Ding's seriousness, Diamond Jin and others burst into laughter. Diamond Jin, appreciating Ding's humanitarian spirit, points out a subjective error in Ding's perception, questioning whether what they see is genuinely a boy.

=TXL=

丁钩儿的视线被金刚钻的话引导着，转移到盘中婴儿的身上。男孩面上笑容依旧、嘴唇微微噘起，好像要开口说话。
“他简直栩栩如生！”丁钩儿大叫着。
“是的，他栩栩如生，”金刚钻说，“为什么这个假男孩栩栩如生呢？因为我们酒国市的厨师们技艺超群，鬼斧神工！”
党委书记和矿长帮腔道：
“这还不算好的呢！我市烹调学院特烹部那位女教授制作的男孩，眼睫毛都会忽扇，没有一个人敢下筷子哩！”

=WMF=

“老丁同志，放下您的武器，拿起您的筷子，与我们一起来欣赏这道绝世佳肴！”金刚钻垂下投降的双手，殷切地招呼着丁钩儿。
“不！”丁钩儿严肃地说，“我宣布退出你们这吃人的宴席！”
金刚钻脸上显出了一丝丝愠意，不卑不亢地说：
“老丁同志，您太固执了。我们都是高举着拳头在党旗前宣过誓的人，为人民谋幸福是您的任务也是我的任务，不要以为天下只有你是好人。吃过我们酒国婴儿宴的人，有德高望重的领导人，也有世界五大洲的尊贵朋友，还有国内外大名鼎鼎的艺术家、社会名流。他们用盛赞对待我们，只有您，丁钩儿侦察员，对着一片热诚款待您的人，举起了手枪！”

Diamond Jin asked Ding Gou'er to lower his weapon and feast with them, but Ding Gou'er didn't want to take any part in it. Diamond Jin is unhappy that not only Ding is not living up to his vows, but also he didn't want to accept the hospitality of the party.

=YSY=

党委书记或是矿长帮腔道：
“丁钩儿同志，是什么样的妖风迷雾蒙蔽了您的双眼？您知道不知道，您的枪口对准了的，不是阶级的敌人，而是您的阶级兄弟！”
丁钩儿持枪的手脖子酸软，枪口渐渐下落，他的眼前迷蒙一片，那只缩回茧壳的美丽蝴蝶又开始向上爬行，恐怖的感觉沉重如巨石，压着他的肩头，他感到自己立场不稳，骨骼随时都会瓦解，面前是一个散发着臭气的无底泥潭，陷下去就不可自拔，陷下去就是灭顶之灾。但那个调皮的小家伙、香气扑鼻的小家伙、坚决站在他母亲阵线上的小儿子，正坐在莲花一样形状、莲花一样颜色的仙雾里，对着我，对着我举起了他的手！他的手指短促，肉滚滚的，肥美异常。

The secretary of the party committee or the mine director told Ding Gou'er that they are his "class brothers" and he shouldn't be holding gun at them. Ding Gou'er was feeling terrible, he was scared. He could see the boy sitting in front of him.

=AKR=

手指上的纹路一圈圈陷进去，一共三圈，手背上有四个肉涡涡。他的甜蜜的笑声在香气里缭绕。莲花升腾，孩子随之升腾。肚脐眼儿圆圆，天真童趣，像腮边的酒涡。你们这些花言巧语的强盗！休想蒙混过关！被你们煮熟了的婴儿对着我微笑。你们说不是婴孩是名菜？哪里有这样的名菜？战国时易牙把儿子蒸熟献给齐桓公，其味鲜美，宛若羊羔胜过羊羔，易牙们，哪里跑？举起手来，接受审判。你们不如易牙，易牙烹自己的儿子，你们烹别人的儿子。易牙是封建地主阶级，效忠王是最高准则；你们是领导干部，杀百姓的儿子喂自己的肚子。天理难容！我听到儿童们在蒸笼里啼哭，在油锅里啼哭。在砧板上啼哭。

=KMJ=

在油、盐、酱、醋、糖、茴香、花椒、桂皮、生姜、料酒里啼哭。在你们胃肠里啼哭。在厕所里啼哭。在下水道里啼哭。在江河里啼哭在化粪池里啼哭。在鱼腹里啼哭在庄稼地里啼哭。在鲸鱼、鲨鱼、鳗鱼、鱿鱼、带鱼等等的肚腹里，在小麦的芒尖上、玉米的颗粒里、大豆的嫩荚里、蕃薯的藤蔓上、高粱的茎杆里、谷子的花粉里等等啼哭。哭啊哭，令人不忍卒听的啼哭声，从苹果里、鸭梨里、葡萄里、桃里杏里核桃里发出。水果店里是婴孩的哭声。蔬菜店里是婴孩的哭声。屠宰场里是婴孩的哭声。酒国的盛宴上回响着一个个被害男童的令人毛骨悚然的啼哭声。我不对你们开枪对谁开枪？
The scene depicts sounds of babies crying coming from many places like apples. This is surreal and shows some type of madness. The narrator thinks about shooting someone.

=SSM=

他看到几张油光光的脸在红烧男孩的迷雾里漂游着，像碎玻璃一样的光芒时隐时现。他们的稍纵即逝的脸上竟然挂着油滑的、玩世不恭的、或者是轻蔑的笑容。怒火满腔。正义的、复仇的火焰熊熊燃烧，映得满室通红，荷花般辉煌。他大吼一声：畜生们、你们的末日来临了！他听到这吼声在头上发出，很陌生。声音撞到天花板上，无声地破碎，声音的碎片像调落的花瓣一样，拖曳着烟一样的腥红尾巴，纷纷摇动，落满了酒席。他用力扣动了扳机，对着那些碎玻璃一样的脸，那些镶着碎玻璃的脸，那些奸邪的笑容。扳机卡嗒一响，撞针疾速前去，撞在那颗铜光闪闪的可爱子弹的绿屁股上，火药燃烧，速度看不见，气体受压迫，向前冲啊、向前向前向前，前，前。弹头与巨响飞出枪口，硝烟一缕，在枪口抖动。巨响如浪潮翻卷。哇哇怪叫。

The main character is becoming more and more confused, desperated to take action against all the bizarre things he saw at the place he was hired to inspect. Seeing the official's oily faces, he finally decided to pull the trigger. There was smoke that aroused in a red room. The officials' faces were fleeting as in it was all in his imagination.Gas in the room was compressed. The rage inside of him aroused to its climax. He shouted at them calling them beasts. He finally pulled the trigger and heard an incredible loud sound. The atmosphere was dense and many things were going all at once - he even heard screams.

=LML=

让一切不正义的、不人道的在我的枪声中颤抖。让一切善良的、美好的、香气扑鼻的在我的枪声里抚掌欢笑。正义万岁！真理万岁，人民万岁，共和国万岁。我的伟大的儿子万岁。男孩万岁。女孩万岁。男孩与女孩的母亲们万岁。我也万岁。万岁，万岁，万万岁。
特别侦察员嘴里咕噜着一些谁也听不清楚的胡言乱语，嘴角上挂着白沫，慢吞吞的，如一堵老朽的墙壁瘫在地上。被他的胳膊和手枪扫下来的酒杯砸在他身上，啤酒白酒葡萄酒湿了他的衣服他的脸，他趴在地上，像一具从酒缸里捞出来的死尸。
The first half of this text fragment is made out of praises and cheers. The narrator wishes for justice and truth, then wishes for happiness for the Republic and its people. The Special Scout drunkenly collapses on the floor.

=PMJ=

良久，金刚钻、党委书记、矿长以及挤成一堆的红色服务小姐们苏醒过来，从桌子底下钻出来，从地板上爬起来，从别人的裙裾里伸出自己的头。硝烟的味道压倒所有的味道，在餐厅里荡漾着。丁钩儿射出的那颗子弹，恰好打在红烧男孩的脑袋上。脑壳破碎，脑浆子送到墙壁上，红的红，白的白，冒着热气，散着香气，释放着各种感情。红烧婴儿变成了无头婴儿。他的头没被打碎的部分跌在餐桌二层的边缘上，像西瓜皮一样的脑壳或者像脑壳一样的西瓜皮架在一盘扒海参和一盆红烧虾之间，汁液滴滴嗒嗒，流着血一样的西瓜汁或者是西瓜汁一样的血，污染了台布，也污染了人的眼睛。那两颗紫葡萄一样的眼睛或者眼睛一样的紫葡萄，在地板上滴溜溜滚动，一颗滚到了酒柜后边，另一颗滚到了一位红色服务小姐脚下，被她一脚踩破。她的身体摇晃了一下，嘴里发出一声尖叫：哇！

This part introduces what happened after Ding Gou’er pulled the trigger – when after quite a long time the group members regained consciousness. It also describes what happened with the child-shaped meal and how it looks after the main character shot it.

=WXT=

他们在“哇！”里恢复了理智，哲学、党性、原则、道德等等构成一位领导者素质的全部要素全都回到大脑，支配他们的行动。党委书记或是矿长伸出舌头，舔食了溅到手背上的婴孩脑浆。其味一定鲜美异常，他巴咂着嘴说：
“这家伙，糟蹋了一道好菜！”
金刚钻不满意地瞥了他一眼，在金副部长批评的目光下舔食脑浆者满面羞愧。金副部长说：
“快把老丁同志扶起来，擦干净脸面，灌碗醒酒汤。”
红色服务小姐们急忙行动起来。她们扶起丁钩儿，为他擦嘴、擦脸，但不敢为他擦手。他手握钢枪，仿佛随时都要射击。她们扫了破碎的酒杯，擦干净地板。她们搬着他的头，用浸在酒精里严格消过毒的不锈钢开口器撬开他紧咬的牙关，把一个硬塑料漏斗插到他的嘴里，然后，一匙一匙地，往那漏斗里也就是往他嘴里灌注醒酒汤。

With that “wha!”, they all regained their sanity. The party secretary — or mine director — stuck out his tongue and licked some of the child's brain from his hand, delighting in the taste. However, he was visually scolded for doing so by Deputy Director Jin Gangzuan, who soon ordered Dou Gou'er to be revived. This order was carried out by the waitresses, who unclenched Dou Gou'er's jaws and placed a funnel in his mouth, through which they poured the sobering decoction into his mouth.

=WYX=

金刚钻问：
“几号醒酒汤？”
红色服务小姐的领班答道：
“1号。”
金刚钻说：
“用2号吧，2号醒得快一些。”
服务小姐去厨房里取来一瓶金黄色的液体，拔开胶木塞子后，一股清凉的气息从瓶口涌出，沁着人的心脾。她们把大半瓶金黄液体倒进漏斗里。丁钩儿咳嗽，呛了，漏斗里液体喷起很高。
他感到一股清泉流入胃肠，浇灭了烈火，唤醒了神志。身躯恢复活力，把那爬出头颅的美丽意识之蝶吸附回来。他睁开眼睛，第一眼看到坐在金盘里的无头男孩，他的心一阵剧痛。他不由自主地叫了一声：亲娘啊！我难受！然后把枪举起。

Jin Gangzuan asked for a hangover remedy. The head waitress brought a bottle of golden liquid, which emitted a refreshing scent. Despite a mishap causing some liquid to splash, Ding Gou'er, feeling revived by its effect, drank it down. The remedy quenched his fiery discomfort and revived his senses, calming him. However, upon seeing a headless boy in a golden tray, he was struck with intense pain, exclaiming in distress before raising his gun.

The Ancient Ship

2024-02-01T10:48:17Z

Wei Yuxin: /* WYX */

==The Ancient Ship by Zhang Wei==

Original text: https://www.feiku6.com/book/s3-guchuan.html

Title:《古船》The Ancient Ship

Author: 张炜 Zhang Wei

Presentation: [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1WB_mzwkKCC9txf3Z_PTKRf6ff9E6UiM7/edit?usp=drive_link&ouid=103541239485723010069&rtpof=true&sd=true] [[Media:Zhang_Wei.pptx|Presentation on Zhang Wei]]

==《古船》第三章==

==YL==

隋见素终于辞掉了粉丝大厂的工作。很多人都对老隋家的一个人离开了这个行当感到惊讶。隋见素却无比轻松。他到工商部门去申请，又多次找高顶街书记李玉明和主任栾春记，终于在大街上设了个烟酒小摊。一个月之后，他又寻了一间临街的闲房，准备开一个商店。他几次到老磨屋里请哥哥跟他一起干，抱朴总是摇头。见素沮丧地说：“你的字好，那就给店写个匾额吧。”
老磨隆隆地转动。抱朴取起见素拿来的笔，大声问：“什么店名？”见素一字一顿地说：“‘洼狸大商店’。”抱朴在方木凳上伸展着纸，手突然抖个不停。他去蘸墨，手抖得更厉害了。

==JL==

匾额终于没有写成。见素不得不去求了镇小学的校长长脖吴。校长五十多岁，颈肉出奇的松弛。写匾额时，他不用瓶装墨汁，而让见素在一个半尺长的老砚台上研墨。见素整整研磨了一个钟点。长脖吴取出一杆秃头大笔，蘸饱了墨就在崭新的红纸上揉动起来。见素看到他瘦瘦的手腕上突然就凸起三道青筋，当青筋慢慢消下去的时候，“洼狸大商店”五个大字已成。其中有三个字与所有人的写法都不同。看着这几个字，不知怎么老让人想起生了锈的铁器。匾额悬到门上，身材颀长、面孔白皙的隋见素斜倚在门框上，看上去这个店多少有些怪异。开张的前一个星期只卖出三瓶香油、一盒香烟。隋不召第一个走进侄子的店里当顾客了，他四下里看着，临走时建议店里要卖零酒及下酒用的咸菜，墙壁上还要用油漆画个大酒坛。见素一一采纳，并且能够举一反三，在门侧外墙上贴了电影女演员的画。洼狸镇上的老人都在庙会上蹲着喝过零酒，酒坛勾起了他们一片怀旧之情。这样店里先多了老头子，接上又有了年轻人拥进来。一个店开始热闹起来了。

==AX==

大商店的买卖刚刚开始兴隆，一个叫张王氏的老女人哼哼着跨进店来。她要求店里出售她的手工产品。

张王氏的产品无非就是野糖、泥老虎和小铁哨子之类。她经营这些已经几十年了，前些年风声再紧，她也能使产品脱手。她还明里暗里给人算命看相，挣些零钱。她如今六十多岁了，不停地吸烟，嘴角瘪着，样子十分苍老。她的脖颈像胳膊那么细，下巴尖尖地向里弯去，满面灰尘。腰弓了，腿也发抖，不说话也要哼哼。可她做手工的技艺已经到了炉火纯青、出神入化的地步了，比如捏泥老虎，她能把它们捏得像自己一样瘪着嘴角，看上去一个个老气横秋，面慈心软。泥老虎越做越大了，最大的有枕头那么大，要两个孩子合伙才能玩得起来。她提出将泥老虎之类摆在“洼狸大商店”的柜台上出售，她可以缴代售费。

This is a description of an elderly woman named Zhang Wangshi.
She had entered a large store with her handcrafted products such as clay tigers and small iron whistles. We can know from the description that she's in her sixties, her neck is as thin as an arm and her face covered in dust and she smokes cigarettes. Despite her age and physical fragility, she is skilled in craft, particularly in molding clay tigers which have reached a level of perfection. She could even shape them to resemble herself. She suggested the owner to put her clay tigers and other items on the counter for sale. She was willing to pay a consignment fee for the service.

==AD==

见素笑嘻嘻地盯着她颈上的灰，并不认真跟她讲话。她自己取了货架上的香烟抽个不停，眼神尖尖地盯住见素的脸。三十五六岁的小伙子，头发油黑，脸上有几点粉刺。这副漫长脸漂亮，眼神看上去机敏警觉，又透着油气。不用说这是个姑娘们喜欢的角色。他到现在还没有结婚，那是受了家庭的影响，那年头没有谁敢嫁给老隋家的这两个人：他和抱朴。抱朴早年跟老隋家一个打杂的小丫头结了婚，小丫头不久害痨病死了，抱朴也就打起光棍来。张王氏知道见素可不像他哥哥那么老实。她看着他，嘿嘿笑着，露出一口乌黑的短牙齿。见素的脸有些红，用手推了她一把，让她有话快说，还说她是个丑老婆子。张王氏从衣兜里掏出几个泥老虎放到柜台上，见素觉得那虎的脸跟她的脸可真是一模一样。他笑了。张王氏用手抚摸着他的胳膊、硬实实的胸脯，夸奖说：“真是个壮实孩子。”见素老在笑。张王氏拍了一下他的屁股，虎起脸说：“好生跟你老奶奶说话！”见素“嗯”了一声，不敢笑了。他们盘算起手工产品的本利来，直到点灯时分还在盘算。张王氏离开的时候，他们已经谈妥了。

Jian Su talks casually with the elderly woman called Zhang Wang in her store. The woman smokes a cigarette after a cigarette, examining the young man. She is quite fond of his appearance, noticing that his eyes are full of energy, which sparks her curiosity. However, he calls her an ugly old woman, which is quite justified considering that the woman's teeth are black. She continues to praise him and touches his arms and chest, while he tries to push her away. He contemplates that her face looks just as the expressions of the clay tigers of her handcraft and finds it difficult to refrain from laughter. He buys a few handmade products and after that, leaves. 🐅🚬

==TXL==

这以后张王氏每天都要到店里来，在柜台上一个一个摆弄她的泥老虎。生意越来越好，不知多少老太太来给家里的娃娃买泥老虎玩。如果是娃娃们自己来，张王氏就教他们新的玩法：让一群小泥虎攻击大泥虎，头颅相撞。不过几下子小泥虎的头就破了。娃娃们问怎么办？“让你家奶奶买新的。”张王氏说。买卖渐渐白天做不尽，夜里还要点上油灯，有一天快半夜了，还有一群老头子围坐在酒坛边，手捏一块咸菜喝酒。见素常常伏在柜台上睡过去，张王氏就吸足了一口烟，对准他红润的嘴唇吹一下。见素觉得张王氏真是一个好帮手，商店的兴隆也有她一份功绩。张王氏说：“有老虎保佑我们呢。”见素听了，怀疑地盯着那一溜儿缩着嘴角的泥老虎。张王氏加上一句：“虎是山神。”他们没事了就天南地北地闲扯，张王氏常常说到隋不召。她一说到这里就笑，露出黑黑的牙根。她说：“老东西瘦成一把骨头了，还坏。早些年多少水光溜滑的大姑娘乐得凑付这把骨头。我也凑付过。老东西从根就没胖过，不过从根就是把好手。

==WMF==

”有一次她还问道：“你知道他怎么和史迪新老怪结成了仇人吗？”见素盯着她，好奇地摇着头。张王氏从货架上摸了一支烟点上，说起来。

“说到底也就是为那么一点点东西。那几年洼狸镇比现在还热闹，你没经过。太热闹的地方男人没有一个老实的，你记住我这句话。他们不老实，有点力气都使到女人身上了，干正经事倒有气无力。你叔父他们连一个三十斤的粉坨子也扛不动，小腿绊呀绊呀，噗哧一声就把粉坨摔成一堆雪。大伙儿那个笑。那些跑船的人一上了码头，就跟狼狗差不多，眼睛都是红的。他们个个样子吓人，真和他们好起来倒也没什么。你叔父对付人的法儿，有不少就是从跑船的那儿学来的。老隋家就出了这么一个不学正经的人。不过他也真是为咱镇上人做了点好事情。怎么说呢？他从船上弄来一块黑溜溜的脏东西，又香又臭，听说是麝香又加进了什么别的东西。谁家姑娘肚子胖起来，你叔父就把那块东西拳在掌心里，对在她的鼻子上。就这么几下子，姑娘家呕泻几次，也就和原来一样了。你说这有多么省心。

==YSY==

后来就活该让史迪新知道了，你不知道他有多么假正经，找到你叔父就拼命。你叔父往码头上跑，他就在身后穷追。他就跑，他就穷追。”张王氏又点了一支烟。她的烟从鼻孔缓缓地流出来，说道：“他穷追，要不也追不上。不过也是天意，你叔父眼看就要跑到码头上了，不巧两只小腿就交绊了一下。他跌倒了，史迪新老怪就顺手拎起小腿，倒提着一拧。你叔父用沙子扬他，他又是一拧。那时候河滩上的碎石块比现在多，你叔父头皮在上面转动，一会儿就流出血来。他不停地骂，史迪新倒不吱一声。最后还是史迪新用一块石头把你叔父的拳头砸开，才把那块东西抢到手。接下去厮打得更凶，两人身上都是血。史迪新料定了洼狸镇早早晚晚要毁在这块黑溜溜的东西上，可是年轻人看着它亲哪。你想这场厮打还能不凶！打到后来，史迪新力气尽了，一扬手把那个东西扔进河里去了。厮打立刻停了。他俩满脸是血，面对面地瞅着……”
张王氏讲完了，见素久久地沉默着。几十年前的那场厮打令他神往。他想如果当时他也在场的话，那么被扔进河里的只能是史迪新自己。

Zhang Wangshi continued her story, still smoking cigarettes. She talked about a man named Shi Dixin, who found out about the uncle's behaviour and chased him to the pier. They got in a fight over the piece taken from the boat, as Shi Dixin thought it could destroy their town. Finally, the thing was thrown into the river and the men stopped fighting.

Jian Su was fascinated by Zhang Wangshi's story.

==KMJ==

粉丝大厂里的工人常在空闲时间跑进店里，老头子喝零酒，年轻人吃野糖。野糖在嘴里含一会儿，揪住糖棒一拉可以拉出一条长长的细线，有不少姑娘小伙子就为了这长长的细线而来。他们一边吃一边拉，嘻嘻地笑。姑娘吃糖时，见素就趁机揪住糖棒，拉出长线来在她脖子上绕。有一次闹闹来了，穿了白围裙工作服，露着两条白红的胳膊。她一进来就显得十分兴奋，学着“迪斯科”动作，伸手握拳，“啊、啊”地先左右来那么两下子。见素直眼瞅着她，手里紧紧握着刚收到的两毛钱。当闹闹吃起野糖时，见素就走过去。闹闹一双黑亮的眸子频频转动，看着货架上的东西，野糖棒棒在嘴里悠悠旋动。见素刚要抬手去揪糖棒，闹闹举起一根食指，利落而准确地点了一下他的胸脯。见素一个踉跄，觉得她刚才正巧点在了一个穴位上，有些麻胀。他坐下来，冷冷地望着闹闹这团火在柜台近前滚来滚去，最后又滚动着出了门。他长长地吸进一口气。
The scene talks about the workers going to the shop in their free time. Old people drank alcohol while the young people ate wild sugar. Jiansu wrapped a long thread of sugar around one girls neck. One day Nao Nao came over and Jiansu walked up to her and wanted to grab Nao Nao's sugar stick but he failed.

==AKR==

老多多的粉丝大厂开张以来第一次发生了倒缸。

这一次足足折腾了五天，虽然比几年前的那一次损失小多了，可也让赵多多惊慌失措。他三番五次地进老磨屋，求隋抱朴出任大厂的技术员。抱朴都拒绝了。他一下一下用木勺摊着湿胀的绿豆，摊完之后，又坐在那只看磨人坐了几辈子的方凳上。老多多走出磨屋就骂起来，说早晚把这个木头人一枪干掉。成了木头人了，为什么不把他干掉？土改以后的几十年里，老多多一直是高顶街的民兵头儿，可干掉了一些人。他觉得现在老隋家的这个人最好还是干掉。不过他老了，也没有了枪。

==SSM==

回到大厂里，人们老问多多为什么没有请出抱朴来，老多多脸色铁青地哼一句：“这个人在老磨屋里坐木了。”他从此坐卧不安，老在屋里走来走去。最后他想起了老隋家的另一个人来，于是就到“洼狸大商店”去了。他开门见山，请见素担任技术员。见素说他不行。老多多笑了：“老隋家的人做这个行当没有不行的。我给你最高工资，你先干着。倒缸自有人扶。”见素心里冷笑起来，他知道赵多多仍旧在打哥哥的主意。他的心里正活动着，张王氏在一边劝起他来，说那个差事好极了，到底有多么好你得干上才知道。见素反问：“我的店怎么办？”张王氏抖着颈上的黑肉，像个鹰隼一样盯住他说：“店还是你的！我来照看。我哪天不替你张罗生意？”见素不做声了。他从商店的门口往外望着天色，微微笑了。

The text describes a person named Duo Duo.He returns to a factory where people ask why he hasn't invited Bao Pu to join. Duo Duo gets angry and says that Bao Pu is occupied in an old grinding mill. Duo Duo decides to approach another person from the Sui family and goes to the "Wali Big Store." He asks See Su to become a technician, but See Su says no. Duo Duo offers the highest salary, insisting that there's no job in which someone from the Sui family can't outdo. Despite this, See Su coldly laughs, aware that Duo Duo is still plotting something against his brother. As discussions continue, Zhang Wang suggests that the job is excellent, and See Su should try it to understand its benefits. See Su, concerned about his own shop, is told by Zhang Wang that the shop will remain his, and she will manage it. See Su, silent, looks out of the store and smiles slightly.

==LML==

见素重新回到了粉丝大厂。张王氏全面接管了“洼狸大商店”。她每天定时在柜台后面坐上两个钟头，做成的买卖却与以前相同。她还偷偷往酒坛里放了橘子皮，也多少添一点冷水。余下的时间被她精心安排，除了做些家里杂事，天蒙蒙亮时还要放下一切去为四爷爷捏背。一切她都能应付自如，唯有捏背近来使她怵心。四爷爷再有两年就六十岁了，无比健壮，虎气生生。可是他毕竟肥胖起来，背肉越来越厚。捏背的人就怕背厚。张王氏为四爷爷捏了几十年背，这双捏泥老虎的手掌指法灵活，曾经给了四爷爷无限欢乐。可是她近来渐渐觉得有些力不从心了。含章是四爷爷的干女儿，张王氏常常在四爷爷屋里遇见她。有一次张王氏一边捏背，一边说今后该让含章捏背了。当时四爷爷卧在炕上，光光的上身蒙了一块白布。他听了，胖胖的身子烦躁地扭动一下，鼻子里发出“呣”的一声。张王氏从此再不敢提让含章捏背的事了。她每天从四爷爷屋里出来，又圆又红的太阳也正好升起。她直奔店里，站在柜台后面还稍微有些喘息。

==AHY==

见素不怎么回他的店，觉得大厂到底比那个店有意思。他只是每隔一个月到店里结一次账。大厂仍旧如同作坊，只不过是名称换了而已。但原来的不少人不愿替多多做活，也就离开了，新添的人中女工居多。粉丝工厂必须连续作业，人要分成两拨子。入了深夜，温吞吞的热气老让人打瞌睡。看着姑娘们在浆子缸边、在冷水盆下迷迷糊糊地东倒西歪，真让人亲哪。见素身为技术指导员，上班不需守时，高兴了随时可以进粉丝屋子巡视一番。他夜间来的时候，上身只穿一件浅紫色的秋衣，下身是挺直的青裤。长筒胶靴锃亮闪光，裤脚就掖在里面。他的头发那么浓黑，脸也就显得更白了。他一个一个端量着姑娘们的睡相，嘴角挂着一丝揶揄。这样看一会儿，他的脸就更加苍白，目光却如炬火一般明亮。奇怪的是他这样站立不久，姑娘们也就一个一个醒来了，向他打着哈欠。

This paragraph states that Jiansu found the factory more to his liking, and that is the reason why he stayed away from the shop. He would go to the shop only once a month. The name of the factory had changed and those who didn't want to work for Zhao Duoduo had left. The vast majority of those who replaced them were women. Jiansu could check on the work whenever he wanted. He would stare with delight at the women-workers in the slumber during the night-shift. After he would stare at them awhile, the women would wake up yawning.

==PMJ==

一个叫大喜的胖姑娘见了他就咳嗽，直咳得脸色赤红才算罢休。大喜做活总不利索，她洗粉丝，常有一团团青白的粉丝落在冷水盆跟前。她咳着，见素走过去狠狠地踢了那团粉丝一脚。她立刻不咳了，可是又打起嗝来，两眼直盯盯地瞅着见素。见素大步从她面前跨过去，崭新的长筒胶靴发出“阔阔”的声音。姑娘们打过哈欠就懒洋洋地做起来，一下一下晃动着筛粉渣的罗子，雪白的围裙在变浓了的雾气中飘动着。粉丝房里特有的芬芳飞快地漾开来，很像是胭脂的香味儿。一个底上钻了无数洞眼的铁瓢就悬在高处，里面盛满了稀溜溜的淀粉糊糊，有人用手在上面拍打，无数条银色的粉线就漏下来。粉线跌入热气腾腾的锅里，立刻变为晶莹透亮的粉丝了。坐在高处拍打铁瓢的是一个黑汉，他刚刚醒来，呐喊一声就摇头晃脑地打起来。整个粉丝房里都是一种节奏分明的声音：“砰砰砰、砰砰砰！”

==WXT==

见素坐在一个木凳上吸起了烟，眼睛在一绺黑发下闪动着。他不吭一声。这样坐了半个多钟头，他突然站起来，踏踏踏地走出了屋子，头也没有回一下。这个挺拔的身影从做活的姑娘们身边一闪而过。
见素一口气跑上了粉丝房外那个晒粉坨用的高高水泥平台，不停地喘息。他仰脸看天上湿漉漉的星星，又静静地倾听芦青河夜间流淌的声音。老磨还在呜隆隆地转，这使他转过脸去，看河边上那一溜儿灯火昏暗的小窗户。抱朴此刻就坐在方木凳上，守着他的老磨。见素注视着他那个小窗户，似乎盼望它能够突然打开一下，至少是一明一暗地闪动一次。他失望地走下平台，到粉丝房拐角处那个宽敞的大屋跟前站住了。里面亮着灯，传出了鼾声。他知道厂长老多多睡在里面，这样站了一会儿，他的手不由自主地按住了门把手。他屏住了呼吸，一丝一丝把门推开；进了屋子，又轻轻地把门扇合上，然后小心地转过身子。

Jiansu sat on a wooden stool and smoked a cigarette, without saying a word. He sat like that for over half an hour. Suddenly, he stood up and walked out of the room without looking back. He rushed towards a concrete platform, gazing at the stars and listening to the flowing river. From there, Jiansu looked at the dimly lit windows along the riverbank, behind one of which would sit Baopu. Jiansu stared at the small window, as if hoping it would suddenly open. Disappointed, he walked down the platform and stopped in front of the building around the corner of the processing room. After standing there for a while, he held his breath and slowly pushed the door open. Once inside, he carefully closed the door behind him and then turned around cautiously.

==WYX==

老多多仰躺在温热的炕上，只穿一件黑布裤头。黑布又厚又硬的样子，闪着亮光，令人厌恶。老一茬洼狸镇人，除了隋不召几乎都无一例外地肥胖起来了。老多多肚子光光绵绵，让人怀疑有些肿胀。他胡须斑白，满脸横肉，两腮有些奇怪的紫斑。有些发绿的嘴唇微微开启，一颗食牙从里面显露出来。见素看着这张脸，突然发现左边的一只眼是睁着的，心立刻怦怦跳动起来。他脚步牢牢地挺住，伸出一根手指在左眼上方移动，那半睁的眼睛一动不动。他轻轻地舒了口气。老多多粗粗地喘着，巨大的喉结活动不停。紧贴土炕的窄窄的窗台上，莫名其妙地放了一把砍骨刀。这把刀铁锈斑斑，刀背有指头那么厚，但刀刃儿极其锋锐。见素看着砍骨刀，突然脸上没有一点血色。他呆呆地站了一会儿，最后无声无响地退出门去。

Duoduo lay back to warm up, wearing only a pair of black trousers. Duoduo's belly appeared swollen, and his face was covered in wrinkles, with purple spots on his cheeks. His lips parted. Upon noticing one eye open, his heart raced. He cautiously approached, relieved when the eye didn't move as he touched above it. A rusty butcher knife lay on the narrow windowsill. Though rusted, its blade remained sharp. Seeing the knife, color drained from his face. He stood motionless for a before silently leaving the room.

Datong Shu

2024-02-01T10:37:38Z

Wei Yuxin: /* WYX */

=The Book of Great Unity=

Original text: [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=306261&remap=gb]

Title: 大同书 (The Book of Great Unity)

Author: 康有为 Kang Youwei

Presentation: [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AqsF4GTNUGSnsTQAxJSdM5WQwJ5I?e=PtMoYy]

=Introduction by the Teacher: Early utopias, Kang Youwei and the Book of Great Unity=

I Compulsory Part: Modernisation

Just as we find early literary utopias in the Occident, e.g. in Gilgamesh (earliest version ca. 2600 BC), there were also first literary testimonies in China (e.g. "Great Unity" in the Book of Rites ca. 2500 c.) .

Utopias became popular through translations of Jules Verne's utopian novels into Chinese around 1902-1903 (e.g. Lu Xun (transl.): Jules Verne: Journey to the Moon, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea).

Utopias played an important role especially at the end of the imperial era (around 1900): They heralded the social transformation process towards modernity. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao launched the first attempt at reform, but it lasted only 100 days.

Kang Youwei wrote the utopian essay "The Book of Great Unity大同書". Liang Qichao wrote a fragment (see below).

The concept of Great Unity was later taken up by Sun Yat-sen and appears in several places in the national anthem of the Republic of China (Taiwan).

As the texts are very long and not available in English or German, I have put together a few summaries and excerpts from secondary literature for you. Read as much as you can in the short time available or as much as arouses your interest, in the session we will mainly discuss on the basis of the following tasks:

Task 1. Please read some of the texts with the following questions in mind:

a) What role does money play?

b) What role do physical labour and machines play?

c) How are nations characterised, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

d) What is the relationship between technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

e) What is China's position in Asia / in the world?

e) What is the system of government? How did it come about?

f) How is peace valued?

g) How are differences between people treated?

Task 2: Compare the results with those of previously studied seminar texts.

II Freestyle: Present

The real China of the present as a dystopia.

There is no free literary creation in China today; authors are almost exclusively employed by the state and are subject to censorship. Even foreign dystopian novels like 1984 and Animal Farm are partly banned in China.

There are utopian propaganda novels of poor literary quality that predict a bright future for China. But even the 30-minute evening news of the present is characterised by viewers in China with the following joke:

"前十分钟领导很忙。

中间十分钟人民生活很幸福。

最后十分钟外国人民生活在水生火热之中。

What does the 30 minutes of television news consist of?

In the first 10 minutes, the leaders are very busy.

In the middle 10 minutes the people live very happily.

In the last 10 minutes, foreigners live in floods and conflagrations.

3. compare the following phenomena of contemporary China with dystopian/utopian novels:

a) The will of primary school pupils, students and professionals is broken, they are educated with obviously false information (e.g. regarding Chinese history and the relationship to Europe), which they are taught and have to repeat until they credibly affirm that they believe the false to be true.

b) Workers in a Shanghai factory are given protective helmets in which brain scanners are mounted so that brain waves and especially emotional fluctuations can be immediately detected by the employer and measures (up to and including dismissal) can be taken.

c) There is a regime loyalty point system, according to which every Chinese has a point value, especially based on his internet behaviour.

d) In China there is total surveillance with millions of cameras (teachers have 3 bullet-head cameras above them in the classroom, students another half dozen), there is no privacy and no data protection (except for party officials).

e) The internet, the press and books are censored and synchronised; if a term becomes hype, an algorithm decides whether all the corresponding posts and, if necessary, the users are blocked.

Kang Youwei: The Book of Great Unity

(ca. 1900, 2nd ed. 1937) 2010, Beijing: People's Publishing House

Kang developed his ideas in lecture notes in 1884. His students encouraged him to elaborate them into a book, the first version of which he did not complete until about two decades after his return from exile in India. The first two chapters appeared in Japan at the beginning of the 20th century, the entire book only posthumously in 1935, some seven years after his death.

Kang proposed a future (utopian) world free of political boundaries and racial differences, and centrally governed democratically. The world would be divided into rectangular administrative zones, self-governing with direct democracy but loyal to the central government. According to Kang's eugenics, the "brown and black" races would disappear within a millennium, leading to a more homogeneous human race. Its members would be "of the same skin colour, appearance, height and endowed with the same intelligence". He hoped for an end to traditional clan structures, which he saw as a major evil. Families would be replaced by state institutions such as midwifery schools, kindergartens and schools. Marriage would be replaced by annual contracts between husband and wife. Kang considered the contemporary form of marriage to be particularly anti-women because they would be trapped in it for life. Kang believed in the equality of men and women and there should be no social institution or obstacles why women should not be able to do everything that men were allowed to do.

=Comparison: The New Story of the Stone=
Wu Jianren, The New Story of the Stone

[Excerpts, summary.]

[Baoyu's peaceful meditation is disturbed when he suddenly remembers his failed mission, his failed attempt to fix the' fractured Tian-sky or Tian-heaven. Dun Wang, 41]

"When the Goddess produced stones of five colours, she meant to use them to mend Heaven. While the other thirty-six thousand and five hundred have been put to use, only I have been neglected. Although I was later endowed with supernatural power, I only wasted it by squandering some years with those girls [in the Garden View Grand]. I have yet to carry out my purpose of mending Heaven. If I could fulfill this wish, I would have no regrets even if I disappeared into smoke and ashes" (Wu 1986, 3, transl. by David Der-wei Wang in David E. Pollard 1998, p. 322)

[As a result, he cannot stay in the stagnant mythical realm any longer, and he embarks on a journey which leads him to Shanghai, a semi-colonial metropolis in pre-industrial China. The journey symbolizes an ambivalent search for "modern" China.

The first half of The New Story of the Stone relates the resurrected Baoyu's disappointing, dystopian adventures in the late Qing society. He encounters a race of humans that is degenerating along with their society. The novel's second part transports him into an imaginary utopian future called the "Civilized Realm" (文明境界). Appropriately, the portal to this utopia is located somewhere close to Confucius' hometown in Shandong province. The new, utopian adventure starts from Chapter 21. Baoyu-having narrowly escaped a political murder-is taking an excursion to Northern China. Ironically, at Qufu, (曲阜) Confucius' hometown, he is robbed twice during the night. Being helpless and lost, Baoyu roams the main road from dark until daybreak. At the precise point where the sun rises Baoyu sees a high memorial arch with the inscription "Civilized Realm. A gentleman with the name "Old Youth" greets him. After Baoyu passes the inspection of his "nature" at a border office, Old Youth becomes his companion on a tour of the territory.

Baoyu now finds this Civilized Realm to be in every respect superior to both a decaying China and an aggressive West, which the citizens of this utopia call the "Barbarian Realm" (野蠻境界) and the "Falsely Civilized States" (假文明國), respectively. The Civilized Realm imaginatively fulfils the late Qing dream of not only equaling but surpassing Western technology. Dun Wang, 41]

[On top of this amazing technology we also have a traditionally Confucian moral order, the true governing power. Its "civilized authoritarianism" (文明專制) is thought to be the most advanced political system in the world, far superior to Western "falsely civilized" values. Dun Wang, 42]

[Summary by David Wang:

Wu Jianren casts Jia Baoyu as a lonely traveller in time, who adventures to late Qing China and then to a futuristic utopia. Baoyu's old passion for the girls of the Garden View Grand is now replaced by a compassion for the people of the Middle Kingdom; romantic yearning gives way to an eager practicality [...] The Civilized World is a country strong in military power, political structure, scientific advancement, educational institutions, and moral cultivation. It is a tremendous technocratic empire that in every aspect leads its time. [...]

In chapter 25, after watching a military review of flying cars, Baoyu sighs, "What fiction about 'flying amid the clouds and riding the fog' - the well-known skill of deities and humans endowed with supernatural powers - could be more fantastic than this flying car?" [One of his escorts replies: "We have come a long way in experimenting with the flying car, the idea of which was derived from our ancestors. It is laughable that Europeans and Americans have by now only come up with inventions like those dangerous and clumsy balloons. How can a balloon match our flying cars?"[Wang: Fin-de-siècle splendor..... p. 275].

Dongfang Qiang divides his territory into eight districts named after the eight Chinese virtues (ba de: loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, compassion, fidelity, righteousness, peacefulness, equality). His three sons, Dongfang Ying (Eastern England), Dongfang De (Eastern Germany), Dongfang Fa (Eastern France), and one daughter, Dongfang Mei (Eastern America), are administrators of state affairs [...] all the rulers of the Dongfang family are [Wang p. 276] "gifted with the talent to administer the world, and the will to rule the state."

To Baoyu's puzzlement, towards the end of their conversation, Dongfang Qiang [which means "Strong East"] calls Baoyu "brother", as if they were of the same generation despite their apparent difference in ages. Upon Baoyu's departure, Dongfang Qiang reveals his true identity: he is Zhen Baoyu, the worldly double of Jia Baoyu, from The Story of the Stone! This revelation takes us back into the intricate world of similitude and illusion as presented by the original. Zhen Baoyu, it will be recalled, was a duplicate of Jia Baoyu in appearance, but he grew up to become what Jia Baoyu refused to become, a success in the secular world of the red dust. [...]

In a manner reminiscent of Cao Xueqin's novel, at the end of Wu Jianren's search for an ideal utopia, a dream sequence appears. In the dream, Baoyu takes a voyage back to China. To his amazement, a World's Fair exhibition is about to take place in Beijing, while the Yangtze valley has been so industrialized that one sees hundreds of factories on either bank and ships sailing busily up and down the river. Bao Yu attends an international conference on world peace. When the keynote speaker, the Emperor of China, is welcomed to the stage, he turns out to be none other than Zhen Baoyu/Dongfang Qiang. In great shock, Bao Yu falls off his chair and wakes up].

"How sad I feel about all the miseries of the world,
And how sad I feel for those who are born in the world.
Time does not endow me with the skill to mend heaven,
Instead it lets busy rats run everything." (p. 323)

Text

吳趼人 (Wu, Jianren 1866-1910) 1905. 老少年 ("Old Youth") [i.e. Wu Jianren (吳趼人; 1866-1910)], 新石頭記 (New Story of the Stone), 南方報 (Nanfang Bao) in 1905 (8.21-11.29), book reprint "Wo Fo Shan Ren" (我佛山人): Illustrated new Story of the Stone, Shanghai Reform Fiction Press (上海改良小說社 Shanghai gailiang xiaoshuoshe), 1908, reprint Zhongzhou Guji Chubanshe (中州古籍出版社) 1986, edited and annotated by Wang Liyan (王立言).

Based on early Chinese translations by Jules Verne, which were available since around 1900.

References

Wang, David Derwei. Fin-de-siecle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849-1911. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997.

Wang, David Derwei. "Translating Modernity." Pollard, David E., ed. Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840-1918. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 303-30.

Wang Dun (王敦). "The Late Qing's Other Utopias: China's Science-Fictional Imagination, 1900-1910", in: Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 34.2, September 2008: 37-61.

=Fragment and homework《庚部　去产界公生业》=

In this fragment, Kang Youwei explains how to get rid of the industrial boundary and the suffering it causes.

==YL==

人生之所赖，农出之，工作之，商运之，资生之学日精，则实业之依倍切。至于近世，奖劝日加，讲求日精，凡农工商皆有学校，农耕皆用机器化料。若工事之精，制造之奇，汽球登天，铁轨缩地，无线之电渡海，比之中古，有若新世界矣。商运之大，轮舶纷驰，物品交通，遍于五洲，皆创数千年未有之异境。文明日进，诚过畴昔。然新业虽瑰玮，不过世界之外观，于民生独人之困苦，公德之缺乏，未能略有补救也。

今以农夫言之，中国许人买卖田产，故人各得小区之地，难于用机器以为耕，无论农学未开，不知改良。而田主率非自耕，多为佃户，出租既贵，水旱非时，终岁劳动，胼手胝足，举家兼勤，不足事畜，食薯煮粥，犹不充饥，甚者鬻子以偿租税，菜色褛衣，其困苦有不忍言者。即使农学遍设，物种大明，化料具备，机器大用，与欧美齐；而田区既小，终难均一，大田者或多荒芜，而小区者徒劳心力；或且无田以为耕，饥寒乞丐，流离沟壑。此不惟中国为然，自美洲新辟得有大田外，各国殆皆不能免焉；而亚洲各旧国，地少人多，殆尤甚者也。

The author says that life depends on agriculture, work and business, students will be dependent on the undustry if they improve their studies. In modern times rewards are important, everyday improvements should be emphasized. The industry has schools and farming uses machine-made materials. If they work hard to keep the fortifications strong and the manufacturing good quality then the country has a chance to develop/everything will be good. Author says that it feels like a new world compared with the past. Trasport is also great. The civilization is advancing every day and they should try to live up to the past. Author also says that although the business is good, it's all just an appearance, doesn't compensate for people's hardships and the lock of morality.
Framers can buy and sell their land. Everybody has their land but it's difficult to use machines in farming. Most of the land owners are tenants. Rent is high and the natural disasters are not helping. Whole families work hard the whole year. Sometimes they can't raise animals, so they only eat potatoes and porridge. They also have to pay taxes. The land areas are usually quite small so it's difficult to be uniform/people work in vain. Bigger areas are deserted. That causes hunger. The author says its not only like that in China, but in other countries.

==ZYX==

孔子昔已忧之，故创井田之法，而后人人不忧饥寒；而此方格之事，非新辟之国实不能行。若孔子所谓「盖均无贫」，则义之至也。

后儒日发均田之说，又为限民名田之法，王莽不得其道而妄行之，则适以致乱。英人傅氏之论生计，欲以十里养千人为大井田，其意仁甚，然亦不可行也；盖许人民买卖私产，既各有私产，则贫富不齐，终无由均。若如荷兰之治爪哇，有地头主，领地于国而下税于民，则为重税如诸侯天子矣，盖非太平之道。然则虽有仁人，欲使全地养民，无冻馁之患，无不均之忧，实不可得也。

故以今之治法，虽使机器日出精奇，人民更加才智，政法更有精密，而不行大同之法，终无致生民之食安乐，农人之得均养也。或亦能倡共产之法，而有家有国，自私方甚；有家则一身而妻子待养，有国则陈兵而租税日增，以此制度而欲行共产之说，犹往南而北其辙也，无论法国革命时不能行之，即美国至今亦万不能行也。

Because of his concern, Confucius created the well-field system so that people would not live in hunger and cold. Later, Confucians put forward the theory of land equalisation and also introduced a law to restrict land to people. However, Wang Mang shouldn't do that, otherwise it could lead to chaos. From the examples of equal distribution of land among people in Britain and The Netherlands, it can be argued that even if there are benevolent people who want people to own all the land without suffering from cold and hunger, it is really impossible to achieve equality in this matter. Also, to solve this problem, the system of communism is being considered.

==JL==

若夫工业之争，近年尤剧。盖以机器既创，尽夺小工，畴昔手足之烈，一独人可为之者，今则皆为大厂之机器所攘，而小工无所谋食矣。而能作大厂之机器者，必具大资本家而后能为之。故今者一大制造厂、一大铁道轮船厂、一大商厂，乃至一大农家，皆大资本家主之。一厂一场，小工千万，仰之而食；而资本家复得操纵轻重小工之口食而控制之，或抑勒之，于是富者愈富，贫者愈贫矣。

机器之在今百年，不过萌芽耳，而贫富之离绝如此；过是数十年，乃机器发达长上之秋，树干分枝布叶之时也。自尔之后，资本家之作厂商场，愈大愈远；银行周国土，铁道贯大地，商舶横五洲，电线裹大地，其用工人至为亿为兆而不止，如小国焉。其富主如国君，其百执事如士大夫，其作工如小民，不止贫富之不均，远若天渊，更虑昔者争土地、论贵贱之号为国者，改而争作厂、商场，以论贫富为国焉。则旧国土之争方息，而新国土之争又出也，此其贻祸于人群，岂可计哉！

The author talks about the conflict between those that work and those that hold a capital. With more and more machines taking over jobs, those that hold power over their production (capitalists) will abuse their privileges to enrich themselves. In turn workers will only lose.
With development of the machines the gap between poor and rich will only grow. It will cause extreme mechanization in the society and cause workers life to become nothing more but a commodities. It will cause the enterprises to morph into small kingdoms/states with capitalists as princes and rulers. It will stop war of the past but lead to others.

==AD==

夫人事之争，不平则鸣，乃势之自然也，故近年工人联党之争，挟制业主，腾跃于欧美，今不过萌蘖耳。又工党之结联，后此必愈甚，恐或酿铁血之祸，其争不在强弱之国，而在贫富之群矣。从此百年，全地注目者必在于此。故近者人群之说益昌，均产之说益盛，乃为后此第一大论题也。然有家之私未去，私产之义犹行，欲平此非常之大争而救之，殆无由也。

若夫商业之途，竞争尤烈。高才并出，骋用心计，穿金刻石，巧诈并生，由争剥之故，故造作伪货以误害人，若药食、舟车，其害尤烈者矣。即不作伪，而以劣楛之货妄索高资，欺人自得，信实全无，廉耻暗丧。及其同业之争，互相倾轧，甲盛则乙妒之，丙弱则丁快之；当其争利，跃先恐后，虽有至亲，不相顾恤，或设阱陷，机诈百生，中于心术，尽其力之所至而已，无馀让以待人矣。资性之日坏，天机之日丧，积久成俗，以此而欲至性善之世，岂可得哉！

The author states that the conflict and competition are going to increase with the development of technology - especially the conflict between labor unions and business owners or, in other words, between the poor and the rich. The text also talks about the concept of wealth redistribution , pointing private property rights as a challenging factor to overcome in this dispute. There is also mention of the unfair business tactics which include deception and manipulation of consumers, producing counterfeit goods that cause harm, and cunning to demand the prices to get higher and higher. The author is grieving over the loss of ethical values in society where people get rid of compassion just to get rich.💸

==AX==

近自天演之说鸣，竞争之义视为至理，故国与国陈兵相视，以吞灭为固然；人与人机诈相陷，以欺凌为得计。百事万业，皆祖竞争，以才智由竞争而后进，器艺由竞争而后精，以为优胜劣败，乃天则之自然。而生计商业之中，尤以竞争为大义。此一端之说耳，岂徒坏人心术，又复倾人身家，岂知裁成天道，辅相天宜者哉！

夫强弱无常，智愚无极，两商相斗，必有败者。一败涂地，资本尽倾，富者化而为贫，则全家号啕而无赖。生计既失，忧患并生，身无养而疾病丛起，家无养而死亡相从，吾见亦伙矣。即有贫人以商骤富，而以一人什佰千万于众，不均已甚。夫富相什则下之，富相百则事之，富相干则奴之，在富者则骄，在贫者则谄，骄极则颐指气使，谄极则舐痔吮痈，盖无所不至矣。故骄与谄，非所以养人性而成人格也，然而循竞争之道，有贫富之界，则必致是矣。

==TXL==

近世论者，恶统一之静而贵竞争之嚣，以为竞争则进，不争则退，此诚宜于乱世之说，而最妨害于大同太平之道者也。夫以巧诈倾轧之坏心术相此，倾败之致忧患、困乏、疾病、死亡如此，骄谄之坏人品格如此，其祸至剧矣，其欲致人人于安乐，亦相反矣。然则主竞争之说者，知天而不知人，补救无术，其愚亦甚矣，嗟乎，此真乱世之义哉！虽然，不去人道有家之私及私产之业，欲弭竞争，何可得也，故不得不以竞争为良术也。

夫以有家之私及私产之业，则必独人自为营业，此实乱世之无可如何者也。今以独人之营业与公同之营业比较之。

以农业言，独人之营业，则有耕多者，有耕少者，其耕率不均，其劳作不均，外之售货好恶无常，人之销率多少难定，则耕者亦无从定其自耕之地及种植之宜，于是有馀粟滞销者矣。木材果实，畜牧渔鱼，销售与否，多寡孰宜，无从周知，无从预算，于是少则见乏而失时，多则暴殄天物而劳于无用。合大地之农人数万万，将来则有十百倍于此数者，一人之乏而失时，一人之殄物而枉劳，积之十百万万人，则有十百万万之殄物、失时、枉劳者矣。有十百万万人之殄物、失时、枉劳，则百事失其用、万品失其珍，以大地统计学算之，其所失败，岂恒河沙无量数而已哉！然则不本于大同而循有家私产之害，但中于农者为不可言也。

==WMF==

以商业言之，商人各自经营，各自开店用伙，无能统一，于一地之人口，所需什器，不能得其统算之实。即能统算，而各店竞利，不能不预储广蓄以待人之取求，所储蓄者，人未必求，人所求者未必储蓄，不独甲店有馀而乙店不足，抑且人人皆在有馀不足之中。夫有馀于此，则必不足于彼，于是同一物也，不足则昂涌，有馀则贱退，虽有狡智亿中致富之人，而因此败家失业者多矣。夫既有赢亏，则人产难均，而一切人格治法即不能平；败家失业，则全家之忧患疾病中之，甚且死亡继之而人不能乐。即在百物有馀，壅积久，必腐败，商人好利。必不轻弃，饰欺作伪，仍售于人，虽有律限，不能尽察。以腐败之食物药物与人，则可致疾病而卫生有碍，以腐败之机器与人，则其误害之大尤不可言矣。即自食物、药物、机器外一切用器之腐败者，误人误事，作伪生欺，岂可令其存于天壤而为太平之蠹哉！且政府即能查察，馀货不售，则必弃之，是为暴殄天物。

Concerns in business practices are highlighted, emphasizing issues such as individual competition, potential compromise of product quality, and the challenges of legal regulation. It discusses the consequences of market competition, including the risk of deceptive practices and the difficulty of enforcing laws. The author also addresses the imbalance in inventory management and the societal responsibility of businesses. The role of government regulation is underscored, with a call for stronger legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms to ensure ethical and transparent business conduct.

==YSY==

以一店之馀物已不可言，若合大地之商店馀货而统算之，其为恒河沙无量数，殆不知加几零位而不能尽也。当太平之世，大地全通，生人繁殖，需用物品益为浩繁。夫以生人之数无量而大地之产有涯，今以一人之用品计之，如一日需食粉质几何，肉质几何，糖质几何，销料几何，需衣布帛几何，绒料几何，皮料几何，需用木料、竹料几何，金料、石料几何，羽毛料、草料、骨料几何，丹青料几何，药料几何，机器几何，万品千汇为人所需者，出之于地，作之于人，皆有定数，而徒供无量之腐败弃掷，非徒大地不给，亦治大地统计学为国人谋利益者所大失策也，愚谬甚矣！孔子为大同之策曰：「货恶其弃于地也，不必其藏于己。」夫既亲其亲、子其子而有私产，则虽欲不藏于己不可得也；既藏于己，则虽欲不弃于地不可得也。夫以全地商店久积有馀之货皆当弃地者，而一一移而为有用，以供生人之需，其所以为同胞厚生者增几倍哉！以此为恤贫，复何恤贫之有？故不本于大同而欲治商业者，不可得也。

If we add up all the goods all over the world, the amount would be inalculable. When there is peace and the people are multiplying, the amount of needed items is grand. The number of people is infinite, but what Earth can produce is finite. We have to calculate how many things are needed for one person to survive one day. All the accumulated goods should be abandoned by their owners and redistributed to the people that need them. It is impossible to manage commerce if the system is not based on The Great Unity.

==KMJ==

以工业言之，又工人各自为谋。各地工人多少不同，多则价贱，少则价昂，资本家既苦之。而工人同一操业，而价贱者无以足用；若其求工不得者，不能谋生，饥寒交迫则为盗贼，其害益甚矣。即大作厂机场之各自为谋，亦不能统算者也；不能统算矣，则各自制物，则必至甲物多而有馀、乙物少而不足，或应更新而仍守旧，或已见弃而仍力作。其有馀而见弃者则价必贱，不足而更新者价必昂，既有贵贱，则贫富必不均而人格必不平，无由致太平之治。且其有馀见弃者，必作伪欺人，坏其心术，若机器药物之有诈伪，有腐败，贻害无算。夫凡百什器，皆岂有腐败而欺人哉！若不欺人而不售，则必弃之。夫以全地之工人统算，其作器之见弃，其为恒河沙无量数，不知加几零位矣。夫工人之作器，费日力无算，弊精神无算，费备用之百器无算，无量数之工人之需衣食器用者无算；若以之作器，器必有用，必不虚作，其益于全地同胞岂有涯量！而今以无量之工人之作器而弃之，是弃无量数之人，弃无量数之日力，弃无量数之精神及其它一切无量数之衣食宫室器用也，又岂止暴殄天物而已哉！为大地统计学者，为人民谋公益者，虽日谋之计之而无以为策也，惟有失谬无算而已，无术救之矣，不去人之私工故也。

This fragment discusses the issue of industrial workers seeking their own gain and the consequences of this. It speaks of the challenges faced by workers with lower wagers and potential consequences in society such as poverty. Workers' independent production of goods results in surpluses and sortages. The author argues that this problem cannot be solved only through calculations or policy-making and suggest that individual self-interest is a contrubuting factor.

==AKR==

今欲致大同，必去人之私产而后可；凡农工商之业，必归之公。举天下之田地皆为公有，人无得私有而私买卖之。政府立农部而总天下之农田，各度界小政府皆立农曹而分掌之。数十里皆立农局，数里立农分局，皆置吏以司之。其学校之学农学者，皆学于农局之中；学之考验有成，则农局吏授之田而与之耕，其耕田之多寡，与时新之机器相推迁。其百谷、草木、牧畜、渔鱼皆然，其职业与学堂之堂生相等，不足则兼职，取之兼业之人，其有馀则酌职业而增之以求致精。人愈多则农业愈增，辟地愈多，讲求愈精。各小政府以时聚农官议而损益之，岁时以其度界内所出之材产告之公政府之农部，移告之工商部。商部以全国人民所需之食品用品统计若干，与其意外水旱天灾弥补若干，凡百谷、果木、牧畜、渔产之用物，何地宜于何品，何地不宜于何品，若山陵、原隰、川海、沙漠，腴瘠、燥湿出产几何，皆据各分政府之农曹所报之地质出产，以累年之比较而定其农额，统计而预算之，定应用若干；因各度界之地宜应种植、牧畜、渔产若干，令各度界如其定额而行之，移之农部。农部核定，下之各度界小政府之农曹，令各小度界如额种植、牧畜、渔产，如中国江南之宜稻，河北之宜麦，江、浙之宜桑，四川之宜药，广东之宜花果，北口外之宜牧畜，沿海之宜渔盐，山西之宜盐煤，暹罗、安南、缅甸之宜米，印度之宜五谷，南洋各岛之宜蔗、加非、胡椒是也。

This text proposes an ideal society by advocating for the elimination of private property and the adoption of communal ownership in agriculture, industry, and commerce. It suggests making global land public, prohibiting private transactions. The government would establish a nationwide agriculture department, and local governments would have agricultural offices managing specific areas. Students studying agriculture would learn in these offices and, upon graduation, receive allocated land for cultivation with modern machinery. Communal ownership principles also apply to various agricultural products. The government, through a commerce department, would distribute essential goods based on statistical analysis and geological reports from local agricultural offices. Quotas for agriculture, animal husbandry, and fisheries would be set by the agriculture department and implemented by local governments.

==SSM==

大凡热带，雨水最多，草木最繁盛，则生棉花、蓝靛、糖、苏木、棕榈、椰、蕉、黑白檀及诸香料。温带繁植稍次之，而食物、用物乃最多，若枫、榆、榉、柳、松、柏、桂、樟、杉、桦、桑、麻、藷、蔗、榛、桃、米、麦之类是也。寒带植物少，西伯利亚宜松及麦，长白、高丽宜参。若波斯气候温湿，产米、蔗、烟、罂粟、桃、李、梨、杏、梅、枣。阿富汗、爱乌罕暖地产棉、米，冷地产麦、蔗、瓜、葡萄。阿拉伯产枣及加非，土耳其产小麦、葡萄、橙、榄、松、柏。盖花卉香料，亚洲为盛矣。法国地宜农，产麦、玉蜀黍、桑、烟、葡萄、榄、林檎；英以棉、麦甲各国；西班牙产蔗、栗、榄、橙、桑、蓝、葡萄、棉、米；葡萄牙之葡萄酒，为绝美之专产。若橙、柠檬、小麦、玉蜀黍、马铃薯，意大利略同，而棉、茶、桑为大。希腊产米、棉、烟，瑞士产裸麦、洋薯，而又富于坚材。日耳曼多种葡萄，又与澳大利、匈牙利产小麦、裸麦、谷、麻、烟；瑞典萝卜最美。俄罗斯、荷兰、丹麦多产各种麦，而荷有烟、麻，俄富于材木焉。比利时产忽布。大率欧洲北部有松、柏、榛、榆及矮小之杨柳也。非洲热带，有数十年之木棉、大椰树、枣树，内地则加非、胡桃，北岸则榄、桃。埃及产五谷、蓝、棉、蔗。美洲产玉蜀黍、小麦、棉、蔗、米、烟、马铃薯及诸果，秘鲁同之，而鸡那最多。

==LML==

墨西哥产苏木、玉蜀黍、烟、麻、加非，而米尤盛。西印度诸岛尤饶兼热带诸产物，扣勃岛产糖冠天下，墨西哥加非尤盛，而烟、橙、凤梨有名矣。科仑比亚以椰为著，可制帽；其蓝、棉、加非、烟、蔗，又若树胶、苏术、则南美洲所独矣。智利、阿根廷产大小麦、葡萄、蔗；夏哇尼岛产面包；澳大利亚洲产竹椽、葡萄、小麦、玉蜀黍、棉、蔗、烟、米及诸果；此其大略也。凡五洲土产，各有所宜，分其地质之宜而种植、牧畜、渔取之。各小政府农曹及各农局公商界内种植、牧畜、渔取、称额之法，统计而决算之，分之各地农场。应用农人若干，应备化料若干，应备农具机器若干，应开垦若干，应分别种百谷、果、菜、树木，畜鸡、鸭、鹅与鱼、牛、马、羊、豕若干，厂场若干，各分其职而专为之极其琐细。分业愈多，则愈专而愈精，地无遗利，人无重业。及其种植、牧畜、渔产之收成，小政府商曹统计其度界内应留用之物品若干，预告之商部，而截留其若干。其馀种植、牧畜、渔产各品，为亿为兆，归之公政府商部；商部乃合收全球之农产而均输于各地，以所有易所无，以有馀补不足。其预备水旱、虫蝗、天灾、地变之不时者，曰预备额，略留多数以弥补各度界之凶荒灾患不时者。若无灾而有馀，则留以待下年之用；而下年之统计预算，即扣留之以宽地力。其农具、机器、化料皆购之于各地商店，其农人应给工价，随时议之。

The text is about the Mexican market, talking about its production and exportation of several products. Some of them include: the production of wood, wheat, tobacco, and fruits like oranges, pineapples and bananas. The text also mentions the production of several industrial items, which are exported to various countries. Mexico's exports are important for the global market. The country is also well-known for producing sugar and cotton. The text gives an overall summary of the Mexican market, its production and exportation of various products, and the production of industrial items too.

==PMJ==

每度界为一自治政府，立一农曹，其下数十里为一农局，其下数里为农场。其为稻、麦、黍、百谷、花果、草木、渔产、牧畜、各置分司，皆有主、伯、亚、旅、府、史、胥、徒以司之。主者总办也，伯者分司之提调也，亚者副之助之者也，旅者群执事也，府者收藏者也，史者统计及记事者也。其农场者，农田种植之所也；里数不定者，机器愈精，道路愈辟，人之智力愈强，则农场愈广也。每度农曹皆有地质调查局，将其本度内之山陵、原隰、坟衍、川海、人居为小模形，别其肥瘠及泥沙、水石之差，风雨、霜露之度，以色别而详识之。其地产之所宜及化料之所合，皆记而备之累年之报告调查，存考而求其进化。及其变更，皆有农学士多人岁时专考，而以报发明布告之，又皆有农学会以讲求之。其农学校有考验所，水产、牧畜、矿产皆然，择其最良之种而支配之，其恶种去之。凡农夫，皆得有农学考验证书而后用之；其未得证书而年逾二十者，亦得用为农夫，但不得为长及农学士矣；但其后有阅历日深，得有新义，亦许给证明书而迁为长伯、学士焉。其农曹立长，其下有副长，有参赞，有学士佐之，其下有史、府二官，胥、徒分任之，府、史皆有长、贰、掾属、胥、徒焉，其官数各视其地。其分曹之属，若百谷、花果、牧畜、渔产、矿产，各视其地之有无多寡以设司，无则缺之；全度界皆一物也，则农曹长自领之而不设司。

This paragraph introduces an agricultural system and complex methods used for efficient farming, such as using specialized machines, performing geological surveys, education (obtaining an agricultural examination certificate).

==AHY==

每一物品皆有调查讲习所，有学士多人聚而讲之，以报岁时发明布告之。其矿产、水产、山林，则有工师、技师司之，即学士也。凡分曹，其长、贰、参、佐，必由学士、工、技师出身，乃许任职，亦有府、史二官及胥、徒焉。其各农局，则分监督各农场者也，设于各农场适中之地，有长、副长、参赞以领之。其属有府、史二官以分领收藏、记事二职，有胥、徒焉以奔走其事。其百谷、花果、草木、渔产、牧畜、矿山皆有分曹，有主、伯、亚、旅以任之，并有学士、工师，设地质调查讲习所考求之，有报，以岁时发明布告之，与各度农曹同。其农场，若百谷、花果、树木、牧畜、渔产、矿产，划其地宜，数里以为之区。其各度人口之多寡，即以农场配分之，各有主、伯、亚、旅、府、史、胥、徒、学士、工、技师以任其事。主者总管全场之事；伯者分任农具、机器、用料、养料、化料、用人之事及各小区之监工也，并有亚以助之；旅者奔走管工者也；府则凡百谷、花果、树木、畜牧、水产、矿产之所入，司其收纳及支出以待农曹长之命，或截留之所耕之地，或交之近耕地之商店，或纳之农局、农曹之仓，皆听农曹府、史之统计而指拨之；史则凡本场种植、牧畜、渔、矿之事，日记而月省、岁计之，而上之于农局，以听指拨之命令；胥则奔走之人；徒则耕作渔牧之人也。其耕耘、收获、牧养、渔取，皆有部勒程度，其每日作工皆有时限。世愈平乐，机器愈精，则作工之时刻愈少，然作工之时，坐作进退，几如军令矣。

There are some geological research offices in which some new inventions will be discussed. Each agricultural school has a research bureau which is responsible for supervising each farm. It is led by a chief and his deputy. Research bureau is meant to study problems of each and every kind of product. As the equipment is more and more refined, the working hours could be shortened.

==WYX==

自农夫、渔、牧、矿工，各视其材之高下，阅历之浅深，以为工价之厚薄，略分十级。其尤者则拔迁农曹各司，但其长、贰，则必以学士、工师出身为之，可递迁为公政府各洲分政府农部官。其农夫、渔人、牧夫、矿工、林工至下级者，其俸令足为其衣食之资，自此等而上之可也。其支俸以先安息日给之，俾其游乐。其农场皆有室居，不住而别住客舍者听之；其场所皆有公园囿、公图书馆、戏院、音乐院以备游息，有公饭厅、公商店以备食宿，但规模稍粗而小耳。其演戏鼓乐，则诸农自为之。凡能任农事者，学校卒业之后，不论男女，皆许为农；其男女有交好者，许在公室同居焉。其公室，人占二室，一为卧室，一为客室，并有浴房；十人则为大公厅，皆高广疏达，花草楚楚，楼阁绵丽，过于今富室矣。其食，听人之所好而扣其费。又有公共讲堂，有讲师，每安息日，则讲古今道德品行贤豪之事及农业之事，以养其德性学识。其公室则公置之，不取值。其衣食之事，则由工金支之，出自费焉，听其自由，而工钱常留十分之一存于公中，为储金焉，以备其不愿作工而欲结友远游、购书之需。其稍远，则有公旅舍以备游行食宿，则收费矣；其去市近者，皆听其游。其告假不作工者听之，按日扣其工价；其太惰不作工及告假太多者逐之；凡累经逐者，削其名誉焉。其主、伯、府、史，职业虽优，而居室仍同，以示平等，但工金不同耳。其府司仓库者，不必纳押金，以是时人心无盗诈而商卖皆出于公也，但选阅历深、老成谨重者任之。

There is a society where workers are ranked based on skill and experience, with opportunities for advancement to administrative roles. Basic needs like housing and food are provided, and leisure activities are encouraged. Farming is esteemed, and graduates can pursue it regardless of gender. Couples can live together in public housing, which is well-equipped. Public amenities include parks, libraries, and theaters. Agricultural knowledge is shared through lectures on moral values and practical skills. Housing is assigned by rank, with communal areas for collective use. Financial support is provided through work-based income and savings. Discipline is enforced for those who refuse to work or abuse leave privileges. Public warehouses operate without requiring deposits, fostering trust in commercial transactions.

Datong Shu

2024-02-01T10:37:12Z

Wei Yuxin: /* WYX */

=The Book of Great Unity=

Original text: [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=306261&remap=gb]

Title: 大同书 (The Book of Great Unity)

Author: 康有为 Kang Youwei

Presentation: [https://1drv.ms/p/s!AqsF4GTNUGSnsTQAxJSdM5WQwJ5I?e=PtMoYy]

=Introduction by the Teacher: Early utopias, Kang Youwei and the Book of Great Unity=

I Compulsory Part: Modernisation

Just as we find early literary utopias in the Occident, e.g. in Gilgamesh (earliest version ca. 2600 BC), there were also first literary testimonies in China (e.g. "Great Unity" in the Book of Rites ca. 2500 c.) .

Utopias became popular through translations of Jules Verne's utopian novels into Chinese around 1902-1903 (e.g. Lu Xun (transl.): Jules Verne: Journey to the Moon, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea).

Utopias played an important role especially at the end of the imperial era (around 1900): They heralded the social transformation process towards modernity. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao launched the first attempt at reform, but it lasted only 100 days.

Kang Youwei wrote the utopian essay "The Book of Great Unity大同書". Liang Qichao wrote a fragment (see below).

The concept of Great Unity was later taken up by Sun Yat-sen and appears in several places in the national anthem of the Republic of China (Taiwan).

As the texts are very long and not available in English or German, I have put together a few summaries and excerpts from secondary literature for you. Read as much as you can in the short time available or as much as arouses your interest, in the session we will mainly discuss on the basis of the following tasks:

Task 1. Please read some of the texts with the following questions in mind:

a) What role does money play?

b) What role do physical labour and machines play?

c) How are nations characterised, how are conflicts between nations resolved?

d) What is the relationship between technical and moral superiority of Western nations and China?

e) What is China's position in Asia / in the world?

e) What is the system of government? How did it come about?

f) How is peace valued?

g) How are differences between people treated?

Task 2: Compare the results with those of previously studied seminar texts.

II Freestyle: Present

The real China of the present as a dystopia.

There is no free literary creation in China today; authors are almost exclusively employed by the state and are subject to censorship. Even foreign dystopian novels like 1984 and Animal Farm are partly banned in China.

There are utopian propaganda novels of poor literary quality that predict a bright future for China. But even the 30-minute evening news of the present is characterised by viewers in China with the following joke:

"前十分钟领导很忙。

中间十分钟人民生活很幸福。

最后十分钟外国人民生活在水生火热之中。

What does the 30 minutes of television news consist of?

In the first 10 minutes, the leaders are very busy.

In the middle 10 minutes the people live very happily.

In the last 10 minutes, foreigners live in floods and conflagrations.

3. compare the following phenomena of contemporary China with dystopian/utopian novels:

a) The will of primary school pupils, students and professionals is broken, they are educated with obviously false information (e.g. regarding Chinese history and the relationship to Europe), which they are taught and have to repeat until they credibly affirm that they believe the false to be true.

b) Workers in a Shanghai factory are given protective helmets in which brain scanners are mounted so that brain waves and especially emotional fluctuations can be immediately detected by the employer and measures (up to and including dismissal) can be taken.

c) There is a regime loyalty point system, according to which every Chinese has a point value, especially based on his internet behaviour.

d) In China there is total surveillance with millions of cameras (teachers have 3 bullet-head cameras above them in the classroom, students another half dozen), there is no privacy and no data protection (except for party officials).

e) The internet, the press and books are censored and synchronised; if a term becomes hype, an algorithm decides whether all the corresponding posts and, if necessary, the users are blocked.

Kang Youwei: The Book of Great Unity

(ca. 1900, 2nd ed. 1937) 2010, Beijing: People's Publishing House

Kang developed his ideas in lecture notes in 1884. His students encouraged him to elaborate them into a book, the first version of which he did not complete until about two decades after his return from exile in India. The first two chapters appeared in Japan at the beginning of the 20th century, the entire book only posthumously in 1935, some seven years after his death.

Kang proposed a future (utopian) world free of political boundaries and racial differences, and centrally governed democratically. The world would be divided into rectangular administrative zones, self-governing with direct democracy but loyal to the central government. According to Kang's eugenics, the "brown and black" races would disappear within a millennium, leading to a more homogeneous human race. Its members would be "of the same skin colour, appearance, height and endowed with the same intelligence". He hoped for an end to traditional clan structures, which he saw as a major evil. Families would be replaced by state institutions such as midwifery schools, kindergartens and schools. Marriage would be replaced by annual contracts between husband and wife. Kang considered the contemporary form of marriage to be particularly anti-women because they would be trapped in it for life. Kang believed in the equality of men and women and there should be no social institution or obstacles why women should not be able to do everything that men were allowed to do.

=Comparison: The New Story of the Stone=
Wu Jianren, The New Story of the Stone

[Excerpts, summary.]

[Baoyu's peaceful meditation is disturbed when he suddenly remembers his failed mission, his failed attempt to fix the' fractured Tian-sky or Tian-heaven. Dun Wang, 41]

"When the Goddess produced stones of five colours, she meant to use them to mend Heaven. While the other thirty-six thousand and five hundred have been put to use, only I have been neglected. Although I was later endowed with supernatural power, I only wasted it by squandering some years with those girls [in the Garden View Grand]. I have yet to carry out my purpose of mending Heaven. If I could fulfill this wish, I would have no regrets even if I disappeared into smoke and ashes" (Wu 1986, 3, transl. by David Der-wei Wang in David E. Pollard 1998, p. 322)

[As a result, he cannot stay in the stagnant mythical realm any longer, and he embarks on a journey which leads him to Shanghai, a semi-colonial metropolis in pre-industrial China. The journey symbolizes an ambivalent search for "modern" China.

The first half of The New Story of the Stone relates the resurrected Baoyu's disappointing, dystopian adventures in the late Qing society. He encounters a race of humans that is degenerating along with their society. The novel's second part transports him into an imaginary utopian future called the "Civilized Realm" (文明境界). Appropriately, the portal to this utopia is located somewhere close to Confucius' hometown in Shandong province. The new, utopian adventure starts from Chapter 21. Baoyu-having narrowly escaped a political murder-is taking an excursion to Northern China. Ironically, at Qufu, (曲阜) Confucius' hometown, he is robbed twice during the night. Being helpless and lost, Baoyu roams the main road from dark until daybreak. At the precise point where the sun rises Baoyu sees a high memorial arch with the inscription "Civilized Realm. A gentleman with the name "Old Youth" greets him. After Baoyu passes the inspection of his "nature" at a border office, Old Youth becomes his companion on a tour of the territory.

Baoyu now finds this Civilized Realm to be in every respect superior to both a decaying China and an aggressive West, which the citizens of this utopia call the "Barbarian Realm" (野蠻境界) and the "Falsely Civilized States" (假文明國), respectively. The Civilized Realm imaginatively fulfils the late Qing dream of not only equaling but surpassing Western technology. Dun Wang, 41]

[On top of this amazing technology we also have a traditionally Confucian moral order, the true governing power. Its "civilized authoritarianism" (文明專制) is thought to be the most advanced political system in the world, far superior to Western "falsely civilized" values. Dun Wang, 42]

[Summary by David Wang:

Wu Jianren casts Jia Baoyu as a lonely traveller in time, who adventures to late Qing China and then to a futuristic utopia. Baoyu's old passion for the girls of the Garden View Grand is now replaced by a compassion for the people of the Middle Kingdom; romantic yearning gives way to an eager practicality [...] The Civilized World is a country strong in military power, political structure, scientific advancement, educational institutions, and moral cultivation. It is a tremendous technocratic empire that in every aspect leads its time. [...]

In chapter 25, after watching a military review of flying cars, Baoyu sighs, "What fiction about 'flying amid the clouds and riding the fog' - the well-known skill of deities and humans endowed with supernatural powers - could be more fantastic than this flying car?" [One of his escorts replies: "We have come a long way in experimenting with the flying car, the idea of which was derived from our ancestors. It is laughable that Europeans and Americans have by now only come up with inventions like those dangerous and clumsy balloons. How can a balloon match our flying cars?"[Wang: Fin-de-siècle splendor..... p. 275].

Dongfang Qiang divides his territory into eight districts named after the eight Chinese virtues (ba de: loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, compassion, fidelity, righteousness, peacefulness, equality). His three sons, Dongfang Ying (Eastern England), Dongfang De (Eastern Germany), Dongfang Fa (Eastern France), and one daughter, Dongfang Mei (Eastern America), are administrators of state affairs [...] all the rulers of the Dongfang family are [Wang p. 276] "gifted with the talent to administer the world, and the will to rule the state."

To Baoyu's puzzlement, towards the end of their conversation, Dongfang Qiang [which means "Strong East"] calls Baoyu "brother", as if they were of the same generation despite their apparent difference in ages. Upon Baoyu's departure, Dongfang Qiang reveals his true identity: he is Zhen Baoyu, the worldly double of Jia Baoyu, from The Story of the Stone! This revelation takes us back into the intricate world of similitude and illusion as presented by the original. Zhen Baoyu, it will be recalled, was a duplicate of Jia Baoyu in appearance, but he grew up to become what Jia Baoyu refused to become, a success in the secular world of the red dust. [...]

In a manner reminiscent of Cao Xueqin's novel, at the end of Wu Jianren's search for an ideal utopia, a dream sequence appears. In the dream, Baoyu takes a voyage back to China. To his amazement, a World's Fair exhibition is about to take place in Beijing, while the Yangtze valley has been so industrialized that one sees hundreds of factories on either bank and ships sailing busily up and down the river. Bao Yu attends an international conference on world peace. When the keynote speaker, the Emperor of China, is welcomed to the stage, he turns out to be none other than Zhen Baoyu/Dongfang Qiang. In great shock, Bao Yu falls off his chair and wakes up].

"How sad I feel about all the miseries of the world,
And how sad I feel for those who are born in the world.
Time does not endow me with the skill to mend heaven,
Instead it lets busy rats run everything." (p. 323)

Text

吳趼人 (Wu, Jianren 1866-1910) 1905. 老少年 ("Old Youth") [i.e. Wu Jianren (吳趼人; 1866-1910)], 新石頭記 (New Story of the Stone), 南方報 (Nanfang Bao) in 1905 (8.21-11.29), book reprint "Wo Fo Shan Ren" (我佛山人): Illustrated new Story of the Stone, Shanghai Reform Fiction Press (上海改良小說社 Shanghai gailiang xiaoshuoshe), 1908, reprint Zhongzhou Guji Chubanshe (中州古籍出版社) 1986, edited and annotated by Wang Liyan (王立言).

Based on early Chinese translations by Jules Verne, which were available since around 1900.

References

Wang, David Derwei. Fin-de-siecle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849-1911. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997.

Wang, David Derwei. "Translating Modernity." Pollard, David E., ed. Translation and Creation: Readings of Western Literature in Early Modern China, 1840-1918. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1998. 303-30.

Wang Dun (王敦). "The Late Qing's Other Utopias: China's Science-Fictional Imagination, 1900-1910", in: Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 34.2, September 2008: 37-61.

=Fragment and homework《庚部　去产界公生业》=

In this fragment, Kang Youwei explains how to get rid of the industrial boundary and the suffering it causes.

==YL==

人生之所赖，农出之，工作之，商运之，资生之学日精，则实业之依倍切。至于近世，奖劝日加，讲求日精，凡农工商皆有学校，农耕皆用机器化料。若工事之精，制造之奇，汽球登天，铁轨缩地，无线之电渡海，比之中古，有若新世界矣。商运之大，轮舶纷驰，物品交通，遍于五洲，皆创数千年未有之异境。文明日进，诚过畴昔。然新业虽瑰玮，不过世界之外观，于民生独人之困苦，公德之缺乏，未能略有补救也。

今以农夫言之，中国许人买卖田产，故人各得小区之地，难于用机器以为耕，无论农学未开，不知改良。而田主率非自耕，多为佃户，出租既贵，水旱非时，终岁劳动，胼手胝足，举家兼勤，不足事畜，食薯煮粥，犹不充饥，甚者鬻子以偿租税，菜色褛衣，其困苦有不忍言者。即使农学遍设，物种大明，化料具备，机器大用，与欧美齐；而田区既小，终难均一，大田者或多荒芜，而小区者徒劳心力；或且无田以为耕，饥寒乞丐，流离沟壑。此不惟中国为然，自美洲新辟得有大田外，各国殆皆不能免焉；而亚洲各旧国，地少人多，殆尤甚者也。

The author says that life depends on agriculture, work and business, students will be dependent on the undustry if they improve their studies. In modern times rewards are important, everyday improvements should be emphasized. The industry has schools and farming uses machine-made materials. If they work hard to keep the fortifications strong and the manufacturing good quality then the country has a chance to develop/everything will be good. Author says that it feels like a new world compared with the past. Trasport is also great. The civilization is advancing every day and they should try to live up to the past. Author also says that although the business is good, it's all just an appearance, doesn't compensate for people's hardships and the lock of morality.
Framers can buy and sell their land. Everybody has their land but it's difficult to use machines in farming. Most of the land owners are tenants. Rent is high and the natural disasters are not helping. Whole families work hard the whole year. Sometimes they can't raise animals, so they only eat potatoes and porridge. They also have to pay taxes. The land areas are usually quite small so it's difficult to be uniform/people work in vain. Bigger areas are deserted. That causes hunger. The author says its not only like that in China, but in other countries.

==ZYX==

孔子昔已忧之，故创井田之法，而后人人不忧饥寒；而此方格之事，非新辟之国实不能行。若孔子所谓「盖均无贫」，则义之至也。

后儒日发均田之说，又为限民名田之法，王莽不得其道而妄行之，则适以致乱。英人傅氏之论生计，欲以十里养千人为大井田，其意仁甚，然亦不可行也；盖许人民买卖私产，既各有私产，则贫富不齐，终无由均。若如荷兰之治爪哇，有地头主，领地于国而下税于民，则为重税如诸侯天子矣，盖非太平之道。然则虽有仁人，欲使全地养民，无冻馁之患，无不均之忧，实不可得也。

故以今之治法，虽使机器日出精奇，人民更加才智，政法更有精密，而不行大同之法，终无致生民之食安乐，农人之得均养也。或亦能倡共产之法，而有家有国，自私方甚；有家则一身而妻子待养，有国则陈兵而租税日增，以此制度而欲行共产之说，犹往南而北其辙也，无论法国革命时不能行之，即美国至今亦万不能行也。

Because of his concern, Confucius created the well-field system so that people would not live in hunger and cold. Later, Confucians put forward the theory of land equalisation and also introduced a law to restrict land to people. However, Wang Mang shouldn't do that, otherwise it could lead to chaos. From the examples of equal distribution of land among people in Britain and The Netherlands, it can be argued that even if there are benevolent people who want people to own all the land without suffering from cold and hunger, it is really impossible to achieve equality in this matter. Also, to solve this problem, the system of communism is being considered.

==JL==

若夫工业之争，近年尤剧。盖以机器既创，尽夺小工，畴昔手足之烈，一独人可为之者，今则皆为大厂之机器所攘，而小工无所谋食矣。而能作大厂之机器者，必具大资本家而后能为之。故今者一大制造厂、一大铁道轮船厂、一大商厂，乃至一大农家，皆大资本家主之。一厂一场，小工千万，仰之而食；而资本家复得操纵轻重小工之口食而控制之，或抑勒之，于是富者愈富，贫者愈贫矣。

机器之在今百年，不过萌芽耳，而贫富之离绝如此；过是数十年，乃机器发达长上之秋，树干分枝布叶之时也。自尔之后，资本家之作厂商场，愈大愈远；银行周国土，铁道贯大地，商舶横五洲，电线裹大地，其用工人至为亿为兆而不止，如小国焉。其富主如国君，其百执事如士大夫，其作工如小民，不止贫富之不均，远若天渊，更虑昔者争土地、论贵贱之号为国者，改而争作厂、商场，以论贫富为国焉。则旧国土之争方息，而新国土之争又出也，此其贻祸于人群，岂可计哉！

The author talks about the conflict between those that work and those that hold a capital. With more and more machines taking over jobs, those that hold power over their production (capitalists) will abuse their privileges to enrich themselves. In turn workers will only lose.
With development of the machines the gap between poor and rich will only grow. It will cause extreme mechanization in the society and cause workers life to become nothing more but a commodities. It will cause the enterprises to morph into small kingdoms/states with capitalists as princes and rulers. It will stop war of the past but lead to others.

==AD==

夫人事之争，不平则鸣，乃势之自然也，故近年工人联党之争，挟制业主，腾跃于欧美，今不过萌蘖耳。又工党之结联，后此必愈甚，恐或酿铁血之祸，其争不在强弱之国，而在贫富之群矣。从此百年，全地注目者必在于此。故近者人群之说益昌，均产之说益盛，乃为后此第一大论题也。然有家之私未去，私产之义犹行，欲平此非常之大争而救之，殆无由也。

若夫商业之途，竞争尤烈。高才并出，骋用心计，穿金刻石，巧诈并生，由争剥之故，故造作伪货以误害人，若药食、舟车，其害尤烈者矣。即不作伪，而以劣楛之货妄索高资，欺人自得，信实全无，廉耻暗丧。及其同业之争，互相倾轧，甲盛则乙妒之，丙弱则丁快之；当其争利，跃先恐后，虽有至亲，不相顾恤，或设阱陷，机诈百生，中于心术，尽其力之所至而已，无馀让以待人矣。资性之日坏，天机之日丧，积久成俗，以此而欲至性善之世，岂可得哉！

The author states that the conflict and competition are going to increase with the development of technology - especially the conflict between labor unions and business owners or, in other words, between the poor and the rich. The text also talks about the concept of wealth redistribution , pointing private property rights as a challenging factor to overcome in this dispute. There is also mention of the unfair business tactics which include deception and manipulation of consumers, producing counterfeit goods that cause harm, and cunning to demand the prices to get higher and higher. The author is grieving over the loss of ethical values in society where people get rid of compassion just to get rich.💸

==AX==

近自天演之说鸣，竞争之义视为至理，故国与国陈兵相视，以吞灭为固然；人与人机诈相陷，以欺凌为得计。百事万业，皆祖竞争，以才智由竞争而后进，器艺由竞争而后精，以为优胜劣败，乃天则之自然。而生计商业之中，尤以竞争为大义。此一端之说耳，岂徒坏人心术，又复倾人身家，岂知裁成天道，辅相天宜者哉！

夫强弱无常，智愚无极，两商相斗，必有败者。一败涂地，资本尽倾，富者化而为贫，则全家号啕而无赖。生计既失，忧患并生，身无养而疾病丛起，家无养而死亡相从，吾见亦伙矣。即有贫人以商骤富，而以一人什佰千万于众，不均已甚。夫富相什则下之，富相百则事之，富相干则奴之，在富者则骄，在贫者则谄，骄极则颐指气使，谄极则舐痔吮痈，盖无所不至矣。故骄与谄，非所以养人性而成人格也，然而循竞争之道，有贫富之界，则必致是矣。

==TXL==

近世论者，恶统一之静而贵竞争之嚣，以为竞争则进，不争则退，此诚宜于乱世之说，而最妨害于大同太平之道者也。夫以巧诈倾轧之坏心术相此，倾败之致忧患、困乏、疾病、死亡如此，骄谄之坏人品格如此，其祸至剧矣，其欲致人人于安乐，亦相反矣。然则主竞争之说者，知天而不知人，补救无术，其愚亦甚矣，嗟乎，此真乱世之义哉！虽然，不去人道有家之私及私产之业，欲弭竞争，何可得也，故不得不以竞争为良术也。

夫以有家之私及私产之业，则必独人自为营业，此实乱世之无可如何者也。今以独人之营业与公同之营业比较之。

以农业言，独人之营业，则有耕多者，有耕少者，其耕率不均，其劳作不均，外之售货好恶无常，人之销率多少难定，则耕者亦无从定其自耕之地及种植之宜，于是有馀粟滞销者矣。木材果实，畜牧渔鱼，销售与否，多寡孰宜，无从周知，无从预算，于是少则见乏而失时，多则暴殄天物而劳于无用。合大地之农人数万万，将来则有十百倍于此数者，一人之乏而失时，一人之殄物而枉劳，积之十百万万人，则有十百万万之殄物、失时、枉劳者矣。有十百万万人之殄物、失时、枉劳，则百事失其用、万品失其珍，以大地统计学算之，其所失败，岂恒河沙无量数而已哉！然则不本于大同而循有家私产之害，但中于农者为不可言也。

==WMF==

以商业言之，商人各自经营，各自开店用伙，无能统一，于一地之人口，所需什器，不能得其统算之实。即能统算，而各店竞利，不能不预储广蓄以待人之取求，所储蓄者，人未必求，人所求者未必储蓄，不独甲店有馀而乙店不足，抑且人人皆在有馀不足之中。夫有馀于此，则必不足于彼，于是同一物也，不足则昂涌，有馀则贱退，虽有狡智亿中致富之人，而因此败家失业者多矣。夫既有赢亏，则人产难均，而一切人格治法即不能平；败家失业，则全家之忧患疾病中之，甚且死亡继之而人不能乐。即在百物有馀，壅积久，必腐败，商人好利。必不轻弃，饰欺作伪，仍售于人，虽有律限，不能尽察。以腐败之食物药物与人，则可致疾病而卫生有碍，以腐败之机器与人，则其误害之大尤不可言矣。即自食物、药物、机器外一切用器之腐败者，误人误事，作伪生欺，岂可令其存于天壤而为太平之蠹哉！且政府即能查察，馀货不售，则必弃之，是为暴殄天物。

Concerns in business practices are highlighted, emphasizing issues such as individual competition, potential compromise of product quality, and the challenges of legal regulation. It discusses the consequences of market competition, including the risk of deceptive practices and the difficulty of enforcing laws. The author also addresses the imbalance in inventory management and the societal responsibility of businesses. The role of government regulation is underscored, with a call for stronger legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms to ensure ethical and transparent business conduct.

==YSY==

以一店之馀物已不可言，若合大地之商店馀货而统算之，其为恒河沙无量数，殆不知加几零位而不能尽也。当太平之世，大地全通，生人繁殖，需用物品益为浩繁。夫以生人之数无量而大地之产有涯，今以一人之用品计之，如一日需食粉质几何，肉质几何，糖质几何，销料几何，需衣布帛几何，绒料几何，皮料几何，需用木料、竹料几何，金料、石料几何，羽毛料、草料、骨料几何，丹青料几何，药料几何，机器几何，万品千汇为人所需者，出之于地，作之于人，皆有定数，而徒供无量之腐败弃掷，非徒大地不给，亦治大地统计学为国人谋利益者所大失策也，愚谬甚矣！孔子为大同之策曰：「货恶其弃于地也，不必其藏于己。」夫既亲其亲、子其子而有私产，则虽欲不藏于己不可得也；既藏于己，则虽欲不弃于地不可得也。夫以全地商店久积有馀之货皆当弃地者，而一一移而为有用，以供生人之需，其所以为同胞厚生者增几倍哉！以此为恤贫，复何恤贫之有？故不本于大同而欲治商业者，不可得也。

If we add up all the goods all over the world, the amount would be inalculable. When there is peace and the people are multiplying, the amount of needed items is grand. The number of people is infinite, but what Earth can produce is finite. We have to calculate how many things are needed for one person to survive one day. All the accumulated goods should be abandoned by their owners and redistributed to the people that need them. It is impossible to manage commerce if the system is not based on The Great Unity.

==KMJ==

以工业言之，又工人各自为谋。各地工人多少不同，多则价贱，少则价昂，资本家既苦之。而工人同一操业，而价贱者无以足用；若其求工不得者，不能谋生，饥寒交迫则为盗贼，其害益甚矣。即大作厂机场之各自为谋，亦不能统算者也；不能统算矣，则各自制物，则必至甲物多而有馀、乙物少而不足，或应更新而仍守旧，或已见弃而仍力作。其有馀而见弃者则价必贱，不足而更新者价必昂，既有贵贱，则贫富必不均而人格必不平，无由致太平之治。且其有馀见弃者，必作伪欺人，坏其心术，若机器药物之有诈伪，有腐败，贻害无算。夫凡百什器，皆岂有腐败而欺人哉！若不欺人而不售，则必弃之。夫以全地之工人统算，其作器之见弃，其为恒河沙无量数，不知加几零位矣。夫工人之作器，费日力无算，弊精神无算，费备用之百器无算，无量数之工人之需衣食器用者无算；若以之作器，器必有用，必不虚作，其益于全地同胞岂有涯量！而今以无量之工人之作器而弃之，是弃无量数之人，弃无量数之日力，弃无量数之精神及其它一切无量数之衣食宫室器用也，又岂止暴殄天物而已哉！为大地统计学者，为人民谋公益者，虽日谋之计之而无以为策也，惟有失谬无算而已，无术救之矣，不去人之私工故也。

This fragment discusses the issue of industrial workers seeking their own gain and the consequences of this. It speaks of the challenges faced by workers with lower wagers and potential consequences in society such as poverty. Workers' independent production of goods results in surpluses and sortages. The author argues that this problem cannot be solved only through calculations or policy-making and suggest that individual self-interest is a contrubuting factor.

==AKR==

今欲致大同，必去人之私产而后可；凡农工商之业，必归之公。举天下之田地皆为公有，人无得私有而私买卖之。政府立农部而总天下之农田，各度界小政府皆立农曹而分掌之。数十里皆立农局，数里立农分局，皆置吏以司之。其学校之学农学者，皆学于农局之中；学之考验有成，则农局吏授之田而与之耕，其耕田之多寡，与时新之机器相推迁。其百谷、草木、牧畜、渔鱼皆然，其职业与学堂之堂生相等，不足则兼职，取之兼业之人，其有馀则酌职业而增之以求致精。人愈多则农业愈增，辟地愈多，讲求愈精。各小政府以时聚农官议而损益之，岁时以其度界内所出之材产告之公政府之农部，移告之工商部。商部以全国人民所需之食品用品统计若干，与其意外水旱天灾弥补若干，凡百谷、果木、牧畜、渔产之用物，何地宜于何品，何地不宜于何品，若山陵、原隰、川海、沙漠，腴瘠、燥湿出产几何，皆据各分政府之农曹所报之地质出产，以累年之比较而定其农额，统计而预算之，定应用若干；因各度界之地宜应种植、牧畜、渔产若干，令各度界如其定额而行之，移之农部。农部核定，下之各度界小政府之农曹，令各小度界如额种植、牧畜、渔产，如中国江南之宜稻，河北之宜麦，江、浙之宜桑，四川之宜药，广东之宜花果，北口外之宜牧畜，沿海之宜渔盐，山西之宜盐煤，暹罗、安南、缅甸之宜米，印度之宜五谷，南洋各岛之宜蔗、加非、胡椒是也。

This text proposes an ideal society by advocating for the elimination of private property and the adoption of communal ownership in agriculture, industry, and commerce. It suggests making global land public, prohibiting private transactions. The government would establish a nationwide agriculture department, and local governments would have agricultural offices managing specific areas. Students studying agriculture would learn in these offices and, upon graduation, receive allocated land for cultivation with modern machinery. Communal ownership principles also apply to various agricultural products. The government, through a commerce department, would distribute essential goods based on statistical analysis and geological reports from local agricultural offices. Quotas for agriculture, animal husbandry, and fisheries would be set by the agriculture department and implemented by local governments.

==SSM==

大凡热带，雨水最多，草木最繁盛，则生棉花、蓝靛、糖、苏木、棕榈、椰、蕉、黑白檀及诸香料。温带繁植稍次之，而食物、用物乃最多，若枫、榆、榉、柳、松、柏、桂、樟、杉、桦、桑、麻、藷、蔗、榛、桃、米、麦之类是也。寒带植物少，西伯利亚宜松及麦，长白、高丽宜参。若波斯气候温湿，产米、蔗、烟、罂粟、桃、李、梨、杏、梅、枣。阿富汗、爱乌罕暖地产棉、米，冷地产麦、蔗、瓜、葡萄。阿拉伯产枣及加非，土耳其产小麦、葡萄、橙、榄、松、柏。盖花卉香料，亚洲为盛矣。法国地宜农，产麦、玉蜀黍、桑、烟、葡萄、榄、林檎；英以棉、麦甲各国；西班牙产蔗、栗、榄、橙、桑、蓝、葡萄、棉、米；葡萄牙之葡萄酒，为绝美之专产。若橙、柠檬、小麦、玉蜀黍、马铃薯，意大利略同，而棉、茶、桑为大。希腊产米、棉、烟，瑞士产裸麦、洋薯，而又富于坚材。日耳曼多种葡萄，又与澳大利、匈牙利产小麦、裸麦、谷、麻、烟；瑞典萝卜最美。俄罗斯、荷兰、丹麦多产各种麦，而荷有烟、麻，俄富于材木焉。比利时产忽布。大率欧洲北部有松、柏、榛、榆及矮小之杨柳也。非洲热带，有数十年之木棉、大椰树、枣树，内地则加非、胡桃，北岸则榄、桃。埃及产五谷、蓝、棉、蔗。美洲产玉蜀黍、小麦、棉、蔗、米、烟、马铃薯及诸果，秘鲁同之，而鸡那最多。

==LML==

墨西哥产苏木、玉蜀黍、烟、麻、加非，而米尤盛。西印度诸岛尤饶兼热带诸产物，扣勃岛产糖冠天下，墨西哥加非尤盛，而烟、橙、凤梨有名矣。科仑比亚以椰为著，可制帽；其蓝、棉、加非、烟、蔗，又若树胶、苏术、则南美洲所独矣。智利、阿根廷产大小麦、葡萄、蔗；夏哇尼岛产面包；澳大利亚洲产竹椽、葡萄、小麦、玉蜀黍、棉、蔗、烟、米及诸果；此其大略也。凡五洲土产，各有所宜，分其地质之宜而种植、牧畜、渔取之。各小政府农曹及各农局公商界内种植、牧畜、渔取、称额之法，统计而决算之，分之各地农场。应用农人若干，应备化料若干，应备农具机器若干，应开垦若干，应分别种百谷、果、菜、树木，畜鸡、鸭、鹅与鱼、牛、马、羊、豕若干，厂场若干，各分其职而专为之极其琐细。分业愈多，则愈专而愈精，地无遗利，人无重业。及其种植、牧畜、渔产之收成，小政府商曹统计其度界内应留用之物品若干，预告之商部，而截留其若干。其馀种植、牧畜、渔产各品，为亿为兆，归之公政府商部；商部乃合收全球之农产而均输于各地，以所有易所无，以有馀补不足。其预备水旱、虫蝗、天灾、地变之不时者，曰预备额，略留多数以弥补各度界之凶荒灾患不时者。若无灾而有馀，则留以待下年之用；而下年之统计预算，即扣留之以宽地力。其农具、机器、化料皆购之于各地商店，其农人应给工价，随时议之。

The text is about the Mexican market, talking about its production and exportation of several products. Some of them include: the production of wood, wheat, tobacco, and fruits like oranges, pineapples and bananas. The text also mentions the production of several industrial items, which are exported to various countries. Mexico's exports are important for the global market. The country is also well-known for producing sugar and cotton. The text gives an overall summary of the Mexican market, its production and exportation of various products, and the production of industrial items too.

==PMJ==

每度界为一自治政府，立一农曹，其下数十里为一农局，其下数里为农场。其为稻、麦、黍、百谷、花果、草木、渔产、牧畜、各置分司，皆有主、伯、亚、旅、府、史、胥、徒以司之。主者总办也，伯者分司之提调也，亚者副之助之者也，旅者群执事也，府者收藏者也，史者统计及记事者也。其农场者，农田种植之所也；里数不定者，机器愈精，道路愈辟，人之智力愈强，则农场愈广也。每度农曹皆有地质调查局，将其本度内之山陵、原隰、坟衍、川海、人居为小模形，别其肥瘠及泥沙、水石之差，风雨、霜露之度，以色别而详识之。其地产之所宜及化料之所合，皆记而备之累年之报告调查，存考而求其进化。及其变更，皆有农学士多人岁时专考，而以报发明布告之，又皆有农学会以讲求之。其农学校有考验所，水产、牧畜、矿产皆然，择其最良之种而支配之，其恶种去之。凡农夫，皆得有农学考验证书而后用之；其未得证书而年逾二十者，亦得用为农夫，但不得为长及农学士矣；但其后有阅历日深，得有新义，亦许给证明书而迁为长伯、学士焉。其农曹立长，其下有副长，有参赞，有学士佐之，其下有史、府二官，胥、徒分任之，府、史皆有长、贰、掾属、胥、徒焉，其官数各视其地。其分曹之属，若百谷、花果、牧畜、渔产、矿产，各视其地之有无多寡以设司，无则缺之；全度界皆一物也，则农曹长自领之而不设司。

This paragraph introduces an agricultural system and complex methods used for efficient farming, such as using specialized machines, performing geological surveys, education (obtaining an agricultural examination certificate).

==AHY==

每一物品皆有调查讲习所，有学士多人聚而讲之，以报岁时发明布告之。其矿产、水产、山林，则有工师、技师司之，即学士也。凡分曹，其长、贰、参、佐，必由学士、工、技师出身，乃许任职，亦有府、史二官及胥、徒焉。其各农局，则分监督各农场者也，设于各农场适中之地，有长、副长、参赞以领之。其属有府、史二官以分领收藏、记事二职，有胥、徒焉以奔走其事。其百谷、花果、草木、渔产、牧畜、矿山皆有分曹，有主、伯、亚、旅以任之，并有学士、工师，设地质调查讲习所考求之，有报，以岁时发明布告之，与各度农曹同。其农场，若百谷、花果、树木、牧畜、渔产、矿产，划其地宜，数里以为之区。其各度人口之多寡，即以农场配分之，各有主、伯、亚、旅、府、史、胥、徒、学士、工、技师以任其事。主者总管全场之事；伯者分任农具、机器、用料、养料、化料、用人之事及各小区之监工也，并有亚以助之；旅者奔走管工者也；府则凡百谷、花果、树木、畜牧、水产、矿产之所入，司其收纳及支出以待农曹长之命，或截留之所耕之地，或交之近耕地之商店，或纳之农局、农曹之仓，皆听农曹府、史之统计而指拨之；史则凡本场种植、牧畜、渔、矿之事，日记而月省、岁计之，而上之于农局，以听指拨之命令；胥则奔走之人；徒则耕作渔牧之人也。其耕耘、收获、牧养、渔取，皆有部勒程度，其每日作工皆有时限。世愈平乐，机器愈精，则作工之时刻愈少，然作工之时，坐作进退，几如军令矣。

There are some geological research offices in which some new inventions will be discussed. Each agricultural school has a research bureau which is responsible for supervising each farm. It is led by a chief and his deputy. Research bureau is meant to study problems of each and every kind of product. As the equipment is more and more refined, the working hours could be shortened.

==WYX==

自农夫、渔、牧、矿工，各视其材之高下，阅历之浅深，以为工价之厚薄，略分十级。其尤者则拔迁农曹各司，但其长、贰，则必以学士、工师出身为之，可递迁为公政府各洲分政府农部官。其农夫、渔人、牧夫、矿工、林工至下级者，其俸令足为其衣食之资，自此等而上之可也。其支俸以先安息日给之，俾其游乐。其农场皆有室居，不住而别住客舍者听之；其场所皆有公园囿、公图书馆、戏院、音乐院以备游息，有公饭厅、公商店以备食宿，但规模稍粗而小耳。其演戏鼓乐，则诸农自为之。凡能任农事者，学校卒业之后，不论男女，皆许为农；其男女有交好者，许在公室同居焉。其公室，人占二室，一为卧室，一为客室，并有浴房；十人则为大公厅，皆高广疏达，花草楚楚，楼阁绵丽，过于今富室矣。其食，听人之所好而扣其费。又有公共讲堂，有讲师，每安息日，则讲古今道德品行贤豪之事及农业之事，以养其德性学识。其公室则公置之，不取值。其衣食之事，则由工金支之，出自费焉，听其自由，而工钱常留十分之一存于公中，为储金焉，以备其不愿作工而欲结友远游、购书之需。其稍远，则有公旅舍以备游行食宿，则收费矣；其去市近者，皆听其游。其告假不作工者听之，按日扣其工价；其太惰不作工及告假太多者逐之；凡累经逐者，削其名誉焉。其主、伯、府、史，职业虽优，而居室仍同，以示平等，但工金不同耳。其府司仓库者，不必纳押金，以是时人心无盗诈而商卖皆出于公也，但选阅历深、老成谨重者任之。
There is a society where workers are ranked based on skill and experience, with opportunities for advancement to administrative roles. Basic needs like housing and food are provided, and leisure activities are encouraged. Farming is esteemed, and graduates can pursue it regardless of gender. Couples can live together in public housing, which is well-equipped. Public amenities include parks, libraries, and theaters. Agricultural knowledge is shared through lectures on moral values and practical skills. Housing is assigned by rank, with communal areas for collective use. Financial support is provided through work-based income and savings. Discipline is enforced for those who refuse to work or abuse leave privileges. Public warehouses operate without requiring deposits, fostering trust in commercial transactions.

20240131 cult finals

2024-01-12T09:56:40Z

Wei Yuxin: /* TOPICS FOR THE FINAL PAPER */

Back to [[Chinese_Culture|course homepage]].

=TOPICS FOR THE FINAL PAPER=

1. 康明杰 Karol LGBTQ+ in China OK

2. 王晓彤 Wiktoria 中国金属音乐：历史、发展与评论接受 OK

3.安浩阳 Pawel 中国文化中蔬菜和水果的象征意义 OK

4.李美琳 Malwina 中国假货市场 OK

5.苏诗美 Lena 猴子在中国文化 OK

6.裴梦姣 Natalia 中国的美容标准 OK

7. 金乐 Asia 中华人民共和国电影审查 OK

8. 安凱容 Karolina 中国天灯的祝福和啓示 OK

9. 爱答 Ada 天空文化 Space Culture in China (promotion of space exploration in media, education and market) OK

10. 晏黎 Aleksandra 中国神话文化中的“四象” OK

11. 杨思艺 Julia 中国流行歌曲 OK

12. 王美芬 Gabriela 中国的刻板印象：吃狗肉 OK

13. 张宇璇 Anna 中国企业文化：发展历史与特点 OK

14. 艾希 Edyta 中国人的迷信 OK

15. 魏雨昕 Zyta 咖啡文化在中国

==How to write your final exam paper==

Please write in Chinese 1,000 characters. (Please also add an English translation.) Please think of a new text book chapter about a phenomenon of Chinese culture and list your topic with your name above. As soon as it will be approved by the teacher, you can start writing in one of the sub-websites beneath (see bottom of the page).

<span style="color:red">The deadline has been extended to '''Jan 20, 2023'''. After finishing your own paper, please go to the next paper, proof read it, contact the author, proof read by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy and sign the corrections until Jan 25. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Jan 31!</span>
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. ....、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References, Terms and Expressions, Questions, Answers)。Total number of Chinese characters: 1,000.

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers both on our [[Chinese_Culture|course website]] and also in our textbook, of which you have received a pdf file 9783865155009_Chinese_Culture_FULL.pdf.

==Ideas for new topics==
1. Kong Yiji Literature

孔乙己文学 kǒng yǐ jǐ wén xué

学历不但是敲门砖，也是我下不来的高台，更是孔乙己脱不下的长衫 - Academic qualifications are not only a stepping stone, but also a high platform that I cannot get off. It’s also like the long gown Kong Yiji cannot take off.

Background:

• In a social media post in April, a young man, frustrated with the limitations of China's education system, compared himself to the well-known character in Lu Xun’s 鲁迅 short story, Kong Yiji 孔乙己.

• Kong Yiji spent his life studying the "four books" (四书) and the "five classics" (五经). But in old age he is a poor beggar, unable to make a career as a scholar. Yet he still arrogantly, and ridiculously, wears his long-sleeved scholar's gown. He is a metaphor for how students in China today feel: Highly educated, but unable to find a good job. Read more in this week’s Phrase of the Week.

Related:

• 躺平 tǎngpíng - lie flat

• 内卷 nèijuǎn - intense competition

2. Introvert / extrovert

i人/e人 i rén / e rén

“i人”泛指在社交中失去能量、一般来说性格内敛的人，而“e人”泛指在社交中获得能量、一般来说性格外向的人 - Introverts are generally people who lose energy in social interactions, while extroverts generally refer to those who gain energy.

Background:

• The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), a psychological assessment framework, assigns a binary value to four personality traits: introversion or extraversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving.

• MBTI became a popular way to talk about personality types in China around May this year, seen as an alternative to zodiac signs. The values most of interest to Chinese internet users are "i" (introverted), and "e" (extroverted), which became a popular source of memes. i人 is also a more neutral way to say 内向 (introverted, quiet) in Chinese.

Related:

• 社恐 shè kǒng - socially awkward people

• 社牛 shè niú - socially confident people

3. Special forces-style tourism

特种兵式旅游 tè zhǒng bīng shì lǚ yóu

“特种兵式旅游”指高强度的旅行方式，即在周末或节假日等有限的时间里，游览尽可能多的景点 - "Special forces-style tourism" refers to high-intensity travelling, which is visiting as many scenic spots as possible in a limited time, such as during weekends or short national holiday breaks.

Background:

• After China relaxed its zero-Covid restrictions, people took the opportunity to take holidays on weekends and short national holidays. It was described as “special forces-style” tourism, involving intense travel, taking in as many places, in as little time, and for as little cost as possible.

• The term “special forces-style” has become a common way to express “intense” activity in different areas too.

Related:

• 特种兵式观剧 tè zhǒng bīng shì guān jù - binge watching TV series

• 特种兵式开会 tè zhǒng bīng shì kāi huì - holding marathon meetings

• 特种兵式午休 tè zhǒng bīng shì wǔ xiū - having a power nap

4. Way ahead

遥遥领先 yáo yáo lǐng xiān

2023年8月，华为宣布推出“HUAWEI Mate 60 Pro先锋计划”时，很多网友都用“遥遥领先”来调侃这一系列的产品

- In August 2023, when Huawei announced the launch of the "HUAWEI Mate 60 Pro Pioneer Plan", many netizens used the term "far ahead" to poke fun at this product line.
Background:

• An idiom which translates as "leading by a wide margin". At the Huawei Mate40 product launch in October 2020, Huawei executive Yu Chengdong 余承东 described the new product using the idiom 14 times. Since then it’s taken on the meaning of “exaggeration”, in relation to Huawei products, and also more generally.

• In August 2023, Huawei announced the launch of the "HUAWEI Mate 60 Pro Pioneer Plan”. Internet users again jokingly to poke fun at the new product. But there is perhaps more "leading" and less "exaggeration" to come from Huawei in 2024, with Yu Chengdong hinting this week there are more "leading, innovative, and disruptive" products to come next year, and more cause for concern in the US as highlighted by US Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo this week.

5. Buddy

搭子 dā zi

饭搭子是在人比较孤独的时候喊个人一起吃饭聊天，但平时不怎么联系 - A "meal buddy" is someone you hang out with when you don't want to eat alone, but have little contact with outside of that.

Background:

• From the word “card buddy” 牌搭子, which in the Shanghai dialect means someone you play cards with. Over time, its usage has expanded to refer to people engaging in specific activities together.

• “Buddy” 搭子 is a new type of relationship in China, “lighter than a friendship but deeper than a colleague relationship.” This phrase is a must-know and can be adapted to different situations.
Related:

• 饭搭子 fàn dā zi - meal buddy

• 旅游搭子 lǚ yóu dā zi - travel buddy

• 运动搭子 yùn dòng dā zi - exercise buddy

6. Really?

尊嘟假嘟 zūn dū jiǎ dū

我听说了，老板说这个月开始涨工资。尊嘟假嘟 - I heard the boss is going to increase our wages this month. Really?!

Background:

• From an account on Bilibili, 伯恩山 bot. The phrase is an onomatopoeia from a computer-generated voice sounding like a pet saying “really?! (真的假的 zhēn de jiǎ de) in Chinese.

• On social media it means “unbelievable.” Although it sounds cute, it also shows annoyance and criticism of insincere behaviour.

7. The "I miss you" wind has come to...

想你的风还是吹到了... xiǎng nǐ de fēng hái shì chuī dào le …

不知何时起，“我在xx很想你”、“想你的风还是吹到了xx”……这样的路牌成了全国各地旅游景点的流行元素，也成了网红拍照打卡点 - I don’t know since when, but street signs like “I miss you so much in xx” and “The 'I miss you' wind has come to xx” can be seen everywhere in tourist attractions across the country, and have also become popular selfie spots.

Background:

• Started as a slogan in promotional videos of tourist destinations. In recent times, there has been a wave of "'I miss you' wind" (想你的风) online.

• The phrase is seen on road signs at tourist attractions, including popular sites, streets, and even entire cities, to encourage tourists to take selfies and post images of themselves online.

Related:

• 竹筒奶茶 zhú tǒng nǎi chá - Milk tea in bamboo tube (another tourist consumer craze which was popular this year).

8. I am feeling great (not)

精神状态良好 jīng shén zhuàng tài liáng hǎo

网友们常常使用“我现在精神状态良好”来暗示自己实际上精神状态并不好，反而非常不稳定 - Netizens often use "I am feeling great" to imply that they are actually not in a good mental state, but rather very unstable.

Background:

• This is said ironically, actually meaning "I'm feeling emotionally unstable". The phrase became popular with young people as a way to cope with pressures of life. It’s a way of going "crazy" in order to relieve stress in the face of extreme competition, pressure, and anxiety.

• Some brands, such as McDonald's, KFC, and Lele Tea 乐乐茶, have effectively used the "good mental state" theme in their marketing campaigns, resonating with young people in need of emotional release, and some fun.

Related:

• 精神内耗 jīng shén nèi hào - emotional anxiety

• 卷又卷不动，躺又躺不平 juǎn yòu juǎn bú dòng, tǎng yòu tǎng bù píng - too tired to compete and too scared to lie flat

9. Magnificent wealth

泼天的富贵 pō tiān de fù guì

网友将这波流量带来的收益戏称为“泼天的富贵” - Netizens nicknamed the income brought by this wave of web traffic as "the boundless wealth that can cover the sky".

Background:

• Direct translation: "incomparable wealth, power, and status that floods the heavens." The origin of this expression is believed to come from a line in the classic Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber (红楼梦).

• It became popular following livestreaming e-commerce star Li Jiaqi’s 李佳琦 eyebrow pencil pricing incident in September, when he told a viewer to work harder to afford the 79 yuan product. Chinese brands saw an opportunity, creating product combos priced at 79 yuan. Bee and Flower 蜂花, a shampoo brand, sold extremely well using this strategy. On grabbing 79 yuan deals, netizens joked: "This enormous wealth has finally come to me!" (这波泼天富贵轮到我了). It’s poking fun at Li Jiaqi, highlighting successful brands, and expresses the feeling of "winning while lying down." (躺赢).

Related:

• 哪李贵了 nǎ lǐ guì le - Austin Li is out of touch (At the time, this was a much more popular meme, which we discussed in this newsletter).

10. From questioning them, to understanding them, to becoming them

质疑...，理解...，成为... zhì yí..., lǐ jiě..., chéng wéi...

质疑父母，理解父母，成为父母 - From questioning your parents, to understanding them, and finally becoming like them.

Background:

• Originally from the TV series iPartment 爱情公寓, a sitcom first aired in 2009. The character Lin Wanyu 林宛瑜 rejects her boyfriend's marriage proposal, choosing to pursue her career. At first, the audience doesn’t understand and is critical (质疑), but they eventually understand (理解), and some even identify and claim to be like her (成为).

• Earlier this year, the phrase "Question Wanyu, understand Wanyu, become Wanyu” (质疑宛瑜，理解宛瑜，成为宛瑜) gained popularity on social media. This structure became a widely used sentence format in other contexts.

Related:

• 质疑班主任，理解班主任，成为班主任 - Question the teacher, understand the teacher, become the teacher

Other important buzzwords of 2023

Comparison of the three “official” top 10 lists

The following phrases are the rest of the buzzwords from the three top ten lists that didn't quite make the cut for our top ten, but are important for you to know.
We’ve put the phrases into three categories: Social media memes, life in China and social trends, politics and policy.

Social media memes

11. Dig, dig, dig

挖呀挖呀挖 wā ya wā ya wā

在小小的花园里面挖呀挖呀挖，种小小的种子，开小小的花 - In the little garden, dig, dig, dig. Plant little seeds, and little flowers will bloom.

Background:

• "Dig, dig, dig in the little..." are lyrics of the nursery rhyme, Growing Flowers in the Garden, which was uploaded to Douyin in May this year by a Wuhan kindergarten teacher, surnamed Huang. In the video, Teacher Huang sings the song with kindergarten children with hand gestures. She became a viral sensation, garnering billions of hits on Douyin and other social platforms.

• People began to use this song as a template to make creative adaptations in other areas of life, mainly complaining about working too hard.

Related:

• 在小小的公司里挖呀挖呀挖，挣得少少的工资，根本不够花 - I dig and dig and dig in a small company, and the little salary I earn is not enough

• 在短短的假期里面挖呀挖呀挖，在长长的的调休日里乏呀乏呀乏 - I dig and dig and dig in the short vacation and I am exhausted working in many make-up days

12. Princess, please get on!

公主，请上车 gōng zhǔ, qǐng shàng chē

女儿要求父亲说一句“公主，请上车”才肯上车，结果父亲觉得是无理取闹，独自骑着电瓶车就走了 - A daughter asked her father to say "Princess, please get on", when he picked her up on his scooter. The father felt that it was unreasonable, so he rode off leaving the girl behind.

Background:

• A meme which started life on Douyin, in which a young girl asks her father to say the words “Princess, please get on” before she gets on his scooter at school pick-up. But the dad refuses to give her the royal welcome she hoped for, and instead scoots off in disgust!

• Originally a line from the 1953 American movie, Roman Holiday, this recreation of the scene took off on the Chinese internet, widely shared and imitated. The phrase "Princess (or prince), please..." has since become popular in other contexts.

Related:

• 公主，请上班 gōngzhǔ, qǐng shàng bān - Princess, please go to work

• 公主，请下单 gōngzhǔ, qǐng xià dān - Princess, please place your order

13/ Hachimi

哈基米 hā jī mǐ

给你点个赞，你的哈基米好可爱 - Nice, your cat is so cute!

Background:

• An onomatopoeia originally from the music of a viral cute cat video in May. The song first appeared in the anime Uma Musume: Pretty Derby 赛马娘, when the female protagonist hums the song on her way to buy honey (Hachimi means honey in Japanese).

• The Hachimi meme is widely used by pet content creators as background music for cute cat videos. The song is also used in pet marketing videos.

14. You seem to be a nice person

你人还怪好嘞 nǐ rén hái guài hǎo lei

在视频中他模拟大学生心思单纯，轻易相信人贩子说的话，还不忘加上“您人还怪好的嘞”的称赞 - In the video, he immitated a college student with a simple mind, who easily believed what the traffickers said, and even added: "You are quite a nice person."

Background:

• Originated from a blogger who unintentionally filmed a university student who needed to use the bathroom, entrusting his luggage to a passerby. He said “You are quite a good person" as he ran off to relieve himself.

• The phrase has a mocking tone towards the innocent university student, not yet aware of the harsh realities of society. It’s also used sarcastically towards someone who is not nice.

15. It's so cool!

泰裤辣 tài kù là

如果你也可以像我一样，那我觉得这件事情泰裤辣 - If you can be like me, then I think this is so cool!

Background:

• This phrase, which directly translates as “Thai trousers spicey”, sounds the same as “so cool” (太酷啦) in Chinese.

• This new take on the word for “cool” came from a freestyle rap by Wang Linkai 王琳凯 during a concert in May, finishing the freestyle with 泰酷辣 in a strong accent. “So cool” is used by netizens to mockingly describe confident and self-promoting celebrities.

16. Lively one

显眼包 xiǎn yǎn bāo

每个物种每个领域都有自己的显眼包 - Each type of thing, and each sector, has its own "lively ones".

Background:

• Describes people who attract attention, usually with a negative connotation of "show-off" or "attention-seeking". But it's become a positive term since May, following actor, Deng Chao’s 邓超, hosting of the Huabiao Awards 华表奖 (like a state-run Oscars). Deng cued the actors and actresses with humorous hand gestures, sometimes by mimicking their iconic on-screen moments.

• The phrase describes people who are lively and outgoing, and who naturally draw attention to themselves. It’s also used by products, such as snack brand, Wei Long 卫龙, which incorporated the phrase into a product launch this year.

Life in China and social trends

17. Village Super

村超 cūn chāo

村超，是贵州榕江三宝侗寨的“和美乡村足球超级联赛”的简称，这是一项由榕江老百姓自发组织的乡村体育赛事 - Village Super is the abbreviation of "Hemei Rural Football Super League" in Sanbao Dong Village in Rongjiang county, Guizhou. It is a rural sports event organised by the people of Rongjiang.

Background:

• Village Super is a non-government, rural, amateur football tournament held in Rongjiang County, a Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture in Guizhou Province. Held in June and July, it’s organised by local villagers, with 20 rural teams made up of players ranging in age from 15 to over 40.

• Players come from diverse backgrounds, including peddlers, drivers, students, carpenters, and butchers, representing different ethnic minorities. The tournament gained immense popularity both online and offline this summer. In the state media it was portrayed as a symbol of unity and community spirit.

Related:

• 村BA cūn b a - Village BA (rural basketball)

• 村排 cūn pái - Village Volley

18. Dopamine…

多巴胺... duō bā ān...

多巴胺穿搭成为了年轻人最爱的穿搭风格，追求抢眼、大胆前卫的穿搭 - Dopamine fashion has become the favourite style of young people, who want something eye-catching, bold and avant-garde.

Background:

• A transliteration from the English, dopamine, with similar connotations of "happy" or "feel good". It started with the trend of "dopamine fashion," first coined by American fashion psychologist Dawnn Karen. She suggested wearing bright clothes can make you feel happy and confident, and boost your mood.

• "Dopamine fashion" (多巴胺穿搭) took off in China this summer. “Dopamine…” then expanded to other areas of life, meaning "happy" or "enjoyable."

Related:

• 多巴胺景区 duō bā ān jǐng qū - dopamine destination, beautiful scenic spot

• 多巴胺饮食 duō bā ān yǐn shí - dopamine diet, a diet that makes you feel great

• 多巴胺休假 duō bā ān xiū jià - dopamine vacation, an amazing holiday

19. Fans of…

...门 ...mén

我是麦门信徒，可以多给我放几根脆脆薯条吗？麦门永生 - I am a McDonald's believer. Can you put a few more crispy fries for me? McDonald's forever!

Background:

• 门 mén means "door" or "gate" in Chinese. As a suffix, "-gate" refers to sensational or high profile events. It’s from the English "-gate" which means a major political event.

• Now "-gate" in Chinese describes groups of people who are in the same circles or subcultures. In late 2022, "-gate" 门 became a popular meme following an advertising campaign by McDonalds in China with the slogan: "McDonalds fans forever!” (麦门永存). The 门 here is from the word "disciples" (门徒 méntú). It's become a common way to describe groups of fans or people who have the same interest or passion for a particular brand or activity.

Related:

• 猫门 māo mén - fans of cats, cat people

20. People who believe in true love

纯爱战士 chún ài zhàn shì

纯爱战士应声倒地 - The warrior of true love falls to the floor.

Background:

• In Chinese TV dramas, plots involving infidelity, domestic violence, and divorce have become overly common, leaving audiences numb.

• On videos and online novels where “pure” romantic intensity reaches its peak, this phrase appears in comments. But be careful, context is important. The example sentence above can have two meanings: “The one that believes in true love is betrayed;” or “this love story is so sweet that I'm going to faint!”

21. Emotional value

情绪价值 qíng xù jià zhí

如今流行的“情绪价值”则是对人际关系的描述，指的是一个人影响他人情绪的能力 - Today, the popular phrase "emotional value" refers to a person's ability to influence the emotions of others in interpersonal relationships.

Background:

• "Emotional value" is a marketing concept meaning the worth that customers attach to a product or service based on how it makes them feel.

• The phrase has evolved to describe someone’s ability to affect the emotions of others. The more comfort, joy, and stability a person brings to others, the higher their emotional value; If they bring a negative impact on others' emotions, they have a low emotional value.

Politics and policy

22. Productivity driven by innovation

新质生产力 xīn zhì shēng chǎn lì

积极培育未来产业，加快形成新质生产力，增强发展新动能 - We must cultivate future industries, accelerate the formation of new productive forces, and enhance new development momentum.

Background:

• This is a Xi quote from an inspection tour in Heilongjiang, in September this year.

• It's been referred to in the state media articulating China's goals of becoming a scientific and technological innovator, playing a leading role, and promoting its “high-quality development” agenda.

23. To have the same intention or good will

双向奔赴 shuāng xiàng bēn fù

正是人民的双向奔赴，让中美关系一次次从低谷重回正道 - It is the reaching out to each other by our peoples that has brought Sino-US relations back to the right track from its low point.

Background:

• Direct translation is “rushing in both directions,” the official translation is “to have the same intention or good will.” The phrase is from Xi Jinping's speech at the welcome banquet during the Biden-Xi summit in San Francisco in November.

• In China’s state media, it’s a metaphor for “people from both countries engaged in building healthy relations between the US and China”. (Although this phrase has long been a popular internet slang, meaning something quite different: two people that are in love with each other).

24. Large-scale AI models

人工智能大模型 rén gōng zhì néng dà mó xíng

一系列基于大模型的人工智能应用相继问世，其中 ChatGPT、“文心一言”等已经在社会生产、生活方面产生了广泛影响 - A series of artificial intelligence applications based on large models launched recently, including ChatGPT and ERNIE Bot, have had a wide impact on society.

Background:

• ChatGPT has been a favourite topic for China’s tech press all year. The launch of the Baidu equivalent, ERNIE Bot 文心一言, and its subsequent flop, was also high on the tech news agenda through the year.

• The regulation, management, and also control of these tools are big questions that China’s policy makers are facing.

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A Madman's Diary

2023-12-14T15:56:38Z

Wei Yuxin: /* Zyta Rydz */

text in chinese: [https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/luxun/03/005.htm]

text in english: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lu-xun/1918/04/x01.htm]

text in polish: [https://skosnymokiem.wordpress.com/2011/07/16/dziennik-szalenca/]

original title: 狂人日记 (A Madman's Diary)

author：鲁迅 (Lu Xun)

== Homework ==

== Aleksandra Urbańska ==
某君昆仲，今隐其名，皆余昔日在中学时良友；分隔多年，消息渐阙。日前偶闻其一大病；适归故乡，迂道往访，则仅晤一人，言病者其弟也。劳君远道来视，然已早愈，赴某地候补矣。因大笑，出示日记二册，谓可见当日病状，不妨献诸旧友。持归阅一过，知所患盖“迫害狂”之类。语颇错杂无伦次，又多荒唐之言；亦不著月日，惟墨色字体不一，知非一时所书。间亦有略具联络者，今撮录一篇，以供医家研究。记中语误，一字不易；惟人名虽皆村人，不为世间所知，无关大体，然亦悉易去。至于书名，则本人愈后所题，不复改也。七年四月二日识。

　　一

　　今天晚上，很好的月光。

　　我不见他，已是三十多年；今天见了，精神分外爽快。才知道以前的三十多年，全是发昏；然而须十分小心。不然，那赵家的狗，何以看我两眼呢？

　　我怕得有理。

== Anna Proskura ==

二

今天全没月光，我知道不妙。早上小心出门，赵贵翁的眼色便怪：似乎怕我，似乎想害我。还有七八个人，交头接耳的议论我，张着嘴，对我笑了一笑；我便从头直冷到脚根，晓得他们布置，都已妥当了。

　　我可不怕，仍旧走我的路。前面一伙小孩子，也在那里议论我；眼色也同赵贵翁一样，脸色也铁青。我想我同小孩子有什么仇，他也这样。忍不住大声说，“你告诉我！”他们可就跑了。

　　我想：我同赵贵翁有什么仇，同路上的人又有什么仇；只有廿年以前，把古久先生的陈年流水簿子，踹了一脚，古久先生很不高兴。赵贵翁虽然不认识他，一定也听到风声，代抱不平；约定路上的人，同我作冤对。但是小孩子呢？那时候，他们还没有出世，何以今天也睁着怪眼睛，似乎怕我，似乎想害我。这真教我怕，教我纳罕而且伤心。

　　我明白了。这是他们娘老子教的！

== Asia Zawada ==
三

晚上总是睡不着。凡事须得研究，才会明白。

　　他们——也有给知县打枷过的，也有给绅士掌过嘴的，也有衙役占了他妻子的，也有老子娘被债主逼死的；他们那时候的脸色，全没有昨天这么怕，也没有这么凶。

　　最奇怪的是昨天街上的那个女人，打他儿子，嘴里说道，“老子呀！我要咬你几口才出气！”他眼睛却看着我。我出了一惊，遮掩不住；那青面獠牙的一伙人，便都哄笑起来。陈老五赶上前，硬把我拖回家中了。

　　拖我回家，家里的人都装作不认识我；他们的脸色，也全同别人一样。进了书房，便反扣上门，宛然是关了一只鸡鸭。这一件事，越教我猜不出底细。

　　前几天，狼子村的佃户来告荒，对我大哥说，他们村里的一个大恶人，给大家打死了；几个人便挖出他的心肝来，用油煎炒了吃，可以壮壮胆子。我插了一句嘴，佃户和大哥便都看我几眼。今天才晓得他们的眼光，全同外面的那伙人一模一样。

== Edyta Skorupa ==

想起来，我从顶上直冷到脚跟。

　　他们会吃人，就未必不会吃我。

　　你看那女人“咬你几口”的话，和一伙青面獠牙人的笑，和前天佃户的话，明明是暗号。我看出他话中全是毒，笑中全是刀。他们的牙齿，全是白厉厉的排着，这就是吃人的家伙。

　　照我自己想，虽然不是恶人，自从踹了古家的簿子，可就难说了。他们似乎别有心思，我全猜不出。况且他们一翻脸，便说人是恶人。我还记得大哥教我做论，无论怎样好人，翻他几句，他便打上几个圈；原谅坏人几句，他便说“翻天妙手，与众不同”。我那里猜得到他们的心思，究竟怎样；况且是要吃的时候。

　　凡事总须研究，才会明白。古来时常吃人，我也还记得，可是不甚清楚。我翻开历史一查，这历史没有年代，歪歪斜斜的每叶上都写着“仁义道德”几个字。我横竖睡不着，仔细看了半夜，才从字缝里看出字来，满本都写着两个字是“吃人”！

　　书上写着这许多字，佃户说了这许多话，却都笑吟吟的睁着怪眼看我。

　　我也是人，他们想要吃我了！

== Ada Dan ==

四

　　早上，我静坐了一会儿。陈老五送进饭来，一碗菜，一碗蒸鱼；这鱼的眼睛，白而且硬，张着嘴，同那一伙想吃人的人一样。吃了几筷，滑溜溜的不知是鱼是人，便把他兜肚连肠的吐出。

　　我说“老五，对大哥说，我闷得慌，想到园里走走。”老五不答应，走了；停一会，可就来开了门。

　　我也不动，研究他们如何摆布我；知道他们一定不肯放松。果然！我大哥引了一个老头子，慢慢走来；他满眼凶光，怕我看出，只是低头向着地，从眼镜横边暗暗看我。大哥说，“今天你仿佛很好。”我说“是的。”大哥说，“今天请何先生来，给你诊一诊。”我说“可以！”其实我岂不知道这老头子是刽子手扮的！无非借了看脉这名目，揣一揣肥瘠：因这功劳，也分一片肉吃。我也不怕；虽然不吃人，胆子却比他们还壮。伸出两个拳头，看他如何下手。老头子坐着，闭了眼睛，摸了好一会，呆了好一会；便张开他鬼眼睛说，“不要乱想。静静的养几天，就好了。”

== Ewa Kopania ==

不要乱想，静静的养！养肥了，他们是自然可以多吃；我有什么好处，怎么会“好了”？他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，不敢直截下手，真要令我笑死。我忍不住，便放声大笑起来，十分快活。自己晓得这笑声里面，有的是义勇和正气。老头子和大哥，都失了色，被我这勇气正气镇压住了。

　　但是我有勇气，他们便越想吃我，沾光一点这勇气。老头子跨出门，走不多远，便低声对大哥说道，“赶紧吃罢！”大哥点点头。原来也有你！这一件大发见，虽似意外，也在意中：合伙吃我的人，便是我的哥哥！

　　吃人的是我哥哥！

　　我是吃人的人的兄弟！

　　我自己被人吃了，可仍然是吃人的人的兄弟！

== Gabriela Krukowska ==

五

　　这几天是退一步想：假使那老头子不是刽子手扮的，真是医生，也仍然是吃人的人。他们的祖师李时珍做的“本草什么”上，明明写着人肉可以煎吃；他还能说自己不吃人么？

　　至于我家大哥，也毫不冤枉他。他对我讲书的时候，亲口说过可以“易子而食”；又一回偶然议论起一个不好的人，他便说不但该杀，还当“食肉寝皮”。我那时年纪还小，心跳了好半天。前天狼子村佃户来说吃心肝的事，他也毫不奇怪，不住的点头。可见心思是同从前一样狠。既然可以“易子而食”，便什么都易得，什么人都吃得。我从前单听他讲道理，也胡涂过去；现在晓得他讲道理的时候，不但唇边还抹着人油，而且心里满装着吃人的意思。

== Julia Dereżeńska ==
六

　　黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。赵家的狗又叫起来了。

　　狮子似的凶心，兔子的怯弱，狐狸的狡猾，……

　　七

　　我晓得他们的方法，直捷杀了，是不肯的，而且也不敢，怕有祸祟。所以他们大家连络，布满了罗网，逼我自戕。试看前几天街上男女的样子，和这几天我大哥的作为，便足可悟出八九分了。最好是解下腰带，挂在梁上，自己紧紧勒死；他们没有杀人的罪名，又偿了心愿，自然都欢天喜地的发出一种呜呜咽咽的笑声。否则惊吓忧愁死了，虽则略瘦，也还可以首肯几下。

== Karol Perka ==
他们是只会吃死肉的！——记得什么书上说，有一种东西，叫“海乙那”的，眼光和样子都很难看；时常吃死肉，连极大的骨头，都细细嚼烂，咽下肚子去，想起来也教人害怕。“海乙那”是狼的亲眷，狼是狗的本家。前天赵家的狗，看我几眼，可见他也同谋，早已接洽。老头子眼看着地，岂能瞒得我过。

　　最可怜的是我的大哥，他也是人，何以毫不害怕；而且合伙吃我呢？还是历来惯了，不以为非呢？还是丧了良心，明知故犯呢？

　　我诅咒吃人的人，先从他起头；要劝转吃人的人，也先从他下手。

== Karolina Englert ==
八

其实这种道理，到了现在，他们也该早已懂得，……

　　忽然来了一个人；年纪不过二十左右，相貌是不很看得清楚，满面笑容，对了我点头，他的笑也不像真笑。我便问他，“吃人的事，对么？”他仍然笑着说，“不是荒年，怎么会吃人。”我立刻就晓得，他也是一伙，喜欢吃人的；便自勇气百倍，偏要问他。

　　“对么？”

　　“这等事问他什么。你真会……说笑话。……今天天气很好。”

　　天气是好，月色也很亮了。可是我要问你，“对么？”

　　他不以为然了。含含胡胡的答道，“不……”

　　“不对？他们何以竟吃？！”

　　“没有的事……”

　　“没有的事？狼子村现吃；还有书上都写着，通红斩新！”

　　他便变了脸，铁一般青。睁着眼说，“有许有的，这是从来如此……”

　　“从来如此，便对么？”

　　“我不同你讲这些道理；总之你不该说，你说便是你错！”

== Lena Rzeźnikowska ==
　我直跳起来，张开眼，这人便不见了。全身出了一大片汗。他的年纪，比我大哥小得远，居然也是一伙；这一定是他娘老子先教的。还怕已经教给他儿子了；所以连小孩子，也都恶狠狠的看我。

　　九

　　自己想吃人，又怕被别人吃了，都用着疑心极深的眼光，面面相觑。……

　　去了这心思，放心做事走路吃饭睡觉，何等舒服。这只是一条门槛，一个关头。他们可是父子兄弟夫妇朋友师生仇敌和各不相识的人，都结成一伙，互相劝勉，互相牵掣，死也不肯跨过这一步。

== Malwina Filipowicz ==
十
　　大清早，去寻我大哥；他立在堂门外看天，我便走到他背后，拦住门，格外沉静，格外和气的对他说，

　　“大哥，我有话告诉你。”

　　“你说就是，”他赶紧回过脸来，点点头。

　　“我只有几句话，可是说不出来。大哥，大约当初野蛮的人，都吃过一点人。后来因为心思不同，有的不吃人了，一味要好，便变了人，变了真的人。有的却还吃，——也同虫子一样，有的变了鱼鸟猴子，一直变到人。有的不要好，至今还是虫子。这吃人的人比不吃人的人，何等惭愧。怕比虫子的惭愧猴子，还差得很远很远。

　　“易牙蒸了他儿子，给桀纣吃，还是一直从前的事。谁晓得从盘古开辟天地以后，一直吃到易牙的儿子；从易牙的儿子，一直吃到徐锡林；从徐锡林，又一直吃到狼子村捉住的人。去年城里杀了犯人，还有一个生痨病的人，用馒头蘸血舐。

== Natalia Gloc ==
“他们要吃我，你一个人，原也无法可想；然而又何必去入伙。吃人的人，什么事做不出；他们会吃我，也会吃你，一伙里面，也会自吃。但只要转一步，只要立刻改了，也就是人人太平。虽然从来如此，我们今天也可以格外要好，说是不能！大哥，我相信你能说，前天佃户要减租，你说过不能。”

　　当初，他还只是冷笑，随后眼光便凶狠起来，一到说破他们的隐情，那就满脸都变成青色了。大门外立着一伙人，赵贵翁和他的狗，也在里面，都探头探脑的挨进来。有的是看不出面貌，似乎用布蒙着；有的是仍旧青面獠牙，抿着嘴笑。我认识他们是一伙，都是吃人的人。可是也晓得他们心思很不一样，一种是以为从来如此，应该吃的；一种是知道不该吃，可是仍然要吃，又怕别人说破他，所以听了我的话，越发气愤不过，可是抿着嘴冷笑。

这时候，大哥也忽然显出凶相，高声喝道，

　　“都出去！疯子有什么好看！”

== Paweł Andraszak ==
这时候，我又懂得一件他们的巧妙了。他们岂但不肯改，而且早已布置；预备下一个疯子的名目罩上我。将来吃了，不但太平无事，怕还会有人见情。佃户说的大家吃了一个恶人，正是这方法。这是他们的老谱！

　　陈老五也气愤愤的直走进来。如何按得住我的口，我偏要对这伙人说，

　　“你们可以改了，从真心改起！要晓得将来容不得吃人的人，活在世上。

　　“你们要不改，自己也会吃尽。即使生得多，也会给真的人除灭了，同猎人打完狼子一样！——同虫子一样！”

　　那一伙人，都被陈老五赶走了。大哥也不知那里去了。陈老五劝我回屋子里去。屋里面全是黑沉沉的。横梁和椽子都在头上发抖；抖了一会，就大起来，堆在我身上。

　　万分沉重，动弹不得；他的意思是要我死。我晓得他的沉重是假的，便挣扎出来，出了一身汗。可是偏要说，

　　“你们立刻改了，从真心改起！你们要晓得将来是容不得吃人的人，……”

== Wiktoria Wolny ==

　十一

　　太阳也不出，门也不开，日日是两顿饭。

　　我捏起筷子，便想起我大哥；晓得妹子死掉的缘故，也全在他。那时我妹子才五岁，可爱可怜的样子，还在眼前。母亲哭个不住，他却劝母亲不要哭；大约因为自己吃了，哭起来不免有点过意不去。如果还能过意不去，……

　　妹子是被大哥吃了，母亲知道没有，我可不得而知。

　　母亲想也知道；不过哭的时候，却并没有说明，大约也以为应当的了。记得我四五岁时，坐在堂前乘凉，大哥说爷娘生病，做儿子的须割下一片肉来，煮熟了请他吃，才算好人；母亲也没有说不行。一片吃得，整个的自然也吃得。但是那天的哭法，现在想起来，实在还教人伤心，这真是奇极的事！

== Zyta Rydz ==

　十二

　　不能想了。

　　四千年来时时吃人的地方，今天才明白，我也在其中混了多年；大哥正管着家务，妹子恰恰死了，他未必不和在饭菜里，暗暗给我们吃。

　　我未必无意之中，不吃了我妹子的几片肉，现在也轮到我自己，……

　　有了四千年吃人履历的我，当初虽然不知道，现在明白，难见真的人！

　　十三

　　没有吃过人的孩子，或者还有？

　　救救孩子……

　　一九一八年四月

12.

He is unable to think. He finally realized that cannibalism has been common in his country for the last 4 thousand years. He also thinks, that when his little sister died, his brother fed them her body. He is completely devastet by this fact.

13.

He wonders if there are any children, who haven't ate human flesh yet and want them to be saved from that fate

A Madman's Diary

2023-12-14T15:32:50Z

Wei Yuxin:

A Madman's Diary

2023-12-14T15:22:53Z

Wei Yuxin:

text in chinese: [https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/luxun/03/005.htm]
text in english: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lu-xun/1918/04/x01.htm]
text in polish: [https://skosnymokiem.wordpress.com/2011/07/16/dziennik-szalenca/]

== Homework ==

== Aleksandra Urbańska ==
某君昆仲，今隐其名，皆余昔日在中学时良友；分隔多年，消息渐阙。日前偶闻其一大病；适归故乡，迂道往访，则仅晤一人，言病者其弟也。劳君远道来视，然已早愈，赴某地候补矣。因大笑，出示日记二册，谓可见当日病状，不妨献诸旧友。持归阅一过，知所患盖“迫害狂”之类。语颇错杂无伦次，又多荒唐之言；亦不著月日，惟墨色字体不一，知非一时所书。间亦有略具联络者，今撮录一篇，以供医家研究。记中语误，一字不易；惟人名虽皆村人，不为世间所知，无关大体，然亦悉易去。至于书名，则本人愈后所题，不复改也。七年四月二日识。

　　一

　　今天晚上，很好的月光。

　　我不见他，已是三十多年；今天见了，精神分外爽快。才知道以前的三十多年，全是发昏；然而须十分小心。不然，那赵家的狗，何以看我两眼呢？

　　我怕得有理。

== Anna Proskura ==

二

今天全没月光，我知道不妙。早上小心出门，赵贵翁的眼色便怪：似乎怕我，似乎想害我。还有七八个人，交头接耳的议论我，张着嘴，对我笑了一笑；我便从头直冷到脚根，晓得他们布置，都已妥当了。

　　我可不怕，仍旧走我的路。前面一伙小孩子，也在那里议论我；眼色也同赵贵翁一样，脸色也铁青。我想我同小孩子有什么仇，他也这样。忍不住大声说，“你告诉我！”他们可就跑了。

　　我想：我同赵贵翁有什么仇，同路上的人又有什么仇；只有廿年以前，把古久先生的陈年流水簿子，踹了一脚，古久先生很不高兴。赵贵翁虽然不认识他，一定也听到风声，代抱不平；约定路上的人，同我作冤对。但是小孩子呢？那时候，他们还没有出世，何以今天也睁着怪眼睛，似乎怕我，似乎想害我。这真教我怕，教我纳罕而且伤心。

　　我明白了。这是他们娘老子教的！

== Asia Zawada ==
三

晚上总是睡不着。凡事须得研究，才会明白。

　　他们——也有给知县打枷过的，也有给绅士掌过嘴的，也有衙役占了他妻子的，也有老子娘被债主逼死的；他们那时候的脸色，全没有昨天这么怕，也没有这么凶。

　　最奇怪的是昨天街上的那个女人，打他儿子，嘴里说道，“老子呀！我要咬你几口才出气！”他眼睛却看着我。我出了一惊，遮掩不住；那青面獠牙的一伙人，便都哄笑起来。陈老五赶上前，硬把我拖回家中了。

　　拖我回家，家里的人都装作不认识我；他们的脸色，也全同别人一样。进了书房，便反扣上门，宛然是关了一只鸡鸭。这一件事，越教我猜不出底细。

　　前几天，狼子村的佃户来告荒，对我大哥说，他们村里的一个大恶人，给大家打死了；几个人便挖出他的心肝来，用油煎炒了吃，可以壮壮胆子。我插了一句嘴，佃户和大哥便都看我几眼。今天才晓得他们的眼光，全同外面的那伙人一模一样。

== Edyta Skorupa ==

想起来，我从顶上直冷到脚跟。

　　他们会吃人，就未必不会吃我。

　　你看那女人“咬你几口”的话，和一伙青面獠牙人的笑，和前天佃户的话，明明是暗号。我看出他话中全是毒，笑中全是刀。他们的牙齿，全是白厉厉的排着，这就是吃人的家伙。

　　照我自己想，虽然不是恶人，自从踹了古家的簿子，可就难说了。他们似乎别有心思，我全猜不出。况且他们一翻脸，便说人是恶人。我还记得大哥教我做论，无论怎样好人，翻他几句，他便打上几个圈；原谅坏人几句，他便说“翻天妙手，与众不同”。我那里猜得到他们的心思，究竟怎样；况且是要吃的时候。

　　凡事总须研究，才会明白。古来时常吃人，我也还记得，可是不甚清楚。我翻开历史一查，这历史没有年代，歪歪斜斜的每叶上都写着“仁义道德”几个字。我横竖睡不着，仔细看了半夜，才从字缝里看出字来，满本都写着两个字是“吃人”！

　　书上写着这许多字，佃户说了这许多话，却都笑吟吟的睁着怪眼看我。

　　我也是人，他们想要吃我了！

== Ada Dan ==

四

　　早上，我静坐了一会儿。陈老五送进饭来，一碗菜，一碗蒸鱼；这鱼的眼睛，白而且硬，张着嘴，同那一伙想吃人的人一样。吃了几筷，滑溜溜的不知是鱼是人，便把他兜肚连肠的吐出。

　　我说“老五，对大哥说，我闷得慌，想到园里走走。”老五不答应，走了；停一会，可就来开了门。

　　我也不动，研究他们如何摆布我；知道他们一定不肯放松。果然！我大哥引了一个老头子，慢慢走来；他满眼凶光，怕我看出，只是低头向着地，从眼镜横边暗暗看我。大哥说，“今天你仿佛很好。”我说“是的。”大哥说，“今天请何先生来，给你诊一诊。”我说“可以！”其实我岂不知道这老头子是刽子手扮的！无非借了看脉这名目，揣一揣肥瘠：因这功劳，也分一片肉吃。我也不怕；虽然不吃人，胆子却比他们还壮。伸出两个拳头，看他如何下手。老头子坐着，闭了眼睛，摸了好一会，呆了好一会；便张开他鬼眼睛说，“不要乱想。静静的养几天，就好了。”

== Ewa Kopania ==

不要乱想，静静的养！养肥了，他们是自然可以多吃；我有什么好处，怎么会“好了”？他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，不敢直截下手，真要令我笑死。我忍不住，便放声大笑起来，十分快活。自己晓得这笑声里面，有的是义勇和正气。老头子和大哥，都失了色，被我这勇气正气镇压住了。

　　但是我有勇气，他们便越想吃我，沾光一点这勇气。老头子跨出门，走不多远，便低声对大哥说道，“赶紧吃罢！”大哥点点头。原来也有你！这一件大发见，虽似意外，也在意中：合伙吃我的人，便是我的哥哥！

　　吃人的是我哥哥！

　　我是吃人的人的兄弟！

　　我自己被人吃了，可仍然是吃人的人的兄弟！

== Gabriela Krukowska ==

五

　　这几天是退一步想：假使那老头子不是刽子手扮的，真是医生，也仍然是吃人的人。他们的祖师李时珍做的“本草什么”上，明明写着人肉可以煎吃；他还能说自己不吃人么？

　　至于我家大哥，也毫不冤枉他。他对我讲书的时候，亲口说过可以“易子而食”；又一回偶然议论起一个不好的人，他便说不但该杀，还当“食肉寝皮”。我那时年纪还小，心跳了好半天。前天狼子村佃户来说吃心肝的事，他也毫不奇怪，不住的点头。可见心思是同从前一样狠。既然可以“易子而食”，便什么都易得，什么人都吃得。我从前单听他讲道理，也胡涂过去；现在晓得他讲道理的时候，不但唇边还抹着人油，而且心里满装着吃人的意思。

== Julia Dereżeńska ==
六

　　黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。赵家的狗又叫起来了。

　　狮子似的凶心，兔子的怯弱，狐狸的狡猾，……

　　七

　　我晓得他们的方法，直捷杀了，是不肯的，而且也不敢，怕有祸祟。所以他们大家连络，布满了罗网，逼我自戕。试看前几天街上男女的样子，和这几天我大哥的作为，便足可悟出八九分了。最好是解下腰带，挂在梁上，自己紧紧勒死；他们没有杀人的罪名，又偿了心愿，自然都欢天喜地的发出一种呜呜咽咽的笑声。否则惊吓忧愁死了，虽则略瘦，也还可以首肯几下。

== Karol Perka ==
他们是只会吃死肉的！——记得什么书上说，有一种东西，叫“海乙那”的，眼光和样子都很难看；时常吃死肉，连极大的骨头，都细细嚼烂，咽下肚子去，想起来也教人害怕。“海乙那”是狼的亲眷，狼是狗的本家。前天赵家的狗，看我几眼，可见他也同谋，早已接洽。老头子眼看着地，岂能瞒得我过。

　　最可怜的是我的大哥，他也是人，何以毫不害怕；而且合伙吃我呢？还是历来惯了，不以为非呢？还是丧了良心，明知故犯呢？

　　我诅咒吃人的人，先从他起头；要劝转吃人的人，也先从他下手。

== Karolina Englert ==
八

其实这种道理，到了现在，他们也该早已懂得，……

　　忽然来了一个人；年纪不过二十左右，相貌是不很看得清楚，满面笑容，对了我点头，他的笑也不像真笑。我便问他，“吃人的事，对么？”他仍然笑着说，“不是荒年，怎么会吃人。”我立刻就晓得，他也是一伙，喜欢吃人的；便自勇气百倍，偏要问他。

　　“对么？”

　　“这等事问他什么。你真会……说笑话。……今天天气很好。”

　　天气是好，月色也很亮了。可是我要问你，“对么？”

　　他不以为然了。含含胡胡的答道，“不……”

　　“不对？他们何以竟吃？！”

　　“没有的事……”

　　“没有的事？狼子村现吃；还有书上都写着，通红斩新！”

　　他便变了脸，铁一般青。睁着眼说，“有许有的，这是从来如此……”

　　“从来如此，便对么？”

　　“我不同你讲这些道理；总之你不该说，你说便是你错！”

== Lena Rzeźnikowska ==
　我直跳起来，张开眼，这人便不见了。全身出了一大片汗。他的年纪，比我大哥小得远，居然也是一伙；这一定是他娘老子先教的。还怕已经教给他儿子了；所以连小孩子，也都恶狠狠的看我。

　　九

　　自己想吃人，又怕被别人吃了，都用着疑心极深的眼光，面面相觑。……

　　去了这心思，放心做事走路吃饭睡觉，何等舒服。这只是一条门槛，一个关头。他们可是父子兄弟夫妇朋友师生仇敌和各不相识的人，都结成一伙，互相劝勉，互相牵掣，死也不肯跨过这一步。

== Malwina Filipowicz ==
十
　　大清早，去寻我大哥；他立在堂门外看天，我便走到他背后，拦住门，格外沉静，格外和气的对他说，

　　“大哥，我有话告诉你。”

　　“你说就是，”他赶紧回过脸来，点点头。

　　“我只有几句话，可是说不出来。大哥，大约当初野蛮的人，都吃过一点人。后来因为心思不同，有的不吃人了，一味要好，便变了人，变了真的人。有的却还吃，——也同虫子一样，有的变了鱼鸟猴子，一直变到人。有的不要好，至今还是虫子。这吃人的人比不吃人的人，何等惭愧。怕比虫子的惭愧猴子，还差得很远很远。

　　“易牙蒸了他儿子，给桀纣吃，还是一直从前的事。谁晓得从盘古开辟天地以后，一直吃到易牙的儿子；从易牙的儿子，一直吃到徐锡林；从徐锡林，又一直吃到狼子村捉住的人。去年城里杀了犯人，还有一个生痨病的人，用馒头蘸血舐。

== Natalia Gloc ==
“他们要吃我，你一个人，原也无法可想；然而又何必去入伙。吃人的人，什么事做不出；他们会吃我，也会吃你，一伙里面，也会自吃。但只要转一步，只要立刻改了，也就是人人太平。虽然从来如此，我们今天也可以格外要好，说是不能！大哥，我相信你能说，前天佃户要减租，你说过不能。”

　　当初，他还只是冷笑，随后眼光便凶狠起来，一到说破他们的隐情，那就满脸都变成青色了。大门外立着一伙人，赵贵翁和他的狗，也在里面，都探头探脑的挨进来。有的是看不出面貌，似乎用布蒙着；有的是仍旧青面獠牙，抿着嘴笑。我认识他们是一伙，都是吃人的人。可是也晓得他们心思很不一样，一种是以为从来如此，应该吃的；一种是知道不该吃，可是仍然要吃，又怕别人说破他，所以听了我的话，越发气愤不过，可是抿着嘴冷笑。

这时候，大哥也忽然显出凶相，高声喝道，

　　“都出去！疯子有什么好看！”

== Paweł Andraszak ==
这时候，我又懂得一件他们的巧妙了。他们岂但不肯改，而且早已布置；预备下一个疯子的名目罩上我。将来吃了，不但太平无事，怕还会有人见情。佃户说的大家吃了一个恶人，正是这方法。这是他们的老谱！

　　陈老五也气愤愤的直走进来。如何按得住我的口，我偏要对这伙人说，

　　“你们可以改了，从真心改起！要晓得将来容不得吃人的人，活在世上。

　　“你们要不改，自己也会吃尽。即使生得多，也会给真的人除灭了，同猎人打完狼子一样！——同虫子一样！”

　　那一伙人，都被陈老五赶走了。大哥也不知那里去了。陈老五劝我回屋子里去。屋里面全是黑沉沉的。横梁和椽子都在头上发抖；抖了一会，就大起来，堆在我身上。

　　万分沉重，动弹不得；他的意思是要我死。我晓得他的沉重是假的，便挣扎出来，出了一身汗。可是偏要说，

　　“你们立刻改了，从真心改起！你们要晓得将来是容不得吃人的人，……”

== Wiktoria Wolny ==

　十一

　　太阳也不出，门也不开，日日是两顿饭。

　　我捏起筷子，便想起我大哥；晓得妹子死掉的缘故，也全在他。那时我妹子才五岁，可爱可怜的样子，还在眼前。母亲哭个不住，他却劝母亲不要哭；大约因为自己吃了，哭起来不免有点过意不去。如果还能过意不去，……

　　妹子是被大哥吃了，母亲知道没有，我可不得而知。

　　母亲想也知道；不过哭的时候，却并没有说明，大约也以为应当的了。记得我四五岁时，坐在堂前乘凉，大哥说爷娘生病，做儿子的须割下一片肉来，煮熟了请他吃，才算好人；母亲也没有说不行。一片吃得，整个的自然也吃得。但是那天的哭法，现在想起来，实在还教人伤心，这真是奇极的事！

== Zyta Rydz ==

　十二

　　不能想了。

　　四千年来时时吃人的地方，今天才明白，我也在其中混了多年；大哥正管着家务，妹子恰恰死了，他未必不和在饭菜里，暗暗给我们吃。

　　我未必无意之中，不吃了我妹子的几片肉，现在也轮到我自己，……

　　有了四千年吃人履历的我，当初虽然不知道，现在明白，难见真的人！

　　十三

　　没有吃过人的孩子，或者还有？

　　救救孩子……

　　一九一八年四月

A Madman's Diary

2023-12-14T15:21:53Z

Wei Yuxin:

text in chinese: [https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/luxun/03/005.htm]
text in english: [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lu-xun/1918/04/x01.htm]
text in polish: [https://skosnymokiem.wordpress.com/2011/07/16/dziennik-szalenca/]

== Homework ==

== Aleksandra Urbańska ==
某君昆仲，今隐其名，皆余昔日在中学时良友；分隔多年，消息渐阙。日前偶闻其一大病；适归故乡，迂道往访，则仅晤一人，言病者其弟也。劳君远道来视，然已早愈，赴某地候补矣。因大笑，出示日记二册，谓可见当日病状，不妨献诸旧友。持归阅一过，知所患盖“迫害狂”之类。语颇错杂无伦次，又多荒唐之言；亦不著月日，惟墨色字体不一，知非一时所书。间亦有略具联络者，今撮录一篇，以供医家研究。记中语误，一字不易；惟人名虽皆村人，不为世间所知，无关大体，然亦悉易去。至于书名，则本人愈后所题，不复改也。七年四月二日识。

　　一

　　今天晚上，很好的月光。

　　我不见他，已是三十多年；今天见了，精神分外爽快。才知道以前的三十多年，全是发昏；然而须十分小心。不然，那赵家的狗，何以看我两眼呢？

　　我怕得有理。

== Anna Proskura ==

二

今天全没月光，我知道不妙。早上小心出门，赵贵翁的眼色便怪：似乎怕我，似乎想害我。还有七八个人，交头接耳的议论我，张着嘴，对我笑了一笑；我便从头直冷到脚根，晓得他们布置，都已妥当了。

　　我可不怕，仍旧走我的路。前面一伙小孩子，也在那里议论我；眼色也同赵贵翁一样，脸色也铁青。我想我同小孩子有什么仇，他也这样。忍不住大声说，“你告诉我！”他们可就跑了。

　　我想：我同赵贵翁有什么仇，同路上的人又有什么仇；只有廿年以前，把古久先生的陈年流水簿子，踹了一脚，古久先生很不高兴。赵贵翁虽然不认识他，一定也听到风声，代抱不平；约定路上的人，同我作冤对。但是小孩子呢？那时候，他们还没有出世，何以今天也睁着怪眼睛，似乎怕我，似乎想害我。这真教我怕，教我纳罕而且伤心。

　　我明白了。这是他们娘老子教的！

== Asia Zawada ==
三

晚上总是睡不着。凡事须得研究，才会明白。

　　他们——也有给知县打枷过的，也有给绅士掌过嘴的，也有衙役占了他妻子的，也有老子娘被债主逼死的；他们那时候的脸色，全没有昨天这么怕，也没有这么凶。

　　最奇怪的是昨天街上的那个女人，打他儿子，嘴里说道，“老子呀！我要咬你几口才出气！”他眼睛却看着我。我出了一惊，遮掩不住；那青面獠牙的一伙人，便都哄笑起来。陈老五赶上前，硬把我拖回家中了。

　　拖我回家，家里的人都装作不认识我；他们的脸色，也全同别人一样。进了书房，便反扣上门，宛然是关了一只鸡鸭。这一件事，越教我猜不出底细。

　　前几天，狼子村的佃户来告荒，对我大哥说，他们村里的一个大恶人，给大家打死了；几个人便挖出他的心肝来，用油煎炒了吃，可以壮壮胆子。我插了一句嘴，佃户和大哥便都看我几眼。今天才晓得他们的眼光，全同外面的那伙人一模一样。

== Edyta Skorupa ==

想起来，我从顶上直冷到脚跟。

　　他们会吃人，就未必不会吃我。

　　你看那女人“咬你几口”的话，和一伙青面獠牙人的笑，和前天佃户的话，明明是暗号。我看出他话中全是毒，笑中全是刀。他们的牙齿，全是白厉厉的排着，这就是吃人的家伙。

　　照我自己想，虽然不是恶人，自从踹了古家的簿子，可就难说了。他们似乎别有心思，我全猜不出。况且他们一翻脸，便说人是恶人。我还记得大哥教我做论，无论怎样好人，翻他几句，他便打上几个圈；原谅坏人几句，他便说“翻天妙手，与众不同”。我那里猜得到他们的心思，究竟怎样；况且是要吃的时候。

　　凡事总须研究，才会明白。古来时常吃人，我也还记得，可是不甚清楚。我翻开历史一查，这历史没有年代，歪歪斜斜的每叶上都写着“仁义道德”几个字。我横竖睡不着，仔细看了半夜，才从字缝里看出字来，满本都写着两个字是“吃人”！

　　书上写着这许多字，佃户说了这许多话，却都笑吟吟的睁着怪眼看我。

　　我也是人，他们想要吃我了！

== Ada Dan ==

四

　　早上，我静坐了一会儿。陈老五送进饭来，一碗菜，一碗蒸鱼；这鱼的眼睛，白而且硬，张着嘴，同那一伙想吃人的人一样。吃了几筷，滑溜溜的不知是鱼是人，便把他兜肚连肠的吐出。

　　我说“老五，对大哥说，我闷得慌，想到园里走走。”老五不答应，走了；停一会，可就来开了门。

　　我也不动，研究他们如何摆布我；知道他们一定不肯放松。果然！我大哥引了一个老头子，慢慢走来；他满眼凶光，怕我看出，只是低头向着地，从眼镜横边暗暗看我。大哥说，“今天你仿佛很好。”我说“是的。”大哥说，“今天请何先生来，给你诊一诊。”我说“可以！”其实我岂不知道这老头子是刽子手扮的！无非借了看脉这名目，揣一揣肥瘠：因这功劳，也分一片肉吃。我也不怕；虽然不吃人，胆子却比他们还壮。伸出两个拳头，看他如何下手。老头子坐着，闭了眼睛，摸了好一会，呆了好一会；便张开他鬼眼睛说，“不要乱想。静静的养几天，就好了。”

== Ewa Kopania ==

不要乱想，静静的养！养肥了，他们是自然可以多吃；我有什么好处，怎么会“好了”？他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，不敢直截下手，真要令我笑死。我忍不住，便放声大笑起来，十分快活。自己晓得这笑声里面，有的是义勇和正气。老头子和大哥，都失了色，被我这勇气正气镇压住了。

　　但是我有勇气，他们便越想吃我，沾光一点这勇气。老头子跨出门，走不多远，便低声对大哥说道，“赶紧吃罢！”大哥点点头。原来也有你！这一件大发见，虽似意外，也在意中：合伙吃我的人，便是我的哥哥！

　　吃人的是我哥哥！

　　我是吃人的人的兄弟！

　　我自己被人吃了，可仍然是吃人的人的兄弟！

== Gabriela Krukowska ==

五

　　这几天是退一步想：假使那老头子不是刽子手扮的，真是医生，也仍然是吃人的人。他们的祖师李时珍做的“本草什么”上，明明写着人肉可以煎吃；他还能说自己不吃人么？

　　至于我家大哥，也毫不冤枉他。他对我讲书的时候，亲口说过可以“易子而食”；又一回偶然议论起一个不好的人，他便说不但该杀，还当“食肉寝皮”。我那时年纪还小，心跳了好半天。前天狼子村佃户来说吃心肝的事，他也毫不奇怪，不住的点头。可见心思是同从前一样狠。既然可以“易子而食”，便什么都易得，什么人都吃得。我从前单听他讲道理，也胡涂过去；现在晓得他讲道理的时候，不但唇边还抹着人油，而且心里满装着吃人的意思。

== Julia Dereżeńska ==
六

　　黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。赵家的狗又叫起来了。

　　狮子似的凶心，兔子的怯弱，狐狸的狡猾，……

　　七

　　我晓得他们的方法，直捷杀了，是不肯的，而且也不敢，怕有祸祟。所以他们大家连络，布满了罗网，逼我自戕。试看前几天街上男女的样子，和这几天我大哥的作为，便足可悟出八九分了。最好是解下腰带，挂在梁上，自己紧紧勒死；他们没有杀人的罪名，又偿了心愿，自然都欢天喜地的发出一种呜呜咽咽的笑声。否则惊吓忧愁死了，虽则略瘦，也还可以首肯几下。

== Karol Perka ==
他们是只会吃死肉的！——记得什么书上说，有一种东西，叫“海乙那”的，眼光和样子都很难看；时常吃死肉，连极大的骨头，都细细嚼烂，咽下肚子去，想起来也教人害怕。“海乙那”是狼的亲眷，狼是狗的本家。前天赵家的狗，看我几眼，可见他也同谋，早已接洽。老头子眼看着地，岂能瞒得我过。

　　最可怜的是我的大哥，他也是人，何以毫不害怕；而且合伙吃我呢？还是历来惯了，不以为非呢？还是丧了良心，明知故犯呢？

　　我诅咒吃人的人，先从他起头；要劝转吃人的人，也先从他下手。

== Karolina Englert ==
八

其实这种道理，到了现在，他们也该早已懂得，……

　　忽然来了一个人；年纪不过二十左右，相貌是不很看得清楚，满面笑容，对了我点头，他的笑也不像真笑。我便问他，“吃人的事，对么？”他仍然笑着说，“不是荒年，怎么会吃人。”我立刻就晓得，他也是一伙，喜欢吃人的；便自勇气百倍，偏要问他。

　　“对么？”

　　“这等事问他什么。你真会……说笑话。……今天天气很好。”

　　天气是好，月色也很亮了。可是我要问你，“对么？”

　　他不以为然了。含含胡胡的答道，“不……”

　　“不对？他们何以竟吃？！”

　　“没有的事……”

　　“没有的事？狼子村现吃；还有书上都写着，通红斩新！”

　　他便变了脸，铁一般青。睁着眼说，“有许有的，这是从来如此……”

　　“从来如此，便对么？”

　　“我不同你讲这些道理；总之你不该说，你说便是你错！”

== Lena Rzeźnikowska ==
　我直跳起来，张开眼，这人便不见了。全身出了一大片汗。他的年纪，比我大哥小得远，居然也是一伙；这一定是他娘老子先教的。还怕已经教给他儿子了；所以连小孩子，也都恶狠狠的看我。

　　九

　　自己想吃人，又怕被别人吃了，都用着疑心极深的眼光，面面相觑。……

　　去了这心思，放心做事走路吃饭睡觉，何等舒服。这只是一条门槛，一个关头。他们可是父子兄弟夫妇朋友师生仇敌和各不相识的人，都结成一伙，互相劝勉，互相牵掣，死也不肯跨过这一步。

== Malwina Filipowicz ==
十
　　大清早，去寻我大哥；他立在堂门外看天，我便走到他背后，拦住门，格外沉静，格外和气的对他说，

　　“大哥，我有话告诉你。”

　　“你说就是，”他赶紧回过脸来，点点头。

　　“我只有几句话，可是说不出来。大哥，大约当初野蛮的人，都吃过一点人。后来因为心思不同，有的不吃人了，一味要好，便变了人，变了真的人。有的却还吃，——也同虫子一样，有的变了鱼鸟猴子，一直变到人。有的不要好，至今还是虫子。这吃人的人比不吃人的人，何等惭愧。怕比虫子的惭愧猴子，还差得很远很远。

　　“易牙蒸了他儿子，给桀纣吃，还是一直从前的事。谁晓得从盘古开辟天地以后，一直吃到易牙的儿子；从易牙的儿子，一直吃到徐锡林；从徐锡林，又一直吃到狼子村捉住的人。去年城里杀了犯人，还有一个生痨病的人，用馒头蘸血舐。

== Natalia Gloc ==
“他们要吃我，你一个人，原也无法可想；然而又何必去入伙。吃人的人，什么事做不出；他们会吃我，也会吃你，一伙里面，也会自吃。但只要转一步，只要立刻改了，也就是人人太平。虽然从来如此，我们今天也可以格外要好，说是不能！大哥，我相信你能说，前天佃户要减租，你说过不能。”

　　当初，他还只是冷笑，随后眼光便凶狠起来，一到说破他们的隐情，那就满脸都变成青色了。大门外立着一伙人，赵贵翁和他的狗，也在里面，都探头探脑的挨进来。有的是看不出面貌，似乎用布蒙着；有的是仍旧青面獠牙，抿着嘴笑。我认识他们是一伙，都是吃人的人。可是也晓得他们心思很不一样，一种是以为从来如此，应该吃的；一种是知道不该吃，可是仍然要吃，又怕别人说破他，所以听了我的话，越发气愤不过，可是抿着嘴冷笑。

这时候，大哥也忽然显出凶相，高声喝道，

　　“都出去！疯子有什么好看！”

== Paweł Andraszak ==
这时候，我又懂得一件他们的巧妙了。他们岂但不肯改，而且早已布置；预备下一个疯子的名目罩上我。将来吃了，不但太平无事，怕还会有人见情。佃户说的大家吃了一个恶人，正是这方法。这是他们的老谱！

　　陈老五也气愤愤的直走进来。如何按得住我的口，我偏要对这伙人说，

　　“你们可以改了，从真心改起！要晓得将来容不得吃人的人，活在世上。

　　“你们要不改，自己也会吃尽。即使生得多，也会给真的人除灭了，同猎人打完狼子一样！——同虫子一样！”

　　那一伙人，都被陈老五赶走了。大哥也不知那里去了。陈老五劝我回屋子里去。屋里面全是黑沉沉的。横梁和椽子都在头上发抖；抖了一会，就大起来，堆在我身上。

　　万分沉重，动弹不得；他的意思是要我死。我晓得他的沉重是假的，便挣扎出来，出了一身汗。可是偏要说，

　　“你们立刻改了，从真心改起！你们要晓得将来是容不得吃人的人，……”

== Wiktoria Wolny ==

　十一

　　太阳也不出，门也不开，日日是两顿饭。

　　我捏起筷子，便想起我大哥；晓得妹子死掉的缘故，也全在他。那时我妹子才五岁，可爱可怜的样子，还在眼前。母亲哭个不住，他却劝母亲不要哭；大约因为自己吃了，哭起来不免有点过意不去。如果还能过意不去，……

　　妹子是被大哥吃了，母亲知道没有，我可不得而知。

　　母亲想也知道；不过哭的时候，却并没有说明，大约也以为应当的了。记得我四五岁时，坐在堂前乘凉，大哥说爷娘生病，做儿子的须割下一片肉来，煮熟了请他吃，才算好人；母亲也没有说不行。一片吃得，整个的自然也吃得。但是那天的哭法，现在想起来，实在还教人伤心，这真是奇极的事！

== Zyta Rydz ==

　十二

　　不能想了。

　　四千年来时时吃人的地方，今天才明白，我也在其中混了多年；大哥正管着家务，妹子恰恰死了，他未必不和在饭菜里，暗暗给我们吃。

　　我未必无意之中，不吃了我妹子的几片肉，现在也轮到我自己，……

　　有了四千年吃人履历的我，当初虽然不知道，现在明白，难见真的人！

　　十三

　　没有吃过人的孩子，或者还有？

　　救救孩子……

　　一九一八年四月

A Madman's Diary

2023-12-14T15:16:02Z

Wei Yuxin: Created page with " == Homework == == Aleksandra Urbańska == 某君昆仲，今隐其名，皆余昔日在中学时良友；分隔多年，消息渐阙。日前偶闻其一大病；适归故..."

== Homework ==

== Aleksandra Urbańska ==
某君昆仲，今隐其名，皆余昔日在中学时良友；分隔多年，消息渐阙。日前偶闻其一大病；适归故乡，迂道往访，则仅晤一人，言病者其弟也。劳君远道来视，然已早愈，赴某地候补矣。因大笑，出示日记二册，谓可见当日病状，不妨献诸旧友。持归阅一过，知所患盖“迫害狂”之类。语颇错杂无伦次，又多荒唐之言；亦不著月日，惟墨色字体不一，知非一时所书。间亦有略具联络者，今撮录一篇，以供医家研究。记中语误，一字不易；惟人名虽皆村人，不为世间所知，无关大体，然亦悉易去。至于书名，则本人愈后所题，不复改也。七年四月二日识。

　　一

　　今天晚上，很好的月光。

　　我不见他，已是三十多年；今天见了，精神分外爽快。才知道以前的三十多年，全是发昏；然而须十分小心。不然，那赵家的狗，何以看我两眼呢？

　　我怕得有理。

== Anna Proskura ==

今天全没月光，我知道不妙。早上小心出门，赵贵翁的眼色便怪：似乎怕我，似乎想害我。还有七八个人，交头接耳的议论我，张着嘴，对我笑了一笑；我便从头直冷到脚根，晓得他们布置，都已妥当了。

　　我可不怕，仍旧走我的路。前面一伙小孩子，也在那里议论我；眼色也同赵贵翁一样，脸色也铁青。我想我同小孩子有什么仇，他也这样。忍不住大声说，“你告诉我！”他们可就跑了。

　　我想：我同赵贵翁有什么仇，同路上的人又有什么仇；只有廿年以前，把古久先生的陈年流水簿子，踹了一脚，古久先生很不高兴。赵贵翁虽然不认识他，一定也听到风声，代抱不平；约定路上的人，同我作冤对。但是小孩子呢？那时候，他们还没有出世，何以今天也睁着怪眼睛，似乎怕我，似乎想害我。这真教我怕，教我纳罕而且伤心。

　　我明白了。这是他们娘老子教的！

== Asia Zawada ==

晚上总是睡不着。凡事须得研究，才会明白。

　　他们——也有给知县打枷过的，也有给绅士掌过嘴的，也有衙役占了他妻子的，也有老子娘被债主逼死的；他们那时候的脸色，全没有昨天这么怕，也没有这么凶。

　　最奇怪的是昨天街上的那个女人，打他儿子，嘴里说道，“老子呀！我要咬你几口才出气！”他眼睛却看着我。我出了一惊，遮掩不住；那青面獠牙的一伙人，便都哄笑起来。陈老五赶上前，硬把我拖回家中了。

　　拖我回家，家里的人都装作不认识我；他们的脸色，也全同别人一样。进了书房，便反扣上门，宛然是关了一只鸡鸭。这一件事，越教我猜不出底细。

　　前几天，狼子村的佃户来告荒，对我大哥说，他们村里的一个大恶人，给大家打死了；几个人便挖出他的心肝来，用油煎炒了吃，可以壮壮胆子。我插了一句嘴，佃户和大哥便都看我几眼。今天才晓得他们的眼光，全同外面的那伙人一模一样。

== Edyta Skorupa ==

想起来，我从顶上直冷到脚跟。

　　他们会吃人，就未必不会吃我。

　　你看那女人“咬你几口”的话，和一伙青面獠牙人的笑，和前天佃户的话，明明是暗号。我看出他话中全是毒，笑中全是刀。他们的牙齿，全是白厉厉的排着，这就是吃人的家伙。

　　照我自己想，虽然不是恶人，自从踹了古家的簿子，可就难说了。他们似乎别有心思，我全猜不出。况且他们一翻脸，便说人是恶人。我还记得大哥教我做论，无论怎样好人，翻他几句，他便打上几个圈；原谅坏人几句，他便说“翻天妙手，与众不同”。我那里猜得到他们的心思，究竟怎样；况且是要吃的时候。

　　凡事总须研究，才会明白。古来时常吃人，我也还记得，可是不甚清楚。我翻开历史一查，这历史没有年代，歪歪斜斜的每叶上都写着“仁义道德”几个字。我横竖睡不着，仔细看了半夜，才从字缝里看出字来，满本都写着两个字是“吃人”！

　　书上写着这许多字，佃户说了这许多话，却都笑吟吟的睁着怪眼看我。

　　我也是人，他们想要吃我了！

== Ada Dan ==

四

　　早上，我静坐了一会儿。陈老五送进饭来，一碗菜，一碗蒸鱼；这鱼的眼睛，白而且硬，张着嘴，同那一伙想吃人的人一样。吃了几筷，滑溜溜的不知是鱼是人，便把他兜肚连肠的吐出。

　　我说“老五，对大哥说，我闷得慌，想到园里走走。”老五不答应，走了；停一会，可就来开了门。

　　我也不动，研究他们如何摆布我；知道他们一定不肯放松。果然！我大哥引了一个老头子，慢慢走来；他满眼凶光，怕我看出，只是低头向着地，从眼镜横边暗暗看我。大哥说，“今天你仿佛很好。”我说“是的。”大哥说，“今天请何先生来，给你诊一诊。”我说“可以！”其实我岂不知道这老头子是刽子手扮的！无非借了看脉这名目，揣一揣肥瘠：因这功劳，也分一片肉吃。我也不怕；虽然不吃人，胆子却比他们还壮。伸出两个拳头，看他如何下手。老头子坐着，闭了眼睛，摸了好一会，呆了好一会；便张开他鬼眼睛说，“不要乱想。静静的养几天，就好了。”

== Ewa Kopania ==

不要乱想，静静的养！养肥了，他们是自然可以多吃；我有什么好处，怎么会“好了”？他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，不敢直截下手，真要令我笑死。我忍不住，便放声大笑起来，十分快活。自己晓得这笑声里面，有的是义勇和正气。老头子和大哥，都失了色，被我这勇气正气镇压住了。

　　但是我有勇气，他们便越想吃我，沾光一点这勇气。老头子跨出门，走不多远，便低声对大哥说道，“赶紧吃罢！”大哥点点头。原来也有你！这一件大发见，虽似意外，也在意中：合伙吃我的人，便是我的哥哥！

　　吃人的是我哥哥！

　　我是吃人的人的兄弟！

　　我自己被人吃了，可仍然是吃人的人的兄弟！

== Gabriela Krukowska ==

五

　　这几天是退一步想：假使那老头子不是刽子手扮的，真是医生，也仍然是吃人的人。他们的祖师李时珍做的“本草什么”上，明明写着人肉可以煎吃；他还能说自己不吃人么？

　　至于我家大哥，也毫不冤枉他。他对我讲书的时候，亲口说过可以“易子而食”；又一回偶然议论起一个不好的人，他便说不但该杀，还当“食肉寝皮”。我那时年纪还小，心跳了好半天。前天狼子村佃户来说吃心肝的事，他也毫不奇怪，不住的点头。可见心思是同从前一样狠。既然可以“易子而食”，便什么都易得，什么人都吃得。我从前单听他讲道理，也胡涂过去；现在晓得他讲道理的时候，不但唇边还抹着人油，而且心里满装着吃人的意思。

== Julia Dereżeńska ==
六

　　黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。赵家的狗又叫起来了。

　　狮子似的凶心，兔子的怯弱，狐狸的狡猾，……

　　七

　　我晓得他们的方法，直捷杀了，是不肯的，而且也不敢，怕有祸祟。所以他们大家连络，布满了罗网，逼我自戕。试看前几天街上男女的样子，和这几天我大哥的作为，便足可悟出八九分了。最好是解下腰带，挂在梁上，自己紧紧勒死；他们没有杀人的罪名，又偿了心愿，自然都欢天喜地的发出一种呜呜咽咽的笑声。否则惊吓忧愁死了，虽则略瘦，也还可以首肯几下。

== Karol Perka ==
他们是只会吃死肉的！——记得什么书上说，有一种东西，叫“海乙那”的，眼光和样子都很难看；时常吃死肉，连极大的骨头，都细细嚼烂，咽下肚子去，想起来也教人害怕。“海乙那”是狼的亲眷，狼是狗的本家。前天赵家的狗，看我几眼，可见他也同谋，早已接洽。老头子眼看着地，岂能瞒得我过。

　　最可怜的是我的大哥，他也是人，何以毫不害怕；而且合伙吃我呢？还是历来惯了，不以为非呢？还是丧了良心，明知故犯呢？

　　我诅咒吃人的人，先从他起头；要劝转吃人的人，也先从他下手。

== Karolina Englert ==
其实这种道理，到了现在，他们也该早已懂得，……

　　忽然来了一个人；年纪不过二十左右，相貌是不很看得清楚，满面笑容，对了我点头，他的笑也不像真笑。我便问他，“吃人的事，对么？”他仍然笑着说，“不是荒年，怎么会吃人。”我立刻就晓得，他也是一伙，喜欢吃人的；便自勇气百倍，偏要问他。

　　“对么？”

　　“这等事问他什么。你真会……说笑话。……今天天气很好。”

　　天气是好，月色也很亮了。可是我要问你，“对么？”

　　他不以为然了。含含胡胡的答道，“不……”

　　“不对？他们何以竟吃？！”

　　“没有的事……”

　　“没有的事？狼子村现吃；还有书上都写着，通红斩新！”

　　他便变了脸，铁一般青。睁着眼说，“有许有的，这是从来如此……”

　　“从来如此，便对么？”

　　“我不同你讲这些道理；总之你不该说，你说便是你错！”

== Lena Rzeźnikowska ==
　我直跳起来，张开眼，这人便不见了。全身出了一大片汗。他的年纪，比我大哥小得远，居然也是一伙；这一定是他娘老子先教的。还怕已经教给他儿子了；所以连小孩子，也都恶狠狠的看我。

　　九

　　自己想吃人，又怕被别人吃了，都用着疑心极深的眼光，面面相觑。……

　　去了这心思，放心做事走路吃饭睡觉，何等舒服。这只是一条门槛，一个关头。他们可是父子兄弟夫妇朋友师生仇敌和各不相识的人，都结成一伙，互相劝勉，互相牵掣，死也不肯跨过这一步。

== Malwina Filipowicz ==
十
　　大清早，去寻我大哥；他立在堂门外看天，我便走到他背后，拦住门，格外沉静，格外和气的对他说，

　　“大哥，我有话告诉你。”

　　“你说就是，”他赶紧回过脸来，点点头。

　　“我只有几句话，可是说不出来。大哥，大约当初野蛮的人，都吃过一点人。后来因为心思不同，有的不吃人了，一味要好，便变了人，变了真的人。有的却还吃，——也同虫子一样，有的变了鱼鸟猴子，一直变到人。有的不要好，至今还是虫子。这吃人的人比不吃人的人，何等惭愧。怕比虫子的惭愧猴子，还差得很远很远。

　　“易牙蒸了他儿子，给桀纣吃，还是一直从前的事。谁晓得从盘古开辟天地以后，一直吃到易牙的儿子；从易牙的儿子，一直吃到徐锡林；从徐锡林，又一直吃到狼子村捉住的人。去年城里杀了犯人，还有一个生痨病的人，用馒头蘸血舐。

== Natalia Gloc ==
“他们要吃我，你一个人，原也无法可想；然而又何必去入伙。吃人的人，什么事做不出；他们会吃我，也会吃你，一伙里面，也会自吃。但只要转一步，只要立刻改了，也就是人人太平。虽然从来如此，我们今天也可以格外要好，说是不能！大哥，我相信你能说，前天佃户要减租，你说过不能。”

　　当初，他还只是冷笑，随后眼光便凶狠起来，一到说破他们的隐情，那就满脸都变成青色了。大门外立着一伙人，赵贵翁和他的狗，也在里面，都探头探脑的挨进来。有的是看不出面貌，似乎用布蒙着；有的是仍旧青面獠牙，抿着嘴笑。我认识他们是一伙，都是吃人的人。可是也晓得他们心思很不一样，一种是以为从来如此，应该吃的；一种是知道不该吃，可是仍然要吃，又怕别人说破他，所以听了我的话，越发气愤不过，可是抿着嘴冷笑。

这时候，大哥也忽然显出凶相，高声喝道，

　　“都出去！疯子有什么好看！”

== Paweł Andraszak ==
这时候，我又懂得一件他们的巧妙了。他们岂但不肯改，而且早已布置；预备下一个疯子的名目罩上我。将来吃了，不但太平无事，怕还会有人见情。佃户说的大家吃了一个恶人，正是这方法。这是他们的老谱！

　　陈老五也气愤愤的直走进来。如何按得住我的口，我偏要对这伙人说，

　　“你们可以改了，从真心改起！要晓得将来容不得吃人的人，活在世上。

　　“你们要不改，自己也会吃尽。即使生得多，也会给真的人除灭了，同猎人打完狼子一样！——同虫子一样！”

　　那一伙人，都被陈老五赶走了。大哥也不知那里去了。陈老五劝我回屋子里去。屋里面全是黑沉沉的。横梁和椽子都在头上发抖；抖了一会，就大起来，堆在我身上。

　　万分沉重，动弹不得；他的意思是要我死。我晓得他的沉重是假的，便挣扎出来，出了一身汗。可是偏要说，

　　“你们立刻改了，从真心改起！你们要晓得将来是容不得吃人的人，……”

== Wiktoria Wolny ==

　十一

　　太阳也不出，门也不开，日日是两顿饭。

　　我捏起筷子，便想起我大哥；晓得妹子死掉的缘故，也全在他。那时我妹子才五岁，可爱可怜的样子，还在眼前。母亲哭个不住，他却劝母亲不要哭；大约因为自己吃了，哭起来不免有点过意不去。如果还能过意不去，……

　　妹子是被大哥吃了，母亲知道没有，我可不得而知。

　　母亲想也知道；不过哭的时候，却并没有说明，大约也以为应当的了。记得我四五岁时，坐在堂前乘凉，大哥说爷娘生病，做儿子的须割下一片肉来，煮熟了请他吃，才算好人；母亲也没有说不行。一片吃得，整个的自然也吃得。但是那天的哭法，现在想起来，实在还教人伤心，这真是奇极的事！

== Zyta Rydz ==

　十二

　　不能想了。

　　四千年来时时吃人的地方，今天才明白，我也在其中混了多年；大哥正管着家务，妹子恰恰死了，他未必不和在饭菜里，暗暗给我们吃。

　　我未必无意之中，不吃了我妹子的几片肉，现在也轮到我自己，……

　　有了四千年吃人履历的我，当初虽然不知道，现在明白，难见真的人！

　　十三

　　没有吃过人的孩子，或者还有？

　　救救孩子……

　　一九一八年四月

Critical Review of Chinese Literature

2023-12-14T15:01:58Z

Wei Yuxin: /* Session 8: Republican literature I */

FRI 9:45-11:15 sal. 413 Critical Review of Chinese Literature Krytyczny przeglad literatury
chinskiej SIN m I (1) 30, fall 2023, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan
=Session 1: Organizational Things and Self-Introduction=
*教学助理 - Karolina [[Teaching assistant]]
*维基管理员 - Malwina [[Wiki admin]]
==Student roll (1st year Master)==
#Gabriela Krukowska 王美芬大學老師和教育翻譯電腦游戲本地化
#Ewa Kopania 田小龍外交官對亞洲、歷史感興趣，因爲瞭解到日本的歷史責任轉到對中國感興趣喜歡讀書 23，畢業以後參加外交部的考試
#Zyta Rydz 魏雨昕新疆語言政策筆譯翻譯喜歡文學
#Asia (Joanna) Zawada 金樂金乐中国人觉得他们的精英怎么样？古代和20世紀的中國人翻譯波蘭文學翻譯成漢語，數學數據分析
#Karol Perka 康明傑在中國文學裏翻譯成中文的西方外文名稱，外語，老師
#Malwina Filipowicz 李美琳對中國文化感興趣，外語，翻譯
#Anna Proskura 張宇璇外語（俄語、烏克蘭語、波蘭語、漢語、英語）
#Julia Dereżyṅska 楊思藝外語（俄語、英語、漢語、波蘭語、韓文）、lgbt的詞語、語言分析
#Paweł Andraszak 安浩阳中國文化，文學，歷史中國農村宗教（武俠電影）
#Aleksandra Urbanska 晏黎动物象征，对仙侠电视剧的影响外语（英語老師、波蘭語、漢語）以後要學韓語、泰語西哈(Hip Hop)跳舞
#Karolina Englert 安凱榕華沙大學、中醫：氣功的發展
#Natalia Gloc 裴夢姣翻譯粵語、中國方言和文字
#Edyta Skorupa 艾希從小對中國文化感興趣，要儅漢語老師成都方言（語法）
#Wiktoria Wolny 王曉彤中國文化和文學、喜歡看文學、相當筆譯，翻譯小説，奇幻小説（Fantasy）中國長篇小説的兩種英文翻譯
#Ada Dan 愛答外語、俄語、學西班牙語營業代表喜歡音樂，自己創造音樂跳舞（Dance Hall）美國和中國在天空的比賽現在：文學題目

===课程安排 Schedule===
*1 Oct 6, 2023 9:45-11:15 424
*2 Oct 13 9:45-11:15
*3 Oct 27 9:45-11:15
*4 Dec 1 9:45-11:15
*5 Dec 1 11:30-13:00
*6 Dec 7 8:00-9:30 413
*7 Dec 8 11:30-13:00
*8 Dec 14 8:00-9:30 413
*9 Dec 15 9:45-11:15
*10 Jan 11 8:00-9:30 413
*11 Jan 12 9:45-11:15
*12 Jan 19 9:45-11:15
*13 Jan 26 9:45-11:15
*14 Feb 2 9:45-11:15
*15 Feb 9 Final Paper (homework)

===Literary Works (schedule, topics and presenters - please add your name)===
Please write your names behind the topics
*1 Oct 6, 2023 9:45-11:15 424 Organizational things
*2 Oct 13 9:45-11:15 Song Poems (ci): Su Dongpo: "Trampled Green"
*3 Oct 27 9:45-11:15 Yuan Drama (Zaju): Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to Dou E”
*4 Dec 1 9:45-11:15 Ming novels I (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West) Karol 康明杰, Edyta 艾希
*5 Dec 7 8:00-9:30 Ming novels II (The Scholars, Outlaws of the Marsh) 杨思艺,
*6 Dec 8 9:45-11:15 Qing novels (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams) 裴梦姣
*7 Dec 14 8:00-9:30 Late Qing dystopian literature (Liang Qichao: The Future of New China) 李美琳, (Kang Youwei: Datong shu) 王晓彤
*8 Dec 15 9:45-11:15 Republican literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo) 魏雨昕
*9 Jan 11 8:00-9:30 Republican literature (Zhou Zuoren, Yu Dafu)
*10 Jan 12 9:45-11:15 Modern literature (Underground poets, Mo Yan) 安浩阳, （Wang Meng）苏诗美
*11 Jan 19 9:45-11:15 Contemporary literature (Han Han, Zhang Wei, Xu Zechen, Han Shaogong) 张宇璇; 金乐
*12 Jan 26 9:45-11:15 Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com) 王美芬, 晏黎
*13 Feb 2 9:45-11:15 Science ﬁction (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem, The Wandering Earth) 爱答
*14 Feb 9 9:45-11:15 Wrap up discussion
ONLINE: Final Paper (homework)

=Session 2: Su Dongpo - Families on a Spring Outing=
'''和子由踏青'''
Go on a Spring Outing with [my little brother] Ziyou

朝代：宋朝|作者：蘇軾

春風陌上驚微塵，遊人初樂歲華新。

The spring wind surprisingly whirls small dust onto the paths

Strollers enjoy the new season for the first time,

人閑正好路旁飲，麥短未怕遊車輪。

For the idle people there are rightly prepared (?) drinks at the roadside,

the grain sprouts fearless of the wheels of the strollers' vehicles.

城中居人厭城郭，喧闐①曉出空四鄰。

The city inhabitants detest the city walls

at daybreak, the voices' and drums' noise drives out all the neighbors from the city.

歌鼓驚山草木動，簞②瓢散野烏鳶馴。

The sound of songs and drums alarm the mountains and the plants tremble,

baskets are scattered on the fields, crows and milans pick without fear.

何人聚眾稱道人？③遮道④賣符色怒嗔：

Wiktoria: Who is he who calls himself a Taoist among the crowd gathered around him? He blocks the way and sells talismans with an angry expression.

Julia: Who’s the one that claims to be a Taoist? Everyone gathers around him as he’s blocking the pathway, selling talismans with an angry expression.

Malwina: Who gathered the crowd and calls himself a Taoist?
The one that is blocking the road, who sells talismans with angry expression.

Sandra: Who is gathering a crowd, calling himself a Taoist?
Blocking the road and selling Taoist charms in anger:

Ada: Who draws the crowd? The taoist, who is blocking the road and is selling talismans with an angry frown.

Asia: Who is there that claims to be a Taoist, attracting everyone around to watch?
I saw him blocking the road to sell talismans, blushing and boasting about them

Anna: Who calls himself a Taoist, gathering crowds of people to watch?
He is blocking the road and selling talismans with an angry expression on his face:

Natalia: Who is that person, this Taoist priest? Blocking the way and selling talismans - with an angry expression he proclaims:

Edyta: Who is the person who calls himself a Taoist? The crowd gathering among him covers the road. He sells talismans with an angry expression saying:

“宜蠶使汝繭如甕，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

Wiktoria: “It should cause your silkworms to make cocoons as big as urns, it should cause your sheep to become as big as deer.”

Julia: „It will make your silkworm cocoons as big as clay jars and your sheep as meaty as deer .”

Malwina: “It will cause the cocoons of your silkworms to be as big as urns, your sheep to be as big as deer.”

Sandra: "Suitable for silkworms, their cocoons will be like urns,
suitable for livestock, it will be like elk."

Ada: “It will make your silkworms build cocoons as firm as a jar and will make your sheep grow as big as a stag”

Asia: “My talisman can make your domestic silkworm cocoon as big as an urn, and your sheep as round as a roe.”

Anna: "My talisman will enable you to raise silkworms with cocoons as big as urns, and sheep as round as deer."

Natalia: „Your silkworm cocoons will be as solid as urns, your sheep will be as vital as stags.”

Edyta: "My talismans will provide silkworms with cocoons as large as clay jars, and sheep the size of deer."

路人未必信此語，強⑥為買服禳新春。

Wiktoria: Passers-by may not believe in these words. Still, they reluctantly buy talismans to wear them for good luck in the New Year.

Julia: The people walking by don’t necessarily believe these words, but they reluctantly buy the talismans for good luck in the New Year anyway.

Malwina: People walking by may not necessarily believe his words,but they still reluctantly buy the talismans to wear them for good luck in the New Year.

Sandra: Passers-by may not believe his words,
but they reluctantly buy the charms to celebrate the New Year.

Ada: The crowd does not really trust these words, yet they buy the talismans to pray for blessings with the New Year.

Asia: People may not believe what he said, but they reluctantly bought it and wore it on their bodies just to show their good luck in the New Year.

Anna: Passers-by on the street may not necessarily believe his words, but they reluctantly bought and wore it just for the sake of good luck in the New Year.

Natalia: The people on the streets may not believed the Taoist’s words, yet still they reluctantly bought his talismans – just to secure good fortune for this New Year.

Edyta: Passers-by may not be entirely convinced of the truth of the Taoist's words, but reluctantly bought his talismans in order to protect good fortune in the New Year.

道人得錢徑沽酒，醉倒自謂吾符神⑦！

Wiktoria: The Taoist earns the money and goes directly to buy some wine. Drunk, he says to himself: “My talismans truly are effective!”

Julia: When the Taoist earns enough money from the sale, he goes and buys some wine. Drunk, he says to himself: „My talismans really are working!”

Malwina：When the Taoist earned enough money, he went straight to buy himself some wine, in a drunken state he declared himself a talisman god!

Sandra: After obtaining the money, the Taoist buys wine straight away,
drunkenly calling himself a charm god!

Ada: After collecting the money, the taoist goes straight to buy wine. He collapses drunkenly and calls himself the talisman god.

Asia: When the Taoist could finally afford it, he went to buy wine and drink it by himself. After he got drunk, he ensured himself that his talismans were really spiritual.

Anna: The Taoist earned money from the sale and went to buy wine to drink, got drunk and said to himself: "My talisman can really work!"

Natalia: When the Taoist obtained the money, he directly went to buy some wine, and then in a drunk state, he called himself the god of talismans.

Edyta: When the Taoist had earned enough money, he went to buy some wine. After he got drunk, proudly called himself the god of talismans!

何人聚眾稱道人？③遮道④賣符色怒嗔：

Karol: Who in the crowd is a Taoist?
The one blocking the road that sells talismans, visibly angry:

“宜蠶使汝繭如甕，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

Karol: "It suits the silkworms - cocoons of your silkworms will be as thick as an urn,
It suits the livestock, your sheep will be as big as deer."

路人未必信此語，強⑥為買服禳新春。

Karol:Passers-by may not believe these words, yet they reluctantly buy talismans to wear them
for protection from bad luck in the New Year.

道人得錢徑沽酒，醉倒自謂吾符神⑦！

Karol: The Taoist earns the money and goes straightaway to buy some wine,
Drunk, he says to himself: "My talismans are working!".
'''和子由踏青'''

Paweł(安浩阳）: Treading the green
Aleksandra（晏黎）：Green spring outing

朝代：宋朝|作者：苏轼

春风陌上惊微尘，游人初乐岁华新。

Paweł: East wind stirs fine dust on the pathways,

fine opportunity for strollers to enjoy the new spring

Aleksandra: Eastern spring wind flutters fine dust on paths,
wanderers can enjoy the first taste of the new season.

人闲正好路旁饮，麦短未怕游车轮。

Paweł: Season of idleness, just right for drinking by the side of the road,

to be crushed by carriage wheels - too short is the grain,

Aleksandra: Idleness period, just in time for drinks by the roadside,
even the short grain does not fear the carriage wheels.

城中居人厌城郭，喧阗①晓出空四邻。

Paweł: City people detest the walls which surround them,

they bustle loudly at the break of day and leave the whole town empty,

Aleksandra: Residents of the city loathe the surrounding walls,
thundering at daybreak, vacating the town.

歌鼓惊山草木动，箪②瓢散野乌鸢驯。

Paweł: Songs and rhythms shake the hills, grass and trees tremble,

picnic baskets scattered in the fields where crows pick them over,

Aleksandra: Songs and drums rattle the mountains, flora trembles,
baskets and ladles scattered on the fields where crows batten.

何人聚众称道人？③遮道④卖符色怒嗔：

Paweł: Who is the one who draws the crowds there? A Taoist priest,

blocking the pathway, selling charms and frowning,

Aleksandra: Who is the one known as the Taoist priest gathering the crowds?
Blocks the way, selling talismans and scowling:

“宜蚕使汝茧如瓮，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

Paweł: "It is good for silkworms - cocoons will be just like pots of water,

it is good for livestock, your sheep will be as big as a deer",

Aleksandra: "Ideal for silkworms, your cocoons will be as urns,
ideal for livestock, you sheep will be as deer."

路人未必信此语，强⑥为买服禳新春。

Paweł: People passing by are not sure they believe his words,

yet they buy these charms in order to consecrate the spring,

Aleksandra: Passing people do not necessarily trust those words,
yet reluctantly buy the talismans to bless the new spring.

道人得钱径沽酒，醉倒自谓吾符神⑦！

Paweł: The Taoist priest takes their money, and goes to a winehouse,

completely drunk he mumbles: "The charms, they really work!"

Aleksandra: The Taoist priest takes the money, directly goes to buy the wine,
and drunkenly proclaims himself a talisman god!

'''Hé zǐ yóu tàqīng'''

Cháodài: Sòngcháo | zuòzhě: Sū Shì

Chūnfēng mò shàng jīng wēichén, yóurén chū lè suìhuá xīn.

Rén xián zhènghǎo lùpáng yǐn, mài duǎn wèi pà yóu chēlún.

Chéngzhōng jū rén yàn chéngguō, xuāntián xiǎo chū kōng sìlín.

Gē gǔ jīng shān cǎomù dòng, dān piáo sàn yě wū yuān xùn.

Hérén jùzhòng chēngdào rén? Zhēdào mài fú sè nù chēn:

“Yí cán shǐ rǔ jiǎn rú wèng, yí xù shǐ rǔ yáng rú jūn.”

Lùrén wèibì xìn cǐ yǔ, qiáng wèi mǎi fú ráng xīnchūn.

Dàoren de qián jìng gūjiǔ, zuìdǎo zì wèi wú fú shén!

'''和子由踏青'''

Hé zǐ yóu tàqīng

朝代：宋朝|作者：苏轼

Cháodài: Sòngcháo | zuòzhě: Sū Shì

春风陌上惊微尘，游人初乐岁华新。

Chūnfēng mò shàng jīng wēichén, yóurén chū lè suìhuá xīn.

人闲正好路旁饮，麦短未怕游车轮。

Rén xián zhènghǎo lùpáng yǐn, mài duǎn wèi pà yóu chēlún.

城中居人厌城郭，喧阗①晓出空四邻。

Chéngzhōng jū rén yàn chéngguō, xuāntián xiǎo chū kōng sìlín.

①喧阗——形容人声、鼓声相杂。

歌鼓惊山草木动，箪②瓢散野乌鸢驯。

Gē gǔ jīng shān cǎomù dòng, dān piáo sàn yě wū yuān xùn.

②箪，食器；瓢，炊具。这句形容郊游的人有许多在那儿野餐，乌鸢也来捡食，并不避人。

何人聚众称道人？③遮道④卖符色怒嗔：

Hérén jùzhòng chēngdào rén? Zhēdào mài fú sè nù chēn:

③何人聚众称道人这句是倒装句，意思是说：那称道人的是什么人，众人都聚观他。

④遮道——拦路。

“宜蚕使汝茧如瓮，宜畜使汝羊如麇。”⑤

“Yí cán shǐ rǔ jiǎn rú wèng, yí xù shǐ rǔ yáng rú jūn.”

⑤瓮——瓦坛子。麇（jūn）——野獐子。这两句是说道人吹嘘他的符十分灵验；能使你的蚕茧像坛子那样粗大，羊饲得像獐子那样肥、那样健、那样活泼。

路人未必信此语，强⑥为买服禳新春。

Lùrén wèibì xìn cǐ yǔ, qiáng wèi mǎi fú ráng xīnchūn.

⑥强——勉强。服——佩带在身上。禳——祈福除灾。

道人得钱径沽酒，醉倒自谓吾符神⑦！

Dàoren de qián jìng gūjiǔ, zuìdǎo zì wèi wú fú shén!

⑦神——灵验。这句是说道人自己相信自己的符，颇有骗钱买酒的“灵验”。

此诗为公元1063年（嘉祐八年）正月苏轼在凤翔所作。苏轼弟苏辙时在京师侍父，当看到北方新年之初的异域风俗，不由想起了家乡眉山岁首乡俗，便写下了《踏青》、《蚕市》诗二首。苏轼应弟之作也和诗二首。这是其中之一。此诗描写了苏轼青少年时在家乡新春之际，与家人及“城中居人”游春踏青的盛况，具有浓郁的乡情。后四句刻化了一位骗钱道人的生动形象，增添了郊游的喜庆气氛。故乡的风俗民情令人倍感亲切，耐人回味。

译文：东风微排的田间小路上惊起了微尘，游人们开始来到野外感受春天的喜悦与温馨。人们难得清闲，正好停车在路旁小饮，麦苗短而柔韧，不怕那辗轧过来的车轮。城里人厌倦了高高的城墙，向往着郊外的景致，许多人家一大早就爬起来，用腾腾地涌出城来踏青。鼓乐声惊醒了冬眠的山岭，草木在欢歌笑语中摇动。野餐用的箪瓢遍野都是，前来捡食的乌鸢像列养熟了一样全不避人。那边是个什么人在自称道人，引得众人都来围观？只见他挡在路上卖符，脸红脖子粗地夸说它是多么灵：我这符能使你家养蚕结茧似瓮大，养羊如獐圆滚滚。路上的人未必就信他的话，只是为了图个新春吉利，才勉强买下佩带在身。道人卖得了钱就径自去买酒喝，醉倒后还自言自语说我这符可真灵。

Su Dongpo / Su Shi:

'''Trampled green'''

East wind whirls fine dust onto the streets:

First possibility for walkers,

to enjoy the new spring.

Season of idleness, just right

for refreshment at the roadside

The grain is still too short,

to be crushed by agricultural machinery.

City people sick through the walls around them.

Noisy start at daybreak,

leaving the whole city empty.

Songs and rhythms measure the hills,

Grass and trees shake,

Picnic baskets scattered in the fields,

where crows peck them out.

[[File:Trampled_Green.jpg|500px|thumb|left|Su Shi: Trampled Green]]

==End of Session 2==
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=Session 3: Oct 27 9:45-11:15 Yuan Drama (Zaju)=
===Task: Please read the [[English Summary of Dou E]]===
===Original Text: Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to [[Dou E]]”===
See also the Reader.

===Task: Please read your part of the original text and make a 3-sentence summary at the end of our part===

=Session 4: Ming novels I=
Dec 1 9:45-11:15 Ming novels I (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West)
==Journey to the West==
'''Presentation''' and homework [[Journey to the West]] by Karol 康明杰

The novel is extremely popular among children in Asia. This novel is one of the 4 Outstanding Novels 四大名著, and especially in Japan and Korea a best seller, next to the Three Kingdoms. The novel "Red Chamber Dreams" is more popular in Europe. One of the reasons may be, that the novel has animal characters and especially animals which are not so famous like monkeys and pigs.

The historical background of the novel is that from the 1st Century AD buddhism came to China. In Tang Dynasty, Buddhist religion flourished in China and among the first monks who travelled from China to India to collect Buddhist scriptures was 玄奘 Xuánzàng (600-664) n. 〈hist.〉 Budd. priest, also known as San Zang or Tripitaka. He visited India 629-645 and returned with many Buddhist scriptures, so called "sutra". The novel uses this historical setting, but one of the legendary accompaniers, Sun Wukong, the monkey king, becomes the new protagonist.

==Three Kingdoms==
'''Presentation''' and homework [[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]] by Edyta 艾希

'''Explanations to prepare ppt and texts:'''

Every student preparing a topic in class is asked to find the original Chinese text (they are all available on the internet), create a link under the respective session with a second page (the wiki admin can help with it), copy the full text there (if the text is too long, you will have to be split it in several websites (the wiki admin can help) or you simply select only extracts from it which you find worth reading. Please also select a part of the text, which the wiki admin can split again into small sections, each student only needs to read a small section and write a short summary in English beneath (as you know from the Yuan zaju). The Wiki admin then makes another link from the course homepage to the homework section of the text.

The presentations should be in powerpoint format, be uploaded to the course website in advance and should introduce the text, embed it in its social-historical context including relevant information about the author etc. You should also take some examples from the text and explain them, so that the fellow students understand your approach to the text. This presentation can be about 15 minutes. I will continue to present the text after the powerpoint, but the student should stay in front in order to develop the teaching sometimes in dialogue form. For the 2nd part of the class, the presenting student should prepare something interactive, e.g. hand out paper sheets with short texts and ask fellow students to enact the story with the help of the paper sheets. You should also use mentimeter.com to make a short survey or get feedback etc.

You cannot read so many books in just a few days. Don't forget that you still have other courses and homework. So please just provide summaries to read for the students and small extracts which the students should actually read to get an impression of the original text.

Every student should do a presentation. If there are less sessions than students, two students will have to present in the same session. However, every student should still have his/her own topic. In some sessions, there are more works in one session, and then two students can pick one work each.

There are not many sessions covered with the Reader. You will have to look for most of the texts online, but they are easy to find.

==Grades for transaltion homework "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" text==

*Gabriela Krukowska
*Ewa Kopania
*Zyta Rydz
*Asia (Joanna) Zawada (+100)
*Karol Perka
*Anna Proskura
*Julia Dereżyṅska
*Paweł Andraszak (+100)
*Aleksandra Urbanska
*Natalia Gloc
*Edyta Skorupa (+100)
*Wiktoria Wolny (+100)
*Ada Dan
*Lena Rzeźnikowska
*Sandra Piechowiak (+100)

==Grades for translation homework - "The Journey to the West" text==

*Gabriela Krukowska
*Ewa Kopania
*Zyta Rydz
*Asia (Joanna) Zawada (+100)
*Karol Perka (+100)
*Anna Proskura
*Julia Dereżyṅska
*Paweł Andraszak
*Aleksandra Urbanska
*Natalia Gloc
*Edyta Skorupa (+100)
*Wiktoria Wolny (+100)
*Ada Dan
*Lena Rzeźnikowska
*Sandra Piechowiak (+100)

=Session 5: Ming novels II=
Dec 7 8:00-9:30 (This is session no. 5 Ming novels II (Outlaws of the Marsh, The Scholars) 杨思艺
==Outlaws of the Marsh==
Dec 7, 2023, 8:00-9:30, room 413

'''Presentation''' and homework [[Outlaws of the Marsh]] by Julia 杨思艺

Outlaws of the Marsh is a long heroic legend and it is one of the long masterpieces in ancient China. The story is created on the basis of Song Jiang uprising as the clue. The novel is one of the classical long vernacular novels loved mostly by Chinese. It is written in the Ming Dynasty. On the basis of stories, colloquial stories and dramas about the Marsh since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the author processed stories and created the novel. The book takes the peasant uprising led by Song Jiang as the main subject and presents an artistic reproduction of moving and tragic picture of ancient Chinese fighting against oppression to carry out heroic struggles. It fully exposes corruption and brutality of the feudal ruling class, revealing sharp and opposing social conflicts and the cruel reality that "people are forced to rebel by officials ".

==Grades for transaltion homework - "Outlaws of the Marsh" text==

*Gabriela Krukowska (+100)
*Ewa Kopania
*Zyta Rydz (+100)
*Asia (Joanna) Zawada
*Karol Perka
*Anna Proskura (+100)
*Julia Dereżyṅska (+100)
*Paweł Andraszak (+100)
*Aleksandra Urbanska (+100)
*Natalia Gloc
*Edyta Skorupa
*Wiktoria Wolny (+100)
*Ada Dan (+100)
*Lena Rzeźnikowska (+100)
*Malwina Filipowicz (+100)
*Karolina Englert (+100)

==The Scholars==
儒林外史 Inofficial History of Confucian Scholars

=Session 6: Qing novel I=
Dec 8 9:45-11:15 Qing novel I (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams I) 裴梦姣

See Reader.

==Dream of the Red Chamber==
'''Presentation''' and homework [[Dream of the Red Chamber]] by Natalia 裴梦姣

Short introduction: "Dream of the Red Chamber" is one of the most important classical novels in the history of Chinese literature (one of the 四大著名). It was written in the 18th century (during the reign of the Qing dynasty) by Cao Xueqin. The author's approach shattered conventions in traditional Chinese fiction, setting a new standard for literary expression, as the characters created by him, are neither fully good nor fully bad. The whole number of characters that appeared in the novel is almost 400 (with 40 major characters). The main plot of this book is focused on 贾宝玉 and his affection towards 林黛玉, however, we can not overlook the fact that it also presents a detailed portrayal of Chinese culture and Chinese society during that time.

==Grades for transaltion homework - "Dream of the Red Chamber" text==

*Gabriela Krukowska (+100)
*Ewa Kopania
*Zyta Rydz (+100)
*Asia (Joanna) Zawada
*Karol Perka
*Anna Proskura (+100)
*Julia Dereżyṅska (+100)
*Paweł Andraszak (+100)
*Aleksandra Urbanska
*Natalia Gloc (+100)
*Edyta Skorupa
*Wiktoria Wolny (+100)
*Ada Dan (+100)
*Lena Rzeźnikowska
*Malwina Filipowicz
*Karolina Englert (+100)

=Session 7: Dec 14 8:00-9:30 Dystopian literature=
*7 Dec 14 8:00-9:30 Late Qing dystopian literature (Liang Qichao: The Future of New China) 李美琳, (Kang Youwei: Datong shu) 王晓彤

==The Book of Great Unity==

'''Presentation''' and homework: [[Datong Shu]] by Wiktoria 王晓彤

Short introduction: In the early twentieth century, the great Chinese thinker and reformer Kang Youwei wrote a book entitled ''Datong shu'' (The Book of Great Unity) in which he put forward an original and radical interpretation of “datong”. The book describes the long march of mankind from division to unity, while defying any strict categorization. It describes the “world of tomorrow” with its technological, political, and social wonders, it also includes significant pieces of historical, political, religious, and scientific literature dealing with the past and the present.

==The Future of New China==

Presentation and homework:

[[The Future of New China]] ૮ ・ﻌ・ა by Malwina Filipowicz 李美琳

The Future of New China is a political novel by Liang Qichao. The novel was published in the year 1902 and predicts the prosperity of the "New China" 60 years later. One of the main characters Huang Keqiang (黃興) advocates a constitutional monarchy, and on the other hand, his son Li Laijie (李去病) advocates a french-style revolution. The two sides engage in a heated debate!

==Teacher information: Liang Qichao==
Liang Qichao, An account of the Future of New China, 1902

Liang Qichao, offered an alternative reading of the stages China would take on the road to Great Harmony in an unfinished work on the future, composed in 1902, entitled An Account of the Future of New China (Liang, 1902). The centrepiece of the story is a series of speeches on 'China's History these Sixty Years Past' delivered to an international assembly in Shanghai, 'on the first day of the first month in the Year of Confucius 2513 ... or 1962 on the Western calendar'. The fictional speaker was Kong Juemin, a descendant of Confucius (Kong) whose given name (Juemin) meant 'awaken the people'. The fictional occasion was the 50th anniversary of the birth of New China, an anniversary that fortuitously marked the founding of the International Peace Congress in 1962 following the 'Hungarian Conference' some years before. The event marked the birth of Great Harmony on earth.

By Liang's account, world leaders selected New China to host the launch of the new international body in recognition of that country's role in planning and creating the new global order. Leaders and dignitaries from all major countries gathered in China in January 1962 to attend the two ceremonies, one commemorating the achievements of New China and the other the birth of the new global order. Visiting dignitaries included the King and Queen of Britain, the Emperor and Empress of Japan, and the Presidents (take note: "presidents" predicts Liang) of Russia, Hungary and the Philippines. Lesser dignatories, including religious leaders of all persuasions ('this is known as Great Harmony') met in Shanghai along with thousands of scholars and tens of thousands of university students from around the globe (Liang, 1902: 2-3).

Among the men and women who crowded into Kong's lectures on the history of the past 60 years were 1000 foreigners, all fluent in Chinese. Since the start of the reform era, the author points out, thousands of American and European students had come to learn the language in order to keep up with developments in China. By 1962, some 30,000 foreign students were enrolled in local universities and colleges. Most preferred to stay in China. To the time in question (1962) fewer than 1200 students had returned to their home countries to work. The West had a serious brain-drain problem on its hands.

Kong began his lectures reflecting on the qualities that had made China a great power, specifically patriotism, selflessness and democracy. China succeeded because its people had learned to put their country before themselves (Liang, 1902: 5). This marked a radical break with 'Old China': 'Our China died long ago ... in fact this is the point [of departure] for the continuation of New China'. By 1962, China had become a liberal democracy with three major parties competing for ascendancy: a centralist State Power Party (guoquandang), a decentralist Patriotic Self-Government Party (Aiguo zizhidang) and a party committed to the well-being of the individual, the Liberal Party (ziyoudang). Each of these parties had its origins in an earlier Constitutional Party (xianzhengdang), founded in 1902, consisting of a grand alliance of all existing reformist, revolutionary and secret society organisations which combined forces to introduce constitutional government to China. Three core principles governed the organisation of this seminal political alliance: first, that the choice of a monarchical, republican or federalist constitution should be determined by public plebiscite. That is to say, all members' agreed to implement constitutional rule according to the wishes of the people, irrespective of their differences over the form that the constitution should take.

Second, the party's rules and procedures for dealing with internal matters should reflect those that an enlightened government would employ in governing a country. Third, party membership was open to all who shared the constitutional aims of the party, and conferred equality on members regardless of their social status, profession or gender (Liang, 1902: 7-8).

This brief narrative history of New China to 1962 occupies only a small part of Kong Juemin's talks. By far the longest section of the lectures is devoted to a verbatim account of an old debate between two founding members of the Constitutional Party about China's future. One was Huang Keqiang, son of a noted Cantonese scholar. Old Mr Huang despatched his son and another student, Li Yunbing, to Britain to study English and learn the ways of the West. He prepared them for their departure by exposing them to the works of Kang Youwei (Liang Qichao's own teacher, and the author of Great Harmony Philosophy, 1902 [1935]), and by introducing them to Tan Sitong, who was just completing his Renxue (1896, noted above). They were among the first to read the work.

On reaching England they gained entry to Oxford. They graduated around the time of the 'Hundred Days Reform', in 1898, an actual historical event associated with Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong and a party of their supporters and students, including the author of the story himself, Liang Qichao.

The tragic outcome of the reforms forced the two students to delay their return to China.

Their return was precipitated by the discovery that the universal truths they had been seeking in Europe were compromised by the Europeans themselves.

The prevailing mood in Europe soured against China around the time of the Boxer Uprising in 1900. The two young men observed that Kaiser Wilhelm II, author of the Yellow Peril scare, now 'said many things that were not in keeping with human morality' and that the German press resorted to terms such as 'pigtails' and 'yellow monkeys' in referring to the Chinese people. This encounter with racism in Europe inaugurates their journey home, and launches them into their dialogue on the future of China (Liang 1902: 17).

'Which country will be China's future master?', they ask on their journey home. And what of the 'future of New China'? Their disagreements centre on what was to be done to ensure that the Chinese people achieved mastery over their own national destiny - Huang arguing that the best solution lay in working with the present Manchu court, and Li that the Manchu court was part of the problem. Their contrasting positions reflected the reformist and revolutionary positions of the day. Liang Qichao gave each side a fair hearing over 25 pages of his 40-page story but came down strongly on the side of the reformers who wished to preserve the Manchu Dynasty under a form of constitutional rule. On the question of how to involve China's 'four hundred million citizens' in the struggle they were in basic agreement. Both conceded that the majority of the Chinese people were 'asleep, living in dreams' [emphasis added], and that it was the responsibility of the awakened few such as themselves ('people who already know') to wake them up.

====Original====

Liang Qichao (1902 [1936]) 梁啓超 Liang Qichao, 新中國未來記 An account of the Future of New China, 1902, in Liang Qichao, Yinbingshi zhuanji [Monographs from the Ice Drinker's Studio]. Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju.

English summary

John Fitzgerald, The Unfinished History of China's Future, in: Thesis Eleven 1999 57:17, here pp. 21-23, http://the.sagepub.com/content/57/1/17

===Foreword to the Publication of Political Novels in Translation===

Liang Qichao

The genre of political novel originated in the West. It is human nature to dread the solemn and to take delight in the humorous. Hence, classical music puts us to sleep, whereas songs of the States of Zheng and Wei cause us to lose ourselves in lewdness and become oblivious to our fatigue. This is indeed a characteristic trait of human nature, and even the sages could not tamper with it. A.good teacher should guide his pupil in the direction that his temperament will naturally proceed. Thus, he sometimes resorts to subtle humour and sometimes uses parables to convey his meanings. Mencius, for instance, draws an analogy between King Xuan of Qi and the ancient wise men who were fond of wealth and women as banter to conceal his [p. 72] subtle remonstrations. and Qu Yuan compares the King of Chu to a beautiful lady and fragrant plants to express his loyalty to and love for the state of Chu. These two works in many ways yield a greater impact than solemn discourses and imposing argumentation; they should not be snubbed merely because they lack a satirical and tendentious edge.
Although Chinese fiction is included in the nine schools of literature and philosophy, very few good works have been written since the time of Yu Chu. Stories about heroes are all patterned after The Water Margin, whereas those about love imitate The Dream of the Red Chamber. Taken as a whole, Chinese novels invariably teach us either robbery or lust. Lost in a vicious circle, the novelists are unable to rise above the quagmire. For this reason, knowledgeable men often scorn the mere mention of fiction.
However, as human nature detests the solemn and finds delight in the humorous, even serious pedagogues read The Dream of the Red Chamber and talk about The Water Margin during their spare time. Works of fiction are, in the end, very difficult to ban. Instead of banning the reading of fiction, then, would it not be much better to allow people to follow their natural inclinations and guide them accordingly?
There is indeed a great deal of truth in Mr. Kang Youwei's observation that people with low levels of literacy will often stay away from the classics but cannot do without fiction. Fiction should therefore seek to teach where the Six Classics have failed to teach, to convey lessons where the official histories have failed to convey, to illuminatewhere the recorded sayings
are unable to illuminate, and to govern where laws have failed. In the world, experienced men are few, and the ignorant are innumerable; those well-versed in literature are few, and those who can barely read legion. The Six Classics are indeed elegant, but if they are not read and understood, they are just pearls cast before swine.

[p. 73]

A story goes that Confucius once lost his horse. His disciple Zi Gong failed in retrieving the horse, whereas the man who had reared the horse succeeded in recovering it. Does this mean that Zi Gong was intellectually inferior to the horseman? Things are grouped according to their kind and men according to their class. If the giant Dragon Earl spoke in his language to the dwarf of the Jiaoyao of Kingdom, he would not be understood. Now there are few people in China who can read, and those who are well versed in literature are even rarer. In view of this, fiction could be added to increase the numerical classifications of writing from seven to eight, or appended to the four bibliographic categories as a fifth component.

When the Reformation was first launched in the countries of Europe, men of great learning and dedicated scholars would often use fiction as a vehicle to record their political views. Serious pedagogues would read and discuss these works during their leisure. Novels were read and discussed by soldiers, merchants, peasants, artisans, cabmen, grooms, women, and young children. A newly published book could often influence and change the views and arguments of the whole nation. Indeed, political novels should be given the highest credit for being instrumental in the steady progress made in the political sphere in America, England, Germany, France, Austria, Italy, and Japan. A celebrated scholar in England once remarked that fiction is the soul of the people. How true! How true! It is precisely for this reason that we are now specially selecting works by celebrated foreign scholars that are relevant to the current situation in China and then translating and publishing them by installment in this newspaper. In so doing, we hope to make them accessible to our compatriots.

Translated by Gek Nai Cheng

Notes
Liang Qichao "Yi yinzhengzhi xiaoshuo xu" [chin. characters] Qingyi bao [chin. characters] (1898); reprinted in ZGJDWLX 1:155-56. This essay was a "foreword to a projected series of political novels to be translated into Chinese and published in Liang s journal Qing yi bao (The China discussion).

Mencius, 1B.5. In a reply to King Xuan of Qi [chin. characters], who gives as excuses for not implementing the kingly government his weaknesses for wealth and women, Mencius cites the examples of Duke Liu [chin. characters], who was fond of wealth, and King Tai of Zhou [chin. characters], who was fond of women. Despite their weaknesses these two men could still practice kingly government. Hence Mencius admonishes King Xuanof Qi that if only he could give the people power to gratify the same feelings, there would be no difficulty in attaining the royal power.

According to the Bibliographic Section in Han shu [chin. characters], compiled by Ban Gu [chin. characters], there are ten schools of literature and philosophy (Confucian, Daoist, J?ivination, Legalist, Logician, Mohist, olitics, Miscellaneous, Agriculture, and Xiaoshuo [chin. characters]), although "only nine of them are worth reading" (qi keguanzhe jiu iia eryi; [chin. characters]). Fiction, thert,was not included in the nine schools.

According to the Bibliographic Section in Han shu, Yu Chu [chin. characters] (ca. 104 B.C.) compi1ed Zhou shuo [chin. characters]. (Tales of the Zhou dynasty) , a work in the tradition of Shal1 hai jing [chin. characters] and Mu tianzi zhuan [chin. characters]. The work is no longer extant.

Qilüe 七略 are the seven classifications of writing as compiled by Liu Xin 劉歆 (ca. 46 B.C. - A.D. 23) in he Han dynasty around 7 B.C. They are classics, arts, philosophy, poetry, divination and numerics, medicine and surgery. '.

Sibu 四部 are the four bibliographic classifications of classics, history, philosophy, an literature, devised by Xun Xu 荀勖 (d. AD. 289) to categorize all books.

=Session 8: Republican literature I=
*8 Dec 15 9:45-11:15 Republican literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo) 魏雨昕
[[A Madman's Diary]]

=Session 9: Republican literature=
(Zhou Zuoren, Yu Dafu)
*9 Jan 11 8:00-9:30 Republican literature (Zhou Zuoren, Yu Dafu) 柳雪萍

=Session 10: Modern literature=
*10 Jan 12 9:45-11:15 Modern literature (Underground poets, Mo Yan) 安浩阳, （Wang Meng）苏诗美

=Session 11: Contemporary literature I=
11 Jan 19 9:45-11:15 Contemporary literature (Han Han, Zhang Wei, Xu Zechen, Han Shaogong) 张宇璇

=Session 12: Contemporary literature II=
12 Jan 19 9:45-11:15 Contemporary literature II (Xu Zechen, Han Shaogong, Yan Lianke) 金乐

Presentation and homework: [[Maqiao Cidian]] by Asia 金乐

Short introduction:
From the daring imagination of one of China’s greatest living novelists comes a work of startling power and originality–the story of a young man “displaced” to a small village in rural China during the 1960s. Told in the format of a dictionary, with a series of vignettes disguised as entries, A Dictionary of Maqiao is a novel of bold invention–and a fascinating, comic, deeply moving journey through the dark heart of the Cultural Revolution.
Entries trace the wisdom and absurdities of Maqiao: the petty squabbles, family grudges, poverty, infidelities, fantasies, lunatics, bullies, superstitions, and especially the odd logic in their use of language–where the word for “beginning” is the same as the word for “end”; “little big brother” means older sister; to be “scientific” means to be lazy; and “streetsickness” is a disease afflicting villagers visiting urban areas. Filled with colorful characters–from a weeping ox to a man so poisonous that snakes die when they bite him–A Dictionary of Maqiao is both an important work of Chinese literature and a probing inquiry into the extraordinary power of language.

=Session 13: Web literature=
13 Jan 26 9:45-11:15 Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com) 王美芬, 晏黎

=Session 14: Science Fiction=
14 Feb 2 9:45-11:15 Science ﬁction (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem, The Wandering Earth) 爱答

=Session 15: Final Paper=
*15 Feb 9 9:45-11:15 Wrap up discussion and/or Final Paper (homework)

=Syllabus=
<p class="s1">Krytyczny przegląd literatury chińskiej</p>
<p class="s2">Educational subject description sheet</p>
==Basic information==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Field of study</p>
<p class="s4">Sinologia</p>
<p class="s3">Speciality</p>
<p class="s4">-</p>
<p class="s3">Department</p>
<p class="s4">Faculty of Modern Languages and Literatures</p>
<p class="s3">Study level</p>
<p class="s4">Second-cycle programme</p>
<p class="s3">Study form</p>
<p class="s4">Full-time</p>
<p class="s3">Education proﬁle</p>
<p class="s4">General academic</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Didactic cycle</p>
<p class="s4">2023/24</p>
<p class="s3">Subject code</p>
<p class="s4">09SNLS.21K.05754.23</p>
<p class="s3">Lecture languages</p>
<p class="s4">Chinese</p>
<p class="s3">Mandatory</p>
<p class="s4">Obligatory</p>
<p class="s3">Block</p>
<p class="s4">Major subjects</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Subject coordinator</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Kamil Burkiewicz</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Lecturer</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Kamil Burkiewicz</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Period</h2>
<p>Semester 1</p>
<h2>Activities and hours</h2>
<p>• Conversatory classes: 30, Graded credit</p>
<h2>Number of</h2>
<h2>ECTS points</h2>
<p>3<br>
<span><img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_002.png" width="682"
height="1"></span><br>
<span><img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_003.png" width="681"
height="55"></span></p>
<p class="s5">1 / 5</p>
==Goals==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Code</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Goal</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">C1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The course aims to let students get an
overview and understand certain characteristics of Chinese
literature from 2,500 years ago until today by reading
prominent examples and increasing reading ability in
Chinese as a Foreign Language.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">C2</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The selection of works aims at displaying the
continuity and development over 2,500 years and showing
the great variety of genres, styles and forms.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">C3</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The course aims to let students understand
research methods, compare literary works, learn the
relevant terminology, understand challenges and topics of
Chinese civilization, are able to trace back cultural
roots of contemporary phenomena/beliefs, appreciate the
work of experts in the ﬁeld, critically evaluate their
knowledge and update it.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Entry requirements</h1>
<p>Chinese level of at least B2 of the European Framework of
References for Languages (CEFR).</p>
<h1>Subject's learning outcomes</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Code</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Outcomes in terms of</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Learning outcomes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Examination methods</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Knowledge – Student:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">has a wide knowledge of Chinese literature
from classical to modern</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W02, SNL_K2_W05</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">W2</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">knows the theories and research methodology in
the ﬁeld of sinology in relation to literary studies</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W03</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">W3</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">knows selected issues of comparative
literature against the background of the ongoing processes
of cultural exchange and globalization</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W04</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">W4</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">knows the rich terminology in the ﬁeld of
sinology in the ﬁeld of literary studies</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W05</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">W5</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">knows and understand deeply the fundamental
dilemmas and challenges of contemporary civilization
related to the literature of East Asia/China</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W08</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Skills – Student:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">U1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">formulates and tests hypotheses related to
simple research problems and tasks, as well as communicate
their observations</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_U01</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Social competences – Student:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">is ready to critically evaluate the acquired
knowledge of Chinese literature and to constantly update
it</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_K01</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">K2</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">is ready to deeply appreciate the importance
of specialist knowledge in solving cognitive problems
related to multiculturalism and intercultural
communication</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_K02</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><span><img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_004.png" width="682"
height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">2 / 5</p>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">K3</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">is ready to critically consult problems that
he/she is unable to solve on his/her own with experts in
relevant scientiﬁc ﬁelds and to actively cooperate with
them in search of appropriate solutions</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_K03</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written colloquium, Essay, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Study content</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">No.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Course content</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Subject's learning outcomes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">1.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Song Poetry</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W4, U1, K3</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">2.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Yuan Drama</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, K3</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">3.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Ming Novels</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, U1, K3</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">4.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Qing novels</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, K3</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">5.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Late Qing literature</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, K2, K3</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">6.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Republican literature</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, W4, U1, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">7.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Modern literature</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W4, W5</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">8.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Contemporary literature</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W4, W5, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">9.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Web literature</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W4, W5, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">10.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Science ﬁction</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W5, K2</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Course advanced</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Teaching and learning methods and activities</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversation lecture, Discussion, Work with
text, Problem-based learning, Work in groups, Creative
writing and reviewing fellow students' work</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Credit conditions</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Students are required to prepare for each
class, including preliminary reading of indicated texts
and checking of new words. The completion of this
obligation will be checked through online multiple-choice
tests.</p>
<p class="s4">Each student will prepare one short oral
presentation.</p>
<p class="s4">The semester essay should contain at least
1000 Chinese characters.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><span><img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_005.png" width="682"
height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">3 / 5</p>
==Literature==
===Obligatory===
<p>1. Woesler Martin (ed.) 2023. Reader Chinese Literature –
Selections, Bochum: European University Press [free e-book copies
provided].</p>
===Optional===
#Song Poems (ci): Su Dongpo: “Autumn day in Kui Prefecture”
#Yuan Drama (Zaju): Guan Hanqing: “The Injustice to Dou E”
#Ming novels (Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West, Outlaws of the Marsh, The Scholars)
#Qing novels (Cao Xueqin: Red Chamber Dreams)
#Late Qing dystopian literature (Liang Qichao: The Future of New China, Kang Youwei: Datong shu)
#Republican literature (Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Zhou Zuoren, Yu Dafu)
#Modern literature (Underground poets, Wang Meng, Mo Yan)
#Contemporary literature (Han Han, Zhang Wei, Xu Zechen, Han Shaogong)
#Web literature (excerpts live on http://qidian.com)
#Science ﬁction (Liu Cixin: The Three Body Problem, The Wandering Earth)

==Calculation of ECTS points==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activity form</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activity hours*</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">30</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation for classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">10</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Reading the indicated literature</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">20</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation of a multimedia presentation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">5</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Other</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">10</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Paper preparation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">5</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation for the assessment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">10</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Student workload</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Hours</p>
<p class="s4">90</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Number of ECTS points</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">ECTS</p>
<p class="s4">3</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>* hour means 45 minutes<br>
<span><img src="09snls-21k-05754-23/Image_006.png" width="682"
height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">4 / 5</p>
==Learning outcomes==
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Code</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Content</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_K01</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate is ready to krytycznej oceny
zdobywanej wiedzy o języku i literaturze chińskiej i
ciągłego jej aktualizowania.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_K02</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate is ready to dogłębnego doceniania
znaczenia wiedzy specjalistycznej w rozwiązywaniu
problemów poznawczych i językowych związanych z
wielokulturowością i komunikacją międzykulturową.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_K03</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate is ready to krytycznego
konsultowania problemów, których nie jest w stanie
samodzielnie rozwiązać, z ekspertami w odpowiednich
dziedzinach naukowych i aktywnego współdziałania z nimi w
poszukiwaniu właściwych rozwiązań.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_U01</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate can formułować i testować
hipotezy związane z prostymi problemami badawczymi i
realizowanymi zadaniami, a także komunikować swoje
spostrzeżenia.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W02</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate knows and understands w
pogłębionym stopniu wybrane fakty, pojęcia i kluczowe
zagadnienia z językoznawstwa, literaturoznawstwa i badań
interdyscyplinarnych w obszarze sinologii.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W03</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate knows and understands teorie i
metodologie badań z wybranej dyscypliny (językoznawstwo
bądź literaturoznawstwo sinologiczne) właściwe dla różnych
szkół badawczych i paradygmatów, a także ich główne
tendencje rozwojowe.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W04</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate knows and understands wybrane
zagadnienia komparatystyki językowej lub literackiej i
translatoryki na tle zachodzących procesów wymiany
kulturowej i globalizacji.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W05</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate knows and understands bogatą
terminologię z zakresu sinologii w obszarze badań
językoznawczych, literaturoznawczych i
interdyscyplinarnych.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W08</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate knows and understands w
pogłębionym stopniu fundamentalne dylematy i wyzwania
współczesnej cywilizacji związane z językami, literaturą i
kulturą Azji Wschodniej.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

The Future of New China

2023-12-13T15:39:10Z

Wei Yuxin: /* Zyta Rydz */

==The Future of New China by Liang Qichao==

Original Text: https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E8%A8%98

Title:新中國未來記 The Future of New China

Author: 梁啟超 Liang Qichao

Presentation:

=Homework! :3=
I chose to start from the beginning so we can understand the context of the book better!

==Aleksandra Urbańska==
一、余欲著此書，五年於茲矣，顧卒不能成一字。況年來身兼數役，日無寸暇，更安能以餘力及此？顧確信此類之書，於中國前途，大有稗助，夙夜志此不衰。既念欲俟全書卒業，始公諸世，恐更閱數年，殺青無日，不如限以報章，用自鞭策，得寸得尺，聊勝於無。《新小說》之出，其發願專為此編也。

一、茲編之作，專欲發表區區政見，以就正於愛國達識之君子。編中寓言，頗費覃思，不敢草草。但此不過臆見所偶及，一人之私言耳，非信其必可行也。國家人群，皆為有機體之物，其現象日日變化，雖有管葛，亦不能以今年料明年之事，況於數十年後乎！況末學寡識如余者乎！但提出種種問題一研究之，廣徵海內達人意見，未始無小補，區區之意，實在於是。讀者諸君如鑒微誠，望必毋吝教言，常惠駁義，則鄙人此書，不為虛作焉耳。

==Anna Proskura==
一、人之見地，隨學而進，因時而移，即如鄙人自審十年來之宗旨議論，已不知變化流轉凡許次矣。此編月出一冊，冊僅數回，非亙數年不能卒業，則前後意見矛盾者，寧知多少，況以寡才而好事之身，非能屏除百務，潛心治此。計每月為此書屬稿者，不過兩三日，雖復殫慮，豈能完善。故結構之必凌亂，發言之常矛盾，自知其決不能免也。故名之曰稿本，此後隨時訂改，兼得名流駁正，或冀體段稍完，再寫定本耳。

一、此編今初成兩三回，一覆讀之，似說部非說部，似稗史非稗史，似論著非論著，不知成何種文體，自顧良自失笑。雖然，既欲發表政見，商榷國計，則其體自不能不與尋常說部稍殊。編中往往多載法律、章程、演說、論文等，連編累牘，毫無趣味，知無以饜讀者之望矣，願以報中他種之有滋味者償之：其有不喜政談者乎，則以茲覆瓿焉可也。

==Asia Zawada==
一、編中於現在時流，絕不關涉，誠以他日救此一方民者，必當賴將來無名之英雄也。樓閣華嚴，毫無染者，讀者幸勿比例揣測，謂此事為某人寫照，此名為某人化身，致生種種黨同伐異意見。

一、此編於廣東特詳者，非有所私於廣東也。今日中國方合群共保之不足，而豈容復有某鄉某邑之見存。顧爾爾者，吾本粵人，知粵事較悉，言其條理，可以訛謬較少，故凡語及地方自治等事，悉偏趨此點。因此之故，故書中人物亦不免多派以粵籍，相因之勢使然也。不然，寧不知吾粵之無人哉？讀者幸諒此意，毋哂其為夜郎。

==Ada Dan==

話表孔子降生後二千五百一十三年。（今年二千四百五十三年）即西曆二千零六十二年（今年二千零二年），歲次壬寅，正月初一日，正係我中國全國人民舉行維新五十年大祝典之日。其時正值萬國太平會議新成，各國全權大臣在南京，（注意。）經已將太平條約畫押。因尚有萬國協盟專件，由我國政府及各國代表人提出者凡數十樁，皆未議妥，因此各全權尚駐節中國。恰好遇著我國舉行祝典，諸友邦皆特派兵艦來慶賀，英國皇帝、皇后，日本皇帝、皇后，俄國大統領及夫人，（注意。）菲律賓大統領及夫人，（注意。）匈加利大統領及夫人，（注意。）皆親臨致祝。其餘列強，皆有頭等欽差代一國表賀意，都齊集南京，好不匆忙，好不熱鬧。

==Edyta Skorupa==
。那時我國民決議在上海地方開設大博覽會，這博覽會卻不同尋常，不特陳設商務、工藝諸物品而已，乃至各種學問、宗教皆以此時開聯合大會（是謂大同）。各國專門名家、大博士來集者，不下數千人。各國大學學生來集者，不下數萬人。處處有演說壇，日日開講論會，竟把偌大一個上海，連江北，連吳淞口，連崇明縣，都變作博覽會場了。（闊哉闊哉）這也不能盡表。單表內中一個團體，卻是我國京師大學校文學科內之史學部。因欲將我中國歷史的特質發表出來，一則激厲本國人民的愛國心，一則令外國人都知道我黃帝子孫變遷發達之跡，因此在博覽會場中央占了一個大大講座，公舉博士三十餘人分類講演。

==Ewa Kopania==
也有講中國政治史的，也有講中國哲學史、宗教史、生計史、財政史、風俗史、文學史的，亦不能盡表。單表內中一科，卻是現任全國教育會會長文學大博士孔老先生所講。這位孔老先生名弘道，字覺民，山東曲阜縣人，乃孔夫子旁支裔孫，學者稱為曲阜先生，今年已經七十六歲。（先生今年十六歲了）從小自備資斧，遊學日本、美、英、德、法諸國。當維新時代，曾與民間各志土奔走國事，下獄兩次。（先天下之憂而憂）新政府立，任國憲局起草委員，轉學部次官，後以病辭職，專盡力於民間教育事業，因此公舉為教育會長。

==Gabriela Krukowska==
言歸正傳。卻說這位老博士，今回所講的甚麼史呢？非是他書，乃係我們所最喜歡聽的，叫做《中國近六十年史》。就從光緒二十八年壬寅講起，講到今年壬寅，可不是剛足六十年嗎？（原來如此。）這六十年中，算是中國存亡絕續的大關頭，龍拿虎擲的大活劇，其中可驚、可惱、可悲、可喜之事，不知多少。就是官局私家各著述，零零碎碎，也講得不少，卻未曾有一部真正詳細圓滿的好書出來。這位孔老先生，學問文章，既已冠絕一時。（確是冠絕一時）況且又事事皆曾親歷，（恐怕將來要親歷罷了），講來一定越發親切有味，不消說了。

==Julia Dereżyńska==
那時京師大學校及全國教育會出名登告白，講博士在博覽場內史學會講壇開講，擇定每來復一、來復三、來復五日下午一點鐘至四點鐘為講期。二月初一日，正是第一次講演，那日聽眾男男女女買定入場券來聽者，足有二萬人。內中卻有一千多係外國人，英、美、德、法、俄、日、菲律賓、印度各國人都有。看官，這位孔老先生在中國講中國史，一定係用中國話了，外國人如何會聽呢？

==Karol Perka==
原來自我國維新以後，各種學術進步甚速，歐美各國皆紛紛派學生來遊學，據舊年統計表，全國學校共有外國學生三萬餘名，卒業歸去者已經一千二百餘名，這些人自然都懂得中國話了，因聞得我國第一碩儒演說，如何不來敬聽？閑話休題。卻說自從那日起，孔老先生登壇開講，便有史學會幹事員派定速記生從旁執筆，將這《中國近六十年史講義》從頭至尾錄出，一字不遺。一面速記，一面逐字打電報交與橫濱新小說報社登刊。（這筆電費卻不小）諸君欲知孔老先生所講如何，請看下回分解。

==Karolina Englert==
且說二月初一日午後十二點半鐘，聽眾都已齊集講堂，史學會幹事長、大學校史學科助教林君志衡先登講壇第二級左側，向眾人鞠躬演述開會之意，並謝孔博士以如此高年，不辭勞苦，為國民演說國事，實可為今次祝典一大紀念等語。演述已畢，眾人肅穆毋嘩，一齊恭候。（我卻候了六十年）正交一點鐘，只見曲阜先生身穿國家製定的大禮服，胸前懸掛國民所賜的勳章，與調查憲法時各國所贈勳章，及教育會所呈勳章等，道貌堂堂，溫容可掬，徐步登壇。滿座聽眾一齊起立致敬，拍掌歡迎之聲，忽如山崩濤湧。聽眾坐下，滿堂肅靜。

==Lena Rzeźnikowska==
曲阜先生乃以滿面熱誠之容，先開口道：「諸君啊，諸君，今日皆以愛國誠心參預斯會，非是鄙人無端生感，其實六十年前那裏想還有今日，又那裏敢望還有今日？（今日何日？）我們今日得擁這般的國勢，享這般的光榮，有三件事是必要致謝的。第一件是外國侵凌壓迫已甚，喚起人民的愛國心。第二件是民間志士為國忘身，百折不回，卒成大業。第三件是前皇英明，能審時勢，排群議，讓權與民。這三件事便算是我這部六十年史的前提了。三件裏頭，那第二件卻是全書主腦。

==Natalia Gloc==
。諸君啊，須知一國所以成立，皆由民德、民智、民氣三者具備，但民智還容易開發，民氣還容易鼓勵，獨有民德一樁，最難養成。倘若無民德，則智氣兩者亦無從發達完滿，就使有智，亦不過藉寇兵、齎盜糧；就使有氣，亦不過一團客氣，稍遇挫折便都消滅了。你看六十年前，我國衰弱到恁般田地，豈不都是吃了無道德的虧麼？

==Paweł Andraszak==
那時不但那舊黨貪汙鄙賤，行同禽獸，就那號稱民間志士的，也是滿肚皮私欲充塞，（志士聽者。）變幻狡詐，（志士聽者。）輕佻浮躁，（志士聽者。）猜疑忌刻，（志士聽者。）散慢亂雜，（志士聽者。）軟弱畏怯，（志士聽者。）他那心術行為，正是同舊黨一鼻孔出氣，或者反比舊黨還不如哩。（志士聽者。）倘使後來的志士都和那己亥、壬寅間的志士一個樣兒，我們的中國早已亡了。（志士聽者聽者。）這話非是鄙人饒舌，其實我新中國之存亡絕續，皆在此一點，若除了這點，我這部六十年史亦無處講起了。

==Zyta Rydz==
閑話休題。卻說這部六十年史講義，共分為六個時代：

第一、預備時代：從聯軍破北京時起，至廣東自治時止。

第二、分治時代：從南方各省自治時起，至全國國會開設時止。

第三、統一時代：從第一次大統領羅在田君（批者曰：「此君為誰歟？」著者曰：「讀《北魏孝文紀》便知得姓淵源。」）就任時起，至第二次大統領黃克強君滿任時止。

第四、殖產時代：從第三次黃克強君復任統領時起，至第五次大統領陳法堯君滿任時止。

第五、外競時代：從中俄戰爭時起，至亞洲各國同盟會成立時止。

第六、雄飛時代：從匈加利會議後以迄今日。

This sixty years old of history can be divided into 6 parts:

1. preparation period, since arriving of the allied forces till Guangdong’s autonomy

2. government separation period, since the autonomy of the country’s south till the opening of the national Parliament

3. period of unification, since the first great leader Luo Zaitian, till the second end of leader Huang Keqiang’s power

4. growth period, since the third leader Huang Keqiang, till the fifth leader Chen Fayao

5. competitiveness period, since the russian-chinese war, till the founding of the Asian National Alliance.

6. the flight period, since the first hungarian congress till today

The Future of New China

2023-12-13T15:38:18Z

Wei Yuxin: /* Zyta Rydz */

==The Future of New China by Liang Qichao==

Original Text: https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E8%A8%98

Title:新中國未來記 The Future of New China

Author: 梁啟超 Liang Qichao

Presentation:

=Homework! :3=
I chose to start from the beginning so we can understand the context of the book better!

==Aleksandra Urbańska==
一、余欲著此書，五年於茲矣，顧卒不能成一字。況年來身兼數役，日無寸暇，更安能以餘力及此？顧確信此類之書，於中國前途，大有稗助，夙夜志此不衰。既念欲俟全書卒業，始公諸世，恐更閱數年，殺青無日，不如限以報章，用自鞭策，得寸得尺，聊勝於無。《新小說》之出，其發願專為此編也。

一、茲編之作，專欲發表區區政見，以就正於愛國達識之君子。編中寓言，頗費覃思，不敢草草。但此不過臆見所偶及，一人之私言耳，非信其必可行也。國家人群，皆為有機體之物，其現象日日變化，雖有管葛，亦不能以今年料明年之事，況於數十年後乎！況末學寡識如余者乎！但提出種種問題一研究之，廣徵海內達人意見，未始無小補，區區之意，實在於是。讀者諸君如鑒微誠，望必毋吝教言，常惠駁義，則鄙人此書，不為虛作焉耳。

==Anna Proskura==
一、人之見地，隨學而進，因時而移，即如鄙人自審十年來之宗旨議論，已不知變化流轉凡許次矣。此編月出一冊，冊僅數回，非亙數年不能卒業，則前後意見矛盾者，寧知多少，況以寡才而好事之身，非能屏除百務，潛心治此。計每月為此書屬稿者，不過兩三日，雖復殫慮，豈能完善。故結構之必凌亂，發言之常矛盾，自知其決不能免也。故名之曰稿本，此後隨時訂改，兼得名流駁正，或冀體段稍完，再寫定本耳。

一、此編今初成兩三回，一覆讀之，似說部非說部，似稗史非稗史，似論著非論著，不知成何種文體，自顧良自失笑。雖然，既欲發表政見，商榷國計，則其體自不能不與尋常說部稍殊。編中往往多載法律、章程、演說、論文等，連編累牘，毫無趣味，知無以饜讀者之望矣，願以報中他種之有滋味者償之：其有不喜政談者乎，則以茲覆瓿焉可也。

==Asia Zawada==
一、編中於現在時流，絕不關涉，誠以他日救此一方民者，必當賴將來無名之英雄也。樓閣華嚴，毫無染者，讀者幸勿比例揣測，謂此事為某人寫照，此名為某人化身，致生種種黨同伐異意見。

一、此編於廣東特詳者，非有所私於廣東也。今日中國方合群共保之不足，而豈容復有某鄉某邑之見存。顧爾爾者，吾本粵人，知粵事較悉，言其條理，可以訛謬較少，故凡語及地方自治等事，悉偏趨此點。因此之故，故書中人物亦不免多派以粵籍，相因之勢使然也。不然，寧不知吾粵之無人哉？讀者幸諒此意，毋哂其為夜郎。

==Ada Dan==

話表孔子降生後二千五百一十三年。（今年二千四百五十三年）即西曆二千零六十二年（今年二千零二年），歲次壬寅，正月初一日，正係我中國全國人民舉行維新五十年大祝典之日。其時正值萬國太平會議新成，各國全權大臣在南京，（注意。）經已將太平條約畫押。因尚有萬國協盟專件，由我國政府及各國代表人提出者凡數十樁，皆未議妥，因此各全權尚駐節中國。恰好遇著我國舉行祝典，諸友邦皆特派兵艦來慶賀，英國皇帝、皇后，日本皇帝、皇后，俄國大統領及夫人，（注意。）菲律賓大統領及夫人，（注意。）匈加利大統領及夫人，（注意。）皆親臨致祝。其餘列強，皆有頭等欽差代一國表賀意，都齊集南京，好不匆忙，好不熱鬧。

==Edyta Skorupa==
。那時我國民決議在上海地方開設大博覽會，這博覽會卻不同尋常，不特陳設商務、工藝諸物品而已，乃至各種學問、宗教皆以此時開聯合大會（是謂大同）。各國專門名家、大博士來集者，不下數千人。各國大學學生來集者，不下數萬人。處處有演說壇，日日開講論會，竟把偌大一個上海，連江北，連吳淞口，連崇明縣，都變作博覽會場了。（闊哉闊哉）這也不能盡表。單表內中一個團體，卻是我國京師大學校文學科內之史學部。因欲將我中國歷史的特質發表出來，一則激厲本國人民的愛國心，一則令外國人都知道我黃帝子孫變遷發達之跡，因此在博覽會場中央占了一個大大講座，公舉博士三十餘人分類講演。

==Ewa Kopania==
也有講中國政治史的，也有講中國哲學史、宗教史、生計史、財政史、風俗史、文學史的，亦不能盡表。單表內中一科，卻是現任全國教育會會長文學大博士孔老先生所講。這位孔老先生名弘道，字覺民，山東曲阜縣人，乃孔夫子旁支裔孫，學者稱為曲阜先生，今年已經七十六歲。（先生今年十六歲了）從小自備資斧，遊學日本、美、英、德、法諸國。當維新時代，曾與民間各志土奔走國事，下獄兩次。（先天下之憂而憂）新政府立，任國憲局起草委員，轉學部次官，後以病辭職，專盡力於民間教育事業，因此公舉為教育會長。

==Gabriela Krukowska==
言歸正傳。卻說這位老博士，今回所講的甚麼史呢？非是他書，乃係我們所最喜歡聽的，叫做《中國近六十年史》。就從光緒二十八年壬寅講起，講到今年壬寅，可不是剛足六十年嗎？（原來如此。）這六十年中，算是中國存亡絕續的大關頭，龍拿虎擲的大活劇，其中可驚、可惱、可悲、可喜之事，不知多少。就是官局私家各著述，零零碎碎，也講得不少，卻未曾有一部真正詳細圓滿的好書出來。這位孔老先生，學問文章，既已冠絕一時。（確是冠絕一時）況且又事事皆曾親歷，（恐怕將來要親歷罷了），講來一定越發親切有味，不消說了。

==Julia Dereżyńska==
那時京師大學校及全國教育會出名登告白，講博士在博覽場內史學會講壇開講，擇定每來復一、來復三、來復五日下午一點鐘至四點鐘為講期。二月初一日，正是第一次講演，那日聽眾男男女女買定入場券來聽者，足有二萬人。內中卻有一千多係外國人，英、美、德、法、俄、日、菲律賓、印度各國人都有。看官，這位孔老先生在中國講中國史，一定係用中國話了，外國人如何會聽呢？

==Karol Perka==
原來自我國維新以後，各種學術進步甚速，歐美各國皆紛紛派學生來遊學，據舊年統計表，全國學校共有外國學生三萬餘名，卒業歸去者已經一千二百餘名，這些人自然都懂得中國話了，因聞得我國第一碩儒演說，如何不來敬聽？閑話休題。卻說自從那日起，孔老先生登壇開講，便有史學會幹事員派定速記生從旁執筆，將這《中國近六十年史講義》從頭至尾錄出，一字不遺。一面速記，一面逐字打電報交與橫濱新小說報社登刊。（這筆電費卻不小）諸君欲知孔老先生所講如何，請看下回分解。

==Karolina Englert==
且說二月初一日午後十二點半鐘，聽眾都已齊集講堂，史學會幹事長、大學校史學科助教林君志衡先登講壇第二級左側，向眾人鞠躬演述開會之意，並謝孔博士以如此高年，不辭勞苦，為國民演說國事，實可為今次祝典一大紀念等語。演述已畢，眾人肅穆毋嘩，一齊恭候。（我卻候了六十年）正交一點鐘，只見曲阜先生身穿國家製定的大禮服，胸前懸掛國民所賜的勳章，與調查憲法時各國所贈勳章，及教育會所呈勳章等，道貌堂堂，溫容可掬，徐步登壇。滿座聽眾一齊起立致敬，拍掌歡迎之聲，忽如山崩濤湧。聽眾坐下，滿堂肅靜。

==Lena Rzeźnikowska==
曲阜先生乃以滿面熱誠之容，先開口道：「諸君啊，諸君，今日皆以愛國誠心參預斯會，非是鄙人無端生感，其實六十年前那裏想還有今日，又那裏敢望還有今日？（今日何日？）我們今日得擁這般的國勢，享這般的光榮，有三件事是必要致謝的。第一件是外國侵凌壓迫已甚，喚起人民的愛國心。第二件是民間志士為國忘身，百折不回，卒成大業。第三件是前皇英明，能審時勢，排群議，讓權與民。這三件事便算是我這部六十年史的前提了。三件裏頭，那第二件卻是全書主腦。

==Natalia Gloc==
。諸君啊，須知一國所以成立，皆由民德、民智、民氣三者具備，但民智還容易開發，民氣還容易鼓勵，獨有民德一樁，最難養成。倘若無民德，則智氣兩者亦無從發達完滿，就使有智，亦不過藉寇兵、齎盜糧；就使有氣，亦不過一團客氣，稍遇挫折便都消滅了。你看六十年前，我國衰弱到恁般田地，豈不都是吃了無道德的虧麼？

==Paweł Andraszak==
那時不但那舊黨貪汙鄙賤，行同禽獸，就那號稱民間志士的，也是滿肚皮私欲充塞，（志士聽者。）變幻狡詐，（志士聽者。）輕佻浮躁，（志士聽者。）猜疑忌刻，（志士聽者。）散慢亂雜，（志士聽者。）軟弱畏怯，（志士聽者。）他那心術行為，正是同舊黨一鼻孔出氣，或者反比舊黨還不如哩。（志士聽者。）倘使後來的志士都和那己亥、壬寅間的志士一個樣兒，我們的中國早已亡了。（志士聽者聽者。）這話非是鄙人饒舌，其實我新中國之存亡絕續，皆在此一點，若除了這點，我這部六十年史亦無處講起了。

==Zyta Rydz==
閑話休題。卻說這部六十年史講義，共分為六個時代：

第一、預備時代：從聯軍破北京時起，至廣東自治時止。

第二、分治時代：從南方各省自治時起，至全國國會開設時止。

第三、統一時代：從第一次大統領羅在田君（批者曰：「此君為誰歟？」著者曰：「讀《北魏孝文紀》便知得姓淵源。」）就任時起，至第二次大統領黃克強君滿任時止。

第四、殖產時代：從第三次黃克強君復任統領時起，至第五次大統領陳法堯君滿任時止。

第五、外競時代：從中俄戰爭時起，至亞洲各國同盟會成立時止。

第六、雄飛時代：從匈加利會議後以迄今日。

This sixty years old of history can be divided into 6 parts:
1. preparation period, since arriving of the allied forces till Guangdong’s autonomy
2. government separation period, since the autonomy of the country’s south till the opening of the national Parliament
3. period of unification, since the first great leader Luo Zaitian, till the second end of leader Huang Keqiang’s power
4. growth period, since the third leader Huang Keqiang, till the fifth leader Chen Fayao
5. competitiveness period, since the russian-chinese war, till the founding of the Asian National Alliance.
6. the flight period, since the first hungarian congress till today

Dream of the Red Chamber

2023-12-08T07:58:28Z

Wei Yuxin:

==The original text of "Dream of the Red Chamber"'==

Full text: [http://www.purepen.com/hlm/index.htm]

English translation: [https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-jeffersoncc-introliterature/chapter/685/]

Link to the presentation: [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1FQhtGcPzk8p5ndcigaAr5XfVNkbdYB5B/edit?usp=drive_web&ouid=110805102670215069853&rtpof=true]

Title: 红楼梦 (Dream of the Red Chamber)

Author: 曹雪芹 (Cao Xueqin)

==第三回托内兄如海荐西宾　接外孙贾母惜孤女==

==Aleksandra Urbańska==

却说雨村忙回头看时，不是别人，乃是当日同僚一案参革的张如圭。他系此地人，革后家居，今打听得都中奏准起复旧员之信，他便四下里寻情找门路，忽遇见雨村，故忙道喜。二人见了礼，张如圭便将此信告知雨村，雨村欢喜，忙忙叙了两句，各自别去回家。冷子兴听得此言，便忙献计，令雨村央求林如海，转向都中去央烦贾政。雨村领其意而别，回至馆中，忙寻邸报看真确了，次日面谋之如海。

==Anna Proskura==

如海道：“天缘凑巧，因贱荆去世，都中家岳母念及小女无人依傍，前已遣了男女船只来接，因小女未曾大痊，故尚未行，此刻正思送女进京。因向蒙教训之恩，未经酬报，遇此机会岂有不尽心图报之理。弟已预筹之，修下荐书一封，托内兄务为周全，方可稍尽弟之鄙诚；即有所费，弟于内家信中写明，不劳吾兄多虑。”雨村一面打恭，谢不释口，一面又问：“不知令亲大人现居何职?只怕晚生草率，不敢进谒。”如海笑道：“若论舍亲，与尊兄犹系一家，乃荣公之孙：大内兄现袭一等将军之职，名赦，字恩侯；二内兄名政，字存周，现任工部员外郎，其为人谦恭厚道，大有祖父遗风，非膏粱轻薄之流。故弟致书烦托，否则不但有污尊兄清操，即弟亦不屑为矣。”雨村听了，心下方信了昨日子兴之言，于是又谢了林如海。如海又说：“择了出月初二日小女入都，吾兄即同路而往，岂不两便？”雨村唯唯听命，心中十分得意。如海遂打点礼物并饯行之事，雨村一一领了。

After the death of Lin Ruhai’s wife, at the request of his mother-in-law, he wants to send his daughter to his mother-in-law in Beijing. Lin Ruhai also wants to thank Jia Yucun and sends him to his brother-in-law Jia Zheng with a letter of recommendation. However, Jia Yucun is concerned about his low status and asks Lin Ruhai what position his brother-in-law holds. Lin Ruhai replied that his brother-in-law is modest and kindhearted and this reassured Jia Yucun. Lin Ruhai also said that his daughter was leaving on the second day of the next month and asked Jia Yucun if he wanted to go with her. Jia Yucun agreed and took the preparations for the trip entirely upon himself.

==Asia Zawada==

那女学生原不忍离亲而去，无奈他外祖母必欲其往，且兼如海说：“汝父年已半百，再无续室之意，且汝多病，年又极小，上无亲母教养，下无姊妹扶持。今去依傍外祖母及舅氏姊妹，正好减我内顾之忧，如何不去？”黛玉听了，方洒泪拜别，随了奶娘及荣府中几个老妇登舟而去。雨村另有只，带了两个小童，依附黛玉而行。
一日到了京都，雨村先整了衣冠，带着童仆，拿了宗侄的名帖至荣府门上投了。彼时贾政已看了妹丈之书，即忙请入相会。见雨村像貌魁伟，言谈不俗，且这贾政最喜的是读书人，礼贤下士，拯溺救危，大有祖风，况又系妹丈致意，因此优待雨村，更又不同。便极力帮助，题奏之日，谋了一个复职。不上两月，便选了金陵应天府，辞了贾政，择日到任去了，不在话下。
The girl was torn between the duty towards her grandmother and love towards her father. Ju Hai argued that without a mother to take care for her in her fragile state, going to her grandmother is the best choice. She parted with him in a flood of tears and went with Yu-ts’un. They were greeted by Chia Cheng. After that Yu-Ts’un he obtained a reinstatement to office and went to his post.

==Edyta Skorupa==

且说黛玉自那日弃舟登岸时，便有荣府打发轿子并拉行李车辆伺候。这黛玉尝听得母亲说，他外祖母家与别人家不同。他近日所见的这几个三等的仆妇，吃穿用度已是不凡，何况今至其家，都要步步留心，时时在意，不要多说一句话，不可多行一步路，恐被人耻笑了去。自上了轿，进了城，从纱窗中瞧了一瞧，其街市之繁华，人烟之阜盛，自非别处可比。又行了半日，忽见街北蹲着两个大石狮子，三间兽头大门，门前列坐着十来个华冠丽服之人，正门不开，只东西两角门有人出入。正门之上有一匾，匾上大书“敕造宁国府”五个大字。黛玉想道：“这是外祖的长房了。”又往西不远，照样也是三间大门，方是“荣国府”，却不进正门，只由西角门而进。轿子抬着走了一箭之远，将转弯时便歇了轿，后面的婆子也都下来了，另换了四个眉目秀洁的十七八岁的小厮上来，抬着轿子，众婆子步下跟随。

==Ada Dan==

至一垂花门前落下，那小斯俱肃然退出，众婆子上前打起轿帘，扶黛玉下了轿。黛玉扶着婆子的手进了垂花门，两边是超手游廊，正中是穿堂，当地放着一个紫檀架子大理石屏风。转过屏风，小小三间厅房，厅后便是正房大院。正面五间上房，皆是雕梁画栋，两边穿山游廊厢房，挂着各色鹦鹉画眉等雀鸟。台阶上坐着几个穿红着绿的丫头，一见他们来了，都笑迎上来道：“刚才老太太还念诵呢!可巧就来了。”于是三四人争着打帘子。一面听得人说：“林姑娘来了！”

Dai Yu gets off the palanquin and takes the hand of the old woman as they enter a wonderfully decorated hall. It is built of marble and red sandalwood, and the decorations include flowers, carved beams and paintings. The verandhas are filled with parrots, hwamei* and other birds. Several girls dressed in green and red come to greet the women on the steps.

* hwamei (画眉 "painted eyebrow") - Garrulax canorus/ Sójkowiec białooki, a species of a bird in eastern Asia 🐦🐦🐦

==Ewa Kopania==

黛玉方进房，只见两个人扶着一位鬓发如银的老母迎上来。黛玉知是外祖母了，正欲下拜，早被外祖母抱住，搂入怀中，“心肝儿肉”叫着大哭起来。当下侍立之人无不下泪，黛玉也哭个不休。众人慢慢解劝，那黛玉方拜见了外祖母。贾母方一一指与黛玉道：“这是你大舅母。这是二舅母。这是你先前珠大哥的媳妇珠大嫂子。”黛玉一一拜见。贾母又叫：“请姑娘们。今日远客来了，可以不必上学去。”众人答应了一声，便去了两个。不一时，只见三个奶妈并五六个丫鬟，拥着三位姑娘来了。第一个肌肤微丰，身材合中，腮凝新荔，鼻腻鹅脂，温柔沉默，观之可亲。第二个削肩细腰，长挑身材，鸭蛋脸儿，俊眼修眉，顾盼神飞，文彩精华，见之忘俗。第三个身量未足，形容尚小。其钗环裙袄，三人皆是一样的妆束。黛玉忙起身迎上来见礼，互相厮认，归了坐位。丫鬟送上茶来。不过叙些黛玉之母如何得病，如何请医服药，如何送死发丧。不免贾母又伤感起来，因说：“我这些女孩儿，所疼的独有你母亲。今一旦先我而亡，不得见面，怎不伤心！”说着携了黛玉的手又哭起来。众人都忙相劝慰，方略略止住。

==Gabriela Krukowska==

众人见黛玉年纪虽小，其举止言谈不俗，身体面貌虽弱不胜衣，却有一段风流态度，便知他有不足之症。因问：“常服何药?为何不治好了？”黛玉道：“我自来如此，从会吃饭时便吃药，到如今了，经过多少名医，总未见效。那一年我才三岁，记得来了一个癞头和尚，说要化我去出家。我父母自是不从，他又说：‘既舍不得他，但只怕他的病一生也不能好的!若要好时，除非从此以后总不许见哭声，除父母之外，凡有外亲一概不见，方可平安了此一生。’这和尚疯疯癫癫说了这些不经之谈，也没人理他。如今还是吃人参养荣丸。”贾母道：“这正好，我这里正配丸药呢，叫他们多配一料就是了。”
Daiyu is described as a young individual with good manners despite a frail physical appearance, suggesting an underlying health issue. When questioned about the medications taken, Daiyu explains that despite taking medicine since early childhood and consulting numerous doctors, there has been no improvement. Daiyu recalls a peculiar incident at the age of three when a disheveled monk suggested making him a monk under specific conditions, including not crying and avoiding contact with anyone other than parents. Despite the monk's eccentric advice, Daiyu dismisses it, stating that he still adheres to a regimen of healthy food. Jia mother responds by offering more ingredients for the pills, indicating a continued effort to address Daiyu's health issues.

==Julia Dereżyńska==

一语未完，只听后院中有笑语声，说：“我来迟了，没得迎接远客！”黛玉思忖道：“这些人个个皆敛声屏气如此，这来者是谁，这样放诞无礼？”心下想时，只见一群媳妇丫鬟拥着一个丽人从后房进来。这个人打扮与姑娘们不同，彩绣辉煌，恍若神妃仙子。头上戴着金丝八宝攒珠髻，绾着朝阳五凤挂珠钗，项上戴着赤金盘螭缨络圈，身上穿着缕金百蝶穿花大红云缎窄袄，外罩五彩刻丝石青银鼠褂，下着翡翠撒花洋绉裙。一双丹凤三角眼，两弯柳叶掉梢眉，身量苗条，体格风骚，粉面含春威不露，丹唇未启笑先闻。黛玉连忙起身接见。贾母笑道：“你不认得他：他是我们这里有名的一个泼辣货，南京所谓‘辣子’，你只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了。”黛玉正不知以何称呼，众姊妹都忙告诉黛玉道：“这是琏二嫂子。”黛玉虽不曾识面，听见他母亲说过：大舅贾赦之子贾琏，娶的就是二舅母王氏的内侄女；自幼假充男儿教养，学名叫做王熙凤。黛玉忙陪笑见礼，以“嫂”呼之。

After Grandmother Jia finishes talking, some girl starts laughing and saying she is late. Lin Daiyu thinks that the person is rude, but then sees the woman. She is dressed beautifuly, looking like a goddess, graceful and elegant. Daiyu stands up to greet her, but Grandmother Jia tells her that she doesn't know this lady and that she should just call her Feng Lazi (辣子 - an arrogant, unreasonable and rude person, usually a woman). It turns out that she is Daiyu's sister-in-law, so she addresses her as such while greeting her.

==Karol Perka==

这熙凤携着黛玉的手，上下细细打量一回，便仍送至贾母身边坐下，因笑道：“天下真有这样标致人儿!我今日才算看见了!况且这通身的气派竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是嫡亲的孙女儿似的，怨不得老祖宗天天嘴里心里放不下。只可怜我这妹妹这么命苦，怎么姑妈偏就去世了呢！”说着便用帕拭泪。贾母笑道：“我才好了，你又来招我。你妹妹远路才来，身子又弱，也才劝住了，快别再提了。”熙凤听了，忙转悲为喜道：“正是呢!我一见了妹妹，一心都在他身上，又是喜欢，又是伤心，竟忘了老祖宗了，该打，该打！”又忙拉着黛玉的手问道：“妹妹几岁了?可也上过学?现吃什么药?在这里别想家，要什么吃的、什么玩的，只管告诉我。丫头老婆们不好，也只管告诉我。”黛玉一一答应。一面熙凤又问人：“林姑娘的东西可搬进来了?带了几个人来?你们赶早打扫两间屋子，叫他们歇歇儿去。”说话
时已摆了果茶上来，熙凤亲自布让。又见二舅母问他：“月钱放完了没有？”熙凤道：“放完了。刚才带了人到后楼上找缎子，找了半日也没见昨儿太太说的那个。
想必太太记错了。”王夫人道：“有没有，什么要紧。”因又说道：“该随手拿出
两个来给你这妹妹裁衣裳啊。等晚上想着再叫人去拿罢。”熙凤道：“我倒先料着
了。知道妹妹这两日必到，我已经预备下了，等太太回去过了目，好送来。”王夫
人一笑，点头不语。

==Karolina Englert==

当下茶果已撤，贾母命两个老嬷嬷带黛玉去见两个舅舅去。维时贾赦之妻邢氏
忙起身笑回道：“我带了外甥女儿过去，到底便宜些。”贾母笑道：“正是呢。你
也去罢，不必过来了。”那邢夫人答应了，遂带着黛玉和王夫人作辞，大家送至穿
堂。垂花门前早有众小厮拉过一辆翠幄清油车来，邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们
放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起。拉至宽处，驾上驯骡，出了西角门往东，过荣府正门，
入一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前方下了车。邢夫人挽着黛玉的手进入院中，黛玉度其
处必是荣府中之花园隔断过来的。进入三层仪门，果见正房、厢房、游廊，悉皆小
巧别致，不似那边的轩峻壮丽，且院中随处之树木山石皆好。及进入正室，早有许
多艳妆丽服之姬妾丫鬟迎着。邢夫人让黛玉坐了，一面令人到外书房中请贾赦。一
时回来说：“老爷说：‘连日身上不好，见了姑娘彼此伤心，暂且不忍相见。劝姑
娘不必伤怀想家，跟着老太太和舅母，是和家里一样的。姐妹们虽拙，大家一处作
伴，也可以解些烦闷。或有委屈之处，只管说，别外道了才是。’”黛玉忙站起身
来，一一答应了。再坐一刻便告辞，邢夫人苦留吃过饭去。黛玉笑回道：“舅母爱
惜赐饭，原不应辞，只是还要过去拜见二舅舅，恐去迟了不恭，异日再领：望舅母
容谅。”邢夫人道：“这也罢了。”遂命两个嬷嬷用方才坐来的车送过去。于是黛
玉告辞。邢夫人送至仪门前，又嘱咐了众人几句，眼看着车去了方回来。

==Lena Rzeźnikowska==

一时黛玉进入荣府，下了车，只见一条大甬路直接出大门来。众嬷嬷引着便往
东转弯，走过一座东西穿堂、向南大厅之后，仪门内大院落，上面五间大正房，两
边厢房鹿顶，耳门钻山，四通八达，轩昂壮丽，比各处不同。黛玉便知这方是正内
室。进入堂屋，抬头迎面先见一个赤金九龙青地大匾，匾上写着斗大三个字，是“荣
禧堂”；后有一行小字：“某年月日书赐荣国公贾源”，又有“万几宸翰”之宝。
大紫檀雕螭案上设着三尺多高青绿古铜鼎，悬着待漏随朝墨龙大画，一边是錾金
彝，一边是玻璃盆。地下两溜十六张楠木圈椅。又有一副对联，乃是乌木联牌镶着
錾金字迹，道是：
座上珠玑昭日月，
堂前黼黻焕烟霞。
下面一行小字是：“世教弟勋袭东安郡王穆莳拜手书。”原来王夫人时常居坐宴息
也不在这正室中，只在东边的三间耳房内。于是嬷嬷们引黛玉进东房门来。临窗大
炕上铺着猩红洋毯，正面设着大红金钱蟒引枕，秋香色金钱蟒大条褥，两边设一对
梅花式洋漆小几，左边几上摆着文王鼎，鼎旁匙箸香盒，右边几上摆着汝窑美人觚，
里面插着时鲜花草。地下面西一溜四张大椅，都搭着银红撒花椅搭，底下四副脚踏；
两边又有一对高几，几上茗碗瓶花俱备。其馀陈设，不必细说。老嬷嬷让黛玉上炕
坐。炕沿上却也有两个锦褥对设。黛玉度其位次，便不上炕，只就东边椅上坐了。
本房的丫鬟忙捧上茶来。黛玉一面吃了，打量这些丫鬟们妆饰衣裙、举止行动，果
与别家不同。

==Malwina Filipowicz==

茶未吃了，只见一个穿红绫袄青绸掐牙背心的一个丫鬟走来笑道：“太太说：
请林姑娘到那边坐罢。”老嬷嬷听了，于是又引黛玉出来，到了东南三间小正房内。
正面炕上横设一张炕桌，上面堆着书籍茶具，靠东壁面西设着半旧的青缎靠背引
枕。王夫人却坐在西边下首，亦是半旧青缎靠背坐褥，见黛玉来了，便往东让。黛
玉心中料定这是贾政之位，因见挨炕一溜三张椅子上也搭着半旧的弹花椅袱，黛玉
便向椅上坐了。王夫人再三让他上炕，他方挨王夫人坐下。王夫人因说：“你舅舅
今日斋戒去了，再见罢。只是有句话嘱咐你：你三个姐妹倒都极好，以后一处念书
认字，学针线，或偶一玩笑，却都有个尽让的。我就只一件不放心：我有一个孽根
祸胎，是家里的‘混世魔王’，今日因往庙里还愿去，尚未回来，晚上你看见就知
道了。你以后总不用理会他，你这些姐姐妹妹都不敢沾惹他的。”黛玉素闻母亲说
过，有个内侄乃衔玉而生，顽劣异常，不喜读书，最喜在内帏厮混，外祖母又溺爱，
无人敢管。今见王夫人所说，便知是这位表兄，一面陪笑道：“舅母所说，可是衔
玉而生的?在家时记得母亲常说，这位哥哥比我大一岁，小名就叫宝玉，性虽憨顽，
说待姊妹们却是极好的。况我来了，自然和姊妹们一处，弟兄们是另院别房，岂有
沾惹之理？”王夫人笑道：“你不知道原故：他和别人不同，自幼因老太太疼爱，
原系和姐妹们一处娇养惯了的。若姐妹们不理他，他倒还安静些；若一日姐妹们和
他多说了一句话，他心上一喜，便生出许多事来。所以嘱咐你别理会他。他嘴里一
时甜言蜜语，一时有天没日，疯疯傻傻，只休信他。”黛玉一一的都答应着。

==Paweł Andraszak==

忽见一个丫鬟来说：“老太太那里传晚饭了。”王夫人忙携了黛玉出后房门，
由后廊往西。出了角门，是一条南北甬路，南边是倒座三间小小抱厦厅，北边立着
一个粉油大影壁，后有一个半大门，小小一所房屋。王夫人笑指向黛玉道：“这是
你凤姐姐的屋子。回来你好往这里找他去，少什么东西只管和他说就是了。”这院
门上也有几个才总角的小厮，都垂手侍立。王夫人遂携黛玉穿过一个东西穿堂，便
是贾母的后院了。于是进入后房门，已有许多人在此伺候，见王夫人来，方安设桌
椅。贾珠之妻李氏捧杯，熙凤安箸，王夫人进羹。贾母正面榻上独坐，两旁四张空
椅。熙凤忙拉黛玉在左边第一张椅子上坐下，黛玉十分推让。贾母笑道：“你舅母
和嫂子们是不在这里吃饭的。你是客，原该这么坐。”黛玉方告了坐，就坐了。贾
母命王夫人也坐了。迎春姊妹三个告了坐方上来，迎春坐右手第一，探春左第二，
惜春右第二。旁边丫鬟执着拂尘、漱盂、巾帕，李纨、凤姐立于案边布让；外间伺
候的媳妇丫鬟虽多，却连一声咳嗽不闻。饭毕，各各有丫鬟用小茶盘捧上茶来。当
日林家教女以惜福养身，每饭后必过片时方吃茶，不伤脾胃；今黛玉见了这里许多
规矩，不似家中，也只得随和些，接了茶。又有人捧过漱盂来，黛玉也漱了口，又
盥手毕。然后又捧上茶来，这方是吃的茶。贾母便说：“你们去罢，让我们自在说
说话儿。”王夫人遂起身，又说了两句闲话儿，方引李、凤二人去了。

Daiyu beheld a maid who informed her that the venerable lady had sent a message about the evening meal. Madame Wang took Lin Daiyu by the hand, and together they went to Lady Jia's back court. Upon entering, a group of servants began setting the tables. Wang Xifeng suggested that Daiyu take the foremost chair on the left side. Initially hesitant, Daiyu declined, but Lady Jia explained that, as a guest, it was proper for her to do so. Eventually, all the guests took their seats. Various customs were observed, such as waiting a while before drinking tea after finishing a meal. Though initially surprised, Lin Daiyu had no choice but to conform to the etiquette. Lady Jia then requested everyone else to leave, leaving her alone with Daiyu for a private conversation. Madame Wang exited the room along with two other ladies.

==Natalia Gloc==

贾母因问黛玉念何书。黛玉道：“刚念了《四书》。”黛玉又问姊妹们读何书，
贾母道：“读什么书，不过认几个字罢了。”一语未了，只听外面一阵脚步响，丫
鬟进来报道：“宝玉来了。”黛玉心想，这个宝玉不知是怎样个惫懒人呢。及至进
来一看，却是位青年公子：头上戴着束发嵌宝紫金冠，齐眉勒着二龙戏珠金抹额，
一件二色金百蝶穿花大红箭袖，束着五彩丝攒花结长穗宫绦，外罩石青起花八团倭
缎排穗褂，登着青缎粉底小朝靴。面若中秋之月，色如春晓之花，鬓若刀裁，眉如
墨画，鼻如悬胆，睛若秋波，虽怒时而似笑，即视而有情。项上金螭缨络，又有
一根五色丝绦，系着一块美玉。黛玉一见便吃一大惊，心中想道：“好生奇怪，倒
像在那里见过的，何等眼熟！”只见这宝玉向贾母请了安，贾母便命：“去见你娘
来。”即转身去了。一回再来时，已换了冠带，头上周围一转的短发都结成小辫，
红丝结束，共攒至顶中胎发，总编一根大辫，黑亮如漆，从顶至梢，一串四颗大珠，
用金八宝坠脚。身上穿着银红撒花半旧大袄，仍旧带着项圈、宝玉、寄名锁、护身
符等物，下面半露松绿撒花绫裤，锦边弹墨袜，厚底大红鞋。越显得面如傅粉，唇
若施脂，转盼多情，语言若笑。天然一段风韵，全在眉梢；平生万种情思，悉堆眼
角。看其外貌最是极好，却难知其底细，后人有《西江月》二词，批的极确。词曰：
　　无故寻愁觅恨，有时似傻如狂。纵然生得好皮囊，腹内原
来草莽。潦倒不通庶务，愚顽怕读文章。行为偏僻性乖张，那管世人诽谤。
又曰：
　　富贵不知乐业，贫穷难耐凄凉。可怜辜负好时光，于国于家无望。天下无能第
一，古今不肖无双。寄言纨与膏粱：莫效此儿形状!
　　却说贾母见他进来，笑道：“外客没见就脱了衣裳了，还不去见你妹妹呢。”
宝玉早已看见了一个袅袅婷婷的女儿，便料定是林姑妈之女，忙来见礼。归了坐细
看时，真是与众各别。只见：
　　两弯似蹙非蹙笼烟眉，一双似喜非喜含情目。态生两靥之愁，娇袭一身之病。
泪光点点，娇喘微微。闲静似娇花照水，行动如弱柳扶风。心较比干多一窍，病如
西子胜三分。
宝玉看罢，笑道：“这个妹妹我曾见过的。”贾母笑道：“又胡说了，你何曾见过？”
宝玉笑道：“虽没见过，却看着面善，心里倒像是远别重逢的一般。”贾母笑道：
“好，好!这么更相和睦了。”

==Sandra Piechowiak==

宝玉便走向黛玉身边坐下，又细细打量一番，因问：“妹妹可曾读书？”黛玉
道：“不曾读书，只上了一年学，些须认得几个字。”宝玉又道：“妹妹尊名？”
黛玉便说了名，宝玉又道：“表字？”黛玉道：“无字。”宝玉笑道：“我送妹妹
一字：莫若‘颦颦’二字极妙。”探春便道：“何处出典？”宝玉道：“《古今人
物通考》上说：‘西方有石名黛，可代画眉之墨。’况这妹妹眉尖若蹙，取这个字
岂不美？”探春笑道：“只怕又是杜撰。”宝玉笑道：“除了《四书》，杜撰的也
太多呢。”因又问黛玉：“可有玉没有？”众人都不解。黛玉便忖度着：“因他有
玉，所以才问我的。”便答道：“我没有玉。你那玉也是件稀罕物儿，岂能人人皆
有？”宝玉听了，登时发作起狂病来，摘下那玉就狠命摔去，骂道：“什么罕物!
人的高下不识，还说灵不灵呢!我也不要这劳什子！”吓的地下众人一拥争去拾玉。
贾母急的搂了宝玉道“孽障!你生气要打骂人容易，何苦摔那命根子！”宝玉满面
泪痕哭道：“家里姐姐妹妹都没有，单我有，我说没趣儿；如今来了这个神仙似的
妹妹也没有，可知这不是个好东西。”贾母忙哄他道：“你这妹妹原有玉来着。因
你姑妈去世时，舍不得你妹妹，无法可处，遂将他的玉带了去，一则全殉葬之礼，
尽你妹妹的孝心；二则你姑妈的阴灵儿也可权作见了你妹妹了。因此他说没有，也
是不便自己夸张的意思啊。你还不好生带上，仔细你娘知道！”说着便向丫鬟手中
接来亲与他带上。宝玉听如此说，想了一想，也就不生别论。

==Wiktoria Wolny==

当下奶娘来问黛玉房舍，贾母便说：“将宝玉挪出来，同我在套间暖阁里，把
你林姑娘暂且安置在碧纱厨里。等过了残冬，春天再给他们收拾房屋，另作一番安
置罢。”宝玉道：“好祖宗，我就在碧纱厨外的床上很妥当。又何必出来，闹的老
祖宗不得安静呢？”贾母想一想说：“也罢了。”每人一个奶娘并一个丫头照管，
馀者在外间上夜听唤。一面早有熙凤命人送了一顶藕合色花帐并锦被缎褥之类。黛
玉只带了两个人来，一个是自己的奶娘王嬷嬷，一个是十岁的小丫头，名唤雪雁。
贾母见雪雁甚小，一团孩气，王嬷嬷又极老，料黛玉皆不遂心，将自己身边一个二
等小丫头名唤鹦哥的与了黛玉。亦如迎春等一般，每人除自幼乳母外，另有四个教
引嬷嬷，除贴身掌管钗钏盥沐两个丫头外，另有四五个洒扫房屋来往使役的小丫
头。当下王嬷嬷与鹦哥陪侍黛玉在碧纱厨内，宝玉乳母李嬷嬷并大丫头名唤袭人的
陪侍在外面大床上。原来这袭人亦是贾母之婢，本名蕊珠，贾母因溺爱宝玉，恐宝
玉之婢不中使，素喜蕊珠心地纯良，遂与宝玉。宝玉因知他本姓花，又曾见旧人诗
句有“花气袭人”之句，遂回明贾母，即把蕊珠更名袭人。

A nurse arrived and asked about Tai-yü's quarters. Dowager lady Chia suggested moving Pao-yü into her warm room and temporarily placing Miss Lin in the green gauze house. She also mentioned building an additional wing for Miss Lin in the spring. Pao-yü offered to stay in his current bed outside the green gauze house. Dowager lady Chia agreeded to that, but also insisted that each person have a nurse and waiting-maid. Moreover, she noticed that Tai-yü's servants were not suitable, so she assigned two of her own waiting-maids to Tai-yü. Each of the other girls also had multiple nurses and maids to attend to them. Nurse Wang and the other girls started serving Tai-yü, while Pao-yü's wet-nurse and an elderly maid named Hsi Jen were in the room with the large bed.

==Zyta Rydz==

却说袭人倒有些痴处：伏侍贾母时，心中只有贾母；如今跟了宝玉，心中又只
有宝玉了。只因宝玉性情乖僻，每每规谏，见宝玉不听，心中着实忧郁。是晚宝玉
李嬷嬷已睡了，他见里面黛玉鹦哥犹未安歇，他自卸了妆，悄悄的进来，笑问：“姑
娘怎么还不安歇？”黛玉忙笑让：“姐姐请坐。”袭人在床沿上坐了。鹦哥笑道：
“林姑娘在这里伤心，自己淌眼抹泪的，说：‘今儿才来了，就惹出你们哥儿的病
来。倘或摔坏了那玉，岂不是因我之过！’所以伤心，我好容易劝好了。”袭人道：
“姑娘快别这么着!将来只怕比这更奇怪的笑话儿还有呢。若为他这种行状你多心
伤感，只怕你还伤感不了呢。快别多心。”黛玉道：“姐姐们说的，我记着就是了。”
又叙了一回，方才安歇。
　　次早起来省过贾母，因往王夫人处来。正值王夫人与熙凤在一处拆金陵来的书
信，又有王夫人的兄嫂处遣来的两个媳妇儿来说话。黛玉虽不知原委，探春等却晓
得是议论金陵城中居住的薛家姨母之子——表兄薛蟠，倚财仗势，打死人命，现在
应天府案下审理。如今舅舅王子腾得了信，遣人来告诉这边，意欲唤取进京之意。
　　毕竟怎的，下回分解。

Hsi Jen while working for lady Jia, was entirely focused on her. Later while working for Baoyu, she focused on him, but he didn’t like that. Miss Li walked into a meeting. She apologizes for being the root of the problems. Hsi Jen tells her not to worry about this. They chatted for some time later. Next day they woke up early to pay respect to dowager Lady Jia and later came to lady Wang. Daiyu was not entirely aware of the current situation, but the others knew and were discussing the latest news.

Outlaws of the Marsh

2023-12-06T21:45:02Z

Wei Yuxin:

=The original text of "Outlaws of the Marsh"=

Full text: [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/23863]

Title: 水浒传（Outlaws of the Marsh)

Author: 施耐庵 (Shi Nai'an)

Presentation: [https://uam-my.sharepoint.com/:p:/g/personal/julder1_st_amu_edu_pl/EZ0cKWssZ5BDr0ZIbDNXgzUBq7HjpI8AJkE1CTACxGnJIQ?e=ap6hYF]

=楔子　張天師祈禳瘟疫　洪太尉誤走妖魔=
This is the prologue to the novel, it talks about the freeing of Demons by mistake.

==Aleksandra Urbańska==
紛紛五代亂離間，一旦雲開復見天！草木百年新雨露，車書萬里舊江山。尋常巷陌陳羅綺，幾處樓臺奏管絃。天下太平無事日，鶯花無限日高眠。
話說這八句詩乃是故宋神宗天子朝中一個名儒，姓邵，諱堯夫，道號康節先生所作；為歎五代殘唐，天下干戈不息。那時朝屬梁，暮屬晉，正謂是：
朱李石劉郭，梁唐晉漢周：都來十五帝，播亂五十秋。
後來感得天道循環，向甲馬營中生下太祖武德皇帝來，這朝聖人出世，紅光滿天，異香經宿不散，乃是上界霹靂大仙下降。英雄勇猛，智量寬洪，自古帝王都不及這朝天子，一條桿棒等身齊，打四百座軍州都姓趙！那天子掃清寰宇，蕩靜中原，國號大宋，建都汴梁，九朝八帝班頭，四百年開基帝主。因此上，邵堯夫先生讚道：「一旦雲開復見天！」正如教百姓再見天日之面

After the Five Dynasties reign time finally over, the world was finally at peace and tranquility. A poet Shao Yaofu (or Master Kang Jie) wrote a poem about the dynasties, emperors and the turmoil. But after some time Tai Zu (the emperor that valued military) was born, there were a lot of strange happenings when he came into this world. He was actually the God of Thunder. With his strength he made all the prefectures acknowledge him and pacified them. He founded Song Dynasty and resided in Bianliang. Shao Yaofu in his poem praised Tai Zu and said that he was the new hope of the people.

==Anna Proskura==
那時西嶽華山有個陳摶處士，是個道高有德之人，能辨風雲氣色。一日，騎驢下山，向那華陰道中正行之間，聽得路上客人傳說：「如今東京柴世宗讓位與趙檢點登基。」那陳摶先生聽得，心中歡喜，以手加額，在驢背上大笑，顛下驢來。人問其故。那先生道：「天下從此定矣！正乃上合天心，下合地理，中合人和。」
自庚申年間受禪，開基即位，在位一十七年，天下太平，傳位與御弟太宗。太宗皇帝在位二十二年，傳位與真宗皇帝，真宗又傳位與仁宗。這仁宗皇帝乃是上界赤腳大仙；降生之時，晝夜啼哭不止。朝廷出給黃榜，召人醫治，感動天庭，差遣太白金星下界，化作一老叟前來揭了黃榜，自言能止太子啼哭。看榜官員引至殿下朝見真宗。天子聖旨，教進內苑看視太子。那老叟直至宮中，抱著太子耳邊低低說了八個字，太字便不啼哭。那老叟不言姓名，只見化陣清風而去。

On Huashan lived a great righteous man who could predict the future by the weather. One day, while descending from the mountains on a donkey on the way to Huayin, he heard traveller say: “Emperor Chai Shi Zong has surrendered his throne in the Eastern Capital to Marshal Zhao.” Hearing this, Chen Tuan laughed so hard that he fell off the donkey and said: “Now peace will reign in the Empire! Truly this is the will of heaven, the laws of the earth and the desire of people.” Upon ascending the throne, Marshal Zhao established his regime. He ruled for seventeen years, and peace reigned throughout the entire land. Then he passed the reigns to his brother Taizong. Emperor Taizong, in turn, left the throne to Emperor Zhenzong, who was succeeded by Renzong. Emperor Renzong was born, cried, and cried days and nights for many years. The imperial court posted a proclamation, inviting the best physicians to cure Renzong. This touched Heaven, and he sent the Great Star of White Gold to earth. On earth, the Great Star of White Gold took the form of an old man who announced that he could cure the the prince's crying. The old man approached the baby, took him in his arms and whispered eight words in his ear, after which the baby immediately stopped crying. The old man disappeared as if he had never been there.

==Asia Zawada==
耳邊道八個甚字？道是：「文有文曲，武有武曲。」端的是玉帝差遣紫微宮中兩座星辰下來輔佐這朝天子！文曲星乃是南衙開封府主龍圖閣大學士包拯。武曲星乃是征西夏國大元帥狄青。這兩個賢臣出來輔佐這朝皇帝，在位四十二年，改了九個年號。自天聖元年癸亥登基，至天聖九年，那時天下太平，五穀豐登，萬民樂業，路不拾遺，戶不夜閉，這九年謂之一登；自明道元年，至皇祐三年，這九年亦是豐富，謂之二登；自皇祐四年，至嘉祐二年，這九年田禾大熟，謂之三登。一連三九二十七年，號為「三登之世。」那時百姓受了些快樂，誰道樂極悲生：嘉祐三年春間，天下瘟疫盛行。自江南直至兩京，無一處人民不染此證。天下各州各府雪片也似申奏將來。
且說東京城裏城外軍民死亡大半。開封府主包待制親將惠民和濟局方，自出俸資合藥，救治萬民。那裏醫治得，瘟疫越盛。文武百官商議，都向待漏院中聚會，伺候早朝，奏聞天子。

==Edyta Skorupa==
是日，嘉祐三年三月三日，五更三點，天子駕坐紫宸殿，受百官朝賀已畢，當有殿頭官喝道：「有事出班早奏，無事卷簾退朝。」只見班部叢中，宰相趙哲、參政文彥博，出班奏曰：「目今京師瘟疫盛行，傷損軍民甚多。伏望陛下，釋罪寬恩，省刑薄稅，祈禳天災，救濟萬民。」天子聽奏，急敕翰林院隨即草詔，一面降赦天下罪囚，應有民間稅賦悉皆赦免；一面命在京宮觀寺院修設好事禳災。
不料其年瘟疫轉盛。仁宗天子聞知，龍體不安，復會百官計議。向那班部中，有一大臣，越班啓奏。天子看時，乃是參知政事范仲淹。拜罷起居，奏曰：「目今天災盛行，軍民塗炭，日夕不能聊生。以臣愚意：要禳此災，可宣嗣漢天師星夜臨朝，就京禁院，修設三千六百分羅天大醮，奏聞上帝，可以禳保民間瘟疫。」仁宗天子准奏。急令翰林學士草詔一道，天子御筆親書，並降御香一柱，欽差內外提點殿前太尉洪信爲天使，前往江西信州龍虎山，宣請嗣漢天師張真人星夜來朝祈禳瘟疫。

==Ada Dan==
就金殿上焚起御香，親將丹詔付與洪太尉，即便登程前去。
洪信領了聖敕，辭別天子，背了詔書，盛了御香，帶了數十人，上了鋪馬，一行部從，離了東京，取路逕投信州貴溪縣來。不止一日，來到江西信州。大小官員出郭迎接。隨即差人報知龍虎山上清宮住持道衆，準備接詔。次日，衆位官同送太尉到於龍虎山下。只見上清宮許多道衆，鳴鍾擊鼓，香花燈燭，幢幡寶蓋，一派仙樂，都下山來迎接丹詔，直至上清宮前下馬。
當下上至住持真人，下及道童侍從，前迎後引，接至三清殿上，請將詔書居中供養著。洪太尉便間監宮真人道：「天師今在何處？」住持真人向前稟道：「好教太尉得知：這代祖師號曰虛靖天師，性好清高，倦於迎送；自向龍虎山頂結一茅庵，修真養性；因此不住本宮。」太尉道：「目今天子宣詔，如何得見真人？」真人答道：「容稟：詔敕權供在殿上，貧道等亦不敢開讀。且請太尉到方丈獻茶，再煩計議。」當時將丹詔供養在三清殿上，與衆官都到方丈。

==Ewa Kopania==
太尉居中坐下，執事人等獻茶，就進齋供，水陸俱備。齋罷，太尉再問真人道：「既然天師在山頂庵中，何下著人請將下來相見，開宣丹詔？」真人稟道：「這代祖師雖在山頂，其實道行非常：能駕霧興雲，蹤跡不定。貧道等時常亦難得見，怎生教人請得下來？」太尉道：「似此如何得見？目今京師瘟疫盛行，今上天子特遣下官齎捧御書丹詔，親捧龍香，來請天師，要做三千六百分羅天大醮以禳天災，救濟萬民。似此怎生奈何？」真人稟道：「天子要救萬民，只除是太尉辦一點志誠心，齋戒沐浴，更換布衣，休帶從人，自背詔書，焚燒御香，步行上山，禮拜叩請天師，方許得見。如若心不志誠，空走一遭，亦難得見。」太尉聽說，便道：「俺從京師食素到此，如何心不志誠？既然恁地，依著你說，明日絕早上山。」當晚各自權歇。

==Gabriela Krukowska==
次日五更時分，衆道士起來，備下香湯，請太尉起來沐浴。換了一身新鮮布衣；腳下穿上麻鞋草履；吃了素齋；取過丹詔，用黃羅包袱背在脊梁上；手裏提著銀手爐，降降地燒著御香。許多道衆人等，送到後山，指與路徑。真人又稟道：「太尉要救萬民，休生退悔之心，只顧志誠上去。」太尉別了衆人，口誦天尊寶號，縱步上山來。獨自一個，行了一回，盤坡轉徑，攬葛攀藤。約莫走過了數個山頭，三二里多路，看看腳酸腿軟，正走不動，口裏不說，肚裏躊躇；心中想道：「我是朝廷貴官，在京師時重裀而臥，列鼎而食，尚兀自倦怠，何曾穿草鞋，走這般山路！知他天師在那裏！卻教下官受這般苦！」又行不到三五十步，掇著肩氣喘，只見山凹裏起一陣風。風過處，向那松樹背後奔雷也似吼一聲，撲地跳出一個吊猜白額錦毛大蟲來。

==Karol Perka==
洪太尉吃了一驚，叫聲：「阿呀！」撲地望後便倒。那大蟲望著洪太尉，左盤右旋，咆哮了一回，托地望後山坡下跳了去。洪太尉倒在樹根底下，唬的三十六個牙齒，捉對兒廝打，那心頭一似十五個吊桶，七上八落的響，渾身卻如中風麻木，兩腿一似鬥敗公雞；口裏連聲叫苦。
大蟲去了一盞茶時，方纔爬將起來，再收拾地上香爐，還把龍香燒著，再上山來，務要尋見天師。又行過三五十步，口裏歎了數口氣，怨道：「皇帝御限，差俺來這裏，教我受這場驚恐！」說猶未了，只覺得那裏又一陣風。吹得毒氣直沖將來。太尉定睛看時，山邊竹藤裏，簌簌地響，搶出一條弔桶大小、雪花也似蛇來。太尉見了，又喫一驚，撇了手爐，叫一聲：「我今番死也！」望後便倒在盤陀石邊。但見那條大蛇，逕搶到盤陀石邊，朝著洪太尉盤做一堆，兩隻眼迸出金光，張開巨口，吐出舌頭，噴那毒氣在洪太尉臉上。驚得太尉三魂蕩蕩，七魄悠悠。

==Karolina Englert==
那蛇看了洪太尉一回，望山下一溜，卻早不見了。太尉方纔爬得起來，說道：「慚愧！驚殺下官！」看身上時，寒粟子比餛飩兒大小。口裏罵那道士：「叵耐無禮，戲弄下官！教俺受這般驚恐！若山上尋不見天師，下去和他別有話說。」再拿了銀提爐，整頓身上詔敕並衣服，巾幀，卻待再要上山去。
正欲移步，只聽得松樹背後，隱隱地笛聲吹響，漸漸近來。太尉定睛看時，但見一個道童，倒騎著一頭黃牛，橫吹著一管鐵笛，笑吟吟地正過山來。洪太尉見了，便喚那個道童：「你從那裏來？認得我麽？」道童不睬，只顧吹笛。太尉連間數聲。道童呵呵大笑，拿著鐵笛，指著洪太尉，說道：「你來此問，莫非要見天師麽？」太尉大驚，便道：「你是牧童，如何得知？」道童笑道：「我早間在草庵中伏侍天師，聽得天師說道：『今上皇帝差個洪太尉齎擎丹詔御香到來山中，宣我往東京做三千六百分羅天大醮，祈禳天下瘟疫。我如今乘鶴駕雲去也。』這早晚想是去了，不在庵中。你休上去，山內毒蟲猛獸極多，恐傷害了你性命。」

==Lena Rzeźnikowska==
太尉再問道：「你不要說謊？」道童笑了一聲，也不回應，又吹著鐵笛，轉過山坡去了。太尉尋思道：「這小的如何盡知此事？想是天師分付他？一定是了。」欲待再上山去；「方纔驚諕的苦，爭些兒送了性命，不如下山去罷。」
太尉拿著提爐，再尋舊路，奔下山來。衆道士接著，請至方丈坐下。真人便問太尉道：「曾見天師麽？」太尉說道：「我是朝中貴官，如何教俺走得山路，喫了這般辛苦，爭些兒送了性命！爲頭上至半山裏，跳出一隻吊睛白額大蟲，驚得下官魂魄都沒了；又行不過一個山嘴，竹藤裏搶出一條雪花大蛇來，盤做一堆，攔住去路！若不是俺福分大，如何得性命回京？儘是你這道衆，戲弄下官！」
真人覆道：「貧道等怎敢輕慢大臣？這是祖師試探太尉之心。本山雖有蛇虎，並不傷人。」

==Malwina Filipowicz==
太尉又道：「我正走不動，方欲再上山坡，只見松樹傍邊，轉出一個道童，騎著一頭黃牛，吹著管鐵笛，正過山來。我便間他：『那裏來？識得俺麽？』他道：『已都知了。』說天師分付，早晨乘鶴駕雲往東京去了，下官因此回來。」真人道：「太尉！可惜錯過！這個牧童正是天師！」太尉道：「他既是天師，如何這等猥瑣？」真人答道：「這代天師非同小可，雖然年幼，其實道行非常。他是額外之人，四方顯化，極是靈驗。世人皆稱爲道通祖師。」
洪太尉道：「我直如此有眼不識真師，當面錯過！」真人道：「太尉，且請放心。既然祖師法旨道是去了，比及太尉回京之日，這場醮事，祖師已都完了。」太尉見說，方纔放心。真人一面教安排筵宴管待太尉，請將丹詔收藏於御書匣內，留在上清宮中；龍香就三清殿上燒了。當日方丈內大排齋供，設宴飲酌。至晚席罷，止宿到曉。

==Natalia Gloc==
次日早膳已後，真人道衆並提點執事人等請太尉遊山。太尉大喜。許多人從跟隨著，步行出方丈，前面兩個道童引路，行至宮前宮後，看翫許多景致。三清殿上，富貴不可盡言。左廊下：九天殿，紫微殿，北極殿；右廊下：太乙殿，三官殿，驅邪殿。諸宮看遍，行到右廊後一所去處。洪太尉看時，另外一所殿宇：一遭都是搗椒紅泥牆，正面兩扇朱紅格子；門上使著肐膊大鎖鎖著，交叉上面貼著十數道封皮，封皮上又是重重疊疊使著朱印；詹前一面朱紅漆金字牌額，上書四個金字，寫道：「伏魔之殿。」
太尉指著門道：「此殿是甚麽去處？」真人答道：「此乃是前代老租天師鎖鎮魔王之殿。」太尉又問道：「如何上面重重疊疊貼著許多封皮？」真人答道：「此是老祖大唐洞玄國師封鎖魔王在此。但是經傳一代天師，親手便添一道封皮，使其子子孫孫不得妄開。走了魔君，非常利害。今經八九代祖師，誓不敢開。鎖用銅汁灌鑄，誰知裏面的事？小道自來住持本宮，三十餘年，也只聽聞。」

==Paweł Andraszak==
洪太尉聽了，心中驚怪，想道：「我且試看魔王一看。」便對真人說道：「你且開門來，我看魔王甚麽模樣。」真人稟道：「太尉，此殿決下敢開！先祖天師叮嚀告戒：今後諸人不許擅開。」太尉笑道：「胡說！你等要妄生怪事，煽惑良民，故意安排這等去處，假稱鎖鎮魔王，顯耀你們道術。我讀一鑑之書，何曾見鎖魔之法？神鬼之道，處隔幽冥，我不信有魔王在內。快快與我打開，我看魔王如何。」
真人三回五次稟說：「此殿開不得，恐惹利害，有傷於人。」太尉大怒，指著道衆說道：「你等不開與我看，回到朝廷，先奏你們衆道土阻當宣詔，違別聖旨，不令我見天師的罪犯；後奏你等私設此殿，假稱鎖鎮魔王，煽惑軍民百姓。把你都追了度牒，刺配遠惡軍州受苦。」
真人等懼怕太尉權勢，只得喚幾個火工道人來，先把封皮揭了，將鐵錘打開大鎖。衆人把門推開，一齊都到殿內，黑洞洞不見一物。

Marshal Hong told the abbot that he wanted to see the demon who lives behind the locked door. The abbot refused him, telling that the early generation Divine Teacher has forbidden to open the doors. Marshal laughed at his response and told the abbot that it is a hoax which was deliberately invented in order to delude people and asked the abbot again to open these doors for him. The abbot refused, telling that it would mean disaster. The marshal threatened the abbot and told him that if he doesn't open the doors, he will be forced to report to the court that he prevented him from delivering the imperial edict and refused to let him see the Divine Teacher. Then he continued telling that he would have him all tattooed with the mark of the criminal and exiled to a wild, distant and deserted region.The abbot feared and asked some blacksmiths to break the lock. As soon as the doors were wide open, everyone entered the dark hall.

==Sandra Piechowiak==
太尉教從人取十數個火把點著，將來打一照時，四邊並無別物，只中央一個石碣，約高五六尺，下面石龜跌坐，大半陷在泥裏。照那石碣上時，前面都是龍章鳳篆，天書符籙，人皆不識；照那碑後時，卻有四個真字大書，鑿著「遇洪而開。」洪太尉看了這四個字，大喜，便對真人說道：「你等阻當我，卻怎地數百年前已註定我姓字在此？『遇洪而開，』分明是教我開看，卻何妨？我想這個魔王都只在石碣底下。汝等從人與我多喚幾個火工人等將鋤頭鐵鍬來掘開。」
真人慌忙諫道：「太尉，不可掘動，恐有利害，傷犯於人，不當穩便！」太尉大怒，喝道：「你等道衆省得甚麽！碣上分明鑿著遇我而開，你如何阻當？快與我喚人來開！」真人又三回五次稟道：「恐有不好。」太尉那裏肯聽。只得聚集衆人，先把石碣放倒，一齊併力掘那石龜，半日方才掘得起。

==Wiktoria Wolny==
又掘下去，只有三四尺深，見一片大青石板，方可丈圍。洪太尉叫再掘起來。真人又苦稟道：「不可掘動。」太尉那裏肯聽。衆人只得把石板一齊扛起。看時，石板底下，卻是一個萬丈深淺地穴。
只見穴內刮喇喇一聲響亮，那響非同小可。響亮過處，只見一道黑氣，從穴裏滾將起來，掀塌了半個殿角。那道黑氣，直沖上半天裏，空中散作百十道金光，望四面八方去了。衆人喫了一驚，發聲喊，撇下鋤頭鐵鍬，盡從殿內奔將出來，推倒顛翻無數。驚得洪太尉目瞪口呆，罔知所措，面色如上。奔到廊下，只見真人向前叫苦不迭。
太尉問道：「走了的卻是甚麽妖魔？」真人道：「太尉不知：此殿中，當初老祖天師洞玄真人傳下法符，囑付道：『此殿內鎮鎖著三十六員天罡星，七十二座地煞星，一共是一百單八個魔君在裏面。上立石碣，鑿著龍章鳳篆姓名，鎮住在此。若還放他出世，必惱下方生靈。』如今太尉放他走了，怎生是好！」當時洪太尉聽罷，渾身冷汗，捉顫不住；急急收拾行李，引了從人下山回京。真人並道眾送官已罷，自回宮內修理殿宇，豎立石碣，不在話下。

The group began digging and discovered a large stone slab. Despite the abbot's pleas, Marshal Hong ordered them to remove it. Once removed, a very deep pit was revealed, and then a loud tearing sound was heard, and a black cloud emerged from it. In a state of fear, everyone in the hall yelled and dropped their tools. They quickly ran out, causing chaos. Marshal Hong was shocked and stood there, unable to do anything. He hurried to the porch, where the abbot was lamenting. Hong asked about the demons who escaped. The abbot informed him that there was a warning in the hall about the demons. The warning mentioned that there were 108 demons imprisoned there, held down by a stone tablet inscribed with their names. If released, they would cause a lot of trouble. Hong had unknowingly released them, and now they needed to figure out what to do.

==Zyta Rydz==
再說洪太尉在途中分付從人，教把走妖魔一節休說與外人知道，恐天子知而見責。於路無話，星夜回至京師。進得汴梁城，聞人所說：「天師在東京禁院做了七晝夜好事，普施符籙，禳救災病，瘟疫盡消，軍民安泰，天師辭朝，乘鶴駕雲，自回龍虎山去了。」洪太尉次日早朝，見了天子，奏說：「天師乘鶴駕雲，先到京師；臣等驛站而來，纔得到此。」仁宗准奏，賞賜洪信，復還舊職，亦不在話下。
後來仁宗天子在位共四十二年晏駕，無有太子，傳位濮安懿王允讓之子，太宗皇帝嫡孫，立帝號曰英宗。在位四年，傳位與太子神宗。神宗在位一十八年，傳位與太子哲宗。那時天下太平，四方無事。
且住！若真個太平無事，今日開書演義又說著些甚麼？看官不要心慌，下文便有一部七十回正書，一百四十句題目，有分教：宛子城中藏猛虎，蓼兒洼內聚蛟龍。
畢竟如何緣故，且聽初回分解。
During the return trip, afraid that the emperor would reproach him, the marshal instructed his men to say nothing about the escape of the demons. They soon reached Bianliang. They were told that the Divine Teacher prayed so much and distributed many charms, so that the sick are cured and the plague is gone. He however was already gone from the city. Next morning, Marshal Hong reported to the emperor that The Divine Teacher mounted a crane and rode the clouds, so he arrived first and they had to march, that’s why they were so late. The Emperor rewarded the marshal and ordered him to resume his post. Emperor Ren Zong ruled for 42 years and died without any son, passing the throne to the son of Prince Yun Rang of Puan (grandson of Tai Zong). After 4 years of rule, he abdicated in favor of his son, Shen Zong, who reigned for 18 years and then gave the throne to his son Zhe Zong. It was a very peaceful time.

Chinese Culture

2023-12-06T21:03:32Z

Wei Yuxin:

'''Kultura chińska'''

THU 11:30-13:00 sal. 401 Chinese Culture Kultura chinska SIN-m I 30+30, fall 2023, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan

Shortlink: http://bit.ly/Culture_2023_10 (long link: https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Chinese_Culture)
=Session 1=
==Organizational Things==
===课程安排 Schedule===
*1 Oct 5, 2023 11:30-13:00 401
*2 Oct 12 11:30-13:00
*3 Oct 26 11:30-13:00
*4 Nov 30 11:30-13:00
*5 Dec 7 11:30-13:00
*6 Dec 14 11:30-13:00
*7 Dec 21 11:30-13:00
*8 Jan 11 11:30-13:00
*9 Jan 18 11:30-13:00
*10 Jan 18 13:15-14:45
*11 Jan 25 11:30-13:00
*12 Jan 25 13:15-14:45
*13 Feb 1 11:30-13:00
*14 Feb 1 13:15-14:45
*15 Feb 8 Final Paper (homework)

===Student roll===
#Gabriela Krukowska 王美芬大學老師和教育翻譯電腦游戲本地化
#Ewa Kopania 田小龍外交官對亞洲、歷史感興趣，因爲瞭解到日本的歷史責任轉到對中國感興趣喜歡讀書 23，畢業以後參加外交部的考試
#Zyta Rydz 魏雨昕新疆語言政策筆譯翻譯喜歡文學
#Asia (Joanna) Zawada 金樂金乐中国人觉得他们的精英怎么样？古代和20世紀的中國人翻譯波蘭文學翻譯成漢語，數學數據分析
#Karol Perka 康明傑在中國文學裏翻譯成中文的西方外文名稱，外語，老師
#Malwina Filipowicz 李美琳對中國文化感興趣，外語，翻譯
#Anna Proskura 張宇璇外語（俄語、烏克蘭語、波蘭語、漢語、英語）
#Julia Dereżyṅska 楊思藝外語（俄語、英語、漢語、波蘭語、韓文）、lgbt的詞語、語言分析
#Paweł Andraszak 安浩阳中國文化，文學，歷史中國農村宗教（武俠電影）
#Aleksandra Urbanska 晏黎动物象征，对仙侠电视剧的影响外语（英語老師、波蘭語、漢語）以後要學韓語、泰語西哈(Hip Hop)跳舞
#Karolina Englert 安凱榕華沙大學、中醫：氣功的發展
#Natalia Gloc 裴夢姣翻譯粵語、中國方言和文字
#Edyta Skorupa 艾希從小對中國文化感興趣，要儅漢語老師成都方言（語法）
#Wiktoria Wolny 王曉彤中國文化和文學、喜歡看文學、相當筆譯，翻譯小説，奇幻小説（Fantasy）中國長篇小説的兩種英文翻譯
#Ada Dan 愛答外語、俄語、學西班牙語營業代表喜歡音樂，自己創造音樂跳舞（Dance Hall）美國和中國在天空的比賽現在：文學題目

===Topics===
Please write your names behind the topics you will present with ppt.

*1 Oct 5, 2023 11:30-13:00 401
Introduction
*2 Oct 12 11:30-13:00
Survey on 5,000 year of Chinese culture narrative and introduction into intercultural communication
*3 Oct 26 11:30-13:00
#地理性质是文化发展的基础 Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development (2)
#古代和当代的接触方式 Ancient and Contemporary Ways of Contacting (2)
*4 Nov 30 11:30-13:00
#中国的婚姻习俗 Chinese Marriage Customs (3) Jin Yue 金乐 Joanna
#湖南的伴嫁歌 Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan (3) Ai Xi 艾希
*5 Dec 7 11:30-13:00
#土家族的哭嫁 Crying Marriage of Tujia (4)
#中国古代的四大才子 The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China (4) Li Meilin 李美琳
*6 Dec 14 11:30-13:00
#建筑：紫禁城 The Forbidden City (6) Pei Mengjiao 裴梦姣
#建筑:中国四大名桥 Architecture: Four Famous Bridges (6)
*7 Dec 21 11:30-13:00
#熊猫 The Panda (5) 安浩阳
#建筑学 Architecture (5)
*8 Jan 11 11:30-13:00
#建筑：四大亭子 Four Great Pavilions (7) Wei Yuxin 魏雨昕
#中国产出日式文化出品 (China produces Japanese-style products) (7)
*9 Jan 18 11:30-13:00
#中国文化中的象征主义——动物 The Symbolism in Chinese Culture. The Example of Animals (8) Yan Li 晏黎
#中国人幸运和不吉利的数字 (Lucky and Unfortunate Numbers in the Eyes of Chinese People) (8) Kang Mingjie 康明杰
*10 Jan 18 13:15-14:45
#中国摇滚乐的形成（Development of Chinese Rock Music) (9) Wang Xiaotong 王晓彤
#基督教和佛教之间的差别 (The Differences between Christianity and Buddhism) (9) Zhang Yuxuan 张宇璇
*11 Jan 25 11:30-13:00
#中国饮食文化——中国菜的命名艺术 (Culinary Culture of China: The Art of Naming Chinese Dishes) (10)王美芬
#中国佛教 (Chinese Buddhism) (10) 柳雪萍
*12 Jan 25 13:15-14:45
#缠足 (Foot-binding) (11) Yang Siyi 杨思艺
#鬼怪和辟邪 (Monsters and Exorcism) (11) 田小龍
*13 Feb 1 11:30-13:00
#中医植物 (Herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine) (12) 安凱榕
#广东的文化饮食习惯：广东人为何爱吃野味？ (The tradition of eating of wild animals in Guangdong) (12) 爱答
*14 Feb 1 13:15-14:45
Free choice of topics
*15 Feb 8 Final Paper (homework)

=Topics/Sessions=
'''中国文化————研究生课（研一）''' Kultura chińska | Chinese Culture for first year Master Students

直接到期末考试论文网页的链接 Quick Link to Final Exam Papers: [[20240131_cult_finals]]

10月6日——1月31日 (30 x 45 分钟) Thursdays 9:45 (30 x 45 min.), 教室 Classroom 4##

=第一周 Session 1 - 組織方面的事情 Organizational Things=

本课程由吴漠汀线下授课。课堂语言为中文，但也会提供一些英语/法语/德语/日语/波兰语的解释。一部分的资料是简体字的，一部分繁体字。你们注意到繁体字的时候，请打招呼。看繁体字慢慢的也要看习惯。

This class is taught by Martin Woesler in presence. The class language is Chinese, however, some explanations in English/French/German/Japanese/Polish will be given. Some part of the teaching material is in simplified characters, another part in traditional character. If you find traditional characters, please tell the teacher. You should get used to reading traditional characters too.

1. 请阅读使用条款：通过注册本维基，您同意将您的数据（姓名、学号、学习方向、电子邮件、设备技术数据、IP地址等）和您在课堂上的贡献（作业、翻译、演讲、讲义、期末考试试卷等）储存起来，用于评分和学术用途（教学和研究用的匿名）。你明确同意你的贡献可以由老师以他的名义使用，例如用于出版，用于改进教材等。

1. Please read the terms of Use: By registering for this Wiki, you give your consent that your data (name, study no., study direction, email, technical data of your device, ip address etc.) and your contributions to class (homework, translations, presentations, handouts, final exam papers etc.) is stored for grading, and academic use (teaching and ANONYMIZED for research). You explicitely agree that your contributions can be used by the teacher under his name, e.g. for publication, for improvement of teaching material etc.

2. 我们需要一些志愿者。我们的助教是泊语丰(Martyna)她应该给老师发一份学生名册，并将所有作业和测验的成绩以及她从老师那里收到的成绩输入名册，由老师保管。我们还需要1名wiki管理员和5名调查助理，他们要知道如何使用http://wjx.top。如果我们有超过100名学生，我们需要2名教学助理。所有这些人的 "课堂表现 "成绩都会得到加分。注册后（见下面第3点），请在这里直接在角色后面写上你的名字（例如："教学助理--雷锋"）。要改变维基上的任何内容，请见下面第3点。

*教学助理 - Karolina [[Teaching assistant]]
*维基管理员 - Malwina [[Wiki admin]]
*问卷调查助理1 - [[Survey Assistant]]

2. We need volunteers! Our teaching assistant 助教 is #. She should send a student roll to the teacher and enter all grades from homework and quizzes and those she receives from the teacher into the roll to be kept with the teacher. We still need 1 [[wiki admin]] and 5 survey assistants, who know how to use http://wjx.top. If we have more than 100 students, we need 2 teaching assistants. All of them will get extra points for their "performance in class" grade. After registration (see point 3 beneath), please write your names here directly behind the role (e.g. "teaching assistant - Lei Feng"). To change anything on the wiki, please see point 3 beneath.
*Teaching Assistant - ____ [[Teaching assistant]]
*Wiki Admin - ____ [[Wiki admin]]
*Survey Assistant - ____ [[Survey Assistant]]

3. 请在本维基上注册。从任何地方你都可以按照这个链接注册：https://bit.ly/WIKIREG。如果您已经在这里，请点击右上角的 "注册（register）"，然后点击 "申请一个（request one）"。然后请在两个名字（用户名和真名）中使用你的拼音真名（姓和名之间留有空白）进行注册，所以要有两次 "雷锋 "和 "雷锋"。请勾选您同意条款和条件的选项。然后输入密码 "wikicaptcha "并点击 "提交"。你会收到一封带有链接的确认邮件。你可以点击该链接，确认你的身份并创建一个密码。然后你需要等待1-2天，直到老师授予你权限。你将会收到另一封邮件，当它发挥作用的时候。有了这个维基的访问权，你就可以直接编辑一切，包括这个页面。如果你想学习如何在Wiki上进行编辑，请阅读这里： [[uvu:Community_Portal]] 。在编辑之后，你会被要求输入密码以保存修改，这次的密码是 "wikicaptcha"。

3. Please register on this Wiki. From any place you can register following this link: https://bit.ly/WIKIREG. If you are already here, click on "register" on the top right corner, and then on "request one". Then please register with your real name in Pinyin (with blank space between the family name and the given name) for the two names (username and real name), so two times "Lei Feng" and "Lei Feng". Please check the box that you agree to the Terms and Conditions. Then type in the password "wikicaptcha" and click on "submit". You will receive a confirmation email with a link. You can click on the link, confirm your identity and create a password. Then you need to wait 1-2 days until the teacher grants you access. You will receive another email when it will work. With the access to this wiki, you can directly edit everything, including this page. If you want to learn how to edit on Wiki, please read here: [[uvu:Community_Portal]] After editing, you will be asked for a password to save changes, this time the password is "wikicaptcha".

4. 请在本班的微信群里注册。该微信群将由助教创建。请务必在群里显示你的名字和以下内容： "雷锋20级笔译"。

4. Please register on the WeChat Group of this class. The WeChat Group will be created by the Teaching Assistant. Please make sure to display your name in the group with the following details: "Lei Feng 雷锋 20级笔译".

5. 为了便于交流，请将老师good_old_cathay添加到你的微信联系人中。

5. For communication please add the teacher good_old_cathay to your WeChat contacts.

6. 请为第二节课准备第一篇课文（课本第12-15页）。

6. Please prepare the first text for the Session 2 (text book pages 12-15).

7. 请在第二节课前做小测验。

7. Please take the quiz before Session 2.

8. 请选一个这个学期要用ppt介绍的一个题目，写在下面学生名单的名字后面。

8. Please choose a topic to present with ppt and write the topic behind your name in the student roll beneath.

Here a summary of the most important points in Chinese:
@所有人
请各位同学将群聊备注改为姓名拼音姓名班级的格式，如 Li Xin 李欣 21级英语笔译。请各位同学浏览此网站了解本学期的课程要求：https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Culture_2023 （短一点的是http://bit.ly/ChinCult2023，然后按我们课的链接）. 我们的课程还需要六位同学分别做网站管理员（1位）和调查助手（5位），期末可以得到一定加分，请有意向的同学在今天晚上六点前私聊我。请大家尽快完成以下课程前准备：

*https://bit.ly/WIKIREG 请在此维基网站上注册，用户名和真实姓名都请填写自己姓名的拼音，像"Li Xin"和"Li Xin"，密码填wikicaptcha，收到邮件确认身份后等待老师通过

注：在中国大陆内有的链接可能要用vpn才能进

==学生名单 Student Roll==
请选一个这个学期要用ppt介绍的一个题目。

#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _

==供下载教师第一周的演示文稿 Teacher presentation of week 1 for download==

[[Media: 01_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023.pptx]]

==课堂上的职责 Duties in Class==

1. 请在上课前做好准备。这意味着请阅读书中的章节，在网上搜索更多关于该主题的信息，并提前学习每节课与该主题有关的词汇。这对你自己和其他人都更有好处。同时，课堂上的讨论也可以在一个更复杂的水平上进行。请为每节课保留至少两个小时的准备时间。您已经通过微信群收到了教科书pdf：《Woesler, Martin. (2023). 中国文化》，波鸿：欧洲大学出版社，1000页。

1. Please come to class prepared. This means please read the book chapter, search for more information about the topic online and learn the vocabulary related to the topic for each session in advance. It is much more benefetial for yourself and for the others. Also the discussions in class then can be conducted on a much more sophisticated level. Please reserve at least two hours of preparation for each session. You have received the textbook pdf via the WeChat group: Woesler, Martin. (2023). Chinese Culture, Bochum: European University Press, 1000 pages.

2.请每周认真做作业，并在开课前3天在微信群里提交作业，开课前1天提交同学的作业批改。

2. Please do your homework seriously every week and submit it in wiki 3 days before the class starts and the corrections of your fellow student's homework 1 day before the class starts.

3. 请积极参与到课堂中。这意味着每节课：请至少提出一个问题或至少参与一次讨论。

3. Please participate actively in class. This means for each session: Please ask at least one question or participate with at least one contribution in the discussion.

4. 这个学期：每周可以准备15分钟的ppt和10分钟的问卷调查（用mentimeter）和讨论或者表演了。所有的文本已经在网页上。当然可以用更多的资料。最好presention是中文的，ppt写着中英文对照。

上一个学期的要求：请在第二节课前选择你将在课堂上做的演讲的主题（如果我们的学生比课程多，那么就建立两个小组，一个做演讲，一个对同一主题写讲义）。请记得提前一周在本网站上传并链接你的演讲和讲义，以便你的同学能够准备。请从下面的列表中挑选，在任何一个主题后面加上你的名字。

4. Please select the topic for the presentation you will do in class already until session 2 (if we have more students than sessions, then build groups of two - one doing presentation, one a written handout on the same topic). Please remember to upload and link your presentation and your handout here on this website a week ahead to enable your fellow students to prepare it. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics.

5. 请在第三节前选择你的期末考试论文[[20240131_cult_finals]]（1000个中文单词）的题目。

5. Please select a topic of your final exam paper[[20240131_cult_finals]] (1,000 Chinese words) until session 3.

6. 请在这里参加欧盟调查：http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

6. Please take the EU survey here: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY.

7. 请在这里参加100个问题的调查：http://bit.ly/100_questions

7. Please take the 100 Questions Questionnaire here: http://bit.ly/100_questions

==关于使用课堂内外时间达成共识 Joint agreement on use of time inside and outside the classroom==
由于在课堂上聚在一起，然后共同开始阅读初级或二级文献是没有意义的，所以请在课前阅读文本，这样我们可以节省宝贵的课堂时间，对文本进行充分的讨论。

Since it does not make sense to come together in the classroom and then jointly start reading the primary or secondary literature, please read the texts before class so that we can save the precious classroom time for a well informed discussion about the texts.

==关于成绩比重达成共识 Joint agreement on weight of grades==
*期末考试试卷： 70%
*Final Exam paper: 70 percent
*课堂表现： 30%（由口头贡献/参与、每学期1次演讲或讲义、参与调查和测验、家庭作业组成）--如果你承担了问卷调查助手等额外的职责，这个成绩会得到加分。
*Performance in class: 30 percent (consisting out of oral contributions/participation, 1 presentation or handout per term, participation in surveys and quizzes, homework) - this grade gets extra points if you take over additional duties like survey assistants.

注意：成绩可能需要几个月的时间才能输入成绩系统，因为有时有超过100名学生，老师希望尊重每个学生，并仔细阅读他们的期末考试卷。

Note: Grades may take months to be entered into the grade system, since sometimes there are more than 100 students and the teachers want to pay respect to each student and read their final exam paper carefully.

[[File:Example.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Example for inserting pictures.]]
==为第2节课做准备的课后家庭作业 Homework of Session 1 for Session 2==

1. 请在第二节课前做小测验。

2. 请选择一个你愿意做5分钟ppt演讲的主题。你可以在这周课的描述下面的相应部分（不是上面）将你的名字写在题目后面，以保留你的题目。请注意：如果该话题没有课件，我们还需要2名学生来做这个话题，1名学生准备课件，另1名学生写 "术语"、"参考文献"、"问题 "和"答案"（请提交给老师和学生助理）。请确保至少提前1周将课文和附录发布在这一周课的描述下方。请务必至少提前1周将问题发给调查的学生，让他们进行问答，并至少提前1周将问题答案发给助教，以便她进行评分。

3. 请准备好下节课的所有课文，并在下节课开始前对这些课文进行测验。

4. 如果你还没有这样做，请在你的维基主页上添加你的个人信息。你可以在浏览器中直接输入：https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Jianguo - 当然，王建国只是一个样本名称，你必须用你自己的用户名代替，并将空格换成下划线。

Wiki管理员的特别任务：请在新的网页上设置所有的作业文本（我已经把第24章复制到我们的作业页上，你需要把大约3行文本平均分给每个学生），并在下面的所有会话中链接它们。也请为上传ppt设置假的链接。

问卷调查助理学生的特殊家庭作业：请在wjx.org上为所有题目设置测验，学生需要注明他们的姓名和学生编号。请将测验的链接粘贴在这里，放在相应的会议和主题下面。请告诉助教测验的正确答案，以便助教将测验的成绩转入学生角色成绩表。

助教的特殊任务：请把每个学生的成绩写进学生卷的成绩表。一个做了作业（不含拼音）的学生可以得到100分，一个为他的同学做了作业批改的学生又可以得到100分。一个学生做了一个ppt，写了一篇课文或课文的附录，又可以得到100分。

总结：我现在已经把学生们选择的题目制作成一个排名表，并公布在我们的课程网站上。每个人现在都应该执行作业。这包括助教、Wiki管理员和问卷调查学生的特殊工作。

特别是维基管理员需要把需要翻译的文字分成小部分给每个学生，并标明学生的名字，这样他们就能更容易找到。每个学生都可以选择一个主题来做演讲，并在主题后面写上名字。

另外，每个学生都需要阅读下周一的课本课文以做好准备，调查的学生需要为课本课文设置测验，学生需要在每周上课前进行测验。这是一个很大的工作，但它会变得更好，当你们所有人都习惯了它。另外，很多功课，特别是为功课建立网页等，包括演示文稿，在课本上创建缺失的文本等，现在已经可以开始了，所以大家现在已经可以完成整个学期的大部分功课。

如果想开始写期末考试论文，也可以早一点开始，如果愿意的话。事情做得越早越好，而且在学期中还有更多的机会来改进事情。

1. Please take the quiz before Session 2.

2. Please select a topic you want to give a 5-minute ppt presentation on. You can reserve your topic by writing your name behind the topic in the respective section of the Sessions beneath (not above). Please note: If there is no textbook text for the topic, we need 2 more students for this topic, 1 to prepare a textbook text and the 2nd student to write the "terms", "references", "questions" and (please submit to teacher and student assistant): "answers". Please make sure to post the text and appendix at least 1 week ahead of time under the session beneath. Please make sure to send the quiz questions at least 1 week ahead of time to the survey students that they can make a quiz and send the quiz answers at least 1 week ahead of time to the teaching assistant, so that she can grade the quizzes.

3. Please prepare all texts for the next session and take the quiz on these texts before the next session starts.

4. If you have not yet done so, please add the biographical info on yourself on your wiki homepage. You can find your wiki homepage by typing directly into you browser: https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Jianguo - of course Wang Jianguo is just a sample name, you would have to replace it with your own username and exchange the space by an understroke.

Special homework for [[Wiki admin]]: Please set up all homework texts (I have copied chapter 24 to our homework page and you need to split about 3 lines text in average to each student) on new webpages and link them in all sessions beneath. Please also set up dummy links for [[ppt upload]].

Special homework for [[Survey Assistant]] Students: Please set up quizzes for all topics on wjx.org, students need to indicate their name and student id. Please paste the link to the quiz here under the respective session and topic beneath. Please tell the teaching assistant the correct answers to the quizzes, so that the teaching assistant can transfer the grades from the quizzes into the student role grade table. Please use

Special homework for [[Teaching assistant]]: Please write a grade for each student into the student roll grade list. A student who has done the homework (without Pinyin) gets 100 percent for this, a student who has done the correction of a homework of his fellow student gets another 100 percent. A student who has presented a ppt, written a textbook text or a textbook text appendix gets another 100 percent.

General remarks: I have now created a ranking list of the topics the students selected and published on our course website. Everybody should perform the homework now. This includes special work for the teaching assistant, the wiki admin and the survey students.

Escpecially the [[Wiki admin]] needs to split the text which needs to be translated into small parts for each student and indicate the students' names so that they can find it easier. Every student can already pick a topic to do a presentation on and write the name behind the topic.

Also, every student needs to read the textbook texts for coming Monday to be prepared, the survey students need to set up quizzes for the textbook texts and the students need to take the quizzes before class starts on Monday. It is a lot of work, but it will get better, when all of you get used to it. Also, much of the homework, especially setting up webpages for homework etc., including the presentations, creating missing texts in the textbook etc. can be started already now, so that one can do most of the homework for the whole semester already now.

If people want to start writing their final exam papers, they can also start maybe in March, if they like. The earlier things are done the better and the more chances there are to still improve things during the semester.

==作业 Homework: 选主题、参加测试/问卷调查 Choose a topic for presentation, take part in quizzes==
*在wiki上注册 https://bit.ly/WIKIREG
*选“助教”、wiki admin、quiz assistants
*请参加“测试100”。https://bit.ly/100_questions, http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
*选主题，看第二周那边，加你的名字（选下个礼拜的主题的同学麻烦准备ppt，课网页上上传）
*准备下个星期的课文（主题1）
*回答关于主题的问题

==主题 Topics (still to be updated)==
#地理性质是文化发展的基础 Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development (3)
#古代和当代的接触方式 Ancient and Contemporary Ways of Contacting (3)
#中国的婚姻习俗 Chinese Marriage Customs (3)
#湖南的伴嫁歌 Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan (4)
#土家族的哭嫁 Crying Marriage of Tujia (4)
#中国古代的四大才子 The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China (4)
#熊猫 The Panda (-)
#建筑学 Architecture (5)
#建筑：紫禁城 The Forbidden City (5)
#建筑：中国四大名桥 Four Famous Bridges (6)
#建筑：四大亭子 Four Great Pavilions (6)
#建筑:中国四大名桥 Architecture: Four Famous Bridges (7)
#中国产出日式文化出品 (China produces Japanese-style products) (7)
#中国文化中的象征主义——动物 The Symbolism in Chinese Culture. The Example of Animals (8)
#中国人幸运和不吉利的数字 (Lucky and Unfortunate Numbers in the Eyes of Chinese People) (8) Kang Mingjie 康明杰
#中国摇滚乐的形成（Development of Chinese Rock Music) (9)
#基督教和佛教之间的差别 (The Differences between Christianity and Buddhism) (9) Zhang Yuxuan 张宇璇
#中国饮食文化——中国菜的命名艺术 (Culinary Culture of China: The Art of Naming Chinese Dishes) (10)
#中国佛教 (Chinese Buddhism) (10)
#缠足 (Foot-binding) (11)
#鬼怪和辟邪 (Monsters and Exorcism) (11)
#中医植物 (Herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine) (12)
#广东的文化饮食习惯：广东人为何爱吃野味？ (The tradition of eating of wild animals in Guangdong) (12)

Further ideas:

艺术、戏剧（新旧）、话剧（新旧）、美学、高雅文化的概念、绘画（新旧）、书法（新旧）、传统诗歌、传统音乐剧及其在先锋派戏剧中的借鉴、中国古代园林艺术中的空间、线条和戏剧性以及现代城市景观的塑造、时间和空间、中国传统文化中的风格化、惯例化和象征主义、中国古代和当今日常生活的美学化和庆典

art, theater (old and new), drama (old and new), aesthetics, concept of high culture, painting (old and new), calligraphy (old and new), traditional poetry, traditional musical theater and its reference in avant-garde drama, Space, line and theatricality in ancient Chinese garden art and modern shaping of the urban landscape, time and space, Stylization, conventionality and symbolism in traditional Chinese culture, Aesthetization and celebration of everyday life in ancient China and today

==教材 Text book==
教材书英文版本我发给大家。中文我们只有一些章回，到时候提供。

=第二周 Session 2 Oct 12 11:30-13:00 Narrative of 5,000 years of unbroken Chinese history and models of intercultural communication=
=第三周 Session 3 Oct 26 11:30-13:00 Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development 地理性质是文化发展的基础=
==供下载教师第二周的演示文稿 Teacher presentation of week 3 for download==

[[Media: 02_Chin_Cult_Intro_Geo.pptx]]

Textbook text:

Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development

1. 地理性质是文化发展的基础

China is the largest of all the Asian countries and has the largest population of any country in the world, in the future India will overtake China. She covers an area of 9,560,900 km2 (3,691,000 square miles), which is approximately one-fifteenth of the land area of the world. According to the latest population census, China’s total population by 2005 had reached 1. 35 billion. In both area and population, Europe (excluding Russia) is only half the size of China.

中国是所有亚洲国家中最大的国家，是世界上人口最多的国家，将来印度会超过中国。它的面积为9,560,900平方公里（3,691,000平方英里），约为世界陆地面积的十五分之一。根据最新的人口普查，到2005年，中国的总人口已达到13.5亿。无论是面积还是人口，欧洲（不包括俄罗斯）只有中国的一半大。

Lying in the northern half of the eastern hemisphere, China is situated in East Asia on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. She stretches for about 5,000 km from east to west and about 5,500 km from north to south. China has a land boundary exceeding 20,000 km in length, and borders 14 countries: Korea in the east; Vietnam, Laos and Burma in the south; India, Bhutan and Nepal in the southwest; Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west; Russia, Kazakstan, Kirghizia and Tajikstan in the northwest; and Mongolia in the north. China faces Japan across the Yellow Sea, and in the southeast she looks toward the Philippines beyond the South China Sea.

中国位于东半球的北半部，在东亚的太平洋西海岸。她从东到西绵延约5,000公里，从北到南约5,500公里。中国的陆地边界长度超过20,000公里，与14个国家接壤：东部是朝鲜；南部是越南、老挝和缅甸；西南部是印度、不丹和尼泊尔；西部是巴基斯坦和阿富汗；西北部是俄罗斯、哈萨克、吉尔吉斯和塔吉克斯坦；北部是蒙古。中国与日本隔着黄海相望，在东南方向，她看向南海外的菲律宾。

China has one of the longest coastlines in the world along its mainland, running 18, 000 km from the mouth of the Yalu River on the Chinese-Korean border in the north to the mouth of the Beilung River on the Chinese-Vietnamese border in the south. The eastern part of the Chinese mainland is flanked from the north to the south by the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea, all of which merge with the Pacific Ocean. Over a vast sea area are scattered more than 5, 000 islands. Taiwan is the largest island, followed by Hainan and Chongming.

中国大陆拥有世界上最长的海岸线之一，北起中韩边境的鸭绿江口，南至中越边境的北隆河口，全长18000公里。中国大陆东部从北到南依次是渤海、黄海、东海和南海，它们都与太平洋汇合。在广阔的海域中，散布着5000多个岛屿。台湾是最大的岛屿，其次是海南和崇明。

Because of its location in the southeast of the Eurasian Continent and on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, China is well known for its monsoon climate caused by the difference in the heat reserves between the world’s largest continent and the world’s biggest ocean. The polar continental air mass, cold and dry, originating in Siberia, dominates a large part of China during the winter, while the tropical Pacific air mass, hot and humid, exerts its influence during the summer. Most regions in China have a distinct continental climate, a climate of large daily range and annual range of temperature.

由于位于欧亚大陆的东南部和太平洋的西海岸，中国以其季风气候而闻名，这是由世界上最大的大陆和世界上最大的海洋之间的热储量差异造成的。源自西伯利亚的极地大陆气团，寒冷而干燥，在冬季主导着中国的大部分地区，而热带太平洋气团，炎热而潮湿，在夏季发挥其影响。中国大部分地区都有明显的大陆性气候，这种气候的日温差和年温差都很大。

The rainfall distribution in China generally decreases from the southeast to the northwest. The annual precipitation of certain places along the southeast coast amounts to over 80 inches. The Yangtze Valley receives about 40 inches. Further north, less than 20 inches are received annually. A grand project of moving water sources from the south to the north (Nanshuibeidiao - “Diversion of Water from the South to the North”) is conceived and planned.

中国的降水分布一般由东南向西北递减。东南沿海某些地方的年降水量达80英寸以上。长江流域的降水量约为40英寸。再往北，每年的降水量不到20英寸。一个将水源从南方转移到北方的宏伟工程（南水北調）正在构思和规划中。

The relief of China is high in the west and low in the east, consequently, the direction of flow of the major rivers is generally eastward. The land surface may be divided from west to east into three steps: plateau, mountain and plain. Basically, China is a mountainous country. Hills, mountains and plateaus cover two-thirds of the country’s total area and are inhabited by one-third of the population.

中国的地势西高东低，因此，主要河流的流向一般为东向。陆地表面从西到东可分为三步：高原、山地和平原。基本上，中国是一个多山的国家。山地、山区和高原占全国总面积的三分之二，居住着三分之一的人口。

Types of natural vegetation and their floristic composition are quite diverse. The total number of seed plants in China is about 30, 000 species, representing 2, 700 genera; more than 200 of these genera are restricted to China. There are about 2, 500 species of forest trees. Many of them are trees of economic importance such as tung oil trees, camphor trees and lacquer trees. Profusion of vegetation and a variety of relief have fostered the development of a great diversity of animal life. The notable animals are the great paddlefish of the Yangtze, the Siberian tiger in the northeast, the giant salamander in the west, the giant panda and the sub-nosed monkey in the southwest.

自然植被的类型和它们的植物学组成是相当多样化的。中国的种子植物总数约为30,000种，代表2,700个属；其中有200多个属仅限于中国。有大约2,500种林木。其中许多是具有经济意义的树木，如桐油树、樟树和漆树。丰富的植被和多种多样的地形促进了动物生命的多样性发展。著名的动物有长江的白白鲟，东北的西伯利亚虎，西部的大鲵，西南的大熊猫和亚鼻猴。

In the light of The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, China is a socialist state under the people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliances of workers and peasants. The organs through which the people exercise the state power are the National People’s Congress and the local congresses at different levels. The State Council is the executive body of the highest organ of state administration.

根据《中华人民共和国宪法》，中国是一个由工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级代表大会。国务院是国家最高行政机关的执行机构。

Peking, the political, cultural and economic center, is the capital of the country. The anthem is “The March of the Volunteers”. The national badge is centered by Tian’anmen Rostrum in the shine of five stars, encircled by grains and a gear, which fully expresses the constitutional category of what the People’s Republic of China is.

北京是政治、文化和经济中心，是国家的首都。国歌是《义勇军进行曲》。国徽以天安门城楼为中心，五星闪耀，周围是五谷和齿轮，充分表达了中华人民共和国的宪法范畴。

Terms and Expressions

hemisphere n. 半球 the Yalu River 鸭绿江

the Beilung River 北仑河 monsoon n. 季风

air mass 气团 relief n. 地势

seed plant 种子植物 genus/genera n. （生物）属

tung oil 桐油 camphor tree 樟树

lacquer tree 漆树 great paddlefish 大白鲟

giant salamander 大鲵（娃娃鱼） Tian’anmen Rostrum 天安门层楼

Questions

1. How large is China?

2. What are the countries that China borders?

3. What do you know about China’s coastline?

4. What’s China’s climate like?

5. What’s China’s general land surface like?

6. What do you know about China’s vegetation and animal life?

问题

1. 中国有多大？

2. 中国与哪些国家接壤？

3. 你对中国的海岸线了解多少？

4. 中国的气候是怎样的？

5. 中国的总体地表是什么样的？

6. 你对中国的植被和动物有什么了解？

=第三周 Session 3 Oct 26 11:30-13:00: Contacting=

[[Media:03_Chin_Cult_Marriage.pptx]]

==Ancient and Contemporary Ways of Contacting 古代和当代的接触方式==
1. Pigeon post飞鸽传书

Pigeon post is a method of communication among ancient people, where letters are tied to the feet of pigeons and delivered to the person who wants to deliver them. In movies, we see people in western countries using crows to deliver letters, but in China, crows are seen as an inauspicious symbol, so people used to use pigeons to deliver letters. Pigeons can fly and fly faster, can recognize directions, have a good sense of the earth's magnetic field, and are particularly home-loving, so they are used to improve the speed of delivering mail.

飞鸽传书是古人的一种通信方式，即把信绑在鸽子的脚上，送到要送信的人手中。在电影中，我们看到西方国家的人用乌鸦来送信，但在中国，乌鸦被视为不吉利的象征，所以人们习惯用鸽子来送信。鸽子能飞，而且飞得更快，能辨别方向，对地球磁场有很好的感觉，而且特别爱家，所以用鸽子来提高送信的速度。

In order to get the ideal pigeon, besides careful selection of good breed and scientific feeding management, the most important thing is training. All three complement each other and are indispensable. The basic principle of training is based on the biological characteristics and physiological features of pigeons and the principle of "conditioned reflex".

要想获得理想的鸽子，除了精心选择优良品种和科学的饲养管理外，最重要的是训练。这三者相辅相成，缺一不可。训练的基本原则是根据鸽子的生物学特性和生理学特点以及 "条件反射 "的原理。

The fundamental purpose of training is to cultivate, exercise and improve the quality of pigeons, to bring into play their inherent biological characteristics and specialties, so that they have the basic elements and conditions to complete various communication and competition tasks. The basic content of training includes: basic training, flight training, competition training, adaptation training and application training. In principle, the training should start from young pigeons, from simple to complicated, from near to far, from day to night, from basic training to professional training, in short, from easy to difficult. (Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：Pigeon Post, 飞鸽传书）

训练的根本目的是培养、锻炼和提高鸽子的素质，发挥其固有的生物特性和特长，使其具备完成各种交流和比赛任务的基本要素和条件。训练的基本内容包括：基础训练、飞行训练、竞赛训练、适应训练和应用训练。训练原则上应从幼鸽开始，从简单到复杂，从近到远，从白天到黑夜，从基础训练到专业训练，总之，由易到难。(百度百科：Pigeon Post, 飞鸽传书)

Historically, Genghis Khan used pigeon posts to keep in touch with distant parts of his empire, and even in ancient Greece, carrier pigeons were used to announce major events, such as the Olympic Games! In the 12th century, a fairly extensive network of homing pigeons was established between Syria and Baghdad. One of the last active carrier pigeon posts was in India, but the carrier pigeons were officially retired in 2008. During the war years, carrier pigeons also played a role that could not be ignored. They were able to cross enemy lines more easily than men on horseback. This earned them the name "war pigeon". People continued to use carrier pigeons to deliver letters even up to the time of World War II. (scienceabc 19 Oct2019, wiki)

历史上，成吉思汗曾用飞鸽传书与他的帝国的遥远地区保持联系，甚至在古希腊，信鸽被用来宣布重大事件，如奥林匹克运动会! 在12世纪，叙利亚和巴格达之间建立了一个相当广泛的信鸽网络。最后一个活跃的信鸽站之一是在印度，但信鸽在2008年正式退役了。在战争年代，信鸽也发挥了不可忽视的作用。它们能够比骑马的人更容易穿越敌人的防线。这为它们赢得了 "战鸽 "的称号。人们继续使用信鸽送信，甚至到了第二次世界大战期间。(scienceabc 19 Oct2019, wiki)

2. Paper Letters

2. 纸质信件

The letter is a kind of application document that transmits information and exchanges thoughts and feelings to a specific object. “Letter" in the ancient text with the meaning of audio, news, in addition, "Letter" also has a trustworthy meaning of the words transmitted by the trustee, whether it is a message sent to a person, or through the letter carrier by letter to the specific object of language and writing to convey information and exchange of ideas and feelings of the letter, there must be three elements: one is the ability to express their thoughts and feelings; two is to have the appropriate writing tools; three is someone to deliver.

信是一种向特定对象传递信息、交流思想感情的应用文件。"信"在古文字中具有音讯、消息的含义，此外，"信 "还具有受托人传递话语的含义，无论是向人传递信息，还是通过信的载体向特定对象以语言文字传递信息和交流思想感情的信件，都必须具备三个要素：一是有表达自己思想感情的能力；二是有适当的书写工具；三是有人传递。

Written letters to relatives and friends, not only can convey their thoughts and feelings, but also can give the recipient of the letter a feeling of intimacy; technology continues to progress, and the emergence of the telephone, telegraph, postal tape, video tape, e-mail and other means of exchange of information, it can be expected e-mail will be used by more and more people, which has actually been proven.

给亲戚朋友写信，不仅可以传达自己的思想感情，而且可以给收信人以亲切感；科技不断进步，出现了电话、电报、邮带、录像带、电子邮件等信息交流手段，可以预见电子邮件会被越来越多的人使用，这一点已被实际证明。

With the development of society, the relationship between people and society is also being reconstructed. In addition to the traditional use of correspondence, i. e. , official letters and private letters, a new development is the use of personal letters to government agencies, enterprises and institutions, famous scholars, and other individuals for personal needs, and the use of this type of correspondence is gradually increasing and noteworthy. We call them personal correspondence. (Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：Written Letters, 手写信件）

随着社会的发展，人与社会的关系也在重构。除了传统的书信使用方式，即公函和私函外，还有一个新的发展，就是因个人需要而给政府机关、企事业单位、著名学者和其他个人写信，这种书信的使用逐渐增多，值得注意的是。我们称其为个人书信。(Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：Written Letters, 手写信件)

3. E-mails

3. 电子邮件

E-mail is a way of communication that provides information exchange by electronic means and is the most widely used service of the Internet. Through the network's e-mail system, users can contact network users in any corner of the world at a very low price (no matter where they send it, they only have to pay for the network fee) and in a very fast way (it can be sent to any specified destination in the world within a few seconds).

电子邮件是一种通过电子手段提供信息交流的通信方式，是互联网上使用最广泛的服务。通过网络的电子邮件系统，用户可以以非常低廉的价格（无论发送到哪里，只需支付网络费用）和非常快速的方式（可以在几秒钟内发送到世界上任何指定的目的地）与世界任何角落的网络用户联系。

E-mail can be in many forms such as text, images, sound, etc. At the same time, users can get a large number of free news and feature emails and easily achieve information search. The existence of e-mail greatly facilitates communication and exchange between people and promotes the development of society.

电子邮件可以有多种形式，如文字、图像、声音等。同时，用户可以获得大量的免费新闻和专题邮件，轻松实现信息搜索。电子邮件的存在大大方便了人们之间的沟通和交流，促进了社会的发展。

However, there are many drawbacks in using e-mail. For example, there is a risk of information being stolen and there is a lot of spam on the network. To address these two problems, the following solutions are available. Firstly, from the perspective of network security of the website itself, using hardware firewall devices is definitely the best solution. Second, a full-time network administrator should be assigned to regularly maintain the website. Thirdly, when applying for mailbox, choose a more protective username, such as a combination of English and numbers, which can be less harassed by spam. Fourth, avoid disclosing your email address. Fifth, use good mail management and screening function. outlook express, foxmail and qqmail all have good mail management function, users can screen mails by setting rules of mail domain, mail subject, source, length and so on.

但是，使用电子邮件也有很多缺点。例如，信息有被窃取的风险，网络上有大量的垃圾邮件。为了解决这两个问题，可以采取以下解决办法。首先，从网站本身的网络安全角度来看，使用硬件防火墙设备无疑是最好的解决方案。第二，应配备专职网络管理员，定期维护网站。第三，在申请邮箱时，选择一个保护性较强的用户名，如英文和数字的组合，这样可以减少垃圾邮件的骚扰。第四，避免泄露自己的邮箱地址。第五，使用良好的邮件管理和筛选功能。Outlook Express、foxmail和qqmail都有良好的邮件管理功能，用户可以通过设置邮件域名、邮件主题、来源、长度等规则来筛选邮件。

The format of an e-mail address consists of three parts. The first part "USER" represents the account number of user mailbox, which must be unique for the same mail receiving server; the second part "@" is the separator; the third part is the domain name of mail receiving server of user mailbox, to mark its location.

电子邮件地址的格式由三部分组成。第一部分 "USER "代表用户邮箱的帐号，在同一邮件接收服务器上必须是唯一的；第二部分"@"是分隔符；第三部分是用户邮箱的邮件接收服务器的域名，用来标记其位置。

According to Internet Week, the world's first email was a short message sent by computer scientist Professor Leonard K. to his colleagues (in October 1969, I believe), which consisted of only two letters: "LO". Professor Leonard K. explained, "Back then I was trying to communicate with a computer at the University of California and another computer at the Stanford Research Center near San Francisco. What we were doing was logging in from one computer to the other. The way to log in at that time was to type L-O-G. So we typed L and asked, 'Do you get L?' The other side replied, 'Yes. ' Before we received a confirmation that the other party had received G, the system went down. So the first online message was 'LO', which means 'Hello!'"

根据《互联网周刊》的报道，世界上第一封电子邮件是由计算机科学家Leonard K.教授发给他的同事的一条短消息（1969年10月，我相信），它只由两个字母组成： "LO"。伦纳德-K教授解释说："那时我正试图与加利福尼亚大学的一台计算机和旧金山附近的斯坦福研究中心的另一台计算机进行通信。我们所做的是在一台计算机上登录到另一台计算机上。当时登录的方法是输入L-O-G。所以我们打了L，然后问：'你收到L了吗？对方回答说：'是的。'在我们收到对方收到G的确认之前，系统就瘫痪了。所以第一条在线信息是'LO'，意思是'你好！'"

The first e-mail from China on September 20, 1987 was sent by Werner Zorn, the "Father of the German Internet, " and Wang Yunfeng at the Institute of Applied Computer Technology in Peking to the University of Karlsruhe in Germany, in English. Original text: Across the Great Wall we can reach every corner in the world.

1987年9月20日，第一封来自中国的电子邮件由 "德国互联网之父 "维纳·佐恩和中国兵器工业计算机应用技术研究所的王运丰教授用英文发给德国卡尔斯鲁厄大学。原文的翻译：穿过长城，我们可以到达世界上的每一个角落。(研究所名称来源：https://www.acabridge.cn/hr/xueshu/202110/t20211025_2167755.shtml)

It means “跨越长城, 走向世界。” This is the first email sent from China to the Global Science Network through the network connection between Peking and the University of Karlsruhe in Germany. (Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：E-mail 电子邮件）

意思是 "跨越长城，走向世界。" 这是中国通过北京和德国卡尔斯鲁厄大学之间的网络连接，向全球科学网发出的第一封电子邮件。(Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：E-mail 电子邮件)

References参考文献

*Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：Pigeon Post, 飞鸽传书 https://baike. baidu. com/item/%E9%A3%9E%E9%B8%BD%E4%BC%A0%E4%B9%A6/7009129?fr=aladdin
*Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：Written Letters, 手写信件 https://baike. baidu. com/item/%E4%B9%A6%E4%BF%A1/1095625?fr=aladdin
*Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：E-mail 电子邮件 https://baike. baidu. com/item/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6/111106?fr=aladdin
*scienceabc. How Did the Pigeon Post Work?. https://www. scienceabc. com/19 Oct2019.

Terms and Expressions
*条件反射conditioned reflex
*成吉思汗 Genghis Khan
*信鸽驿站pigeon post station
*战鸽war pigeon
*分隔符separator
*服务器域名domain name
*互联网周刊Internet Week

Questions
#What part of pigeon is the letter tied to when you want to send a letter?
#What animals do the western countries use to send letters in spite of pigeons?
#Why pigeons can be used to send letters?
#What are the three elements in writing and sending letters?
#When did the world's first emails appear?
#How to translate China’s first e-mail “Across the Great Wall we can reach every corner in the world.”

问题
#当你想寄信的时候，信是绑在鸽子的哪个部位？
#尽管有鸽子，西方国家用什么动物来寄信？
#为什么可以用鸽子来寄信？
#写信和寄信的三个要素是什么？
#世界上第一封电子邮件是什么时候出现的？
#如何翻译中国的第一封电子邮件"越过长城，我们可以到达世界的每一个角落。"？

=第四周 Session 4 Nov 30 11:30-13:00 - Chinese Marriage Customs 中国的婚姻习俗=
Teacher presentations:
*[[Media:04_Chinese_Marriage_part_1.pptx]]
*[[Media:04_Chinese_Marriage_part_2.pptx]]
==Homework for 26.10.2023==
Please read previous 2 texts (Geography + Contacting) and "Marriage Customs"! :3

==Part 1: Marriage Customs - presented by Joanna Zawada==

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life - marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents. (Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa 2012, 12)

中国是一个古老的礼仪之邦。当涉及到一个人一生中最重要的事情--婚姻时，中国人已经形成了一套独特而隆重的仪式。一般来说，中国古代的婚礼需要得到父母的同意，由父母安排。(周丹迪，岳书法 2012, 12)

Six Procedures

六个步骤

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

从提亲到完成结婚有六个议程，即纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期和最后一步亲迎。(高晓倩 2017, 235)

Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refers to a practice that if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose, which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

纳采是所有婚姻程序的开端。它指的是一种做法，如果一个男孩打算娶一个女孩，首先他的家人必须邀请一个媒人到女孩家提亲。在征得女方家庭同意后，男方家庭应委托媒人用一些礼物正式求婚。通常，最常见的礼物是大雁，它代表忠诚。此外，鸳鸯和绵羊也是经常使用的礼物。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

Wen Ming means that the boy's family asks the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the prospective bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

问名是指男孩的家人要求媒人取女孩的名字和出生日期。这个步骤有两个目的：一是防止同姓近亲结婚；二是确定准新娘和新郎的"生辰八字"是否合拍。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235

纳吉发生在媒人取回女方的名字和八字之后。如果占卜到吉兆，男方家庭就会通知女方父母，决定订婚。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

更重要的是，纳征是男孩给女孩送订婚礼物的一个重要步骤，出于礼貌，女孩会送回部分礼物，如食物和一些衣服。（高筱倩 2017, 235）

Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

请期是指男方家庭选择一个黄道吉日举行婚礼，然后派遣媒人告诉女方家庭。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

亲迎是六礼中的最后一道程序，即新郎到新娘家把新娘接到自己家里。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

Customs 习俗

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker and many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage. (Zhang Yueying 2013, 47-48)

除了上面提到的六个步骤外，中国传统的婚礼仪式还有许多其他习俗。一般来说，古代的婚姻是由父母和媒妁之言，许多年轻人不能掌握自己的婚姻。在结婚仪式之前，男女双方是不允许见面的，因为古代人非常保守，大多数女孩都被关在闺房里。如果他们在婚前私下见面，会被认为是女性不忠，父母也会认为这很不吉利。在这种情况下，新婚夫妇只能在结婚前见到对方。(张月莹 2013, 47-48)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

在婚礼当天，男孩的家人会在家里举行盛大的宴会。在出发接新娘之前，新郎要先祭拜祖先，以求在接新娘的过程中安全、吉祥。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony - at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

之后的步骤是整个仪式中最隆重的一步--在黄昏时分，新郎和新娘及其父母以及所有宾客将聚集在堂屋，见证新人的跪拜礼节，其中包括四个步骤： (高筱倩 2017, 235)

The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

第一步是叩拜天地，表明古人对神灵和大自然为他们创造良好的生活环境的敬畏和感激。第二个叩头面向父母，表达对父母养育之恩的感激之情，真诚地希望父母能够保持健康。然后，新人要向对方磕头（夫妻对拜），这也是对夫妻双方共同生活到老的期望。最后一道程序是入洞房：新娘被送入洞房，新郎与客人喝酒，直到晚上。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he addresses the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

婚礼仪式结束后，新人必须在第三天一起回到女方家，这叫 "回门 "或 "归宁"。这个礼节是不可缺少的。新郎要带一些礼物以示尊重，并改变对新娘父母的称呼方式，后者也会为新人的到来准备好食物。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

Development发展

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage nowadays. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more. (Zhang Yueying 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel. (Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa 2012, 15)

随着时间的推移，现在有很多关于婚姻的改革。成年人拥有选择配偶的自由，如果可能的话，他们可以每天见面。父母不能再掌控他们的 "人生大事"。(张月莹 2013, 47）此外，许多夫妇会跳过婚礼仪式中的繁琐仪式，他们中的一些人选择在教堂里与一些亲密的亲戚和朋友一起举行仪式，有些人甚至通过旅行完成仪式。(周丹迪, 岳书法 2012，15）。

Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until the present day. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowries, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The bridegroom should go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deeply rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and show a unique Chinese characteristics (Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa 2012, 15).

尽管如此，大多数年轻人仍然采用中国传统习俗的主要程序，其中的一些一直流传到今天。订婚礼物和嫁妆仍然存在，许多夫妇选择穿红色服装。新郎要到新娘家去护送她参加婚礼，等等。由此可见，中国的传统婚俗大多深深扎根于中国人的心中，显示出独特的中国特色(周丹迪, 岳书法 2012, 15)。

References

Gao Xiaoqian. 高筱倩. (2017) 中国传统婚嫁习俗研究［The Research on Traditional Chinese Marriage Customs］戏剧之家[Drama House] 235.

Zhang Yueying. 张月莹. (2013) 中国近代婚嫁礼俗及婚姻观念转变的探索[A Study on the Change of Marriage Customs and Marriage Concepts in Modern China] 松州学刊［Songzhou Academic Journal］ 47-48.

Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa. 周丹迪, 岳书法. (2012) 浅析近代以来中国婚嫁民俗的演变[On the Evolution of Chinese Marriage Customs Since Modern Times] 文化学刊[Cultural Academic Journal] 15.

Terms and Expressions

Na Cai 纳彩

Wen Ming 问名

Na Ji 纳吉

Na Zheng 纳征

Qing Qi 请期

Qin Ying 亲迎

Huimen 回门

Guiling 归宁

betrothal presents 彩礼

the central room 堂屋

bridal chamber 婚房

“eight characters” of the birth moment 生辰八字

Questions

1. How many procedures are needed from the negotiation to the completion of marriage?

2. Did the ancient young people have the rights to decide their own marriage or not and why?

3. What is the kneeling etiquettes?

4. When the couple have to return to the girl’s home?

5. What changes have been made nowadays?

6. Please list some new wedding customs.

问题

1. 从提亲到完成结婚需要多少个步骤？

2. 古代年轻人是否有权利决定自己的婚姻，为什么？

3. 跪拜的礼节是什么？

4. 新婚夫妇什么时候要回女方家？

5. 如今有什么变化？

6. 请列出一些新的婚礼习俗。

==准备第三周的作业 Homework to prepare this session==

1. 阅读 Read pages 16-21 and 29-35 of our textbook

2. 填多选题线上测试 Complete the quizzes

#审美理想和社会习俗：中国的婚姻习俗 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs: https://ks.wjx.top/vm/YJzn8Fl.aspx#
#审美理想和社会习俗：湖南的伴嫁歌 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan: https://ks.wjx.top/vm/mBp0heY.aspx

3. Choose a topic for your final exam paper (homework)

==展示 Presentation by Joanna Zawada==
Powerpoint presentation for download:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1dhr2DlFtgpwN0jJ1vdPobawrpXkBcI-g/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=104571425763898583902&rtpof=true&sd=true

==Part 2: Marriage-accompanying songs in Hunan 湖南的伴嫁歌==

湖南的伴嫁歌 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: [[Media:Marriage-Accompanying_Songs_in_Hunan.pptx]]

===中国的婚姻习俗===
审美理想和社会习俗：中国的婚姻习俗 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: [[File:Chinese_Marriage_Customs_2023.pdf]]

==Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan 湖南的伴嫁歌==
1. Introduction

Hunan folk songs are accumulated in the long-term social labor and life of Hunan people. Custom songs are a type of folk songs that are sung in specific custom activities and directly reflect the basic content and characteristics of the custom activities. Folklore needs folk songs to complete its content, and folklore needs folklore as a carrier to pass on. Weddings and funerals are several very important events in a person's life, and are an important part of folklore. Custom songs about weddings and funerals account for a very large proportion of the total number of folk songs in Hunan. (Wen Qiaofeng, 2018, 1）

1. 简介

湖南民歌是在湖南人长期的社会劳动和生活中积累起来的。风俗歌是在特定的风俗活动中演唱的一种民歌，它直接反映了风俗活动的基本内容和特点。民俗需要民歌来完成其内容，民俗也需要民歌作为载体来传承。婚礼和葬礼是人一生中非常重要的几件事，也是民俗的重要组成部分。有关婚丧嫁娶的习俗歌曲在湖南民歌总数中占有非常大的比例。(文巧凤，2018，1）。

The folk custom of crying for marriage is popular in many areas of our country, and the custom of crying for marriage is unique in Hunan. It is called "marriage accompanying" in many places in Hunan, and the marriage lament is an important part of Hunan folk songs. The marriage accompanying songs of Chenzhou and Yongzhou in southern Hunan Province have long been famous for their rich and unique singing. Among them, the marriage accompanying songs of Chenzhou are the most representative. In different regions, there are many different names for this accompanying marriage activity, such as "crying in the singing hall", "crying in the garden", etc. The songs sung in this custom activity are called, "Hallsitting Song", "Gardensitting Song" and so on. （Wen Qiaofeng, 2018, chapter1, 5）

哭嫁的民俗在我国许多地区流行，而哭嫁的习俗在湖南是独一无二的。在湖南很多地方被称为 "伴嫁"，伴嫁歌是湖南民歌的一个重要组成部分。湘南郴州、永州等地的伴嫁歌早已以其丰富而独特的唱法而闻名。其中，郴州的伴嫁歌最具代表性。在不同地区，这种陪嫁活动有许多不同的名称，如 "坐歌堂"、"坐花园 "等。在这种习俗活动中演唱的歌曲被称为 "坐堂歌"、"花园歌 "等（文巧风，2018，第1章，第5节）。

2. Legend about marriage accompanying songs in Hunan

There is also a very interesting legend about its origin. According to legend, the king of the Chu Kingdom was named Chu Yidi, and he had a daughter named Chu Yu. One day when Chu yu was traveling, she met Chen Xianyun, a fugitive woman from a county in southern Hunan. After learning about her unfortunate coming marriage, she provided her with many things , gave a lot of help, and then led a group of fairies to Chen Xianyun's home on the eve of her marriage to cheer her up. The two girls sang and sang hundreds of narrative songs in succession. The fairies also sang and danced to the beat. From time to time, they sang a few words in antithesis with the princess and Chen Xianyun. The princess and the fairies didn’t return until dawn was about to show up. （Wen Qiaofeng, 2018, chapter1, 6）

2. 关于湖南伴嫁歌的传说

关于它的起源，还有一个非常有趣的传说。据传说，楚国的国王叫楚仪狄，他有一个女儿叫楚玉。有一天，当楚玉在旅行时，她遇到了来自湖南南部一个县的逃亡妇女陈先云。在得知她即将结婚的不幸消息后，她为她提供了很多东西，给予了很多帮助，然后在她结婚前夕带领一群仙女到陈仙云家为她打气。两个女孩接连唱了几百首叙事歌曲。仙女们也跟着节拍唱起了歌，跳起了舞。他们不时地与公主和陈先云对唱几句。直到天快亮时，公主和仙女们才回来（文巧风，2018，第1章，6）。

3. Significance of marriage accompanying songs

3. 伴嫁歌的意义

Marriage accompanying songs is a kind of farewell activity that female companions do with the girl’s expressions of singing. The most prominent feature is around the bride’s marriage, confiding her feelings of parting, and it also expresses their resentment towards the feudal marriage system and the old ethics. Anger and resistance are dominant. According to incomplete statistics, there are still more than 1, 200 songs about marriage accompanying in southern Hunan.

伴嫁歌是女伴以姑娘的表现形式进行的一种告别活动。最突出的特点是围绕新娘的婚姻，倾诉自己的离别之情，也表达了她们对封建婚姻制度和旧有伦理的不满。愤怒和反抗是主流。据不完全统计，湘南地区仍有1200多首陪嫁歌。

In 1993, Jiahe county in southern Hunan was named the "Hometown of Folk Songs" by the Provincial Department of Culture. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the southern Hunan wedding lament was protected as an artistic wonder in the national characteristic culture. In 1978, the Provincial Department of Culture held a provincial folk song concert in Chenzhou, Hunan and named Chengguan Town as the "Hometown of Folk Songs" in the province.

The Central Conservatory of Music, Shanghai Conservatory of Music and other professional colleges also use the county folk songs (namely wedding lament songs) as teaching materials. The original wedding folk songs are used in films such as "Hibiscus Town", "The Tortuous Mountain Path", "Gongs and Drums in towns". On May 24, 2021, the marriage lament declared by Jiahe County, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, was approved by the State Council to be included in the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects. (Chinese government website, 2021, 06)

1993年，湘南的嘉禾县被省文化厅命名为 "民歌之乡"。建国后，湘南伴嫁歌作为民族特色文化中的艺术奇葩得到保护。1978年，省文化厅在湖南郴州召开全省民歌会，命名城关镇为全省 "民歌之乡"。

中央音乐学院、上海音乐学院等专业院校也以本县民歌（即婚礼哀歌）为教材。电影《芙蓉镇》、《山路弯弯》、《乡镇锣鼓》等都采用了原生态的婚礼民歌。2021年5月24日，湖南省郴州市嘉禾县申报的婚嫁民歌被国务院批准列入第五批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目。(中国政府网, 2021, 06)

4. Types of marriage accompanying songs

4. 伴嫁歌的类型

Marriage accompanying songs are not limited to the inherent types. There are long songs, marriage joking songs, and crying songs, as well as teasing bridegroom songs. But accompaniment dances are always performed during singing process .

伴嫁歌并不局限于固有的类型。有长歌，耍歌，有哭嫁歌，也有徒歌。但伴嫁舞总是在演唱过程中进行。

First of all, for long songs, they mainly tell sad stories, express unwilling emotions and sad emotions. Existing long songs mostly focus on marital tragedies. Taking into account the weak rhythm and complex thinking of the songs, they are generally sung by high-level artists and singers.

首先，对于长歌来说，它们主要是讲述悲伤的故事，表达不情愿的情绪和悲伤的情感。现有的长歌多以婚姻悲剧为主题。考虑到歌曲的节奏感较弱，思维复杂，一般由高水平的艺术家和歌唱家演唱。

Secondly, in terms of marriage jokes, this type of songs have a large number, distinctive features, and flexible structure. It is a kind of songs that women prefer. The song has a simple sentence pattern, mostly four sentences, and the artistic expression is rich and diverse. This kind of joking songs can be expressed with the help of multi-section style expressions and single style expressions, which are rich in content and involve not only interesting children's songs but also sad songs. Regarding the crying marriage song, it focuses on expressing emotions in the form of crying. The theme of the song focuses on nostalgia and complaining. Both the crying and the song are played casually, and the artistic characteristics are different from other types of songs.

其次，在耍歌方面，这类歌曲数量较多，特点鲜明，结构灵活。这是一种女性比较喜欢的歌曲。歌曲句式简单，多为四句话，艺术表现力丰富多样。这类戏曲歌曲可以借助多段式表达，也可以借助单段式表达，内容丰富，不仅涉及有趣的儿歌，也涉及悲歌。关于哭嫁歌，它主要是以哭的形式来表达情感。这类歌的主题集中在怀旧和抱怨上。哭嫁歌的演奏方式都很随意，艺术特点与其他类型的歌曲不同。

Thirdly, as far as the teasing bridegroom songs are concerned, this type of song is an important manifestation of folklore and occupies a certain position in the wedding song. It mainly tells the plot of the groom being teased. The structure and sentence pattern are relatively simple. Finally, as for the accompaniment dance, the dance is closely related to marriage joking songs and is a free dance that is not restricted by props. Any daily necessities can be used as dance props, which is the main embodiment of humorous thoughts. (Liao Xinglin, 2020, 08)

第三，就徒歌而言，这类歌曲是民俗的重要表现形式，在婚礼歌曲中占有一定地位。它主要讲述的是新郎被戏弄的情节。其结构和句式都比较简单。最后，在伴嫁舞方面，该舞蹈与婚俗戏曲密切相关，是一种不受道具限制的自由舞蹈。任何生活用品都可以作为舞蹈道具，这也是幽默思想的主要体现。(廖星麟, 2020, 08)

5. Process of marriage accompanying

5. 陪嫁的过程

Traditional marrying accompanying is divided into two steps. Two nights before the wedding, the bride and her female friends sits in the singing hall to accompany the marriage, mainly singing "marriage joking songs". This is called "short marriage accompanying ". It starts after dinner and ends in the middle of the night. Sitting in the singing hall on the eve of marriage is called "long marriage accompanying ". It also starts after dinner, but it doesn't stop all night, and it will continue to sing until dawn the next day.

传统的陪嫁分为两个步骤。婚礼前两晚，新娘和她的女性朋友坐在歌厅里陪嫁，主要是唱 "婚姻戏曲"。这被称为 "短陪"。从晚饭后开始，到半夜结束。结婚前夕坐在歌厅里，称为 "长陪"。也是晚饭后开始，但整夜不停歇，要一直唱到第二天天亮。

Girls singing marriage joking songs in the middle of the night, singing a long song in the second half of the night, and performing the accompaniment dances at dawn the next day, then the bride will come out to cry for marriage.

姑娘们半夜唱婚姻戏曲，下半夜唱长歌，第二天黎明时分表演伴嫁舞，然后新娘子就会出来哭嫁。

The word for crying for marriage is to see people crying, improvised, mainly to express the feelings of farewell. The content of the accompaniment songs is very rich, there are those who spread history and production knowledge, some who sing about women's labor life, customs, and astronomy and geography, some who laugh and play, there are guessing songs, love songs, and everything.

哭嫁一词是见人就哭，即兴发挥，主要是为了表达离别之情。伴唱的内容非常丰富，有传播历史和生产知识的，有唱妇女劳动生活、风俗习惯、天文地理的，有嬉笑打闹的，有猜拳的，有情歌的，什么都有。

But the most sung songs are the songs that tell parting and reflect the pain of women. When dancing, everything you encounter can be used as a dance tool, which is very lively and free, and has a strong breath of life. The bride cried and sang farewell to relatives and friends at home and then boarded the sedan chair. The sisters were sent to the pavilion on the way and then returned. The whole marriage process was completed. The bride’s brothers, uncles and cousins (all men) will send the family and guests to the husband’s house. (kekeshici, 2019, 05)

但唱得最多的是讲述离别和反映妇女痛苦的歌曲。跳舞时，遇到的一切都可以作为舞蹈工具，非常活泼自由，具有强烈的生命气息。新娘哭着和家里的亲戚朋友唱着歌告别，然后上了轿子。姐妹们在路上被送到亭子里，然后返回。整个结婚过程就这样完成了。新娘的兄弟、叔伯和堂兄弟（都是男性）将家人和客人送到夫家。 (可可诗词网, 2019, 05)

References

*廖星麟. 嘉禾伴嫁歌的音乐特征与演唱特征研究[J]. 戏剧之家, 2020(08):56-57.
*文巧风. 论湖南风俗民歌[D]. 湖南师范大学, 2018.
*可可诗词网, 湘南嘉禾伴嫁歌, https://www. kekeshici. com, 2019
*李琴, 李跃忠. 嘉禾“伴嫁歌”研究综述[J]. 文教资料, 2019(31):87-89.
*中国政府网, 国务院关于公布第五批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录的通知, http://www. gov. cn/zhengce/content/2021-06/10/content_5616457, 2021, 05

Terms and expressions
*marriage accompanying songs 伴嫁歌
*marriage accompanying 伴嫁
*crying in the singing hall 坐歌堂
*crying in the garden 坐花园
*Zuotang Song 坐堂歌
*Wedding lament songs/crying songs 哭嫁歌
*long songs 长歌
*marriage joking songs耍歌
*teasing bridegroom songs 徒歌
*accompaniment dances 伴嫁舞
*Hibiscus Town 《芙蓉镇》
*The Tortuous Mountain Path 《山路弯弯》
*Gongs and Drums in towns 《乡镇锣鼓》

Questions
#What kind of songs do the marriage accompanying songs in southern Hunan belong to?
#Who sings the marriage accompanying song?
#List at least 3 themes that marriage accompanying songs would cover.
#What types of marriage accompanying songs are there?
#During the singing activity process, would singers sing for the whole night in the "short marriage accompanying"？

问题
#湘南地区的婚姻伴奏歌曲属于什么类型的歌曲？
#谁在唱婚姻伴奏歌曲？
#至少列出3个婚姻伴奏歌曲会涉及的主题。
#有哪些类型的婚姻伴奏歌曲？
#在歌唱活动过程中，歌手们会不会在 "短暂的婚姻伴奏 "中唱上一整晚？

==Second Section: Student presentations of the two topics==
===中国的婚姻习俗 Chinese Marriage Customs (3) Jin Yue 金乐===
Powerpoint for download:
===湖南的伴嫁歌 Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan (3) Ai Xi 艾希===
Powerpoint for download:
[[File:marriage- accompanying songs in Hunan]]

[[https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/13u86oFVffR0xf37bi_EXrdCo7rmwi-Z7/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111274360681988563100&rtpof=true&sd=true]]

==Grades for the quizzes==
*Gabriela Krukowska 5
*Ewa Kopania 5
*Zyta Rydz 5
*Asia (Joanna) Zawada 5
*Karol Perka 5
*Anna Proskura 5
*Julia Dereżyṅska 5
*Paweł Andraszak 5
*Aleksandra Urbanska 5
*Natalia Gloc 5
*Edyta Skorupa 5
*Wiktoria Wolny 5
*Ada Dan 5
*Lena Rzeźnikowska 5
*Sandra Piechowiak 5

=第五周 Session 5 Dec 7 11:30-13:00: Marriage II, Crying Marriage of Tujia 土家族的哭嫁=

Teacher presentation [[Media:04_Chin_Cult_Contacting_Tujia.pptx]]

==Crying Marriage of Tujia 土家族的哭嫁==
Introduction

Many ethnic groups in our country have the custom of crying marriage, such as the Yao people and the Miao people in western Hunan, the Yi people in Liangshan, Sichuan, and the Tujia people in western Hubei and western Hunan. When women get married, they all have the ceremony of crying marriage. Among them, Tujia women's crying marriage has the greatest influence, and their crying words are the most abundant and well preserved. In 2005, Tujia wedding laments in Hubei province was identified as one of the first key folk culture protection objects in China (Yin Danping 2009, 126).

简介

我国许多民族都有哭嫁的习俗，如湘西的瑶族、苗族，四川凉山的彝族，湖北西部和湖南西部的土家族。妇女结婚时，都有哭嫁的仪式。其中，土家族妇女的哭嫁影响最大，其哭词也最丰富，保存最完整。2005年，湖北的土家族哭嫁词被确定为中国首批重点民俗文化保护对象之一（尹旦萍，2009，126）。

Many Tujia girls learn to cry to marry or learn to participate in crying marriage at an early age, learning how to make crying marriage songful and affecting. It is customary for Tujia girls to cry every night in the first month or half a month before they get married. And they cry for 3-7 consecutive nights before the eve of going out for marriage. When the bride cries for marriage, all the sisters in the village cry for each other. The climax of crying marriage is during the very night before getting married and the next day on the sedan chair (Peng Wulin 2012, 149).

很多土家族姑娘在很小的时候就学会了哭嫁，或者学会了参与哭嫁，学会了如何让哭嫁变得有歌声，有影响。土家族女孩在结婚前的第一个月或半个月里，习惯于每晚都要哭。而在出嫁前夕，她们会连续哭上3-7个晚上。新娘哭嫁时，村里所有的姐妹都会为对方哭泣。哭嫁的高潮是在出嫁前的那一夜和第二天的上轿。（彭武麟 2012, 149）。

First the bride cries with her mother, then with her sister-in-law. After that, the neighbors and other single women come to cry with her, all of them sitting on the bed. While the bride and one of the companions cry aloud, the others weep by the side. The bride cry for her parents and siblings as well as for the relatives and friends, mainly telling her life experience and her sorrow at leaving her loved ones while also expressing her gratitude towards her parents for bringing her up. The women also scold the matchmaker, and encourage the bride. (The Custom of Crying Marriage 2021. 05. 28 http://www. foreignercn. com/)

首先，新娘和她的母亲一起哭，然后和她的嫂子一起哭。之后，邻居和其他单身女性也来陪她哭，大家都坐在床上。当新娘和其中一个同伴大声哭泣时，其他人则在旁边哭泣。新娘为她的父母和兄弟姐妹以及亲戚朋友哭泣，主要讲述她的生活经历和离开亲人的悲伤，同时也表达了她对父母养育她的感激之情。女方还骂媒人，并鼓励新娘。(The Custom of Crying Marriage 2021. 05. 28 http://www. foreignercn. com/)

Origins of crying marriage哭嫁的由来

First explanation is, according to a legend, a Tujia girl was sent into a Han family as a daughter-in-law in ancient times. She was crying and her families also were crying and comforting her.

Second, a Tujia girl quarreled with her brothers and sisters about the distribution of the family property and began to cry on the eve of her marriage. (Chen Tingliang & Peng Nanjun 2005, 171)

Third, as a special form of farewell, the crying marriage of Tujia girls replaces speech with wedding laments, which have national characteristics and are not sad and mournful. (Chen Tingliang & Peng Nanjun 2005, 172)

第一种说明是，根据一个古时代的传说，一位土家族的姑娘被嫁去汉族的家庭作媳妇。她一直在哭，她的家人边哭边安慰她。

第二，一位土家族姑娘，在她婚礼的前夜。和她的兄弟姐妹们关于自己家族财产分配而吵起来（陈廷亮&彭南均，2005，171）。

第三，一个别的分别仪式，土家姑娘的哭嫁代替了婚礼哀伤致辞，这些是具有民族特色，同时也不是悲伤和遗憾的（陈廷亮&彭南均，2005，172）。

Reasons for crying marriage

For themselves

As individuals in the society, Tujia women's status is relatively low. The arranged marriage made by their parents undoubtedly deepens their dilemma of having no autonomy. In the grand premise, when she sits in the hall, she mainly weeps about her sad fate. The other singers are women, some of them are coming out, and some of them are young girls who are about to meet the same fate. Therefore, They could not help sympathizing with each other when they sigh with sadness for their fates. (Yu Yongyu 2002, 193）

哭婚的原因

为了自己

作为社会中的个体，土家族妇女的地位是比较低的。父母的包办婚姻，无疑加深了她们没有自主权的窘境。在大前提下，当她坐在堂时，她主要是为自己的悲惨命运哭泣。其他歌手都是女性，有的即将出阁，有的则是即将遭遇同样命运的少女。因此，当她们为自己的命运悲叹时，不禁互相同情。(余咏宇 2002, 193)

For the society

In addition to the function of satisfying the singer's self-expression and adjusting psychological activities, wedding laments can further consolidate the relationship between the singer and the ethnic group. It also can further consolidate the social status of the individual. Various social functions include: To consolidate ethics: if a Tujia daughter does not cry when she gets married, it shows that she has no filial piety or attachment to her parents. (Yu Yongyu 2002, 198） To evaluate talent: crying to marry is also a measure of a woman's ability. To strengthen collective consciousness: during the marriage ceremony, women walk together spontaneously, complain bitterly about their divorce, and express dissatisfaction with the system of arranged marriage. Women's everyday feelings of unhappy life, expressed through crying, arouse the collective resistance consciousness and give a certain social significance to the collective behavior of crying marriage. (Yu Yongyu 2002, 199）

对社会而言

除了满足歌者的自我表达和调整心理活动的功能外，婚礼哀乐可以进一步巩固歌者与民族之间的关系。它还可以进一步巩固个人的社会地位。各种社会功能包括：巩固伦理：如果土家族女儿出嫁时不哭，说明她对父母没有孝心和依恋。(于永玉 2002, 198) 评价才能：哭嫁也是衡量一个女人能力的标准。强化集体意识：在结婚仪式上，妇女自发地走在一起，痛苦地抱怨自己的离婚，并对包办婚姻制度表示不满。妇女通过哭诉表达对生活不幸福的日常感受，唤起了集体的反抗意识，使哭嫁的集体行为具有了一定的社会意义。(余咏宇 2002，199）。

For religion

Tujia people see crying marriage as an effective tool to deceive evil spirits and protect the peace of the family house, also as a sign of respect for the ancestors. In the legends of Tujia, there are many evil spirits in the mountains, and they always come to disturb every happy event. In order to ensure safety, the bride pretends to be sad so that the evil spirits will not be aware of the happy event and the happy event will go on smoothly. (Yu Yongyu 2002, 201）

对于宗教

土家族人将哭嫁视为欺骗邪灵、保护家宅平安的有效手段，也是对祖先的尊重。在土家族的传说中，山里有很多邪灵，每逢喜事，他们总是来捣乱。为了确保安全，新娘要装作很伤心的样子，这样邪灵就不会知道喜事，喜事也就顺利进行了。(余咏宇 2002, 201)

Relations between Wedding laments and Tujia's music culture

First, the content of wedding laments mostly expresses brides’ feelings of being parted from their relatives and their worries about the future prospects. Even though bride and groom meet before marriage, they don’t know each other very well. The whole marriage system still has the mark of blind marriage left over from the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, there are some reasons for brides to get married in tears. Second, wedding laments always are improvised with concise music structure and vivid lyrics. Wedding laments contain three elements: crying, song and language, which rise and fall with the change of mood. Its creation and expression are natural, sincere and appealing. Tujia people are used to express their ideas by singing impromptu songs, so wedding laments are in the same line with the characteristics of Tujia folk songs and music culture. Third, wedding laments are actually linked to ceremonies. In the process of ceremonies, the bride will cry and sing according to the content of ceremonies and the identity of the participants, and so does the duet. The combination of the ceremony and wedding laments is flexible and structured. For example, in the same ceremony, the general idea of the lyrics is the same, but the details of the lyrics are arranged by the singer at will, which is mainly controlled by the crying singer without fixed length and time limit. Similar musical phenomena also appear in other Tujia ritual songs. (Yu Yongyu 2002, 225）

婚礼哀歌与土家族音乐文化的关系

首先，婚礼哀歌的内容大多表达了新娘与亲人分离的心情和对未来前景的担忧。尽管新郎和新娘在婚前相识，但他们并不了解对方。整个婚姻制度仍有清朝遗留下来的盲婚哑嫁的痕迹。因此，新娘哭着结婚是有一定原因的。其次，婚礼哀乐总是即兴创作，音乐结构简明，歌词生动。婚礼哀歌包含三个要素：哭、歌和语言，随着情绪的变化而起伏。它的创作和表达是自然的、真诚的、吸引人的。土家族人习惯于用即兴演唱的方式来表达自己的想法，因此，婚礼赞歌与土家族民歌和音乐文化的特点一脉相承。第三，婚礼赞歌实际上与仪式有关。在仪式过程中，新娘会根据仪式的内容和参与者的身份进行哭唱，对唱也是如此。仪式和婚礼哀乐的结合是灵活而有条理的。例如，在同一仪式中，歌词的大意是一样的，但歌词的细节却由演唱者随意安排，主要由哭唱者控制，没有固定的长度和时间限制。类似的音乐现象也出现在其他土家族祭祀歌曲中。(余咏宇 2002，225）。

Terms and Expressions
*Yao 瑶族
*Miao 苗族
*Yi 彝族
*Tujia 土家族
*crying marriage 哭嫁
*wedding laments 哭嫁歌
*sedan chair 轿子
*Han 汉族
*For themselves 对己（心理功能）
*For the society 对人（社会功能）
*For religion 对灵（宗教功能）

References

［1］余咏宇 Yu Yongyu 2002 土家族哭嫁歌之音乐特征与社会涵义 [Musical Characteristics and Social Meaning of the Tujia Wedding Laments]

［2］陈廷亮、彭南均 Chen Tingliang & Peng Nanjun 2005 土家族婚俗与婚礼歌 [Tujia Wedding Custom and Wedding Songs]

［3］彭武麟 Peng Wulin 2012 中国土家族 [Chinese Tujia]

［4］尹旦萍 Yin Danping 2009 当代土家族女性婚姻变迁 [Contemporary Tujia women marriage changes]

［5］The Custom of Crying Marriage 2021. 05. 28 http://www. foreignercn. com/

Questions
#Which ethnic groups in our country have the custom of crying marriage?
#When was Tujia wedding laments in Hubei province identified as one of the first key folk culture protection objects in China?
#What are origins of crying marriage?
#Why did crying marriage emerged?

问题
#我国哪些民族有哭嫁的习俗？
#湖北省的土家族婚礼哭嫁是什么时候被确定为中国首批重点民俗文化保护对象的？
#哭嫁的起源是什么？
#为什么会出现哭嫁？

==准备第三周的作业 Homework to prepare this session==

1. 阅读 Read pages 22-29 and 36-42 of our textbook

2. 填多选题线上测试 Complete the quizzes

审美理想和社会习俗：习惯，接触方式。古代和当代的接触方式 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting https://ks.wjx.top/vm/Pmk7uOt.aspx

审美理想和社会习俗：土家族的哭嫁 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia https://ks.wjx.top/vm/mp6jP3P.aspx

==展示 Presentations==

===古代和当代的接触方式===

审美理想和社会习俗：习惯，接触方式。古代和当代的接触方式 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting [[File:Ways_of_contacting.pdf|Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting]]

===土家族的哭嫁===

审美理想和社会习俗：土家族的哭嫁 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia : [[Media:Tujia.pptx|Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia]]

=第五周 Session 5 Dec 7 11:30-13:00: Most handsome men=

老师的展示 Teacher's presentation
[[Media:05_Chin_Cult_Handsome_Panda.pptx]]

==The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China 中国古代的四大才子==
It is said that there were four most beautiful women in ancient times, and corresponding to that, it is worth mentioning that there were four most attractive men at that time. Despite that we consider these four men as attractive, this refers to more than just their appearance. They have a common feature: it proves that while their appearance is marvelous, they are also outstanding in literature. Namely, as a Chinese saying goes, they are endowed with both beauty and talent.

据说古代有“四大美女”，与此相对应，值得一提的是，当时有“四大才子”。尽管我们认为这四个男人很有魅力，但这指的不仅仅是他们的外表。他们有一个共同的特点：证明了在他们的外表令人惊叹的同时，他们在文学方面也很出色。也就是说，正如中国的一句话所说，他们既有美貌又有才华。

These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie. (Wang Zhenbo 2008, 59-60）

这四个人是潘安、兰陵王、嵇康和卫玠。(王真波 2008，59-60）。

The allusion of “throwing fruit to fill a carriage” originates from Pan An [Pan Yue], which resembles movie fans nowadays to see their idols. There is a comment on Pan An’s appearance: "No more and no less. " The history books also describe Pan An with three words “good-looking, well-mannered, and graceful”. Although these did not describe Pan An’s appearance in details, such as eyebrows and eyes or lips, from these side descriptions, we can know that Pan An’s appearance is far above ordinary people, and even his styles draw imitation from others.

“掷果盈车”的典故源于潘安，这就像现在的影迷看偶像一样。对潘安[潘岳]的外貌有一个评论： "不增不减。"史书上还用三个词来形容潘安："好看、有气质、有风度"[从英文翻译，不是原文]。虽然这些都没有详细描述潘安的外貌，如眉眼、嘴唇等，但从这些侧面的描述中，我们可以知道潘安的外貌远远高于普通人，甚至他的风格也引得别人的模仿。

At the same time, Pan An is known as “the flower of a county in Heyang”, and he is also one of the few men who are compared with flowers to be praised for excellent appearance. The beauty of exterior only fails to last long in this world. Pan An's talent and temperament and the devotion to his wife are also often eulogized. Pan Yue showed his unusual talent since he was a child, and he was called a child prodigy by the villagers. In his early years, he was appreciated by an official and recommended as a scholar.

同时，潘安被誉为 "河阳一县之花"[从英文翻译，不是原文]，他也是为数不多的被比作花朵的男人，被赞美为优秀的外表。外表的美丽在这个世界上只能是不能长久的。潘安的才华和气质以及对妻子的奉献精神也常常被人讴歌。潘岳从小就表现出不凡的才华，被乡亲们称为神童。早年，他受到官员的赏识，被推荐为秀才。

Later, served as the magistrate of Heyang (now Meng County, Henan), he was diligent in political affairs, and advocated the people to plant more fruits and trees. The county was full of trees and peaches and plums everywhere, known as “Flower County”. During his administration, his political achievements were remarkable. Besides, Pan An holds a special place in the history of literature.

后任河阳（今河南孟县）[从英文翻译，不是原文]县令，勤于政事，倡导百姓多种果木。县内树木葱茏，桃李遍地，被称为 "花县"[从英文翻译，不是原文]。在他执政期间，政绩斐然。此外，潘安在文学史上也有特殊地位。

He was good at composing verse and odes and skilled in the choice of words and building of sentences, which fully reflects the characteristics of Taikang literature that pays attention to the beauty of form. He was expert in composing Ci lyric of sorrow and admonishment, and his current works such as Widow's Fu, Mourning Poem and other famous works are all known for their narration and empathy. Pan An can be described as both internally and externally blessed. (Liu Xixue 2003, 63-64）

他善于作诗作赋，善于选词造句，充分体现了太康文学注重形式美的特点。他擅长作《慈禧抒怀》和《谏逐客书》[从英文翻译，不是原文]，目前的作品如《寡妇赋》、《悼亡诗》[从英文翻译，不是原文]等名篇，都以叙事和移情见长。潘安可以说是内外兼修，有福同享。(刘西学2003，63-64）。

Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng. There is a very popular legend about King Lanling. It's believed that King Lanling was a brave and supremely skilled general. However, because he looked very sweet and it seemed hard to frighten the enemy, he often wore a half-mask when fighting, which sounds very fairytale.

高长恭（541-573），人称兰陵王，神武帝高欢之孙，高成帝文襄之第四子。关于兰陵王有一个流传已久的传说。人们认为兰陵王是一个勇敢的、有超强能力的将军。然而，由于他看起来非常甜俊，似乎很难吓到敌人，所以他在战斗时经常戴着半面面具，这听起来很像童话。

Nevertheless, the beauty of King Lanling is beyond doubt and otherworldly. Book of Northern Qi Dynasty described that he was friendly looking and mentally strong, with beautiful voice and appearance. King Lanling spent half his life in military affairs, and made great achievements. While this gave him glory, it also brought bad luck. There is an old Chinese saying that the glow of a inferior from massive achievements will overshadow his superior.

尽管如此，兰陵王的美貌是毋庸置疑的，是超凡脱俗的。《北齐书》中描述，他长相和蔼，精神强健，声音和外表都很美。兰陵王大半生都在处理军事事务，并取得了巨大的成就。这在给他带来荣耀的同时，也带来了厄运。中国有句古话，大量成就带来的下等人的光芒会盖过上等人[从英文翻译，不是原文]。

Although the King Lanling did not have the idea of usurping the throne, but the incumbent felt threatened because of his existence itself. In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King. (Wang Zhenbo 2008, 59-60）

虽然兰陵王并没有篡夺王位的想法，但在位者却因为他的存在本身而感到威胁。最后，一杯毒酒结束了兰陵王的生命。(王真波 2008，59-60）。

Song Yu (about 322 BC-298 BC), as it is widely rumored, a student of Qu Yuan, was born in the capital city of Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period (now Shangqiu, Henan). Song Yu was a writer of Ci lyric of State Chu in the late Warring States period, adept in Ci lyric and even acclaimed as a great poet after Qu Yuan' reputation. Later generations often referred to them as “Qu Song”. Rumors circulate that there are many Ci lyrics from him, and Book of Han records about 16 works, but many of them are lost today.

宋玉（约公元前322年-公元前298年），据传是屈原的学生，出生在战国时期的宋朝首都（今河南商丘）。宋玉是战国晚期楚国的一位词人，擅长词曲，甚至被誉为屈原之后的大诗人。后人常称其为 "屈宋"。坊间流传着他有很多词，《汉书》记载了约16部作品，但其中很多作品今天已经失传。

His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on. He was the first to write about sadness from Autumn and to write about women. His description of women's nature exerts a great influence on later generations such as Cao Zhi. The goddess in Song Yu's The Fu poetry of Goddess embodies the essence of pre-Qin female beauty, recounting the beauty of the goddess of Wushan Mountain in details so much so that later generations have coveted for it for thousands of years.

他的作品包括《九辨》、《风赋》等。他是第一个写秋悲的人，也是第一个写女人的人。他对女性本性的描述对后世曹植等人产生了很大的影响。宋玉的《神女赋》中的神女体现了先秦女性美的精髓，详细叙述了巫山神女的美貌，以至于后人千百年来对其垂涎欲滴。

16 works survived, among which Nine Discriminations is believed to be truly composed by him. It is equivalent to Qu Yuan's Li Sao or A lament in the history of Chinese literature. Both poets can be called the two shining pearls in Ci lyric at their times. (Wang Zhenbo 2008, 59-60）

有16部作品流传下来，其中《九辨》被认为是真正由他创作的。在中国文学史上，它相当于屈原的《离骚》或《哀
乐》[从英文翻译，不是原文]。这两位诗人在他们的时代都可以称为慈禧抒情诗[从英文翻译，不是原文]中的两颗璀璨的明珠。(王真波 2008，59-60）。

Wei Jie (286-June 20, 312), a metaphysician and an official of the Jin Dynasty. Wei Jie was a noted talker and metaphysicist during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. He was appointed as an assistant of the prince in the matter of politics. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Yongjia(AD310), Wei Jie died at the age of 27. Both ancient books and ancients commented on Wei Jie's appearance. Wang Ji reckoned that, “A jade is on my side, and I feel like I am nobody”; “Wandering with Jiu is like sauntering with a pearl on the side, with him shining brightly. ”

卫玠（286-312年6月20日），晋代玄学家、官员。卫玠是魏晋时期著名的清谈名士和玄学家。他被任命为太子政
治事务的助手。永嘉四年（公元310年），卫玠去世，年仅27岁。古书和古人都对卫玠的外貌作了评价。王吉认为："有玉在侧，吾觉无名"；"与九同游，犹如明珠在侧，熠熠生辉。"[从英文翻译，不是原文]

History Retold as a Mirror for rulers authored by Sima Guang goes into detail: "Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior. . . " Wei Jie not only have a mere marvelous exterior, but also he can discern metaphysics from his perspective. Wei Jie’s views always amaze the concerned parties.

司马光撰写的《资治通鉴》作为统治者的镜子，详细介绍了： "卫玠有得天独厚的外表，说话和分享时有自己的理解力；常常认为人们如果低人一等，就可以被原谅了。。。 "卫玠不仅有令人赞叹的外表，而且还能从他的角度辨别出形而上学。卫玠的观点总是让有关方面感到惊艳。

It is said that even three sons of the Wang family, are not as good as the first son of the Wei family, and the three sons of the Wang family were all well-known scholars at that time, and the Wei Jie could be regarded as unmatchable compared with the three in family background, appearance, and talents. (Wang Zhenbo 2008, 59-60）

据说，即使是王家的三个儿子，也不如卫家的长子，而王家的三个儿子都是当时有名的学者，而卫玠在家庭背景、外表和才能方面与三人相比，可以说是无可比拟的。(王真波 2008, 59-60）。

Terms and Expressions
*Pan An 潘安
*King Lanling 兰陵王
*Ji Kang 嵇康
*Wei Jie 卫玠
*throwing fruit to fill a carriage 掷果盈车
*scholar 秀才
*expatiation 铺陈
*Book of Northern Qi Dynasty 《北齐书》
*the Warring States Period 战国时期
*Book of Han 《汉书》
*Nine Discriminations 《九辨》
*The Fu poetry of Wind 《风赋》
*The Fu poetry of Goddess 《神女赋》
*the goddess of Wushan Mountain 巫山神女
*metaphysician 玄学家
*a noted talker 清谈名士
*History Retold as a Mirror for rulers 《资治通鉴》
*Widow's Fu 《寡妇赋》
*Mourning Poem 《悼亡诗》

英文书名要用斜体

Questions
#Who are the four most handsome men at ancient time in China?
#Who is Gao Changgong?
#How did Lanlin King die?
#What works did Song Yu compose?
#Who are the two shining pearls in Ci lyric according to the passage?
#What History Retold as a Mirror for rulers comment on Wei Jie?

问题
#中国古代最英俊的四个男人是谁？
#高长恭是谁？
#兰陵王是怎么死的？
#宋玉创作了哪些作品？
#根据这段话，《慈禧》词中的两颗闪亮的珍珠是谁？
#作为统治者的镜子，《史记》对卫玠有什么评价？

References

刘细学. 古代四大美男[J]. 文史天地, 2003(06):63-64.

王真波. 四大美男都是怎么死的[J]. 青年文学家, 2008(11):59-60.

=第6周 Session 6 Dec 14 11:30-13:00 - The Panda 熊猫=
1. The origin of giant pandas

The ancestor of the giant panda is Ailuaractos. The scientific name of the giant panda is actually "cat bear", which means "a bear like a cat". The main branch of it continued to evolve in central and southern China. One species of Ailuaractos appeared in the early Pleistocene about 3 million years ago, and it was smaller than the current panda. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 163)

1. 大熊猫的祖先

大熊猫的祖先是Ailuaractos。大熊猫的学名实际上是 "猫熊"，意思是 "像猫一样的熊"。它主要分支在中国中部和南部继续进化。Ailuaractos的一个物种出现在大约300万年前的更新世早期，它的体型比现在的熊猫小。(孙承骞, 2006, 163)

In the process, giant pandas have adapted to life in subtropical bamboo forests, gradually increasing in size and relying on bamboo for their livelihoods. In the middle and late Pleistocene, about 500, 000-700, 000 years ago, was the heyday of giant pandas. The Qinling giant panda has been identified as a subspecies of the giant panda. Biological fossils show that the ancestors of giant pandas appeared in the early 2 to 3 million years ago. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 163)

在这个过程中，大熊猫适应了亚热带竹林的生活，体型逐渐增大，并依靠竹子为生。在更新世中后期，大约500，000-700，000年前，是大熊猫的鼎盛时期。秦岭大熊猫已被确定为大熊猫的一个亚种。生物化石显示，大熊猫的祖先出现在200万至300万年前的早期。 (孙承骞, 2006, 163)

The habitat of giant pandas once covered most of eastern and southern China, reaching Peking in the north and southern Myanmar and northern Vietnam in the south. Giant panda fossils are usually found in temperate or subtropical forests at an altitude of 500 to 700 meters. Giant pandas have survived to now and maintain their original ancient characteristics. Therefore, they have a lot of scientific value and are known as "living fossils". China calls them "national treasures. "(Sun Chengqian, 2006, 165)

大熊猫的栖息地曾经覆盖了中国东部和南部的大部分地区，北至北京，南至缅甸南部和越南北部。大熊猫化石通常在海拔500至700米的温带或亚热带森林中发现。大熊猫存活到现在，保持着原有的古老特征。因此，它们具有很大的科学价值，被称为 "活化石"。中国称它们为 "国宝"。"（孙承骞，2006，165）。

2. Appearance features of giant pandas

Giant pandas are fat like bears, plump and rich, round heads and short tails, with a head length of 1200-1800mm and a tail length of 100-120mm. The weight is 80-120kg, and its maximum weight can reach 180kg. The raised pandas are a little heavier, and the males are generally slightly larger than the females. The hair color of its head and body is distinct from black and white. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 165)

2. 大熊猫的外形特征

大熊猫像熊一样胖，丰满，头圆，尾短，头长1200-1800mm，尾长100-120mm。体重为80-120公斤，最大体重可达到180公斤。饲养的大熊猫要重一些，雄性一般比雌性略大。其头部和身体的毛色黑白分明。 (孙成建，2006，165)

However, it is not pure black, or pure white. It is black with brown through and white with yellow. The pandas in the Qinling Mountains are relatively large, with rough body hair and slightly brownish abdominal hair. The black and white appearance is conducive to hiding in dense forest trees and snow-covered ground without being easily spotted by natural enemies. Relatively sharp claws, well-developed and powerful front and rear limbs help the giant panda to climb up tall trees quickly. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 165)

然而，它不是纯黑色，也不是纯白色。它是黑中透棕，白中透黄。秦岭的大熊猫体型比较大，体毛粗糙，腹毛略带褐色。黑白相间的外观有利于隐藏在茂密的林木和白雪覆盖的地面，不容易被天敌发现。相对锋利的爪子、发达而有力的前后肢帮助大熊猫迅速爬上高大的树木。(孙承骞, 2006, 165)

The giant panda's skin is thick, which can be up to 10 mm at its thickest point. The skin thickness of different parts of the body is different. The back of the body is thicker than the ventral side, and the outside of the body is thicker than the inside of the body. The average thickness of the skin is about 5 mm, and it is white, elastic and tough. The vision of giant pandas is extremely underdeveloped. This is because giant pandas live in dense bamboo forests for a long time. The light is very dark and there are many obstacles, making their eyes very short and shallow. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 165)

大熊猫的皮肤很厚，最厚处可以达到10毫米。身体不同部位的皮肤厚度是不同的。身体的背面比腹面厚，身体的外部比身体的内部要厚。皮肤的平均厚度约为5毫米，它是白色的，有弹性和韧性。大熊猫的视觉极其不发达。这是因为大熊猫长期生活在茂密的竹林中。光线很暗，障碍物很多，使它们的眼睛很短很浅。(孙承骞, 2006, 165)

In addition, because its pupils are split like cats, they can still do activities when night comes. Giant pandas live in the high mountains and deep valleys of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China, which are the windward side of the southeast monsoon. The climate is warm and humid, and their humidity is often above 80%. The giant pandas prefer humid environment. The 6 long and narrow areas where giant pandas live, including Minshan, Qionglai, Liangshan, Daxiangling, Xiaoxiangling and Qinling Mountains, spans 45 counties (cities) in the 3 provinces of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 165)

此外，由于它的瞳孔像猫一样是分裂的，所以当夜晚来临的时候，它们仍然可以进行活动。大熊猫生活在中国长江上游的高山和深谷中，这里是东南季风的迎风面。气候温暖湿润，其湿度常在80%以上。大熊猫喜欢潮湿的环境。大熊猫生活的6个狭长区域，包括岷山、邛崃、凉山、大相岭、小相岭和秦岭，横跨四川、陕西和甘肃3省的45个县（市）。(孙承骞, 2006, 165)

The land area of their habitats is more than 20, 000 square kilometers, and the population of there is about 1, 600, of which more than 80% are distributed in Sichuan. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 165)

其栖息地的土地面积超过20,000平方公里，人口约1,600，其中80%以上分布在四川。(孙承骞, 2006, 165)

3. The diet features of giant pandas

The recipes of giant pandas are very special, almost including all kinds of bamboo that can be found in high mountain areas. Giant pandas also occasionally eat meat (usually the carcasses of animals or sometimes of rhizomys). The unique dieting characteristics of the giant panda make it known as the "bamboo bear" by the locals. Giant pandas have gradually evolved to herbivore. As bamboo has a few nutrition that can only provide the basic nutrients needed for pandas’ survival, giant pandas eat up to 14 hours a day except for sleeping or some short-distance activities in the wild environment. A giant panda eats 12 to 38 kilograms of bamboo per day, which is close to 40% of its body weight. (Hu Jinzhi, 1981, 17)

3. 大熊猫的饮食特点

大熊猫的食谱非常特别，几乎包括在高山地区可以找到的所有种类的竹子。大熊猫偶尔也吃肉（通常是动物的尸体，有时是根茎类动物的尸体）。大熊猫独特的饮食特点使它被当地人称为 "竹熊"。大熊猫已逐渐进化为食草动物。由于竹子的营养不多，只能提供大熊猫生存所需的基本营养，大熊猫在野外环境中除了睡觉或一些短途活动外，每天进食时间长达14小时。一只大熊猫每天要吃12至38公斤的竹子，这接近其体重的40%。(胡锦矗, 1981, 17)

They like to eat the most nutritious and least cellulose-containing parts of bamboo, namely the tender stems, burgeons, and bamboo shoots. There are usually at least two types of bamboo in the giant panda habitat. When one kind of bamboo blooms and dies (bamboo periodically blooms and dies every 30 to 120 years), pandas can choose other bamboos. However, the continued fragmentation of the habitat increases the possibility that there is only one kind of bamboo. When this kind of bamboo becomes distinct, the giant pandas in this area will face the threat of starvation. (Hu Jinzhi, 1981, 20)

它们喜欢吃竹子中营养最丰富、含纤维素最少的部分，即嫩茎、毛刺和竹笋。在大熊猫栖息地，通常至少有两种竹子。当一种竹子开花和死亡时（竹子每30至120年定期开花和死亡），大熊猫可以选择其他竹子。然而，栖息地的持续破碎化增加了只有一种竹子的可能性。当这种竹子变得与众不同时，这个地区的大熊猫将面临饥饿的威胁。(胡锦矗，1981，20)

Terms and expressions
*Ailuaractos lufengensis 始熊猫
*Pleistocene 更新世
*rhizomys 竹鼠
*cellulose 纤维素
*burgeons 嫩枝

Questions
#What's the ancestor of giant pandas?
#What are the features of giant pandas' skin?
#Do giant pandas like hot environment?
#What part of bamboo do giant panda eat?

问题
#大熊猫的祖先是什么动物？
#大熊猫的皮肤有什么特点？
#大熊猫喜欢高温环境吗？
#大熊猫吃竹子的哪一部分？

References

[1]Yan Weiran, Tang Maolin, Chen Zeyuan, Chen Peng, Zhao Qijun, Que Pinjia, Wu Kongju, Hou Rong, Zhang Zhihe. Automatically predicting giant panda mating success based on acoustic features[J]. Global Ecology and Conservation, 2020, 24.

[2]丛丽, 吴必虎. 基于网络文本分析的野生动物旅游体验研究——以成都大熊猫繁育研究基地为例[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 50(06):1087-1094.

[3]雍严格, 王宽武, 汪铁军. 佛坪大熊猫的移动习性[J]. 兽类学报, 1994(01):9-14.

[4]胡锦矗. 大熊猫的食性研究[J]. 南充师院学报(自然科学版), 1981(03):17-22.

[5]孙承骞, 张哲邻, 金学林. 秦岭大熊猫局域种群的划分及数量分布[J]. 陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2006(S1):163-167.

==准备第三周的作业 Homework to prepare this session==

1. 阅读 Read pages 42-52 of our textbook

2. 填多选题线上测试 Complete the quizzes https://ks.wjx.top/vm/YyByKqx.aspx https://ks.wjx.top/vm/QjARged.aspx#

3. 记得参加100个问题的调查和欧盟调查 remember to complete the EU survey and the 100 questions questionnaire

http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

http://bit.ly/100_questions

==展示 Presentations==

中国古代的四大才子

审美理想和社会习俗：中国古代的四大才子 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China [[ Media:Four_Most_Handsome_Men_In_Ancient_China.pptx|The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China]]

===熊猫===

审美理想和社会习俗：熊猫 Animals: Panda [[ Media:Animal_Panda.pptx|Panda]]

=第6周 Session 6 Dec 14 11:30-13:00: Architecture 建筑学=

==Architecture 建筑==
China has a long history and a rich cultural heritage. Here history has left behind many old and outstanding architectural relics, which are the result of several thousand years of development and form a system unique among the architectural styles of the world. Wooden frames appeared in Chinese architecture as long as 2, 000 years ago. From relics in Han Dynasty tombs and watch-towers built above the ground, early forms of wood structures can be seen.

中国有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化遗产。这里的历史留下了许多古老而优秀的建筑遗迹，它们是几千年发展的结果，在世界建筑风格中形成了独特的体系。早在两千年前，中国建筑中就出现了木构架。从汉代墓葬和建在地面上的瞭望塔的遗迹中，可以看到木结构的早期形式。

Most of the wood-structured buildings fall into 3 categories: the beams-in-tiers structural system, the column and tier-beam structural system, and the log cabin-type system. Among the three, the first was the most commonly used in old Chinese architecture, in large structures like palaces and temples as well as in folk residences in North China. This frame is formed of wood or stone columns standing on the building’s foundation, with beams placed across them in the depth-wise direction. Short vertical posts are then placed on the beams, with additional beams placed across these. The wooden frame is formed of such layers, one upon the other, until they reach the ridge of the roof. These parallel units are connected by square longitudinal beams and round longitudinal posts at the ends of the cross-wise beams and across the spine posts called purlins. Rafters are laid lengthwise across the purlins.

大多数木结构建筑分为三类：梁柱式结构体系、柱子和层架式结构体系以及木屋式体系。在这三类中，第一类是中国古建筑中最常用的，用于宫殿和寺庙等大型建筑以及华北地区的民间住宅。这种框架由站在建筑基础上的木柱或石柱组成，横梁沿纵深方向放置。然后在梁上放置短的垂直柱子，并在这些柱子上放置额外的梁。木制框架是由这样的层数组成的，一个接一个，直到它们到达屋顶的脊部。这些平行的单元由方形纵梁和圆形纵柱连接，纵梁的两端和横跨的脊柱称为檩条。椽子是纵向铺设在檩条上的。

Extremely important in traditional architecture is the dou-gong (corbel brackets). Dou-gong refers to the use in the frame of several layers of short bow-shaped wood arms called gong at the top of the columns where they meet the crossbeams. Between two layers of gong is placed a block of wood called a dou. The unit formed of several layers of dou and gong is called a dou-gong. These are used under the eaves to set the eaves out from the roof in an overhang, support the ends of the beams and reduce their span.

传统建筑中极为重要的是斗拱（corbel brackets）。斗拱是指在柱子顶部与横梁相接的地方，在框架中使用几层短的弓形木臂，称为锣。在两层铜锣之间放置一个称为斗的木块。由几层斗和锣组成的单元被称为斗拱。这些都是在屋檐下使用的，使屋檐从屋顶上悬空出来，支撑着梁的两端，减少其跨度。

The most widespread and numerous residential structures are the “courtyard style” residences in the north. The name derives from the fact that four buildings, set on the foresides of a square area and with connecting halls between them, are made to form a courtyard. Generally the building on the north that faces south was called the “master building”, because it had the best position - warmest in winter and coolest in summer - and was usually used by the head of the household or members of the older generation. The houses on the east and the west were called “side buildings”. The southern building was sometimes called the “building at the other end”, and was used for children and the servants. This arrangement was appropriate to the old Confucian ethics in that it separated old and young, master and servant, and so emphasized the hierarchical relationship of superior and inferior.

最广泛和最多的住宅结构是北方的 "四合院式 "住宅。这个名字源于这样一个事实，即四座建筑设置在一个正方形区域的前侧，它们之间有连接的大厅，形成一个院落。一般来说，北面朝南的建筑被称为 "主楼"，因为它有最好的位置--冬暖夏凉--通常由户主或老一辈成员使用。东边和西边的房子被称为 "侧楼"。南边的建筑有时被称为 "另一端的建筑"，供孩子和仆人使用。这种安排适合于古老的儒家伦理，因为它将老人和年轻人、主人和仆人分开，因此强调了上下级的等级关系。

The size of these houses varied according to the owner’s economic status. Groups of buildings were added in the north-south or east-west directions to form additional courtyards, but the important rooms were arranged along an axis with basic symmetry along it, according to the set arrangement for such a group of buildings. Likewise, large structures, such as palaces and temples, are built of single units grouped together about a courtyard. Generally speaking, Chinese architecture begins with four columns that form a bay; groups of bays form the different types of single buildings; and single buildings form different sizes of architectural complexes around courtyards. In fact, a city itself is just a collection of many complexes of buildings with different functions grouped together. The most representative examples of traditional Chinese architectural skills and attainments are each dynasty’s palaces and halls. Of them, the Ming and Qing palace complex in Peking - the Forbidden City, is the only one remaining and the largest in the whole country.

这些房屋的大小因主人的经济地位而异。在南北或东西方向上增加了建筑群，以形成额外的庭院，但重要的房间是沿着一条轴线排列的，沿轴线基本对称，按照这样的建筑群的既定安排。同样，大型建筑，如宫殿和寺庙，也是由单个单元围绕一个院子组合而成的。一般来说，中国建筑从四根柱子开始，形成一个海湾；海湾群形成不同类型的单体建筑；而单体建筑围绕庭院形成不同规模的建筑群。事实上，一个城市本身就是由许多具有不同功能的建筑群组合而成的。中国传统建筑技巧和造诣的最有代表性的例子是每个朝代的宫殿和厅堂。其中，位于北京的明清宫殿群--紫禁城，是全国仅存的、最大的宫殿群。

Buddhism was one of China’s most important religions in the past. Thus, the construction of temples was an important architectural activity in all dynasties, and temples occupied an important position in Chinese architecture. Buddhist temples acquired a general arrangement specific to their needs. Inside the front gate of a temple are a “hall of celestial guardians”, a “hall of Buddha”, and in the rear is a tower where scriptures were stored. To the left and the right are a meditation hall, a visitors’ hall, monks’ living quarters and so on. Some most important Buddhist halls are of the multi-level tower or pavilion style with high ceilings and spacious interiors, such as the Mahayana Pavilion at Chengde’s Yongning Temple and the Guanyin Pavilion of Jixian’s Dule Temple. Buddhist pagoda, which had its origin in India as a tomb in which the bones of Sakyamuni’s were buried, is also an indispensable part of religious architecture. Through the long history, it evolved and developed together with China’s traditional towers, gradually giving form to a type of pagoda unique to China. The representative pagodas include Peking’s Miaoying Temple Pagoda, which was built in the 13th century during the Yuan Dynasty; Xi’an’s Xuanzhang Pagoda and the pagoda at Xiangji Temple, which was built in the 7th century.

佛教在过去是中国最重要的宗教之一。因此，在各个朝代，修建寺庙是一项重要的建筑活动，寺庙在中国建筑中占有重要地位。佛教寺庙根据其需要获得了一种特定的总体安排。寺庙前门内有"天王殿"、"佛殿"，后门是存放经书的塔。左右两边是禅房、客堂、僧人的生活区等。一些最重要的佛教殿堂是多层塔式或亭式，天花板很高，室内很宽敞，如承德永宁寺的大乘阁和蓟县独乐寺[从英文翻译，不是原文]的观音阁。佛教塔，起源于印度，是埋葬释迦牟尼遗骨的坟墓，也是宗教建筑中不可缺少的一部分。在漫长的历史长河中，它与中国的传统塔楼一起演变和发展，逐渐形成了中国特有的塔楼类型。具有代表性的佛塔包括北京的妙应寺塔，它建于13世纪的元朝；西安的玄奘塔和建于7世纪的香积寺塔。

The unique way in which art is used in old Chinese architecture can be seen in the addition of decorations to the various components of a building, from the entire exterior of a building to a single beam end or tile. The roofs of Chinese buildings appear rather large because of their wooden structure. The early Chinese architects also used unique qualities of the wood structure to create a curved roof, with the eaves turned up slightly at the four corners, and with various interesting animals on top of the ridge; they also created the hipped roof, the hipped and gabled roof, the single- eaved roof and the multi-eaved roof and other styles, giving the roof a special artistic character. A simple method was used to make the beams inside the roof moon-shaped and the ends of the beams into “locust heads”, “sesame leaves” and other interesting shapes. In order to protect the wood, the exposed parts of the wood structure were painted. This proved to be another opportunity to exhibit the decorative abilities and brought about Chinese architecture’s unique “color painting” decoration.

艺术在中国古建筑中的独特使用方式，可以从建筑的各个组成部分的装饰品的添加中看出，从整个建筑的外部到一个梁端或瓦片。中国建筑的屋顶因其木质结构而显得相当大。早期的中国建筑师还利用木质结构的独特品质，创造了弧形屋顶，四角的屋檐微微上翻，屋脊顶上有各种有趣的动物；他们还创造了庑殿式屋顶、庑殿式和坡屋顶、单檐屋顶和多檐屋顶等样式，使屋顶具有特殊的艺术特征。他们用简单的方法将屋顶内的横梁做成月牙形，将横梁的两端做成 "槐树头"、"芝麻叶"等有趣的形状。为了保护木材，木结构暴露的部分被涂上了油漆。这被证明是展示装饰能力的另一个机会，带来了中国建筑独特的"彩绘"装饰。

The decoration of old Chinese buildings was bold and skillful in the use of color, and thick, bright colors became a characteristic of traditional Chinese architecture. Strong contrasts, such as those between red and green, yellow and blue, and black and white, can be used without clashing. Rather, they give the whole building a look of brilliance. Besides being daring in the use of heavy colors, the early carpenters were also skillful with the paintbrush.

中国古建筑的装饰在色彩的使用上是大胆而巧妙的，厚重、明亮的色彩成为中国传统建筑的特点。强烈的对比，如红与绿、黄与蓝、黑与白之间的对比，可以不发生冲突。相反，它们使整个建筑看起来很有光彩。除了敢于使用重色，早期的木匠们还善于使用画笔。

Traditional architecture is a precious part of the cultural heritage of the Chinese people. Today, as we climb to the top of the Great Wall, stand before the Forbidden City, or stroll through the old gardens, we can’t help admiring the wisdom of our ancestors, and the great amount of labor that went into the creation of these buildings.

传统建筑是中国人民文化遗产的一个宝贵部分。今天，当我们爬上长城的顶端，站在紫禁城前，或漫步在古老的花园中，我们不禁要赞叹我们祖先的智慧，以及为创造这些建筑所付出的大量劳动。

Terms and Expressions
*Relic n. 遗址, 遗物
*Beams-in-tiers 抬梁式
*Column and tier-beam 穿斗式
*Log cabin-type 井干式
*Column n. 柱子, 檐柱
*Beam n. 大梁
*Depthwise adj. 纵向的, 进深的
*Vertical post 童柱
*Ditional beam 额枋, 看枋
*Longitudinal adj. 纵向的
*Crosswise adj. 横向的, 开间的
*Spine n. 脊椎, 脊骨
*Purlin n. 檩条
*Rafter n. 椽
*Corbel bracket 斗拱
*Master building 正房
*Courtyard style residences 四合院
*Side building 厢房
*Axis n. 中轴线
*Front gate 山门
*Hall of Celestial Guardians 天王殿
*Hall of the Buddha 大雄宝殿
*Meditation hall 禅房
*Visitor’s Hall 客堂
*Chengde’s Yongning Temple 承德永宁寺
*Jixian’s Dule Temple 吉县独乐寺
*Pagoda n. 佛塔, 舍利塔
*The Miaoying Temple 妙应寺
*The Xiangji Temple 香积寺
*Tile n. 瓦, 瓷砖
*Eave n. 屋檐
*Ridge n. 屋脊
*Hipped roof 庑殿顶
*Hipped and gabled roof 歇山顶
*Single-eaved roof 单檐顶
*Multi-eaved roof 重檐顶
*Color painting 彩绘

Questions
#How long is the history of wooden structures in China?
#What are the 3 categories of traditional Chinese wood buildings?
#Which category is the most popular? How is it formed?
#What is dou-gong? What’s its function?
#What is the most widespread residential structure in North China? How is it related to Confucianism?
#What is the general layout of Chinese architectural complex like?
#Is the palace complex in Peking the only one remaining in the whole country?
#Is the construction of buddhist temples important in Chinese architecture? What is the general layout of a buddhist temple like?
#What are buddhist pavilion and pagodas? Could you name some important buddhist pagodas in China?
#What styles do traditional Chinese buildings’s roofs have?
#How are traditional Chinese buildings decorated?
#How are colors used in the decoration of old buildings?
#Have you ever been amazed at an old Chinese building?

问题
#木结构建筑在中国的历史有多长？
#中国传统木结构建筑有哪三类？
#哪一类是最受欢迎的？它是如何形成的？
#什么是斗拱？它有什么功能？
#在中国北方最普遍的住宅结构是什么？它与儒家思想有什么关系？
#中国建筑群的总体布局是怎样的？
#北京的宫殿群是全国仅存的宫殿群吗？
#佛教寺庙的建设在中国建筑中是否重要？佛教寺庙的一般布局是怎样的？
#什么是佛教的亭子和佛塔？你能说出中国一些重要的佛教佛塔吗？
#中国传统建筑的屋顶有哪些风格？
#中国的传统建筑是如何装饰的？
#古建筑的装饰中是如何使用色彩的？
#你是否曾对中国的古建筑感到惊奇？

=第七周 Session 7 Dec 21 11:30-13:00 - Architecture: The Forbidden City 建筑：紫禁城=
A Panorama view of the Forbidden City 紫禁城全景图

I. Introduction

The Forbidden City (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng) is a palace complex in Dongcheng District, Peking, China, and with a total area of 720, 000 square meters (180 acres). It lies in the center of Peking's central axis. Today, the Forbidden City houses the Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yong Le Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government. (Barmé, Geremie R 2018, 26)

I. 简介

紫禁城（中文：紫禁城；拼音：Zǐjìnchéng）是位于中国北京东城区的一个宫殿群，总面积为720000平方米（180亩）。它位于北京中轴线的中心位置。今天，紫禁城内有故宫博物院，从明朝（自永乐皇帝起）到清朝末年，从1420年至1924年期间，它是明清两代的皇宫和皇帝的住所。紫禁城是中国皇帝及其家属的住所，也是当时政府的礼仪和政治中心。(Barmé, Geremie R 2018, 26)

The Forbidden City is a national AAAAA tourist attraction and was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics under national protection in 1961. What’s more, it was declared a world cultural heritage in 1987, and listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. (UNESCO, 2007)

故宫是国家AAAAA级旅游景区，1961年被列为第一批国家重点保护文物。更重要的是，它在1987年被宣布为世界文化遗产，并被联合国教科文组织列为世界上最大的古代木结构建筑群保存地。(UNESCO, 2007)

II. The Name of the Forbidden City

The common English name "Forbidden City" is the translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng; English: Purple Forbidden City). The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in the period of Jia Jing. In ancient China, the planning concept of "harmony between man and nature" was emphasized. The stars in the sky were used to correspond with the capital planning to highlight the legitimacy of the regime and the supremacy of imperial power. (Li Xieping1997, (04)29-31)

II. 紫禁城的名称

常用的英文名称 "Forbidden City "是中文名称 "紫禁城 "的译音（中文：紫禁城；拼音：Zǐjìnchéng；英文：Purple Forbidden City）。紫金城这个名字第一次正式出现在嘉靖时期。在中国古代，强调 "天人合一"的规划理念。天上的星星被用来与首都规划相对应，以突出政权的合法性和皇权的至高无上。(李燮平1997, (04)29-31)

“ Zi ”, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which was called the Ziwei Star in ancient China. The emperor of heaven lived in Ziwei palace, while the human emperor claimed to be the "son of heaven" who was ordered by heaven. His residence should be a symbol of Ziwei palace to correspond to the heaven emperor. “Jin” means that this splendid palace symbolizes supreme power and status of the royal family. In that case, this palace was forbidden, and no one could enter and leave the palace without the emperor’s permission. Cheng means city. (Li Xieping1997, (04)29-31)

" 紫"，即 "紫微"，指的是北极星，在中国古代被称为紫微星。天上的皇帝住在紫微宫，而人类的皇帝则自称是受命于天的 "天子"。他的住所应该是紫微宫的象征，与天帝相对应。"金 "的意思是，这座富丽堂皇的宫殿象征着最高的权力和皇室的地位。在这种情况下，这座宫殿是禁地，没有皇帝的允许，任何人都不能进出宫殿。城是指城市。(李燮平1997, (04)29-31)

Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace". The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).

今天，该遗址在中文中最常被称为 "故宫"，意思是 "故人的宫殿"。设在这些建筑中的博物馆被称为 "故宫博物院"（中文：故宫博物院；拼音：Gùgōng Bówùyùan）。

III. The History of the Forbidden City

When Hongwu’s son Zhu Di became the Yong Le Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanking to Peking, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City. Construction lasted 14 years and cost more than a million workers. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. (Yu Zhuoyun1984, 18)

III. 紫禁城的历史

洪武的儿子朱棣成为永乐皇帝后，将首都从南京迁至北京，并于1406年开始建造后来的紫禁城。建筑工程持续了14年，花费了100多万工人。从1420年到1644年，紫禁城是明朝的所在地。(Yu Zhuoyun 1984, 18)

In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng. He set fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process of retreating to Shannxi. By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the Emperor Shunzhi as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty. (Guo Moruo 1944, 3. 14)

1644年4月，它被李自成领导的叛军占领。他在撤退到陕西的过程中放火烧毁了紫禁城的部分建筑。到了10月，满族人在中国北方取得了霸主地位，并在紫禁城举行仪式，宣布顺治皇帝为清朝的全中国统治者。(郭沫若 1944, 3. 14)

In the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign (1683), the reconstruction of the rest of the destroyed buildings of the Forbidden City was started, and it was basically completed in 1695. After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last emperor of China. (Yu Zhuoyun1984, 30)

康熙二十二年（1683年），开始重建紫禁城其余被毁建筑，1695年基本完工。在成为24位皇帝--明朝的14位和清朝的10位--的家之后，紫禁城于1912年随着中国最后一位皇帝溥仪的退位而不再是中国的政治中心。(Yu Zhuoyun 1984, 30)

The layout of the Forbidden City紫禁城俯视图

In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City. Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II, but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of Chiang Kai-shek. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal. During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city. ( Xie Mengyin & Qu Wanlin 2006, 11. 7)

1933年，日本对中国的入侵迫使紫禁城内的国宝撤离。部分藏品在二战结束后被归还，但另一部分在1948年根据蒋介石的命令被撤到了台湾。1949年中华人民共和国成立后，由于国家被革命的热情所笼罩，紫禁城受到了一些破坏。然而，在文化大革命期间，周恩来总理派了一个军营来保卫这座城市，从而防止了进一步的破坏。(谢荫明&瞿宛林，2006，11.7)

IV. The Structure of the Forbidden City

Firstly, the Forbidden City is a rectangle and symmetric in its layout. Its palaces are arranged along a north-south axis, on which the three main halls, the rear three palaces and the imperial garden are all located. This central axis not only runs through the Forbidden City even the whole city, but also reaches Yongding Gate in the south, Drum Tower and bell tower in the north. (Xie Li 2005, (03)100-102)

IV. 紫禁城的结构

首先，紫禁城是一个长方形，在布局上是对称的。它的宫殿沿着一条南北轴线排列，三座大殿、后三座宫殿和御花园都位于这条轴线上。这条中轴线不仅贯穿了紫禁城甚至整个城市，而且南至永定门，北至鼓楼和钟楼。(谢丽 2005, (03)100-102)

Secondly, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts, the Outer Court and Inner Court. The Outer Court is the place where the emperor deals with political affairs. There are mainly three halls: the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Central Harmony, and the Hall of Preserving Harmony. The Inner Court or Back Palace includes the northern sections, and was the residence of the Emperor and his family, and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. The inner court takes Palace of Heavenly Purity, Hall of Union and Palace of Earthly Tranquility as its center with six palaces in the east and six palaces in the west. (Xie Li 2005, (03)100-102)

其次，紫禁城分为两部分，即外院和内院。外廷是皇帝处理政治事务的地方。主要有三个殿堂：太和殿、中和殿、保和殿。内廷或后宫包括北部各部分，是皇帝及其家人的住所，用于处理日常国家事务。内廷以乾清宫、交泰宫和坤宁宫为中心，东面有六座宫殿，西面有六座宫殿。(谢丽 2005, (03)100-102)

VI The Collections of the Forbidden City

六、紫禁城的藏品

韩熙载夜宴图

The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums were descended from the same institution but split after the Chinese Civil War. (Li Wei & Wang Shuo 2005, 6-22)

随后，故宫博物院于1925年在紫禁城内成立，其大量的艺术品和文物收藏都是建立在明清两代的御用收藏之上。该博物馆以前的部分藏品现在在台北的国立故宫博物院。两家博物馆都是同一机构的后代，但在中国内战后分裂。(Li Wei & Wang Shuo 2005, 6-22)

The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collections, including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. According to latest audit, it has 1, 863, 404 pieces of art. They are numbered by "Gu", "Xin" and "Shu". Except for the ancient books and documents, all the other collections are labeled with "Gu" and "Xin". The number of ordinary cultural relics begins with the word "Zi", and the ceramic specimens begin with the word "Biao". The general catalogue is divided into 25 categories, and the numbers in each category are sorted from small to large. (Website:The Collection of the Palace Museum )

故宫博物院的藏品以清宫藏品为基础，包括绘画、陶瓷、印章、石碑、雕塑、铭文器、青铜器、珐琅器等。根据最新的审计，它有1863404件艺术品。它们按 "古"、"新"、"蜀 "进行编号。除古籍和文献外，其他藏品均以 "古 "和 "新 "标示。普通文物的编号以 "子 "字开头，陶瓷标本以 "标 "字开头。总目录分为25类，每类的编号由小到大排序。(网站：《故宫博物院藏品》)

Many collections once lost and was brought back to the Palace Museum later, for example, Han Banquet map. And there are some exquisite collections like Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer, Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems and Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women. (Website:The Collection of the Palace Museum )In addition, The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world, with more than 1, 000 pieces. (Meng Fuxia 2012, (21) 73-74)

很多藏品曾经流失，后来又被带回了故宫博物院，比如《韩熙载夜宴图》。还有一些精美的藏品，陶彩绘女舞俑、十二生肖镜、画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶等。(网站：故宫博物院藏品）此外，故宫博物院是世界上收藏18和19世纪机械钟表最多的博物馆之一，有1,000多件。(孟福霞 2012, (21) 73-74)

Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance

陶彩绘女舞俑

Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems

十二生肖镜

Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women

画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶

Terms and Expressions
*palace complex 宫殿群
*central axis 中心轴
*the Palace Museum故宫博物院
*the Yong Le Emperor 永乐皇帝
*key cultural relics under national protection 国家重点文物保护单位
*world cultural heritage 世界文化遗产
*harmony between man and nature 天人合一
*the imperial garden 御花园
*the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿
*the Hall of Central Harmony 中和殿
*the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿
*Palace of Heavenly Purity (乾清宮)
*Hall of Union 交泰宫
*Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤宁宫
*Han Banquet map 韩熙载夜宴图
*Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer陶彩绘女舞俑
*Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems十二生肖镜
*Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶

Questions
#What’ s the meaning of “Zi” in the Chinese name Zijin Cheng?
#When was the Forbidden City listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.
#How many emperors have been lived in the Forbidden City?
#How long did it take to build the Forbidden City?
#Why some parts of national treasures are in the National Palace Museum in Taipei now.
#What two parts can the Forbidden City be divided into?
#When was the Palace Museum established?

问题
#中文名字 "紫金城 "中的 "紫 "是什么意思？
#紫禁城是什么时候被联合国教科文组织列为世界上最大的古代木结构建筑群的？
#有多少位皇帝曾在紫禁城居住过？
#建造紫禁城需要多长时间？
#为什么国宝的某些部分现在在台北的故宫博物院？
#紫禁城可以分为哪两部分？
#故宫博物院是什么时候建立的？

References
*Barmé, Geremie R(2008). The Forbidden City. Harvard University Press. 26.
UNESCO(2007). "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Peking and Shenyang".
*Li Xieping 李燮平. (1997) "紫禁城"名称始于何时[When did the name of the Forbidden City come into being?]. 紫禁城Forbidden City, (04) 29-31.
*Yu Zhuoyun(1984), Palaces of the Forbidden City, New York: Viking Press, p18.
*Guo Moruo 郭沫若. (1994) 甲申三百年祭[Commemorating 300th Anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year]. 新华日报 New China Daily, 3. 19.
*Xie Li 谢丽. (2005) 北京中轴线上的十七座门[Seventeen doors on the central axis of Peking]. 紫禁城 Forbidden City, (03)100-102.
*Meng Fuxia 孟福霞. (2012)北京故宫空间布局构思探源——论中国古代宫殿建筑的美学精神[On the Origin of the Space Layout of the Palace Museum in Peking - On the Aesthetic Spirit of Ancient Chinese Palace Architecture]大众文艺Popular Literature and Art, (21) 73-74.
*Li Wei&Wang Shuo 刘薇, 王硕. 2005故宫文物南迁路线图揭秘[Unveiling the Route Map of the Cultural Relics of the Imperial Palace to the South] 华夏经纬网Jinwei Network, 6. 22 http://www. huaxia. com/wh/gjzt/2005/00333230. html
*The Collection of the Palace Museum 故宫博物院馆藏https://www. dpm. org. cn /Home. html
*Xie Mengyin & Qu Wanlin 谢荫明, 瞿宛林. (2006) “文化大革命” 中谁保护了故宫 [Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution? ]. 人民网People’s Daily Online, 11, 7. http://history. people. com. cn/n/2014/0811/c372327-25441615. html

=第七周 Session 7 Dec 21 11:30-13:00 - Architecture: Four Famous Bridges 建筑：中国四大名桥=
Introduction

China is the hometown of bridges, which has been called "the country of bridges". It was developed in the Sui Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. The bridges were woven into a traffic network extending in all directions, connecting the motherland in all directions. The architectural arts of ancient Chinese bridges are pioneering works in the history of bridges, which fully demonstrates the extraordinary wisdom of the ancient Chinese. "Guangji Bridge in Chaozhou city, Zhaozhou Bridge in Hebei province, Luoyang Bridge in Quanzhou city and Lugou Bridge in Peking are known as the four ancient bridges in China".

简介

中国是桥梁的故乡，被称为 "桥梁之国"[从英文翻译，不是原文]。它发展于隋朝，兴盛于宋朝。桥梁交织成交通网络向四面八方延伸，将祖国的四面八方连接起来。中国古代桥梁的建筑艺术是桥梁史上的开山之作，充分显示了中国古人的非凡智慧。"潮州市的广济桥、河北省的赵州桥、泉州市的洛阳桥和北京的卢沟桥被称为中国四大名桥"。

Zhaozhou Bridge

Zhaozhou Bridge, also known as Anji Bridge, is the oldest long-span stone arch bridge in China. The bridge was built on the Xiaohe River, Hebei Province. From a distance, it looks like a bright moon in the clouds and a rainbow after rain hanging in the sky, beautiful and spectacular. It was built by Li Chun, a famous craftsman in the Sui Dynasty. With a length of 64. 40 meters and a span of 37. 02 meters, it is the largest span and the earliest single-span stone arch bridge with open shoulder in the world. (Shen Kun, 2016）

赵州桥

赵州桥，又称安济桥，是中国最古老的大跨度石拱桥。该桥建在河北省的小河上。从远处看，它就像云中的明月，雨后的彩虹挂在天上，美丽而壮观。它是由隋朝著名工匠李春建造的。它的长度为64. 40米，跨度37.02米，是世界上跨度最大、最早的单跨敞肩石拱桥。(沈坤，2016）。

Li Chun creatively used the flat arch style, so that the stone arch height was reduced to 7. 23 meters, and the ratio of arch height to span was about 1:5. In this way, the slope of the bridge deck is gentle, which is convenient for vehicles, horses and pedestrians. Moreover, it has the advantages of saving materials, fast construction, and increasing the strength and stability of the bridge. Zhaozhou Bridge has been there 1400 years ago. It has experienced 10 times floods, 8 times wars and many earthquakes, but it has not been damaged. (Shen Kun, 2016）

李春创造性地采用了平拱的方式，使石拱的高度降低到7.23米，拱高与跨度的比例约为1：5。这样一来，桥面坡度平缓，便于车辆、马匹和行人通行。此外，它还具有节省材料、快速施工、提高桥梁强度和稳定性等优点。赵州桥在1400年前就已经存在。它经历了10次洪水，8次战争和多次地震，但它没有被破坏。(沈坤，2016）。

Mao Yisheng, a famous expert in bridges, said that regardless of the internal structure of the bridge, surviving for over 1300 years explains everything. According to records, Zhaozhou Bridge has been repaired eight times since its completion. Two small arches are added at both ends of the main arch, one is to save materials, the other is to reduce the weight of the bridge body, and to increase the discharge of the river. In order to protect Zhaozhou Bridge, at the end of last century, the new bridge built 100 meters away from Zhaozhou Bridge still follows its style. (Shen Kun, 2016）

著名的桥梁专家茅以升说，不管桥的内部结构如何，存活了1300多年就说明了一切。根据记录，赵州桥自建成以来已经修缮了八次。在主拱的两端增加了两个小拱，一是为了节省材料，二是为了减轻桥身的重量，增加河水的排放。为了保护赵州桥，上世纪末，在距离赵州桥100米处修建的新桥仍沿袭了赵州桥的风格。(沈坤，2016）。

In order to increase the flood discharge capacity, Li Chun also showed ingenuity by setting two small arches on each shoulder of the large arch. It can not only save stone and reduce the weight of the bridge body, but also help to discharge the flood, so as to achieve the perfect unity of architecture and art. It has become a great achievement of bridge engineering technology in China, which is more than 1200 years earlier than the similar arch bridge built in Europe in the middle of 19th century. (Shen Kun, 2016）

为了增加排洪能力，李春还发挥了聪明才智，在大拱门的两肩各设置了两个小拱门。这不仅可以节省石料，减轻桥体的重量，而且有利于泄洪，从而达到建筑与艺术的完美统一。它成为中国桥梁工程技术的一项伟大成就，比19世纪中期欧洲建造的同类拱桥早了1200多年。(沈坤，2016）。

Luoyang Bridge

Quanzhou is a famous city with a history of over 1700 years. As early as the Tang and Song Dynasties, Quanzhou was known as an important trading port. Merchants, scholars and missionaries from all over the world came to Quanzhou, leaving many precious historical and religious relics and classical buildings. Luoyang Bridge, also known as “Wanan bridge”, was built by the governor Cai Xiang in the Northern Song Dynasty and completed in six years. It is difficult to build a bridge at the confluence of the river and the sea, the river is wide and deep, and the project is arduous. (Wei lichun, 2007)

洛阳桥

泉州是一座拥有1700多年历史的著名城市。早在唐宋时期，泉州就作为一个重要的贸易港口而闻名。来自世界各地的商人、学者和传教士来到泉州，留下了许多珍贵的历史和宗教遗迹以及古典建筑。洛阳桥，又称 "万安桥"，由北宋知府蔡襄所建，历时六年建成。在河海交汇处建桥，河面宽而深，工程十分艰巨。(魏立春, 2007)

The bridge is 834 meters at length and 7 meters at width. There are Zhaohui temple and Zhenshen temple in the north of the bridge, and Caixiang temple in the south of the bridge. In 1988, it was listed as one of the national key cultural protection units and one of Quanzhou’s world cultural heritage sites. (Wei lichun, 2007)

该桥长834米，宽7米。桥北有朝晖寺、振声寺，桥南有采香寺。1988年被列为全国重点文物保护单位和泉州世界文化遗产之一。(魏立春, 2007)

It was very difficult to build Luoyang Bridge at first. Because the river is wide and the current is swift, sometimes there is wind tide, the water potential is dangerous. Before the construction of the bridge, people came and went by ferries, which often capsized. In order to pray for the safety of the transition, the ferry here was named Wanan Du, so the bridge was also named Wanan Bridge after its completion. Therefore, it was also named Luoyang Bridge because it was built on the Luoyang River. (Wei lichun, 2007)

起初，建造洛阳桥是非常困难的。因为河道宽阔，水流湍急，有时还出现风潮，水势险要。在建桥之前，人们来往都是乘坐渡船，经常翻船。为了祈求过渡期的安全，这里的渡船被命名为万安渡，所以桥建成后也被命名为万安桥。因此，它也被命名为洛阳桥，因为它建在洛阳河上。(魏立春, 2007)

There are many innovations in the construction technology and technology of Luoyang bridge, the raft foundation style, the application and development of wedge pier and the use of oyster to cement bridge pier. After its completion, it has become an important channel of communication between Quanzhou and the mainland. Therefore, Luoyang Bridge has the reputation of “Wan An Ji Zhong”. Under the influence of the completion of Luoyang Bridge, there has been an upsurge of bridge construction in Fujian province, especially in Southern Fujian. Dozens of large and medium-sized stone girder bridges have been built. (Wei lichun, 2007)

洛阳桥的施工技术和工艺有很多创新，筏式基础的样式，楔形桥墩的应用和发展，以及使用牡蛎来加固桥墩。建成后，它已成为泉州与内地交流的重要通道。因此，洛阳桥有 "万安吉中 "的美誉。在洛阳桥建成后的影响下，福建省特别是闽南地区掀起了建桥热潮。几十座大、中型石梁桥已经建成。(魏立春, 2007)

Lugou Bridge

Lugou Bridge is the oldest stone multi-hole arch bridge in Peking, which has a history of more than 800 years. In the Jin Dynasty, Lugou river was an important transportation point from north to south. There are 11 bridge holes in the whole bridge, and the span and height of each hole are not the same. As early as the Jin Dynasty, this bridge was listed as one of the “Eight Sights of the capital”. (Shen Kun, 2016）

卢沟桥

卢沟桥是北京最古老的多孔石拱桥，距今已有800多年的历史。在晋代，卢沟河是南北交通要冲。全桥共有11个桥洞，每个桥洞的跨度和高度都不相同。早在晋代，这座桥就被列为 "京城八景 "之一。(沈坤，2016）。

The bridge deck of Lugou Bridge is slightly curved with lower ends and uplift in the middle. The lower riverbed of the bridge is paved with pebbles and quartz sand. The whole bridge is built on it, which is very solid and stable. The two ends of the bridge are used as drum-shaped stone block. At the east end are two big stone lions and the west are two big stone elephants which are huge and charming. In addition to the stone lion and stone statue on the top of the fence, there is a 4. 65-meter-high ornamental table, which looks like seeing off pedestrians. (Shen Kun, 2016）

卢沟桥的桥面略呈弧形，两端较低，中间隆起。桥的下部河床是用鹅卵石和石英砂铺成的。整座桥建在上面，非常坚固和稳定。桥的两端用的是鼓形石块。东端有两只大石狮，西端有两只大石象，巨大而迷人。除了石狮和石像外，围墙顶上还有一个4.65米高的观赏台，看上去就像在送行人。(沈坤，2016）。

As the oldest stone arch bridge in Peking and the place where the whole nation’s Anti-Japanese war broke out, Lugou bridge is not only an important cultural resource in Fengtai District, but also a memorial place for major national activities. Bearing rich historical resources, it has become important to publicize the revolutionary tradition of the Chinese nation and carry out patriotic education. Standing on the Lugou Bridge, you can see the memorial hall of the Chinese people’s Anti-Japanese War, the Yongdinghe River ferry wharf, the pinghan railway bridge site, and the Anti-Japanese War sculpture garden, which together constitute a spectacular historical and cultural map. (Shen Kun, 2016）

作为北京最古老的石拱桥和全国抗日战争的爆发地，卢沟桥不仅是丰台区的重要文化资源，也是国家重大活动的纪念地。它承载着丰富的历史资源，对宣传中华民族的革命传统、开展爱国主义教育具有重要意义。站在卢沟桥上，可以看到中国人民抗日战争纪念馆、永定河轮渡码头、平汉铁路桥遗址、抗日战争雕塑园等，共同构成了一幅壮观的历史文化地图。(沈坤，2016）。

Guangji Bridge

Guangji Bridge is located at the east gate of the ancient city of Chaozhou, Guangdong Province. Commonly known as Xiangzi bridge. Crossing the vast Hanjiang River, it is an important transportation hub of Fujian and Guangdong. With its unique style of “18 shuttle boats and 24 continents”, it is praised as “the earliest open-close bridge in the world” by famous bridge expert Mao Yisheng. In particular, on the stone tablet of the imperial stele Pavilion at the east end of the bridge, the inscription “Lugou Xiaoyue” written by Emperor Qianlong is the most famous. (Wei lichun, 2007)

广济桥

广济桥位于广东省潮州古城的东门。俗称湘子桥。横跨浩瀚的韩江，是福建和广东的重要交通枢纽。它以 "十八梭船二十四洲 "的独特风格，被著名桥梁专家茅以升赞誉为 "世界上最早的开合桥"。特别是在桥东头的御碑亭石碑上，乾隆皇帝写的 "卢沟晓月 "的碑文最为有名。(魏立春, 2007)

Stone lions and stone pavilions at both ends of the bridge, together with Chinese totem pillar, constitute the bridgehead buildings with national characteristics. Marco Polo, an Italian at the end of the 13th century, praised Lugou Bridge as “a beautiful stone bridge in Hanbali”. It is the oldest existing large-scale double-arch long bridge in northern China. “Lugou Xiaoyue” is also one of the famous “Eight Sights of Yanjing”. (Wei lichun, 2007)

桥两端的石狮和石亭，与中国的图腾柱一起，构成了具有民族特色的桥头建筑。13世纪末的意大利人马可-波罗称赞卢沟桥是 "汉巴里的一座美丽的石桥"。它是中国北方现存最古老的大型双拱长桥。"卢沟晓月 "也是著名的 "燕京八景 "之一。(魏立春, 2007)

There are many folklores about Guangji Bridge. One of the legends is “the immortal Buddha builds the bridge”. That is, after Han Yu came to Chaozhou in the Tang Dynasty, to communicate with the two sides, he asked his nephew Han Xiangzi and other eight immortals to build a bridge with Guangji monk. Due to the failure of his magic power, the middle section could not be connected. Monk Guangji and He Xiangu, one of the eight immortals, were connected with 18 shuttle boats by using lotus flowers as giant cables. Therefore, the bridges were called “Xiangzi bridge” and “Guangji Bridge” respectively. (Wei lichun, 2007)

关于广济桥有很多民间传说。其中一个传说是 "仙佛造桥"。即唐代韩愈到潮州后，为沟通两岸，请其侄子韩湘子等八仙与广济和尚搭桥。由于他的法力不济，中间一段无法接通。广济和尚与八仙之一的何仙姑，以莲花为巨缆，用18只梭子船连接起来。因此，这两座桥分别被称为 "湘子桥 "和 "广济桥"。(魏立春, 2007)

The second legend is that Wang Yuan removed the strange stones. Wang Yuan was the magistrate of Chaozhou who presided over the large-scale bridge repair. He built “24 towers” on the bridge, which was known as “the first bridge in the south of the Yangtze River”. It was said that there were two strange stones on Hulushan mountain, which caused frequent fires and lawsuits in Chaocheng. So, he personally led people up the mountain, leading in smashing down two strange stones. Wang Yuan’s move not only dispelled people’s fear of strange stones, but also solved part of the stone for bridge repair. (Wei lichun, 2007)

第二个传说是，王源搬走了这些怪石。王元是潮州的县令，主持大规模的修桥工作。他在桥上建了 "二十四塔"，被称为 "江南第一桥"。据说，葫芦山上有两块怪石，在潮城经常引起火灾和官司。于是，他亲自带人上山，带头砸下了两块怪石。王元此举不仅打消了人们对怪石的恐惧，而且还解决了一部分修桥用的石头。(魏立春, 2007)

The third legend is “Wu Fu Gong Ji Shui”. The Duke of Wu was the governor of Chaozhou in of Qing Dynasty. One year, because of the flood of Hanjiang River, Chaozhou City was in danger. He offered sacrifices to the water on the east gate and begged for the water to retreat. However, the water did not retreat. So, he indicated that he would live and die with the city. Strange to say, the flood receded at this time. Since then, people have set up his statue sacrifice in the east gate tower, and built a memorial archway in the East Bridge of Xiangzi bridge. (Wei lichun, 2007)

第三个传说是 "吴福公治水"。清朝时，吴国公是潮州的总督。有一年，由于韩江发大水，潮州城危在旦夕。他在东门祭祀水，求水退去。但是，水并没有退去。于是，他表示要与这座城市共存亡。说来奇怪，洪水在这个时候退去了。此后，人们在东门城楼上设立了他的塑像祭祀，并在湘子桥东桥头建了纪念牌坊。(魏立春, 2007)

Many of China’s ancient and modern bridge science and technology have been in the forefront of the world’s bridge construction, and many bridge styles continue to have an impact on the world’s modern bridge construction. At the same time, it is a living treasure of cultural relics, recording a lot of precious information. (Wei lichun, 2007)

中国古代和现代的许多桥梁科学技术都走在了世界桥梁建设的前列，许多桥梁样式对世界现代桥梁建设继续产生着影响。同时，它也是一个活的文物宝库，记录了很多珍贵的信息。(魏立春, 2007)

References
*Shen Kun 沈坤. (2016). 中国古代四大名桥[Four famous bridges in ancient China]. 百姓生活People's life (07) 59-62.
*Wei Wei 薇薇. (2016). 中国人必须知道的国学常识[The common knowledge of Chinese culture that Chinese people must know]. 雷锋 Lei Feng (Z1) 148-149.
*Wei Lichun 魏丽春. (2007). 我国的四大名桥[Four famous bridges in China]. 新长征New Long March (08) 60.
*Huang Jun 黄军. (1996). 我国风景名胜中的四大[Four famous scenic spots in China]. 农家之友 Friends of farmers (03) 46.

Terms and expressions
*石拱桥 stone arch bridge
*望柱 baluster
*桥基 settlement
*泄洪 flood discharging
*桥墩 pier
*抱鼓石 drum-shaped stone block
*华表 Chinese totem pillar
*栏杆 balustrade
*燕京八景 Eight Sights of Yanjing
*启闭式桥梁 open-close bridge

Questions
#Which is is the oldest long-span stone arch bridge in China?
#How many folklores are there about Guangji Bridge and what are they?
#How long has Zhaozhou Bridge been there ?
#Why did Li Chun use the flat arch style to build Zhaozhou Bridge?

问题
#哪一座是中国最古老的大跨度石拱桥？
#关于广济桥的民间传说有多少，它们是什么？
#赵州桥的历史有多长？
#李春为什么要用平拱的方式来建造赵州桥？

=第七周 Session 7 Dec 21 11:30-13:00 - Architecture: Four Great Pavilions 建筑：四大亭子=
A pavilion, a building style with great Chinese characteristics, is not only a place for passers-by to rest their feet, but also an important landscape building with garden art. At the foot of the mountains, by the lakeside and deep in the forest, we can always see pavilions that are half-hidden, and half-exposed, subtly adding colour to the landscape scenery. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

亭子，一种极具中国特色的建筑风格，不仅是路人歇脚的地方，也是具有园林艺术的重要景观建筑。在山脚下、湖边、森林深处，我们总能看到半隐半露的亭子，巧妙地给山水景色增添色彩。(钱龙 2009, 50)

Where there are pavilions, there are stories, and there are four famous pavilions in China - the Old Drunkard Pavilion in Chuzhou, the Tao Ran Pavilion in Peking, the Ai Wan Pavilion in Changsha and the Hu Xin Pavilion in Hangzhou. All of them are famous for their poems and articles written by ancient writers and scholars. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

有亭子的地方就有故事，中国有四个著名的亭子--滁州的老醉亭、北平的陶然亭、长沙的爱晚亭和杭州的胡欣亭。所有这些亭子都以古代文人墨客的诗词和文章而闻名。(钱龙 2009, 50)

The Old Drunkard Pavilion

Zuiweng Ting, or the Old Drunkard Pavilion is located at the foot of the Langya Mountain in Chuzhou, Anhui Province. The Old Drunkard Pavilion was built in 1046 AD, the sixth year of the Northern Song Dynasty's reign of Emperor Renzong. This pavilion is the subject of a well-known work written by Ouyang Xiu, an essayist of the Song dynasty, called The Story of the Old Drunkard. (Liu Xuan 2012, 21)

老醉亭

醉翁亭位于安徽省滁州市琅琊山下。醉翁亭建于公元1046年，即北宋仁宗的第六年。这个亭子是宋代散文家欧阳修的著名作品《老酒鬼的故事》的主题。(刘璇 2012, 21)

It is said that Ouyang Xiu was demoted to Chuzhou to serve as the prefect. Feeling indignant at the time, he devoted his soul into nature. He often came with friends and guests to Langya Mountain for fun, or to Langya Temple to drink wine and express their emotion. In order to give Ouyang Xiu a rest and a drink, the Langya Monastery monk Zhisian built this pavilion halfway up the mountain. The pavilion was named 'the Old Drunkard Pavilion' by Ouyang Xiu, who called himself “ the Old Drunkard”. (Liu Xuan 2012, 21)

据说，欧阳修被贬到滁州担任县令。当时他感到很愤慨，就把自己的灵魂投入到大自然中。他经常和朋友、客人一起到琅琊山游玩，或到琅琊寺饮酒，抒发情感。为了让欧阳修休息喝酒，琅琊寺僧人智贤在半山腰上建了这个亭子。欧阳修自称 "老酒鬼"，将此亭命名为 "老酒鬼亭"。(刘璇 2012, 21)

The pavilion has a compact layout with small, unique pavilions that are characteristic of the gardens of the south of the Yangtze River, and although the total area of the pavilion is less than 1, 000 square metres, there are nine buildings——the Old Drunkard Pavilion, Bao Song Zhai, Feng Gong Ancestral Hall, Ancient Plum Blossom Pavilion, Shadow Fragrance Pavilion, Yi Zai Pavilion, Fear Pavilion, Ancient Plum Blossom Pavilion, and the View Terrace——of different styles, and are known as the “Nine Views of the Old Grunkard Pavilion”. (Liu Xuan 2012, 21)

亭子布局紧凑，亭子小巧别致，是江南园林的特色，虽然亭子的总面积不到1，000平方米，但有九座建筑--老醉亭、宝松斋、冯公祠、古梅亭、影香亭、怡情亭、畏惧亭、古梅亭、观景台这九座风格各异的建筑，被称为 "老醉亭九景"。(Liu Xuan 2012, 21)

Although the Old Drunkard pavilion has been plundered many times over the centuries, it still inviting to people. Today, the thousand-year old scenery here is even more spectacular and alluring. (Liu Xuan 2012, 21)

尽管几百年来，老醉翁亭被掠夺了多次，但它仍然吸引着人们。今天，这里的千年风景更加壮观，更加诱人。(刘璇 2012, 21)

Tao Ran Pavilion

The Tao Ran Pavilion in Peking was built in 1695, the 34th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign in the Qing dynasty, by Jiang Zao, who then served in the Ministry of Public Works. Jiang Zao named the pavilion after Bai Juyi's poem, "Waiting for the chrysanthemum to ripen, we get drunk in blitheness". This small pavilion is quite popular among ancient writers. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

陶然亭

北京的陶然亭建于清康熙三十四年（1695年），由当时在工部局任职的江藻建造。江藻以白居易的诗句 "静待菊花开，醉卧沙场 "来命名该亭子。这个小亭子在古代文人中颇受欢迎。(钱龙 2009, 50)

The modern Taoran Pavilion is a new modern urban garden that integrates ancient architecture and modern gardening art, highlighting the Chinese national pavilion culture as its main content. In the garden, there are verdant trees, lush flowers and grasses, jagged buildings and pavilions. On the Mid-lake Island, there are Jinqiu dun, Swallow Head Hill, and Tao Ran pavilion into a tripod. On top of Jinqiu dun there is Jinqiu pavilion, the site of which was the site of the Flower Fairy Shrine. At the southern foot of the pavilion, there is Rose Hill, which is the site of the original incense mound, the parrot mound and the tomb of the golden flower. (Chang Yi 2007, 60)

现代陶然亭是一个集古代建筑和现代园林艺术为一体的新型现代城市园林，突出了中国民族亭子文化为主要内容。园内树木葱茏，花草茂盛，楼台参差，亭台楼阁。在半湖岛上，有金秋墩、燕子头山、陶然亭成鼎足之势。金秋墩顶上有金秋亭，其遗址为花仙子祠堂。亭子的南麓有玫瑰山，是原香冢、鹦鹉冢和金花墓的遗址。(Chang Yi 2007, 60)

In the quiet pine forest at the foot of the northern pavilion, there are the tombs of Gao Junyu and Shi Pingmei, which are famous. At the top of Swallow Head Hill, there is the Green View Pavilion, which is opposite the Jinqiu Pavilion, and at the southwest of the pavilion, there is the Chengguang Pavilion, which is the most suitable place to look at the lake and the mountains. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

在北亭脚下幽静的松林里，有高君宇和石评梅的墓，很有名。燕子头山顶有绿景亭，与金秋亭相对，亭西南有承光亭，是最适合看湖光山色的地方。(钱龙 2009, 50)

Ai Wan Pavilion

The Ai Wan Pavilion is located in the Qingfeng Gorge at the foot of Mount Yuelu in Hunan Province, and is surrounded by mountains on three sides. The pavilion was built in 1792 by Luo Dian(罗典), Dean of the Yuelu Academy, and was originally called the Red Leaf Pavilion. It was later renamed by Bi Yuan(毕沅), Governor of Hunan and Guangzhou Province, based on a poem by Du Mu(杜牧), a poet of the Tang Dynasty, which reads, "The stone paths of the cold mountains are steep, and there are homes in the depths of the white clouds. Sitting on the Maple Forest in the evening, the frost leaves turn red in the February flowers" ("Mountain Journey"). (Qian Long 2009, 50)

爱晚亭

爱晚亭位于湖南省岳麓山下的清风峡中，三面环山。该亭由岳麓书院院长罗典建于1792年，原名为红叶亭。后来由湘粤两省总督毕沅根据唐代诗人杜牧的诗句 "寒山石径斜，白云深处有人家。枫林晚坐，霜叶红于二月花"（《山行》）。(钱龙 2009, 50)

After many major repairs in the reign of Tongzhi, Guangxu, Xuantong, and in Republic of China and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, it comes into its pattern today. The shape of the pavilion is eight columns with heavy eaves, glazed glass and blue tiles, the corner of the pavilion is flying, and it looks like flying from a distance. The inside is pillar in lacquer while the outside are four stone pillars made by granite. (Chang Yi 2007, 60)

经过同治、光绪、宣统年间，以及民国时期和建国后的多次大修，才有了今天的格局。亭子的形状是八柱重檐，琉璃青瓦，亭子的一角是飞天的，从远处看就像在飞。里面是漆器的柱子，外面是花岗岩做的四个石柱。(Chang Yi 2007, 60)

Apart from painted caisson ceiling, there are gilt lettering "Ai Wan Pavilion" on a red background on the east and west sides of the pavilion, which was made by handwriting written by Mao Zedong, at the request of Li Da, the then president of Hunan University. The pavilion is surrounded by hills on three sides, and is open to the east, with a flat vertical and horizontal space of more than 33 metres, with purple and lush greenery and uninterrupted flowing springs. There is a pond in front of the pavilion, with rows of peach and willow trees. There are maple trees all around, with red leaves all over the mountains in late autumn. (Chang Yi 2007, 60)

除了彩绘沉箱顶，亭子的东西两侧还有红底鎏金字 "爱晚亭"，这是毛泽东应当时湖南大学校长李达的要求，亲手写的。亭子三面环山，东面开阔，纵横平坦，有33米多的空间，紫气东来，绿意盎然，流泉不息。亭子前面有一个池塘，有一排桃树和柳树。周围都是枫树，深秋时节红叶满山。(张怡 2007, 60)

Hu Xin Pavilion

Hu Xin Pavilion, or Mid-lake Pavilion is situated in the centre of the West Lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. Initially known as "Zhenlu Pavilion", and "Qingxi Pavilion", it was built in the 31st year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1552 AD) and was renamed “Hu Xin Pavilion” after the Ming Dynasty. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

湖心亭

湖心亭，或称半湖亭，位于浙江杭州西湖的中心地带。最初被称为 "镇庐阁"、"清溪阁"，建于明朝嘉靖三十一年（公元1552年），明朝以后改称 "湖心亭"。(钱龙 2009, 50)

The pavilion is built looking like a tower and is surrounded by water on all sides. When you look around, not only does the lake ripple, but also the mountains stand like a screen enveloping it. The west side of the pavilion is the south and north peaks of the West Lake, which is very spectacular. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

亭子建成后看起来像一座塔，四面都是水。环顾四周，不仅湖水荡漾，而且群山矗立，如屏风般将其笼罩。亭子的西侧是西湖的南峰和北峰，非常壮观。(钱龙 2009, 50)

It is one of the 18 scenes of West Lake in Qing Dynasty. Yongzheng wrote in his Records of the West Lake: the pavilion is in the centre of the lake; in the past there was a temple and outside it were three towers, which both were destroyed in the reign of Ming Xiaozong. County said: outside the temple were three towers, while only the north tower conserved, upon which a pavilion was built, that is the Mid-lake Pavilion; the old base of the temple was rebuilt as De Sheng Hall, a place to release. According to this, the old Hu Xin Temple was the current Release Pond, and the present Hu Xin Pavilion was the base of the north tower among the other three. (Chang Yi 2007, 60)

这是清代西湖十八景之一。雍正在《西湖记》中写道：亭在湖心，昔有寺，外有三塔，明孝宗时皆毁。县志》说：寺外有三塔，而只有北塔保存下来，在其上建有一亭，即半湖亭；寺的旧基重建为德胜堂，是放生的地方。据此，旧的湖心寺就是现在的放生池，而现在的湖心亭就是其他三座中的北塔基。(Chang Yi 2007, 60)

The Qing emperor Qianlong once inscribed a plaque on the pavilion with the inscription "Quietly observe the world"(“静观万类”) and the couplet "Waves surge and the lake is far away, the mountains prompt the water is deep"(“波涌湖光远, 山催水色深”). Besides, the inscription on the pavilion's pillars by Hu Laichao(胡来朝) is worth mentioning: “The four seasons are filled with music and songs, and the poor are still grieving over the moon; the six bridges are filled with flowers and willows, and there is no room for mulberry and hemp. ” The meaning is even more profound to the visitor. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

清朝乾隆皇帝曾在亭子上题写了 "静观万类 "的匾额和 "波涌湖光远，山催水色深 "的对联。此外，值得一提的是胡来朝在亭子的柱子上的题字： "四时笙歌，穷愁尚月；六桥花柳，桑麻无间。" 对游客来说，其意义更加深远。(钱龙 2009, 50)

Terms and Expressions
*The Old Drunkard Pavilion 醉翁亭
*Nine Views of the Old Drunkard Pavilion 醉翁九景
*Tao Ran Pavilion 陶然亭
*glazed glass and blue tiles 琉璃碧瓦
*Ai Wan Pavilion 爱晚亭
*Mountain Journey 《山行》
*Hu Xin Pavilion/ Mid-lake Pavilion 湖心亭
*County 《县志》

Questions
#Which pavilion is named by the poem of Du Mu？
#When Did “Hu Xin Pavilion” well established its name?
#Which pavilion is located in Peking?
#Where can we enjoy maple trees in Autumn among the four pavilions?
#What do you think is the Old Drunkard Pavilion famous for?

问题
#哪个亭子是由杜牧的诗命名的？
#"湖心亭 "是什么时候定名的？
#哪个亭子位于北京？
#在四个亭子中，我们在哪里可以欣赏到秋天的枫树？
#你认为老醉翁亭以什么闻名

References
*千龙. 中国四大名亭[J]. 兵团建设, 2009(14):50.
*刘璇. 醉翁亭以中国“四大”名亭之一天下第一亭大文学家欧阳修《醉翁亭记》名声享誉中华[J]. 中国地名, 2012(09):20-21.
*常翼. 我国的四大名亭[J]. 新长征, 2007(06):60.
*https://mp. weixin. qq. com/s/slU9b2notV9xKekROxCZuw
*https://baike. so. com/doc/6569739-6783501. html
*https://baike. so. com/doc/5632595-5845219. html

老师的展示 Teacher's presentation

[[Media:06_Chin_Cult_Archi.pptx]]

==准备第三周的作业 Homework to prepare this session==

1. 阅读 read both chapters about architecture (p.53 and 60 of our textbook)

2. 填多选题线上测试 Complete the quizzes
https://ks.wjx.top/vm/Pm7huWu.aspx
https://ks.wjx.top/vm/hILIIgT.aspx#

==展示 Presentations==

===建筑 Architecture===

夏颖姗建筑 Architecture [[ Media:Chinese_Architecture.pdf|Architecture]]

===紫禁城 Architecture: The Forbidden City===

吴凯庭紫禁城 Architecture: The Forbidden City [[Media:forbidden_city_architecture.pptx|Architecture:The Forbidden City]]

老师的展示 Teacher's presentation

==准备第三周的作业 Homework to prepare this session==

1. 阅读 read the chapter about bridges (p.69 our textbook)

2. 填多选题线上测试 Complete the quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vm/wHNLZyi.aspx#

==展示 Presentation==

===建筑:中国四大名桥 Architecture: Four Famous Bridges===

[[Media:four_famous_bridges2.pptx|Architecture: Four Famous Bridges]]

=第八周 Session 8 Jan 11 11:30-13:00 - 中国产出日式文化出品 (China produces Japanese-style products)=
==Abstract==

最近几年里，中国有通过越来越受欢迎的电脑游戏类——抽卡游戏——扩大文化影响力。本论文简介该游戏的历史，风格和影响力。

==Key words==

抽卡游戏，动漫，电脑游戏，中国文化影响

==引言==

过去几十年里，中国确实成为了世界上最大的经济强国之一。同时，中国正在努力赢得西方观众的喜爱——与之相邻的国家，尤其是韩国和日本，对其他国家的文化产生了诸多影响。寿司和清酒是在世界范围内广为人知的食物，韩式烤肉和泡菜也越来越受欢迎。围绕日本漫画和动漫，以及韩国流行音乐，都形成了大型亚文化。然而，中国唯一出名的似乎却是越南餐厅，具有讽刺意味。总之，本文将简介中国开始在年轻人中建立影响力的新途径。

==中国在电脑游戏产业的成绩==

毫无疑问，电子游戏是一个产生数十亿美元收入并吸引数亿消费者的庞大产业。毫不意外的是，中国决定进去这个行业，并且可以预料，中国的作品受到了其他西方作品的很大影响——例如《黑神话：悟空》就模仿了《黑暗之魂》系列，或者《王者荣耀》是《英雄联盟》的手机版本。这两款游戏的主要角色直接基于中国民间传说和古典文学，以吸引中国观众。然而，这两款游戏在海外并未取得太大成功。

==抽卡游戏==

与此同时，在日本出现了一种蓬勃发展的游戏类型，即所谓的抽卡游戏，最著名的例子包括《命运/冠位指定》、《碧蓝档案》和《白猫Project》。这些游戏的一般前提是游戏玩法相当简单且免费，因此适合休闲玩家。它们的主要卖点通常是通过抽卡系统获得众多角色。玩家可以使用游戏内货币或真实货币购买抽卡，有机会获得随机的角色或装备，而其可获得性通常是有时间限制的。与此同时，抽卡游戏一般拥有每日奖励系统，鼓励玩家每天登录，由此游戏逐渐渗透玩家的平日生活。

这些游戏不仅非常赚钱（有的在几年内赚数十亿美元的收入），而且迎合了最大的游戏受众——手机游戏玩家。最初的中国大型游戏作品受到了日本动漫文化的很大启发，例如《碧蓝航线》对此影响最大。新近的作品如《原神》、《崩坏：星穹铁道》或《幻塔》似乎更大胆地融合了不同文化，直接引入了中国元素——角色取名为中国名字，其故事基于中国传说，设计涉及各种中国少数民族的传统服饰。以下是一些很好的例子：《原神》中的云堇是一位中国戏曲歌手，《星穹铁道》中的青雀的游戏机制围绕着麻将展开，以及《幻塔》中的榴火，其战斗风格围绕着书法展开。所有这些角色生活在以独特中国风景为基础的地点，例如《原神》的璃月，《幻塔》的第九区，或《崩坏：星穹铁道》的仙舟罗夫。

==中国产生抽卡游戏的特别文化风格==

这些游戏仍然面向普通的动漫受众，这导致了一个有趣的文化混合——不仅需要重新诠释和调整中国元素以适应日本动漫审美，甚至连日文配音也被推为最推荐的选择，而非中文配音，即使是针对以中国为基础的角色。事实上，每当在《原神》中介绍一个新角色时，英文媒体都会包括英文和日文配音演员，但没有中文配音演员，即使是针对以中国为基础的角色。这不仅使得这些游戏中对中国的描绘高度扭曲了日本文化，还被重新调整以迎合西方观众的喜好。这样的最终产品既不完全是中国风格，也不是日本风格或西方风格，而是将所有这些文化的一部分融合在一起，以符合那些非常容易受文化影响的人群的口味

（泊语丰）在介绍游戏中的各种中国元素时，可以举一些更具体的例子。

==结论==

总的来说，中国产生抽卡游戏是三个不同的文化的融合。由于这种特别的文化风格闻名于世，并且有效地把中国文化推广到西方关注。虽然对于中国抽卡游戏文化影响的程度还没有确切的数据，但毫无疑问，这是一个值得研究的话题，而这些游戏的商业和媒体成功是不可否认的。

（泊语丰）结论太简单了，缺少主要的内容。

==参考资料==

Adams Matthew 2022 "Tech Otakus Save The World? Gacha, Genshin Impact, and Cybernesis" British Journal of Chinese Studies, Vol. 12.2, July 2022
Woods Orlando 2022 "The Economy of Time, the Rationalisation of Resources: Discipline, Desire and Deferred Value in the Playing of Gacha Games" Games and Culture, 17(7–8), 1075–1092
Kirkpatrick Graeme 2013 "Computer Games and the Social Imaginary" Cambridge UK: Polity Press; 2013.

==问题==

1.为什么以前中国版的电脑游戏没有获得海外成功？
2.抽卡游戏用什么方法吸引大众用户？
3.中国产抽卡游戏风格的特点是什么？

=第九周 Session 9 Jan 18 11:30-13:00 - 中国文化中的象征主义——动物 The Symbolism in Chinese Culture. The Example of Animals.=
Comparison of the Chinese and foreign symbolic meaning of the same animal
==摘要 Abstract==

从古到今，动物是中国文化不可缺少的象征。中国的艺术、神话与小说都包括动物的象征，而且每只动物的含义不同。

==关键词 Key Words==

中国文化、象征、动物、兔子、猴子、猪

==引言 Introduction==

中国的文化丰富多彩，难怪很多人都不知道中国文化中隐藏的象征。中国人相信有些象征可以给他们带来幸福，让他们发财，但有的也可以带来厄运。动物是一种中国文化中的象征。在中国的艺术里可以看见很多不同的动物，比如：鱼、鹤、龙等等，而且它们的含义都不一样。古代时，中国人信奉泛灵论，许多古代人相信不同的动物有不同的神力。另外，中国所谓“四象”包括四个动物：青龙、白虎、朱雀与玄武（Feng Jinquan 2012）。在中国文化中动物象征占有特别的位置。

==兔子 Hare==

兔子在中国是具有象征主义的一只动物。因为兔子的样子很可爱，所以在中国人心里它是一只可爱与乖巧的动物。古代时，兔子代表月亮。众所周知，在月亮月兔陪美丽的嫦娥当她的宠物（Li Tingyu 2011，32）。这个故事让我们意识到中国人以兔子为纯洁、和蔼和吉祥的象征（Bansal Deepika & Mahesh Kumar Mishra 2023，23）。按照一些文章，在兔子的世界没有雄兔，它们通过舔新发芽的植物芽而怀孕。它用特别的方式来分娩幼崽 -- 把它们从嘴里吐出来（Eberhard, Wolfram 1986, 166）。在不同的文化里兔子有不同的象征意义，由于天主教的影响，在西方文化里，它的象征意义是生育力和幸福感，且大多数西方人一想到兔子就会想起来复活节。

==猴子 Monkey==

另外一个象征动物是猴子。《西游记》孙悟空的角色是一个最明显的猴子象征。在中国文化里，猴子是一只好动、聪明、幽默和机智的动物（Li Tingyu 2011, 33）。从前，在中国的南部建设很多崇拜神猴的寺庙，而且它们被认为是“齐天大圣”。值得注意是，孙悟空也称自己“齐天大圣”，这意味着中国文化中猴子占据较高位置。在许多图片上可以看见猴和马搭配在一起，尤其是猴子骑在马上。之所以如此搭配，是因为一对同音词 —— ”马上疯猴“ 和 “马上封侯“ ，于是猴子骑在马上表示一个人快要获得晋升（Eberhard, Wolfram 1986, 233-234）。由此，”猴“ 和 ”侯“ 的谐音给猴子更深刻的含义 (Li Tingyu 2011, 33) 。

另外一个象征动物是猴子。《西游记》孙悟空的角色是一个最明显的猴子象征的例子。中国文化里猴子就是一只好动、聪明、幽默和机智的动物（Li Tingyu 2011, 33）。之前，在中国的南部建设很多崇拜神猴的寺庙，而且它被认为是“齐天大圣”。值得注意是，孙悟空也称自己“齐天大圣”，这就强制中国文化中猴子的高位。在许多图片上可以看见猴和马搭配在一起，尤其是猴子骑在马上。为了明白这张图片的意思，我们要看同音词 —— ”马上疯猴“ 和 “马上封侯“ ，于是猴子骑在马上表示一个人快要获得晋升（Eberhard, Wolfram 1986, 233-234）。由此，”猴“ 和 ”侯“ 的谐音给猴子更深刻的含义 (Li Tingyu 2011, 33) 。(柯之川：在其他文化中它有什么意义呢？）

另外一个象征动物是猴子。《西游记》孙悟空的角色是一个最明显的猴子象征的例子。中国文化里猴子就是一只好动、聪明、幽默和机智的动物（Li Tingyu 2011, 33）。旧时，在中国的南部建设很多崇拜神猴的寺庙，而且它被认为是“齐天大圣”。值得注意是，孙悟空也称自己“齐天大圣”，这就意味着中国文化中猴子的高位。在许多图片上可以看见猴和马搭配在一起，尤其是猴子骑在马上。为了明白这张图片的意思，我们要看同音词 —— ”马上疯猴“ 和 “马上封侯“ ，于是猴子骑在马上表示一个人快要获得晋升（Eberhard, Wolfram 1986, 233-234）。由此，”猴“ 和 ”侯“ 的谐音给猴子更深刻的含义。在西方文化中猴子代表灵活与机智，于是它的含义和中国文化中的含义差不多。

==猪 Pig==

猪在很多不同的文化中都是一个有负面意义的象征，但在中国文化中它的意义比较中立。从古时起，猪代表着繁荣和吉祥（Bansal Deepika & Mahesh Kumar Mishra 2023，32），可是猪也可以代表随和。太随和和不太随和都不好，只要把忠诚和随和结合在一起才可以保持心内的平衡（Suhardi 2018, 96）。不过，在现代中国文化中猪也有负面的意义，而且经常用于骂人懒、丑或笨。《西游记》的猪八戒也是一个既笨又懒的角色，而且它很贪吃，于是它经常被嘲笑（Li Tingyu 2011, 32）。虽然我们都知道幽默可爱的佩奇，可是对西方人来说猪没有好的意义，相反，它跟污垢有关，于是也可以用作骂人的词。

太随和和不太随和都不好，只要把忠诚和随和结合在一起才可以保持心内的平衡（Suhardi 2018, 96）（柯之川：太随和为什么不好？不太随和为什么不好？）

太随和和不太随和都不好，因为不太随和，就太忠诚了，可能会排斥别人。一个人太随和就没有忠诚，而且会比较容易失去原则，所以只要把忠诚和随和结合在一起才可以保持心内的平衡（Suhardi 2018, 96）。

==结论 Conclusion==

从古至今，中国文化中的动物象征都具备很重要的位置。我们不但可以在艺术中看见它们，而且许多也是有名小说中的角色。每只动物都有不少含义，有的跟其他文化差不多，有的完全不一样。由此，明白象征的含义让我们更了解一个国家的文化，而且也让我们更了解语言中的一些俗语。

==参考资料 References==

1. Bansal, Deepika & Mahesh Kumar Mishra, 2023. Study of Animals Symbolism of Human Traits in Chinese Zodiac. HANS SHODH SUDHA 3 (3), 23-32.

2. Eberhard, Wolfram, 1986. A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols. Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought. Routledge, 166-234.

3. Feng Jinquan 冯金泉, 2012. 中国古代四大神兽. Takungpao 128.

4. Li Tingyu 李婷玉, 2011. 汉语动植物词汇文化内涵浅析. 文学语言学研究, 32-33.

5. Suhardi, 2018. 中国印尼吉祥动物喻体对比浅析. 首届东南亚“汉语+”国际研讨会, 96.

==生词 Terms and Expressions==

四象 The Four Symbols

泛灵论 Animism

雄性 male

分娩 (of animals) give birth to the young

幼崽 young (of an animal)

==问题 Questions==

1. 中国文化中的四象包括哪些动物？

2. 按照有些文章，兔子如何怀孕？

3. 在中国文化中哪个角色把自己称呼“齐天大圣”？

4. “马上疯猴”的意思是什么？

5. 哪个动物负面的意义可以用作骂人？

=第九周 Session 9 Jan 18 11:30-13:00 - 中国人幸运和不吉利的数字 (Lucky and Unfortunate Numbers in the Eyes of Chinese People)=

==摘要 (Abstract)==

在中国人信仰中有些数字可以给他们带来幸运或者不好运。这种迷信跟同音有关，而且我们可以看到数字对生活的不同方面的影响。

==关键词 (Key words)==

数字，幸运，吉利，迷信，电话号码，车牌号，同音。
==引言 (Introduction)==

世界充满许多神秘的事情。人们的能力是有限的，因此有一些事情的存在我们就无法解释。人喜欢或者害怕数字就是难以解释现象之一。数字对人们生活的各个方面有绝对的影响。值得注意的是全球不同地方的人有自己吉利和不吉利的数字，比如西方人最怕的数字就是13，而中国人认为4会带来厄运。说到吉利的数字，欧洲人除了13以外，其他的都喜欢，同时中国人最喜欢的数字为8。人们为何给这几个数字特殊的意义？下面我会介绍中国人喜欢和避免的数字，而且其对中国人生活的影响。

==四 (Number four)==

对人类来说，最可怕的事情就是死亡。避免4的现象，就跟这个事实有关。说普通话时，4同音“死”（Dong Xiawei & Lu Kewen 2013, 100)，粤语中14的发音跟“要死”一样，而且24的发音就像“易死”差不多（Tse Andrew Yau Hau 2015, 6)。既然死亡不算愉快的事，在中国人的信仰中，4也应该是吸引厄运的，所以他们不仅不愿意自己的电话号码包含4，而且也不愿意4月4日结婚（Dong Xiawei & Lu Kewen 2013,101）。中国的航空，比如属于海南航空机队的所有飞机里没有第4和第14的座位（海南航空网站）。中国城市里的高楼通常没有第4层和其他包括4数字的层（ Tse Andrew Yau Hau 2015, 9)。如果在第4层有房子，中国人常常不会租或者买这种房子。

== 八 (Number eight)==

在中国人信仰中，8是最吉利的数字。中国人之所以喜欢8，因为8同音“发”，“发财”的“发”(Dong Xiawei & Lu Kewen 2013, 100)。谁都愿意发财，所以越多8越好。2008年的奥林匹克运动开幕式8月8日晚上8:08:08开始了（Tse Andrew Yau Hau 2015, 9)。这的确给中国带来了好运，因为中国运动员得了最多金牌。中国人选择车牌号或者电话号码的时候，总是看里面有多少“8”。有许多证据证明这种情况，比如按照纽约时报(May Tiffany 2020)的报告，2020年为了买包含五个“8”的电话号码，一个人花了大概3万25千美元，而且根据统计，北京大部分的车辆有包含“8”或者别的吉利的数字的车牌号（Jaffe Eric 2015）。除此之外，价格最高而卖得最快的房子也是第八层的房子，比如在成都这样的房子比其他的房子贵235元每平米 (Shum Matthew, Sun Wei & Ye Guangliang 2014,116)。

除此之外，价格最高而卖得最快的房子也是第八层的房子，比如在成都这样的房子比贵（麻亮：多少？）（Shum Matthew, Sun Wei & Ye Guangliang 2014,116)。

除此之外，价格最高而卖得最快的房子也是第八层的房子，比如在成都这样的房子比贵 (Shum Matthew, Sun Wei & Ye Guangliang 2014,116), 比如在成都这样的房子比其他的房子贵235元每平米。

== 六与九(Numbers six and nine)==

除了8以外，还有6和9这两个幸运数字。6同音“流”，这意味着一切都会很顺利，而9同音“久”（Na Sun & Schneider Thomas 2010:3)。许多新婚夫妇会9月9日（或者别的包括9的日期）结婚。2009年9月9日在北京大约18千对夫妇结婚了（May Tiffany 2020)。有时候为了增加幸运人们会使用幸运数字的结合。2014年在纽约证券交易所阿里巴巴集团的首次公开募股为68美元，因为他们相信这可以带来两倍大的幸运（Cnbc 2014)。

除了8以外，还有6和9这两个幸运数字。6同音“流”，这意味着一切都会很顺利，而9同音“久”（Na Sun & Schneider Thomas 2010:3)。许多新婚夫妇会9月9日（或者别的包括9的日期）结婚。(麻亮：为什么？）

许多新婚夫妇会9月9日（或者别的包括9的日期）结婚，因为他们相信如果婚礼的日子中有“9”，他们肯定会永远在一起。

== 结论 (Conclusion)==

相信数字的力量是否属于传统文化还是迷信，也是有争议的一点，但无论如何，上面这几个例子让我们看到了数字对人类的生活有多大的影响，甚至我们也常常意识不到数字能成为那么多事情的决定因素。

==参考资料 References==

Dong, Xiawei [&] Kewen Lu (2013). Lucky Number Effect on Chinese Marriage. Conference: Proceedings of The First Summit Forum of China's Cultural Psychology, 100-105.

Jaffe, Eric (2015.09.28). How Chinese Superstition About the Number 4 Makes Beijing Traffic Worse. Bloomberg [Online]. < https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-28/chinese-superstition-about-the-unlucky-number-4-makes-beijing-traffic-congestion-worse> [03.07.2023].

May, Tiffany (2020.08.17). Defendant’s Luck Runs Out. But the Lucky Phone Number Fetches $325,000. The New York Times [Online]. < https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/17/world/asia/china-lucky-phone-number.html> [03.07.2023].

Na, Sun [&] Thomas Schneider (2010). The use of ‚lucky’ numbers in the pricing of Chinese A-share initial public offerings. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-52.

Shum, Matthew, Wei Sun [&] Guangliang Ye (2013). Superstition and ’lucky’ apartments: Evidence from transaction-level data. Journal of Comparative Economics 24, 109-117.

Tse, Andrew Yau Hau Tse (2015). To Be or Not to Be Superstitious—That’s the Question. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 208, 5-12.
Why Alibaba’s $68 is a lucky number. (2014.09.18). CNBC [Online]. < https://www.cnbc.com/2014/09/18/why-alibabas-68-is-a-lucky-number.html> [03.07.2023].

==生词 (Terms and Expressions)==

幸运数字 auspicious numbers

同音 be homonymic

首次公开募股 IPO (Initial Public Offering)

车牌号 number of license plate

迷信 superstition

==问题 (Questions)==

1. 2014年在纽约证券交易所阿里巴巴集团的首次公开募股为什么是$68？

2. 为什么中国人喜欢8？

3. 为什么中国人避免4？

4. 2020年为了买包含五个“8”的电话号码，有人花了多少钱？
=第十周 Session 10 Jan 18 13:15-14:45 - 中国摇滚乐的形成 Development of Chinese Rock Music=
==摘要 Abstract==
文化大革命之后，中国的艺术，包括音乐，经过了大量变化。新的流派出现了，音乐家找到新的方法发挥自己的创造性。摇滚乐在80年代后半叶非常流行，属于这些流派其中之一。我想介绍中国摇滚乐是怎么出现的，以及摇滚乐与其他音乐流派的区别是什么。

==关键词 (Key words)==
中国音乐，通俗音乐，摇滚乐，崔健

==前言 (Introduction)==
1976年，毛泽东去世之后，文化大革命结束了。这一事件标志着迅速变化的开始。这些变化不仅涉及政治，经济等方面，而且还对文化，艺术各个领域产生了重大的影响。从那时候开始，艺术家可以享受的创作自由比以前更多，因而出现了许多绘画，摄影以及音乐的新趋势。我想介绍的话题就是中国现代音乐，特别是摇滚乐，它的起源和发展。

==中国流行音乐 (Chinese popular music)==

按照 Timothy Lane Brace (1992) 的论文，中国人使用三个术语来定义民众当中最普及的音乐风格。这些术语包括：“流行音乐”，“通俗音乐”以及“轻音乐”。它们都表示从西方音乐中汲取一些元素的中国音乐，但同时也有一些区别。“轻音乐”界定中国民间音乐或者传统音乐，配以西方流行音乐的伴奏，而“流行音乐”和“通俗音乐”是被年轻人使用的词，定义于 20世纪在中国出现的音乐风格。“流行音乐”这个术语从 30年代到 40年代最常使用，描述毛泽东时期之前创造的风格，而“通俗音乐”指的是文化大革命结束后创造的风格。“通俗音乐”可以分为三个最主要的流派：“港台乐”，“西北风”以及“摇滚乐”。“港台乐”起源于香港和台湾，70. 年代末传到中国大陆。它的旋律即平稳又简单，歌词的主题一般是浪漫的爱情，很像西方的流行歌 (Brace 1992: 137-138)。“西北风”跟寻根现象有关：80年代中期，在艺术界出现了寻找中国文化根源的倾向，因为大革命的时候，中国文化的根源遭到了很严重的损失。“西北风”音乐家的灵感来自中国西北地区的传统民歌，他们用中国的传统乐器，歌词会提起对家乡的爱的话题 (Brace 1992: 147-149)。不过与此同时，在这种音乐中可以听到许多西方摇滚乐的特点，比如：很快的节奏，猛烈的旋律和强劲的低音线 (Zhao 2010: 44). 但是我们可不可以把“西北风”当作中国摇滚乐的原型？

（吴凯庭 - Timothy Lane Brace （1992，？）没有准确的参考。）

按照 Timothy Lane Brace (1992: 134) 的论文，中国人使用三个术语来定义民众当中最普及的音乐风格。这些术语包括：“流行音乐”，“通俗音乐”以及“轻音乐”。它们都描述从西方音乐中汲取一些元素的中国音乐，但同时也有一些区别。“轻音乐”界定中国民间音乐或者传统音乐，配以西方流行音乐的伴奏，而“流行音乐”和“通俗音乐”是被年轻人使用的词，定义于 20世纪在中国出现的音乐风格。“流行音乐”这个术语从 30年代到 40年代最常使用，描述毛泽东时期之前创造的风格，而“通俗音乐”指的是文化大革命结束后创造的风格。“通俗音乐”可以分为三个最主要的流派：“港台乐”，“西北风”以及“摇滚乐”。“港台乐”起源于香港和台湾，70. 年代末传到中国大陆。它的旋律即平稳又简单，歌词的主题一般是浪漫的爱情，很像西方的流行歌 (Brace 1992: 137-138)。“西北风”跟寻根现象有关：80年代中期，在艺术界出现了寻找中国文化根源的倾向，因为大革命的时候，中国文化的根源遭到了很严重的损失。“西北风”音乐家的灵感来自中国西北地区的传统民歌，他们用中国的传统乐器，歌词提起对家乡的爱情的话题, (Brace 1992: 147-149)。不过与此同时，在这种音乐中可以听到许多西方摇滚乐的特点，比如：很快的节奏，猛烈的旋律和强劲的低音线 (Zhao 2010: 44). 但是我们可不可以把“西北风”当作中国摇滚乐的原型？

==西北风和摇滚乐的区别 (Differences between xibeifeng music and rock music)==

T. Brace (1992: 162) 指出，西北风和摇滚乐出现的时间大致相同。刚听的时候，人们往往把摇滚乐与西北风混为一谈，因为它们的声音即使不完全相同，也确实非常相似。中国摇滚乐的起源可以追溯到 1985 年：当时，一位叫崔健的音乐家，被誉为中国摇滚乐的先驱，发行了第一张唱片 (Zhao 2010: 35)。因为他走的旋律很类似北方的民谣，他被听众视为西北风的音乐家，然而自己强烈反对这样的说法，自称创作纯粹的摇滚乐。那这两种流派有什么区别？最主要的区别不是涉声音的，是涉及意识形态的。那是不是政治的参与作中国摇滚乐的特点？大多人认为崔健最有名的一首歌，《一无所有》，包蕴政治的内涵，不过崔健本人表明，虽然他的歌包括一些抗议的元素，但跟政治没有什么关系，因为如果把自己音乐的范围限于政治的批评，就会限制自己的创作自由 (Brace 1992: 164-166)。因此，摇滚音乐家所遵循的意识形态不是一种政治意识形态，而是一种更广泛的自由意识形态，包括思想的自由，创作的自由以及生活方式的自由 (Brace 1992: 173)。遵循个人自由的理念就是摇滚音乐创作者与其他音乐流派创作者最重要的区别。

==80年代以后摇滚乐的情况 (Rock music after the 80s)==

正如之前所述，80年代中期就是中国摇滚乐的发端。80. 年代后半叶就是这一流派最流行的时间。这就是因为文化大革命的恐怖以后，在社会里个人的自由成为了最重要的价值观念之一。1989 年之后，摇滚乐的知名度开始减少。Hao Huang (2003: 189-191) 提出，天安门屠杀之后，当局再次限制了公民的人身自由，包括艺术家的创作自由。因而，社会对精神理想的追求逐渐冷却了，人们开始转向消费主义。虽然摇滚乐并没有完全消失（90年代，代表中国摇滚乐的乐队仍然被建立，比如叫《唐朝》的乐队）(De Kloet 2005: 237)，但从 1989 年开始，这种流派确实处于流行的边缘。

(吴凯庭 - 最后一个句子应该是：这种流行派确实处于流行“的”边缘。）

正如之前所述，80. 年代中期就是中国摇滚乐的发端。80年代后半叶就是这一流派最流行的时间。这就是因为文化大革命的恐怖以后，在社会里个人的自由成为了最重要的价值观念之一。1989 年之后，摇滚乐的知名度开始减少。Hao Huang (2003: 189-191) 提出，天安门屠杀之后，当局再次限制了公民的人身自由，包括艺术家的创作自由。因而，社会对精神理想的兴起逐渐冷却了，人们开始转向消费主义。虽然摇滚乐并没有完全消失（90. 年代，代表中国摇滚乐的乐队仍然被建立，比如叫《唐朝》的乐队）(De Kloet 2005: 237)，但从 1989 年开始，这种流派确实处于流行的边缘。

==结论 (Conclusion)==
对中国摇滚乐的创作，意识形态是最重要的因素。随着社会心态的变化，它的知名度减少了，但崔健等等的摇滚乐家的成就并没被遗忘，为当代的摇滚乐家奠定了基础。

==参考资料 (References)==
Brace, Timothy Lane 1992. Modernization and Music in Contemporary China: Crisis, Identity, and the Politics of Style. Austin: The University of Texas at Austin.

De Kloet, Jeroen 2005. “Authenticating Geographies and Temporalities: Representations of Chinese Rock in China”. Visual Antrophology, 18, 237.

Hao, Huang 2003. “Voices from Chinese Rock, Past and Present Tense: Social Commentary and Construction of Identity in 《Yaogun Yinyue》, from Tiananmen to the Present”. Popular Music and Society 26, 189-191.

Zhao, Yue 2010. The Musicality of C-Pop. A Study of Chinese Popular Music from 1985-2010. Sheffield:
Department of Music The University of Sheffield.

==Terms and Expressions==

音乐流派 - music genre

旋律 - melody

灵感 - inspiration

节奏 - rhythm

低音 - bass

内涵 - implication

意识形态 - ideology

==Questions==

1. 摇滚乐跟什么音乐流派经常被混为一谈？

2. 在中国，摇滚乐是什么时候最流行的？

3. 哪位音乐家被誉为中国摇滚乐的先驱？

4. 他最有名的一首歌的题目是什么？
=第十周 Session 10 Jan 18 13:15-14:45 - 基督教和佛教之间的差别 The Differences between Christianity and Buddhism=

===摘要 (Abstract)===

基督教和佛教都不是源自中国的宗教。它们在中国的出现和发展之间存在着显著的差异。

===引言 (Introduction)===

在宗教方面，中国数百年来主要以中国的宗教为主：儒教、道教以及起源于印度并且在中国经历了深度中国化的佛教。基督教公元7世纪左右才出现。

===佛教和基督教在中国的出现 (The Appearance of Buddhism and Christianity in China)===

佛教于公元1世纪中叶从印度传入中国 (Zotz 2007, 171)，当时道教和儒教已经在社会中获得了知名度和地位。在翻译过程中，佛教与道教紧密联系在一起，随后逐渐偏离了原始教义，慢慢演变成了中国佛教。

基督教在中国的传教历史可以追溯到公元7世纪左右。根据最早的传教史，基督徒从一开始就面临着适应中国宗教现实的压力，其中包括在翻译中借鉴了佛教和道教的哲学思想。对于意大利的耶稣会士来说，16世纪末的耶稣教士的活动成为进一步传教中国的必要基础。

唐代的传教士将他们所宣扬的信仰真理与儒家、道家和佛教的元素进行了融合。在他们的著作中，上帝被认为是一切事物的起源和阴阳的创造者，也被称为佛教术语“佛陀”。除了信仰真理外，基督徒还宣扬对天的敬仰、对皇帝、官员和学者的尊敬，从而适应了中国现有的社会等级制度。

===在宗教信仰上的差异 (Differences between Religious Beliefs)===

佛教和基督教在宗教信仰上存在根本性的差异。基督徒相信唯一、全能和无所不在的上帝，是世界的创造者，而佛教则排斥任何神的存在 (姚 2004, 1)。佛陀虽然有人们为他建立塑像并尊崇他，但他并不是神。根据基督教观念,苦难是由人类的罪恶所导致，而根据佛教的观念苦难是生活的固有部分。对于人死后发生的事情，两者的观点也完全不同。在这两种情况下，这是个体在生前行动的结果。基督教徒相信为善良的人所承诺的天堂，那里可以享受永恒的幸福，以及为罪人而设的地狱，他们将遭受永恒的痛苦。佛教徒相信轮回的循环。只有通过达到涅槃（开悟）并进入“非存在”的状态，才能解脱。这两种宗教涉及类似的问题，但以不同的方式处理。它们的共同点是佛教和基督教都不是在中国形成的，因此对中国人来说是陌生的。

===耶稣会士传教士对佛教的态度 (Attitude of the Jesuit Missionaries towards Buddhism)===

16世纪末时，耶稣会士有意地努力与佛教传统建立联系，这可从他们穿着的僧袍中得到证实。他们想避免因其与欧洲人不同的外貌而被排斥。然而，与佛教的联系过于深远。两种宗教都谈论了尘世中的苦难，并提供了死后更好的选择，因此有时将基督教视为佛教的一个分支。传教士们意识到，以佛教僧侣的打扮，他们可以更容易地接触到社会底层，但他们无法在知识精英中获得尊重。耶稣会士们当时采取了不同的策略 - 他们计划从社会的顶层进行福音传教。耶稣会士在16世纪末的主要目标是进入北京并使皇帝皈依基督教信仰。为了实现这一目标，传教士们采纳了儒家的风尚，并开始与佛教或道教等联系疏远 (Charbonnier 2007, 155)。

===结论 (Conclusion)===

虽然基督教和佛教好像有许多共同的地方，虽然实际上两个宗教的观念不一样，还有它们在中国的历史有很多差别。

===参考资料 (References)===

1. Charbonnier, Jean 2007, Christians in China: A.D. 600 to 2000, San Francisco: Ignatius Press
2. 陈登 2001, 佛教与基督教的儒学化比较 [In:] „湖南大学学报（社会科学版）”，Vol.15, No.3
3. 姚卫群 2004, 佛教与基督教的“神”观念比较 [In:] “陕西师范大学(哲学社会科学版)”, Vol.33, No.2
4. Youlan, Feng 2001, Short history of Chinese Philosophy, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN
5. Zotz, Volker 2007, Geschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie, Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM

===关键词 (Key words)===

基督教；佛教；宗教；中国；传教士；耶稣会士；宗教信仰；宗教差异

===生词 (Terms and Expressions)===

基督教 Christianity;
佛教 Buddhism;
耶稣会士 Jesuit;
宗教信仰 religious belief;
传教士 a missionary

===问题 (Questions)===

1. 基督教什么时候在中国出现？
2. 基督教和佛教对苦难的看法有什么差别？
3. 基督教的上帝和佛教的佛陀是一样的吗？
4. 对中国人来说，为什么基督教和佛教都是陌生的？
=第十一周 Session 11 Jan 25 11:30-13:00 - 中国饮食文化——中国菜的命名艺术 Culinary Culture of China: The Art of Naming Chinese Dishes=

===摘要 (Abstract)===
中国饮食文化与汉语的关系非常密切，在塑造人们对食物的认知方面发挥了巨大的作用。它也极大地影响了中国菜肴的命名方式，无论是过去还是现在。

===关键词 (Key Words)===
中国饮食文化；中文；汉语；传统；语言分析；菜肴名称；菜的命名

===引言 (Introduction)===

中国多样而复杂的饮食文化不仅体现在居民的日常生活中，也体现在中国数百年来创作的小说和其他书面作品中。我们在其中看到的中国菜名大多寓意深刻，命名方式考究，文化背景深厚，文化历史内涵丰富。汉语由于其与文化的密切关系，在塑造人们对食物的认知方面发挥了巨大的作用，并极大地影响了中国菜肴的命名。在下一部分中，我将讨论为中国菜命名的话题。

===中国菜的命名艺术 (The Art of Naming Chinese Dishes)===

中国是一个非常重视命名的国家。这适用于重要地点、重大事件、各类机构、艺术领域、习俗和传统或精神和仪式的各个方面，也适用于与衣、住、行和食品有关的小问题。在秦汉时期，菜肴的命名艺术主要是根据食材和食品的加工方法来命名，但在南北朝之后，这方面出现了许多新的命名方法。普通的菜肴常常有极其优雅和美丽的名字，有时是深思熟虑的，非常令人惊讶。一个精心挑选的名字很容易引起人们的兴趣，从而在用餐时创造出一种愉快的气氛，鼓励宴客者品尝新的菜肴（王学泰 1997：226）。

中国菜肴的名称具有丰富的艺术性，其创作灵感有时来源自自然现象、自然物体以及任何可能引起审美联想的事物。菜名中还反映出强调菜肴的味道、颜色、香味和形状的倾向，因为这些因素决定了菜肴的质量（Pimpaneau 2001: 57）。名称中使用的颜色主要是红色、黄色、白色和绿色。根据心理学，这些颜色可以刺激食欲，而蓝色和青色则有可能导致生病。此外，明亮、闪亮和清澈的颜色会唤起愉悦感，而深色则产生相反的效果。菜肴的命名也遵循这一原则：通常使用贵重且闪亮的物品来代替颜色，以增添菜肴的精致感。其中一些词汇包括"金"、"玉"、"翡翠"、"琥珀"、"水晶"、"珍珠"和"锦"。即使菜肴的颜色较深，也更常见地使用"乌"而不是"黑"，因为"乌"具有更高尚的意义并带有更积极的内涵（王学泰 1997：227-228）。

===中国菜肴的命名方法 (Methods of Naming Chinese Dishes)===

中国菜的命名是一门艺术，反映不同地区居民的各种文化传统、习俗和审美趣味。中国人喜欢诗意的隐喻，这也是给菜肴起精致名称的原因之一。这些名称不仅与菜肴本身有关，还指戏剧或中国传统文学作品中的神话、传说和历史故事。一些美食的起源可能包括丰富多彩的比喻或流行故事，而基于这些故事的名称使菜肴成为人们关注的对象（Kajdański 2011: 147）。这种命名方式不仅能刺激食欲，还能激发人们的好奇心，并使食物本身获得新的象征意义。常敬宇（常敬宇 1998: 139-140）指出了以下几种命名新菜肴的方式：

– 以人名、姓氏或头衔命名菜肴（“宫保鸡丁”、“麻婆豆腐”等）；

– 以城市或地理区域命名菜肴（“北京烤鸭”、“西湖醋鱼”等）；

– 根据食物的形态或形状来命名（“猫耳朵”、“龙须面”等）；

– 根据菜肴的颜色或食材的颜色来命名（“红白豆腐”、“雪衣鱼条”等）；

– 根据菜肴中的主要味道或香气来命名（“香酥鸡”、“麻辣烫”等）；

– 根据菜肴中使用的油或酱来命名（“红油豆腐”、“蚝油牛肉”等）；

– 根据烹制菜肴的容器来命名（“瓦罐面”、“火锅肉”等）；

– 根据菜肴中使用的调料来命名（“糖醋鱼”、“红糟鱼片”等）；

– 根据菜肴的烹制方法来命名（“炸大虾”、“红烧鲤鱼”等）；

– 以神话、传说、信仰或历史故事命名菜肴（“过桥米线”、“佛跳墙”等）。

评论：在解释每个翻译方式中，你应该举几个例子

===结论 (Conclusion)===

饮食在中国文化中占有非常重要的地位，而中国菜名不仅反映所用食材的多样性、烹调方法或菜肴的色、香、味、貌，还包含相关人物事件、重要地点和历史时期、文学作品和传说的提及等诸多文化元素。而且，许多食品的名称和与食品有关的词语都远远超出了字面的范畴，隐藏着丰富的象征意义、隐喻性和广泛的内涵，涉及人类生活的各个领域。

===参考资料 (References)===

常敬宇 1998. 汉语词汇与文化. 北京: 北京大学出版社.

Kajdański, Edward 2011. Chiny: leksykon. Warszawa: Spółdzielnia Wydawniczo-Handlowa "Książka i Wiedza”.

Pimpaneau, Jacques 2001. Chiny: kultura i tradycje. Tłum. Irena Kałużyńska. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie DIALOG.

杨德峰 2001. 汉语与文化交际. 北京: 北京大学出版社.

王学泰 1997. 华夏饮食文化. 北京: 中华书局.

===Questions===

1. 中国菜的许多新命名方式是什么时候出现的？

2. 中国菜肴的命名常使用哪些颜色？

3. 为什么中国菜肴的命名常常使用贵重且闪亮的物品来代替颜色？

4. 中国菜肴的命名方法有哪些？
==第十一周 Session 11 Jan 25 11:30-13:00 - 中国佛教 (Chinese Buddhism)=
===摘要 (Abstract)===
从公元一世纪起，佛教对中国文化的影响十分明显。在本土与外来高僧的努力下，大部分佛典被翻译成中文，助于形成中国佛教学派。这样，就出现了独特的中国佛教。

===关键词 (Key Words)===
中国佛教；禅宗；天台宗；净土宗；华严宗；白莲教；高僧；佛典

===引言 (Introduction)===
佛教是世界上最有名的宗教之一。佛教的教义也影响到了中国的文化。

===中国佛教史 (History of Buddhism in China)===
佛教于公元一世纪由印度传入中国，这主要得益于中国在西域扩展其影响力。这样才能跟印度建立联系。在这种情况下，东汉的第二位皇帝汉明帝（28-75年）公元64年派遣了第一批使节前往印度，为的是寻找佛教教义的发源地。三年后，当他们与两位高僧一起返回洛阳时，明帝非常高兴，并下令在首都修建白马寺。寺庙的名字与使者们骑的白色的马有关。这不但是中国最早建立的佛教寺庙，而且是翻译带来的经典的地方（Sang 2004：59）。从那时起，早期汉译佛典使佛教教义在中国得到快速的传播。中国本地与外来高僧对所取得的成就发挥了关键的作用。由于他们的努力，僧伽得以获得独立并成为文化教育机关。不过在东汉倒台后，佛教才得到快速的传播，尤其是在普通人中。从221年至589年，中国处于政治不稳定和冲突之中。在这种情况下，中国居民渴望逃离沉重的现实。佛教给予他们在来世获得更美好生活的希望（Zürcher 2007：2-5）。直到第六世纪，大部分重要的佛典被高僧从梵文翻译成中文。汉译佛典有助于形成中国佛教流派。研究者经常提到四个最著名的中国佛教学派，包括禅宗、天台宗、华严宗、净土宗，还提起白莲教（Snelling 1990：31-32）。

===中国佛教学派：净土宗、白莲教 (Chinese Buddhist Schools: Pure Land School, The White Lotus)===
402年一个叫释慧远的高僧（334-416年）创立了白莲教，与此同时，他创立了净土宗的大乘佛教传统，该学派延续了他的教诲。白莲教的成员承诺相互帮助，并履行自己的责任，以期在西方极乐世界中重生。白莲教的主要修行法门是念佛，特指修行人一心忆念阿弥陀佛的名号以及祈求死时升入佛国净土（Zürcher 2007：219-221）。

===中国佛教学派：华严宗 (Chinese Buddhist Schools: Huayan School)===
在公元6世纪初，在中国出现了华严宗，该学派也属于大乘佛教传统，其教义和修行基于《华严经》。华严宗的一个显著的特点是其教义和修行都受到本土道教的影响，因为华严宗涉及到道教的关键概念，宇宙真理——道（Harvey 2013：145-148）。

===中国佛教学派：禅宗 (Chinese Buddhist Schools: Chan School)===
华严宗和道教都对禅宗的发展产生了重要影响。传统上，半传奇般的印度高僧叫菩提达摩（5-6世纪)于公元6世纪创建了禅宗。该学派的名称由坐禅而来。禅宗的信徒相信，只有修心养性，才能得到开悟。信徒也深信每个人都具有佛性，即成佛的潜力。因此，禅宗特别注重实践，同时将佛经视为精神成长的一种限制形式（Sang 2004：62）。

'''(请加菩提达摩的出生日期，舒然）'''

===中国佛教学派：天台宗 (Chinese Buddhist Schools: Tiantai School)===

公元6世纪还出现了天台宗，由智顗（538-597）创立，该学派的名称取自位于浙江省的天台山。天台山上也是天台宗的主要总部——国清寺。天台宗信徒认为教义和冥想是宗教生活中同等重要的要素。天台宗的教义基于《妙法莲华经》，强调佛陀的永恒和智慧。由于其内容，《妙法莲华经》很快就成为最重要的中国佛教经典（Chen 2006：9）。

'''(请加智顗的出生日期，舒然）'''

===结论 (Conclusion)===
总而言之，中国佛教学派与高僧的翻译事务的发展推动了与众不同的中国佛教。因此，一直到现在，在中国，佛教仍是最重要的宗教之一。

===参考资料 (References)===
Chen Jian 陈坚 2006. “Chanzong: Shenghuo zhong yu jiaoyì, shenmei gao yu xinyang” 禅宗: 生活重于教义, 审美高于信仰 [Chan School: Life is more important than doctrine, aesthetics is more important than faith]. Xinyang shifan xueyuan xuebao 信阳师范学院学报 1, 9-13.

Harvey, Peter 2013. An Introduction to Buddhism. Teachings, History and Practices. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sang Ji 2004. Religions and Religious Life in China. Translated by Li Zhurun. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.

Snelling, John 1990. The Elements of Buddhism. Shaftesbury: Element.

Zürcher, E. 2007. The Buddhist Conquest of China. The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. Leiden: Brill.

===生词 (Terms and Expressions)===
西域：the Western Regions
高僧：eminent monk
大乘：Mahayana, the Great Vehicle
西方极乐世界：Western Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss
阿弥陀佛：Amitabha, Buddha of infinite light
开悟：to become enlightened
坐禅：to meditate
佛性：Buddhata

===Questions===
1. 哪位皇帝使佛教传入中国？
2. 第一座中国佛教寺庙叫什么？
3. 禅宗的修行法门“念佛”是什么？
4. “佛性”是什么意思？
=第十二周 Session 12 Jan 25 13:15-14:45 - 缠足 (Foot-binding)=
==摘要 (Abstract)==
在中国传统社会，女人美丽的主要特征之一就是小脚。于是，缠足的习俗出现了——一种极其痛苦的习俗，将脚上的骨头折断，然后用绷带包扎，使其尽可能小。

==引言 (Introduction)==

'''中国传统社会的缠足习俗'''

在传统中国，有一种习俗被称为"缠足"，它在近现代已成为中国女性权益方面的巨大反面教材。这是一种从公元十世纪开始的极其痛苦的实践，目的是使脚尽可能地小。为了进行这个仪式，人们会为女孩准备特殊的饮食，以软化骨头，以便更容易裹绑。实践本身以将脚浸泡在加入不同草药和尿液的水中开始。然后，母亲会用明矾擦拭脚部，以收缩组织并减少出血。接下来，她会修剪指甲并浸湿绷带，当绷带干燥时，会更加紧缩脚部。她会从脚弓开始裹绑，弯曲四个小脚趾并用力旋转。然后，她会用绷带绕过脚后跟，并以一个小环收尾。这个过程需要每四天进行一次，以使脚部更加纤细，绑得更紧。在这个过程中，还需要使用绣花鞋作为必要的工具，其中有专门用于开始和结束过程的不同款式。（杨思蒙 2022, 46-48)

==起源及后果 (Orgins and Consequences)==

在行走过程中，脚弓和骨骼会断裂。如果这种情况没有发生，人们就会将小石块绑在女孩脚上，直到骨骼断裂为止。如果即使这样做也没有成功，或者女孩太小以至于无法行走，母亲会亲自用大石头折断骨骼。毋庸置疑，这个仪式给女性带来了难以形容的痛苦：极大地阻碍了行走，并导致许多健康并发症，甚至死亡。据估计，高达10％的女孩因为这种实践而丧生。在脚被绑好之初，母亲会照料，而成年女性则自己负责。这种习俗的起源并不完全清楚。据说它起源于关于姚宁的传说——她是李后主宫廷的皇妃。（杨兴梅，罗志田1999, 2）

==缠足的目的 ( The Aim of Foot-binding Practice)==

整个痛苦的仪式旨在确保女性将来嫁给一个好丈夫，从而实现社会晋升。被称为"三寸金莲"（因为绑脚的被称为"三寸金莲"）被认为代表女性的品格和价值，似乎证明了她的内在纪律和忍耐痛苦的能力，显示她适合成为一个好母亲。选择潜在配偶时，不会考虑脚大的女性。小脚成为性感的象征，也是男性的恋物对象。此外，绷带和鞋子本身也成为"黄金莲"的情趣元素。（Li Fajun 2022, 674-678)

==缠足的结束 (The End of Foot-binding Practice)==

在1672年的康熙皇帝和1902年的慈禧太后的敕令下，这种实践受到了限制。然而，这个根深蒂固的传统习俗一直延续到20世纪30年代。直到全国范围内进行了"放足"运动后，才停止了这种实践。尽管如此，在农村地区仍有一段时间束缚着女孩们的脚。即使在今天，仍然有极少数女性保留着"三寸金莲"。 (Błaszczyk, Sikora 2015, 123)

==参考资料 References==

A. Błaszczyk, M. Sikora, Kilka uwag o prawno-społecznym statusie kobiet w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej, „Kobieta w prawie i polityce” 2015, nr 9, s. 233

杨思蒙, 从缠足看宋代以后的大众审美观, 今古文创. 2022(32) Page:46-48

杨兴梅，罗志田，近代中国人对女性小脚美的否定 1999, Page: 2

== 生词 Terms and Experessions==

缠足 - foot-binding

"三寸金莲" - lotus feet

绑 - bind,tie

"放足"运动 - Free-foot Movement

==Questions==

1.中国古代缠足的过程是怎样的？
2. 缠足的习俗源自什么传说？
3、什么是“三寸金莲”？
4. 缠足是哪一年开始禁止的？
=第十二周 Session 12 Jan 25 13:15-14:45 - 鬼怪和辟邪 (Monsters and Exorcism)=
===摘要（Abstract）===
鬼怪在中国文化中扮演着非常重要的角色。人们别无选择，只能寻找各种方法来辟邪他们。
===关键词（Key Words）===
鬼怪，辟邪，文化，恶意，中元节
=== 引言（Introduction） ===
在台湾或中国文化和历史中，有很多关于鬼怪的提及。绝大多数的恶魔生物都对人类怀有恶意。通常鬼怪总想要附身受害者，吞噬他或者给他带来不幸的生活。鬼怪在旧时代的人对世界的看法中有很重要的影响。人们总喜欢用鬼怪来解释不祥现象，不过更有趣是他们发明辟邪的方式。
=== 过年 ===
在中国人的文化有很多提到鬼怪的地方。比如说以前的人们过年的时候做桃符是为了辟开不好的事情，带来家的平安跟好运，还有据说桃木有镇邪驱邪的功效。但是它们很难做，也很贵，并非所有家庭都能负担得起，所以人们开始用纸作的红色春联，现在中国人贴春联在门窗上，作为装饰品，为了给家庭带来幸福和大好运。红色不但表示吉利，而且人们相信红色会帮助辟邪不好的事情。以前在过年的时候人们放鞭炮，目的是赶走山臊，这是一种像猴子一样的怪物。放鞭炮的传统也跟一个叫“年”的怪物有关。每年这个时候这个怪物都会袭击村庄，然后绑架人们的孩子。他们相信这个鬼怪除了鞭炮的响声音什么都不怕。现在人们不再相信鬼怪，但是放鞭炮仍然是华人新年庆祝活动的传统象征。另一个很有趣的是压岁钱的习俗，压岁钱是压制邪祟的钱。人们相信可以贿赂鬼怪，如果他们放钱在孩子床上，有鬼怪来，鬼怪就会只拿钱，不会靠近和伤害孩子，而是自行离开。现在，红包意味家庭成员的繁荣和善意。
=== 插艾草 ===
植物在文化中也发挥了重要的作用。比如说插艾草的习俗。实行这个习俗是为了辟邪和顺便驱蚊子。夏天，尤其是五月，因为天气非常热，所以蚊子很多。以前蚊子带来了很多疾病，医疗不发达，因此古代人们用鬼怪来解释疾病。鬼怪做恶事会影响人们的健康，所以如果人生病，都是鬼怪害的。如果一个人经常生病，他们就认为被鬼怪附体了。因为蚊子不喜欢艾草的味道，插艾草不让蚊子靠近，这样会驱逐蛟虫。现在也有插艾草的习俗，但是没有那么大的附加意义，只是一种习俗。
=== 戴香包 ===
别的一种辟邪鬼怪的方法是戴香包。里面有各种各样的草药，除了艾草，人们还用雄黄和菖蒲的植物，认为这种味道会让鬼怪不靠近。以前的人平常戴香包，妻子送给丈夫（及孩子），希望他平安，比如说他去很远的地方。香包确保辟邪，保护健康。第二个的原因是一般的人不会天天洗澡，所以他们味道真不好，戴香包让味道变得更好。人们感觉非常不方便，所以这是以前的常见的作法。
=== 喝午时水 ===
古代人认为从井拿水来喝是最好的水因为能祛除百病。于是，喝午时水的习俗就产生了。这个习俗跟华人道教和阴阳有关系。夏天来了，太阳表示阳。人类的时间是阳，鬼怪的时间是阴。不同的地方可能被阳气或阴气影响。对古代人来说不能去墓园散步因为在那里阴气很大。如果阳气比较多，鬼怪不会来，身体会健康。如果阴气比较多，一定会发生不好的事情或带来疾病。端午节是一年之中白天最长，晚上最短的时间，阳气最重的，所以从井喝午时水去除不好的影响，让人健康和辟邪鬼怪。
=== 中元节 ===
中元节跟道教有关，是超度亡灵的节日。普渡是农历七月十五号，传统上七月是鬼月。中元节不同的是祭拜的对象是鬼，不是神。祭拜灵鬼的原因是让过世的人去他们应该去的地方，超度他们。佛教认为每个人都一样，都可以接受这种普渡。在华人的观点，吃饱非常重要。饿鬼对人类一定会做不好的事情。饿鬼吃饱满足以后就会很开心，对给他们吃的主家不会做不好的事情。普渡的目的就是超度亡灵，祈求平安。现在普渡只是个习俗，没有人真的相信。
=== 结论 Conclusion ===
在过去，当人们遇到不好的事情时，他们常常责怪鬼怪。在医学还不够发达的时代，人们在寻找解决办法来解释没有明显答案的事情。驱邪的方法多种多样，从放鞭炮到在窗户上挂气味浓烈的植物，现在对现代人来说似乎很遥远的事情对古代人来说却有道理和深刻的意义。
=== 参考资料 References ===
Zwoliński A. Satanizm. Polskie Wydawnictwo Encyklopedyczne Polwen, 2007.

Eliade M. Aspekty mitu. Wydawnictwo KR, Warszawa 1998.

Pimpaaneau J., Chine. Culture et traditions, Chiny, kultura i tradycje. Tłum. I. Kałużyńska, Dialog , Warszawa, 2000.

Wasiliew L ., Kulty religie i tradycje Chin, przekł. A . Bogdański, PIW, Warszawa 1974.

== 问题 (Questions) ==
1. 为什么人们想出各种方法来消灭蚊子？
2. 蚊子害怕什么气味？
3. 为什么人们要在中午喝井里的水？
4. 中元节是什么时候？

=第十三周 Session 13 Feb 1 11:30-13:00 - 中医植物 (Herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine)=
=== 摘要（Abstract）===
本文是关于中药的，植物在中药中起着非常重要的作用。尽管现代医学已经发展出许多先进的治疗方法，但中药植物仍在许多地方广泛使用，并在一些领域得到了科学研究的支持。本章选取了几种常见的中药植物，并对它们的用途进行了说明。
=== 关键词（Key Words）===
中医植物，中医，中医学，中药，药物，传统医药学
=== 引言（Introduction）===
中药是在中医理论指导下应用的药物。由于其来源包括植物、动物和矿物，椬物类药比例最多，使用也最普遍。中药涵义广泛，主要分为中药材（中草药和中药饮片）和中药制剂，包含传统临床制剂（丸、散、膏、丹、汤等）、中成药、供配伍用中药颗粒等。中药传统称为本草、生药等。目前，日韩等地仍称中药为汉药或汉方药。
=== 植物 —— 发展 (Plants - Development) ===
中医学是中国传统医学的重要组成部分，其中植物在中医疗法中扮演着重要的角色。中医植物指的是用于中医治疗的各种植物材料，包括根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子等。中医将人体看成是形、神、气的统一体，并且按照这一理念进行治疗，这是其与西医的一个重要区别。这种治疗方法已在中国使用了数千年。在药物之中，药草类（药用的植物）占绝大多数，人类在寻找食物的同时，发现了许多具有治疗作用的植物。各味药多遵循中医药理论组成各种方剂来应用和验证，加以总结，逐渐形成中国的传统医药学，也同时形成中国对药用植物使用的特点和优势。

中医学是中国传统医学的重要组成部分，其中植物在中医疗法中扮演着重要的角色。中医植物指的是用于中医治疗的各种植物材料，包括根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子等。中医将人体看成是形、神、气的统一体，并且按照这一理念进行治疗，这是其与西医的一个重要区别。这种治疗方法已在中国使用了数千年。药物之中因草类（药用植物 <---去掉“的” Świeboda）占绝大多数，人类在寻找食物的同时，发现了许多具有治疗作用的植物。各味药多遵循中医药理论组成各种方剂来应用和验证，加以总结，逐渐形成中国的传统医药学，也同时形成中国对药用植物使用的特点和优势。

=== 植物 —— 化合物 (Plants - Compounds) ===
所有植物都产生化学化合物，这些化合物具有进化优势。这些植物化学物质具有作为药物的潜力，如科学证实，这些物质在药用植物中的含量和已知的药理活性是它们在现代医学中使用的科学依据。例如，水仙（Narcissus）含有九组生物碱，包括加兰他敏，许可用于治疗阿尔茨海默症，此外，生物碱是苦味和有毒的，并且浓缩在植物的部分，例如最容易被食草动物吃掉的茎，它们也可以防止寄生虫。虽然现代医学已经发展了许多先进的治疗方法，但中医植物在许多地方仍然被广泛使用，并且在一些领域中得到了科学研究的支持。

所有植物都产生化学化合物，这些化合物具有进化优势。这些植物化学物质具有作为药物的潜力，如果科学证实，这些物质在药用植物中的含量和已知的药理活性是他们（它们 Świeboda）在现代医学中使用的科学依据。例如，水仙（Narcissus）含有九组生物碱，包括加兰他敏，许可用于治疗阿尔茨海默症，再加上，生物碱是苦味和有毒的，并且浓缩在植物的部分，例如最容易被食草动物吃掉的茎，他们（它们）也可以防止寄生虫。虽然现代医学已经发展了许多先进的治疗方法，但中医植物在许多地方仍然被广泛使用，并且在一些领域中得到了科学研究的支持。

=== 植物 —— 使用（例子) (Plants - use (examples)) ===
与西方一样，也有许多标准混合物和药物可供使用。以下是一些常见的中医植物及其应用：

1. 人参（Panax ginseng）：人参是最著名的中药之一，被用于提高体力、增强免疫力、改善记忆和注意力等方面。

2. 田七（Panax notoginseng）：田七具有活血化瘀、止血、消肿等功效，常用于中医治疗创伤、出血以及心脑血管疾病等。

3. 黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus）：黄芪被广泛应用于中医药领域，具有补气、提升免疫力、益气补阳的作用, 改善疲劳等功效。

4. 当归（Angelica sinensis）：当归常用于妇科疾病的治疗，如调理月经、缓解经痛等，也常用于补血、活血的方剂中。

5. 丹参（Salvia miltiorrhiza）：丹参具有活血化瘀、消肿止痛等作用，常用于中医治疗心脑血管疾病、炎症等。

6. 五味子（Schisandra chinensis）：五味子被用作中药调剂剂型的重要成分，常用于增强肝脏功能、改善睡眠和抗衰老。

7. 党参（Codonopsis pilosula）：党参具有益气健脾、提升免疫力等功效，常用于中医治疗脾胃虚弱、疲劳等症状。

8. 白芍（Alba peony）：白芍具有活血化瘀、调经止痛的作用，常被用于妇科问题和痛经的治疗。

=== 结论（Conclusion）===
这只是一小部分现代中医常用的植物，还有许多其他植物在中医实践中被广泛应用。重要的是要理解，中医植物的使用需要经过专业的中医医生的指导和判断，以确保安全和有效性。在考虑使用中医植物进行治疗时，建议咨询专业的中医医生。

这只是一小部分现代中医常用的植物，还有许多其他植物在中医（应该是“在中医中” Świeboda）实践中被广泛应用。重要的是要理解，中医植物的使用需要经过专业的中医医生的指导和判断，以确保安全和有效性。在考虑使用中医植物进行治疗时，建议咨询专业的中医医生。

=== 参考资料（References）===

Kierzkowski, K. Poszukiwanie nowych sposobów leczenia wobec zagrożeń cywilizacyjnych. O współczesnej wartości tradycyjnej medycyny chińskiej.

Park, H. Tradycyjna medycyna chińska: wiosenne przebudzenie.

Fibich, K. (2012). Tradycyjna Medycyna Chińska oczami Europejczyków. Studium recepcji nowości kulturowych.

Hong Kong Baptist University 2022, Medicinal Plant Database URL: https://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/outline?lang=ch&page=2&channelid=1288&ispage=yes&trslc=50332160.1688399549.1

=== 问题 (Questions) ===
1. 中药涵义广泛是什么？

2. 中医是如何治疗人体的？

3. 哪种植物被批准用于治疗阿尔茨海默病？

4. 白芍是用来做什么的？
=第十三周 Session 13 Feb 1 11:30-13:00 - 广东的文化饮食习惯：广东人为何爱吃野味？ The tradition of eating wild animals in Guangdong=

===摘要 (Abstract)===

食用野生动物是广州传统饮食文化的重要组成部分。本文分析了导致这一习俗普及的文化和社会因素。

===引言 (Introduction)===

传统饮食习俗是广州文化遗产的重要组成部分，这一被称为“美食之地”的南方省份的美食闻名于全国。广州烹饪传统的一个重要元素是野生动物的肉。然而，随着人们逐渐意识到食用野生动物的危害，广东人对野味的喜爱引起了很大争议。本文将探讨野味在广东流行的文化和社会原因。

===传统中医药文化 (The Culture of Traditional Chinese Medicine)===

在许多亚洲社会，特别是在偏远贫困的农村地区，中国传统医学的理论与实践仍然是日常生活中不可或缺的一部分（周珺 2013）。中医的坚定支持者认为可以通过人的内力和中草药、补品等来平衡人体健康。许多种治疗方法采用活的与死的野生动物，包含稀有濒危动植物的成分。中医在广州地区的广泛流行与其热带气候紧密相关。在炎热潮湿的气候下，极易传播疾病，过去生活比在其它地方更不容易。因此，土生的广东人惯于通过传统药物和食物来调节人体健康，治疗及预防疾病，包括有野生动物制成的药物（宋雪梅 2004）。

===野味有营养价值的误解 (Misconceptions about the nutritional value of wild animals)===

许多野味爱好者认为，野生动物的肉是一种对身体更加健康、更加有营养的养殖动物肉的代替。不过，这个观点至今尚未得到证实。与此相反，专家们称，目前尚无证据表明野味比饲料喂养的肉类动物更有营养或滋补功效。华南理工大学食品学院教授、博士生导师郑健仙认为，“野味并不像想象中那么神秘，它也只是一种动物性食品，营养含量无非是蛋白质、脂肪等，在营养上并不比普通的饲养动物更有优势。” （宋雪梅 2004）几项研究证实了几乎所有的野生动物都携带大量寄生虫与病毒，这是众所周知的事实。当野物肉一进入人体，就会易引发各类严重疾病，甚至可导致死亡。为了保住肉的鲜美和营养，不少广东人爱吃半生不熟的，有些做法甚至就是生吃，其结果是将微生物、病毒和寄生虫都引入体内（中历史网 2018）。

半部分还是宋雪梅说的吧？需要补充
黄旭明

===展示高地和财富 (Showing high position and wealth)===

专家们认为，在广州食野味逐渐成为人们摆阔的方式之一。吃野肉，请别人吃野肉都是公开展示财富和高地位的一种常用方法。以前广东地区曾经很贫困，当地百姓只能 “逮到什么吃什么”。随着社会经济的迅速发展和科学技术的全面进步，野生动物的肉在人们的意识中成为了高档的美味。省社科院经济学专家刘毅称道，“野味在过去可能并不值钱，但因为吃的人多了，加上生态环境受到严重破坏，野味变得越来越贵，最初人们可能比较重视它的滋补效果和口感，到后来，它开始成为人们显阔的方式之一。（宋雪梅 2004）” 除了以上的传统文化的因素以外，几位记者的调查显示，提供野味菜肴的政府宴会是常见的。在公务接待中，不乏有政府部门知法犯法，请人吃禾花雀、穿山甲等野生动物的行为（周珺 2013）。

语法出了一些问题（...素以外，几位记者的调查，提供野...）
黄旭明

===结论 (Conclusion)===

吃野生动物深深植根于广州文化中，而伴随着文化的进化，变成为一种保持健康，显示身份的方式。人们对野肉的营养和健康特性的误解尤其在农村地区是很普遍的。农村人主要依靠中医治愈疾病，他们认为以野生动物肉可以治疗许多疾病和健康问题。此外，在过去的几十年里，野生动物的肉已经成为了一种奢侈的食品，可以用来展示一个人的社会地位和财富。上述例子表明，野味在广东的流行主要是由文化因素和社会对潜在的损害和威胁的认识不足所决定的。

===参考资料 (References)===

宋雪梅 2004. 探源：广东人为何嗜吃野味专家学者众说纷纭 [online] https://www.chinanews.com.cn/n/2004-01-07/26/389066.html

周珺 2013. 专家称吃野味成为人们显身份摆阔方式之一 [online] https://news.jxnews.com.cn/system/2013/02/09/012286286.shtml

中历史网 2018. 广东人为什么爱吃野味？[online] https://www.y5000.com/shbt/dcsh/28025.html

===关键词 (Key words)===

野味，中医，广东，饮食文化

===生词 (Terms and Expressions)===

野味 bush meat
稀有濒危动植物 rare and endangered animals and plants
显阔 show off wealth and status
寄生虫 parasites

===问题 (Questions)===

1.对传统中医来说，怎样可以平衡人体健康？
2.根据目前的科学知识，野生动物肉比养殖动物肉对身体更有营养吗？
3.吃野味对身体有什么危害？
4.为什么野味成为了奢侈的食品？

=第十四周 Session 14 Feb 8 11:30-13:00 - Free Choice of Topics=
=第十五周 Session 15 Feb 15 11:30-13:00 - Final Paper=
[[20230215_final_paper_culture]]

=Syllabus=
<p class="s2">Educational subject description sheet</p>
<h1>Basic information</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Field of study</p>
<p class="s4">Sinologia</p>
<p class="s3">Speciality</p>
<p class="s4">-</p>
<p class="s3">Department</p>
<p class="s4">Faculty of Modern Languages and Literatures</p>
<p class="s3">Study level</p>
<p class="s4">Second-cycle programme</p>
<p class="s3">Study form</p>
<p class="s4">Full-time</p>
<p class="s3">Education proﬁle</p>
<p class="s4">General academic</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Didactic cycle</p>
<p class="s4">2023/24</p>
<p class="s3">Subject code</p>
<p class="s4">09SNLS.23K.03201.23</p>
<p class="s3">Lecture languages</p>
<p class="s4">Chinese</p>
<p class="s3">Mandatory</p>
<p class="s4">Obligatory</p>
<p class="s3">Block</p>
<p class="s4">Major subjects</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Subject coordinator</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Hsiu-Ting Yu</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Lecturer</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Hsiu-Ting Yu</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Period</h2>
<p>Semester 1</p>
<h2>Activities and hours</h2>
<p>• Conversatory classes: 30, Graded credit</p>
<h2>Number of</h2>
<h2>ECTS points</h2>
<p><span><img
src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_002.png"
width="681" height="55"></span><br>
2<br>
<span><img src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_003.png"
width="681" height="55"></span></p>
<h2>Period</h2>
<p>Semester 2</p>
<h2>Activities and hours</h2>
<p>• Conversatory classes: 30, Exam</p>
<h2>Number of</h2>
<h2>ECTS points</h2>
<p>3<br>
<span><img src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_004.png"
width="682" height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">1 / 6</p>
<h1>Goals</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Code</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Goal</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">C1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Presentation and discussion on selected topics
in the ﬁeld of traditional Chinese culture, art and
theater - from the Zhou Dynasty to the end of the Qing
Dynasty - in relation to the phenomena in contemporary
Chinese culture, art and theater.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">C2</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Developing the ability to independently read
and analyse selected texts, understand discussed issues,
deepen individual knowledge and compare distant phenomena
in time.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Entry requirements</h1>
<p><span><img
src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_005.png"
width="6" height="5"></span><br>
Completed courses in the history of China and the history of
Chinese literature.<br>
<span><img src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_006.png"
width="6" height="5"></span><br>
Fluent reading comprehension of Chinese texts at the B2 level of
the Common European Framework of Reference for<br>
Languages.</p>
<h1>Subject's learning outcomes</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Code</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Outcomes in terms of</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Learning outcomes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Examination methods</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Knowledge – Student:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">has knowledge of selected aspects of Chinese
culture, art, theater, drama and aesthetics</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W02</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written exam, Written colloquium, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">W2</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">recognizes connections between culture, art,
theater and drama of ancient and present China</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W02, SNL_K2_W08</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written exam, Written colloquium, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">W3</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">understands the idea of continuity of
tradition and its modern interpretations and continuations</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W08</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written exam, Written colloquium, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Skills – Student:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">U1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">performs critical analyzes of cultural texts
in Chinese</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_U02</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written exam, Written colloquium, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">U2</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">participates in discussions on topics related
to Chinese culture, presents own views and correctly
arguing</p>
<p class="s4">them</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_U06</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written exam, Written colloquium, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Social competences – Student:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">understands the meaning of high culture and
the need to promote the development of international
cultural exchange</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_K05, SNL_K2_K08</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written exam, Written colloquium, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Study content</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">No.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Course content</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Subject's learning outcomes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">1.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Categories of time and space in ancient
Chinese culture</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><span><img
src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_007.png"
width="682" height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">2 / 6</p>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">2.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Traditional Chinese painting and its
contemporary continuations</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">3.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Traditional Chinese calligraphy and modern
calligraphy</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">4.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Aesthetics of Chinese traditional poetry</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">5.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Aesthetics of Chinese traditional musical
theater and its reference in avant-garde drama</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">6.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Space, line and theatricality in ancient
Chinese garden art and modern shaping of the urban
landscape</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">7.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Stylization, conventionality and symbolism in
traditional Chinese culture</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">8.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Aesthetization and celebration of everyday
life in ancient China and today</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Course advanced</h1>
<h2>Semester 1</h2>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Teaching and learning methods and activities</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversation lecture, Discussion, Work with
text, Audio and/or video demonstrations</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Credit conditions</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Attendance at classes is mandatory. The ﬁrst
semester of the course is passed on the basis of a written
test.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Semester 2</h2>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Teaching and learning methods and activities</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversation lecture, Discussion, Work with
text, Audio and/or video demonstrations</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Credit conditions</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The second semester of the course is passed on
the basis of preparation of a multimedia presentation and
a written exam.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><span><img
src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_008.png"
width="682" height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">3 / 6</p>
<h1>Literature</h1>
<h2>Obligatory</h2>
<p>1. Chinese texts on culture, ﬁne arts and aesthetics are provided
during classes by the teacher.</p>
<h2>Optional</h2>
<p>1.<br>
2.<br>
3.<br>
4.<br>
5.<br>
6.<br>
7.<br>
8.<br>
9.<br>
10.<br>
11.<br>
12.<br>
13.<br>
14.<br>
15.<br>
16.<br>
Witold Rodziński, Historia Chin, Wrocław 1974 – rozdziały
poświęcone kulturze, literaturze, nauce chińskiej od dyn. Zhou do
Qing.<br>
John King Fairbank, Historia Chin. Nowe spojrzenie, Gdańsk 1996.
Patricia Buckley Ebrey , Ilustrowana historia Chin, Warszawa 2002.<br>
Laurence Sickman, Aleksander Soper, Sztuka i architektura w
Chinach, Warszawa 1984. Craig Clunas, Art In China, Oxford 1997.<br>
5000 lat sztuki chińskiej [album], Warszawa 2014.<br>
Adina Zemanek (red.), Estetyka chińska . Antologia, Kraków 2007,
Universitas. JeeLoo Liu, Wprowadzenie do ﬁlozoﬁi chińskiej, Kraków
2010.<br>
Hajime Nakamura, Systemy myślenia ludów Wschodu, Kraków 2003.
Benjamin I. Schwartz, Starożytna myśl chińska, Kraków 2009.<br>
Livia Kohn, Taoizm. Wprowadzenie, Kraków 2012.<br>
Xinzhong Yao, Konfucjanizm. Wprowadzenie, Kraków 2000. Francois
Jullien, Drogą okrężną i wprost do celu, Kraków 2006. Francois
Jullien, Pochwała nieokreśloności, Kraków 2006.<br>
William Dolby, A History of Chinese Drama, London 1976, Paul Elek.<br>
Izabella Łabędzka, Obrzędowy teatr Dalekiego Wschodu, Poznań 1999,
Wyd. UAM.</p>
<h1>Calculation of ECTS points</h1>
<h2>Semester 1</h2>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activity form</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activity hours*</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">30</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation for classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">10</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Reading the indicated literature</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">10</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation for the assessment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">10</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Student workload</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Hours</p>
<p class="s4">60</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Number of ECTS points</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">ECTS</p>
<p class="s4">2</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>* hour means 45 minutes</p>
<h2>Semester 2</h2>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activity form</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activity hours*</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">30</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation for classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">10</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><span><img
src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_009.png"
width="682" height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">4 / 6</p>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Reading the indicated literature</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">20</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation of a multimedia presentation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">15</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation for the exam</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">15</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Student workload</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Hours</p>
<p class="s4">90</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Number of ECTS points</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">ECTS</p>
<p class="s4">3</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>* hour means 45 minutes<br>
<span><img src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_010.png"
width="682" height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">5 / 6</p>
<h1>Learning outcomes</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Code</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Content</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_K05</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate is ready to aktywnego działania w
społecznościach wielokulturowych i międzynarodowych na
rzecz rozwoju wymiany kulturalnej w interesie publicznym w
stopniu zaawansowanym.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_K08</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate is ready to doceniania dorobku
sinologii w zakresie zachowania dziedzictwa kulturowego
Azji</p>
<p class="s4">Wschodniej i uczestnictwo w działaniach na
rzecz jego rozwoju.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_U02</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate can dobierać odpowiednie źródła i
udostępniane przez nie informacje, dokonywać ich oceny,
krytycznej analizy, syntezy i wykorzystywać w optymalny
sposób.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_U06</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate can komunikować się w języku
chińskim na tematy specjalistyczne ze zróżnicowanymi
kręgami odbiorców przy użyciu różnych kanałów i technik
komunikacyjnych.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W02</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate knows and understands w
pogłębionym stopniu wybrane fakty, pojęcia i kluczowe
zagadnienia z językoznawstwa, literaturoznawstwa i badań
interdyscyplinarnych w obszarze sinologii.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W08</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate knows and understands w
pogłębionym stopniu fundamentalne dylematy i wyzwania
współczesnej cywilizacji związane z językami, literaturą i
kulturą Azji Wschodniej.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Journey to the West

2023-11-30T22:37:55Z

Wei Yuxin:

==The original text of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms"'==

Full text: [http://www.purepen.com/xyj/index.htm]

Title: 西游记（The Journey to the West)

Author: 吴承恩 (Wu Cheng’en)

==第二回悟彻菩提真妙理断魔归本合元神==
Below are listed explanations of some of the words:

1. 闪——这里作撇下解释
2. 三界——佛教术语：认为一般的人生死往来的世界，分为三界：欲界（包括所谓的地狱在内），色界，
无色界。此处即指人间世界。
3. 绰——就是用手抄、抓、提。指不费力地、轻巧地弄到或捉走而言
4. 抬鼓弄——许多人把一个人抬起来让他翻倒叫抬鼓弄。

Context: Sun Wukong has already learned how to use the cloud to fly and 72 transformations from his master. However master chased him away, he then goes back to find that his subjects were bullied by evil wizard, he goes on to defeat him.

==Aleksandra Urbańska==
一日，春归夏至，大众都在松树下会讲多时。大众道：“悟空，你是那世修来的缘法？前日老师父附耳低言，传与你的躲三灾变化之法，可都会么？”
悟空笑道：“不瞒诸兄长说，一则是师父传授，二来也是我昼夜殷勤，那几般儿都会了。”
大众道：“趁此良时，你试演演，让我等看看。” 悟空闻说，抖擞精神，卖弄手段道：“众师兄请出个题目。要我变化甚么？”
==Anna Proskura==
大众道：“就变棵松树罢。”悟空捻着诀，念动咒语，摇身一变，就变做一棵松树。
真个是：郁郁含烟贯四时，凌云直上秀贞姿。全无一点妖猴像，尽是经霜耐雪枝。
大众见了，鼓掌呵呵大笑。都道：“好猴儿！好猴儿！”不觉的嚷闹，惊动了祖师。
祖师急拽杖出门来问道：“是何人在此喧哗？”大众闻呼，慌忙检束，整衣向前。
悟空也现了本相，杂在丛中道：“启上尊师，我等在此会讲，更无外姓喧哗。”

The crowd told Sun Wukong to turn into a pine tree. Sun Wukong made a magical movement with his hands, recited the spell, turned into a pine tree, and there was nothing left of the image of a demonic monkey. When the audience saw this, they applauded and laughed because they all liked his transformation. Their noise disturbed the Patriarch, who came out with a staff in his hands. He was angry and asked who was making the noise. Wukong replied that they were having a discussion here and were not making noise.

==Asia Zawada==
祖师怒喝道：“你等大呼小叫，全不像个修行的体段！修行的人，口开神气散，舌动是非生。如何在此嚷笑？”
大众道：“不敢瞒师父，适才孙悟空演变化耍子。教他变棵松树，果然是棵松树，弟子们俱称扬喝采，故高声惊冒尊师，望乞恕罪。”
祖师道：“你等起去。”
叫： “悟空，过来！我问你弄甚么精神，变甚么松树？这个工夫，可好在人前卖弄？
假如你见别人有，不要求他？别人见你有，必然求你。你若畏祸，却要传他；若不传他，必然加害：你之性命又不可保。”
The Master accused a crowd of not actually cultivating their body because they are more focused on speaking, and from that both right and wrong things can be born. They defend themselves that it was just them reacting to the trick of the Monkey King, but in the end beg for forgiveness. The Master decides to speak to the Monkey King and reprimand him that showing off before others can cause onlookers to seek those kind of powers and in the end they might even harm the Monkey King.

==Ada Dan==
悟空叩头道：“只望师父恕罪！”祖师道：“我也不罪你，但只是你去罢。”悟空闻此言，满眼堕泪道：“师父，教我往那里去？”
祖师道：“你从那里来，便从那里去就是了。”悟空顿然醒悟道：“我自东胜神洲傲来国花果山水帘洞来的。”
祖师道：“你快回去，全你性命；若在此间，断然不可！”
悟空领罪，“上告尊师：我也离家有二十年矣，虽是回顾旧日儿孙，但念师父厚恩未报，不敢去。”祖师道：“那里甚么恩义？你只不惹祸不牵带我就罢了！”

Wukong kowtows and begs for forgiveness. The Master orders him to leave. The Monkey King starts crying and refuses to go, but the Master insists and orders him not to make any more trouble.

==Edyta Skorupa==
悟空见没奈何，只得拜辞，与众相别。祖师道：“你这去，定生不良。凭你怎么惹祸行凶，却不许说是我的徒弟。你说出半个字来、我就知之，把你这猢狲剥皮锉骨，将神魂贬在九幽之处，教你万劫不得翻身！”悟空道： “决不敢提起师父一字，只说是我自家会的便罢。”
悟空谢了。即抽身，捻着诀，丢个连扯，纵起筋斗云，径回东胜。
那里消一个时辰，早看见花果山水帘洞。美猴王自知快乐，暗暗的自称道： “去时凡骨凡胎重，得道身轻体亦轻。举世无人肯立志，立志修玄玄自明。
当时过海波难进，今日回来甚易行。
==Ewa Kopania==
别语叮咛还在耳，何期顷刻见东溟。” 悟空按下云头，直至花果山。找路而走，忽听得鹤唳猿啼，鹤唳声冲霄汉外，猿啼悲切甚伤情。
即开口叫道：“孩儿们，我来了也！”那崖下石坎边，花草中，树木里，若大若小之猴，跳出千千万万，把个美猴王围在当中，叩头叫道：“大王，你好宽心！怎么一去许久？把我们俱闪(1)在这里，望你诚如饥渴！近来被一妖魔在此欺虐，强要占我们水帘洞府，是我等舍死忘生，与他争斗。这些时，被那厮抢了我们家火，捉了许多子侄，教我们昼夜无眠，看守家业。幸得大王来了！大王若再年载不来，我等连山洞尽属他(1)闪——这里作撇下解释。人矣！”
==Gabriela Krukowska==
悟空闻说，心中大怒道：“是甚么妖魔，辄敢无状！你且细细说来，待我寻他报仇。”众猴叩头：“告上大王，那厮自称混世魔王，住居在直北下。”悟空道：“此间到他那里，有多少路程？”众猴道：“他来时云，去时雾，或风或雨，或电或雷，我等不知有多少路。”悟空道：“既如此，你们休怕，且自顽耍，等我寻他去来！” 好猴王，将身一纵，跳起去，一路筋斗，直至北下观看，见一座高山，真是十分崄峻。好山：笔峰挺立，曲涧深沉。笔峰挺立透空霄，曲涧深沉通地户。两崖花木争奇，几处松篁斗翠。
Sun Wukong was furious and said, "Who is this demon? What an insolence! Tell me about him in detail, and I will seek revenge on him." The monkey host kowtowed and said, "Your Majesty, that man calls himself the King of Demons, and he lives in the North." Sun Wukong asked, "How far is it from here to him?" The monkey host said, "He comes in the clouds and goes in the fog with wind and rain, or lightining and thunder, so we don't know how far it is." Sun Wukong said, "In that case, don't be afraid, just play around and wait for me to find him!" The majestic Monkey King jumped up into the air, when he somersaulted to the North, he saw a high and steep mountain. A fine mountain: the peaks are standing upright, and the deep curved streams. The peaks of the mountain stand out and penetrate into the sky, while the curving streams are deep and open the underworld. The two cliffs of flowers and trees compete on beauty, in other places pine trees and bamboo fight on greenness.

==Julia Dereżyńska==
左边龙，熟熟驯驯；右边虎，平平伏伏。每见铁牛耕，常有金钱种。幽禽睍睆声，丹凤朝阳立。石磷磷，波净净，古怪跷蹊真恶狞。世上名山无数多，花开花谢蘩还众。争如此景永长存，八节四时浑不动。诚为三界(2)坎源山，滋养五行水脏洞！美猴王正默观看景致，只听得有人言语。径自下山寻觅，原来那陡崖之前，乃是那水脏洞。洞门外有几个小妖跳舞，见了悟空就走。
==Karolina Englert==
悟空道：“休走！借你口中言，传我心内事。我乃正南方花果山水帘洞洞主。你家甚么混世鸟魔，屡次欺我儿孙，我特寻来，要与他见个上下！”那小妖听说，疾忙跑入洞里，报道，“大王！祸事了！”魔王道：“有甚祸事？”小妖道：“洞外有猴头称为花果山水帘洞洞主。他说你屡次欺他儿孙，特来寻你，见个上下哩。”魔王笑道：“我常闻得那些猴精说他有个大王，出家修行去，想是今番来了。你们见他怎生打扮，有甚器械？”
Wu Kong, the Cave Master of Waterfall Cave on Mount Huaguo, confronts the Devil King, accusing him of mistreating his descendants. Wu Kong wants to convey his grievances and challenges the Devil King to face him. A little demon informs the Devil King about Wu Kong's arrival, describing the monkey's claim and the reason for his visit. The Devil King, aware of the monkey spirits' tales, is amused and inquires about Wu Kong's appearance and armor.

==Lena Rzeźnikowska==
小妖道：“他也没甚么器械，光着个头，穿一领红色衣，勒一条黄丝绦，足下踏一对乌靴，不僧不俗，又不像道士神仙，赤手空拳，在门外叫哩。”魔王闻说：“取我披挂兵器来！” 那小妖即时取出。那魔王穿了甲胄，绰(3)刀在手，与众妖出得门来，即高声叫道：“那个是水帘洞洞主？”悟空急睁睛观看，只见那魔王：头戴乌金盔，映日光明；身挂皂罗袍，迎风飘荡。下穿着黑铁甲，紧勒皮条；足踏着花褶靴，雄如上将。A mysterious figure, referred to as "小妖" (Little Demon), provides a description of another character, the "魔王" (Demon King). The Demon King appears without any weapons, wearing only a red robe with a yellow silk cord, and unconventional footwear. Upon hearing this, the Demon King commands the retrieval of his armor and weapons. After donning the armor and wielding a broadsword, the Demon King, accompanied by other demons, emerges and inquires about the master of the Water Curtain Cave. The protagonist, 悟空 (Wukong), observes the Demon King's impressive appearance, adorned with a black helmet, flowing black robe, iron armor, and distinctive boots, giving him the aura of a formidable general.

==Malwina Filipowicz==
腰广十围，身高三丈。手执一口刀，锋刃多明亮。称为混世魔，磊落凶模样。猴王喝道：“这泼魔这般眼大，看不见老孙！”魔王见了，笑道：“你身不满四尺，年不过三旬，手内又无兵器，怎么大胆猖狂，要寻我见甚么上下？”悟空骂道：“你这泼魔，原来没眼！你量我小，要大却也不难。你量我无兵器，我两只手彀着天边月哩！你不要怕，只吃老孙一拳！”纵一纵，跳上去，劈脸就打。那魔王伸手架住道：“你这般矬矮，我这般高长，你要使拳，我要使刀，使刀就杀了你，也吃人笑，待我放下刀，与你使路拳看。”悟空道：“说得是。好汉子！走来！”
==Natalia Gloc==
那魔王丢开架子便打，这悟空钻进去相撞相迎。他两个拳捶脚踢，一冲一撞。原来长拳空大，短簇坚牢。那魔王被悟空掏短胁，撞丫裆，几下筋节，把他打重了。他闪过，拿起那板大的钢刀，望悟空劈头就砍。悟空急撤身，他砍了一个空。悟空见他凶猛，即使身外身法，拔一把毫毛，丢在口中嚼碎，望空喷去，叫一声“变！”即变做三二百个小猴，周围攒簇。
==Paweł Andraszak==
原来人得仙体，出神变化无方。不知这猴王自从了道之后，身上有八万四千毛羽，根根能变，应物随心。那些小猴，眼乖会跳，刀来砍不着，枪去不能伤。你看他前踊后跃，钻上去，把个魔王围绕，抱的抱，扯的扯，钻裆的钻裆，扳脚的扳脚，踢打挦毛，抠眼睛，捻鼻子，抬鼓弄(4) ,直打做一个攒盘。这悟空才去夺得他的刀来，分开小猴，照顶门一下，砍为两段。领众杀进洞中，将那大小妖精，尽皆剿灭。却把毫毛一抖，收上身来。
==Sandra Piechowiak==
又见那收不上身者，却是那魔王在水帘洞擒去的小猴，悟空道：“汝等何为到此?” 约有三五十个，都含泪道：“我等因大王修仙去后，这两年被他争吵，把我们都摄将来，那不是我们洞中的家火？石盆、石碗都被这厮拿来也。”悟空道：“既是我们的家火，你们都搬出外去。”随即洞里放起火来，把那水脏洞烧得枯干，尽归了一体。对众道：“汝等跟我回去。”

Sun Wukong asked the monkeys how they had got there, and they replied that after Sun Wukong went to become immortal the demon king started fighting with them and brought them to the cave by force. They said everything in there was stolen. Sun Wukong told them to take the stolen things out, set fire to the cave, and then told them to come back with him.

==Wiktoria Wolny==
众猴道：“大王，我们来时，只听得耳边风响，虚飘飘到于此地，更不识路径，今怎得回乡？”悟空道：“这是他弄的个术法儿，有何难也！我如今一窍通，百窍通，我也会弄。你们都合了眼，休怕！” 好猴王，念声咒语，驾阵狂风，云头落下。叫：“孩儿们，睁眼。”众猴脚实地，认得是家乡，个个欢喜，都奔洞门旧路。那在洞众猴，都一齐簇拥同入，分班序齿，礼拜猴王。

The monkeys asked how they are ever going to get back to their homeland, because they don't know the way. The Monkey King replied that they had nothing to worry about as he also knew the spell, so he ordered the monkeys to close their eyes and proceeded to recite the spell. When he spoke to the monkeys again, ordering them to open their eyes, their feet were already on the ground. And when the monkeys recognized that it was their home, excited and overjoyed they ran to the cave and paid their respects and thanks to the Monkey King.

==Zyta Rydz==
安排酒果，接风贺喜，启问降魔救子之事。悟空备细言了一遍，众猴称扬不尽道：“大王去到那方，不意学得这般手段！”悟空又道：“我当年别汝等，随波逐流，飘过东洋大海，径至南赡部洲，学成人像，着此衣，穿此履，摆摆摇摇，云游了八九年馀，更不曾有道；又渡西洋大海，到西牛贺洲地界，访问多时，幸遇一老祖，传了我与天同寿的真功果，不死长生的大法门。“

Everybody wanted to know how Sun Wukong defeated the demon king and saved children. After that the monkeys were surprised and praised him. They asked him where he learned that. He explained that after he left them, he went to Jambu Continent, where he had spent 8/9 years and learned taking human form. Later he went to the Continent of Cattle, where he met an Immortal, who have taught him everything.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms

2023-11-30T22:07:18Z

Wei Yuxin:

==The original text of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms"'==

Full text: [http://www.purepen.com/sgyy/]

Title: 三国演义（Romance of the Three Kingdoms)

Author: 罗贯中 (Luo Guanzhong)

'''Link to the presentation''': [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1cqpeCpqAUlaEfSZ5mesNEDOy48oNfTC7/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=111274360681988563100&rtpof=true&sd=true]

What is this novel mainly about [https://www.europeanguanxi.com/post/the-romance-of-the-three-kingdoms-an-introduction]

In 168 A.D, the imperial court of the Han dynasty was dominated by corrupt eunuchs, which kept the emperor from exerting real power. This brought an unprecedented famine until 184 A.D, when a daoist cult led by three brothers, Zhang Jiao, Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang, had claimed that the house of Han lost their right to rule (known as the Mandate of Heaven 天命). They later staged an uprising which famously became known as the Yellow Turban Rebellion. The imperial armies sent to quell the rebellion were soon brought to their knees, so the court was forced to seek the aid of local warlords. Despite their ultimate failure, the Yellow Turbans highlighted a major flaw in the government: as warlords were growing stronger, central power was becoming weaker. In 189 A.D, the emperor died and left only two child heirs. Factions were created in support of each of the heirs and thus internal turmoil sparked at the palace, with many losing their heads or being forced into exile. At the end, in the capital Luoyang, a cruel warlord named Dong Zhuo 董卓, aided by the strongest warrior, Lü Bu 吕布, managed to take hold of power and placed the puppet emperor Liu Xie, later named Emperor Xian 宪皇帝, on the throne.

In the rest of China, the other warlords deeply resented Dong Zhuo 董卓, so they decided to form a coalition to overthrow him and to save the puppet emperor from being puppeted. Among them we find the protagonists of this story, which will eventually lead to the creation of the Three Kingdoms, such as Cao Cao 曹操, Liu Bei 刘备, and Sun Jian 孙坚. The coalition shaked the power of Dong Zhuo, but didn't manage to restore cohesion to the empire and this started a period going from 190 A.D. to 220 A.D in which hundreds of warlords fought and betrayed each other for power and lands. Here we have records of huge battles involving thousands and thousands of soldiers, epic duels between heroes and even some love stories.

In 220 A.D., Cao Cao 曹操 was the most prominent and powerful warlord. Soon after his death the same year, Cao Cao’s son, Cao Pi 曹丕, declared himself Emperor of Wei 魏, putting an end to the 400 years-long Han dynasty. As a reaction to this, Sun Jian’s son, Sun Quan 孙权, takes the title of Emperor of Wu 吴 , and Liu Bei 刘备, being a distant relative of the imperial house of Han, declares himself the emperor of the restorationist Shu-Han 蜀汉 dynasty, thus kickstarting the Three Kingdoms period. The creation of the Three Kingdoms goes alongside a generational shift: the main heroes and villains slowly begin to die in battle or because of old age, making way for their heirs. After a substantial term of balance, all three kingdoms begin suffering the same illness which doomed the Han dynasty: incompetence and corruption.

From this, a new faction begins brewing inside the Kingdom of Wei 魏 (which was the strongest among the three): the emperor's advisor Sima Yi 司马懿 and his sons usurp the throne and replace Wei 魏 with the Kingdom of Jin 晋. Their cunning and military strength allowed them to firstly conquer the kingdom of Shu-Han 蜀汉, and then, by the year 280 A.D., to capture the kingdom of Wu 吴, thus reuniting the entirety of China under the Jin dynasty.

==第五十四回吴国太佛寺看新郎　刘皇叔洞房续佳偶; 《三国演义》第五十五回玄德智激孙夫人　孔明二气周公瑾 (Chapter 54 & Chapter 55)==

'''Introduction to the text''': After the victory over Cao Cao 曹操 in the Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun Quan 孙权 and Liu Bei 刘备 (known also as Xuande 玄德) began to compete for control over the Jingzhou. Liu Bei successfully took over the Jingzhou from Cao Cao, following Zhuge Liang's (诸葛亮) plan. Sun Quan was dissatisfied with this and repeatedly sent envoys demanding the transfer of the province. However, Liu Bei consistently dismissed the envoys on various pretexts. Sun Quan attempted different strategies to seize the province, with the most famous being the "Marriage Plan." Sun Quan planned to lure Liu Bei to him under the pretext of Liu Bei marrying his sister, Lady Sun (孙夫人), and then detain him as a hostage until the Jingzhou was handed over. However, the plot failed, and the newlyweds safely returned home. Zhou Yu 周瑜 made several attempts to take over the province, but each time, his plans were thwarted by Zhuge Liang.

==Aleksandra Urbańska==

肃作别下船而回，先到柴桑郡见周瑜。瑜问曰：“子敬讨荆州如何？”肃曰：“有文书在此。”呈与周瑜，瑜顿足曰：“子敬中诸葛之谋也！名为借地，实是混赖。他说取了西川便还，知他几时取西川？假如十年不得西川，十年不还？这等文书，如何中用，你却与他做保！他若不还时，必须连累足下，主公见罪奈何？”肃闻言，呆了半晌，曰：“恐玄德不负我。”瑜曰：“子敬乃诚实人也。刘备枭雄之辈，诸葛亮奸猾之徒，恐不似先生心地。”肃曰：“若此，如之奈何？”瑜曰：“子敬是我恩人，想昔日指囷相赠之情，如何不救你？你且宽心住数日，待江北探细的回，别有区处。”鲁肃跼蹐不安。过了数日，细作回报：“荆州城中扬起布幡做好事，城外别建新坟，军士各挂孝。”瑜惊问曰：“没了甚人？”细作曰：“刘玄德没了甘夫人，即日安排殡葬。瑜谓鲁肃曰：“吾计成矣：使刘备束手就缚，荆州反掌可得！”肃曰：“计将安出？”瑜曰：“刘备丧妻，必将续娶。主公有一妹，极其刚勇，侍婢数百，居常带刀，房中军器摆列遍满，虽男子不及。我今上书主公，教人去荆州为媒，说刘备来入赘。赚到南徐，妻子不能勾得，幽囚在狱中，却使人去讨荆州换刘备。等他交割了荆州城池，我别有主意。于子敬身上，须无事也。”鲁肃拜谢。

==Anna Proskura==

周瑜写了书呈，选快船送鲁肃投南徐见孙权，先说借荆州一事，呈上文书。权曰：“你却如此糊涂！这样文书，要他何用！”肃曰：“周都督有书呈在此，说用此计，可得荆州。”权看毕，点头暗喜，寻思谁人可去。猛然省曰：“非吕范不可。”遂召吕范至，谓曰：“近闻刘玄德丧妇。吾有一妹，欲招赘玄德为婿，永结姻亲，同心破曹，以扶汉室。非子衡不可为媒，望即往荆州一言。”范领命，即日收拾船只，带数个从人，望荆州来。却说玄德自没了甘夫人，昼夜烦恼。一日，正与孔明闲叙，人报东吴差吕范到来。孔明笑曰：“此乃周瑜之计，必为荆州之故。亮只在屏风后潜听。但有甚说话，主公都应承了。留来人在馆驿中歇，别作商议。”玄德教请吕范入。礼毕坐定，茶罢，玄德问曰：“子衡来，必有所谕？”范曰：“范近闻皇叔失偶，有一门好亲，故不避嫌，特来作媒。未知尊意若何？”玄德曰：“中年丧妻，大不幸也。骨肉未寒，安忍便议亲？”范曰：“人若无妻，如屋无梁，岂可中道而废人伦？吾主吴侯有一妹，美而贤，堪奉箕帚。若两家共结秦、晋之好，则曹贼不敢正视东南也。此事家国两便，请皇叔勿疑。但我国太吴夫人甚爱幼女，不肯远嫁，必求皇叔到东吴就婚。”

Zhou Yu wrote the letter and instructed Lu Su on a swift boat to bring it to Sun Quan. Soon Lu Su had been arrived at Sun Quan, discussed with him lending of Jingzhou and handed the letter. At first Sun Quan was displeased, but after Lu Su told him that this plan could help capture Jingzhou, and after reading the letter, he decided to send Lü Fan to Liu Bei to negotiate the marriage. Sun Quan said that he wanted to marry his younger sister to Liu Bei, to be related to him and to defeat Cao Cao by joint forces. Lü Fan accepted the command and on the same day, accompanied by several servants sailed to Jingzhou. Lü Fan, who came to the grieving Liu Bei, tries to persuade Liu Bei, who lost his wife to take as a wife the younger sister of Sun Quan.

==Asia Zawada==

玄德曰：“此事吴侯知否？”范曰：“不先禀吴侯，如何敢造次来说！”玄德曰：“吾年已半百，鬓发斑白；吴侯之妹，正当妙龄：恐非配偶。”范曰：“吴侯之妹，身虽女子，志胜男儿。常言：若非天下英雄，吾不事之。今皇叔名闻四海，正所谓淑女配君子，岂以年齿上下相嫌乎！”玄德曰：“公且少留，来日回报。”是日设宴相待，留于馆舍。至晚，与孔明商议。孔明曰：“来意亮已知道了。适间卜易，得一大吉大利之兆。主公便可应允。先教孙乾和吕范回见吴侯，面许已定，择日便去就亲。”玄德曰：“周瑜定计欲害刘备，岂可以身轻入危险之地？”孔明大笑曰：“周瑜虽能用计，岂能出诸葛亮之料乎！略用小谋，使周瑜半筹不展；吴侯之妹，又属主公；荆州万无一失。”玄德怀疑未决。孔明竟教孙乾往江南说合亲事。孙乾领了言语，与吕范同到江南，来见孙权。权曰：“吾愿将小妹招赘玄德，并无异心。”孙乾拜谢，回荆州见玄德，言：“吴侯专候主公去结亲。”玄德怀疑不敢往。孔明曰：“吾已定下三条计策，非子龙不可行也。”遂唤赵云近前，附耳言曰：“汝保主公入吴，当领此三个锦囊。囊中有三条妙计，依次而行。”即将三个锦囊，与云贴肉收藏，孔明先使人往东吴纳了聘，一切完备。

Liu Bei accuses Lü Fan of coming without the knowledge of Sun Quan to which he denies. Liu Bei arguments that he will not marry Sun Quan sister is that he is old and she is young. Lü Fan opposes, saying that the girl has a strong will and marriage to someone of Liu Bei’s fame would only be beneficial. Liu Bei asks for time to think and goes to Zhuge Liang to discuss the plan. Even though Liu Bei is cautious, the advisor is in favor of this union, argues that having Sun Quan’s sister will only help them. In the end Sun Qian was sent with the Lv Fan and the instructions. When Sun Qian returned it was to deliver the news that Sun Quan wants Liu Bei to live with his new wife’s family. Liu Bei still feared for his life. Zhuge Liang convinced him by ensuring that Liu Bei’s bodyguard, Zhao Yun, had three plans in three silken bags that will guide his action. After that Zhuge Liang send wedding gifts.

==Ada Dan==

时建安十四年冬十月。玄德与赵长、孙乾取快船十只，随行五百余人，离了荆州，前往南徐进发。荆州之事，皆听孔明裁处。玄德心中怏怏不安。到南徐州，船已傍岸，云曰：
“军师分付三条妙计，依次而行。今已到此，当先开第一个锦囊来看。”于是开囊看了计策。便唤五百随行军士，一一分付如此如此，众军领命而去，又教玄德先往见乔国老，那乔国老乃二乔之父，居于南徐。玄德牵羊担酒，先往拜见，说吕范为媒、娶夫人之事。随行五百军士，俱披红挂彩，入南徐买办物件，传说玄德入赘东吴，城中人尽知其事。孙权知玄德已到，教吕范相待，且就馆舍安歇。
却说乔国老既见玄德，便入见吴国太贺喜。国太曰：“有何喜事？”乔国老曰：“令爱已许刘玄德为夫人，今玄德已到，何故相瞒？”国太惊曰：“老身不知此事！”便使人请吴侯问虚实，一面先使人于城中探听。人皆回报：“果有此事。女婿已在馆驿安歇，五百随行军士都在城中买猪羊果品，准备成亲。做媒的女家是吕范，男家是孙乾，俱在馆驿中相待。”国太吃了一惊。少顷，孙权入后堂见母亲。国太捶胸大哭。权曰：“母亲何故烦恼？”国太曰：“你直如此将我看承得如无物！我姐姐临危之时，分付你甚么话来！”

Liu Bei along with his bodyguard Zhao Yun head to the south. Liu Bei feels anxious and uneasy, fearing something bad is about to happen. After arriving at Xuzhou, Zhao Yun opens the first silken bag with a strategy plan. After that, he summons 5 hundred soldiers dressed in red, who follow Liu Bei, making loud preparations for the wedding, buying pigs, sheep and fruits, so that whole city knows about the ceremony. Lu Fan is decided to be the matchmaker. Sun Quan’s mother, who doesn’t know about her son’s intrigue yet, starts worrying about the marriage and the fate of her daughter.

==Ewa Kopania==

孙权失惊曰：“母亲有话明说，何苦如此？”国太曰：“男大须婚，女大须嫁，古今常理。我为你母亲，事当禀命于我。你招刘玄德为婿，如何瞒我？女儿须是我的！”权吃了一惊，问曰：“那里得这话来？”国太曰：“若要不知，除非莫为。满城百姓，那一个不知？你倒瞒我！”乔国老曰：“老夫已知多日了，今特来贺喜。”权曰：“非也。此是周瑜之计，因要取荆州，故将此为名，赚刘备来拘囚在此，要他把荆州来换；若其不从，先斩刘备。此是计策，非实意也。”国太大怒，骂周瑜曰：“汝做六郡八十一州大都督，直恁无条计策去取荆州，却将我女儿为名，使美人计！杀了刘备，我女便是望门寡，明日再怎的说亲？须误了我女儿一世！你们好做作！”乔国老曰：“若用此计，便得荆州，也被天下人耻笑。此事如何行得！”说得孙权默然无语。国太不住口的骂周瑜。乔国老劝曰：“事已如此，刘皇叔乃汉室宗亲，不如真个招他为婿，免得出丑。”权曰：“年纪恐不相当。”国老曰：“刘皇叔乃当世豪杰，若招得这个女婿，也不辱了令妹。”国太曰：“我不曾认得刘皇叔。明日约在甘露寺相见：如不中我意，任从你们行事；若中我的意，我自把女儿嫁他！”孙权乃大孝之人，见母亲如此言语，随即应承，出外唤吕范，分付来日甘露寺方丈设宴，国太要见刘备。

==Gabriela Krukowska==

吕范曰：“何不令贾华部领三百刀斧手，伏于两廊；若国太不喜时，一声号举，两边齐出，将他拿下。”权遂唤贾华，分付预先准备，只看国太举动。却说乔国老辞吴国太归，使人去报玄德，言：“来日吴侯、国太亲自要见，好生在意！”玄德与孙乾、赵云商议。云曰：“来日此会，多凶少吉，云自引五百军保护。”次日，吴国太、乔国老先在甘露寺方丈里坐定。孙权引一班谋士，随后都到，却教吕范来馆驿中请玄德。玄德内披细铠，外穿棉袍，从人背剑紧随，上马投甘露寺来。赵云全装惯带，引五百军随行。来到寺前下马，先见孙权。权观玄德仪表非凡，心中有畏惧之意。二人叙礼毕，遂入方丈见国太。国太见了玄德，大喜，谓乔国老曰：“真吾婿也！”国老曰：“玄德有龙凤之姿，天日之表；更兼仁德布于天下：国太得此佳婿，真可庆也！”玄德拜谢，共宴于方丈之中。少刻，子龙带剑而入，立于玄德之侧。国太问曰：“此是何人？”玄德答曰：“常山赵子龙也。”国太曰：“莫非当阳长坂抱阿斗者乎？”玄德曰：“然。”国太曰：“真将军也！”遂赐以酒。赵云谓玄德曰：“却才某于廊下巡视，见房内有刀斧手埋伏，必无好意。可告知国太。”玄德乃跪于国太席前，泣而告曰：“若杀刘备，就此请诛。”国太曰：“何出此言？”玄德曰：“廊下暗伏刀斧手，非杀备而何？”国太大怒，责骂孙权：“今日玄德既为我婿，即我之儿女也。何故伏刀斧手于廊下！”权推不知，唤吕范问之；范推贾华；国太唤贾华责骂，华默然无言。国太喝令斩之。玄德告曰：“若斩大将，于亲不利，备难久居膝下矣。”乔国老也相劝。国太方叱退贾华。刀斧手皆抱头鼠窜而去。
Xuande, also known as Liu Bei, is invited to a meeting with Lady Wu and Sun Quan. Concerned about potential danger, Xuande brings a personal guard led by Zhao Zilong. Upon arriving, Zilong discovers hidden armed men in the corridors. Disturbed, Xuande confronts Lady Wu about the situation, expressing his willingness to face any threat. Lady Wu, angered by the betrayal, reprimands Sun Quan and his advisor Lü Fan. Despite the tension, Xuande intervenes to spare the implicated general, Jia Hua, emphasizing the importance of familial bonds. Lady Wu relents and Lü Fan walks away with his men in shame.

==Julia Dereżyńska==

玄德更衣出殿前，见庭下有一石块。玄德拔从者所佩之剑，仰天祝曰：“若刘备能勾回荆州，成王霸之业，一剑挥石为两段。如死于此地，剑剁石不开。”言讫，手起剑落，火光迸溅，砍石为两段。孙权在后面看见，问曰：“玄德公如何恨此石？”玄德曰：“备年近五旬，不能为国家剿除贼党，心常自恨。今蒙国太招为女婿，此平生之际遇也。恰才问天买卦，如破曹兴汉，砍断此石。今果然如此。”权暗思：“刘备莫非用此言瞒我？”亦掣剑谓玄德曰：“吾亦问天买卦。若破得曹贼，亦断此石。”却暗暗祝告曰：“若再取得荆州，兴旺东吴，砍石为两半！”手起剑落，巨石亦开。至今有十字纹“恨石”尚存。后人观此胜迹，作诗赞曰：“宝剑落时山石断，金环响处火光生，两朝旺气皆天数。从此乾坤鼎足成。”二人弃剑，相携入席。又饮数巡，孙乾目视玄德，玄德辞曰：“备不胜酒力，告退。”
孙权送出寺前，二人并立，观江山之景。玄德曰：“此乃天下第一江山也！”至今甘露寺牌上云：“天下第一江山”。后人有诗赞曰：“江山雨霁拥青螺，境界无忧乐最多。昔日英雄凝目处，岩崖依旧抵风波。”玄德自回馆驿，与孙乾商议。乾曰：“主公只是哀求乔国老，早早毕姻，免生别事。”

==Karol Perka==

次日，玄德复至乔国老宅前下马。国老接入，礼毕，茶罢，玄德告曰：“江左之人，多有要害刘备者，恐不能久居。”国老曰：“玄德宽心。吾为公告国太，令作护持。”玄德拜谢自回。乔国老入见国太，言玄德恐人谋害，急急要回。国太大怒曰：“我的女婿，谁敢害他！”即时便教搬入书院暂住，择日毕姻。玄德自入告国太曰：“只恐赵云在外不便，军士无人约束。”国太教尽搬入府中安歇，休留在馆驿中，免得生事。玄德暗喜。数日之内，大排筵会，孙夫人与玄德结亲。至晚客散，两行红炬，接引玄德入房。灯光之下，但见枪刀簇满；侍婢皆佩剑悬刀，立于两傍。?得玄德魂不附体。正是：惊看侍女横刀立，疑是东吴设伏兵。却说玄德见孙夫人房中两边枪刀森列，侍婢皆佩剑，不觉失色。管家婆进曰：“贵人休得惊惧：夫人自幼好观武事，居常令侍婢击剑为乐，故尔如此。”玄德曰：“非夫人所观之事，吾甚心寒，可命暂去。”管家婆禀覆孙夫人曰：“房中摆列兵器，娇客不安，今且去之。”孙夫人笑曰：“厮杀半生，尚惧兵器乎！”命尽撤去，令侍婢解剑伏侍。当夜玄德与孙夫人成亲，两情欢洽。玄德又将金帛散给侍婢，以买其心，先教孙乾回荆州报喜。自此连日饮酒。国太十分爱敬。

==Karolina Englert==

却说孙权差人来柴桑郡报周瑜，说：“我母亲力主，已将吾妹嫁刘备。不想弄假成真。此事还复如何？”瑜闻大惊，行坐不安，乃思一计，修密书付来人持回见孙权。权拆书视之。书略曰：“瑜所谋之事，不想反覆如此。既已弄假成真，又当就此用计。刘备以枭雄之姿，有关、张、赵云之将，更兼诸葛用谋，必非久屈人下者。愚意莫如软困之于吴中：盛为筑宫室，以丧其心志；多送美色玩好，以娱其耳目；使分开关、张之情，隔远诸葛之契，各置一方，然后以兵击之，大事可定矣。今若纵之，恐蛟龙得云雨，终非池中物也。愿明公熟思之。”孙权看毕，以书示张昭。昭曰：“公瑾之谋，正合愚意。刘备起身微末，奔走天下，未尝受享富贵。今若以华堂大厦，子女金帛，令彼享用，自然疏远孔明、关、张等，使彼各生怨望，然后荆州可图也。主公可依公瑾之计而速行之。”权大喜，即日修整东府，广栽花木，盛设器用，请玄德与妹居住；又增女乐数十余人，并金玉锦绮玩好之物。国太只道孙权好意，喜不自胜。玄德果然被声色所迷，全不想回荆州。却说赵云与五百军在东府前住，终日无事，只去城外射箭走马。看看年终。
The story revolves around Sun Shangxiang's marriage to Liu Bei, causing concern for Sun Quan. Seeking advice from Zhou Yu, they decide to exploit Liu Bei's weakness for pleasure by constructing a lavish palace in Wuzhong. Zhou Yu proposes using beauty to captivate Liu Bei, isolating his key allies, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Zhuge Liang. Sun Quan implements the plan, building the East Palace with luxury and entertainment to entice Liu Bei. Zhang Zhao supports the strategy, believing that by catering to Liu Bei's desires with opulence, they can create divisions among his followers and pave the way for seizing Jingzhou. Liu Bei becomes enchanted by the pleasures in Wu, while Zhao Yun and his troops maintain a peaceful existence at Dongfu, stationed there to ensure tranquility.

==Lena Rzeźnikowska==

云猛省：
“孔明分付三个锦囊与我，教我一到南徐，开第一个；住到年终，开第二个；临到危急无路之时，开第三个：于内有神出鬼没之计，可保主公回家。此时岁已将终，主公贪恋女色，并不见面，何不拆开第二个锦囊，看计而行？”遂拆开视之。原来如此神策。即日径到府堂，要见玄德。侍婢报曰：“赵子龙有紧急事来报贵人。”玄德唤入问之。云佯作失惊之状曰：“主公深居画堂，不想荆州耶？”玄德曰：“有甚事如此惊怪？”云曰：“今早孔明使人来报，说曹操要报赤壁鏖兵之恨，起精兵五十万，杀奔荆州，甚是危急，请主公便回。”玄德曰：“必须与夫人商议。”云曰：“若和夫人商议，必不肯教主公回。不如休说，今晚便好起程。迟则误事！”玄德曰：“你且暂退，我自有道理。”云故意催逼数番而出。玄德入见孙夫人，暗暗垂泪。孙夫人曰：“丈夫何故烦恼？”玄德曰：“念备一身飘荡异乡，生不能侍奉二亲，又不能祭祀宗祖，乃大逆不孝也。今岁旦在迩，使备悒怏不已。”孙夫人曰：“你休瞒我，我已听知了也！方才赵子龙报说荆州危急，你欲还乡，故推此意。”玄德跪而告曰：“夫人既知，备安敢相瞒。备欲不去，使荆州有失，被天下人耻笑；欲去，又舍不得夫人：因此烦恼。”夫人曰：“妾已事君，任君所之，妾当相随。”玄德曰：“夫人之心，虽则如此，争奈国太与吴侯安肯容夫人去？夫人若可怜刘备，暂时辞别。”言毕，泪如雨下。孙夫人劝曰：“丈夫休得烦恼。妾当苦告母亲，必放妾与君同去。”玄德曰：“纵然国太肯时，吴侯必然阻挡。”孙夫人沉吟良久，乃曰：“妾与君正旦拜贺时，推称江边祭祖，不告而去，若何？”玄德又跪而谢曰：“若如此，生死难忘！切勿漏泄。”两个商议已定。玄德密唤赵云分付：“正旦日，你先引军士出城，于官道等候。吾推祭祖，与夫人同走。”
云领诺。
Yun Meng, also known as Cloud Startled, reveals that Zhuge Liang instructed him with three sealed letters. The first should be opened upon reaching South Xu, the second at year-end, and the third in times of extreme danger. Cloud Startled, noticing the approaching end of the year and Liu Bei's distraction with romantic affairs, suggests opening the second letter. Upon doing so, they discover a strategic plan to ensure Liu Bei's safe return. Cloud Startled then goes to Liu Bei's residence, claiming urgent news from Zhao Yun. He informs Liu Bei about Cao Cao's intention to avenge the Battle of Red Cliffs with a massive army heading towards Jingzhou. Urging Liu Bei to return immediately, Cloud Startled manipulates the situation, suggesting a prompt departure without consulting Lady Sun. Liu Bei, torn between duty and personal feelings, seeks counsel from Lady Sun, who, aware of the situation, offers to accompany him. Liu Bei, concerned about opposition from his mother and Sun Quan, expresses his dilemma, leading to emotional conversations and tears. Lady Sun proposes a plan for them to secretly leave during the New Year's visit to ancestral graves, hoping to avoid objections. Liu Bei, grateful, instructs Zhao Yun to prepare soldiers outside the city on New Year's Day for their departure.

==Malwina Filipowicz==

建安十五年春正月元旦，吴侯大会文武于堂上。玄德与孙夫人入拜国太。孙夫人曰：“夫主想父母宗祖坟墓，俱在涿郡，昼夜伤感不已。今日欲往江边，望北遥祭，须告母亲得知。”国太曰：“此孝道也，岂有不从？汝虽不识舅姑，可同汝夫前去祭拜，亦见为妇之礼。”孙夫人同玄德拜谢而出。此时只瞒着孙权。夫人乘车，止带随身一应细软。玄德上马，引数骑跟随出城，与赵云相会。五百军士前遮后拥，离了南徐，趱程而行。当日，孙权大醉，左右近侍扶入后堂，文武皆散。比及众官探得玄德、夫人逃遁之时，天色已晚。要报孙权，权醉不醒。及至睡觉，已是五更。次日，孙权闻知走了玄德，急唤文武商议。张昭曰：“今日走了此人，早晚必生祸乱。可急追之。”孙权令陈武、潘璋选五百精兵，无分昼夜，务要赶上拿回。二将领命去了。孙权深恨玄德，将案上玉砚摔为粉碎。程普曰：“主公空有冲天之怒，某料陈武、潘璋必擒此人不得。”权曰：“焉敢违我令！”普曰：“郡主自幼好观武事，严毅刚正，诸将皆惧。既然肯顺刘备，必同心而去。所追之将，若见郡主，岂肯下手？”权大怒，掣所佩之剑，唤蒋钦、周泰听令，曰：“汝二人将这口剑去取吾妹并刘备头来！违令者立斩！”蒋钦、周泰领命，随后引一千军赶来。

==Natalia Gloc==

却说玄德加鞭纵辔，趱程而行；当夜于路暂歇两个更次，慌忙起行。看看来到柴桑界首，望见后面尘头大起，人报：“追兵至矣！”玄德慌问赵云曰：“追兵既至，如之奈何？”赵云曰：“主公先行，某愿当后。”转过前面山脚，一彪军马拦住去路。当先两员大将，厉声高叫曰：“刘备早早下马受缚！吾奉周都督将令，守候多时！”原来周瑜恐玄德走脱，先使徐盛、丁奉引三千军马于冲要之处扎营等候，时常令人登高遥望，料得玄德若投旱路，必经此道而过。当日徐盛、丁奉了望得玄德一行人到，各绰兵器截住去路。玄德惊慌勒回马问赵云曰：“前有拦截之兵，后有追赶之兵：前后无路，如之奈何？”云曰：“主公休慌。军师有三条妙计，多在锦囊之中。已拆了两个，并皆应验。今尚有第三个在此，分付遇危难之时，方可拆看。今日危急，当拆观之。”便将锦囊拆开，献与玄德。玄德看了，急来车前泣告孙夫人曰：“备有心腹之言，至此尽当实诉。”夫人曰：“丈夫有何言语，实对我说。”玄德曰：“昔日吴侯与周瑜同谋，将夫人招嫁刘备，实非为夫人计，乃欲幽困刘备而夺荆州耳。夺了荆州，必将杀备。是以夫人为香饵而钓备也。备不惧万死而来，盖知夫人有男子之胸襟，必能怜备。昨闻吴侯将欲加害，故托荆州有难，以图归计。幸得夫人不弃，同至于此。

==Paweł Andraszak==

今吴侯又令人在后追赶，周瑜又使人于前截住，非夫人莫解此祸。如夫人不允，备请死于车前，以报夫人之德。”夫人怒曰：“吾兄既不以我为亲骨肉，我有何面目重相见乎！今日之危，我当自解。”于是叱从人推车直出，卷起车帘，亲喝徐盛、丁奉曰：“你二人欲造反耶？”徐、丁二将慌忙下马，弃了兵器，声喏于车前曰：“安敢造反。为奉周都督将令，屯兵在此专候刘备。”孙夫人大怒曰：“周瑜逆贼！我东吴不曾亏负你！玄德乃大汉皇叔，是我丈夫。我已对母亲、哥哥说知回荆州去。今你两个于山脚去处，引着军马拦截道路，意欲劫掠我夫妻财物耶？”徐盛、丁奉喏喏连声，口称：“不敢。请夫人息怒。这不干我等之事，乃是周都督的将令。”孙夫人叱曰：“你只怕周瑜，独不怕我？周瑜杀得你，我岂杀不得周瑜？”把周瑜大骂一场，喝令推车前进。徐盛、丁奉自思：“我等是下人。安敢
与夫人违拗？”又见赵云十分怒气，只得把军喝住，放条大路教过去。恰才行不得五六里，背后陈武、潘璋赶到。徐盛、丁奉备言其事。陈、潘二将曰：“你放他过去差了也。我二人奉吴侯旨意，特来追捉他回去。”于是四将合兵一处，趱程赶来。

Liu Bei says to Lady Sun that she is the only person who can save him from the troops, which chase after him. What’s more he declares that if she doesn't help him, he will die in front of her. Lady Sun is furious and she says that she doesn’t want to see her brother ever again. She agrees to help. Then she has her carriage moved to the front and calls out to the officers who have been sent by Zhou Yu in order to block the way. She asks both of them if they are rebels now. The officers say that they have orders from General Zhou to be there and prevent Liu Bei from leaving. Lady Sun says that Zhou is a traitor and remind them of the fact that Liu Bei is not only her husband, but also a member of imperial family. The two officers just say again what was said before about carrying out the command. Nevertheless she finally succeed in convincing the officers to let them pass. Soon after that, two officers, who have been initially sent by Chen Wu and Pan Zhang, ride up. They tell Xu Sheng and Ding Feng that they have orders to prevent the escape of Liu Bei and Lady Sun. Soon after the two generals realize how big mistake they have just made, they all start to chase after the runaways.

==Sandra Piechowiak==

玄德正行间，忽听得背后喊声大起。玄德又告孙夫人曰：“后面追兵又到，如之奈何？”夫人曰：“丈夫先行，我与子龙当后。”玄德先引三百军，望江岸去了。子龙勒马于车傍，将
士卒摆开，专候来将。四员将见了孙夫人，只得下马，叉手而立。夫人曰：“陈武、潘璋，来此何干？”二将答曰：“奉主公之命，请夫人、玄德回。”夫人正色叱曰：“都是你这伙匹夫，离间我兄妹不睦！我已嫁他人，今日归去，须不是与人私奔。我奉母亲慈旨，令我夫妇回荆州。便是我哥哥来，也须依礼而行。你二人倚仗兵威，欲待杀害我耶？”骂得四人面面相觑，各自寻思：“他一万年也只是兄妹。更兼国太作主；吴侯乃大孝之人，怎敢违逆母言？明日翻过脸来，只是我等不是。不如做个人情。”军中又不见玄德；但见赵云怒目睁眉，只待厮杀。因此四将喏喏连声而退。孙夫人令推车便行。徐盛曰：“我四人同去见周都督，告禀此事。”四人犹豫未定。忽见一军如旋风而来，视之，乃蒋钦、周泰。二将问曰：“你等曾见刘备否？”四人曰：“早晨过去，已半日矣。”蒋钦曰：“何不拿下？”四人各言孙夫人发话之事。蒋钦曰：“便是吴侯怕道如此，封一口剑在此，教先杀他妹，后斩刘备。违者立斩！”四将曰：“去之已远，怎生奈何？”蒋钦曰：“他终是些步军，急行不上。

Xuande told lady Sun that the pursuers were coming, and she said that her husband should go first, and she'll follow. When the four generals saw lady Sun, they told her to turn back, but she said she follows her mother's decree and can't turn away. The four generals retreated and lady Sun passed through. The generals were asked by Zhou Tai if they've seen Liu Bei, and replied that they let him pass because of what lady Sun said. Jiang Qin said that the marquis of Wu was afraid of this happening and so he told them to first kill lady Sun, and then Liu Bei, and that anyone who violates the rules will be killed, but the other general said that they're too far away now, so what can be done about that? Jiang Qin said they are on foot, so they couldn't move very fast.

==Wiktoria Wolny==

徐、丁二将军可飞报都督，教水路棹快船追赶；我四人在岸上追赶：无问水旱之路，赶上杀了，休听他言语。”于是徐盛、丁奉飞报周瑜；蒋钦、周泰、陈武、潘璋四个领兵沿江赶来。却说玄德一行人马，离柴桑较远，来到刘郎浦，心才稍宽。沿着江岸寻渡，一望江水弥漫，并无船只。玄德俯首沉吟。赵云曰：“主公在虎口中逃出，今已近本界，吾料军师必有调度，何用犹疑？”玄德听罢，蓦然想起在吴繁华之事，不觉凄然泪下。后人有诗叹曰：“吴蜀成婚此水浔，明珠步障屋黄金。谁知一女轻天下，欲易刘郎鼎峙心。”玄德令赵云望前哨探船只，忽报后面尘土冲天而起。玄德登高望之，但见军马盖地而来，叹曰：“连日奔走，人困马乏，追兵又到，死无地矣！”看看喊声渐近。正慌急间，忽见江岸边一字儿抛着拖篷船二十余只。赵云曰：“天幸有船在此！何不速下，棹过对岸，再作区处！”玄德与孙夫人便奔上船。子龙引五百军亦都上船。只见船舱中一人纶巾道服，大笑而出，曰：“主公且喜！诸葛亮在此等候多时。”船中扮作客人的，皆是荆州水军。玄德大喜。不移时，四将赶到。孔明笑指岸上人言曰：“吾已算定多时矣。汝等回去传示周郎，教休再使美人局手段。”

Jiang Qin said that they can simultaneously chase Liu Bei on the water and on the dry land, so he asks generals Xu and Ding to report it to Zhou Yu, while he [Jiang Qin], Zhou Tai, Chen Wu and Pan Zhang lead their troops along the river. Meanwhile Liu Bei had got a long way from Chaisang and reached Liulang shore. He went along the bank of the river seeking a boat, but there were none, so Zhao Yun bade him be of good courage. Liu Bei, however, was still despondent. [there’s a poem here] Liu Bei asked Zhao Yun to go along the bank to seek some boats, but then he was told that there was a huge cloud of dust on the road. Liu Bei climbed up one of the hills, looked back and saw an army pursuing them. This led him to despair even more, but then he noticed more than twenty boats on the river. Liu Bei and his wife Lady Sun hurried ashore and entered the boat, where they saw Zhuge Liang, who said he had predicted these events a long time ago.

==Zyta Rydz==

岸上乱箭射来，船已开的远了。蒋钦等四将，只好呆看。玄德与孔明正行间，忽然江声大震。回头视之，只见战船无数。帅字旗下，周瑜自领惯战水军，左有黄盖，右有韩当，势如飞马，疾似流星。看看赶上。孔明教棹船投北岸，弃了船，尽皆上岸而走，车马登程。周瑜赶到江边，亦皆上岸追袭。大小水军，尽是步行；止有为首官军骑马。周瑜当先，黄盖、韩当、徐盛、丁奉紧随。周瑜曰：“此处是那里？军士答曰：“前面是黄州界首。”望见玄德车马不远，瑜令并力追袭。正赶之间，一声鼓响，山崦内一彪刀手拥出，为首一员大将，乃关云长也。周瑜举止失措，急拨马便走；云长赶来，周瑜纵马逃命。正奔走间，左边黄忠，右边魏延，两军杀出。吴兵大败。周瑜急急下得船时，岸上军士齐声大叫曰：“周郎妙计安天下，陪了夫人又折兵！”瑜怒曰：“可再登岸决一死战！”黄盖、韩当力阻。瑜自思曰：“吾计不成，有何面目去见吴侯！”大叫一声，金疮迸裂，倒于船上。众将急救，却早不省人事。正是：两番弄巧翻成拙，此日含嗔却带羞。

The boats were sailing, but suddenly they’ve heard a big noise behind the - it was a huge fillet of warship under Zhou Yu’s flag, who was supported by Huang Gai and Han Dang. Zhuge Liang ordered to leave boats on the north bank. Before Zhou Yu arrived, they already were away from the shore. Zhou Yu led his army, followed by Huang Gai, Han Dang, Xu Sheng and Ding Fen. When his [Zhou Yu] forces reached Huangzhou Liu Bei wasn’t far away so Zhou Yu wanted to attack. But suddenly army led by Guan Yu attacked them, so they had to run away. Gun Yu followed them, but Zhou Yu escaped. However, he suddenly met Liu Bei’s soldiers. He was restrained and admittted that his plan was a failure, started crying and lost his consciousness .

Romance of the Three Kingdoms

2023-11-30T22:05:50Z

Wei Yuxin:

Dou E

2023-10-26T19:36:32Z

Wei Yuxin:

Back to course homepage: [[Critical_Review_of_Chinese_Literature#Session_3:_Yuan_Zaju]]

=Full text of the Yuan Zaju in traditional characters=
Title: 竇娥冤

Author: Hanqing Guan

Language: Chinese

Title: 竇娥冤 (The Injustice to Dou E)
Author: 关汉卿 (Guan Hanqing)

=楔子=

==Malwina Filipowicz==
〔卜儿蔡婆上，詩云〕

花有重開日，人無再少年。不須長富貴，安樂是神仙。老身蔡婆婆是也，楚州人氏，嫡親三口儿家屬。不幸夫主亡逝已過，止有一個孩儿，年長八歲，俺娘儿兩個，過其日月，家中頗有些錢財。這里一個竇秀才，從去年問我借了二十兩銀子，
如今本利該銀四十兩。我數次索取，那秀才只說貧難，沒得還我。他有一個女儿，
今年七歲，生得可喜，長得可愛，我有心看上他，与我家做個媳婦，就准了這四
十兩銀子，豈不兩得其便。他說今日好日辰，親送女儿到我家來，老身且不索錢
去，專在家中等候，這早晚竇秀才敢待來也。

〔沖末扮竇天章引正旦扮端云上，詩云〕

讀盡縹緗万卷書，可怜貧殺馬相如，漢庭一日承恩召，不說當壚說子虛。小生姓
竇名天章，祖貫長安京兆人也。幼習儒業，飽有文章；爭奈時運不通，功名未遂。
不幸渾家亡化已過，撇下這個女孩儿，小字端云，從三歲上亡了他母親，如今孩
儿七歲了也。小生一貧如洗，流落在這楚州居住。此間一個蔡婆婆，他家廣有錢
財，小生因無盤纏，曾借了他二十兩銀子，到今本利該對還他四十兩。他數次問
小生索取，教我把甚么還他，誰想蔡婆婆常常著人來說，要小生女孩儿做他儿媳
婦。況如今春榜動，選場開，正待上朝取應，又苦盤纏缺少。小生出于無奈，只
得將女孩儿端云送于蔡婆婆做儿媳婦去。

==Karolina Englert==
〔做歎科，云〕

嗨！這個那里是做媳婦？分明是賣与他一般。就准了他那先借的四十兩銀子，分
外但得些少東西，勾小生應舉之費，便也過望了。說話之間，早來到他家門首。
婆婆在家么？

〔卜儿上，云〕

秀才請家里坐，老身等候多時也。

〔做相見科，竇天章云〕

小生今日一徑的將女孩儿送來与婆婆，怎敢說做媳婦，只与婆婆早晚使用。小生
目下就要上朝進取功名去，留下女孩儿在此，只望婆婆看覷則個。

〔卜儿云〕

這等，你是我親家了。你本利少我四十兩銀子，兀的是借錢的文書，還了你；再
送你十兩銀子做盤纏。親家，你休嫌輕少。

〔竇天章做謝科，云〕

多謝了婆婆，先少你許多銀子都不要我還了，今又送我盤纏，此恩异日必當重報。
婆婆，女孩儿早晚呆痴，看小生薄面，看覷女孩儿咱。

〔卜儿云〕

親家，這不消你囑付，令愛到我家，就做到親女儿一般看承他，你只管放心的去。

〔竇天章云〕

婆婆，端云孩儿該打呵，看小生面則罵几句；當罵呵，則處分几句。孩儿，你也
不比在我跟前，我是你親爺，將就的你；你如今在這里，早晚若頑劣呵，你只討
那打罵吃。儿（口樂），我也是出于無奈。

〔做悲科〕

〔唱〕

【仙呂·賞花時】我也只為無計營生四壁貧，因此上割舍得親儿在兩處分。從今日遠踐洛陽塵，又不知歸期定准，則落的無語暗消魂。

〔下〕

〔卜儿云〕

竇秀才留下他這女孩儿与我做媳婦儿，他一徑上朝應舉去了。

〔正旦做悲科，云〕

爹爹，你直下的撇了我孩儿去也！

〔卜儿云〕
媳婦儿，你在我家，我是親婆，你是親媳婦，只當自家骨肉一般。你不要啼哭，
跟著老身前后執料去來。

〔同下〕

=第一折=

==Aleksandra Urbańska==

〔淨扮賽盧醫上，詩云〕

行醫有斟酌，下藥依本草；死的醫不活，活的醫死了。自家姓盧，人道我一手好
醫，都叫做賽盧醫。在這山陽縣南門開著生藥局。在城有個蔡婆婆，我問他借了
十兩銀子，本利該還他二十兩，數次來討這銀子，我又無的還他。若不來便罷，
若來呵，我自有個主意。我且在這藥舖中坐下，看有甚么人來？

〔卜儿上，云〕

老身蔡婆婆。我一向搬在山陽縣居住，盡也靜辦。自十三年前竇天章秀才留下端
云孩儿与我做儿媳婦，改了他小名，喚做竇娥。自成親之后，不上二年，不想我
這孩儿害弱證死了。媳婦儿守寡，又早三個年頭，服孝將除了也。我和媳婦儿說
知，我往城外賽盧醫家索錢去也。

〔做行科，云〕

驀過隅頭，轉過屋角，早來到他家門首。賽盧醫在家么？

〔盧醫云〕

婆婆，家里來。

〔卜儿云〕

我這兩個銀子長遠了，你還了我罷。

〔盧醫云〕

婆婆，我家里無銀子，你跟我庄上去取銀子還你。

〔卜儿云〕

我跟你去。

〔做行科〕

〔盧醫云〕

來到此處，東也無人，西也無人，這里不下手，等甚么？我隨身帶的有繩子。
兀那婆婆，誰喚你哩？

〔卜儿云〕

在那里？

〔做勒卜儿科。孛老同副淨張驢儿沖上，賽盧醫慌走下。孛老救卜儿科。張驢儿云〕
爹，是個婆婆，爭些勒殺了。

〔孛老云〕

兀那婆婆，你是那里人氏？姓甚名誰？因甚著這個人將你勒死？

〔卜儿云〕

老身姓蔡，在城人氏，止有個寡媳婦儿，相守過日。因為賽盧醫少我二十兩銀子，
今日与他取討；誰想他賺我到無人去處，要勒死我，賴這銀子。若不是遇著老的
和哥哥呵，那得老身性命來。

〔張驢儿云〕

爹，你听的他說么？他家還有個媳婦哩。救了他性命，他少不得要謝我，不若你
要這婆子，我要他媳婦儿，何等兩便？你和他說去。

〔孛老云〕

兀那婆婆，你無丈夫，我無渾家，你肯与我做個老婆，意下如何？

〔卜儿云〕

是何言語！待我回家多備些錢鈔相謝。

〔張驢儿云〕

你敢是不肯，故意將錢鈔哄我？賽盧醫的繩子還在，我仍舊勒死了你吧。

〔做拿繩科〕

〔卜儿云〕

哥哥，待我慢慢地尋思咱。

〔張驢二云〕

你尋思些甚么？你隨我老子，我便要你媳婦儿。

〔卜儿背云〕

我不依他，他又勒殺我。罷罷罷，你爺儿兩個隨我到家中去來。

〔同下〕

Aleksandra's chapter summary:
Doctor Sailu of Shanyang county borrowed Granny Cai's money but didn't repay her. Later on Granny Cai tells her life story and says that her son married a woman called Dou E (Dou Tianzhang's daughter). Granny Cai's son died after 2 years, and his wife was widowed but stilled lived with her mother-in-law. They didn't have a lot of money so Granny Cai told her daughter-in-law she would ask Dr. Sailu to return the borrowed money. When she met him, he convinced her to go to an empty place in the village for the money, but then tried strangling her. Bo Lao and Zhang Lu'er rushed in, Dr. Sailu escaped and Bo Lao saved the woman. She explained who she is and who almost killed her. Zhang Lu'er hearing about her daughter-in-law says that she should give him her daughter-in-law as a thank you for rescuing her. Bo Lao says that Granny Cai should marry him but Granny denies and says that she will give them money. Zhang Lu'er is offended and says that he will strangle her as well if she does not give him her daughter-in-law. Granny reluctantly agrees after realizing she will be murdered and invites the two to her house.

==Anna Proskura==
〔正旦上，云〕

妾身姓竇，小字端云，祖居楚州人氏。我三歲上亡了母親，七歲上离了父親，俺
父親將我嫁与蔡婆婆為儿媳婦，改名竇娥。至十七歲与夫成親，不幸丈夫亡化，
可早三年光景，我今二十歲也。這南門外有個賽盧醫，他少俺婆婆銀子，本利該
二十兩，數次索取不還，今日俺婆婆親自索取去了。竇娥也，你這命好苦也呵！

〔唱〕

【仙呂·點絳唇】滿腹閒愁，數年禁受，天知否？天若是知我情由，怕不待和天瘦。【混江龍】則問那黃昏白晝，兩般儿忘餐廢寢几時休？大都來昨宵夢里，和著這今日心頭。地久天長難過遣，舊愁新悵几時休？則這業艱苦，雙眉皺，越覺的情怀冗冗，心緒悠悠。

〔云〕

似這等憂愁，不知几時是了也呵！

〔唱〕

【油葫蘆】莫不是八字該載著一世憂，誰似我無盡頭。須知道人心不似水長流。我從三歲母親身亡后，到七歲与父分离久，嫁的個同住人，
他可又拔著短籌；撇的俺婆婦每都把空房守，端的個有誰問，有誰（人秋）？【天下樂】莫不是前世里燒香不到頭，今也波生招禍尤，勸今人早將來世修。我將這婆伺養，我將這服孝守，我言詞須應口。

　〔云〕

婆婆索錢去了，怎生這早晚不見回來？

〔卜儿同孛老張驢儿上〕

〔卜儿云〕

你爺儿兩個且在門首，等我先進去。

〔張驢儿云〕

奶奶，你先進去，就說女婿在門首哩。

〔卜儿見正旦科〕

〔正旦云〕

奶奶回來了，你吃飯么？

〔卜儿做哭科，云〕

孩儿，你教我怎生說波！

〔正旦唱〕

【一半儿】為甚么淚漫漫不住點儿流？莫不是為索債与人家惹爭斗？我這里連忙迎接慌問候，他那里要說緣由。

〔卜儿云〕

羞人答答的，教我怎生說波！

〔正旦唱〕

則見他一半儿徘徊一半儿丑。

〔云〕

婆婆，你為甚么煩惱啼哭那？

〔卜儿云〕

我問賽盧醫討銀子去，他賺我到無人去處，行起凶來，要勒死我。虧了一個張老
并他儿子張驢儿，救得我性命。那張老就要我招他做丈夫，因這等煩惱。

〔正旦云〕

婆婆，這個怕不中么？你再尋思咱：俺家里又不是沒有飯吃，沒有衣穿，又不是
少欠錢債，被人催逼不過；況你年紀高大，六十以外的人，怎生又招丈夫那？

〔卜儿云〕

孩儿也，你說的豈不是？但是我的性命全虧他這爺儿兩個救的，我也曾說道：待
我到家，多將些錢物酬謝你救命之恩。不知他怎生知道我家里有個媳婦儿，道我
婆媳婦又沒老公，他爺儿兩個又沒老婆，正是天緣天對。若不隨順他，依舊要勒
死我。那時節我就慌張了，莫說自己許了他，連你也許了他。儿也，這也是出于
無奈。

Summary: After Dou E's father gave her to Granny Cai at the age of seven, she became the wife of the Granny Cai's son 10 years later. However, Dou E's husband died three years ago.
Dou E thinks about how bitter her fate is and suddenly notices that Granny Cai has not returned for a long time. Granny Cai immediately returns with Zhang Lü'er and his father, but she asks them to wait at the door. While Zhang's father and Zhang Lü'er are waiting, the upset Granny Cai tells Dou E how she went to collect her debt from the physician Sai Lu Yi and he lured her into a deserted place and tried to strangle her. But Sai Lu Yi did not succeed in strangling her as she was rescued by Zhang's father and Zhang Lü'er. In return for saving her, Zhang's father demanded that Granny Cai marry him, which upset her. Dou E tried to talk her mother-in-law out of it. Granny Cai agreed that she really didn't need it, but they threatened to strangle her and when they found out that she also had a daughter-in-law in the house, they demanded that Dou E marry Zhang's son, so the frightened Granny Cai agreed.

==Asia Zawada==
〔正旦云〕

婆婆，你听我說波。

〔唱〕

【后庭花】遇時辰我替你憂，拜家堂我替你愁；梳著個霜雪般白（“髟”下“狄”）髻，怎將這云霞般錦帕兜？怪不的女大不中留。你如今六旬
左右，可不道到中年万事休！舊恩愛一筆勾，新夫妻兩意投，枉教人笑破口。

〔卜儿云〕

我的性命都是他爺儿兩個救的，事到如今，也顧不得別人笑話了。

〔正旦唱〕

【青哥儿】你雖然是得他得他營救，須不是筍條筍條年幼，（戔刀）的便巧畫蛾眉成配偶。想當初你夫主遺留，替你圖謀，置下田疇，早晚
羹粥，寒暑衣裘，滿望你鰥寡孤獨，無捱無靠，母子每到白頭。公公也，則落得干生受。

〔卜儿云〕

孩儿也，他如今只待過門，喜事匆匆的，教我怎生回得他去？

〔正旦唱〕

【寄生草】你道他匆匆喜，我替你倒細細愁：愁則愁興闌刪咽不下交歡酒，愁則愁眼昏騰扭不上同心扣，愁則愁意朦朧睡不穩芙蓉褥。你待
要笙歌引至畫堂前，我道這姻緣敢落在他人后。

〔卜儿云〕

孩儿也，再不要說我了，他爺儿兩個都在門首等候，事以至此，不若連你也招了女婿罷。

〔正旦云〕

婆婆，你要招你自招，我并然不要女婿。

〔卜儿云〕

那個是要女婿的？爭奈他爺儿兩個自家捱過門來，教我如何是好？

〔張驢儿云〕

我們今日招過門去也。帽儿光光，今日做個新郎；袖儿窄窄，今日做個嬌客。好女婿，好女婿，不枉了，不枉了。

〔同孛老入拜科〕

〔正旦做不理科，云〕

兀那廝，靠后！

〔唱〕

【賺煞】我想這婦人每休信那男儿口，婆婆也，怕沒的貞心儿自守，到今日招著個村老子，領著個半死囚。

〔張驢儿做嘴臉科，云〕

你看我爺儿兩個這等身段，盡也選得女婿過。你不要錯過了好時辰，我和你早些儿拜堂罷。

〔正旦不理科，唱〕

則被你坑殺人燕侶鶯儔。婆婆也，你豈不知羞！俺公公撞府沖州，（門內爭）（門內坐）的銅斗儿家緣百事有。想著俺公公置就，怎忍教張
驢儿情受？

〔張驢儿做扯正旦拜科，正旦推跌科，唱〕

兀的不是俺沒丈夫的婦女下場頭。

〔下〕

〔卜儿云〕

你老人家不要惱（心＋右操），難道你有活命之恩，我豈不思量報你？只是我那媳婦儿气性最不好惹的，既是他不肯招你儿子，教我怎好招你老人家？我如今拚的好酒好飯養你爺儿兩個在家，待我慢慢的勸化俺媳婦儿；待他有個回心轉意，再做區處。

〔張驢儿云〕

這歪剌骨便是黃花女儿，剛剛扯的一把，也不消這等使性，平空的推了我一交，

我肯干罷！就當面賭個誓与你：我今生今世不要他做老婆，我也不算好男子。

〔詞云〕美婦人我見過万千向外，不似這小妮子生得十分憊賴；我救了你老性命

死里重生，怎割舍得不肯把肉身陪待？

〔同下〕

=第二折=

==Edyta Skorupa==

〔賽盧醫上，詩云〕

小子太醫出身，也不知道醫死多人，何嘗怕人告發，關了一日店門？在城有個蔡家婆子，剛少他二十兩花銀，屢屢親來索取，爭些捻斷脊筋。也是我一時智短，將他賺到荒村，撞見兩個不識姓名男子，一聲嚷道：「浪蕩乾坤，怎敢行凶撒潑，擅自勒死平民！」嚇得我丟了繩索，放開腳步飛奔。雖然一夜無事，終覺失精落魂；方知人命關天關地，如何看做壁上灰塵。從今改過行業，要得滅罪修因，將以前醫死的性命，一個個都与他一卷超度的經文。小子賽盧醫的便是。只為要賴蔡婆婆二十兩銀子，賺他到荒僻去處，正待勒死他，誰想遇見兩個漢子，救了他去。若是再來討債時節，教我怎生見他？常言道的好：「三十六計，走為上計」。喜得我是孤身，又無家小連累，不若收拾了細軟行李，打個包儿，悄悄的躲到別處，另做營生，豈不干淨？

〔張驢儿上，云〕

自家張驢儿，可奈那竇娥百般的不肯隨順我；如今那老婆子害病，我討服毒藥与他吃了，藥死那老婆子，這小妮子好歹做我的老婆。

〔做行科，云〕

且住，城里人耳目廣，口舌多，倘見我討毒藥，可不嚷出事來？我前日看見南門外有個藥舖，此處冷靜，正好討藥。

〔做到科，叫云〕

太醫哥哥，我來討藥的。

〔賽盧醫云〕

你討甚么藥？

〔張驢儿云〕

我討服毒藥。

〔賽盧醫云〕

誰敢合毒藥与你？這廝好大膽也。

〔張驢儿云〕

你真個不肯与我藥么？

〔賽盧醫云〕

我不与你，你就怎地我？

〔張驢儿做拖盧云〕

好呀，前日謀死蔡婆婆的，不是你來？你說我不認的你哩？我拖你見官去。

〔賽盧醫做慌科，云〕

大哥，你放我，有藥有藥。

〔做与藥科，張驢儿云〕

既然有了藥，且饒你罷。正是：得放手時須放手，得饒人處且饒人。

〔下〕

==Ada Dan==

〔賽盧醫云〕

可不悔气！剛剛討藥的這人，就是救那婆子的。我今日与了他這服毒藥去了，以

后事發，越越要連累我；趁早儿關上藥舖，到涿州賣老鼠藥去也。

〔下〕

〔卜儿上，做病伏几科〕

〔孛老同張驢儿上，云〕

老漢自到蔡婆婆家來，本望做個接腳，卻被他媳婦堅執不從。那婆婆一向收留俺爺儿兩個在家同住，只說好事不在忙，等慢慢里勸轉他媳婦，誰想他婆婆又害起病來。孩儿，你可曾算我兩個的八字，紅鸞天喜几時到命哩？

〔張驢儿云〕

要看什么天喜到命！只賭本事，做得去自去做。

〔孛老云〕

孩儿也，蔡婆婆害病好几日了，我与你去問病波。

〔做見卜儿問科，云〕

婆婆，你今日病体如何？

〔卜儿云〕

我身子十分不快哩。

〔孛老云〕

你可想些甚么吃？

〔卜儿云〕

我思量些羊肚儿湯吃。

〔孛老云〕

孩儿，你對竇娥說，做些羊肚儿湯与婆婆吃。

〔張驢儿向古門云〕

竇娥，婆婆想羊肚儿湯吃，快安排將來。

〔正旦持湯上，云〕

妾身竇娥是也。有俺婆婆不快，想羊肚湯吃，我親自安排了与婆婆吃去。婆婆也，

我這寡婦人家，凡事要避些嫌疑，怎好收留那張驢儿父子兩個？非親非眷的，一

家儿同住，豈不惹外人談議？婆婆也，你莫要背地里許了他親事，連我也累做不

清不洁的。我想這婦人心好難保也呵。

〔唱〕

【南呂·一枝花】他則待一生鴛帳眠，那里肯半夜空房睡；他本是張郎婦，又做了李郎妻。有一等婦女每相隨，并不說家克計，則打听些閒
是非；說一會不明白打鳳的机關，使了些調虛囂撈龍的見識。【梁州第七】這一個似卓氏般當壚滌器，這一個似孟光般舉案齊眉；說的來藏
頭蓋腳多伶俐，道著難曉，做出才知。舊恩忘卻，新愛偏宜；墳頭上土脈猶濕，架儿上又換新衣。那里有奔喪處哭倒長城？那里有浣紗時甘
投大水？那里有上山來便化頑石？可悲可恥，婦人家直恁的無仁義，多淫奔，少志气；虧殺前人在那里，更休說本性難移。

Summary: Widow Cai falls sick. She wants to eat sheep tripe soup, so Dou E is ordered to prepare it for her. When the meal is ready, Zhang the Mule recalls the grudge he holds for Widow Cai. He is secretly plotting to pour the poison obtained from Doctor Sailu into the soup. He wants to kill Widow Cai in order to force Dou E to marry him.

==Ewa Kopania==

〔云〕

婆婆，羊肚儿湯做成了，你吃些儿波。

〔張驢儿云〕

等我拿去。

〔做接嘗科，云〕

這里面少些鹽醋，你去取來。

〔正旦下〕

〔張驢儿放藥科〕

〔正旦上，云〕

這不是鹽醋？

〔張驢儿云〕

你傾下些。

〔正旦唱〕

【隔尾】你說道少鹽欠醋無滋味，加料添椒才脆美。但愿娘親早痊濟，飲羹湯一杯，胜甘露灌体，得一個身子平安倒大來喜。

〔孛老云〕

孩儿，羊肚湯有了不曾？

〔張驢儿云〕

湯有了，你拿過去。

〔孛老將湯云〕

婆婆，你吃些湯儿。

〔卜儿云〕

有累你。

〔做嘔科，云〕

我如今打嘔，不要這湯吃了，你老人家吃罷。

〔孛老云〕

這湯特地做來与你吃的，便不要吃，也吃一口儿。

〔卜儿云〕

我不吃了，你老人家請吃。

〔孛老吃科〕

〔正旦唱〕

【賀新郎】一個道你請吃，一個道婆先吃，這言語听也難听，我可是气也不气！想他家与咱家有甚的親和戚？怎不記舊日夫妻情意，也曾有
百縱千隨？婆婆也，你莫不為黃金浮世寶，白發故人稀，因此上把舊恩情全不比新知契。則待要百年同墓穴，那里肯千里送寒衣。

〔孛老云〕

我吃下這湯去，怎覺昏昏沉沉的起來？

〔做倒科〕

〔卜儿慌科，云〕

你老人家放精神著，你扎掙著些儿。

〔做哭科，云〕

兀的不是死了也！

〔正旦唱〕

【斗蝦（虫麻）】空悲戚，沒理會，人生死是輪回。感著這般病疾，值著這般時勢；可是風寒暑濕，或是饑飽勞役；各人證候自知，人命關
天關地；別人怎生替得，壽數非干今世。相守三朝五夕，說甚一家一計。又無羊酒段匹，又無花紅財禮；把手為活過日，撒手如同休棄。不
是竇娥忤逆，生怕旁人議論。不如听咱勸你，認個自家悔气，割舍的一具棺材停置，几件布帛收拾，出了咱家門里，送入他家墳地。這不是
你那從小儿年紀指腳的夫妻，我其實不關親無半點（心西）惶淚。休得要心如醉，意似痴，便這等嗟嗟怨怨，哭哭啼啼。

==Gabriela Krukowska==

　〔張驢儿云〕

好也羅！你把我老子藥死了，更待干罷！

〔卜儿云〕

孩儿，這事怎了也？

〔正旦云〕

我有什么藥在那里？都是他要鹽醋時，自家傾在湯儿里的。

〔唱〕

【隔尾】這廝搬調咱老母收留你，自藥死親爺待要唬嚇誰？

〔張驢儿云〕

我家的老子，倒說是我做儿子的藥死了，人也不信。

〔做叫科，云〕

四鄰八舍听著：竇娥藥殺我家老子哩。

〔卜儿云〕

罷么，你不要大惊小怪的，嚇殺我也。

〔張驢儿云〕

你可怕么？

〔卜儿云〕

可知怕哩。

〔張驢儿云〕

你要饒么？

〔卜儿云〕可知要饒哩。

〔張驢儿云〕

你教竇娥隨順了我，叫我三聲嫡嫡親親的丈夫，我便饒了他。

〔卜儿云〕

孩儿也，你隨順了他罷。

〔正旦云〕婆婆，你怎說這般言語？

〔唱〕

我一馬難將兩鞍□。想男儿在日，曾兩年匹配，卻教我改嫁別人，其實做不得。

　〔張驢儿云〕

竇娥，你藥殺了俺老子，你要官休？要私休？

〔正旦云〕

怎生是官休？怎生是私休？

〔張驢儿云〕

你要官休呵，拖你到官司，把你三推六問，你這等瘦弱身子，當不過拷打，怕你

不招認藥死我老子的罪犯！你要私休呵，你早些与我做了老婆，倒也便宜了你。

〔正旦云〕

我又不曾藥死你老子，情愿和你見官去來。

〔張驢儿拖正旦、卜儿下〕

〔淨扮孤引祗候上，詩云〕

我做官人胜別人，告狀來的要金銀；若是上司當刷卷，在家推病不出門。下官楚

州太守桃杌是也。今早升廳坐衙，左右，喝攛廂。

〔祗候吆喝科〕

〔張驢儿拖正旦、卜儿上，云〕

告狀，告狀。

〔祗候云〕

拿過來。

〔做跪見，孤亦跪科，云〕

請起。

〔祗候云〕

相公，他是告狀的，怎生跪著他？

〔孤云〕

你不知道，但來告狀的，就是我的衣食父母。

〔祗候吆喝科，孤云〕

那個是原告？那個是被告？從實說來。

〔張驢儿云〕

小人是原告張驢儿，告這媳婦儿，喚做竇娥，合毒藥下在羊肚湯儿里，藥死了俺

的老子。這個喚做蔡婆婆，就是俺的后母。望大人与小人做主咱。

〔孤云〕

是那一個下的毒藥？

〔正旦云〕

不干小婦人事。

〔卜儿云〕

也不干老婦人事。

〔張驢儿云〕

也不干我事。

〔孤云〕

都不是，敢是我下的毒藥來？

==Julia Dereżyńska==

〔正旦云〕

我婆婆也不是他后母，他自姓張，我家姓蔡。我婆婆因為与賽盧醫索錢，被他賺

到郊外勒死；我婆婆卻得他爺儿兩個救了性命，因此我婆婆收留他爺儿兩個在家，

養膳終身，報他的恩德。誰知他兩個倒起不良之心，冒認婆婆做了接腳，要逼勒

小婦人作他媳婦。小婦人元是有丈夫的，服孝未滿，堅執不從。适值我婆婆患病，

著小婦人安排羊肚湯儿吃。不知張驢儿那里討得毒藥在身，接過湯來，只說少些

鹽醋，支轉小婦人，暗地傾下毒藥。也是天幸，我婆婆忽然嘔吐，不要湯吃，讓

与他老子吃，才吃的几口，便死了。与小婦人并無干涉，只望大人高抬明鏡，替

小婦人做主咱。

〔唱〕

【牧羊犬】大人你明如鏡，清似水，照妾身肝膽虛實。那羹本五味俱全，除了此百事不知。他推道嘗滋味，吃下去便昏迷。不是妾訟庭上胡支對，大人也，卻教我平白地說甚的？

〔張驢儿云〕

大人詳情：他自姓蔡，我自姓張，他婆婆不招俺父親接腳，他養我父子兩個在家

做甚么？這媳婦年紀儿雖小，极是個賴骨頑皮，不怕打的。

〔孤云〕

人是賤虫，不打不招。左右，与我選大棍子打著。

〔祗候打正旦，三次噴水科〕

〔正旦唱〕

【罵玉郎】這無情棍棒教我捱不的。婆婆也，須是你自做下，怨他誰？勸普天下前婚后嫁婆娘每，都看取我這般傍州例。【感皇恩】呀！是
誰人唱叫揚疾，不由我不魄散魂飛。恰消停，才蘇醒，又昏迷。捱千般打拷，万种凌逼，一杖下，一道血，一層皮。【采茶歌】打的我肉都
飛，血淋漓，腹中冤枉有誰知！則我這小婦人毒藥來從何處也？天哪！怎么的覆盆不照太陽暉！

〔孤云〕

你招也不招？

〔正旦云〕

委的不是小婦人下毒藥來。

〔孤云〕

既然不是你，与我打那婆子。

〔正旦忙云〕

住住住，休打我婆婆，情愿我招了罷。是我藥死公公來。

〔孤云〕

既然招了，著他畫了伏狀，將枷來枷上，下在死囚牢里去。到來日判個斬字，押

付市曹典刑。

〔卜儿哭科，云〕

竇娥孩儿，這都是我送了你性命，兀的不痛殺我也！

〔正旦唱〕

【黃鐘尾】我做了個銜冤負屈沒頭鬼，怎肯便放了你好色荒淫漏面賊！想人心不可欺，冤枉事天地知，爭到頭，競到底，到如今待怎的？情
愿認藥殺公公，与了招罪。婆婆也，我怕把你來便打的，打的來恁的。我若是不死呵，如何救得你？

〔隨祗候押下〕

〔張驢儿做叩頭科，云〕

謝青天老爺做主！明日殺了竇娥，才与小人的老子報的冤。

〔卜儿哭科，云〕

明日市曹中殺竇娥孩儿也，兀的不痛殺我也！

〔孤云〕

張驢儿，蔡婆婆，都取保狀，著隨衙听候。左右，打散堂鼓，將馬來，回私宅去
也。

〔同下〕

Summary: Dou E explains the situation from her point of view and asks the governor for a fair judgement. Zhang Lü'er disagrees with her, and the governor has Dou E beaten three times. She is badly injured, but still doesn’t confess, saying that she didn’t poison Zhang Lü'er’s father. She confesses for a crime she didn’t commit when the governor threatens to beat up her mother-in-law. Dou E is then sentenced to death.

=第三折=

==Karol Perka==

　〔外扮監斬官上，云〕

下官監斬官是也。今日處決犯人，著做公的把住巷口，休放往來人閒走。

〔淨扮公人，鼓三通，鑼三下科，劊子磨旗、提刀、押正旦帶枷上，劊子云〕

行動些，行動些，監斬官去法場上多時了。

〔正旦唱〕

【正宮·端正好】沒來由犯王法，不提防遭刑憲，叫聲屈動地惊天。頃刻間游魂先赴森羅殿，怎不將天地也生埋怨。【滾繡球】有日月朝暮
懸，有鬼神掌著生死權。天地也只合把清濁分辨，可怎生糊突了盜跖顏淵：為善的受貧窮更命短，造惡的享富貴又壽延。天地也，做得個怕
硬欺軟，卻元來也這般順水推船。地也，你不分好歹何為地。天也，你錯勘賢愚枉做天！哎，只落得兩淚漣漣。

〔劊子云〕

快行動些，誤了時辰也。

〔正旦唱〕

【倘秀才】則被這枷紐的我左側右偏，人擁的我前合后偃。我竇娥向哥哥行有句言。

〔劊子云〕

你有甚么話說？

〔正旦唱〕

前街里去心怀恨，后街里去死無冤，休推辭路遠。

〔劊子云〕

你如今到法場上面，有甚么親眷要見的，可教他過來見你一面也好。

〔正旦唱〕

【叨叨令】可怜我孤身只影無親眷，則落的吞聲忍气空嗟怨。

〔劊子云〕

難道你爺娘家也沒的？

〔正旦云〕

止有個爹爹，十三年前上朝取應去了，至今杳無音信。

〔唱〕

早已是十年多不睹爹爹面。

〔劊子云〕

你适才要我往后街里去，是什么主意？

〔正旦唱〕

怕則怕前街里被我婆婆見。

〔劊子云〕

你的性命也顧不得，怕他見怎的？

〔正旦云〕俺婆婆若見我披枷帶鎖赴法場餐刀去呵，

〔唱〕

枉將他气殺也么哥，枉將他气殺也么哥。告哥哥，臨危好与人行方便。

〔卜儿哭上科，云〕

天哪，兀的不是我媳婦儿！

〔劊子云〕

婆子靠后。

〔正旦云〕

既是俺婆婆來了，叫他來，待我囑付他几句話咱。

〔劊子云〕

那婆子，近前來，你媳婦要囑付你話哩。

〔卜儿云〕

孩儿，痛殺我也。

〔正旦云〕

婆婆，那張驢儿把毒藥放在羊肚儿湯里，實指望藥死了你，要霸占我為妻。不想

婆婆讓与他老子吃，倒把他老子藥死了。我怕連累婆婆，屈招了藥死公公，今日

赴法場典刑。婆婆，此后遇著冬時年節，月一十五，有（水蹇）不了的漿水飯，

（水蹇）半碗儿与我吃；燒不了的紙錢，与竇娥燒一陌儿。則是看你死的孩儿面

上。

〔唱〕

【快活三】念竇娥葫蘆提當罪愆，念竇娥身首不完全，念竇娥從前已往干家緣；婆婆也，你只看竇娥少爺無娘面。【鮑老儿】念竇娥服侍婆
婆這几年，遇時節將碗涼漿奠；你去那受刑法尸骸上烈些紙錢，只當把你亡化的孩儿荐。

==Lena Rzeźnikowska==

〔卜儿哭科，云〕

孩儿放心，這個老身都記得。天哪，兀的不痛殺我也。

〔正旦唱〕

婆婆也，再也不要啼啼哭哭，煩煩惱惱，怨气沖天。這都是我做竇娥的沒時沒運，不明不暗，負屈銜冤。

　〔劊子做喝科，云〕

兀那婆子靠后，時辰到了也。

〔正旦跪科〕

〔劊子開枷科〕

〔正旦云〕

竇娥告監斬大人，有一事肯依竇娥，便死而無怨。

〔監斬官云〕

你有什么事？你說。

〔正旦云〕

要一領淨席，等我竇娥站立，又要丈二白練，挂在旗槍上。若是我竇娥委實冤枉，

刀過處頭落，一腔熱血休半點儿沾在地下，都飛在白練上者。

〔監斬官云〕

這個就依你，打甚么不緊。

〔劊子做取席科，站科，又取白練挂旗上科〕

〔正旦唱〕

【耍孩儿】不是我竇娥罰下這等無頭愿，委實的冤情不淺。若沒些儿靈圣与世人傳，也不見得湛湛青天。我不要半星熱血紅塵洒，都只在八
尺旗槍素練懸。等他四下里皆瞧見，這就是咱萇弘化碧，望帝啼鵑。

　〔劊子云〕

你還有甚的說話，此時不對監斬大人說，几時說那？

〔正旦再跪科，云〕

大人，如今是三伏天道，若竇娥委實冤枉，身死之后，天降三尺瑞雪，遮掩了竇

娥尸首。

〔監斬官云〕

這等三伏天道，你便有沖天的怨气，也召不得一片雪來，可不胡說！

〔正旦唱〕

【二煞】你道是暑气暄，不是那下雪天；豈不聞飛霜六月因鄒衍？若果有一腔怨气噴如火，定要感得六出冰花滾似錦，免著我尸骸現；要什
么素車白馬，斷送出古陌荒阡？

〔正旦再跪科，云〕

大人，我竇娥死的委實冤枉，從今以后，著這楚州亢旱三年。

〔監斬官云〕

打嘴！那有這等說話！

〔正旦唱〕

【一煞】你道是天公不可期，人心不可怜，不知皇天也肯從人愿。做甚么三年不見甘霖降？也只為東海曾經孝婦冤。如今輪到你山陽縣。這
都是官吏每無心正法，使百姓有口難言。

　〔劊子做磨旗科，云〕

怎么這一會儿天色陰了也？

〔內做風科，劊子云〕

好冷風也！

〔正旦唱〕

【煞尾】浮云為我陰，悲風為我旋，三樁儿誓愿明題遍。

〔做哭科，云〕

婆婆也，直等待雪飛六月，亢旱三年呵，

〔唱〕

那其間才把你個屈死的冤魂這竇娥顯。

　〔劊子做開刀，正旦倒科〕

〔監斬官惊云〕

呀，真個下雪了，有這等异事！

〔劊子云〕

我也道平日殺人，滿地都是鮮血，這個竇娥的血，都飛在那丈二白練上，并無半

點落地，委實奇怪。

〔監斬官云〕

這死罪必有冤枉，早兩樁儿應驗了，不知亢旱三年的說話，准也不准？且看后來

如何。左右，也不必等待雪晴，便与我抬他尸首，還了那蔡婆婆去罷。

〔眾應科，抬尸下〕

=第四折=

==Natalia Gloc==

〔竇天章冠帶引丑張千祗從上，詩云〕

獨立空堂思黯然，高峰月出滿林煙，非關有事人難睡，自是惊魂夜不眠。老夫竇

天章是也。自离了我那端云孩儿，可早十六年光景。老夫自到京師，一舉及第，

官拜參知政事。只因老夫廉能清正，節操堅剛，謝圣恩可怜，加老夫兩淮提刑肅

政廉訪使之職，隨處審囚刷卷，体察濫官污吏，容老夫先斬后奏。老夫一喜一悲，

喜呵，老夫身居台省，職掌刑名，勢劍金牌，威權万里；悲呵，有端云孩儿，七

歲上与了蔡婆婆為儿媳婦，老夫自得官之后，使人往楚州問蔡婆婆家，他鄰里街

坊道，自當年蔡婆婆不知搬在那里去了，至今音信皆無。老夫為端云孩儿，啼哭

的眼目昏花，憂愁得須發斑白。今日來到這淮南地面，不知這楚州為何三年不雨？

老夫今在這州廳安歇。張千，說与那州中大小屬官，今日免參，明日早見。

〔張千向古門云〕

一應大小屬官，今日免參，明日早見。

〔竇天章云〕

張千，說与那六房吏典，但有合刷照文卷，都將來，待老夫燈下看几宗波。

〔張千送文卷科，竇天章云〕

張千，你与我掌上燈，你每都辛苦了，自去歇息罷。我喚你便來，不喚你休來。

〔張千點燈，同祗從下。竇天章云〕

我將這文卷看几宗咱。一起犯人竇娥，將毒藥致死公公。我才看頭一宗文卷，就

与老夫同姓，這藥死公公的罪名，犯在十惡不赦，俺同姓之人，也有不畏法度的。

這是問結了的文書，不看他罷。我將這文卷壓在底下，別看一宗咱。

〔做打呵欠科，云〕

不覺的一陣昏沉上來，皆因老夫年紀高大，鞍馬勞困之故，待我搭伏定書案，歇

息些儿咱。

〔做睡科，魂旦上，唱〕

【雙調·新水令】我每日哭啼啼守住望鄉台，急煎煎把仇人等待，慢騰騰昏地里走，足律律旋風中來，則被這霧鎖云埋，攛掇的鬼魂快。

〔魂旦望科，云〕

門神戶尉不放我進去。我是廉訪使竇天章女孩儿，因我屈死，父親不知，特來托

一夢与他咱。

〔唱〕

【沉醉東風】我是那提刑的女孩，須不比現世的妖怪。怎不容我到燈影前，卻攔截在門（木呈）外？

〔做叫科，云〕

我那爺爺呵，

〔唱〕

枉自有勢劍金牌，把俺這屈死三年的腐骨骸，怎脫离無邊苦海！

　〔做入見哭科，竇天章亦哭科，云〕

端云孩儿，你在那里來？

==Paweł Andraszak ==

〔魂旦虛下〕

〔竇天章做醒科，云〕

好是奇怪也，老夫才合眼去，夢見端云孩儿恰便似來我跟前一般，如今在那里？

我且再看這文卷咱。

〔魂旦上，做弄燈科〕

〔竇天章云〕

奇怪，我正要看文卷，怎生這燈忽明忽滅的！張千也睡著了，我自己剔燈咱。

〔做剔燈，魂旦翻文卷科，竇天章云〕

我剔的這燈明了也。再看几宗文卷。一起犯人竇娥藥死公公。

〔做疑怪科，云〕

這一宗文卷，我為頭看過，壓在文卷底下，怎生又在這上頭？這几時問結了的，

還壓在底下，我別看一宗文卷波。

〔魂旦再弄燈科，竇天章云〕

怎么，這燈又是半明半暗的，我再剔這燈咱。

〔做剔燈，魂旦再翻文卷科，竇天章云〕

我剔的這燈明了，我另拿一宗文卷看咱。一起犯人竇娥藥死公公。呸！好是奇怪！

我才將這文書分明壓在底下，剛剔了這燈，怎生又翻在面上？莫不是楚州后廳里

有鬼么？便無鬼呵，這樁事必有冤枉。將這文卷再壓在底下，待我另看一宗如何？

〔魂旦又弄燈科，竇天章云〕

怎生這燈又不明了？敢有鬼弄這燈？我再剔一剔去。

〔做剔燈科，魂旦上，做撞見科，竇天章舉劍擊桌科，云〕

呸！我說有鬼！兀那鬼魂，老夫是朝廷欽差帶牌走馬肅政廉訪使，你向前來，一

劍揮之兩段。張千，虧你也睡的著，快起來，有鬼有鬼。兀的不嚇殺老夫也。

〔魂旦唱〕

【喬牌儿】則見他疑心儿胡亂猜，听了我這哭聲儿轉惊駭。哎，你個竇天章恁的威風大，且受你孩儿竇娥這一拜。

〔竇天章云〕

兀那鬼魂，你道竇天章是你父親，受你孩儿竇娥拜，你敢錯認了也！我的女儿叫
做端云，七歲上与了蔡婆婆為儿媳婦。你是竇娥，名字差了，怎生是我女孩儿？

〔魂旦云〕

父親，你將我与了蔡婆婆家，改名做竇娥了也。

〔竇天章云〕

你便是端云孩儿，我不問你別的，這藥死公公，是你不是？

〔魂旦云〕

是你孩儿來。

〔竇天章云〕

噤聲，你這小妮子，老夫為你啼哭的眼也花了，憂愁的頭也白了，你（戔刀）地

犯了十惡大罪，受了典刑。我今日官居台省，職掌刑名，來此兩淮審囚刷卷，体

察濫官污吏，你是我親生之女，老夫將你治不的，怎治他人？我當初將你嫁与他

家呵，要你三從四德：三從者，在家從父，出嫁從夫，夫死從子。四德者，事公

姑，敬夫主，和妯娌，睦街坊。今三從四德全無，（戔刀）地犯了十惡大罪。我

竇家三輩無犯法之男，五世無再婚之女，到今日被你辱沒祖宗世德，又連累我的

清名。你快与其我細吐真情，不要虛言支對，若說的有半厘差錯，牒發你城隍祠

內，著你永世不得人身，罰在陰山，永為餓鬼。

Paweł: Summary of the above passage

Dou Tianzhang is haunted by the ghost of his daughter. The spirit of Dou E repeatedly tampers with the lamplight and continuously re-arranges the file in order to draw Dou Tianzhang's attention to the case which concerns the criminal Dou E who poisoned her father-in-law. Then the spirit of Dou E appears in front of the inspector and says that she is a ghost of his daughter. Dou Tianzhang is very surprised and feels insecure. He can't believe that his beloved daughter might have committed such a heinous crime (he does not know that Dou E was innocent). He quotes the Three Duties and the Four Virtues which he once expected his daughter to observe.

==Sandra Piechowiak==

〔魂旦云〕

父親停嗔息怒，暫罷狼虎之威，听你孩儿慢慢的說一遍咱。我三歲上亡了母親，

七歲上离了父親，你將我送与蔡婆婆做儿媳婦。至十七歲与夫配合，才得兩年，

不幸儿夫亡化，和俺婆婆守寡。這山陽縣南門外有個賽盧醫，他少俺婆婆二十兩

銀子。俺婆婆去取討，被他賺到郊外，要將婆婆勒死，不想撞見張驢儿父子兩個，

救了俺婆婆性命。那張驢儿知道我家有個守寡的媳婦，便道：「你婆儿媳婦既無

丈夫，不若招我父子兩個。」俺婆婆初也不肯，那張驢儿道：「你若不肯，我依

舊勒死你。」俺婆婆懼怕，不得已含糊許了。只得將他父子兩個領到家中，養他

過世。有張驢儿數次調戲你女孩儿，我堅執不從。那一日俺婆婆身子不快，想羊

肚儿湯吃，你孩儿安排了湯。适值張驢儿父子兩個問病，道：「將湯來我嘗一嘗。」

說：「湯便好，只少些鹽醋。」賺的我去取鹽醋，他就暗地里下了毒藥，實指望

藥殺俺婆婆，要強逼我成親。不想俺婆婆偶然發嘔，不要湯吃，卻讓与老張吃，

隨即七竅流血藥死了。張驢儿便道：「竇娥藥死了俺老子，你要官休要私休？」

我便道：「怎生是官休？怎生是私休？」他道：「要官休，告到官司，你与俺老

子償命。若私休，你便与我做老婆。」你孩儿便道：「好馬不備雙鞍，烈女不更

二夫，我至死不与你做媳婦，我請愿和你見官去。」他將你孩儿拖到官中，受盡

三推六問，吊拷繃扒，便打死孩儿也不肯認。怎當州官見你孩儿不認，便要拷打

俺婆婆；我怕婆婆年老，受刑不起，只得屈認了。因此押赴法場．將我典刑。你

孩儿對天發下三樁誓愿：第一樁要丈二白練挂在旗槍上，若系冤枉，刀過頭落，

一腔熱血休滴在地下，都飛在白練上；第二樁，現今三伏天道，下三尺瑞雪，遮

掩你孩儿尸首；第三樁，著他楚州大旱三年。果然血飛上白練，六月下雪，三年

不雨，都是為你孩儿來。

〔詩云〕不告官司只告天，心中怨气口難言，防他老母

遭刑憲，情愿無辭認罪愆。三尺瓊花骸骨掩，一腔熱血練旗懸，豈獨霜飛鄒衍屈，

今朝方表竇娥冤。

〔唱〕

【雁儿落】你看這文卷曾道來不道來，則我這冤枉要忍耐如何耐？我不肯順他人，倒著我赴法場；我不肯辱祖上，倒把我殘生坏。【得胜
令】呀，今日個搭伏定攝魂台，一靈儿怨哀哀。父親也，你現掌著刑名事，親蒙圣主差。端詳這文冊，那廝亂綱常當合敗。便万剮了喬才，
還道報冤仇不暢快。

Dou E explains what happened to her: after 2 years of marriage her husband died, leaving her and her mother-in-law alone. Once the mother-in-law almost got strangled, but Zhang Lu'er and his son saved her. Then they blackmailed the mother-in-law, saying that they'll strangle her unless she allows them into her house. One day Dou E's mother-in-law was feeling sick and asked her for soup, then Zhang Lu'er had a taste of it and said it needed more salt and vinegar, and then secretly poisoned the soup when Dou E went to bring the ingredients. Her mother-in-law vomitted and refused to eat the soup, which saved her, but old Zhang ate it and died. After that Zhang's son blackmailed Dou E, saying he'll either bring her to court for killing his father, or she'll agree to be his wife. Dou E refused to remarry and because of that she was brought to court and tortured, eventually she was forced to confess to a crime she didn't commit because she was scared of her mother-in-law being harmed. She laments that she suffered a great injustice.

==Wiktoria Wolny==

　〔竇天章做泣科，云〕

哎，我屈死的儿夜，則被你痛殺我也！我且問你：這楚州三年不雨，可真個是為

你來？

〔魂旦云〕

是為你孩儿來。

〔竇天章云〕

有這等事！到來朝我与你做主。

〔詩云〕白頭親苦痛哀哉，屈殺了你個青春女孩，

只恐怕天明了你且回去，到來日我將文卷改正明白。

〔魂旦暫下〕

〔竇天章云〕

呀，天色明了也。張千，我昨日看几宗文卷，中間有一鬼魂來訴冤枉。我喚你好

几次，你再也不應，直恁的好睡那。

〔張千云〕

我小人兩個鼻子孔一夜不曾閉，并不听見女鬼訴什么冤狀，也不曾听見相公呼喚。

〔竇天章做叱科，云〕

（口退），今早升廳坐衙，張千，喝攛廂者。

〔張千做吆喝科，云〕

在衙人馬平安，抬書案。

〔稟云〕

州官見。

〔外扮州官入參科〕

〔張千云〕

該房吏典見。

〔丑扮吏入參見科〕

〔竇天章云〕

你這楚州一郡，三年不雨，是為著何來？

〔州官云〕

這個是天道亢旱，楚州百姓之災，小官等不知其罪。

〔竇天章做怒科，云〕

你等不知罪么！那山陽縣有用毒藥謀死公公犯婦竇娥，他問斬之時，曾發愿道：

「若是果有冤枉，著你楚州三年不雨，寸草不生。」可有這件事？

〔州官云〕

這罪是前升任桃州守問成的，現有文卷。

〔竇天章云〕

這等糊突的官，也著他升去！你是繼他任的，三年之中，可曾祭這冤婦么？

〔州官云〕

此犯系十惡大罪，元不曾有祠，所以不曾祭得。

〔竇天章云〕

昔日漢朝有一孝婦守寡，其姑自縊身死，其姑女告孝婦殺姑。東海太守將孝婦斬

了。只為一婦含冤，致令三年不雨。后于公治獄，仿佛見孝婦抱卷哭于廳前，于

公將文卷改正，親祭孝婦之墓，天乃大雨。今日你楚州大旱，豈不正与此事相類？

張千，分付該房僉牌下山陽縣，著拘張驢儿、賽盧醫、蔡婆婆一起人犯，火速解

審，毋得違（心吳）片刻者。

〔張千云〕

理會的。

〔下〕

〔丑扮解子押張驢儿、蔡婆婆，同張千上，稟云〕

山陽縣解到審犯听點。

〔竇天章云〕

張驢儿。

〔張驢儿云〕

有。

〔竇天章云〕

蔡婆婆。

〔蔡婆婆云〕

有。

〔竇天章云〕

怎么賽盧醫是緊要人犯不到？

〔解子云〕

賽盧醫三年前在逃，一面著廣捕批緝拿去了，待獲日解審。

〔竇天章云〕

張驢儿，那蔡婆婆是你的后母么？

〔張驢儿云〕

母親好冒認的？委實是。

〔竇天章云〕

這藥死你父親的毒藥，卷上不見有合藥的人，是那個的毒藥？

〔張驢儿云〕

是竇娥自合就的毒藥。

〔竇天章云〕

這毒藥必有一個賣藥的醫舖，想竇娥是個少年寡婦，那里討這藥來？張驢儿，敢

是你合的毒藥么？

〔張驢儿云〕

若是小人合的毒藥，不藥別人，倒藥死自家老子？

〔竇天章云〕

我那屈死的儿（口樂），這一節是緊要公案，你不自來折辯，怎得一個明白，你

如今冤魂卻在那里？

〔魂旦上，云〕

張驢儿，這藥不是你合的，是那個合的？

〔張驢儿做怕科，云〕

有鬼有鬼，撮鹽入水，太上老君，急急如律令，敕。

〔魂旦云〕

張驢儿，你當日下毒藥在羊肚儿湯里，本意藥死俺婆婆，要逼勒我做渾家，不想

俺婆婆不吃，讓与你父親吃，被藥死了，你今日還敢賴哩！

〔唱〕

【川撥（木卓）】猛見了你這吃敲材，我只問你這毒藥從何處來？你本意待暗里栽排，要逼勒我和諧，倒把你親爺毒害，怎教咱替你耽罪
責？

〔魂旦做打張驢儿科〕

〔張驢儿做避科，云〕

太上老君，急急如律令，敕。大人說這毒藥必有個賣藥的醫舖，若尋得這賣藥的

人來，和小人折對，死也無詞。

〔丑扮解子解賽盧醫上，云〕

山陽縣續解到犯人一名賽盧醫。

〔張千喝云〕

當面。

〔竇天章云〕

你三年前要勒死蔡婆婆，賴他銀子，這事怎么說？

〔賽盧醫叩頭科，云〕

Summary: Dou Tianzhang weeps over the fate of his daughter, asks her if it is because of her that the district has been plagued by drought for 3 years, and when Dou E confirms his words, Dou Tianzhang orders a review of her case. Dou Tianzhang orders the accused and those connected to the case to be brought in, that is Zhang the Mule, Dr Sailu, governor Taowu, and Widow Cai, Dr Sailu however is not brought in with the others. Dou Tianzhang begins interrogating those involved, slowly bringing the truth to light, at which point Dr Sailu is brought to trial.

==Zyta Rydz==

小的要賴蔡婆婆銀子的情是有的，當被兩個漢子救了，那婆婆并不曾死。

〔竇天章云〕

這兩個漢子你認的他叫做什么名姓？

〔賽盧醫云〕

小的認便認的，慌忙之際，可不曾問他名姓。

〔竇天章云〕

現有一個在階下，你去認來。

〔賽盧醫做下認科，云〕

這個是蔡婆婆。

〔指張驢儿云〕

想必這毒藥事發了。

〔上云〕

是這一個，容小的訴稟：當日要勒死蔡婆婆時，正遇見他爺儿兩個，救了那婆婆

去。過得几日，他到小的舖中討服毒藥，小的是念佛吃齋人，不敢做昧心的事，

說道：「舖中只有官料藥，并無什么毒藥。」他就睜著眼道：「你昨日在郊外要

勒死蔡婆婆，我拖你見官去。」小的一生最怕的是見官，只得將一服毒藥与了他

去。小的見他生相是個惡的，一定拿這藥去藥死了人，久后敗露，必然連累，小

的一向逃在涿州地方，賣些老鼠藥。剛剛是老鼠被藥殺了好几個，藥死人的藥，

其實再也不曾合。

〔魂旦唱〕

【七弟兄】你只為賴財，放乖，要當災。

〔帶云〕

這毒藥呵，

〔唱〕

原來是你賽盧醫出賣張驢儿買，沒來由填做我犯由牌，到今日官去衙門在。

〔竇天章云〕

帶那蔡婆婆上來。我看你也六十外人了，家中又是有錢鈔的，如何又嫁了老張，

做出這等事來？

〔蔡婆婆云〕

老婦人因為他爺儿兩個救了我的性命，收留他在家養膳過世；那張驢儿常說要將

他老子接腳進來，老婦人并不曾許他。

〔竇天章云〕

這等說，你那媳婦就不該認做藥死公公了。

〔魂旦云〕

當日問官要打俺婆婆，我怕他年老受刑不起，因此（口昝）認做藥死公公，委實

是屈招個！

〔唱〕

【梅花酒】你道是咱不該，這招狀供寫的明白。本一點孝順的心怀，倒做了惹禍的胚胎。我只道官吏每還复勘，怎將咱屈斬首在長街！第一
要素旗槍鮮血洒，第二要三尺雪將死尸埋，第三要三年旱示天災，咱誓愿委實大。【收江南】呀，這的是衙門從古向南開，就中無個不冤
哉。痛殺我嬌姿弱体閉泉台，早三年以外，則落的悠悠流恨似長淮。

　〔竇天章云〕

端云儿也，你這冤枉我已盡知，你且回去。待我將這一起人犯，并原問官吏，另

行定罪，改日做個水陸道場，超度你生天便了。

〔魂旦拜科，唱〕

【鴛鴦煞尾】從今后把金牌勢劍從頭擺，將濫官污吏都殺坏，与天子分憂，万民除害。

〔云〕

我可忘了一件，爹爹，俺婆婆年紀高大，無人侍養，你可收恤家中，替你孩儿盡
養生送死之禮，我便九泉之下，可也瞑目。

〔竇天章云〕

好孝順的儿也。

〔魂旦唱〕

囑付你爹爹，收養我奶奶，可怜他無婦無儿誰管顧年衰邁。再將那文卷舒開，

〔帶云〕

爹爹，也把我竇娥名下，

〔唱〕

屈死的于伏罪名儿改。

〔下〕

〔竇天章云〕

喚那蔡婆婆上來。你可認得我么？

〔蔡婆婆云〕

老婦人眼花了，不認的。

〔竇天章云〕

我便是竇天章。适才的鬼魂，便是我屈死的女孩儿端云。你這一行人，听我下斷：

張驢儿毒殺親爺，奸占寡婦，合擬凌遲，押赴市曹中，釘上木驢，剮一百二十刀

處死。升任州守桃杌，并該房吏典，刑名違錯，各杖一百，永不敘用。賽盧醫不

合賴錢勒死平民，又不合修合毒藥，致傷人命，發煙瘴地面，永遠充軍。蔡婆婆

我家收養，竇娥罪改正明白。

〔詞云〕莫道我念亡女与他滅罪消愆，也只可怜見

楚州郡大旱三年。昔于公曾表白東海孝婦，果然是感召得靈雨如泉。豈可便推諉

道天災代有，竟不想人之意感應通天。今日個將文卷重行改正，方顯的王家法不

使民冤。
Summary: Sailun was the one who tried to strangle widow Cai, but two men saved her. However later one of those two came to Sailun's medicine shop and asked for poison threatening, that if Sailu won't give him, then he will tell the officials that Sailun tried to strangle widow Cai. After that, Sailun was scared, so he fled. After discovering all the facts Dou Tianzhang said the final verdict: Zhang the Mule was sentenced to death, governor Taowu would be punished with a hundred strokes of a cane and Dr Sailu was banished forever. Dou Tianzhang also decided to take care of widow Cai and his daughter was posthumously proclaimed innocent.

Chinese Culture

2023-10-11T18:02:52Z

Wei Yuxin:

'''Kultura chińska'''

THU 11:30-13:00 sal. 401 Chinese Culture Kultura chinska SIN-m I 30+30, fall 2023, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan

Shortlink: http://bit.ly/Culture_2023_10 (long link: https://bou.de/u/index.php?title=Chinese_Culture)
=Session 1=
==Organizational Things==
===课程安排 Schedule===
*1 Oct 5, 2023 11:30-13:00 401
*2 Oct 12 11:30-13:00
*-
*3 Oct 26 11:30-13:00
*-
*?4 Nov 9
*?5 Nov 16
*?6 Nov 23
*7 Nov 30 11:30-13:00
*8 Dec 7 11:30-13:00
*9 Dec 14 11:30-13:00
*10 Dec 21 11:30-13:00
*11 Jan 11 11:30-13:00
*12 Jan 18 11:30-13:00 13:15-14:45
*13 Jan 25 11:30-13:00 13:15-14:45
*14 Feb 1 11:30-13:00 13:15-14:45
*15 Feb 8 Final Paper (homework)

===Student roll===
#Gabriela Krukowska 王美芬大學老師和教育翻譯電腦游戲本地化
#Ewa Kopania 田小龍外交官對亞洲、歷史感興趣，因爲瞭解到日本的歷史責任轉到對中國感興趣喜歡讀書 23，畢業以後參加外交部的考試
#Zyta Rydz 魏雨昕新疆語言政策筆譯翻譯喜歡文學
#Asia (Joanna) Zawada 金樂金乐中国人觉得他们的精英怎么样？古代和20世紀的中國人翻譯波蘭文學翻譯成漢語，數學數據分析
#Karol Perka 康明傑在中國文學裏翻譯成中文的西方外文名稱，外語，老師
#Malwina Filipowicz 李美琳對中國文化感興趣，外語，翻譯
#Anna Proskura 張宇璇外語（俄語、烏克蘭語、波蘭語、漢語、英語）
#Julia Dereżyṅska 楊思藝外語（俄語、英語、漢語、波蘭語、韓文）、lgbt的詞語、語言分析
#Paweł Andraszak 安浩阳中國文化，文學，歷史中國農村宗教（武俠電影）
#Aleksandra Urbanska 晏黎动物象征，对仙侠电视剧的影响外语（英語老師、波蘭語、漢語）以後要學韓語、泰語西哈(Hip Hop)跳舞
#Karolina Englert 安凱榕華沙大學、中醫：氣功的發展
#Natalia Gloc 裴夢姣翻譯粵語、中國方言和文字
#Edyta Skorupa 艾希從小對中國文化感興趣，要儅漢語老師成都方言（語法）
#Wiktoria Wolny 王曉彤中國文化和文學、喜歡看文學、相當筆譯，翻譯小説，奇幻小説（Fantasy）中國長篇小説的兩種英文翻譯
#Ada Dan 愛答外語、俄語、學西班牙語營業代表喜歡音樂，自己創造音樂跳舞（Dance Hall）美國和中國在天空的比賽現在：文學題目

===Topics===
Please write your names behind the topics you will present with ppt.

#地理性质是文化发展的基础 Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development (2)
#古代和当代的接触方式 Ancient and Contemporary Ways of Contacting (2)
#中国的婚姻习俗 Chinese Marriage Customs (3)
#湖南的伴嫁歌 Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan (3)
#土家族的哭嫁 Crying Marriage of Tujia (4) Wei Yuxin 魏雨昕
#中国古代的四大才子 The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China (4) Li Meilin 李美琳
#熊猫 The Panda (5)
#建筑学 Architecture (5)
#建筑：紫禁城 The Forbidden City (6)
#建筑:中国四大名桥 Architecture: Four Famous Bridges (6)
#建筑：四大亭子 Four Great Pavilions (7)
#中国产出日式文化出品 (China produces Japanese-style products) (7)
#中国文化中的象征主义——动物 The Symbolism in Chinese Culture. The Example of Animals (8) Yan Li 晏黎
#中国人幸运和不吉利的数字 (Lucky and Unfortunate Numbers in the Eyes of Chinese People) (8) Yang Siyi 杨思艺
#中国摇滚乐的形成（Development of Chinese Rock Music) (9)
#基督教和佛教之间的差别 (The Differences between Christianity and Buddhism) (9)
#中国饮食文化——中国菜的命名艺术 (Culinary Culture of China: The Art of Naming Chinese Dishes) (10)
#中国佛教 (Chinese Buddhism) (10)
#缠足 (Foot-binding) (11)
#鬼怪和辟邪 (Monsters and Exorcism) (11)
#中医植物 (Herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine) (12)
#广东的文化饮食习惯：广东人为何爱吃野味？ (The tradition of eating of wild animals in Guangdong) (12)

=Topics/Sessions=
'''中国文化————研究生课（研一）''' Kultura chińska | Chinese Culture for first year Master Students

直接到期末考试论文网页的链接 Quick Link to Final Exam Papers: [[20240131_cult_finals]]

10月6日——1月31日 (30 x 45 分钟) Thursdays 9:45 (30 x 45 min.), 教室 Classroom 4##

=第一周 Session 1 - 組織方面的事情 Organizational Things=

本课程由吴漠汀线下授课。课堂语言为中文，但也会提供一些英语/法语/德语/日语/波兰语的解释。一部分的资料是简体字的，一部分繁体字。你们注意到繁体字的时候，请打招呼。看繁体字慢慢的也要看习惯。

This class is taught by Martin Woesler in presence. The class language is Chinese, however, some explanations in English/French/German/Japanese/Polish will be given. Some part of the teaching material is in simplified characters, another part in traditional character. If you find traditional characters, please tell the teacher. You should get used to reading traditional characters too.

1. 请阅读使用条款：通过注册本维基，您同意将您的数据（姓名、学号、学习方向、电子邮件、设备技术数据、IP地址等）和您在课堂上的贡献（作业、翻译、演讲、讲义、期末考试试卷等）储存起来，用于评分和学术用途（教学和研究用的匿名）。你明确同意你的贡献可以由老师以他的名义使用，例如用于出版，用于改进教材等。

1. Please read the terms of Use: By registering for this Wiki, you give your consent that your data (name, study no., study direction, email, technical data of your device, ip address etc.) and your contributions to class (homework, translations, presentations, handouts, final exam papers etc.) is stored for grading, and academic use (teaching and ANONYMIZED for research). You explicitely agree that your contributions can be used by the teacher under his name, e.g. for publication, for improvement of teaching material etc.

2. 我们需要一些志愿者。我们的助教是泊语丰(Martyna)她应该给老师发一份学生名册，并将所有作业和测验的成绩以及她从老师那里收到的成绩输入名册，由老师保管。我们还需要1名wiki管理员和5名调查助理，他们要知道如何使用http://wjx.top。如果我们有超过100名学生，我们需要2名教学助理。所有这些人的 "课堂表现 "成绩都会得到加分。注册后（见下面第3点），请在这里直接在角色后面写上你的名字（例如："教学助理--雷锋"）。要改变维基上的任何内容，请见下面第3点。

*教学助理 - [[Teaching assistant]]
*维基管理员 - [[Wiki admin]]
*问卷调查助理1 - [[Survey Assistant]]

2. We need volunteers! Our teaching assistant 助教 is #. She should send a student roll to the teacher and enter all grades from homework and quizzes and those she receives from the teacher into the roll to be kept with the teacher. We still need 1 [[wiki admin]] and 5 survey assistants, who know how to use http://wjx.top. If we have more than 100 students, we need 2 teaching assistants. All of them will get extra points for their "performance in class" grade. After registration (see point 3 beneath), please write your names here directly behind the role (e.g. "teaching assistant - Lei Feng"). To change anything on the wiki, please see point 3 beneath.
*Teaching Assistant - ____ [[Teaching assistant]]
*Wiki Admin - ____ [[Wiki admin]]
*Survey Assistant - ____ [[Survey Assistant]]

3. 请在本维基上注册。从任何地方你都可以按照这个链接注册：https://bit.ly/WIKIREG。如果您已经在这里，请点击右上角的 "注册（register）"，然后点击 "申请一个（request one）"。然后请在两个名字（用户名和真名）中使用你的拼音真名（姓和名之间留有空白）进行注册，所以要有两次 "雷锋 "和 "雷锋"。请勾选您同意条款和条件的选项。然后输入密码 "wikicaptcha "并点击 "提交"。你会收到一封带有链接的确认邮件。你可以点击该链接，确认你的身份并创建一个密码。然后你需要等待1-2天，直到老师授予你权限。你将会收到另一封邮件，当它发挥作用的时候。有了这个维基的访问权，你就可以直接编辑一切，包括这个页面。如果你想学习如何在Wiki上进行编辑，请阅读这里： [[uvu:Community_Portal]] 。在编辑之后，你会被要求输入密码以保存修改，这次的密码是 "wikicaptcha"。

3. Please register on this Wiki. From any place you can register following this link: https://bit.ly/WIKIREG. If you are already here, click on "register" on the top right corner, and then on "request one". Then please register with your real name in Pinyin (with blank space between the family name and the given name) for the two names (username and real name), so two times "Lei Feng" and "Lei Feng". Please check the box that you agree to the Terms and Conditions. Then type in the password "wikicaptcha" and click on "submit". You will receive a confirmation email with a link. You can click on the link, confirm your identity and create a password. Then you need to wait 1-2 days until the teacher grants you access. You will receive another email when it will work. With the access to this wiki, you can directly edit everything, including this page. If you want to learn how to edit on Wiki, please read here: [[uvu:Community_Portal]] After editing, you will be asked for a password to save changes, this time the password is "wikicaptcha".

4. 请在本班的微信群里注册。该微信群将由助教创建。请务必在群里显示你的名字和以下内容： "雷锋20级笔译"。

4. Please register on the WeChat Group of this class. The WeChat Group will be created by the Teaching Assistant. Please make sure to display your name in the group with the following details: "Lei Feng 雷锋 20级笔译".

5. 为了便于交流，请将老师good_old_cathay添加到你的微信联系人中。

5. For communication please add the teacher good_old_cathay to your WeChat contacts.

6. 请为第二节课准备第一篇课文（课本第12-15页）。

6. Please prepare the first text for the Session 2 (text book pages 12-15).

7. 请在第二节课前做小测验。

7. Please take the quiz before Session 2.

8. 请选一个这个学期要用ppt介绍的一个题目，写在下面学生名单的名字后面。

8. Please choose a topic to present with ppt and write the topic behind your name in the student roll beneath.

Here a summary of the most important points in Chinese:
@所有人
请各位同学将群聊备注改为姓名拼音姓名班级的格式，如 Li Xin 李欣 21级英语笔译。请各位同学浏览此网站了解本学期的课程要求：https://bou.de/u/wiki/Chinese_Culture_2023 （短一点的是http://bit.ly/ChinCult2023，然后按我们课的链接）. 我们的课程还需要六位同学分别做网站管理员（1位）和调查助手（5位），期末可以得到一定加分，请有意向的同学在今天晚上六点前私聊我。请大家尽快完成以下课程前准备：

*https://bit.ly/WIKIREG 请在此维基网站上注册，用户名和真实姓名都请填写自己姓名的拼音，像"Li Xin"和"Li Xin"，密码填wikicaptcha，收到邮件确认身份后等待老师通过

注：在中国大陆内有的链接可能要用vpn才能进

==学生名单 Student Roll==
请选一个这个学期要用ppt介绍的一个题目。

#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _
#_________, 题目 ppt topic: _ _ _, final exam topic: _ _ _

==供下载教师第一周的演示文稿 Teacher presentation of week 1 for download==

[[Media: 01_Chin_Cult_Intro_2023.pptx]]

==课堂上的职责 Duties in Class==

1. 请在上课前做好准备。这意味着请阅读书中的章节，在网上搜索更多关于该主题的信息，并提前学习每节课与该主题有关的词汇。这对你自己和其他人都更有好处。同时，课堂上的讨论也可以在一个更复杂的水平上进行。请为每节课保留至少两个小时的准备时间。您已经通过微信群收到了教科书pdf：《Woesler, Martin. (2023). 中国文化》，波鸿：欧洲大学出版社，1000页。

1. Please come to class prepared. This means please read the book chapter, search for more information about the topic online and learn the vocabulary related to the topic for each session in advance. It is much more benefetial for yourself and for the others. Also the discussions in class then can be conducted on a much more sophisticated level. Please reserve at least two hours of preparation for each session. You have received the textbook pdf via the WeChat group: Woesler, Martin. (2023). Chinese Culture, Bochum: European University Press, 1000 pages.

2.请每周认真做作业，并在开课前3天在微信群里提交作业，开课前1天提交同学的作业批改。

2. Please do your homework seriously every week and submit it in wiki 3 days before the class starts and the corrections of your fellow student's homework 1 day before the class starts.

3. 请积极参与到课堂中。这意味着每节课：请至少提出一个问题或至少参与一次讨论。

3. Please participate actively in class. This means for each session: Please ask at least one question or participate with at least one contribution in the discussion.

4. 请在第二节课前选择你将在课堂上做的演讲的主题（如果我们的学生比课程多，那么就建立两个小组，一个做演讲，一个对同一主题写讲义）。请记得提前一周在本网站上传并链接你的演讲和讲义，以便你的同学能够准备。请从下面的列表中挑选，在任何一个主题后面加上你的名字。

4. Please select the topic for the presentation you will do in class already until session 2 (if we have more students than sessions, then build groups of two - one doing presentation, one a written handout on the same topic). Please remember to upload and link your presentation and your handout here on this website a week ahead to enable your fellow students to prepare it. Please pick from the following list by adding your name behind any of the topics.

5. 请在第三节前选择你的期末考试论文[[20240131_cult_finals]]（1000个中文单词）的题目。

5. Please select a topic of your final exam paper[[20240131_cult_finals]] (1,000 Chinese words) until session 3.

6. 请在这里参加欧盟调查：http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

6. Please take the EU survey here: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY.

7. 请在这里参加100个问题的调查：http://bit.ly/100_questions

7. Please take the 100 Questions Questionnaire here: http://bit.ly/100_questions

==关于使用课堂内外时间达成共识 Joint agreement on use of time inside and outside the classroom==
由于在课堂上聚在一起，然后共同开始阅读初级或二级文献是没有意义的，所以请在课前阅读文本，这样我们可以节省宝贵的课堂时间，对文本进行充分的讨论。

Since it does not make sense to come together in the classroom and then jointly start reading the primary or secondary literature, please read the texts before class so that we can save the precious classroom time for a well informed discussion about the texts.

==关于成绩比重达成共识 Joint agreement on weight of grades==
*期末考试试卷： 70%
*Final Exam paper: 70 percent
*课堂表现： 30%（由口头贡献/参与、每学期1次演讲或讲义、参与调查和测验、家庭作业组成）--如果你承担了问卷调查助手等额外的职责，这个成绩会得到加分。
*Performance in class: 30 percent (consisting out of oral contributions/participation, 1 presentation or handout per term, participation in surveys and quizzes, homework) - this grade gets extra points if you take over additional duties like survey assistants.

注意：成绩可能需要几个月的时间才能输入成绩系统，因为有时有超过100名学生，老师希望尊重每个学生，并仔细阅读他们的期末考试卷。

Note: Grades may take months to be entered into the grade system, since sometimes there are more than 100 students and the teachers want to pay respect to each student and read their final exam paper carefully.

[[File:Example.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Example for inserting pictures.]]
==为第2节课做准备的课后家庭作业 Homework of Session 1 for Session 2==

1. 请在第二节课前做小测验。

2. 请选择一个你愿意做5分钟ppt演讲的主题。你可以在这周课的描述下面的相应部分（不是上面）将你的名字写在题目后面，以保留你的题目。请注意：如果该话题没有课件，我们还需要2名学生来做这个话题，1名学生准备课件，另1名学生写 "术语"、"参考文献"、"问题 "和"答案"（请提交给老师和学生助理）。请确保至少提前1周将课文和附录发布在这一周课的描述下方。请务必至少提前1周将问题发给调查的学生，让他们进行问答，并至少提前1周将问题答案发给助教，以便她进行评分。

3. 请准备好下节课的所有课文，并在下节课开始前对这些课文进行测验。

4. 如果你还没有这样做，请在你的维基主页上添加你的个人信息。你可以在浏览器中直接输入：https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Jianguo - 当然，王建国只是一个样本名称，你必须用你自己的用户名代替，并将空格换成下划线。

Wiki管理员的特别任务：请在新的网页上设置所有的作业文本（我已经把第24章复制到我们的作业页上，你需要把大约3行文本平均分给每个学生），并在下面的所有会话中链接它们。也请为上传ppt设置假的链接。

问卷调查助理学生的特殊家庭作业：请在wjx.org上为所有题目设置测验，学生需要注明他们的姓名和学生编号。请将测验的链接粘贴在这里，放在相应的会议和主题下面。请告诉助教测验的正确答案，以便助教将测验的成绩转入学生角色成绩表。

助教的特殊任务：请把每个学生的成绩写进学生卷的成绩表。一个做了作业（不含拼音）的学生可以得到100分，一个为他的同学做了作业批改的学生又可以得到100分。一个学生做了一个ppt，写了一篇课文或课文的附录，又可以得到100分。

总结：我现在已经把学生们选择的题目制作成一个排名表，并公布在我们的课程网站上。每个人现在都应该执行作业。这包括助教、Wiki管理员和问卷调查学生的特殊工作。

特别是维基管理员需要把需要翻译的文字分成小部分给每个学生，并标明学生的名字，这样他们就能更容易找到。每个学生都可以选择一个主题来做演讲，并在主题后面写上名字。

另外，每个学生都需要阅读下周一的课本课文以做好准备，调查的学生需要为课本课文设置测验，学生需要在每周上课前进行测验。这是一个很大的工作，但它会变得更好，当你们所有人都习惯了它。另外，很多功课，特别是为功课建立网页等，包括演示文稿，在课本上创建缺失的文本等，现在已经可以开始了，所以大家现在已经可以完成整个学期的大部分功课。

如果想开始写期末考试论文，也可以早一点开始，如果愿意的话。事情做得越早越好，而且在学期中还有更多的机会来改进事情。

1. Please take the quiz before Session 2.

2. Please select a topic you want to give a 5-minute ppt presentation on. You can reserve your topic by writing your name behind the topic in the respective section of the Sessions beneath (not above). Please note: If there is no textbook text for the topic, we need 2 more students for this topic, 1 to prepare a textbook text and the 2nd student to write the "terms", "references", "questions" and (please submit to teacher and student assistant): "answers". Please make sure to post the text and appendix at least 1 week ahead of time under the session beneath. Please make sure to send the quiz questions at least 1 week ahead of time to the survey students that they can make a quiz and send the quiz answers at least 1 week ahead of time to the teaching assistant, so that she can grade the quizzes.

3. Please prepare all texts for the next session and take the quiz on these texts before the next session starts.

4. If you have not yet done so, please add the biographical info on yourself on your wiki homepage. You can find your wiki homepage by typing directly into you browser: https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Jianguo - of course Wang Jianguo is just a sample name, you would have to replace it with your own username and exchange the space by an understroke.

Special homework for [[Wiki admin]]: Please set up all homework texts (I have copied chapter 24 to our homework page and you need to split about 3 lines text in average to each student) on new webpages and link them in all sessions beneath. Please also set up dummy links for [[ppt upload]].

Special homework for [[Survey Assistant]] Students: Please set up quizzes for all topics on wjx.org, students need to indicate their name and student id. Please paste the link to the quiz here under the respective session and topic beneath. Please tell the teaching assistant the correct answers to the quizzes, so that the teaching assistant can transfer the grades from the quizzes into the student role grade table. Please use

Special homework for [[Teaching assistant]]: Please write a grade for each student into the student roll grade list. A student who has done the homework (without Pinyin) gets 100 percent for this, a student who has done the correction of a homework of his fellow student gets another 100 percent. A student who has presented a ppt, written a textbook text or a textbook text appendix gets another 100 percent.

General remarks: I have now created a ranking list of the topics the students selected and published on our course website. Everybody should perform the homework now. This includes special work for the teaching assistant, the wiki admin and the survey students.

Escpecially the [[Wiki admin]] needs to split the text which needs to be translated into small parts for each student and indicate the students' names so that they can find it easier. Every student can already pick a topic to do a presentation on and write the name behind the topic.

Also, every student needs to read the textbook texts for coming Monday to be prepared, the survey students need to set up quizzes for the textbook texts and the students need to take the quizzes before class starts on Monday. It is a lot of work, but it will get better, when all of you get used to it. Also, much of the homework, especially setting up webpages for homework etc., including the presentations, creating missing texts in the textbook etc. can be started already now, so that one can do most of the homework for the whole semester already now.

If people want to start writing their final exam papers, they can also start maybe in March, if they like. The earlier things are done the better and the more chances there are to still improve things during the semester.

==作业 Homework: 选主题、参加测试/问卷调查 Choose a topic for presentation, take part in quizzes==
*在wiki上注册 https://bit.ly/WIKIREG
*选“助教”、wiki admin、quiz assistants
*请参加“测试100”。https://bit.ly/100_questions, http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
*选主题，看第二周那边，加你的名字（选下个礼拜的主题的同学麻烦准备ppt，课网页上上传）
*准备下个星期的课文（主题1）
*回答关于主题的问题

==主题 Topics (still to be updated)==
#地理性质是文化发展的基础 Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development (2)
#古代和当代的接触方式 Ancient and Contemporary Ways of Contacting (2)
#中国的婚姻习俗 Chinese Marriage Customs (3)
#湖南的伴嫁歌 Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan (3)
#土家族的哭嫁 Crying Marriage of Tujia (4)
#中国古代的四大才子 The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China (4)
#熊猫 The Panda (-)
#建筑学 Architecture (5)
#建筑：紫禁城 The Forbidden City (5)
#建筑：中国四大名桥 Four Famous Bridges (6)
#建筑：四大亭子 Four Great Pavilions (6)
#建筑:中国四大名桥 Architecture: Four Famous Bridges (7)
#中国产出日式文化出品 (China produces Japanese-style products) (7)
#中国文化中的象征主义——动物 The Symbolism in Chinese Culture. The Example of Animals (8)
#中国人幸运和不吉利的数字 (Lucky and Unfortunate Numbers in the Eyes of Chinese People) (8)
#中国摇滚乐的形成（Development of Chinese Rock Music) (9)
#基督教和佛教之间的差别 (The Differences between Christianity and Buddhism) (9)
#中国饮食文化——中国菜的命名艺术 (Culinary Culture of China: The Art of Naming Chinese Dishes) (10)
#中国佛教 (Chinese Buddhism) (10)
#缠足 (Foot-binding) (11)
#鬼怪和辟邪 (Monsters and Exorcism) (11)
#中医植物 (Herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine) (12)
#广东的文化饮食习惯：广东人为何爱吃野味？ (The tradition of eating of wild animals in Guangdong) (12)

Further ideas:

艺术、戏剧（新旧）、话剧（新旧）、美学、高雅文化的概念、绘画（新旧）、书法（新旧）、传统诗歌、传统音乐剧及其在先锋派戏剧中的借鉴、中国古代园林艺术中的空间、线条和戏剧性以及现代城市景观的塑造、时间和空间、中国传统文化中的风格化、惯例化和象征主义、中国古代和当今日常生活的美学化和庆典

art, theater (old and new), drama (old and new), aesthetics, concept of high culture, painting (old and new), calligraphy (old and new), traditional poetry, traditional musical theater and its reference in avant-garde drama, Space, line and theatricality in ancient Chinese garden art and modern shaping of the urban landscape, time and space, Stylization, conventionality and symbolism in traditional Chinese culture, Aesthetization and celebration of everyday life in ancient China and today

==教材 Text book==
教材书英文版本我发给大家。中文我们只有一些章回，到时候提供。

=第二周 Session 2 Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development 地理性质是文化发展的基础=
==供下载教师第二周的演示文稿 Teacher presentation of week 2 for download==

[[Media: 02_Chin_Cult_Intro_Geo.pptx]]

Textbook text:

Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development

1. 地理性质是文化发展的基础

China is the largest of all the Asian countries and has the largest population of any country in the world, in the future India will overtake China. She covers an area of 9,560,900 km2 (3,691,000 square miles), which is approximately one-fifteenth of the land area of the world. According to the latest population census, China’s total population by 2005 had reached 1. 35 billion. In both area and population, Europe (excluding Russia) is only half the size of China.

中国是所有亚洲国家中最大的国家，是世界上人口最多的国家，将来印度会超过中国。它的面积为9,560,900平方公里（3,691,000平方英里），约为世界陆地面积的十五分之一。根据最新的人口普查，到2005年，中国的总人口已达到13.5亿。无论是面积还是人口，欧洲（不包括俄罗斯）只有中国的一半大。

Lying in the northern half of the eastern hemisphere, China is situated in East Asia on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. She stretches for about 5,000 km from east to west and about 5,500 km from north to south. China has a land boundary exceeding 20,000 km in length, and borders 14 countries: Korea in the east; Vietnam, Laos and Burma in the south; India, Bhutan and Nepal in the southwest; Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west; Russia, Kazakstan, Kirghizia and Tajikstan in the northwest; and Mongolia in the north. China faces Japan across the Yellow Sea, and in the southeast she looks toward the Philippines beyond the South China Sea.

中国位于东半球的北半部，在东亚的太平洋西海岸。她从东到西绵延约5,000公里，从北到南约5,500公里。中国的陆地边界长度超过20,000公里，与14个国家接壤：东部是朝鲜；南部是越南、老挝和缅甸；西南部是印度、不丹和尼泊尔；西部是巴基斯坦和阿富汗；西北部是俄罗斯、哈萨克、吉尔吉斯和塔吉克斯坦；北部是蒙古。中国与日本隔着黄海相望，在东南方向，她看向南海外的菲律宾。

China has one of the longest coastlines in the world along its mainland, running 18, 000 km from the mouth of the Yalu River on the Chinese-Korean border in the north to the mouth of the Beilung River on the Chinese-Vietnamese border in the south. The eastern part of the Chinese mainland is flanked from the north to the south by the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea, all of which merge with the Pacific Ocean. Over a vast sea area are scattered more than 5, 000 islands. Taiwan is the largest island, followed by Hainan and Chongming.

中国大陆拥有世界上最长的海岸线之一，北起中韩边境的鸭绿江口，南至中越边境的北隆河口，全长18000公里。中国大陆东部从北到南依次是渤海、黄海、东海和南海，它们都与太平洋汇合。在广阔的海域中，散布着5000多个岛屿。台湾是最大的岛屿，其次是海南和崇明。

Because of its location in the southeast of the Eurasian Continent and on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, China is well known for its monsoon climate caused by the difference in the heat reserves between the world’s largest continent and the world’s biggest ocean. The polar continental air mass, cold and dry, originating in Siberia, dominates a large part of China during the winter, while the tropical Pacific air mass, hot and humid, exerts its influence during the summer. Most regions in China have a distinct continental climate, a climate of large daily range and annual range of temperature.

由于位于欧亚大陆的东南部和太平洋的西海岸，中国以其季风气候而闻名，这是由世界上最大的大陆和世界上最大的海洋之间的热储量差异造成的。源自西伯利亚的极地大陆气团，寒冷而干燥，在冬季主导着中国的大部分地区，而热带太平洋气团，炎热而潮湿，在夏季发挥其影响。中国大部分地区都有明显的大陆性气候，这种气候的日温差和年温差都很大。

The rainfall distribution in China generally decreases from the southeast to the northwest. The annual precipitation of certain places along the southeast coast amounts to over 80 inches. The Yangtze Valley receives about 40 inches. Further north, less than 20 inches are received annually. A grand project of moving water sources from the south to the north (Nanshuibeidiao - “Diversion of Water from the South to the North”) is conceived and planned.

中国的降水分布一般由东南向西北递减。东南沿海某些地方的年降水量达80英寸以上。长江流域的降水量约为40英寸。再往北，每年的降水量不到20英寸。一个将水源从南方转移到北方的宏伟工程（南水北調）正在构思和规划中。

The relief of China is high in the west and low in the east, consequently, the direction of flow of the major rivers is generally eastward. The land surface may be divided from west to east into three steps: plateau, mountain and plain. Basically, China is a mountainous country. Hills, mountains and plateaus cover two-thirds of the country’s total area and are inhabited by one-third of the population.

中国的地势西高东低，因此，主要河流的流向一般为东向。陆地表面从西到东可分为三步：高原、山地和平原。基本上，中国是一个多山的国家。山地、山区和高原占全国总面积的三分之二，居住着三分之一的人口。

Types of natural vegetation and their floristic composition are quite diverse. The total number of seed plants in China is about 30, 000 species, representing 2, 700 genera; more than 200 of these genera are restricted to China. There are about 2, 500 species of forest trees. Many of them are trees of economic importance such as tung oil trees, camphor trees and lacquer trees. Profusion of vegetation and a variety of relief have fostered the development of a great diversity of animal life. The notable animals are the great paddlefish of the Yangtze, the Siberian tiger in the northeast, the giant salamander in the west, the giant panda and the sub-nosed monkey in the southwest.

自然植被的类型和它们的植物学组成是相当多样化的。中国的种子植物总数约为30,000种，代表2,700个属；其中有200多个属仅限于中国。有大约2,500种林木。其中许多是具有经济意义的树木，如桐油树、樟树和漆树。丰富的植被和多种多样的地形促进了动物生命的多样性发展。著名的动物有长江的白白鲟，东北的西伯利亚虎，西部的大鲵，西南的大熊猫和亚鼻猴。

In the light of The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, China is a socialist state under the people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliances of workers and peasants. The organs through which the people exercise the state power are the National People’s Congress and the local congresses at different levels. The State Council is the executive body of the highest organ of state administration.

根据《中华人民共和国宪法》，中国是一个由工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级代表大会。国务院是国家最高行政机关的执行机构。

Peking, the political, cultural and economic center, is the capital of the country. The anthem is “The March of the Volunteers”. The national badge is centered by Tian’anmen Rostrum in the shine of five stars, encircled by grains and a gear, which fully expresses the constitutional category of what the People’s Republic of China is.

北京是政治、文化和经济中心，是国家的首都。国歌是《义勇军进行曲》。国徽以天安门城楼为中心，五星闪耀，周围是五谷和齿轮，充分表达了中华人民共和国的宪法范畴。

Terms and Expressions

hemisphere n. 半球 the Yalu River 鸭绿江

the Beilung River 北仑河 monsoon n. 季风

air mass 气团 relief n. 地势

seed plant 种子植物 genus/genera n. （生物）属

tung oil 桐油 camphor tree 樟树

lacquer tree 漆树 great paddlefish 大白鲟

giant salamander 大鲵（娃娃鱼） Tian’anmen Rostrum 天安门层楼

Questions

1. How large is China?

2. What are the countries that China borders?

3. What do you know about China’s coastline?

4. What’s China’s climate like?

5. What’s China’s general land surface like?

6. What do you know about China’s vegetation and animal life?

问题

1. 中国有多大？

2. 中国与哪些国家接壤？

3. 你对中国的海岸线了解多少？

4. 中国的气候是怎样的？

5. 中国的总体地表是什么样的？

6. 你对中国的植被和动物有什么了解？

=第二周 Session 2: Contacting=

[[Media:03_Chin_Cult_Marriage.pptx]]

==Ancient and Contemporary Ways of Contacting 古代和当代的接触方式==
1. Pigeon post飞鸽传书

Pigeon post is a method of communication among ancient people, where letters are tied to the feet of pigeons and delivered to the person who wants to deliver them. In movies, we see people in western countries using crows to deliver letters, but in China, crows are seen as an inauspicious symbol, so people used to use pigeons to deliver letters. Pigeons can fly and fly faster, can recognize directions, have a good sense of the earth's magnetic field, and are particularly home-loving, so they are used to improve the speed of delivering mail.

飞鸽传书是古人的一种通信方式，即把信绑在鸽子的脚上，送到要送信的人手中。在电影中，我们看到西方国家的人用乌鸦来送信，但在中国，乌鸦被视为不吉利的象征，所以人们习惯用鸽子来送信。鸽子能飞，而且飞得更快，能辨别方向，对地球磁场有很好的感觉，而且特别爱家，所以用鸽子来提高送信的速度。

In order to get the ideal pigeon, besides careful selection of good breed and scientific feeding management, the most important thing is training. All three complement each other and are indispensable. The basic principle of training is based on the biological characteristics and physiological features of pigeons and the principle of "conditioned reflex".

要想获得理想的鸽子，除了精心选择优良品种和科学的饲养管理外，最重要的是训练。这三者相辅相成，缺一不可。训练的基本原则是根据鸽子的生物学特性和生理学特点以及 "条件反射 "的原理。

The fundamental purpose of training is to cultivate, exercise and improve the quality of pigeons, to bring into play their inherent biological characteristics and specialties, so that they have the basic elements and conditions to complete various communication and competition tasks. The basic content of training includes: basic training, flight training, competition training, adaptation training and application training. In principle, the training should start from young pigeons, from simple to complicated, from near to far, from day to night, from basic training to professional training, in short, from easy to difficult. (Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：Pigeon Post, 飞鸽传书）

训练的根本目的是培养、锻炼和提高鸽子的素质，发挥其固有的生物特性和特长，使其具备完成各种交流和比赛任务的基本要素和条件。训练的基本内容包括：基础训练、飞行训练、竞赛训练、适应训练和应用训练。训练原则上应从幼鸽开始，从简单到复杂，从近到远，从白天到黑夜，从基础训练到专业训练，总之，由易到难。(百度百科：Pigeon Post, 飞鸽传书)

Historically, Genghis Khan used pigeon posts to keep in touch with distant parts of his empire, and even in ancient Greece, carrier pigeons were used to announce major events, such as the Olympic Games! In the 12th century, a fairly extensive network of homing pigeons was established between Syria and Baghdad. One of the last active carrier pigeon posts was in India, but the carrier pigeons were officially retired in 2008. During the war years, carrier pigeons also played a role that could not be ignored. They were able to cross enemy lines more easily than men on horseback. This earned them the name "war pigeon". People continued to use carrier pigeons to deliver letters even up to the time of World War II. (scienceabc 19 Oct2019, wiki)

历史上，成吉思汗曾用飞鸽传书与他的帝国的遥远地区保持联系，甚至在古希腊，信鸽被用来宣布重大事件，如奥林匹克运动会! 在12世纪，叙利亚和巴格达之间建立了一个相当广泛的信鸽网络。最后一个活跃的信鸽站之一是在印度，但信鸽在2008年正式退役了。在战争年代，信鸽也发挥了不可忽视的作用。它们能够比骑马的人更容易穿越敌人的防线。这为它们赢得了 "战鸽 "的称号。人们继续使用信鸽送信，甚至到了第二次世界大战期间。(scienceabc 19 Oct2019, wiki)

2. Paper Letters

2. 纸质信件

The letter is a kind of application document that transmits information and exchanges thoughts and feelings to a specific object. “Letter" in the ancient text with the meaning of audio, news, in addition, "Letter" also has a trustworthy meaning of the words transmitted by the trustee, whether it is a message sent to a person, or through the letter carrier by letter to the specific object of language and writing to convey information and exchange of ideas and feelings of the letter, there must be three elements: one is the ability to express their thoughts and feelings; two is to have the appropriate writing tools; three is someone to deliver.

信是一种向特定对象传递信息、交流思想感情的应用文件。"信"在古文字中具有音讯、消息的含义，此外，"信 "还具有受托人传递话语的含义，无论是向人传递信息，还是通过信的载体向特定对象以语言文字传递信息和交流思想感情的信件，都必须具备三个要素：一是有表达自己思想感情的能力；二是有适当的书写工具；三是有人传递。

Written letters to relatives and friends, not only can convey their thoughts and feelings, but also can give the recipient of the letter a feeling of intimacy; technology continues to progress, and the emergence of the telephone, telegraph, postal tape, video tape, e-mail and other means of exchange of information, it can be expected e-mail will be used by more and more people, which has actually been proven.

给亲戚朋友写信，不仅可以传达自己的思想感情，而且可以给收信人以亲切感；科技不断进步，出现了电话、电报、邮带、录像带、电子邮件等信息交流手段，可以预见电子邮件会被越来越多的人使用，这一点已被实际证明。

With the development of society, the relationship between people and society is also being reconstructed. In addition to the traditional use of correspondence, i. e. , official letters and private letters, a new development is the use of personal letters to government agencies, enterprises and institutions, famous scholars, and other individuals for personal needs, and the use of this type of correspondence is gradually increasing and noteworthy. We call them personal correspondence. (Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：Written Letters, 手写信件）

随着社会的发展，人与社会的关系也在重构。除了传统的书信使用方式，即公函和私函外，还有一个新的发展，就是因个人需要而给政府机关、企事业单位、著名学者和其他个人写信，这种书信的使用逐渐增多，值得注意的是。我们称其为个人书信。(Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：Written Letters, 手写信件)

3. E-mails

3. 电子邮件

E-mail is a way of communication that provides information exchange by electronic means and is the most widely used service of the Internet. Through the network's e-mail system, users can contact network users in any corner of the world at a very low price (no matter where they send it, they only have to pay for the network fee) and in a very fast way (it can be sent to any specified destination in the world within a few seconds).

电子邮件是一种通过电子手段提供信息交流的通信方式，是互联网上使用最广泛的服务。通过网络的电子邮件系统，用户可以以非常低廉的价格（无论发送到哪里，只需支付网络费用）和非常快速的方式（可以在几秒钟内发送到世界上任何指定的目的地）与世界任何角落的网络用户联系。

E-mail can be in many forms such as text, images, sound, etc. At the same time, users can get a large number of free news and feature emails and easily achieve information search. The existence of e-mail greatly facilitates communication and exchange between people and promotes the development of society.

电子邮件可以有多种形式，如文字、图像、声音等。同时，用户可以获得大量的免费新闻和专题邮件，轻松实现信息搜索。电子邮件的存在大大方便了人们之间的沟通和交流，促进了社会的发展。

However, there are many drawbacks in using e-mail. For example, there is a risk of information being stolen and there is a lot of spam on the network. To address these two problems, the following solutions are available. Firstly, from the perspective of network security of the website itself, using hardware firewall devices is definitely the best solution. Second, a full-time network administrator should be assigned to regularly maintain the website. Thirdly, when applying for mailbox, choose a more protective username, such as a combination of English and numbers, which can be less harassed by spam. Fourth, avoid disclosing your email address. Fifth, use good mail management and screening function. outlook express, foxmail and qqmail all have good mail management function, users can screen mails by setting rules of mail domain, mail subject, source, length and so on.

但是，使用电子邮件也有很多缺点。例如，信息有被窃取的风险，网络上有大量的垃圾邮件。为了解决这两个问题，可以采取以下解决办法。首先，从网站本身的网络安全角度来看，使用硬件防火墙设备无疑是最好的解决方案。第二，应配备专职网络管理员，定期维护网站。第三，在申请邮箱时，选择一个保护性较强的用户名，如英文和数字的组合，这样可以减少垃圾邮件的骚扰。第四，避免泄露自己的邮箱地址。第五，使用良好的邮件管理和筛选功能。Outlook Express、foxmail和qqmail都有良好的邮件管理功能，用户可以通过设置邮件域名、邮件主题、来源、长度等规则来筛选邮件。

The format of an e-mail address consists of three parts. The first part "USER" represents the account number of user mailbox, which must be unique for the same mail receiving server; the second part "@" is the separator; the third part is the domain name of mail receiving server of user mailbox, to mark its location.

电子邮件地址的格式由三部分组成。第一部分 "USER "代表用户邮箱的帐号，在同一邮件接收服务器上必须是唯一的；第二部分"@"是分隔符；第三部分是用户邮箱的邮件接收服务器的域名，用来标记其位置。

According to Internet Week, the world's first email was a short message sent by computer scientist Professor Leonard K. to his colleagues (in October 1969, I believe), which consisted of only two letters: "LO". Professor Leonard K. explained, "Back then I was trying to communicate with a computer at the University of California and another computer at the Stanford Research Center near San Francisco. What we were doing was logging in from one computer to the other. The way to log in at that time was to type L-O-G. So we typed L and asked, 'Do you get L?' The other side replied, 'Yes. ' Before we received a confirmation that the other party had received G, the system went down. So the first online message was 'LO', which means 'Hello!'"

根据《互联网周刊》的报道，世界上第一封电子邮件是由计算机科学家Leonard K.教授发给他的同事的一条短消息（1969年10月，我相信），它只由两个字母组成： "LO"。伦纳德-K教授解释说："那时我正试图与加利福尼亚大学的一台计算机和旧金山附近的斯坦福研究中心的另一台计算机进行通信。我们所做的是在一台计算机上登录到另一台计算机上。当时登录的方法是输入L-O-G。所以我们打了L，然后问：'你收到L了吗？对方回答说：'是的。'在我们收到对方收到G的确认之前，系统就瘫痪了。所以第一条在线信息是'LO'，意思是'你好！'"

The first e-mail from China on September 20, 1987 was sent by Werner Zorn, the "Father of the German Internet, " and Wang Yunfeng at the Institute of Applied Computer Technology in Peking to the University of Karlsruhe in Germany, in English. Original text: Across the Great Wall we can reach every corner in the world.

1987年9月20日，第一封来自中国的电子邮件由 "德国互联网之父 "维纳·佐恩和中国兵器工业计算机应用技术研究所的王运丰教授用英文发给德国卡尔斯鲁厄大学。原文的翻译：穿过长城，我们可以到达世界上的每一个角落。(研究所名称来源：https://www.acabridge.cn/hr/xueshu/202110/t20211025_2167755.shtml)

It means “跨越长城, 走向世界。” This is the first email sent from China to the Global Science Network through the network connection between Peking and the University of Karlsruhe in Germany. (Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：E-mail 电子邮件）

意思是 "跨越长城，走向世界。" 这是中国通过北京和德国卡尔斯鲁厄大学之间的网络连接，向全球科学网发出的第一封电子邮件。(Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：E-mail 电子邮件)

References参考文献

*Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：Pigeon Post, 飞鸽传书 https://baike. baidu. com/item/%E9%A3%9E%E9%B8%BD%E4%BC%A0%E4%B9%A6/7009129?fr=aladdin
*Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：Written Letters, 手写信件 https://baike. baidu. com/item/%E4%B9%A6%E4%BF%A1/1095625?fr=aladdin
*Baidu Encyclopedia 百度百科：E-mail 电子邮件 https://baike. baidu. com/item/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6/111106?fr=aladdin
*scienceabc. How Did the Pigeon Post Work?. https://www. scienceabc. com/19 Oct2019.

Terms and Expressions
*条件反射conditioned reflex
*成吉思汗 Genghis Khan
*信鸽驿站pigeon post station
*战鸽war pigeon
*分隔符separator
*服务器域名domain name
*互联网周刊Internet Week

Questions
#What part of pigeon is the letter tied to when you want to send a letter?
#What animals do the western countries use to send letters in spite of pigeons?
#Why pigeons can be used to send letters?
#What are the three elements in writing and sending letters?
#When did the world's first emails appear?
#How to translate China’s first e-mail “Across the Great Wall we can reach every corner in the world.”

问题
#当你想寄信的时候，信是绑在鸽子的哪个部位？
#尽管有鸽子，西方国家用什么动物来寄信？
#为什么可以用鸽子来寄信？
#写信和寄信的三个要素是什么？
#世界上第一封电子邮件是什么时候出现的？
#如何翻译中国的第一封电子邮件"越过长城，我们可以到达世界的每一个角落。"？

=第三周 Session 3 - Chinese Marriage Customs 中国的婚姻习俗=

China is an ancient country of rites. When it comes to the most important thing in one’s life - marriage, Chinese people have developed a set of unique and grand ceremonies. Generally speaking, weddings in ancient China needed to be approved by parents and arranged by parents. (Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa 2012, 12)

中国是一个古老的礼仪之邦。当涉及到一个人一生中最重要的事情--婚姻时，中国人已经形成了一套独特而隆重的仪式。一般来说，中国古代的婚礼需要得到父母的同意，由父母安排。(周丹迪，岳书法 2012, 12)

Six Procedures

六个步骤

There are six etiquettes in the process from the negotiation to the completion of marriage, namely Na Cai, Wen Ming, Na Ji, Na Zheng, Qing Qi and the last step Qin Ying. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

从提亲到完成结婚有六个议程，即纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期和最后一步亲迎。(高晓倩 2017, 235)

Na Cai is the begining of all the marriage procedures. It refers to a practice that if a boy intends to marry a girl, firstly his family must invite a matchmaker to the girl's home to propose marriage. After obtaining the consent of the girl's family , the boy's family should entrust the matchmaker to make a proposal formally with some gifts. Usually, the most common gift is wild goose, which represents fidelity. Besides, mandarin ducks and sheep are also frequently-used gifts. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

纳采是所有婚姻程序的开端。它指的是一种做法，如果一个男孩打算娶一个女孩，首先他的家人必须邀请一个媒人到女孩家提亲。在征得女方家庭同意后，男方家庭应委托媒人用一些礼物正式求婚。通常，最常见的礼物是大雁，它代表忠诚。此外，鸳鸯和绵羊也是经常使用的礼物。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

Wen Ming means that the boy's family asks the matchmaker to fetch the girl's name and date of birth. There are two purposes of this step: the one is to prevent the marriage of close relatives with the same surname; the other is to assure the compatibility of the prospective bride and bridegroom through their “eight characters” of the birth moment. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

问名是指男孩的家人要求媒人取女孩的名字和出生日期。这个步骤有两个目的：一是防止同姓近亲结婚；二是确定准新娘和新郎的"生辰八字"是否合拍。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

Naji happens after the matchmaker takes back the woman's name and eight characters. If divining an auspicious omen, the boy's family will inform the girl’s parents and decide to engage the marriage. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235

纳吉发生在媒人取回女方的名字和八字之后。如果占卜到吉兆，男方家庭就会通知女方父母，决定订婚。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

What is more, Na Zheng is an important step when the boy sends betrothal presents to the girl and for courtesy the girl will send back part of the presents such as food and some clothes. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

更重要的是，纳征是男孩给女孩送订婚礼物的一个重要步骤，出于礼貌，女孩会送回部分礼物，如食物和一些衣服。（高筱倩 2017, 235）

Qing Qi means that the boy's family choose an auspicious day to hold the wedding ceremony and then dispatch the matchmaker to tell the girl’s family. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

请期是指男方家庭选择一个黄道吉日举行婚礼，然后派遣媒人告诉女方家庭。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

Qin Ying is the last procedure of the six etiquettes, that is, the groom goes to the bride's home to take the bride to his home. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

亲迎是六礼中的最后一道程序，即新郎到新娘家把新娘接到自己家里。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

Customs 习俗

In addition to the six steps mentioned above, there are many other customs in the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony. Generally speaking, ancient marriage was ordered by parents and matchmaker and many young people could not master their own marriage. Before wedding ceremony, men and women were not allowed to meet each other in that ancient people were very conservative and most girls were kept in boudoirs. If they met in private before marriage, it would be regarded as a kind of female infidelity and parents would also think it quite unlucky. Under this circumstance, newlyweds could only see each other until the day of marriage. (Zhang Yueying 2013, 47-48)

除了上面提到的六个步骤外，中国传统的婚礼仪式还有许多其他习俗。一般来说，古代的婚姻是由父母和媒妁之言，许多年轻人不能掌握自己的婚姻。在结婚仪式之前，男女双方是不允许见面的，因为古代人非常保守，大多数女孩都被关在闺房里。如果他们在婚前私下见面，会被认为是女性不忠，父母也会认为这很不吉利。在这种情况下，新婚夫妇只能在结婚前见到对方。(张月莹 2013, 47-48)

On the wedding day, the boy’s family will hold a big banquet at home. Before setting out to pick up bride, the bridegroom should first worship his ancestors for the sake of safety and auspice during the process of picking up the bride. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

在婚礼当天，男孩的家人会在家里举行盛大的宴会。在出发接新娘之前，新郎要先祭拜祖先，以求在接新娘的过程中安全、吉祥。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

After that, the following step is the most grand one among the whole ceremony - at the dusk moment, the groom and the bride, his parents as well as all the guests will gather together at the central room to witness the kneeling etiquettes of the couple, which consists of 4 steps: (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

之后的步骤是整个仪式中最隆重的一步--在黄昏时分，新郎和新娘及其父母以及所有宾客将聚集在堂屋，见证新人的跪拜礼节，其中包括四个步骤： (高筱倩 2017, 235)

The first kowtow is for heaven and earth, which shows ancient people’ reverence and appreciation towards the gods and nature for creating a favarable living environment for them. The second kowtow orients parents to express gratitude to parents for their fostering and sincere hope that parents can keep in good health. And then the new couple will kowtow towards each other, which carries the couple’s expectation of living together until old age. The last procedure is Going to the bridal chamber : the bride will be sent into the bridal chamber and the groom will drink with guests until night. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

第一步是叩拜天地，表明古人对神灵和大自然为他们创造良好的生活环境的敬畏和感激。第二个叩头面向父母，表达对父母养育之恩的感激之情，真诚地希望父母能够保持健康。然后，新人要向对方磕头（夫妻对拜），这也是对夫妻双方共同生活到老的期望。最后一道程序是入洞房：新娘被送入洞房，新郎与客人喝酒，直到晚上。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

After wedding ceremony, the couple must return to the girl’s home together at the third day, which is called “Huimen” or “Guiling”. This etiquette is indispensable. The groom should take some gifts for respect and change the way that he addresses the bride’s parents, and the latter will also prepare a good meal for the couple’s coming. (Gao Xiaoqian 2017, 235)

婚礼仪式结束后，新人必须在第三天一起回到女方家，这叫 "回门 "或 "归宁"。这个礼节是不可缺少的。新郎要带一些礼物以示尊重，并改变对新娘父母的称呼方式，后者也会为新人的到来准备好食物。(高筱倩 2017, 235)

Development发展

As time goes by, there are many reforms about marriage nowadays. Adults own the freedom to choose their spouse and they can meet each other every day if possible. Parents can’t master their “life event” any more. (Zhang Yueying 2013, 47) In addition, many couples skip the cumbersome rites in the wedding ceremony. Some of them choose to hold the ceremony in the church with some close relatives and friends and some even finish it through travel. (Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa 2012, 15)

随着时间的推移，现在有很多关于婚姻的改革。成年人拥有选择配偶的自由，如果可能的话，他们可以每天见面。父母不能再掌控他们的 "人生大事"。(张月莹 2013, 47）此外，许多夫妇会跳过婚礼仪式中的繁琐仪式，他们中的一些人选择在教堂里与一些亲密的亲戚和朋友一起举行仪式，有些人甚至通过旅行完成仪式。(周丹迪, 岳书法 2012，15）。

Nevertheless, most young people still adopt the main procedures of the traditional Chinese customs, some of which are handed down until the present day. There still exist betrothal gifts and dowries, and many couples choose to wear red costumes. The bridegroom should go to the bride’s home to escort her to the wedding and so on. Thus it can be seen that most traditional Chinese marriage customs are deeply rooted in the hearts of Chinese people and show a unique Chinese characteristics (Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa 2012, 15).

尽管如此，大多数年轻人仍然采用中国传统习俗的主要程序，其中的一些一直流传到今天。订婚礼物和嫁妆仍然存在，许多夫妇选择穿红色服装。新郎要到新娘家去护送她参加婚礼，等等。由此可见，中国的传统婚俗大多深深扎根于中国人的心中，显示出独特的中国特色(周丹迪, 岳书法 2012, 15)。

References

Gao Xiaoqian. 高筱倩. (2017) 中国传统婚嫁习俗研究［The Research on Traditional Chinese Marriage Customs］戏剧之家[Drama House] 235.

Zhang Yueying. 张月莹. (2013) 中国近代婚嫁礼俗及婚姻观念转变的探索[A Study on the Change of Marriage Customs and Marriage Concepts in Modern China] 松州学刊［Songzhou Academic Journal］ 47-48.

Zhou Dandi, Yue Shufa. 周丹迪, 岳书法. (2012) 浅析近代以来中国婚嫁民俗的演变[On the Evolution of Chinese Marriage Customs Since Modern Times] 文化学刊[Cultural Academic Journal] 15.

Terms and Expressions

Na Cai 纳彩

Wen Ming 问名

Na Ji 纳吉

Na Zheng 纳征

Qing Qi 请期

Qin Ying 亲迎

Huimen 回门

Guiling 归宁

betrothal presents 彩礼

the central room 堂屋

bridal chamber 婚房

“eight characters” of the birth moment 生辰八字

Questions

1. How many procedures are needed from the negotiation to the completion of marriage?

2. Did the ancient young people have the rights to decide their own marriage or not and why?

3. What is the kneeling etiquettes?

4. When the couple have to return to the girl’s home?

5. What changes have been made nowadays?

6. Please list some new wedding customs.

问题

1. 从提亲到完成结婚需要多少个步骤？

2. 古代年轻人是否有权利决定自己的婚姻，为什么？

3. 跪拜的礼节是什么？

4. 新婚夫妇什么时候要回女方家？

5. 如今有什么变化？

6. 请列出一些新的婚礼习俗。

==准备第三周的作业 Homework to prepare this session==

1. 阅读 Read pages 16-21 and 29-35 of our textbook

2. 填多选题线上测试 Complete the quizzes

#审美理想和社会习俗：中国的婚姻习俗 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs: https://ks.wjx.top/vm/YJzn8Fl.aspx#
#审美理想和社会习俗：湖南的伴嫁歌 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan: https://ks.wjx.top/vm/mBp0heY.aspx

3. Choose a topic for your final exam paper (homework)

==展示 Presentations==

=第三周 Session 3 - Marriage-accompanying songs in Hunan 湖南的伴嫁歌=

湖南的伴嫁歌 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: [[Media:Marriage-Accompanying_Songs_in_Hunan.pptx]]

===中国的婚姻习俗===
审美理想和社会习俗：中国的婚姻习俗 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: [[File:Chinese_Marriage_Customs_2023.pdf]]

==Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan 湖南的伴嫁歌==
1. Introduction

Hunan folk songs are accumulated in the long-term social labor and life of Hunan people. Custom songs are a type of folk songs that are sung in specific custom activities and directly reflect the basic content and characteristics of the custom activities. Folklore needs folk songs to complete its content, and folklore needs folklore as a carrier to pass on. Weddings and funerals are several very important events in a person's life, and are an important part of folklore. Custom songs about weddings and funerals account for a very large proportion of the total number of folk songs in Hunan. (Wen Qiaofeng, 2018, 1）

1. 简介

湖南民歌是在湖南人长期的社会劳动和生活中积累起来的。风俗歌是在特定的风俗活动中演唱的一种民歌，它直接反映了风俗活动的基本内容和特点。民俗需要民歌来完成其内容，民俗也需要民歌作为载体来传承。婚礼和葬礼是人一生中非常重要的几件事，也是民俗的重要组成部分。有关婚丧嫁娶的习俗歌曲在湖南民歌总数中占有非常大的比例。(文巧凤，2018，1）。

The folk custom of crying for marriage is popular in many areas of our country, and the custom of crying for marriage is unique in Hunan. It is called "marriage accompanying" in many places in Hunan, and the marriage lament is an important part of Hunan folk songs. The marriage accompanying songs of Chenzhou and Yongzhou in southern Hunan Province have long been famous for their rich and unique singing. Among them, the marriage accompanying songs of Chenzhou are the most representative. In different regions, there are many different names for this accompanying marriage activity, such as "crying in the singing hall", "crying in the garden", etc. The songs sung in this custom activity are called, "Hallsitting Song", "Gardensitting Song" and so on. （Wen Qiaofeng, 2018, chapter1, 5）

哭嫁的民俗在我国许多地区流行，而哭嫁的习俗在湖南是独一无二的。在湖南很多地方被称为 "伴嫁"，伴嫁歌是湖南民歌的一个重要组成部分。湘南郴州、永州等地的伴嫁歌早已以其丰富而独特的唱法而闻名。其中，郴州的伴嫁歌最具代表性。在不同地区，这种陪嫁活动有许多不同的名称，如 "坐歌堂"、"坐花园 "等。在这种习俗活动中演唱的歌曲被称为 "坐堂歌"、"花园歌 "等（文巧风，2018，第1章，第5节）。

2. Legend about marriage accompanying songs in Hunan

There is also a very interesting legend about its origin. According to legend, the king of the Chu Kingdom was named Chu Yidi, and he had a daughter named Chu Yu. One day when Chu yu was traveling, she met Chen Xianyun, a fugitive woman from a county in southern Hunan. After learning about her unfortunate coming marriage, she provided her with many things , gave a lot of help, and then led a group of fairies to Chen Xianyun's home on the eve of her marriage to cheer her up. The two girls sang and sang hundreds of narrative songs in succession. The fairies also sang and danced to the beat. From time to time, they sang a few words in antithesis with the princess and Chen Xianyun. The princess and the fairies didn’t return until dawn was about to show up. （Wen Qiaofeng, 2018, chapter1, 6）

2. 关于湖南伴嫁歌的传说

关于它的起源，还有一个非常有趣的传说。据传说，楚国的国王叫楚仪狄，他有一个女儿叫楚玉。有一天，当楚玉在旅行时，她遇到了来自湖南南部一个县的逃亡妇女陈先云。在得知她即将结婚的不幸消息后，她为她提供了很多东西，给予了很多帮助，然后在她结婚前夕带领一群仙女到陈仙云家为她打气。两个女孩接连唱了几百首叙事歌曲。仙女们也跟着节拍唱起了歌，跳起了舞。他们不时地与公主和陈先云对唱几句。直到天快亮时，公主和仙女们才回来（文巧风，2018，第1章，6）。

3. Significance of marriage accompanying songs

3. 伴嫁歌的意义

Marriage accompanying songs is a kind of farewell activity that female companions do with the girl’s expressions of singing. The most prominent feature is around the bride’s marriage, confiding her feelings of parting, and it also expresses their resentment towards the feudal marriage system and the old ethics. Anger and resistance are dominant. According to incomplete statistics, there are still more than 1, 200 songs about marriage accompanying in southern Hunan.

伴嫁歌是女伴以姑娘的表现形式进行的一种告别活动。最突出的特点是围绕新娘的婚姻，倾诉自己的离别之情，也表达了她们对封建婚姻制度和旧有伦理的不满。愤怒和反抗是主流。据不完全统计，湘南地区仍有1200多首陪嫁歌。

In 1993, Jiahe county in southern Hunan was named the "Hometown of Folk Songs" by the Provincial Department of Culture. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the southern Hunan wedding lament was protected as an artistic wonder in the national characteristic culture. In 1978, the Provincial Department of Culture held a provincial folk song concert in Chenzhou, Hunan and named Chengguan Town as the "Hometown of Folk Songs" in the province.

The Central Conservatory of Music, Shanghai Conservatory of Music and other professional colleges also use the county folk songs (namely wedding lament songs) as teaching materials. The original wedding folk songs are used in films such as "Hibiscus Town", "The Tortuous Mountain Path", "Gongs and Drums in towns". On May 24, 2021, the marriage lament declared by Jiahe County, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, was approved by the State Council to be included in the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects. (Chinese government website, 2021, 06)

1993年，湘南的嘉禾县被省文化厅命名为 "民歌之乡"。建国后，湘南伴嫁歌作为民族特色文化中的艺术奇葩得到保护。1978年，省文化厅在湖南郴州召开全省民歌会，命名城关镇为全省 "民歌之乡"。

中央音乐学院、上海音乐学院等专业院校也以本县民歌（即婚礼哀歌）为教材。电影《芙蓉镇》、《山路弯弯》、《乡镇锣鼓》等都采用了原生态的婚礼民歌。2021年5月24日，湖南省郴州市嘉禾县申报的婚嫁民歌被国务院批准列入第五批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目。(中国政府网, 2021, 06)

4. Types of marriage accompanying songs

4. 伴嫁歌的类型

Marriage accompanying songs are not limited to the inherent types. There are long songs, marriage joking songs, and crying songs, as well as teasing bridegroom songs. But accompaniment dances are always performed during singing process .

伴嫁歌并不局限于固有的类型。有长歌，耍歌，有哭嫁歌，也有徒歌。但伴嫁舞总是在演唱过程中进行。

First of all, for long songs, they mainly tell sad stories, express unwilling emotions and sad emotions. Existing long songs mostly focus on marital tragedies. Taking into account the weak rhythm and complex thinking of the songs, they are generally sung by high-level artists and singers.

首先，对于长歌来说，它们主要是讲述悲伤的故事，表达不情愿的情绪和悲伤的情感。现有的长歌多以婚姻悲剧为主题。考虑到歌曲的节奏感较弱，思维复杂，一般由高水平的艺术家和歌唱家演唱。

Secondly, in terms of marriage jokes, this type of songs have a large number, distinctive features, and flexible structure. It is a kind of songs that women prefer. The song has a simple sentence pattern, mostly four sentences, and the artistic expression is rich and diverse. This kind of joking songs can be expressed with the help of multi-section style expressions and single style expressions, which are rich in content and involve not only interesting children's songs but also sad songs. Regarding the crying marriage song, it focuses on expressing emotions in the form of crying. The theme of the song focuses on nostalgia and complaining. Both the crying and the song are played casually, and the artistic characteristics are different from other types of songs.

其次，在耍歌方面，这类歌曲数量较多，特点鲜明，结构灵活。这是一种女性比较喜欢的歌曲。歌曲句式简单，多为四句话，艺术表现力丰富多样。这类戏曲歌曲可以借助多段式表达，也可以借助单段式表达，内容丰富，不仅涉及有趣的儿歌，也涉及悲歌。关于哭嫁歌，它主要是以哭的形式来表达情感。这类歌的主题集中在怀旧和抱怨上。哭嫁歌的演奏方式都很随意，艺术特点与其他类型的歌曲不同。

Thirdly, as far as the teasing bridegroom songs are concerned, this type of song is an important manifestation of folklore and occupies a certain position in the wedding song. It mainly tells the plot of the groom being teased. The structure and sentence pattern are relatively simple. Finally, as for the accompaniment dance, the dance is closely related to marriage joking songs and is a free dance that is not restricted by props. Any daily necessities can be used as dance props, which is the main embodiment of humorous thoughts. (Liao Xinglin, 2020, 08)

第三，就徒歌而言，这类歌曲是民俗的重要表现形式，在婚礼歌曲中占有一定地位。它主要讲述的是新郎被戏弄的情节。其结构和句式都比较简单。最后，在伴嫁舞方面，该舞蹈与婚俗戏曲密切相关，是一种不受道具限制的自由舞蹈。任何生活用品都可以作为舞蹈道具，这也是幽默思想的主要体现。(廖星麟, 2020, 08)

5. Process of marriage accompanying

5. 陪嫁的过程

Traditional marrying accompanying is divided into two steps. Two nights before the wedding, the bride and her female friends sits in the singing hall to accompany the marriage, mainly singing "marriage joking songs". This is called "short marriage accompanying ". It starts after dinner and ends in the middle of the night. Sitting in the singing hall on the eve of marriage is called "long marriage accompanying ". It also starts after dinner, but it doesn't stop all night, and it will continue to sing until dawn the next day.

传统的陪嫁分为两个步骤。婚礼前两晚，新娘和她的女性朋友坐在歌厅里陪嫁，主要是唱 "婚姻戏曲"。这被称为 "短陪"。从晚饭后开始，到半夜结束。结婚前夕坐在歌厅里，称为 "长陪"。也是晚饭后开始，但整夜不停歇，要一直唱到第二天天亮。

Girls singing marriage joking songs in the middle of the night, singing a long song in the second half of the night, and performing the accompaniment dances at dawn the next day, then the bride will come out to cry for marriage.

姑娘们半夜唱婚姻戏曲，下半夜唱长歌，第二天黎明时分表演伴嫁舞，然后新娘子就会出来哭嫁。

The word for crying for marriage is to see people crying, improvised, mainly to express the feelings of farewell. The content of the accompaniment songs is very rich, there are those who spread history and production knowledge, some who sing about women's labor life, customs, and astronomy and geography, some who laugh and play, there are guessing songs, love songs, and everything.

哭嫁一词是见人就哭，即兴发挥，主要是为了表达离别之情。伴唱的内容非常丰富，有传播历史和生产知识的，有唱妇女劳动生活、风俗习惯、天文地理的，有嬉笑打闹的，有猜拳的，有情歌的，什么都有。

But the most sung songs are the songs that tell parting and reflect the pain of women. When dancing, everything you encounter can be used as a dance tool, which is very lively and free, and has a strong breath of life. The bride cried and sang farewell to relatives and friends at home and then boarded the sedan chair. The sisters were sent to the pavilion on the way and then returned. The whole marriage process was completed. The bride’s brothers, uncles and cousins (all men) will send the family and guests to the husband’s house. (kekeshici, 2019, 05)

但唱得最多的是讲述离别和反映妇女痛苦的歌曲。跳舞时，遇到的一切都可以作为舞蹈工具，非常活泼自由，具有强烈的生命气息。新娘哭着和家里的亲戚朋友唱着歌告别，然后上了轿子。姐妹们在路上被送到亭子里，然后返回。整个结婚过程就这样完成了。新娘的兄弟、叔伯和堂兄弟（都是男性）将家人和客人送到夫家。 (可可诗词网, 2019, 05)

References

*廖星麟. 嘉禾伴嫁歌的音乐特征与演唱特征研究[J]. 戏剧之家, 2020(08):56-57.
*文巧风. 论湖南风俗民歌[D]. 湖南师范大学, 2018.
*可可诗词网, 湘南嘉禾伴嫁歌, https://www. kekeshici. com, 2019
*李琴, 李跃忠. 嘉禾“伴嫁歌”研究综述[J]. 文教资料, 2019(31):87-89.
*中国政府网, 国务院关于公布第五批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录的通知, http://www. gov. cn/zhengce/content/2021-06/10/content_5616457, 2021, 05

Terms and expressions
*marriage accompanying songs 伴嫁歌
*marriage accompanying 伴嫁
*crying in the singing hall 坐歌堂
*crying in the garden 坐花园
*Zuotang Song 坐堂歌
*Wedding lament songs/crying songs 哭嫁歌
*long songs 长歌
*marriage joking songs耍歌
*teasing bridegroom songs 徒歌
*accompaniment dances 伴嫁舞
*Hibiscus Town 《芙蓉镇》
*The Tortuous Mountain Path 《山路弯弯》
*Gongs and Drums in towns 《乡镇锣鼓》

Questions
#What kind of songs do the marriage accompanying songs in southern Hunan belong to?
#Who sings the marriage accompanying song?
#List at least 3 themes that marriage accompanying songs would cover.
#What types of marriage accompanying songs are there?
#During the singing activity process, would singers sing for the whole night in the "short marriage accompanying"？

问题
#湘南地区的婚姻伴奏歌曲属于什么类型的歌曲？
#谁在唱婚姻伴奏歌曲？
#至少列出3个婚姻伴奏歌曲会涉及的主题。
#有哪些类型的婚姻伴奏歌曲？
#在歌唱活动过程中，歌手们会不会在 "短暂的婚姻伴奏 "中唱上一整晚？

=第四周 Session 4: Marriage II, Crying Marriage of Tujia 土家族的哭嫁=

Teacher presentation [[Media:04_Chin_Cult_Contacting_Tujia.pptx]]

==Crying Marriage of Tujia 土家族的哭嫁==
Introduction

Many ethnic groups in our country have the custom of crying marriage, such as the Yao people and the Miao people in western Hunan, the Yi people in Liangshan, Sichuan, and the Tujia people in western Hubei and western Hunan. When women get married, they all have the ceremony of crying marriage. Among them, Tujia women's crying marriage has the greatest influence, and their crying words are the most abundant and well preserved. In 2005, Tujia wedding laments in Hubei province was identified as one of the first key folk culture protection objects in China (Yin Danping 2009, 126).

简介

我国许多民族都有哭嫁的习俗，如湘西的瑶族、苗族，四川凉山的彝族，湖北西部和湖南西部的土家族。妇女结婚时，都有哭嫁的仪式。其中，土家族妇女的哭嫁影响最大，其哭词也最丰富，保存最完整。2005年，湖北的土家族哭嫁词被确定为中国首批重点民俗文化保护对象之一（尹旦萍，2009，126）。

Many Tujia girls learn to cry to marry or learn to participate in crying marriage at an early age, learning how to make crying marriage songful and affecting. It is customary for Tujia girls to cry every night in the first month or half a month before they get married. And they cry for 3-7 consecutive nights before the eve of going out for marriage. When the bride cries for marriage, all the sisters in the village cry for each other. The climax of crying marriage is during the very night before getting married and the next day on the sedan chair (Peng Wulin 2012, 149).

很多土家族姑娘在很小的时候就学会了哭嫁，或者学会了参与哭嫁，学会了如何让哭嫁变得有歌声，有影响。土家族女孩在结婚前的第一个月或半个月里，习惯于每晚都要哭。而在出嫁前夕，她们会连续哭上3-7个晚上。新娘哭嫁时，村里所有的姐妹都会为对方哭泣。哭嫁的高潮是在出嫁前的那一夜和第二天的上轿。（彭武麟 2012, 149）。

First the bride cries with her mother, then with her sister-in-law. After that, the neighbors and other single women come to cry with her, all of them sitting on the bed. While the bride and one of the companions cry aloud, the others weep by the side. The bride cry for her parents and siblings as well as for the relatives and friends, mainly telling her life experience and her sorrow at leaving her loved ones while also expressing her gratitude towards her parents for bringing her up. The women also scold the matchmaker, and encourage the bride. (The Custom of Crying Marriage 2021. 05. 28 http://www. foreignercn. com/)

首先，新娘和她的母亲一起哭，然后和她的嫂子一起哭。之后，邻居和其他单身女性也来陪她哭，大家都坐在床上。当新娘和其中一个同伴大声哭泣时，其他人则在旁边哭泣。新娘为她的父母和兄弟姐妹以及亲戚朋友哭泣，主要讲述她的生活经历和离开亲人的悲伤，同时也表达了她对父母养育她的感激之情。女方还骂媒人，并鼓励新娘。(The Custom of Crying Marriage 2021. 05. 28 http://www. foreignercn. com/)

Origins of crying marriage哭嫁的由来

First explanation is, according to a legend, a Tujia girl was sent into a Han family as a daughter-in-law in ancient times. She was crying and her families also were crying and comforting her.

Second, a Tujia girl quarreled with her brothers and sisters about the distribution of the family property and began to cry on the eve of her marriage. (Chen Tingliang & Peng Nanjun 2005, 171)

Third, as a special form of farewell, the crying marriage of Tujia girls replaces speech with wedding laments, which have national characteristics and are not sad and mournful. (Chen Tingliang & Peng Nanjun 2005, 172)

第一种说明是，根据一个古时代的传说，一位土家族的姑娘被嫁去汉族的家庭作媳妇。她一直在哭，她的家人边哭边安慰她。

第二，一位土家族姑娘，在她婚礼的前夜。和她的兄弟姐妹们关于自己家族财产分配而吵起来（陈廷亮&彭南均，2005，171）。

第三，一个别的分别仪式，土家姑娘的哭嫁代替了婚礼哀伤致辞，这些是具有民族特色，同时也不是悲伤和遗憾的（陈廷亮&彭南均，2005，172）。

Reasons for crying marriage

For themselves

As individuals in the society, Tujia women's status is relatively low. The arranged marriage made by their parents undoubtedly deepens their dilemma of having no autonomy. In the grand premise, when she sits in the hall, she mainly weeps about her sad fate. The other singers are women, some of them are coming out, and some of them are young girls who are about to meet the same fate. Therefore, They could not help sympathizing with each other when they sigh with sadness for their fates. (Yu Yongyu 2002, 193）

哭婚的原因

为了自己

作为社会中的个体，土家族妇女的地位是比较低的。父母的包办婚姻，无疑加深了她们没有自主权的窘境。在大前提下，当她坐在堂时，她主要是为自己的悲惨命运哭泣。其他歌手都是女性，有的即将出阁，有的则是即将遭遇同样命运的少女。因此，当她们为自己的命运悲叹时，不禁互相同情。(余咏宇 2002, 193)

For the society

In addition to the function of satisfying the singer's self-expression and adjusting psychological activities, wedding laments can further consolidate the relationship between the singer and the ethnic group. It also can further consolidate the social status of the individual. Various social functions include: To consolidate ethics: if a Tujia daughter does not cry when she gets married, it shows that she has no filial piety or attachment to her parents. (Yu Yongyu 2002, 198） To evaluate talent: crying to marry is also a measure of a woman's ability. To strengthen collective consciousness: during the marriage ceremony, women walk together spontaneously, complain bitterly about their divorce, and express dissatisfaction with the system of arranged marriage. Women's everyday feelings of unhappy life, expressed through crying, arouse the collective resistance consciousness and give a certain social significance to the collective behavior of crying marriage. (Yu Yongyu 2002, 199）

对社会而言

除了满足歌者的自我表达和调整心理活动的功能外，婚礼哀乐可以进一步巩固歌者与民族之间的关系。它还可以进一步巩固个人的社会地位。各种社会功能包括：巩固伦理：如果土家族女儿出嫁时不哭，说明她对父母没有孝心和依恋。(于永玉 2002, 198) 评价才能：哭嫁也是衡量一个女人能力的标准。强化集体意识：在结婚仪式上，妇女自发地走在一起，痛苦地抱怨自己的离婚，并对包办婚姻制度表示不满。妇女通过哭诉表达对生活不幸福的日常感受，唤起了集体的反抗意识，使哭嫁的集体行为具有了一定的社会意义。(余咏宇 2002，199）。

For religion

Tujia people see crying marriage as an effective tool to deceive evil spirits and protect the peace of the family house, also as a sign of respect for the ancestors. In the legends of Tujia, there are many evil spirits in the mountains, and they always come to disturb every happy event. In order to ensure safety, the bride pretends to be sad so that the evil spirits will not be aware of the happy event and the happy event will go on smoothly. (Yu Yongyu 2002, 201）

对于宗教

土家族人将哭嫁视为欺骗邪灵、保护家宅平安的有效手段，也是对祖先的尊重。在土家族的传说中，山里有很多邪灵，每逢喜事，他们总是来捣乱。为了确保安全，新娘要装作很伤心的样子，这样邪灵就不会知道喜事，喜事也就顺利进行了。(余咏宇 2002, 201)

Relations between Wedding laments and Tujia's music culture

First, the content of wedding laments mostly expresses brides’ feelings of being parted from their relatives and their worries about the future prospects. Even though bride and groom meet before marriage, they don’t know each other very well. The whole marriage system still has the mark of blind marriage left over from the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, there are some reasons for brides to get married in tears. Second, wedding laments always are improvised with concise music structure and vivid lyrics. Wedding laments contain three elements: crying, song and language, which rise and fall with the change of mood. Its creation and expression are natural, sincere and appealing. Tujia people are used to express their ideas by singing impromptu songs, so wedding laments are in the same line with the characteristics of Tujia folk songs and music culture. Third, wedding laments are actually linked to ceremonies. In the process of ceremonies, the bride will cry and sing according to the content of ceremonies and the identity of the participants, and so does the duet. The combination of the ceremony and wedding laments is flexible and structured. For example, in the same ceremony, the general idea of the lyrics is the same, but the details of the lyrics are arranged by the singer at will, which is mainly controlled by the crying singer without fixed length and time limit. Similar musical phenomena also appear in other Tujia ritual songs. (Yu Yongyu 2002, 225）

婚礼哀歌与土家族音乐文化的关系

首先，婚礼哀歌的内容大多表达了新娘与亲人分离的心情和对未来前景的担忧。尽管新郎和新娘在婚前相识，但他们并不了解对方。整个婚姻制度仍有清朝遗留下来的盲婚哑嫁的痕迹。因此，新娘哭着结婚是有一定原因的。其次，婚礼哀乐总是即兴创作，音乐结构简明，歌词生动。婚礼哀歌包含三个要素：哭、歌和语言，随着情绪的变化而起伏。它的创作和表达是自然的、真诚的、吸引人的。土家族人习惯于用即兴演唱的方式来表达自己的想法，因此，婚礼赞歌与土家族民歌和音乐文化的特点一脉相承。第三，婚礼赞歌实际上与仪式有关。在仪式过程中，新娘会根据仪式的内容和参与者的身份进行哭唱，对唱也是如此。仪式和婚礼哀乐的结合是灵活而有条理的。例如，在同一仪式中，歌词的大意是一样的，但歌词的细节却由演唱者随意安排，主要由哭唱者控制，没有固定的长度和时间限制。类似的音乐现象也出现在其他土家族祭祀歌曲中。(余咏宇 2002，225）。

Terms and Expressions
*Yao 瑶族
*Miao 苗族
*Yi 彝族
*Tujia 土家族
*crying marriage 哭嫁
*wedding laments 哭嫁歌
*sedan chair 轿子
*Han 汉族
*For themselves 对己（心理功能）
*For the society 对人（社会功能）
*For religion 对灵（宗教功能）

References

［1］余咏宇 Yu Yongyu 2002 土家族哭嫁歌之音乐特征与社会涵义 [Musical Characteristics and Social Meaning of the Tujia Wedding Laments]

［2］陈廷亮、彭南均 Chen Tingliang & Peng Nanjun 2005 土家族婚俗与婚礼歌 [Tujia Wedding Custom and Wedding Songs]

［3］彭武麟 Peng Wulin 2012 中国土家族 [Chinese Tujia]

［4］尹旦萍 Yin Danping 2009 当代土家族女性婚姻变迁 [Contemporary Tujia women marriage changes]

［5］The Custom of Crying Marriage 2021. 05. 28 http://www. foreignercn. com/

Questions
#Which ethnic groups in our country have the custom of crying marriage?
#When was Tujia wedding laments in Hubei province identified as one of the first key folk culture protection objects in China?
#What are origins of crying marriage?
#Why did crying marriage emerged?

问题
#我国哪些民族有哭嫁的习俗？
#湖北省的土家族婚礼哭嫁是什么时候被确定为中国首批重点民俗文化保护对象的？
#哭嫁的起源是什么？
#为什么会出现哭嫁？

==准备第三周的作业 Homework to prepare this session==

1. 阅读 Read pages 22-29 and 36-42 of our textbook

2. 填多选题线上测试 Complete the quizzes

审美理想和社会习俗：习惯，接触方式。古代和当代的接触方式 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting https://ks.wjx.top/vm/Pmk7uOt.aspx

审美理想和社会习俗：土家族的哭嫁 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia https://ks.wjx.top/vm/mp6jP3P.aspx

==展示 Presentations==

===古代和当代的接触方式===

审美理想和社会习俗：习惯，接触方式。古代和当代的接触方式 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting [[File:Ways_of_contacting.pdf|Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting]]

===土家族的哭嫁===

审美理想和社会习俗：土家族的哭嫁 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia : [[Media:Tujia.pptx|Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia]]

=第四周 Session 4: Most handsome men=

老师的展示 Teacher's presentation
[[Media:05_Chin_Cult_Handsome_Panda.pptx]]

==The Four Most Handsome men in Ancient China 中国古代的四大才子==
It is said that there were four most beautiful women in ancient times, and corresponding to that, it is worth mentioning that there were four most attractive men at that time. Despite that we consider these four men as attractive, this refers to more than just their appearance. They have a common feature: it proves that while their appearance is marvelous, they are also outstanding in literature. Namely, as a Chinese saying goes, they are endowed with both beauty and talent.

据说古代有“四大美女”，与此相对应，值得一提的是，当时有“四大才子”。尽管我们认为这四个男人很有魅力，但这指的不仅仅是他们的外表。他们有一个共同的特点：证明了在他们的外表令人惊叹的同时，他们在文学方面也很出色。也就是说，正如中国的一句话所说，他们既有美貌又有才华。

These four men are Pan An, King Lanling, Ji Kang, and Wei Jie. (Wang Zhenbo 2008, 59-60）

这四个人是潘安、兰陵王、嵇康和卫玠。(王真波 2008，59-60）。

The allusion of “throwing fruit to fill a carriage” originates from Pan An [Pan Yue], which resembles movie fans nowadays to see their idols. There is a comment on Pan An’s appearance: "No more and no less. " The history books also describe Pan An with three words “good-looking, well-mannered, and graceful”. Although these did not describe Pan An’s appearance in details, such as eyebrows and eyes or lips, from these side descriptions, we can know that Pan An’s appearance is far above ordinary people, and even his styles draw imitation from others.

“掷果盈车”的典故源于潘安，这就像现在的影迷看偶像一样。对潘安[潘岳]的外貌有一个评论： "不增不减。"史书上还用三个词来形容潘安："好看、有气质、有风度"[从英文翻译，不是原文]。虽然这些都没有详细描述潘安的外貌，如眉眼、嘴唇等，但从这些侧面的描述中，我们可以知道潘安的外貌远远高于普通人，甚至他的风格也引得别人的模仿。

At the same time, Pan An is known as “the flower of a county in Heyang”, and he is also one of the few men who are compared with flowers to be praised for excellent appearance. The beauty of exterior only fails to last long in this world. Pan An's talent and temperament and the devotion to his wife are also often eulogized. Pan Yue showed his unusual talent since he was a child, and he was called a child prodigy by the villagers. In his early years, he was appreciated by an official and recommended as a scholar.

同时，潘安被誉为 "河阳一县之花"[从英文翻译，不是原文]，他也是为数不多的被比作花朵的男人，被赞美为优秀的外表。外表的美丽在这个世界上只能是不能长久的。潘安的才华和气质以及对妻子的奉献精神也常常被人讴歌。潘岳从小就表现出不凡的才华，被乡亲们称为神童。早年，他受到官员的赏识，被推荐为秀才。

Later, served as the magistrate of Heyang (now Meng County, Henan), he was diligent in political affairs, and advocated the people to plant more fruits and trees. The county was full of trees and peaches and plums everywhere, known as “Flower County”. During his administration, his political achievements were remarkable. Besides, Pan An holds a special place in the history of literature.

后任河阳（今河南孟县）[从英文翻译，不是原文]县令，勤于政事，倡导百姓多种果木。县内树木葱茏，桃李遍地，被称为 "花县"[从英文翻译，不是原文]。在他执政期间，政绩斐然。此外，潘安在文学史上也有特殊地位。

He was good at composing verse and odes and skilled in the choice of words and building of sentences, which fully reflects the characteristics of Taikang literature that pays attention to the beauty of form. He was expert in composing Ci lyric of sorrow and admonishment, and his current works such as Widow's Fu, Mourning Poem and other famous works are all known for their narration and empathy. Pan An can be described as both internally and externally blessed. (Liu Xixue 2003, 63-64）

他善于作诗作赋，善于选词造句，充分体现了太康文学注重形式美的特点。他擅长作《慈禧抒怀》和《谏逐客书》[从英文翻译，不是原文]，目前的作品如《寡妇赋》、《悼亡诗》[从英文翻译，不是原文]等名篇，都以叙事和移情见长。潘安可以说是内外兼修，有福同享。(刘西学2003，63-64）。

Gao Changgong (541-573), known as King Lanling, the grandson of Gao Huan, Emperor Shenwu, and the fourth son of Wen Xiang, Emperor Gaocheng. There is a very popular legend about King Lanling. It's believed that King Lanling was a brave and supremely skilled general. However, because he looked very sweet and it seemed hard to frighten the enemy, he often wore a half-mask when fighting, which sounds very fairytale.

高长恭（541-573），人称兰陵王，神武帝高欢之孙，高成帝文襄之第四子。关于兰陵王有一个流传已久的传说。人们认为兰陵王是一个勇敢的、有超强能力的将军。然而，由于他看起来非常甜俊，似乎很难吓到敌人，所以他在战斗时经常戴着半面面具，这听起来很像童话。

Nevertheless, the beauty of King Lanling is beyond doubt and otherworldly. Book of Northern Qi Dynasty described that he was friendly looking and mentally strong, with beautiful voice and appearance. King Lanling spent half his life in military affairs, and made great achievements. While this gave him glory, it also brought bad luck. There is an old Chinese saying that the glow of a inferior from massive achievements will overshadow his superior.

尽管如此，兰陵王的美貌是毋庸置疑的，是超凡脱俗的。《北齐书》中描述，他长相和蔼，精神强健，声音和外表都很美。兰陵王大半生都在处理军事事务，并取得了巨大的成就。这在给他带来荣耀的同时，也带来了厄运。中国有句古话，大量成就带来的下等人的光芒会盖过上等人[从英文翻译，不是原文]。

Although the King Lanling did not have the idea of usurping the throne, but the incumbent felt threatened because of his existence itself. In the end, a glass of poisonous wine ended the life of the Lanling King. (Wang Zhenbo 2008, 59-60）

虽然兰陵王并没有篡夺王位的想法，但在位者却因为他的存在本身而感到威胁。最后，一杯毒酒结束了兰陵王的生命。(王真波 2008，59-60）。

Song Yu (about 322 BC-298 BC), as it is widely rumored, a student of Qu Yuan, was born in the capital city of Song Dynasty during the Warring States Period (now Shangqiu, Henan). Song Yu was a writer of Ci lyric of State Chu in the late Warring States period, adept in Ci lyric and even acclaimed as a great poet after Qu Yuan' reputation. Later generations often referred to them as “Qu Song”. Rumors circulate that there are many Ci lyrics from him, and Book of Han records about 16 works, but many of them are lost today.

宋玉（约公元前322年-公元前298年），据传是屈原的学生，出生在战国时期的宋朝首都（今河南商丘）。宋玉是战国晚期楚国的一位词人，擅长词曲，甚至被誉为屈原之后的大诗人。后人常称其为 "屈宋"。坊间流传着他有很多词，《汉书》记载了约16部作品，但其中很多作品今天已经失传。

His works embrace Nine Discriminations, The Fu poetry of Wind and so on. He was the first to write about sadness from Autumn and to write about women. His description of women's nature exerts a great influence on later generations such as Cao Zhi. The goddess in Song Yu's The Fu poetry of Goddess embodies the essence of pre-Qin female beauty, recounting the beauty of the goddess of Wushan Mountain in details so much so that later generations have coveted for it for thousands of years.

他的作品包括《九辨》、《风赋》等。他是第一个写秋悲的人，也是第一个写女人的人。他对女性本性的描述对后世曹植等人产生了很大的影响。宋玉的《神女赋》中的神女体现了先秦女性美的精髓，详细叙述了巫山神女的美貌，以至于后人千百年来对其垂涎欲滴。

16 works survived, among which Nine Discriminations is believed to be truly composed by him. It is equivalent to Qu Yuan's Li Sao or A lament in the history of Chinese literature. Both poets can be called the two shining pearls in Ci lyric at their times. (Wang Zhenbo 2008, 59-60）

有16部作品流传下来，其中《九辨》被认为是真正由他创作的。在中国文学史上，它相当于屈原的《离骚》或《哀
乐》[从英文翻译，不是原文]。这两位诗人在他们的时代都可以称为慈禧抒情诗[从英文翻译，不是原文]中的两颗璀璨的明珠。(王真波 2008，59-60）。

Wei Jie (286-June 20, 312), a metaphysician and an official of the Jin Dynasty. Wei Jie was a noted talker and metaphysicist during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. He was appointed as an assistant of the prince in the matter of politics. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Yongjia(AD310), Wei Jie died at the age of 27. Both ancient books and ancients commented on Wei Jie's appearance. Wang Ji reckoned that, “A jade is on my side, and I feel like I am nobody”; “Wandering with Jiu is like sauntering with a pearl on the side, with him shining brightly. ”

卫玠（286-312年6月20日），晋代玄学家、官员。卫玠是魏晋时期著名的清谈名士和玄学家。他被任命为太子政
治事务的助手。永嘉四年（公元310年），卫玠去世，年仅27岁。古书和古人都对卫玠的外貌作了评价。王吉认为："有玉在侧，吾觉无名"；"与九同游，犹如明珠在侧，熠熠生辉。"[从英文翻译，不是原文]

History Retold as a Mirror for rulers authored by Sima Guang goes into detail: "Wei is blessed with attractive appearance and has his own understanding when talking and sharing; Often he reckons people can be forgiven if they are inferior. . . " Wei Jie not only have a mere marvelous exterior, but also he can discern metaphysics from his perspective. Wei Jie’s views always amaze the concerned parties.

司马光撰写的《资治通鉴》作为统治者的镜子，详细介绍了： "卫玠有得天独厚的外表，说话和分享时有自己的理解力；常常认为人们如果低人一等，就可以被原谅了。。。 "卫玠不仅有令人赞叹的外表，而且还能从他的角度辨别出形而上学。卫玠的观点总是让有关方面感到惊艳。

It is said that even three sons of the Wang family, are not as good as the first son of the Wei family, and the three sons of the Wang family were all well-known scholars at that time, and the Wei Jie could be regarded as unmatchable compared with the three in family background, appearance, and talents. (Wang Zhenbo 2008, 59-60）

据说，即使是王家的三个儿子，也不如卫家的长子，而王家的三个儿子都是当时有名的学者，而卫玠在家庭背景、外表和才能方面与三人相比，可以说是无可比拟的。(王真波 2008, 59-60）。

Terms and Expressions
*Pan An 潘安
*King Lanling 兰陵王
*Ji Kang 嵇康
*Wei Jie 卫玠
*throwing fruit to fill a carriage 掷果盈车
*scholar 秀才
*expatiation 铺陈
*Book of Northern Qi Dynasty 《北齐书》
*the Warring States Period 战国时期
*Book of Han 《汉书》
*Nine Discriminations 《九辨》
*The Fu poetry of Wind 《风赋》
*The Fu poetry of Goddess 《神女赋》
*the goddess of Wushan Mountain 巫山神女
*metaphysician 玄学家
*a noted talker 清谈名士
*History Retold as a Mirror for rulers 《资治通鉴》
*Widow's Fu 《寡妇赋》
*Mourning Poem 《悼亡诗》

英文书名要用斜体

Questions
#Who are the four most handsome men at ancient time in China?
#Who is Gao Changgong?
#How did Lanlin King die?
#What works did Song Yu compose?
#Who are the two shining pearls in Ci lyric according to the passage?
#What History Retold as a Mirror for rulers comment on Wei Jie?

问题
#中国古代最英俊的四个男人是谁？
#高长恭是谁？
#兰陵王是怎么死的？
#宋玉创作了哪些作品？
#根据这段话，《慈禧》词中的两颗闪亮的珍珠是谁？
#作为统治者的镜子，《史记》对卫玠有什么评价？

References

刘细学. 古代四大美男[J]. 文史天地, 2003(06):63-64.

王真波. 四大美男都是怎么死的[J]. 青年文学家, 2008(11):59-60.

=第五周 Session 5 - The Panda 熊猫=
1. The origin of giant pandas

The ancestor of the giant panda is Ailuaractos. The scientific name of the giant panda is actually "cat bear", which means "a bear like a cat". The main branch of it continued to evolve in central and southern China. One species of Ailuaractos appeared in the early Pleistocene about 3 million years ago, and it was smaller than the current panda. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 163)

1. 大熊猫的祖先

大熊猫的祖先是Ailuaractos。大熊猫的学名实际上是 "猫熊"，意思是 "像猫一样的熊"。它主要分支在中国中部和南部继续进化。Ailuaractos的一个物种出现在大约300万年前的更新世早期，它的体型比现在的熊猫小。(孙承骞, 2006, 163)

In the process, giant pandas have adapted to life in subtropical bamboo forests, gradually increasing in size and relying on bamboo for their livelihoods. In the middle and late Pleistocene, about 500, 000-700, 000 years ago, was the heyday of giant pandas. The Qinling giant panda has been identified as a subspecies of the giant panda. Biological fossils show that the ancestors of giant pandas appeared in the early 2 to 3 million years ago. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 163)

在这个过程中，大熊猫适应了亚热带竹林的生活，体型逐渐增大，并依靠竹子为生。在更新世中后期，大约500，000-700，000年前，是大熊猫的鼎盛时期。秦岭大熊猫已被确定为大熊猫的一个亚种。生物化石显示，大熊猫的祖先出现在200万至300万年前的早期。 (孙承骞, 2006, 163)

The habitat of giant pandas once covered most of eastern and southern China, reaching Peking in the north and southern Myanmar and northern Vietnam in the south. Giant panda fossils are usually found in temperate or subtropical forests at an altitude of 500 to 700 meters. Giant pandas have survived to now and maintain their original ancient characteristics. Therefore, they have a lot of scientific value and are known as "living fossils". China calls them "national treasures. "(Sun Chengqian, 2006, 165)

大熊猫的栖息地曾经覆盖了中国东部和南部的大部分地区，北至北京，南至缅甸南部和越南北部。大熊猫化石通常在海拔500至700米的温带或亚热带森林中发现。大熊猫存活到现在，保持着原有的古老特征。因此，它们具有很大的科学价值，被称为 "活化石"。中国称它们为 "国宝"。"（孙承骞，2006，165）。

2. Appearance features of giant pandas

Giant pandas are fat like bears, plump and rich, round heads and short tails, with a head length of 1200-1800mm and a tail length of 100-120mm. The weight is 80-120kg, and its maximum weight can reach 180kg. The raised pandas are a little heavier, and the males are generally slightly larger than the females. The hair color of its head and body is distinct from black and white. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 165)

2. 大熊猫的外形特征

大熊猫像熊一样胖，丰满，头圆，尾短，头长1200-1800mm，尾长100-120mm。体重为80-120公斤，最大体重可达到180公斤。饲养的大熊猫要重一些，雄性一般比雌性略大。其头部和身体的毛色黑白分明。 (孙成建，2006，165)

However, it is not pure black, or pure white. It is black with brown through and white with yellow. The pandas in the Qinling Mountains are relatively large, with rough body hair and slightly brownish abdominal hair. The black and white appearance is conducive to hiding in dense forest trees and snow-covered ground without being easily spotted by natural enemies. Relatively sharp claws, well-developed and powerful front and rear limbs help the giant panda to climb up tall trees quickly. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 165)

然而，它不是纯黑色，也不是纯白色。它是黑中透棕，白中透黄。秦岭的大熊猫体型比较大，体毛粗糙，腹毛略带褐色。黑白相间的外观有利于隐藏在茂密的林木和白雪覆盖的地面，不容易被天敌发现。相对锋利的爪子、发达而有力的前后肢帮助大熊猫迅速爬上高大的树木。(孙承骞, 2006, 165)

The giant panda's skin is thick, which can be up to 10 mm at its thickest point. The skin thickness of different parts of the body is different. The back of the body is thicker than the ventral side, and the outside of the body is thicker than the inside of the body. The average thickness of the skin is about 5 mm, and it is white, elastic and tough. The vision of giant pandas is extremely underdeveloped. This is because giant pandas live in dense bamboo forests for a long time. The light is very dark and there are many obstacles, making their eyes very short and shallow. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 165)

大熊猫的皮肤很厚，最厚处可以达到10毫米。身体不同部位的皮肤厚度是不同的。身体的背面比腹面厚，身体的外部比身体的内部要厚。皮肤的平均厚度约为5毫米，它是白色的，有弹性和韧性。大熊猫的视觉极其不发达。这是因为大熊猫长期生活在茂密的竹林中。光线很暗，障碍物很多，使它们的眼睛很短很浅。(孙承骞, 2006, 165)

In addition, because its pupils are split like cats, they can still do activities when night comes. Giant pandas live in the high mountains and deep valleys of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China, which are the windward side of the southeast monsoon. The climate is warm and humid, and their humidity is often above 80%. The giant pandas prefer humid environment. The 6 long and narrow areas where giant pandas live, including Minshan, Qionglai, Liangshan, Daxiangling, Xiaoxiangling and Qinling Mountains, spans 45 counties (cities) in the 3 provinces of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 165)

此外，由于它的瞳孔像猫一样是分裂的，所以当夜晚来临的时候，它们仍然可以进行活动。大熊猫生活在中国长江上游的高山和深谷中，这里是东南季风的迎风面。气候温暖湿润，其湿度常在80%以上。大熊猫喜欢潮湿的环境。大熊猫生活的6个狭长区域，包括岷山、邛崃、凉山、大相岭、小相岭和秦岭，横跨四川、陕西和甘肃3省的45个县（市）。(孙承骞, 2006, 165)

The land area of their habitats is more than 20, 000 square kilometers, and the population of there is about 1, 600, of which more than 80% are distributed in Sichuan. (Sun Chengqian, 2006, 165)

其栖息地的土地面积超过20,000平方公里，人口约1,600，其中80%以上分布在四川。(孙承骞, 2006, 165)

3. The diet features of giant pandas

The recipes of giant pandas are very special, almost including all kinds of bamboo that can be found in high mountain areas. Giant pandas also occasionally eat meat (usually the carcasses of animals or sometimes of rhizomys). The unique dieting characteristics of the giant panda make it known as the "bamboo bear" by the locals. Giant pandas have gradually evolved to herbivore. As bamboo has a few nutrition that can only provide the basic nutrients needed for pandas’ survival, giant pandas eat up to 14 hours a day except for sleeping or some short-distance activities in the wild environment. A giant panda eats 12 to 38 kilograms of bamboo per day, which is close to 40% of its body weight. (Hu Jinzhi, 1981, 17)

3. 大熊猫的饮食特点

大熊猫的食谱非常特别，几乎包括在高山地区可以找到的所有种类的竹子。大熊猫偶尔也吃肉（通常是动物的尸体，有时是根茎类动物的尸体）。大熊猫独特的饮食特点使它被当地人称为 "竹熊"。大熊猫已逐渐进化为食草动物。由于竹子的营养不多，只能提供大熊猫生存所需的基本营养，大熊猫在野外环境中除了睡觉或一些短途活动外，每天进食时间长达14小时。一只大熊猫每天要吃12至38公斤的竹子，这接近其体重的40%。(胡锦矗, 1981, 17)

They like to eat the most nutritious and least cellulose-containing parts of bamboo, namely the tender stems, burgeons, and bamboo shoots. There are usually at least two types of bamboo in the giant panda habitat. When one kind of bamboo blooms and dies (bamboo periodically blooms and dies every 30 to 120 years), pandas can choose other bamboos. However, the continued fragmentation of the habitat increases the possibility that there is only one kind of bamboo. When this kind of bamboo becomes distinct, the giant pandas in this area will face the threat of starvation. (Hu Jinzhi, 1981, 20)

它们喜欢吃竹子中营养最丰富、含纤维素最少的部分，即嫩茎、毛刺和竹笋。在大熊猫栖息地，通常至少有两种竹子。当一种竹子开花和死亡时（竹子每30至120年定期开花和死亡），大熊猫可以选择其他竹子。然而，栖息地的持续破碎化增加了只有一种竹子的可能性。当这种竹子变得与众不同时，这个地区的大熊猫将面临饥饿的威胁。(胡锦矗，1981，20)

Terms and expressions
*Ailuaractos lufengensis 始熊猫
*Pleistocene 更新世
*rhizomys 竹鼠
*cellulose 纤维素
*burgeons 嫩枝

Questions
#What's the ancestor of giant pandas?
#What are the features of giant pandas' skin?
#Do giant pandas like hot environment?
#What part of bamboo do giant panda eat?

问题
#大熊猫的祖先是什么动物？
#大熊猫的皮肤有什么特点？
#大熊猫喜欢高温环境吗？
#大熊猫吃竹子的哪一部分？

References

[1]Yan Weiran, Tang Maolin, Chen Zeyuan, Chen Peng, Zhao Qijun, Que Pinjia, Wu Kongju, Hou Rong, Zhang Zhihe. Automatically predicting giant panda mating success based on acoustic features[J]. Global Ecology and Conservation, 2020, 24.

[2]丛丽, 吴必虎. 基于网络文本分析的野生动物旅游体验研究——以成都大熊猫繁育研究基地为例[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 50(06):1087-1094.

[3]雍严格, 王宽武, 汪铁军. 佛坪大熊猫的移动习性[J]. 兽类学报, 1994(01):9-14.

[4]胡锦矗. 大熊猫的食性研究[J]. 南充师院学报(自然科学版), 1981(03):17-22.

[5]孙承骞, 张哲邻, 金学林. 秦岭大熊猫局域种群的划分及数量分布[J]. 陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2006(S1):163-167.

==准备第三周的作业 Homework to prepare this session==

1. 阅读 Read pages 42-52 of our textbook

2. 填多选题线上测试 Complete the quizzes https://ks.wjx.top/vm/YyByKqx.aspx https://ks.wjx.top/vm/QjARged.aspx#

3. 记得参加100个问题的调查和欧盟调查 remember to complete the EU survey and the 100 questions questionnaire

http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

http://bit.ly/100_questions

==展示 Presentations==

中国古代的四大才子

审美理想和社会习俗：中国古代的四大才子 Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China [[ Media:Four_Most_Handsome_Men_In_Ancient_China.pptx|The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China]]

===熊猫===

审美理想和社会习俗：熊猫 Animals: Panda [[ Media:Animal_Panda.pptx|Panda]]

=第五周 Session 5: Architecture 建筑学=

==Architecture 建筑==
China has a long history and a rich cultural heritage. Here history has left behind many old and outstanding architectural relics, which are the result of several thousand years of development and form a system unique among the architectural styles of the world. Wooden frames appeared in Chinese architecture as long as 2, 000 years ago. From relics in Han Dynasty tombs and watch-towers built above the ground, early forms of wood structures can be seen.

中国有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化遗产。这里的历史留下了许多古老而优秀的建筑遗迹，它们是几千年发展的结果，在世界建筑风格中形成了独特的体系。早在两千年前，中国建筑中就出现了木构架。从汉代墓葬和建在地面上的瞭望塔的遗迹中，可以看到木结构的早期形式。

Most of the wood-structured buildings fall into 3 categories: the beams-in-tiers structural system, the column and tier-beam structural system, and the log cabin-type system. Among the three, the first was the most commonly used in old Chinese architecture, in large structures like palaces and temples as well as in folk residences in North China. This frame is formed of wood or stone columns standing on the building’s foundation, with beams placed across them in the depth-wise direction. Short vertical posts are then placed on the beams, with additional beams placed across these. The wooden frame is formed of such layers, one upon the other, until they reach the ridge of the roof. These parallel units are connected by square longitudinal beams and round longitudinal posts at the ends of the cross-wise beams and across the spine posts called purlins. Rafters are laid lengthwise across the purlins.

大多数木结构建筑分为三类：梁柱式结构体系、柱子和层架式结构体系以及木屋式体系。在这三类中，第一类是中国古建筑中最常用的，用于宫殿和寺庙等大型建筑以及华北地区的民间住宅。这种框架由站在建筑基础上的木柱或石柱组成，横梁沿纵深方向放置。然后在梁上放置短的垂直柱子，并在这些柱子上放置额外的梁。木制框架是由这样的层数组成的，一个接一个，直到它们到达屋顶的脊部。这些平行的单元由方形纵梁和圆形纵柱连接，纵梁的两端和横跨的脊柱称为檩条。椽子是纵向铺设在檩条上的。

Extremely important in traditional architecture is the dou-gong (corbel brackets). Dou-gong refers to the use in the frame of several layers of short bow-shaped wood arms called gong at the top of the columns where they meet the crossbeams. Between two layers of gong is placed a block of wood called a dou. The unit formed of several layers of dou and gong is called a dou-gong. These are used under the eaves to set the eaves out from the roof in an overhang, support the ends of the beams and reduce their span.

传统建筑中极为重要的是斗拱（corbel brackets）。斗拱是指在柱子顶部与横梁相接的地方，在框架中使用几层短的弓形木臂，称为锣。在两层铜锣之间放置一个称为斗的木块。由几层斗和锣组成的单元被称为斗拱。这些都是在屋檐下使用的，使屋檐从屋顶上悬空出来，支撑着梁的两端，减少其跨度。

The most widespread and numerous residential structures are the “courtyard style” residences in the north. The name derives from the fact that four buildings, set on the foresides of a square area and with connecting halls between them, are made to form a courtyard. Generally the building on the north that faces south was called the “master building”, because it had the best position - warmest in winter and coolest in summer - and was usually used by the head of the household or members of the older generation. The houses on the east and the west were called “side buildings”. The southern building was sometimes called the “building at the other end”, and was used for children and the servants. This arrangement was appropriate to the old Confucian ethics in that it separated old and young, master and servant, and so emphasized the hierarchical relationship of superior and inferior.

最广泛和最多的住宅结构是北方的 "四合院式 "住宅。这个名字源于这样一个事实，即四座建筑设置在一个正方形区域的前侧，它们之间有连接的大厅，形成一个院落。一般来说，北面朝南的建筑被称为 "主楼"，因为它有最好的位置--冬暖夏凉--通常由户主或老一辈成员使用。东边和西边的房子被称为 "侧楼"。南边的建筑有时被称为 "另一端的建筑"，供孩子和仆人使用。这种安排适合于古老的儒家伦理，因为它将老人和年轻人、主人和仆人分开，因此强调了上下级的等级关系。

The size of these houses varied according to the owner’s economic status. Groups of buildings were added in the north-south or east-west directions to form additional courtyards, but the important rooms were arranged along an axis with basic symmetry along it, according to the set arrangement for such a group of buildings. Likewise, large structures, such as palaces and temples, are built of single units grouped together about a courtyard. Generally speaking, Chinese architecture begins with four columns that form a bay; groups of bays form the different types of single buildings; and single buildings form different sizes of architectural complexes around courtyards. In fact, a city itself is just a collection of many complexes of buildings with different functions grouped together. The most representative examples of traditional Chinese architectural skills and attainments are each dynasty’s palaces and halls. Of them, the Ming and Qing palace complex in Peking - the Forbidden City, is the only one remaining and the largest in the whole country.

这些房屋的大小因主人的经济地位而异。在南北或东西方向上增加了建筑群，以形成额外的庭院，但重要的房间是沿着一条轴线排列的，沿轴线基本对称，按照这样的建筑群的既定安排。同样，大型建筑，如宫殿和寺庙，也是由单个单元围绕一个院子组合而成的。一般来说，中国建筑从四根柱子开始，形成一个海湾；海湾群形成不同类型的单体建筑；而单体建筑围绕庭院形成不同规模的建筑群。事实上，一个城市本身就是由许多具有不同功能的建筑群组合而成的。中国传统建筑技巧和造诣的最有代表性的例子是每个朝代的宫殿和厅堂。其中，位于北京的明清宫殿群--紫禁城，是全国仅存的、最大的宫殿群。

Buddhism was one of China’s most important religions in the past. Thus, the construction of temples was an important architectural activity in all dynasties, and temples occupied an important position in Chinese architecture. Buddhist temples acquired a general arrangement specific to their needs. Inside the front gate of a temple are a “hall of celestial guardians”, a “hall of Buddha”, and in the rear is a tower where scriptures were stored. To the left and the right are a meditation hall, a visitors’ hall, monks’ living quarters and so on. Some most important Buddhist halls are of the multi-level tower or pavilion style with high ceilings and spacious interiors, such as the Mahayana Pavilion at Chengde’s Yongning Temple and the Guanyin Pavilion of Jixian’s Dule Temple. Buddhist pagoda, which had its origin in India as a tomb in which the bones of Sakyamuni’s were buried, is also an indispensable part of religious architecture. Through the long history, it evolved and developed together with China’s traditional towers, gradually giving form to a type of pagoda unique to China. The representative pagodas include Peking’s Miaoying Temple Pagoda, which was built in the 13th century during the Yuan Dynasty; Xi’an’s Xuanzhang Pagoda and the pagoda at Xiangji Temple, which was built in the 7th century.

佛教在过去是中国最重要的宗教之一。因此，在各个朝代，修建寺庙是一项重要的建筑活动，寺庙在中国建筑中占有重要地位。佛教寺庙根据其需要获得了一种特定的总体安排。寺庙前门内有"天王殿"、"佛殿"，后门是存放经书的塔。左右两边是禅房、客堂、僧人的生活区等。一些最重要的佛教殿堂是多层塔式或亭式，天花板很高，室内很宽敞，如承德永宁寺的大乘阁和蓟县独乐寺[从英文翻译，不是原文]的观音阁。佛教塔，起源于印度，是埋葬释迦牟尼遗骨的坟墓，也是宗教建筑中不可缺少的一部分。在漫长的历史长河中，它与中国的传统塔楼一起演变和发展，逐渐形成了中国特有的塔楼类型。具有代表性的佛塔包括北京的妙应寺塔，它建于13世纪的元朝；西安的玄奘塔和建于7世纪的香积寺塔。

The unique way in which art is used in old Chinese architecture can be seen in the addition of decorations to the various components of a building, from the entire exterior of a building to a single beam end or tile. The roofs of Chinese buildings appear rather large because of their wooden structure. The early Chinese architects also used unique qualities of the wood structure to create a curved roof, with the eaves turned up slightly at the four corners, and with various interesting animals on top of the ridge; they also created the hipped roof, the hipped and gabled roof, the single- eaved roof and the multi-eaved roof and other styles, giving the roof a special artistic character. A simple method was used to make the beams inside the roof moon-shaped and the ends of the beams into “locust heads”, “sesame leaves” and other interesting shapes. In order to protect the wood, the exposed parts of the wood structure were painted. This proved to be another opportunity to exhibit the decorative abilities and brought about Chinese architecture’s unique “color painting” decoration.

艺术在中国古建筑中的独特使用方式，可以从建筑的各个组成部分的装饰品的添加中看出，从整个建筑的外部到一个梁端或瓦片。中国建筑的屋顶因其木质结构而显得相当大。早期的中国建筑师还利用木质结构的独特品质，创造了弧形屋顶，四角的屋檐微微上翻，屋脊顶上有各种有趣的动物；他们还创造了庑殿式屋顶、庑殿式和坡屋顶、单檐屋顶和多檐屋顶等样式，使屋顶具有特殊的艺术特征。他们用简单的方法将屋顶内的横梁做成月牙形，将横梁的两端做成 "槐树头"、"芝麻叶"等有趣的形状。为了保护木材，木结构暴露的部分被涂上了油漆。这被证明是展示装饰能力的另一个机会，带来了中国建筑独特的"彩绘"装饰。

The decoration of old Chinese buildings was bold and skillful in the use of color, and thick, bright colors became a characteristic of traditional Chinese architecture. Strong contrasts, such as those between red and green, yellow and blue, and black and white, can be used without clashing. Rather, they give the whole building a look of brilliance. Besides being daring in the use of heavy colors, the early carpenters were also skillful with the paintbrush.

中国古建筑的装饰在色彩的使用上是大胆而巧妙的，厚重、明亮的色彩成为中国传统建筑的特点。强烈的对比，如红与绿、黄与蓝、黑与白之间的对比，可以不发生冲突。相反，它们使整个建筑看起来很有光彩。除了敢于使用重色，早期的木匠们还善于使用画笔。

Traditional architecture is a precious part of the cultural heritage of the Chinese people. Today, as we climb to the top of the Great Wall, stand before the Forbidden City, or stroll through the old gardens, we can’t help admiring the wisdom of our ancestors, and the great amount of labor that went into the creation of these buildings.

传统建筑是中国人民文化遗产的一个宝贵部分。今天，当我们爬上长城的顶端，站在紫禁城前，或漫步在古老的花园中，我们不禁要赞叹我们祖先的智慧，以及为创造这些建筑所付出的大量劳动。

Terms and Expressions
*Relic n. 遗址, 遗物
*Beams-in-tiers 抬梁式
*Column and tier-beam 穿斗式
*Log cabin-type 井干式
*Column n. 柱子, 檐柱
*Beam n. 大梁
*Depthwise adj. 纵向的, 进深的
*Vertical post 童柱
*Ditional beam 额枋, 看枋
*Longitudinal adj. 纵向的
*Crosswise adj. 横向的, 开间的
*Spine n. 脊椎, 脊骨
*Purlin n. 檩条
*Rafter n. 椽
*Corbel bracket 斗拱
*Master building 正房
*Courtyard style residences 四合院
*Side building 厢房
*Axis n. 中轴线
*Front gate 山门
*Hall of Celestial Guardians 天王殿
*Hall of the Buddha 大雄宝殿
*Meditation hall 禅房
*Visitor’s Hall 客堂
*Chengde’s Yongning Temple 承德永宁寺
*Jixian’s Dule Temple 吉县独乐寺
*Pagoda n. 佛塔, 舍利塔
*The Miaoying Temple 妙应寺
*The Xiangji Temple 香积寺
*Tile n. 瓦, 瓷砖
*Eave n. 屋檐
*Ridge n. 屋脊
*Hipped roof 庑殿顶
*Hipped and gabled roof 歇山顶
*Single-eaved roof 单檐顶
*Multi-eaved roof 重檐顶
*Color painting 彩绘

Questions
#How long is the history of wooden structures in China?
#What are the 3 categories of traditional Chinese wood buildings?
#Which category is the most popular? How is it formed?
#What is dou-gong? What’s its function?
#What is the most widespread residential structure in North China? How is it related to Confucianism?
#What is the general layout of Chinese architectural complex like?
#Is the palace complex in Peking the only one remaining in the whole country?
#Is the construction of buddhist temples important in Chinese architecture? What is the general layout of a buddhist temple like?
#What are buddhist pavilion and pagodas? Could you name some important buddhist pagodas in China?
#What styles do traditional Chinese buildings’s roofs have?
#How are traditional Chinese buildings decorated?
#How are colors used in the decoration of old buildings?
#Have you ever been amazed at an old Chinese building?

问题
#木结构建筑在中国的历史有多长？
#中国传统木结构建筑有哪三类？
#哪一类是最受欢迎的？它是如何形成的？
#什么是斗拱？它有什么功能？
#在中国北方最普遍的住宅结构是什么？它与儒家思想有什么关系？
#中国建筑群的总体布局是怎样的？
#北京的宫殿群是全国仅存的宫殿群吗？
#佛教寺庙的建设在中国建筑中是否重要？佛教寺庙的一般布局是怎样的？
#什么是佛教的亭子和佛塔？你能说出中国一些重要的佛教佛塔吗？
#中国传统建筑的屋顶有哪些风格？
#中国的传统建筑是如何装饰的？
#古建筑的装饰中是如何使用色彩的？
#你是否曾对中国的古建筑感到惊奇？

=第六周 Session 6 - Architecture: The Forbidden City 建筑：紫禁城=
A Panorama view of the Forbidden City 紫禁城全景图

I. Introduction

The Forbidden City (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng) is a palace complex in Dongcheng District, Peking, China, and with a total area of 720, 000 square meters (180 acres). It lies in the center of Peking's central axis. Today, the Forbidden City houses the Palace Museum, and was the former Chinese imperial palace and residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming dynasty (since the Yong Le Emperor) to the end of the Qing dynasty, between 1420 and 1924. The Forbidden City served as the home of Chinese emperors and their households and was the ceremonial and political center of the Chinese government. (Barmé, Geremie R 2018, 26)

I. 简介

紫禁城（中文：紫禁城；拼音：Zǐjìnchéng）是位于中国北京东城区的一个宫殿群，总面积为720000平方米（180亩）。它位于北京中轴线的中心位置。今天，紫禁城内有故宫博物院，从明朝（自永乐皇帝起）到清朝末年，从1420年至1924年期间，它是明清两代的皇宫和皇帝的住所。紫禁城是中国皇帝及其家属的住所，也是当时政府的礼仪和政治中心。(Barmé, Geremie R 2018, 26)

The Forbidden City is a national AAAAA tourist attraction and was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics under national protection in 1961. What’s more, it was declared a world cultural heritage in 1987, and listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. (UNESCO, 2007)

故宫是国家AAAAA级旅游景区，1961年被列为第一批国家重点保护文物。更重要的是，它在1987年被宣布为世界文化遗产，并被联合国教科文组织列为世界上最大的古代木结构建筑群保存地。(UNESCO, 2007)

II. The Name of the Forbidden City

The common English name "Forbidden City" is the translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城; pinyin: Zǐjìnchéng; English: Purple Forbidden City). The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in the period of Jia Jing. In ancient China, the planning concept of "harmony between man and nature" was emphasized. The stars in the sky were used to correspond with the capital planning to highlight the legitimacy of the regime and the supremacy of imperial power. (Li Xieping1997, (04)29-31)

II. 紫禁城的名称

常用的英文名称 "Forbidden City "是中文名称 "紫禁城 "的译音（中文：紫禁城；拼音：Zǐjìnchéng；英文：Purple Forbidden City）。紫金城这个名字第一次正式出现在嘉靖时期。在中国古代，强调 "天人合一"的规划理念。天上的星星被用来与首都规划相对应，以突出政权的合法性和皇权的至高无上。(李燮平1997, (04)29-31)

“ Zi ”, or "Purple", refers to the North Star, which was called the Ziwei Star in ancient China. The emperor of heaven lived in Ziwei palace, while the human emperor claimed to be the "son of heaven" who was ordered by heaven. His residence should be a symbol of Ziwei palace to correspond to the heaven emperor. “Jin” means that this splendid palace symbolizes supreme power and status of the royal family. In that case, this palace was forbidden, and no one could enter and leave the palace without the emperor’s permission. Cheng means city. (Li Xieping1997, (04)29-31)

" 紫"，即 "紫微"，指的是北极星，在中国古代被称为紫微星。天上的皇帝住在紫微宫，而人类的皇帝则自称是受命于天的 "天子"。他的住所应该是紫微宫的象征，与天帝相对应。"金 "的意思是，这座富丽堂皇的宫殿象征着最高的权力和皇室的地位。在这种情况下，这座宫殿是禁地，没有皇帝的允许，任何人都不能进出宫殿。城是指城市。(李燮平1997, (04)29-31)

Today, the site is most commonly known in Chinese as Gùgōng (故宫), which means the "Former Palace". The museum which is based in these buildings is known as the "Palace Museum" (Chinese: 故宫博物院; pinyin: Gùgōng Bówùyùan).

今天，该遗址在中文中最常被称为 "故宫"，意思是 "故人的宫殿"。设在这些建筑中的博物馆被称为 "故宫博物院"（中文：故宫博物院；拼音：Gùgōng Bówùyùan）。

III. The History of the Forbidden City

When Hongwu’s son Zhu Di became the Yong Le Emperor, he moved the capital from Nanking to Peking, and construction began in 1406 on what would become the Forbidden City. Construction lasted 14 years and cost more than a million workers. From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming dynasty. (Yu Zhuoyun1984, 18)

III. 紫禁城的历史

洪武的儿子朱棣成为永乐皇帝后，将首都从南京迁至北京，并于1406年开始建造后来的紫禁城。建筑工程持续了14年，花费了100多万工人。从1420年到1644年，紫禁城是明朝的所在地。(Yu Zhuoyun 1984, 18)

In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng. He set fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process of retreating to Shannxi. By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the Emperor Shunzhi as ruler of all China under the Qing dynasty. (Guo Moruo 1944, 3. 14)

1644年4月，它被李自成领导的叛军占领。他在撤退到陕西的过程中放火烧毁了紫禁城的部分建筑。到了10月，满族人在中国北方取得了霸主地位，并在紫禁城举行仪式，宣布顺治皇帝为清朝的全中国统治者。(郭沫若 1944, 3. 14)

In the 22nd year of Kangxi's reign (1683), the reconstruction of the rest of the destroyed buildings of the Forbidden City was started, and it was basically completed in 1695. After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming dynasty and 10 of the Qing dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last emperor of China. (Yu Zhuoyun1984, 30)

康熙二十二年（1683年），开始重建紫禁城其余被毁建筑，1695年基本完工。在成为24位皇帝--明朝的14位和清朝的10位--的家之后，紫禁城于1912年随着中国最后一位皇帝溥仪的退位而不再是中国的政治中心。(Yu Zhuoyun 1984, 30)

The layout of the Forbidden City紫禁城俯视图

In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City. Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II, but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders of Chiang Kai-shek. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal. During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city. ( Xie Mengyin & Qu Wanlin 2006, 11. 7)

1933年，日本对中国的入侵迫使紫禁城内的国宝撤离。部分藏品在二战结束后被归还，但另一部分在1948年根据蒋介石的命令被撤到了台湾。1949年中华人民共和国成立后，由于国家被革命的热情所笼罩，紫禁城受到了一些破坏。然而，在文化大革命期间，周恩来总理派了一个军营来保卫这座城市，从而防止了进一步的破坏。(谢荫明&瞿宛林，2006，11.7)

IV. The Structure of the Forbidden City

Firstly, the Forbidden City is a rectangle and symmetric in its layout. Its palaces are arranged along a north-south axis, on which the three main halls, the rear three palaces and the imperial garden are all located. This central axis not only runs through the Forbidden City even the whole city, but also reaches Yongding Gate in the south, Drum Tower and bell tower in the north. (Xie Li 2005, (03)100-102)

IV. 紫禁城的结构

首先，紫禁城是一个长方形，在布局上是对称的。它的宫殿沿着一条南北轴线排列，三座大殿、后三座宫殿和御花园都位于这条轴线上。这条中轴线不仅贯穿了紫禁城甚至整个城市，而且南至永定门，北至鼓楼和钟楼。(谢丽 2005, (03)100-102)

Secondly, the Forbidden City is divided into two parts, the Outer Court and Inner Court. The Outer Court is the place where the emperor deals with political affairs. There are mainly three halls: the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Central Harmony, and the Hall of Preserving Harmony. The Inner Court or Back Palace includes the northern sections, and was the residence of the Emperor and his family, and was used for day-to-day affairs of state. The inner court takes Palace of Heavenly Purity, Hall of Union and Palace of Earthly Tranquility as its center with six palaces in the east and six palaces in the west. (Xie Li 2005, (03)100-102)

其次，紫禁城分为两部分，即外院和内院。外廷是皇帝处理政治事务的地方。主要有三个殿堂：太和殿、中和殿、保和殿。内廷或后宫包括北部各部分，是皇帝及其家人的住所，用于处理日常国家事务。内廷以乾清宫、交泰宫和坤宁宫为中心，东面有六座宫殿，西面有六座宫殿。(谢丽 2005, (03)100-102)

VI The Collections of the Forbidden City

六、紫禁城的藏品

韩熙载夜宴图

The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums were descended from the same institution but split after the Chinese Civil War. (Li Wei & Wang Shuo 2005, 6-22)

随后，故宫博物院于1925年在紫禁城内成立，其大量的艺术品和文物收藏都是建立在明清两代的御用收藏之上。该博物馆以前的部分藏品现在在台北的国立故宫博物院。两家博物馆都是同一机构的后代，但在中国内战后分裂。(Li Wei & Wang Shuo 2005, 6-22)

The collections of the Palace Museum are based on the Qing imperial collections, including paintings, ceramics, seals, steles, sculptures, inscribed wares, bronze wares, enamel objects, etc. According to latest audit, it has 1, 863, 404 pieces of art. They are numbered by "Gu", "Xin" and "Shu". Except for the ancient books and documents, all the other collections are labeled with "Gu" and "Xin". The number of ordinary cultural relics begins with the word "Zi", and the ceramic specimens begin with the word "Biao". The general catalogue is divided into 25 categories, and the numbers in each category are sorted from small to large. (Website:The Collection of the Palace Museum )

故宫博物院的藏品以清宫藏品为基础，包括绘画、陶瓷、印章、石碑、雕塑、铭文器、青铜器、珐琅器等。根据最新的审计，它有1863404件艺术品。它们按 "古"、"新"、"蜀 "进行编号。除古籍和文献外，其他藏品均以 "古 "和 "新 "标示。普通文物的编号以 "子 "字开头，陶瓷标本以 "标 "字开头。总目录分为25类，每类的编号由小到大排序。(网站：《故宫博物院藏品》)

Many collections once lost and was brought back to the Palace Museum later, for example, Han Banquet map. And there are some exquisite collections like Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer, Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems and Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women. (Website:The Collection of the Palace Museum )In addition, The Palace Museum has one of the largest collections of mechanical timepieces of the 18th and 19th centuries in the world, with more than 1, 000 pieces. (Meng Fuxia 2012, (21) 73-74)

很多藏品曾经流失，后来又被带回了故宫博物院，比如《韩熙载夜宴图》。还有一些精美的藏品，陶彩绘女舞俑、十二生肖镜、画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶等。(网站：故宫博物院藏品）此外，故宫博物院是世界上收藏18和19世纪机械钟表最多的博物馆之一，有1,000多件。(孟福霞 2012, (21) 73-74)

Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dance

陶彩绘女舞俑

Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems

十二生肖镜

Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women

画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶

Terms and Expressions
*palace complex 宫殿群
*central axis 中心轴
*the Palace Museum故宫博物院
*the Yong Le Emperor 永乐皇帝
*key cultural relics under national protection 国家重点文物保护单位
*world cultural heritage 世界文化遗产
*harmony between man and nature 天人合一
*the imperial garden 御花园
*the Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿
*the Hall of Central Harmony 中和殿
*the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿
*Palace of Heavenly Purity (乾清宮)
*Hall of Union 交泰宫
*Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤宁宫
*Han Banquet map 韩熙载夜宴图
*Painted Pottery Figurine of a Female Dancer陶彩绘女舞俑
*Mirror with the Twelve Astrological Emblems十二生肖镜
*Snuff Bottle with Painted Enamel Design of Western Women画珐琅西洋人物鼻烟壶

Questions
#What’ s the meaning of “Zi” in the Chinese name Zijin Cheng?
#When was the Forbidden City listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.
#How many emperors have been lived in the Forbidden City?
#How long did it take to build the Forbidden City?
#Why some parts of national treasures are in the National Palace Museum in Taipei now.
#What two parts can the Forbidden City be divided into?
#When was the Palace Museum established?

问题
#中文名字 "紫金城 "中的 "紫 "是什么意思？
#紫禁城是什么时候被联合国教科文组织列为世界上最大的古代木结构建筑群的？
#有多少位皇帝曾在紫禁城居住过？
#建造紫禁城需要多长时间？
#为什么国宝的某些部分现在在台北的故宫博物院？
#紫禁城可以分为哪两部分？
#故宫博物院是什么时候建立的？

References
*Barmé, Geremie R(2008). The Forbidden City. Harvard University Press. 26.
UNESCO(2007). "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Peking and Shenyang".
*Li Xieping 李燮平. (1997) "紫禁城"名称始于何时[When did the name of the Forbidden City come into being?]. 紫禁城Forbidden City, (04) 29-31.
*Yu Zhuoyun(1984), Palaces of the Forbidden City, New York: Viking Press, p18.
*Guo Moruo 郭沫若. (1994) 甲申三百年祭[Commemorating 300th Anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year]. 新华日报 New China Daily, 3. 19.
*Xie Li 谢丽. (2005) 北京中轴线上的十七座门[Seventeen doors on the central axis of Peking]. 紫禁城 Forbidden City, (03)100-102.
*Meng Fuxia 孟福霞. (2012)北京故宫空间布局构思探源——论中国古代宫殿建筑的美学精神[On the Origin of the Space Layout of the Palace Museum in Peking - On the Aesthetic Spirit of Ancient Chinese Palace Architecture]大众文艺Popular Literature and Art, (21) 73-74.
*Li Wei&Wang Shuo 刘薇, 王硕. 2005故宫文物南迁路线图揭秘[Unveiling the Route Map of the Cultural Relics of the Imperial Palace to the South] 华夏经纬网Jinwei Network, 6. 22 http://www. huaxia. com/wh/gjzt/2005/00333230. html
*The Collection of the Palace Museum 故宫博物院馆藏https://www. dpm. org. cn /Home. html
*Xie Mengyin & Qu Wanlin 谢荫明, 瞿宛林. (2006) “文化大革命” 中谁保护了故宫 [Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution? ]. 人民网People’s Daily Online, 11, 7. http://history. people. com. cn/n/2014/0811/c372327-25441615. html

=第六周 Session 6 - Architecture: Four Famous Bridges 建筑：中国四大名桥=
Introduction

China is the hometown of bridges, which has been called "the country of bridges". It was developed in the Sui Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. The bridges were woven into a traffic network extending in all directions, connecting the motherland in all directions. The architectural arts of ancient Chinese bridges are pioneering works in the history of bridges, which fully demonstrates the extraordinary wisdom of the ancient Chinese. "Guangji Bridge in Chaozhou city, Zhaozhou Bridge in Hebei province, Luoyang Bridge in Quanzhou city and Lugou Bridge in Peking are known as the four ancient bridges in China".

简介

中国是桥梁的故乡，被称为 "桥梁之国"[从英文翻译，不是原文]。它发展于隋朝，兴盛于宋朝。桥梁交织成交通网络向四面八方延伸，将祖国的四面八方连接起来。中国古代桥梁的建筑艺术是桥梁史上的开山之作，充分显示了中国古人的非凡智慧。"潮州市的广济桥、河北省的赵州桥、泉州市的洛阳桥和北京的卢沟桥被称为中国四大名桥"。

Zhaozhou Bridge

Zhaozhou Bridge, also known as Anji Bridge, is the oldest long-span stone arch bridge in China. The bridge was built on the Xiaohe River, Hebei Province. From a distance, it looks like a bright moon in the clouds and a rainbow after rain hanging in the sky, beautiful and spectacular. It was built by Li Chun, a famous craftsman in the Sui Dynasty. With a length of 64. 40 meters and a span of 37. 02 meters, it is the largest span and the earliest single-span stone arch bridge with open shoulder in the world. (Shen Kun, 2016）

赵州桥

赵州桥，又称安济桥，是中国最古老的大跨度石拱桥。该桥建在河北省的小河上。从远处看，它就像云中的明月，雨后的彩虹挂在天上，美丽而壮观。它是由隋朝著名工匠李春建造的。它的长度为64. 40米，跨度37.02米，是世界上跨度最大、最早的单跨敞肩石拱桥。(沈坤，2016）。

Li Chun creatively used the flat arch style, so that the stone arch height was reduced to 7. 23 meters, and the ratio of arch height to span was about 1:5. In this way, the slope of the bridge deck is gentle, which is convenient for vehicles, horses and pedestrians. Moreover, it has the advantages of saving materials, fast construction, and increasing the strength and stability of the bridge. Zhaozhou Bridge has been there 1400 years ago. It has experienced 10 times floods, 8 times wars and many earthquakes, but it has not been damaged. (Shen Kun, 2016）

李春创造性地采用了平拱的方式，使石拱的高度降低到7.23米，拱高与跨度的比例约为1：5。这样一来，桥面坡度平缓，便于车辆、马匹和行人通行。此外，它还具有节省材料、快速施工、提高桥梁强度和稳定性等优点。赵州桥在1400年前就已经存在。它经历了10次洪水，8次战争和多次地震，但它没有被破坏。(沈坤，2016）。

Mao Yisheng, a famous expert in bridges, said that regardless of the internal structure of the bridge, surviving for over 1300 years explains everything. According to records, Zhaozhou Bridge has been repaired eight times since its completion. Two small arches are added at both ends of the main arch, one is to save materials, the other is to reduce the weight of the bridge body, and to increase the discharge of the river. In order to protect Zhaozhou Bridge, at the end of last century, the new bridge built 100 meters away from Zhaozhou Bridge still follows its style. (Shen Kun, 2016）

著名的桥梁专家茅以升说，不管桥的内部结构如何，存活了1300多年就说明了一切。根据记录，赵州桥自建成以来已经修缮了八次。在主拱的两端增加了两个小拱，一是为了节省材料，二是为了减轻桥身的重量，增加河水的排放。为了保护赵州桥，上世纪末，在距离赵州桥100米处修建的新桥仍沿袭了赵州桥的风格。(沈坤，2016）。

In order to increase the flood discharge capacity, Li Chun also showed ingenuity by setting two small arches on each shoulder of the large arch. It can not only save stone and reduce the weight of the bridge body, but also help to discharge the flood, so as to achieve the perfect unity of architecture and art. It has become a great achievement of bridge engineering technology in China, which is more than 1200 years earlier than the similar arch bridge built in Europe in the middle of 19th century. (Shen Kun, 2016）

为了增加排洪能力，李春还发挥了聪明才智，在大拱门的两肩各设置了两个小拱门。这不仅可以节省石料，减轻桥体的重量，而且有利于泄洪，从而达到建筑与艺术的完美统一。它成为中国桥梁工程技术的一项伟大成就，比19世纪中期欧洲建造的同类拱桥早了1200多年。(沈坤，2016）。

Luoyang Bridge

Quanzhou is a famous city with a history of over 1700 years. As early as the Tang and Song Dynasties, Quanzhou was known as an important trading port. Merchants, scholars and missionaries from all over the world came to Quanzhou, leaving many precious historical and religious relics and classical buildings. Luoyang Bridge, also known as “Wanan bridge”, was built by the governor Cai Xiang in the Northern Song Dynasty and completed in six years. It is difficult to build a bridge at the confluence of the river and the sea, the river is wide and deep, and the project is arduous. (Wei lichun, 2007)

洛阳桥

泉州是一座拥有1700多年历史的著名城市。早在唐宋时期，泉州就作为一个重要的贸易港口而闻名。来自世界各地的商人、学者和传教士来到泉州，留下了许多珍贵的历史和宗教遗迹以及古典建筑。洛阳桥，又称 "万安桥"，由北宋知府蔡襄所建，历时六年建成。在河海交汇处建桥，河面宽而深，工程十分艰巨。(魏立春, 2007)

The bridge is 834 meters at length and 7 meters at width. There are Zhaohui temple and Zhenshen temple in the north of the bridge, and Caixiang temple in the south of the bridge. In 1988, it was listed as one of the national key cultural protection units and one of Quanzhou’s world cultural heritage sites. (Wei lichun, 2007)

该桥长834米，宽7米。桥北有朝晖寺、振声寺，桥南有采香寺。1988年被列为全国重点文物保护单位和泉州世界文化遗产之一。(魏立春, 2007)

It was very difficult to build Luoyang Bridge at first. Because the river is wide and the current is swift, sometimes there is wind tide, the water potential is dangerous. Before the construction of the bridge, people came and went by ferries, which often capsized. In order to pray for the safety of the transition, the ferry here was named Wanan Du, so the bridge was also named Wanan Bridge after its completion. Therefore, it was also named Luoyang Bridge because it was built on the Luoyang River. (Wei lichun, 2007)

起初，建造洛阳桥是非常困难的。因为河道宽阔，水流湍急，有时还出现风潮，水势险要。在建桥之前，人们来往都是乘坐渡船，经常翻船。为了祈求过渡期的安全，这里的渡船被命名为万安渡，所以桥建成后也被命名为万安桥。因此，它也被命名为洛阳桥，因为它建在洛阳河上。(魏立春, 2007)

There are many innovations in the construction technology and technology of Luoyang bridge, the raft foundation style, the application and development of wedge pier and the use of oyster to cement bridge pier. After its completion, it has become an important channel of communication between Quanzhou and the mainland. Therefore, Luoyang Bridge has the reputation of “Wan An Ji Zhong”. Under the influence of the completion of Luoyang Bridge, there has been an upsurge of bridge construction in Fujian province, especially in Southern Fujian. Dozens of large and medium-sized stone girder bridges have been built. (Wei lichun, 2007)

洛阳桥的施工技术和工艺有很多创新，筏式基础的样式，楔形桥墩的应用和发展，以及使用牡蛎来加固桥墩。建成后，它已成为泉州与内地交流的重要通道。因此，洛阳桥有 "万安吉中 "的美誉。在洛阳桥建成后的影响下，福建省特别是闽南地区掀起了建桥热潮。几十座大、中型石梁桥已经建成。(魏立春, 2007)

Lugou Bridge

Lugou Bridge is the oldest stone multi-hole arch bridge in Peking, which has a history of more than 800 years. In the Jin Dynasty, Lugou river was an important transportation point from north to south. There are 11 bridge holes in the whole bridge, and the span and height of each hole are not the same. As early as the Jin Dynasty, this bridge was listed as one of the “Eight Sights of the capital”. (Shen Kun, 2016）

卢沟桥

卢沟桥是北京最古老的多孔石拱桥，距今已有800多年的历史。在晋代，卢沟河是南北交通要冲。全桥共有11个桥洞，每个桥洞的跨度和高度都不相同。早在晋代，这座桥就被列为 "京城八景 "之一。(沈坤，2016）。

The bridge deck of Lugou Bridge is slightly curved with lower ends and uplift in the middle. The lower riverbed of the bridge is paved with pebbles and quartz sand. The whole bridge is built on it, which is very solid and stable. The two ends of the bridge are used as drum-shaped stone block. At the east end are two big stone lions and the west are two big stone elephants which are huge and charming. In addition to the stone lion and stone statue on the top of the fence, there is a 4. 65-meter-high ornamental table, which looks like seeing off pedestrians. (Shen Kun, 2016）

卢沟桥的桥面略呈弧形，两端较低，中间隆起。桥的下部河床是用鹅卵石和石英砂铺成的。整座桥建在上面，非常坚固和稳定。桥的两端用的是鼓形石块。东端有两只大石狮，西端有两只大石象，巨大而迷人。除了石狮和石像外，围墙顶上还有一个4.65米高的观赏台，看上去就像在送行人。(沈坤，2016）。

As the oldest stone arch bridge in Peking and the place where the whole nation’s Anti-Japanese war broke out, Lugou bridge is not only an important cultural resource in Fengtai District, but also a memorial place for major national activities. Bearing rich historical resources, it has become important to publicize the revolutionary tradition of the Chinese nation and carry out patriotic education. Standing on the Lugou Bridge, you can see the memorial hall of the Chinese people’s Anti-Japanese War, the Yongdinghe River ferry wharf, the pinghan railway bridge site, and the Anti-Japanese War sculpture garden, which together constitute a spectacular historical and cultural map. (Shen Kun, 2016）

作为北京最古老的石拱桥和全国抗日战争的爆发地，卢沟桥不仅是丰台区的重要文化资源，也是国家重大活动的纪念地。它承载着丰富的历史资源，对宣传中华民族的革命传统、开展爱国主义教育具有重要意义。站在卢沟桥上，可以看到中国人民抗日战争纪念馆、永定河轮渡码头、平汉铁路桥遗址、抗日战争雕塑园等，共同构成了一幅壮观的历史文化地图。(沈坤，2016）。

Guangji Bridge

Guangji Bridge is located at the east gate of the ancient city of Chaozhou, Guangdong Province. Commonly known as Xiangzi bridge. Crossing the vast Hanjiang River, it is an important transportation hub of Fujian and Guangdong. With its unique style of “18 shuttle boats and 24 continents”, it is praised as “the earliest open-close bridge in the world” by famous bridge expert Mao Yisheng. In particular, on the stone tablet of the imperial stele Pavilion at the east end of the bridge, the inscription “Lugou Xiaoyue” written by Emperor Qianlong is the most famous. (Wei lichun, 2007)

广济桥

广济桥位于广东省潮州古城的东门。俗称湘子桥。横跨浩瀚的韩江，是福建和广东的重要交通枢纽。它以 "十八梭船二十四洲 "的独特风格，被著名桥梁专家茅以升赞誉为 "世界上最早的开合桥"。特别是在桥东头的御碑亭石碑上，乾隆皇帝写的 "卢沟晓月 "的碑文最为有名。(魏立春, 2007)

Stone lions and stone pavilions at both ends of the bridge, together with Chinese totem pillar, constitute the bridgehead buildings with national characteristics. Marco Polo, an Italian at the end of the 13th century, praised Lugou Bridge as “a beautiful stone bridge in Hanbali”. It is the oldest existing large-scale double-arch long bridge in northern China. “Lugou Xiaoyue” is also one of the famous “Eight Sights of Yanjing”. (Wei lichun, 2007)

桥两端的石狮和石亭，与中国的图腾柱一起，构成了具有民族特色的桥头建筑。13世纪末的意大利人马可-波罗称赞卢沟桥是 "汉巴里的一座美丽的石桥"。它是中国北方现存最古老的大型双拱长桥。"卢沟晓月 "也是著名的 "燕京八景 "之一。(魏立春, 2007)

There are many folklores about Guangji Bridge. One of the legends is “the immortal Buddha builds the bridge”. That is, after Han Yu came to Chaozhou in the Tang Dynasty, to communicate with the two sides, he asked his nephew Han Xiangzi and other eight immortals to build a bridge with Guangji monk. Due to the failure of his magic power, the middle section could not be connected. Monk Guangji and He Xiangu, one of the eight immortals, were connected with 18 shuttle boats by using lotus flowers as giant cables. Therefore, the bridges were called “Xiangzi bridge” and “Guangji Bridge” respectively. (Wei lichun, 2007)

关于广济桥有很多民间传说。其中一个传说是 "仙佛造桥"。即唐代韩愈到潮州后，为沟通两岸，请其侄子韩湘子等八仙与广济和尚搭桥。由于他的法力不济，中间一段无法接通。广济和尚与八仙之一的何仙姑，以莲花为巨缆，用18只梭子船连接起来。因此，这两座桥分别被称为 "湘子桥 "和 "广济桥"。(魏立春, 2007)

The second legend is that Wang Yuan removed the strange stones. Wang Yuan was the magistrate of Chaozhou who presided over the large-scale bridge repair. He built “24 towers” on the bridge, which was known as “the first bridge in the south of the Yangtze River”. It was said that there were two strange stones on Hulushan mountain, which caused frequent fires and lawsuits in Chaocheng. So, he personally led people up the mountain, leading in smashing down two strange stones. Wang Yuan’s move not only dispelled people’s fear of strange stones, but also solved part of the stone for bridge repair. (Wei lichun, 2007)

第二个传说是，王源搬走了这些怪石。王元是潮州的县令，主持大规模的修桥工作。他在桥上建了 "二十四塔"，被称为 "江南第一桥"。据说，葫芦山上有两块怪石，在潮城经常引起火灾和官司。于是，他亲自带人上山，带头砸下了两块怪石。王元此举不仅打消了人们对怪石的恐惧，而且还解决了一部分修桥用的石头。(魏立春, 2007)

The third legend is “Wu Fu Gong Ji Shui”. The Duke of Wu was the governor of Chaozhou in of Qing Dynasty. One year, because of the flood of Hanjiang River, Chaozhou City was in danger. He offered sacrifices to the water on the east gate and begged for the water to retreat. However, the water did not retreat. So, he indicated that he would live and die with the city. Strange to say, the flood receded at this time. Since then, people have set up his statue sacrifice in the east gate tower, and built a memorial archway in the East Bridge of Xiangzi bridge. (Wei lichun, 2007)

第三个传说是 "吴福公治水"。清朝时，吴国公是潮州的总督。有一年，由于韩江发大水，潮州城危在旦夕。他在东门祭祀水，求水退去。但是，水并没有退去。于是，他表示要与这座城市共存亡。说来奇怪，洪水在这个时候退去了。此后，人们在东门城楼上设立了他的塑像祭祀，并在湘子桥东桥头建了纪念牌坊。(魏立春, 2007)

Many of China’s ancient and modern bridge science and technology have been in the forefront of the world’s bridge construction, and many bridge styles continue to have an impact on the world’s modern bridge construction. At the same time, it is a living treasure of cultural relics, recording a lot of precious information. (Wei lichun, 2007)

中国古代和现代的许多桥梁科学技术都走在了世界桥梁建设的前列，许多桥梁样式对世界现代桥梁建设继续产生着影响。同时，它也是一个活的文物宝库，记录了很多珍贵的信息。(魏立春, 2007)

References
*Shen Kun 沈坤. (2016). 中国古代四大名桥[Four famous bridges in ancient China]. 百姓生活People's life (07) 59-62.
*Wei Wei 薇薇. (2016). 中国人必须知道的国学常识[The common knowledge of Chinese culture that Chinese people must know]. 雷锋 Lei Feng (Z1) 148-149.
*Wei Lichun 魏丽春. (2007). 我国的四大名桥[Four famous bridges in China]. 新长征New Long March (08) 60.
*Huang Jun 黄军. (1996). 我国风景名胜中的四大[Four famous scenic spots in China]. 农家之友 Friends of farmers (03) 46.

Terms and expressions
*石拱桥 stone arch bridge
*望柱 baluster
*桥基 settlement
*泄洪 flood discharging
*桥墩 pier
*抱鼓石 drum-shaped stone block
*华表 Chinese totem pillar
*栏杆 balustrade
*燕京八景 Eight Sights of Yanjing
*启闭式桥梁 open-close bridge

Questions
#Which is is the oldest long-span stone arch bridge in China?
#How many folklores are there about Guangji Bridge and what are they?
#How long has Zhaozhou Bridge been there ?
#Why did Li Chun use the flat arch style to build Zhaozhou Bridge?

问题
#哪一座是中国最古老的大跨度石拱桥？
#关于广济桥的民间传说有多少，它们是什么？
#赵州桥的历史有多长？
#李春为什么要用平拱的方式来建造赵州桥？

=第七周 Session 7 - Architecture: Four Great Pavilions 建筑：四大亭子=
A pavilion, a building style with great Chinese characteristics, is not only a place for passers-by to rest their feet, but also an important landscape building with garden art. At the foot of the mountains, by the lakeside and deep in the forest, we can always see pavilions that are half-hidden, and half-exposed, subtly adding colour to the landscape scenery. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

亭子，一种极具中国特色的建筑风格，不仅是路人歇脚的地方，也是具有园林艺术的重要景观建筑。在山脚下、湖边、森林深处，我们总能看到半隐半露的亭子，巧妙地给山水景色增添色彩。(钱龙 2009, 50)

Where there are pavilions, there are stories, and there are four famous pavilions in China - the Old Drunkard Pavilion in Chuzhou, the Tao Ran Pavilion in Peking, the Ai Wan Pavilion in Changsha and the Hu Xin Pavilion in Hangzhou. All of them are famous for their poems and articles written by ancient writers and scholars. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

有亭子的地方就有故事，中国有四个著名的亭子--滁州的老醉亭、北平的陶然亭、长沙的爱晚亭和杭州的胡欣亭。所有这些亭子都以古代文人墨客的诗词和文章而闻名。(钱龙 2009, 50)

The Old Drunkard Pavilion

Zuiweng Ting, or the Old Drunkard Pavilion is located at the foot of the Langya Mountain in Chuzhou, Anhui Province. The Old Drunkard Pavilion was built in 1046 AD, the sixth year of the Northern Song Dynasty's reign of Emperor Renzong. This pavilion is the subject of a well-known work written by Ouyang Xiu, an essayist of the Song dynasty, called The Story of the Old Drunkard. (Liu Xuan 2012, 21)

老醉亭

醉翁亭位于安徽省滁州市琅琊山下。醉翁亭建于公元1046年，即北宋仁宗的第六年。这个亭子是宋代散文家欧阳修的著名作品《老酒鬼的故事》的主题。(刘璇 2012, 21)

It is said that Ouyang Xiu was demoted to Chuzhou to serve as the prefect. Feeling indignant at the time, he devoted his soul into nature. He often came with friends and guests to Langya Mountain for fun, or to Langya Temple to drink wine and express their emotion. In order to give Ouyang Xiu a rest and a drink, the Langya Monastery monk Zhisian built this pavilion halfway up the mountain. The pavilion was named 'the Old Drunkard Pavilion' by Ouyang Xiu, who called himself “ the Old Drunkard”. (Liu Xuan 2012, 21)

据说，欧阳修被贬到滁州担任县令。当时他感到很愤慨，就把自己的灵魂投入到大自然中。他经常和朋友、客人一起到琅琊山游玩，或到琅琊寺饮酒，抒发情感。为了让欧阳修休息喝酒，琅琊寺僧人智贤在半山腰上建了这个亭子。欧阳修自称 "老酒鬼"，将此亭命名为 "老酒鬼亭"。(刘璇 2012, 21)

The pavilion has a compact layout with small, unique pavilions that are characteristic of the gardens of the south of the Yangtze River, and although the total area of the pavilion is less than 1, 000 square metres, there are nine buildings——the Old Drunkard Pavilion, Bao Song Zhai, Feng Gong Ancestral Hall, Ancient Plum Blossom Pavilion, Shadow Fragrance Pavilion, Yi Zai Pavilion, Fear Pavilion, Ancient Plum Blossom Pavilion, and the View Terrace——of different styles, and are known as the “Nine Views of the Old Grunkard Pavilion”. (Liu Xuan 2012, 21)

亭子布局紧凑，亭子小巧别致，是江南园林的特色，虽然亭子的总面积不到1，000平方米，但有九座建筑--老醉亭、宝松斋、冯公祠、古梅亭、影香亭、怡情亭、畏惧亭、古梅亭、观景台这九座风格各异的建筑，被称为 "老醉亭九景"。(Liu Xuan 2012, 21)

Although the Old Drunkard pavilion has been plundered many times over the centuries, it still inviting to people. Today, the thousand-year old scenery here is even more spectacular and alluring. (Liu Xuan 2012, 21)

尽管几百年来，老醉翁亭被掠夺了多次，但它仍然吸引着人们。今天，这里的千年风景更加壮观，更加诱人。(刘璇 2012, 21)

Tao Ran Pavilion

The Tao Ran Pavilion in Peking was built in 1695, the 34th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign in the Qing dynasty, by Jiang Zao, who then served in the Ministry of Public Works. Jiang Zao named the pavilion after Bai Juyi's poem, "Waiting for the chrysanthemum to ripen, we get drunk in blitheness". This small pavilion is quite popular among ancient writers. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

陶然亭

北京的陶然亭建于清康熙三十四年（1695年），由当时在工部局任职的江藻建造。江藻以白居易的诗句 "静待菊花开，醉卧沙场 "来命名该亭子。这个小亭子在古代文人中颇受欢迎。(钱龙 2009, 50)

The modern Taoran Pavilion is a new modern urban garden that integrates ancient architecture and modern gardening art, highlighting the Chinese national pavilion culture as its main content. In the garden, there are verdant trees, lush flowers and grasses, jagged buildings and pavilions. On the Mid-lake Island, there are Jinqiu dun, Swallow Head Hill, and Tao Ran pavilion into a tripod. On top of Jinqiu dun there is Jinqiu pavilion, the site of which was the site of the Flower Fairy Shrine. At the southern foot of the pavilion, there is Rose Hill, which is the site of the original incense mound, the parrot mound and the tomb of the golden flower. (Chang Yi 2007, 60)

现代陶然亭是一个集古代建筑和现代园林艺术为一体的新型现代城市园林，突出了中国民族亭子文化为主要内容。园内树木葱茏，花草茂盛，楼台参差，亭台楼阁。在半湖岛上，有金秋墩、燕子头山、陶然亭成鼎足之势。金秋墩顶上有金秋亭，其遗址为花仙子祠堂。亭子的南麓有玫瑰山，是原香冢、鹦鹉冢和金花墓的遗址。(Chang Yi 2007, 60)

In the quiet pine forest at the foot of the northern pavilion, there are the tombs of Gao Junyu and Shi Pingmei, which are famous. At the top of Swallow Head Hill, there is the Green View Pavilion, which is opposite the Jinqiu Pavilion, and at the southwest of the pavilion, there is the Chengguang Pavilion, which is the most suitable place to look at the lake and the mountains. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

在北亭脚下幽静的松林里，有高君宇和石评梅的墓，很有名。燕子头山顶有绿景亭，与金秋亭相对，亭西南有承光亭，是最适合看湖光山色的地方。(钱龙 2009, 50)

Ai Wan Pavilion

The Ai Wan Pavilion is located in the Qingfeng Gorge at the foot of Mount Yuelu in Hunan Province, and is surrounded by mountains on three sides. The pavilion was built in 1792 by Luo Dian(罗典), Dean of the Yuelu Academy, and was originally called the Red Leaf Pavilion. It was later renamed by Bi Yuan(毕沅), Governor of Hunan and Guangzhou Province, based on a poem by Du Mu(杜牧), a poet of the Tang Dynasty, which reads, "The stone paths of the cold mountains are steep, and there are homes in the depths of the white clouds. Sitting on the Maple Forest in the evening, the frost leaves turn red in the February flowers" ("Mountain Journey"). (Qian Long 2009, 50)

爱晚亭

爱晚亭位于湖南省岳麓山下的清风峡中，三面环山。该亭由岳麓书院院长罗典建于1792年，原名为红叶亭。后来由湘粤两省总督毕沅根据唐代诗人杜牧的诗句 "寒山石径斜，白云深处有人家。枫林晚坐，霜叶红于二月花"（《山行》）。(钱龙 2009, 50)

After many major repairs in the reign of Tongzhi, Guangxu, Xuantong, and in Republic of China and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, it comes into its pattern today. The shape of the pavilion is eight columns with heavy eaves, glazed glass and blue tiles, the corner of the pavilion is flying, and it looks like flying from a distance. The inside is pillar in lacquer while the outside are four stone pillars made by granite. (Chang Yi 2007, 60)

经过同治、光绪、宣统年间，以及民国时期和建国后的多次大修，才有了今天的格局。亭子的形状是八柱重檐，琉璃青瓦，亭子的一角是飞天的，从远处看就像在飞。里面是漆器的柱子，外面是花岗岩做的四个石柱。(Chang Yi 2007, 60)

Apart from painted caisson ceiling, there are gilt lettering "Ai Wan Pavilion" on a red background on the east and west sides of the pavilion, which was made by handwriting written by Mao Zedong, at the request of Li Da, the then president of Hunan University. The pavilion is surrounded by hills on three sides, and is open to the east, with a flat vertical and horizontal space of more than 33 metres, with purple and lush greenery and uninterrupted flowing springs. There is a pond in front of the pavilion, with rows of peach and willow trees. There are maple trees all around, with red leaves all over the mountains in late autumn. (Chang Yi 2007, 60)

除了彩绘沉箱顶，亭子的东西两侧还有红底鎏金字 "爱晚亭"，这是毛泽东应当时湖南大学校长李达的要求，亲手写的。亭子三面环山，东面开阔，纵横平坦，有33米多的空间，紫气东来，绿意盎然，流泉不息。亭子前面有一个池塘，有一排桃树和柳树。周围都是枫树，深秋时节红叶满山。(张怡 2007, 60)

Hu Xin Pavilion

Hu Xin Pavilion, or Mid-lake Pavilion is situated in the centre of the West Lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. Initially known as "Zhenlu Pavilion", and "Qingxi Pavilion", it was built in the 31st year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1552 AD) and was renamed “Hu Xin Pavilion” after the Ming Dynasty. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

湖心亭

湖心亭，或称半湖亭，位于浙江杭州西湖的中心地带。最初被称为 "镇庐阁"、"清溪阁"，建于明朝嘉靖三十一年（公元1552年），明朝以后改称 "湖心亭"。(钱龙 2009, 50)

The pavilion is built looking like a tower and is surrounded by water on all sides. When you look around, not only does the lake ripple, but also the mountains stand like a screen enveloping it. The west side of the pavilion is the south and north peaks of the West Lake, which is very spectacular. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

亭子建成后看起来像一座塔，四面都是水。环顾四周，不仅湖水荡漾，而且群山矗立，如屏风般将其笼罩。亭子的西侧是西湖的南峰和北峰，非常壮观。(钱龙 2009, 50)

It is one of the 18 scenes of West Lake in Qing Dynasty. Yongzheng wrote in his Records of the West Lake: the pavilion is in the centre of the lake; in the past there was a temple and outside it were three towers, which both were destroyed in the reign of Ming Xiaozong. County said: outside the temple were three towers, while only the north tower conserved, upon which a pavilion was built, that is the Mid-lake Pavilion; the old base of the temple was rebuilt as De Sheng Hall, a place to release. According to this, the old Hu Xin Temple was the current Release Pond, and the present Hu Xin Pavilion was the base of the north tower among the other three. (Chang Yi 2007, 60)

这是清代西湖十八景之一。雍正在《西湖记》中写道：亭在湖心，昔有寺，外有三塔，明孝宗时皆毁。县志》说：寺外有三塔，而只有北塔保存下来，在其上建有一亭，即半湖亭；寺的旧基重建为德胜堂，是放生的地方。据此，旧的湖心寺就是现在的放生池，而现在的湖心亭就是其他三座中的北塔基。(Chang Yi 2007, 60)

The Qing emperor Qianlong once inscribed a plaque on the pavilion with the inscription "Quietly observe the world"(“静观万类”) and the couplet "Waves surge and the lake is far away, the mountains prompt the water is deep"(“波涌湖光远, 山催水色深”). Besides, the inscription on the pavilion's pillars by Hu Laichao(胡来朝) is worth mentioning: “The four seasons are filled with music and songs, and the poor are still grieving over the moon; the six bridges are filled with flowers and willows, and there is no room for mulberry and hemp. ” The meaning is even more profound to the visitor. (Qian Long 2009, 50)

清朝乾隆皇帝曾在亭子上题写了 "静观万类 "的匾额和 "波涌湖光远，山催水色深 "的对联。此外，值得一提的是胡来朝在亭子的柱子上的题字： "四时笙歌，穷愁尚月；六桥花柳，桑麻无间。" 对游客来说，其意义更加深远。(钱龙 2009, 50)

Terms and Expressions
*The Old Drunkard Pavilion 醉翁亭
*Nine Views of the Old Drunkard Pavilion 醉翁九景
*Tao Ran Pavilion 陶然亭
*glazed glass and blue tiles 琉璃碧瓦
*Ai Wan Pavilion 爱晚亭
*Mountain Journey 《山行》
*Hu Xin Pavilion/ Mid-lake Pavilion 湖心亭
*County 《县志》

Questions
#Which pavilion is named by the poem of Du Mu？
#When Did “Hu Xin Pavilion” well established its name?
#Which pavilion is located in Peking?
#Where can we enjoy maple trees in Autumn among the four pavilions?
#What do you think is the Old Drunkard Pavilion famous for?

问题
#哪个亭子是由杜牧的诗命名的？
#"湖心亭 "是什么时候定名的？
#哪个亭子位于北京？
#在四个亭子中，我们在哪里可以欣赏到秋天的枫树？
#你认为老醉翁亭以什么闻名

References
*千龙. 中国四大名亭[J]. 兵团建设, 2009(14):50.
*刘璇. 醉翁亭以中国“四大”名亭之一天下第一亭大文学家欧阳修《醉翁亭记》名声享誉中华[J]. 中国地名, 2012(09):20-21.
*常翼. 我国的四大名亭[J]. 新长征, 2007(06):60.
*https://mp. weixin. qq. com/s/slU9b2notV9xKekROxCZuw
*https://baike. so. com/doc/6569739-6783501. html
*https://baike. so. com/doc/5632595-5845219. html

老师的展示 Teacher's presentation

[[Media:06_Chin_Cult_Archi.pptx]]

==准备第三周的作业 Homework to prepare this session==

1. 阅读 read both chapters about architecture (p.53 and 60 of our textbook)

2. 填多选题线上测试 Complete the quizzes
https://ks.wjx.top/vm/Pm7huWu.aspx
https://ks.wjx.top/vm/hILIIgT.aspx#

==展示 Presentations==

===建筑 Architecture===

夏颖姗建筑 Architecture [[ Media:Chinese_Architecture.pdf|Architecture]]

===紫禁城 Architecture: The Forbidden City===

吴凯庭紫禁城 Architecture: The Forbidden City [[Media:forbidden_city_architecture.pptx|Architecture:The Forbidden City]]

老师的展示 Teacher's presentation

==准备第三周的作业 Homework to prepare this session==

1. 阅读 read the chapter about bridges (p.69 our textbook)

2. 填多选题线上测试 Complete the quiz https://ks.wjx.top/vm/wHNLZyi.aspx#

==展示 Presentation==

===建筑:中国四大名桥 Architecture: Four Famous Bridges===

[[Media:four_famous_bridges2.pptx|Architecture: Four Famous Bridges]]

=第七周 Session 7 - 中国产出日式文化出品 (China produces Japanese-style products)=
==Abstract==

最近几年里，中国有通过越来越受欢迎的电脑游戏类——抽卡游戏——扩大文化影响力。本论文简介该游戏的历史，风格和影响力。

==Key words==

抽卡游戏，动漫，电脑游戏，中国文化影响

==引言==

过去几十年里，中国确实成为了世界上最大的经济强国之一。同时，中国正在努力赢得西方观众的喜爱——与之相邻的国家，尤其是韩国和日本，对其他国家的文化产生了诸多影响。寿司和清酒是在世界范围内广为人知的食物，韩式烤肉和泡菜也越来越受欢迎。围绕日本漫画和动漫，以及韩国流行音乐，都形成了大型亚文化。然而，中国唯一出名的似乎却是越南餐厅，具有讽刺意味。总之，本文将简介中国开始在年轻人中建立影响力的新途径。

==中国在电脑游戏产业的成绩==

毫无疑问，电子游戏是一个产生数十亿美元收入并吸引数亿消费者的庞大产业。毫不意外的是，中国决定进去这个行业，并且可以预料，中国的作品受到了其他西方作品的很大影响——例如《黑神话：悟空》就模仿了《黑暗之魂》系列，或者《王者荣耀》是《英雄联盟》的手机版本。这两款游戏的主要角色直接基于中国民间传说和古典文学，以吸引中国观众。然而，这两款游戏在海外并未取得太大成功。

==抽卡游戏==

与此同时，在日本出现了一种蓬勃发展的游戏类型，即所谓的抽卡游戏，最著名的例子包括《命运/冠位指定》、《碧蓝档案》和《白猫Project》。这些游戏的一般前提是游戏玩法相当简单且免费，因此适合休闲玩家。它们的主要卖点通常是通过抽卡系统获得众多角色。玩家可以使用游戏内货币或真实货币购买抽卡，有机会获得随机的角色或装备，而其可获得性通常是有时间限制的。与此同时，抽卡游戏一般拥有每日奖励系统，鼓励玩家每天登录，由此游戏逐渐渗透玩家的平日生活。

这些游戏不仅非常赚钱（有的在几年内赚数十亿美元的收入），而且迎合了最大的游戏受众——手机游戏玩家。最初的中国大型游戏作品受到了日本动漫文化的很大启发，例如《碧蓝航线》对此影响最大。新近的作品如《原神》、《崩坏：星穹铁道》或《幻塔》似乎更大胆地融合了不同文化，直接引入了中国元素——角色取名为中国名字，其故事基于中国传说，设计涉及各种中国少数民族的传统服饰。以下是一些很好的例子：《原神》中的云堇是一位中国戏曲歌手，《星穹铁道》中的青雀的游戏机制围绕着麻将展开，以及《幻塔》中的榴火，其战斗风格围绕着书法展开。所有这些角色生活在以独特中国风景为基础的地点，例如《原神》的璃月，《幻塔》的第九区，或《崩坏：星穹铁道》的仙舟罗夫。

==中国产生抽卡游戏的特别文化风格==

这些游戏仍然面向普通的动漫受众，这导致了一个有趣的文化混合——不仅需要重新诠释和调整中国元素以适应日本动漫审美，甚至连日文配音也被推为最推荐的选择，而非中文配音，即使是针对以中国为基础的角色。事实上，每当在《原神》中介绍一个新角色时，英文媒体都会包括英文和日文配音演员，但没有中文配音演员，即使是针对以中国为基础的角色。这不仅使得这些游戏中对中国的描绘高度扭曲了日本文化，还被重新调整以迎合西方观众的喜好。这样的最终产品既不完全是中国风格，也不是日本风格或西方风格，而是将所有这些文化的一部分融合在一起，以符合那些非常容易受文化影响的人群的口味

（泊语丰）在介绍游戏中的各种中国元素时，可以举一些更具体的例子。

==结论==

总的来说，中国产生抽卡游戏是三个不同的文化的融合。由于这种特别的文化风格闻名于世，并且有效地把中国文化推广到西方关注。虽然对于中国抽卡游戏文化影响的程度还没有确切的数据，但毫无疑问，这是一个值得研究的话题，而这些游戏的商业和媒体成功是不可否认的。

（泊语丰）结论太简单了，缺少主要的内容。

==参考资料==

Adams Matthew 2022 "Tech Otakus Save The World? Gacha, Genshin Impact, and Cybernesis" British Journal of Chinese Studies, Vol. 12.2, July 2022
Woods Orlando 2022 "The Economy of Time, the Rationalisation of Resources: Discipline, Desire and Deferred Value in the Playing of Gacha Games" Games and Culture, 17(7–8), 1075–1092
Kirkpatrick Graeme 2013 "Computer Games and the Social Imaginary" Cambridge UK: Polity Press; 2013.

==问题==

1.为什么以前中国版的电脑游戏没有获得海外成功？
2.抽卡游戏用什么方法吸引大众用户？
3.中国产抽卡游戏风格的特点是什么？

=第八周 Session 8 - 中国文化中的象征主义——动物 The Symbolism in Chinese Culture. The Example of Animals.=
Comparison of the Chinese and foreign symbolic meaning of the same animal
==摘要 Abstract==

从古到今，动物是中国文化不可缺少的象征。中国的艺术、神话与小说都包括动物的象征，而且每只动物的含义不同。

==关键词 Key Words==

中国文化、象征、动物、兔子、猴子、猪

==引言 Introduction==

中国的文化丰富多彩，难怪很多人都不知道中国文化中隐藏的象征。中国人相信有些象征可以给他们带来幸福，让他们发财，但有的也可以带来厄运。动物是一种中国文化中的象征。在中国的艺术里可以看见很多不同的动物，比如：鱼、鹤、龙等等，而且它们的含义都不一样。古代时，中国人信奉泛灵论，许多古代人相信不同的动物有不同的神力。另外，中国所谓“四象”包括四个动物：青龙、白虎、朱雀与玄武（Feng Jinquan 2012）。在中国文化中动物象征占有特别的位置。

==兔子 Hare==

兔子在中国是具有象征主义的一只动物。因为兔子的样子很可爱，所以在中国人心里它是一只可爱与乖巧的动物。古代时，兔子代表月亮。众所周知，在月亮月兔陪美丽的嫦娥当她的宠物（Li Tingyu 2011，32）。这个故事让我们意识到中国人以兔子为纯洁、和蔼和吉祥的象征（Bansal Deepika & Mahesh Kumar Mishra 2023，23）。按照一些文章，在兔子的世界没有雄兔，它们通过舔新发芽的植物芽而怀孕。它用特别的方式来分娩幼崽 -- 把它们从嘴里吐出来（Eberhard, Wolfram 1986, 166）。在不同的文化里兔子有不同的象征意义，由于天主教的影响，在西方文化里，它的象征意义是生育力和幸福感，且大多数西方人一想到兔子就会想起来复活节。

==猴子 Monkey==

另外一个象征动物是猴子。《西游记》孙悟空的角色是一个最明显的猴子象征。在中国文化里，猴子是一只好动、聪明、幽默和机智的动物（Li Tingyu 2011, 33）。从前，在中国的南部建设很多崇拜神猴的寺庙，而且它们被认为是“齐天大圣”。值得注意是，孙悟空也称自己“齐天大圣”，这意味着中国文化中猴子占据较高位置。在许多图片上可以看见猴和马搭配在一起，尤其是猴子骑在马上。之所以如此搭配，是因为一对同音词 —— ”马上疯猴“ 和 “马上封侯“ ，于是猴子骑在马上表示一个人快要获得晋升（Eberhard, Wolfram 1986, 233-234）。由此，”猴“ 和 ”侯“ 的谐音给猴子更深刻的含义 (Li Tingyu 2011, 33) 。

另外一个象征动物是猴子。《西游记》孙悟空的角色是一个最明显的猴子象征的例子。中国文化里猴子就是一只好动、聪明、幽默和机智的动物（Li Tingyu 2011, 33）。之前，在中国的南部建设很多崇拜神猴的寺庙，而且它被认为是“齐天大圣”。值得注意是，孙悟空也称自己“齐天大圣”，这就强制中国文化中猴子的高位。在许多图片上可以看见猴和马搭配在一起，尤其是猴子骑在马上。为了明白这张图片的意思，我们要看同音词 —— ”马上疯猴“ 和 “马上封侯“ ，于是猴子骑在马上表示一个人快要获得晋升（Eberhard, Wolfram 1986, 233-234）。由此，”猴“ 和 ”侯“ 的谐音给猴子更深刻的含义 (Li Tingyu 2011, 33) 。(柯之川：在其他文化中它有什么意义呢？）

另外一个象征动物是猴子。《西游记》孙悟空的角色是一个最明显的猴子象征的例子。中国文化里猴子就是一只好动、聪明、幽默和机智的动物（Li Tingyu 2011, 33）。旧时，在中国的南部建设很多崇拜神猴的寺庙，而且它被认为是“齐天大圣”。值得注意是，孙悟空也称自己“齐天大圣”，这就意味着中国文化中猴子的高位。在许多图片上可以看见猴和马搭配在一起，尤其是猴子骑在马上。为了明白这张图片的意思，我们要看同音词 —— ”马上疯猴“ 和 “马上封侯“ ，于是猴子骑在马上表示一个人快要获得晋升（Eberhard, Wolfram 1986, 233-234）。由此，”猴“ 和 ”侯“ 的谐音给猴子更深刻的含义。在西方文化中猴子代表灵活与机智，于是它的含义和中国文化中的含义差不多。

==猪 Pig==

猪在很多不同的文化中都是一个有负面意义的象征，但在中国文化中它的意义比较中立。从古时起，猪代表着繁荣和吉祥（Bansal Deepika & Mahesh Kumar Mishra 2023，32），可是猪也可以代表随和。太随和和不太随和都不好，只要把忠诚和随和结合在一起才可以保持心内的平衡（Suhardi 2018, 96）。不过，在现代中国文化中猪也有负面的意义，而且经常用于骂人懒、丑或笨。《西游记》的猪八戒也是一个既笨又懒的角色，而且它很贪吃，于是它经常被嘲笑（Li Tingyu 2011, 32）。虽然我们都知道幽默可爱的佩奇，可是对西方人来说猪没有好的意义，相反，它跟污垢有关，于是也可以用作骂人的词。

太随和和不太随和都不好，只要把忠诚和随和结合在一起才可以保持心内的平衡（Suhardi 2018, 96）（柯之川：太随和为什么不好？不太随和为什么不好？）

太随和和不太随和都不好，因为不太随和，就太忠诚了，可能会排斥别人。一个人太随和就没有忠诚，而且会比较容易失去原则，所以只要把忠诚和随和结合在一起才可以保持心内的平衡（Suhardi 2018, 96）。

==结论 Conclusion==

从古至今，中国文化中的动物象征都具备很重要的位置。我们不但可以在艺术中看见它们，而且许多也是有名小说中的角色。每只动物都有不少含义，有的跟其他文化差不多，有的完全不一样。由此，明白象征的含义让我们更了解一个国家的文化，而且也让我们更了解语言中的一些俗语。

==参考资料 References==

1. Bansal, Deepika & Mahesh Kumar Mishra, 2023. Study of Animals Symbolism of Human Traits in Chinese Zodiac. HANS SHODH SUDHA 3 (3), 23-32.

2. Eberhard, Wolfram, 1986. A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols. Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought. Routledge, 166-234.

3. Feng Jinquan 冯金泉, 2012. 中国古代四大神兽. Takungpao 128.

4. Li Tingyu 李婷玉, 2011. 汉语动植物词汇文化内涵浅析. 文学语言学研究, 32-33.

5. Suhardi, 2018. 中国印尼吉祥动物喻体对比浅析. 首届东南亚“汉语+”国际研讨会, 96.

==生词 Terms and Expressions==

四象 The Four Symbols

泛灵论 Animism

雄性 male

分娩 (of animals) give birth to the young

幼崽 young (of an animal)

==问题 Questions==

1. 中国文化中的四象包括哪些动物？

2. 按照有些文章，兔子如何怀孕？

3. 在中国文化中哪个角色把自己称呼“齐天大圣”？

4. “马上疯猴”的意思是什么？

5. 哪个动物负面的意义可以用作骂人？

=第八周 Session 8 - 中国人幸运和不吉利的数字 (Lucky and Unfortunate Numbers in the Eyes of Chinese People)=

==摘要 (Abstract)==

在中国人信仰中有些数字可以给他们带来幸运或者不好运。这种迷信跟同音有关，而且我们可以看到数字对生活的不同方面的影响。

==关键词 (Key words)==

数字，幸运，吉利，迷信，电话号码，车牌号，同音。
==引言 (Introduction)==

世界充满许多神秘的事情。人们的能力是有限的，因此有一些事情的存在我们就无法解释。人喜欢或者害怕数字就是难以解释现象之一。数字对人们生活的各个方面有绝对的影响。值得注意的是全球不同地方的人有自己吉利和不吉利的数字，比如西方人最怕的数字就是13，而中国人认为4会带来厄运。说到吉利的数字，欧洲人除了13以外，其他的都喜欢，同时中国人最喜欢的数字为8。人们为何给这几个数字特殊的意义？下面我会介绍中国人喜欢和避免的数字，而且其对中国人生活的影响。

==四 (Number four)==

对人类来说，最可怕的事情就是死亡。避免4的现象，就跟这个事实有关。说普通话时，4同音“死”（Dong Xiawei & Lu Kewen 2013, 100)，粤语中14的发音跟“要死”一样，而且24的发音就像“易死”差不多（Tse Andrew Yau Hau 2015, 6)。既然死亡不算愉快的事，在中国人的信仰中，4也应该是吸引厄运的，所以他们不仅不愿意自己的电话号码包含4，而且也不愿意4月4日结婚（Dong Xiawei & Lu Kewen 2013,101）。中国的航空，比如属于海南航空机队的所有飞机里没有第4和第14的座位（海南航空网站）。中国城市里的高楼通常没有第4层和其他包括4数字的层（ Tse Andrew Yau Hau 2015, 9)。如果在第4层有房子，中国人常常不会租或者买这种房子。

== 八 (Number eight)==

在中国人信仰中，8是最吉利的数字。中国人之所以喜欢8，因为8同音“发”，“发财”的“发”(Dong Xiawei & Lu Kewen 2013, 100)。谁都愿意发财，所以越多8越好。2008年的奥林匹克运动开幕式8月8日晚上8:08:08开始了（Tse Andrew Yau Hau 2015, 9)。这的确给中国带来了好运，因为中国运动员得了最多金牌。中国人选择车牌号或者电话号码的时候，总是看里面有多少“8”。有许多证据证明这种情况，比如按照纽约时报(May Tiffany 2020)的报告，2020年为了买包含五个“8”的电话号码，一个人花了大概3万25千美元，而且根据统计，北京大部分的车辆有包含“8”或者别的吉利的数字的车牌号（Jaffe Eric 2015）。除此之外，价格最高而卖得最快的房子也是第八层的房子，比如在成都这样的房子比其他的房子贵235元每平米 (Shum Matthew, Sun Wei & Ye Guangliang 2014,116)。

除此之外，价格最高而卖得最快的房子也是第八层的房子，比如在成都这样的房子比贵（麻亮：多少？）（Shum Matthew, Sun Wei & Ye Guangliang 2014,116)。

除此之外，价格最高而卖得最快的房子也是第八层的房子，比如在成都这样的房子比贵 (Shum Matthew, Sun Wei & Ye Guangliang 2014,116), 比如在成都这样的房子比其他的房子贵235元每平米。

== 六与九(Numbers six and nine)==

除了8以外，还有6和9这两个幸运数字。6同音“流”，这意味着一切都会很顺利，而9同音“久”（Na Sun & Schneider Thomas 2010:3)。许多新婚夫妇会9月9日（或者别的包括9的日期）结婚。2009年9月9日在北京大约18千对夫妇结婚了（May Tiffany 2020)。有时候为了增加幸运人们会使用幸运数字的结合。2014年在纽约证券交易所阿里巴巴集团的首次公开募股为68美元，因为他们相信这可以带来两倍大的幸运（Cnbc 2014)。

除了8以外，还有6和9这两个幸运数字。6同音“流”，这意味着一切都会很顺利，而9同音“久”（Na Sun & Schneider Thomas 2010:3)。许多新婚夫妇会9月9日（或者别的包括9的日期）结婚。(麻亮：为什么？）

许多新婚夫妇会9月9日（或者别的包括9的日期）结婚，因为他们相信如果婚礼的日子中有“9”，他们肯定会永远在一起。

== 结论 (Conclusion)==

相信数字的力量是否属于传统文化还是迷信，也是有争议的一点，但无论如何，上面这几个例子让我们看到了数字对人类的生活有多大的影响，甚至我们也常常意识不到数字能成为那么多事情的决定因素。

==参考资料 References==

Dong, Xiawei [&] Kewen Lu (2013). Lucky Number Effect on Chinese Marriage. Conference: Proceedings of The First Summit Forum of China's Cultural Psychology, 100-105.

Jaffe, Eric (2015.09.28). How Chinese Superstition About the Number 4 Makes Beijing Traffic Worse. Bloomberg [Online]. < https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-28/chinese-superstition-about-the-unlucky-number-4-makes-beijing-traffic-congestion-worse> [03.07.2023].

May, Tiffany (2020.08.17). Defendant’s Luck Runs Out. But the Lucky Phone Number Fetches $325,000. The New York Times [Online]. < https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/17/world/asia/china-lucky-phone-number.html> [03.07.2023].

Na, Sun [&] Thomas Schneider (2010). The use of ‚lucky’ numbers in the pricing of Chinese A-share initial public offerings. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-52.

Shum, Matthew, Wei Sun [&] Guangliang Ye (2013). Superstition and ’lucky’ apartments: Evidence from transaction-level data. Journal of Comparative Economics 24, 109-117.

Tse, Andrew Yau Hau Tse (2015). To Be or Not to Be Superstitious—That’s the Question. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 208, 5-12.
Why Alibaba’s $68 is a lucky number. (2014.09.18). CNBC [Online]. < https://www.cnbc.com/2014/09/18/why-alibabas-68-is-a-lucky-number.html> [03.07.2023].

==生词 (Terms and Expressions)==

幸运数字 auspicious numbers

同音 be homonymic

首次公开募股 IPO (Initial Public Offering)

车牌号 number of license plate

迷信 superstition

==问题 (Questions)==

1. 2014年在纽约证券交易所阿里巴巴集团的首次公开募股为什么是$68？

2. 为什么中国人喜欢8？

3. 为什么中国人避免4？

4. 2020年为了买包含五个“8”的电话号码，有人花了多少钱？
=第九周 Session 9 - 中国摇滚乐的形成 Development of Chinese Rock Music=
==摘要 Abstract==
文化大革命之后，中国的艺术，包括音乐，经过了大量变化。新的流派出现了，音乐家找到新的方法发挥自己的创造性。摇滚乐在80年代后半叶非常流行，属于这些流派其中之一。我想介绍中国摇滚乐是怎么出现的，以及摇滚乐与其他音乐流派的区别是什么。

==关键词 (Key words)==
中国音乐，通俗音乐，摇滚乐，崔健

==前言 (Introduction)==
1976年，毛泽东去世之后，文化大革命结束了。这一事件标志着迅速变化的开始。这些变化不仅涉及政治，经济等方面，而且还对文化，艺术各个领域产生了重大的影响。从那时候开始，艺术家可以享受的创作自由比以前更多，因而出现了许多绘画，摄影以及音乐的新趋势。我想介绍的话题就是中国现代音乐，特别是摇滚乐，它的起源和发展。

==中国流行音乐 (Chinese popular music)==

按照 Timothy Lane Brace (1992) 的论文，中国人使用三个术语来定义民众当中最普及的音乐风格。这些术语包括：“流行音乐”，“通俗音乐”以及“轻音乐”。它们都表示从西方音乐中汲取一些元素的中国音乐，但同时也有一些区别。“轻音乐”界定中国民间音乐或者传统音乐，配以西方流行音乐的伴奏，而“流行音乐”和“通俗音乐”是被年轻人使用的词，定义于 20世纪在中国出现的音乐风格。“流行音乐”这个术语从 30年代到 40年代最常使用，描述毛泽东时期之前创造的风格，而“通俗音乐”指的是文化大革命结束后创造的风格。“通俗音乐”可以分为三个最主要的流派：“港台乐”，“西北风”以及“摇滚乐”。“港台乐”起源于香港和台湾，70. 年代末传到中国大陆。它的旋律即平稳又简单，歌词的主题一般是浪漫的爱情，很像西方的流行歌 (Brace 1992: 137-138)。“西北风”跟寻根现象有关：80年代中期，在艺术界出现了寻找中国文化根源的倾向，因为大革命的时候，中国文化的根源遭到了很严重的损失。“西北风”音乐家的灵感来自中国西北地区的传统民歌，他们用中国的传统乐器，歌词会提起对家乡的爱的话题 (Brace 1992: 147-149)。不过与此同时，在这种音乐中可以听到许多西方摇滚乐的特点，比如：很快的节奏，猛烈的旋律和强劲的低音线 (Zhao 2010: 44). 但是我们可不可以把“西北风”当作中国摇滚乐的原型？

（吴凯庭 - Timothy Lane Brace （1992，？）没有准确的参考。）

按照 Timothy Lane Brace (1992: 134) 的论文，中国人使用三个术语来定义民众当中最普及的音乐风格。这些术语包括：“流行音乐”，“通俗音乐”以及“轻音乐”。它们都描述从西方音乐中汲取一些元素的中国音乐，但同时也有一些区别。“轻音乐”界定中国民间音乐或者传统音乐，配以西方流行音乐的伴奏，而“流行音乐”和“通俗音乐”是被年轻人使用的词，定义于 20世纪在中国出现的音乐风格。“流行音乐”这个术语从 30年代到 40年代最常使用，描述毛泽东时期之前创造的风格，而“通俗音乐”指的是文化大革命结束后创造的风格。“通俗音乐”可以分为三个最主要的流派：“港台乐”，“西北风”以及“摇滚乐”。“港台乐”起源于香港和台湾，70. 年代末传到中国大陆。它的旋律即平稳又简单，歌词的主题一般是浪漫的爱情，很像西方的流行歌 (Brace 1992: 137-138)。“西北风”跟寻根现象有关：80年代中期，在艺术界出现了寻找中国文化根源的倾向，因为大革命的时候，中国文化的根源遭到了很严重的损失。“西北风”音乐家的灵感来自中国西北地区的传统民歌，他们用中国的传统乐器，歌词提起对家乡的爱情的话题, (Brace 1992: 147-149)。不过与此同时，在这种音乐中可以听到许多西方摇滚乐的特点，比如：很快的节奏，猛烈的旋律和强劲的低音线 (Zhao 2010: 44). 但是我们可不可以把“西北风”当作中国摇滚乐的原型？

==西北风和摇滚乐的区别 (Differences between xibeifeng music and rock music)==

T. Brace (1992: 162) 指出，西北风和摇滚乐出现的时间大致相同。刚听的时候，人们往往把摇滚乐与西北风混为一谈，因为它们的声音即使不完全相同，也确实非常相似。中国摇滚乐的起源可以追溯到 1985 年：当时，一位叫崔健的音乐家，被誉为中国摇滚乐的先驱，发行了第一张唱片 (Zhao 2010: 35)。因为他走的旋律很类似北方的民谣，他被听众视为西北风的音乐家，然而自己强烈反对这样的说法，自称创作纯粹的摇滚乐。那这两种流派有什么区别？最主要的区别不是涉声音的，是涉及意识形态的。那是不是政治的参与作中国摇滚乐的特点？大多人认为崔健最有名的一首歌，《一无所有》，包蕴政治的内涵，不过崔健本人表明，虽然他的歌包括一些抗议的元素，但跟政治没有什么关系，因为如果把自己音乐的范围限于政治的批评，就会限制自己的创作自由 (Brace 1992: 164-166)。因此，摇滚音乐家所遵循的意识形态不是一种政治意识形态，而是一种更广泛的自由意识形态，包括思想的自由，创作的自由以及生活方式的自由 (Brace 1992: 173)。遵循个人自由的理念就是摇滚音乐创作者与其他音乐流派创作者最重要的区别。

==80年代以后摇滚乐的情况 (Rock music after the 80s)==

正如之前所述，80年代中期就是中国摇滚乐的发端。80. 年代后半叶就是这一流派最流行的时间。这就是因为文化大革命的恐怖以后，在社会里个人的自由成为了最重要的价值观念之一。1989 年之后，摇滚乐的知名度开始减少。Hao Huang (2003: 189-191) 提出，天安门屠杀之后，当局再次限制了公民的人身自由，包括艺术家的创作自由。因而，社会对精神理想的追求逐渐冷却了，人们开始转向消费主义。虽然摇滚乐并没有完全消失（90年代，代表中国摇滚乐的乐队仍然被建立，比如叫《唐朝》的乐队）(De Kloet 2005: 237)，但从 1989 年开始，这种流派确实处于流行的边缘。

(吴凯庭 - 最后一个句子应该是：这种流行派确实处于流行“的”边缘。）

正如之前所述，80. 年代中期就是中国摇滚乐的发端。80年代后半叶就是这一流派最流行的时间。这就是因为文化大革命的恐怖以后，在社会里个人的自由成为了最重要的价值观念之一。1989 年之后，摇滚乐的知名度开始减少。Hao Huang (2003: 189-191) 提出，天安门屠杀之后，当局再次限制了公民的人身自由，包括艺术家的创作自由。因而，社会对精神理想的兴起逐渐冷却了，人们开始转向消费主义。虽然摇滚乐并没有完全消失（90. 年代，代表中国摇滚乐的乐队仍然被建立，比如叫《唐朝》的乐队）(De Kloet 2005: 237)，但从 1989 年开始，这种流派确实处于流行的边缘。

==结论 (Conclusion)==
对中国摇滚乐的创作，意识形态是最重要的因素。随着社会心态的变化，它的知名度减少了，但崔健等等的摇滚乐家的成就并没被遗忘，为当代的摇滚乐家奠定了基础。

==参考资料 (References)==
Brace, Timothy Lane 1992. Modernization and Music in Contemporary China: Crisis, Identity, and the Politics of Style. Austin: The University of Texas at Austin.

De Kloet, Jeroen 2005. “Authenticating Geographies and Temporalities: Representations of Chinese Rock in China”. Visual Antrophology, 18, 237.

Hao, Huang 2003. “Voices from Chinese Rock, Past and Present Tense: Social Commentary and Construction of Identity in 《Yaogun Yinyue》, from Tiananmen to the Present”. Popular Music and Society 26, 189-191.

Zhao, Yue 2010. The Musicality of C-Pop. A Study of Chinese Popular Music from 1985-2010. Sheffield:
Department of Music The University of Sheffield.

==Terms and Expressions==

音乐流派 - music genre

旋律 - melody

灵感 - inspiration

节奏 - rhythm

低音 - bass

内涵 - implication

意识形态 - ideology

==Questions==

1. 摇滚乐跟什么音乐流派经常被混为一谈？

2. 在中国，摇滚乐是什么时候最流行的？

3. 哪位音乐家被誉为中国摇滚乐的先驱？

4. 他最有名的一首歌的题目是什么？
=第九周 Session 9 - 基督教和佛教之间的差别 The Differences between Christianity and Buddhism=

===摘要 (Abstract)===

基督教和佛教都不是源自中国的宗教。它们在中国的出现和发展之间存在着显著的差异。

===引言 (Introduction)===

在宗教方面，中国数百年来主要以中国的宗教为主：儒教、道教以及起源于印度并且在中国经历了深度中国化的佛教。基督教公元7世纪左右才出现。

===佛教和基督教在中国的出现 (The Appearance of Buddhism and Christianity in China)===

佛教于公元1世纪中叶从印度传入中国 (Zotz 2007, 171)，当时道教和儒教已经在社会中获得了知名度和地位。在翻译过程中，佛教与道教紧密联系在一起，随后逐渐偏离了原始教义，慢慢演变成了中国佛教。

基督教在中国的传教历史可以追溯到公元7世纪左右。根据最早的传教史，基督徒从一开始就面临着适应中国宗教现实的压力，其中包括在翻译中借鉴了佛教和道教的哲学思想。对于意大利的耶稣会士来说，16世纪末的耶稣教士的活动成为进一步传教中国的必要基础。

唐代的传教士将他们所宣扬的信仰真理与儒家、道家和佛教的元素进行了融合。在他们的著作中，上帝被认为是一切事物的起源和阴阳的创造者，也被称为佛教术语“佛陀”。除了信仰真理外，基督徒还宣扬对天的敬仰、对皇帝、官员和学者的尊敬，从而适应了中国现有的社会等级制度。

===在宗教信仰上的差异 (Differences between Religious Beliefs)===

佛教和基督教在宗教信仰上存在根本性的差异。基督徒相信唯一、全能和无所不在的上帝，是世界的创造者，而佛教则排斥任何神的存在 (姚 2004, 1)。佛陀虽然有人们为他建立塑像并尊崇他，但他并不是神。根据基督教观念,苦难是由人类的罪恶所导致，而根据佛教的观念苦难是生活的固有部分。对于人死后发生的事情，两者的观点也完全不同。在这两种情况下，这是个体在生前行动的结果。基督教徒相信为善良的人所承诺的天堂，那里可以享受永恒的幸福，以及为罪人而设的地狱，他们将遭受永恒的痛苦。佛教徒相信轮回的循环。只有通过达到涅槃（开悟）并进入“非存在”的状态，才能解脱。这两种宗教涉及类似的问题，但以不同的方式处理。它们的共同点是佛教和基督教都不是在中国形成的，因此对中国人来说是陌生的。

===耶稣会士传教士对佛教的态度 (Attitude of the Jesuit Missionaries towards Buddhism)===

16世纪末时，耶稣会士有意地努力与佛教传统建立联系，这可从他们穿着的僧袍中得到证实。他们想避免因其与欧洲人不同的外貌而被排斥。然而，与佛教的联系过于深远。两种宗教都谈论了尘世中的苦难，并提供了死后更好的选择，因此有时将基督教视为佛教的一个分支。传教士们意识到，以佛教僧侣的打扮，他们可以更容易地接触到社会底层，但他们无法在知识精英中获得尊重。耶稣会士们当时采取了不同的策略 - 他们计划从社会的顶层进行福音传教。耶稣会士在16世纪末的主要目标是进入北京并使皇帝皈依基督教信仰。为了实现这一目标，传教士们采纳了儒家的风尚，并开始与佛教或道教等联系疏远 (Charbonnier 2007, 155)。

===结论 (Conclusion)===

虽然基督教和佛教好像有许多共同的地方，虽然实际上两个宗教的观念不一样，还有它们在中国的历史有很多差别。

===参考资料 (References)===

1. Charbonnier, Jean 2007, Christians in China: A.D. 600 to 2000, San Francisco: Ignatius Press
2. 陈登 2001, 佛教与基督教的儒学化比较 [In:] „湖南大学学报（社会科学版）”，Vol.15, No.3
3. 姚卫群 2004, 佛教与基督教的“神”观念比较 [In:] “陕西师范大学(哲学社会科学版)”, Vol.33, No.2
4. Youlan, Feng 2001, Short history of Chinese Philosophy, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN
5. Zotz, Volker 2007, Geschichte der buddhistischen Philosophie, Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM

===关键词 (Key words)===

基督教；佛教；宗教；中国；传教士；耶稣会士；宗教信仰；宗教差异

===生词 (Terms and Expressions)===

基督教 Christianity;
佛教 Buddhism;
耶稣会士 Jesuit;
宗教信仰 religious belief;
传教士 a missionary

===问题 (Questions)===

1. 基督教什么时候在中国出现？
2. 基督教和佛教对苦难的看法有什么差别？
3. 基督教的上帝和佛教的佛陀是一样的吗？
4. 对中国人来说，为什么基督教和佛教都是陌生的？
=第九周 Session 9 - 中国饮食文化——中国菜的命名艺术 Culinary Culture of China: The Art of Naming Chinese Dishes=

===摘要 (Abstract)===
中国饮食文化与汉语的关系非常密切，在塑造人们对食物的认知方面发挥了巨大的作用。它也极大地影响了中国菜肴的命名方式，无论是过去还是现在。

===关键词 (Key Words)===
中国饮食文化；中文；汉语；传统；语言分析；菜肴名称；菜的命名

===引言 (Introduction)===

中国多样而复杂的饮食文化不仅体现在居民的日常生活中，也体现在中国数百年来创作的小说和其他书面作品中。我们在其中看到的中国菜名大多寓意深刻，命名方式考究，文化背景深厚，文化历史内涵丰富。汉语由于其与文化的密切关系，在塑造人们对食物的认知方面发挥了巨大的作用，并极大地影响了中国菜肴的命名。在下一部分中，我将讨论为中国菜命名的话题。

===中国菜的命名艺术 (The Art of Naming Chinese Dishes)===

中国是一个非常重视命名的国家。这适用于重要地点、重大事件、各类机构、艺术领域、习俗和传统或精神和仪式的各个方面，也适用于与衣、住、行和食品有关的小问题。在秦汉时期，菜肴的命名艺术主要是根据食材和食品的加工方法来命名，但在南北朝之后，这方面出现了许多新的命名方法。普通的菜肴常常有极其优雅和美丽的名字，有时是深思熟虑的，非常令人惊讶。一个精心挑选的名字很容易引起人们的兴趣，从而在用餐时创造出一种愉快的气氛，鼓励宴客者品尝新的菜肴（王学泰 1997：226）。

中国菜肴的名称具有丰富的艺术性，其创作灵感有时来源自自然现象、自然物体以及任何可能引起审美联想的事物。菜名中还反映出强调菜肴的味道、颜色、香味和形状的倾向，因为这些因素决定了菜肴的质量（Pimpaneau 2001: 57）。名称中使用的颜色主要是红色、黄色、白色和绿色。根据心理学，这些颜色可以刺激食欲，而蓝色和青色则有可能导致生病。此外，明亮、闪亮和清澈的颜色会唤起愉悦感，而深色则产生相反的效果。菜肴的命名也遵循这一原则：通常使用贵重且闪亮的物品来代替颜色，以增添菜肴的精致感。其中一些词汇包括"金"、"玉"、"翡翠"、"琥珀"、"水晶"、"珍珠"和"锦"。即使菜肴的颜色较深，也更常见地使用"乌"而不是"黑"，因为"乌"具有更高尚的意义并带有更积极的内涵（王学泰 1997：227-228）。

===中国菜肴的命名方法 (Methods of Naming Chinese Dishes)===

中国菜的命名是一门艺术，反映不同地区居民的各种文化传统、习俗和审美趣味。中国人喜欢诗意的隐喻，这也是给菜肴起精致名称的原因之一。这些名称不仅与菜肴本身有关，还指戏剧或中国传统文学作品中的神话、传说和历史故事。一些美食的起源可能包括丰富多彩的比喻或流行故事，而基于这些故事的名称使菜肴成为人们关注的对象（Kajdański 2011: 147）。这种命名方式不仅能刺激食欲，还能激发人们的好奇心，并使食物本身获得新的象征意义。常敬宇（常敬宇 1998: 139-140）指出了以下几种命名新菜肴的方式：

– 以人名、姓氏或头衔命名菜肴（“宫保鸡丁”、“麻婆豆腐”等）；

– 以城市或地理区域命名菜肴（“北京烤鸭”、“西湖醋鱼”等）；

– 根据食物的形态或形状来命名（“猫耳朵”、“龙须面”等）；

– 根据菜肴的颜色或食材的颜色来命名（“红白豆腐”、“雪衣鱼条”等）；

– 根据菜肴中的主要味道或香气来命名（“香酥鸡”、“麻辣烫”等）；

– 根据菜肴中使用的油或酱来命名（“红油豆腐”、“蚝油牛肉”等）；

– 根据烹制菜肴的容器来命名（“瓦罐面”、“火锅肉”等）；

– 根据菜肴中使用的调料来命名（“糖醋鱼”、“红糟鱼片”等）；

– 根据菜肴的烹制方法来命名（“炸大虾”、“红烧鲤鱼”等）；

– 以神话、传说、信仰或历史故事命名菜肴（“过桥米线”、“佛跳墙”等）。

评论：在解释每个翻译方式中，你应该举几个例子

===结论 (Conclusion)===

饮食在中国文化中占有非常重要的地位，而中国菜名不仅反映所用食材的多样性、烹调方法或菜肴的色、香、味、貌，还包含相关人物事件、重要地点和历史时期、文学作品和传说的提及等诸多文化元素。而且，许多食品的名称和与食品有关的词语都远远超出了字面的范畴，隐藏着丰富的象征意义、隐喻性和广泛的内涵，涉及人类生活的各个领域。

===参考资料 (References)===

常敬宇 1998. 汉语词汇与文化. 北京: 北京大学出版社.

Kajdański, Edward 2011. Chiny: leksykon. Warszawa: Spółdzielnia Wydawniczo-Handlowa "Książka i Wiedza”.

Pimpaneau, Jacques 2001. Chiny: kultura i tradycje. Tłum. Irena Kałużyńska. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie DIALOG.

杨德峰 2001. 汉语与文化交际. 北京: 北京大学出版社.

王学泰 1997. 华夏饮食文化. 北京: 中华书局.

===Questions===

1. 中国菜的许多新命名方式是什么时候出现的？

2. 中国菜肴的命名常使用哪些颜色？

3. 为什么中国菜肴的命名常常使用贵重且闪亮的物品来代替颜色？

4. 中国菜肴的命名方法有哪些？
=第九周 Session 9 - 中国佛教 (Chinese Buddhism)=
===摘要 (Abstract)===
从公元一世纪起，佛教对中国文化的影响十分明显。在本土与外来高僧的努力下，大部分佛典被翻译成中文，助于形成中国佛教学派。这样，就出现了独特的中国佛教。

===关键词 (Key Words)===
中国佛教；禅宗；天台宗；净土宗；华严宗；白莲教；高僧；佛典

===引言 (Introduction)===
佛教是世界上最有名的宗教之一。佛教的教义也影响到了中国的文化。

===中国佛教史 (History of Buddhism in China)===
佛教于公元一世纪由印度传入中国，这主要得益于中国在西域扩展其影响力。这样才能跟印度建立联系。在这种情况下，东汉的第二位皇帝汉明帝（28-75年）公元64年派遣了第一批使节前往印度，为的是寻找佛教教义的发源地。三年后，当他们与两位高僧一起返回洛阳时，明帝非常高兴，并下令在首都修建白马寺。寺庙的名字与使者们骑的白色的马有关。这不但是中国最早建立的佛教寺庙，而且是翻译带来的经典的地方（Sang 2004：59）。从那时起，早期汉译佛典使佛教教义在中国得到快速的传播。中国本地与外来高僧对所取得的成就发挥了关键的作用。由于他们的努力，僧伽得以获得独立并成为文化教育机关。不过在东汉倒台后，佛教才得到快速的传播，尤其是在普通人中。从221年至589年，中国处于政治不稳定和冲突之中。在这种情况下，中国居民渴望逃离沉重的现实。佛教给予他们在来世获得更美好生活的希望（Zürcher 2007：2-5）。直到第六世纪，大部分重要的佛典被高僧从梵文翻译成中文。汉译佛典有助于形成中国佛教流派。研究者经常提到四个最著名的中国佛教学派，包括禅宗、天台宗、华严宗、净土宗，还提起白莲教（Snelling 1990：31-32）。

===中国佛教学派：净土宗、白莲教 (Chinese Buddhist Schools: Pure Land School, The White Lotus)===
402年一个叫释慧远的高僧（334-416年）创立了白莲教，与此同时，他创立了净土宗的大乘佛教传统，该学派延续了他的教诲。白莲教的成员承诺相互帮助，并履行自己的责任，以期在西方极乐世界中重生。白莲教的主要修行法门是念佛，特指修行人一心忆念阿弥陀佛的名号以及祈求死时升入佛国净土（Zürcher 2007：219-221）。

===中国佛教学派：华严宗 (Chinese Buddhist Schools: Huayan School)===
在公元6世纪初，在中国出现了华严宗，该学派也属于大乘佛教传统，其教义和修行基于《华严经》。华严宗的一个显著的特点是其教义和修行都受到本土道教的影响，因为华严宗涉及到道教的关键概念，宇宙真理——道（Harvey 2013：145-148）。

===中国佛教学派：禅宗 (Chinese Buddhist Schools: Chan School)===
华严宗和道教都对禅宗的发展产生了重要影响。传统上，半传奇般的印度高僧叫菩提达摩（5-6世纪)于公元6世纪创建了禅宗。该学派的名称由坐禅而来。禅宗的信徒相信，只有修心养性，才能得到开悟。信徒也深信每个人都具有佛性，即成佛的潜力。因此，禅宗特别注重实践，同时将佛经视为精神成长的一种限制形式（Sang 2004：62）。

'''(请加菩提达摩的出生日期，舒然）'''

===中国佛教学派：天台宗 (Chinese Buddhist Schools: Tiantai School)===

公元6世纪还出现了天台宗，由智顗（538-597）创立，该学派的名称取自位于浙江省的天台山。天台山上也是天台宗的主要总部——国清寺。天台宗信徒认为教义和冥想是宗教生活中同等重要的要素。天台宗的教义基于《妙法莲华经》，强调佛陀的永恒和智慧。由于其内容，《妙法莲华经》很快就成为最重要的中国佛教经典（Chen 2006：9）。

'''(请加智顗的出生日期，舒然）'''

===结论 (Conclusion)===
总而言之，中国佛教学派与高僧的翻译事务的发展推动了与众不同的中国佛教。因此，一直到现在，在中国，佛教仍是最重要的宗教之一。

===参考资料 (References)===
Chen Jian 陈坚 2006. “Chanzong: Shenghuo zhong yu jiaoyì, shenmei gao yu xinyang” 禅宗: 生活重于教义, 审美高于信仰 [Chan School: Life is more important than doctrine, aesthetics is more important than faith]. Xinyang shifan xueyuan xuebao 信阳师范学院学报 1, 9-13.

Harvey, Peter 2013. An Introduction to Buddhism. Teachings, History and Practices. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sang Ji 2004. Religions and Religious Life in China. Translated by Li Zhurun. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.

Snelling, John 1990. The Elements of Buddhism. Shaftesbury: Element.

Zürcher, E. 2007. The Buddhist Conquest of China. The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. Leiden: Brill.

===生词 (Terms and Expressions)===
西域：the Western Regions
高僧：eminent monk
大乘：Mahayana, the Great Vehicle
西方极乐世界：Western Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss
阿弥陀佛：Amitabha, Buddha of infinite light
开悟：to become enlightened
坐禅：to meditate
佛性：Buddhata

===Questions===
1. 哪位皇帝使佛教传入中国？
2. 第一座中国佛教寺庙叫什么？
3. 禅宗的修行法门“念佛”是什么？
4. “佛性”是什么意思？
=第十一周 Session 11 - 缠足 (Foot-binding)=
==摘要 (Abstract)==
在中国传统社会，女人美丽的主要特征之一就是小脚。于是，缠足的习俗出现了——一种极其痛苦的习俗，将脚上的骨头折断，然后用绷带包扎，使其尽可能小。

==引言 (Introduction)==

'''中国传统社会的缠足习俗'''

在传统中国，有一种习俗被称为"缠足"，它在近现代已成为中国女性权益方面的巨大反面教材。这是一种从公元十世纪开始的极其痛苦的实践，目的是使脚尽可能地小。为了进行这个仪式，人们会为女孩准备特殊的饮食，以软化骨头，以便更容易裹绑。实践本身以将脚浸泡在加入不同草药和尿液的水中开始。然后，母亲会用明矾擦拭脚部，以收缩组织并减少出血。接下来，她会修剪指甲并浸湿绷带，当绷带干燥时，会更加紧缩脚部。她会从脚弓开始裹绑，弯曲四个小脚趾并用力旋转。然后，她会用绷带绕过脚后跟，并以一个小环收尾。这个过程需要每四天进行一次，以使脚部更加纤细，绑得更紧。在这个过程中，还需要使用绣花鞋作为必要的工具，其中有专门用于开始和结束过程的不同款式。（杨思蒙 2022, 46-48)

==起源及后果 (Orgins and Consequences)==

在行走过程中，脚弓和骨骼会断裂。如果这种情况没有发生，人们就会将小石块绑在女孩脚上，直到骨骼断裂为止。如果即使这样做也没有成功，或者女孩太小以至于无法行走，母亲会亲自用大石头折断骨骼。毋庸置疑，这个仪式给女性带来了难以形容的痛苦：极大地阻碍了行走，并导致许多健康并发症，甚至死亡。据估计，高达10％的女孩因为这种实践而丧生。在脚被绑好之初，母亲会照料，而成年女性则自己负责。这种习俗的起源并不完全清楚。据说它起源于关于姚宁的传说——她是李后主宫廷的皇妃。（杨兴梅，罗志田1999, 2）

==缠足的目的 ( The Aim of Foot-binding Practice)==

整个痛苦的仪式旨在确保女性将来嫁给一个好丈夫，从而实现社会晋升。被称为"三寸金莲"（因为绑脚的被称为"三寸金莲"）被认为代表女性的品格和价值，似乎证明了她的内在纪律和忍耐痛苦的能力，显示她适合成为一个好母亲。选择潜在配偶时，不会考虑脚大的女性。小脚成为性感的象征，也是男性的恋物对象。此外，绷带和鞋子本身也成为"黄金莲"的情趣元素。（Li Fajun 2022, 674-678)

==缠足的结束 (The End of Foot-binding Practice)==

在1672年的康熙皇帝和1902年的慈禧太后的敕令下，这种实践受到了限制。然而，这个根深蒂固的传统习俗一直延续到20世纪30年代。直到全国范围内进行了"放足"运动后，才停止了这种实践。尽管如此，在农村地区仍有一段时间束缚着女孩们的脚。即使在今天，仍然有极少数女性保留着"三寸金莲"。 (Błaszczyk, Sikora 2015, 123)

==参考资料 References==

A. Błaszczyk, M. Sikora, Kilka uwag o prawno-społecznym statusie kobiet w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej, „Kobieta w prawie i polityce” 2015, nr 9, s. 233

杨思蒙, 从缠足看宋代以后的大众审美观, 今古文创. 2022(32) Page:46-48

杨兴梅，罗志田，近代中国人对女性小脚美的否定 1999, Page: 2

== 生词 Terms and Experessions==

缠足 - foot-binding

"三寸金莲" - lotus feet

绑 - bind,tie

"放足"运动 - Free-foot Movement

==Questions==

1.中国古代缠足的过程是怎样的？
2. 缠足的习俗源自什么传说？
3、什么是“三寸金莲”？
4. 缠足是哪一年开始禁止的？
=第十一周 Session 11 - 鬼怪和辟邪 (Monsters and Exorcism)=
===摘要（Abstract）===
鬼怪在中国文化中扮演着非常重要的角色。人们别无选择，只能寻找各种方法来辟邪他们。
===关键词（Key Words）===
鬼怪，辟邪，文化，恶意，中元节
=== 引言（Introduction） ===
在台湾或中国文化和历史中，有很多关于鬼怪的提及。绝大多数的恶魔生物都对人类怀有恶意。通常鬼怪总想要附身受害者，吞噬他或者给他带来不幸的生活。鬼怪在旧时代的人对世界的看法中有很重要的影响。人们总喜欢用鬼怪来解释不祥现象，不过更有趣是他们发明辟邪的方式。
=== 过年 ===
在中国人的文化有很多提到鬼怪的地方。比如说以前的人们过年的时候做桃符是为了辟开不好的事情，带来家的平安跟好运，还有据说桃木有镇邪驱邪的功效。但是它们很难做，也很贵，并非所有家庭都能负担得起，所以人们开始用纸作的红色春联，现在中国人贴春联在门窗上，作为装饰品，为了给家庭带来幸福和大好运。红色不但表示吉利，而且人们相信红色会帮助辟邪不好的事情。以前在过年的时候人们放鞭炮，目的是赶走山臊，这是一种像猴子一样的怪物。放鞭炮的传统也跟一个叫“年”的怪物有关。每年这个时候这个怪物都会袭击村庄，然后绑架人们的孩子。他们相信这个鬼怪除了鞭炮的响声音什么都不怕。现在人们不再相信鬼怪，但是放鞭炮仍然是华人新年庆祝活动的传统象征。另一个很有趣的是压岁钱的习俗，压岁钱是压制邪祟的钱。人们相信可以贿赂鬼怪，如果他们放钱在孩子床上，有鬼怪来，鬼怪就会只拿钱，不会靠近和伤害孩子，而是自行离开。现在，红包意味家庭成员的繁荣和善意。
=== 插艾草 ===
植物在文化中也发挥了重要的作用。比如说插艾草的习俗。实行这个习俗是为了辟邪和顺便驱蚊子。夏天，尤其是五月，因为天气非常热，所以蚊子很多。以前蚊子带来了很多疾病，医疗不发达，因此古代人们用鬼怪来解释疾病。鬼怪做恶事会影响人们的健康，所以如果人生病，都是鬼怪害的。如果一个人经常生病，他们就认为被鬼怪附体了。因为蚊子不喜欢艾草的味道，插艾草不让蚊子靠近，这样会驱逐蛟虫。现在也有插艾草的习俗，但是没有那么大的附加意义，只是一种习俗。
=== 戴香包 ===
别的一种辟邪鬼怪的方法是戴香包。里面有各种各样的草药，除了艾草，人们还用雄黄和菖蒲的植物，认为这种味道会让鬼怪不靠近。以前的人平常戴香包，妻子送给丈夫（及孩子），希望他平安，比如说他去很远的地方。香包确保辟邪，保护健康。第二个的原因是一般的人不会天天洗澡，所以他们味道真不好，戴香包让味道变得更好。人们感觉非常不方便，所以这是以前的常见的作法。
=== 喝午时水 ===
古代人认为从井拿水来喝是最好的水因为能祛除百病。于是，喝午时水的习俗就产生了。这个习俗跟华人道教和阴阳有关系。夏天来了，太阳表示阳。人类的时间是阳，鬼怪的时间是阴。不同的地方可能被阳气或阴气影响。对古代人来说不能去墓园散步因为在那里阴气很大。如果阳气比较多，鬼怪不会来，身体会健康。如果阴气比较多，一定会发生不好的事情或带来疾病。端午节是一年之中白天最长，晚上最短的时间，阳气最重的，所以从井喝午时水去除不好的影响，让人健康和辟邪鬼怪。
=== 中元节 ===
中元节跟道教有关，是超度亡灵的节日。普渡是农历七月十五号，传统上七月是鬼月。中元节不同的是祭拜的对象是鬼，不是神。祭拜灵鬼的原因是让过世的人去他们应该去的地方，超度他们。佛教认为每个人都一样，都可以接受这种普渡。在华人的观点，吃饱非常重要。饿鬼对人类一定会做不好的事情。饿鬼吃饱满足以后就会很开心，对给他们吃的主家不会做不好的事情。普渡的目的就是超度亡灵，祈求平安。现在普渡只是个习俗，没有人真的相信。
=== 结论 Conclusion ===
在过去，当人们遇到不好的事情时，他们常常责怪鬼怪。在医学还不够发达的时代，人们在寻找解决办法来解释没有明显答案的事情。驱邪的方法多种多样，从放鞭炮到在窗户上挂气味浓烈的植物，现在对现代人来说似乎很遥远的事情对古代人来说却有道理和深刻的意义。
=== 参考资料 References ===
Zwoliński A. Satanizm. Polskie Wydawnictwo Encyklopedyczne Polwen, 2007.

Eliade M. Aspekty mitu. Wydawnictwo KR, Warszawa 1998.

Pimpaaneau J., Chine. Culture et traditions, Chiny, kultura i tradycje. Tłum. I. Kałużyńska, Dialog , Warszawa, 2000.

Wasiliew L ., Kulty religie i tradycje Chin, przekł. A . Bogdański, PIW, Warszawa 1974.

== 问题 (Questions) ==
1. 为什么人们想出各种方法来消灭蚊子？
2. 蚊子害怕什么气味？
3. 为什么人们要在中午喝井里的水？
4. 中元节是什么时候？

=第十二周 Session 12 - 中医植物 (Herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine)=
=== 摘要（Abstract）===
本文是关于中药的，植物在中药中起着非常重要的作用。尽管现代医学已经发展出许多先进的治疗方法，但中药植物仍在许多地方广泛使用，并在一些领域得到了科学研究的支持。本章选取了几种常见的中药植物，并对它们的用途进行了说明。
=== 关键词（Key Words）===
中医植物，中医，中医学，中药，药物，传统医药学
=== 引言（Introduction）===
中药是在中医理论指导下应用的药物。由于其来源包括植物、动物和矿物，椬物类药比例最多，使用也最普遍。中药涵义广泛，主要分为中药材（中草药和中药饮片）和中药制剂，包含传统临床制剂（丸、散、膏、丹、汤等）、中成药、供配伍用中药颗粒等。中药传统称为本草、生药等。目前，日韩等地仍称中药为汉药或汉方药。
=== 植物 —— 发展 (Plants - Development) ===
中医学是中国传统医学的重要组成部分，其中植物在中医疗法中扮演着重要的角色。中医植物指的是用于中医治疗的各种植物材料，包括根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子等。中医将人体看成是形、神、气的统一体，并且按照这一理念进行治疗，这是其与西医的一个重要区别。这种治疗方法已在中国使用了数千年。在药物之中，药草类（药用的植物）占绝大多数，人类在寻找食物的同时，发现了许多具有治疗作用的植物。各味药多遵循中医药理论组成各种方剂来应用和验证，加以总结，逐渐形成中国的传统医药学，也同时形成中国对药用植物使用的特点和优势。

中医学是中国传统医学的重要组成部分，其中植物在中医疗法中扮演着重要的角色。中医植物指的是用于中医治疗的各种植物材料，包括根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子等。中医将人体看成是形、神、气的统一体，并且按照这一理念进行治疗，这是其与西医的一个重要区别。这种治疗方法已在中国使用了数千年。药物之中因草类（药用植物 <---去掉“的” Świeboda）占绝大多数，人类在寻找食物的同时，发现了许多具有治疗作用的植物。各味药多遵循中医药理论组成各种方剂来应用和验证，加以总结，逐渐形成中国的传统医药学，也同时形成中国对药用植物使用的特点和优势。

=== 植物 —— 化合物 (Plants - Compounds) ===
所有植物都产生化学化合物，这些化合物具有进化优势。这些植物化学物质具有作为药物的潜力，如科学证实，这些物质在药用植物中的含量和已知的药理活性是它们在现代医学中使用的科学依据。例如，水仙（Narcissus）含有九组生物碱，包括加兰他敏，许可用于治疗阿尔茨海默症，此外，生物碱是苦味和有毒的，并且浓缩在植物的部分，例如最容易被食草动物吃掉的茎，它们也可以防止寄生虫。虽然现代医学已经发展了许多先进的治疗方法，但中医植物在许多地方仍然被广泛使用，并且在一些领域中得到了科学研究的支持。

所有植物都产生化学化合物，这些化合物具有进化优势。这些植物化学物质具有作为药物的潜力，如果科学证实，这些物质在药用植物中的含量和已知的药理活性是他们（它们 Świeboda）在现代医学中使用的科学依据。例如，水仙（Narcissus）含有九组生物碱，包括加兰他敏，许可用于治疗阿尔茨海默症，再加上，生物碱是苦味和有毒的，并且浓缩在植物的部分，例如最容易被食草动物吃掉的茎，他们（它们）也可以防止寄生虫。虽然现代医学已经发展了许多先进的治疗方法，但中医植物在许多地方仍然被广泛使用，并且在一些领域中得到了科学研究的支持。

=== 植物 —— 使用（例子) (Plants - use (examples)) ===
与西方一样，也有许多标准混合物和药物可供使用。以下是一些常见的中医植物及其应用：

1. 人参（Panax ginseng）：人参是最著名的中药之一，被用于提高体力、增强免疫力、改善记忆和注意力等方面。

2. 田七（Panax notoginseng）：田七具有活血化瘀、止血、消肿等功效，常用于中医治疗创伤、出血以及心脑血管疾病等。

3. 黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus）：黄芪被广泛应用于中医药领域，具有补气、提升免疫力、益气补阳的作用, 改善疲劳等功效。

4. 当归（Angelica sinensis）：当归常用于妇科疾病的治疗，如调理月经、缓解经痛等，也常用于补血、活血的方剂中。

5. 丹参（Salvia miltiorrhiza）：丹参具有活血化瘀、消肿止痛等作用，常用于中医治疗心脑血管疾病、炎症等。

6. 五味子（Schisandra chinensis）：五味子被用作中药调剂剂型的重要成分，常用于增强肝脏功能、改善睡眠和抗衰老。

7. 党参（Codonopsis pilosula）：党参具有益气健脾、提升免疫力等功效，常用于中医治疗脾胃虚弱、疲劳等症状。

8. 白芍（Alba peony）：白芍具有活血化瘀、调经止痛的作用，常被用于妇科问题和痛经的治疗。

=== 结论（Conclusion）===
这只是一小部分现代中医常用的植物，还有许多其他植物在中医实践中被广泛应用。重要的是要理解，中医植物的使用需要经过专业的中医医生的指导和判断，以确保安全和有效性。在考虑使用中医植物进行治疗时，建议咨询专业的中医医生。

这只是一小部分现代中医常用的植物，还有许多其他植物在中医（应该是“在中医中” Świeboda）实践中被广泛应用。重要的是要理解，中医植物的使用需要经过专业的中医医生的指导和判断，以确保安全和有效性。在考虑使用中医植物进行治疗时，建议咨询专业的中医医生。

=== 参考资料（References）===

Kierzkowski, K. Poszukiwanie nowych sposobów leczenia wobec zagrożeń cywilizacyjnych. O współczesnej wartości tradycyjnej medycyny chińskiej.

Park, H. Tradycyjna medycyna chińska: wiosenne przebudzenie.

Fibich, K. (2012). Tradycyjna Medycyna Chińska oczami Europejczyków. Studium recepcji nowości kulturowych.

Hong Kong Baptist University 2022, Medicinal Plant Database URL: https://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/outline?lang=ch&page=2&channelid=1288&ispage=yes&trslc=50332160.1688399549.1

=== 问题 (Questions) ===
1. 中药涵义广泛是什么？

2. 中医是如何治疗人体的？

3. 哪种植物被批准用于治疗阿尔茨海默病？

4. 白芍是用来做什么的？
=第十二周 Session 12 - 广东的文化饮食习惯：广东人为何爱吃野味？ The tradition of eating wild animals in Guangdong=

===摘要 (Abstract)===

食用野生动物是广州传统饮食文化的重要组成部分。本文分析了导致这一习俗普及的文化和社会因素。

===引言 (Introduction)===

传统饮食习俗是广州文化遗产的重要组成部分，这一被称为“美食之地”的南方省份的美食闻名于全国。广州烹饪传统的一个重要元素是野生动物的肉。然而，随着人们逐渐意识到食用野生动物的危害，广东人对野味的喜爱引起了很大争议。本文将探讨野味在广东流行的文化和社会原因。

===传统中医药文化 (The Culture of Traditional Chinese Medicine)===

在许多亚洲社会，特别是在偏远贫困的农村地区，中国传统医学的理论与实践仍然是日常生活中不可或缺的一部分（周珺 2013）。中医的坚定支持者认为可以通过人的内力和中草药、补品等来平衡人体健康。许多种治疗方法采用活的与死的野生动物，包含稀有濒危动植物的成分。中医在广州地区的广泛流行与其热带气候紧密相关。在炎热潮湿的气候下，极易传播疾病，过去生活比在其它地方更不容易。因此，土生的广东人惯于通过传统药物和食物来调节人体健康，治疗及预防疾病，包括有野生动物制成的药物（宋雪梅 2004）。

===野味有营养价值的误解 (Misconceptions about the nutritional value of wild animals)===

许多野味爱好者认为，野生动物的肉是一种对身体更加健康、更加有营养的养殖动物肉的代替。不过，这个观点至今尚未得到证实。与此相反，专家们称，目前尚无证据表明野味比饲料喂养的肉类动物更有营养或滋补功效。华南理工大学食品学院教授、博士生导师郑健仙认为，“野味并不像想象中那么神秘，它也只是一种动物性食品，营养含量无非是蛋白质、脂肪等，在营养上并不比普通的饲养动物更有优势。” （宋雪梅 2004）几项研究证实了几乎所有的野生动物都携带大量寄生虫与病毒，这是众所周知的事实。当野物肉一进入人体，就会易引发各类严重疾病，甚至可导致死亡。为了保住肉的鲜美和营养，不少广东人爱吃半生不熟的，有些做法甚至就是生吃，其结果是将微生物、病毒和寄生虫都引入体内（中历史网 2018）。

半部分还是宋雪梅说的吧？需要补充
黄旭明

===展示高地和财富 (Showing high position and wealth)===

专家们认为，在广州食野味逐渐成为人们摆阔的方式之一。吃野肉，请别人吃野肉都是公开展示财富和高地位的一种常用方法。以前广东地区曾经很贫困，当地百姓只能 “逮到什么吃什么”。随着社会经济的迅速发展和科学技术的全面进步，野生动物的肉在人们的意识中成为了高档的美味。省社科院经济学专家刘毅称道，“野味在过去可能并不值钱，但因为吃的人多了，加上生态环境受到严重破坏，野味变得越来越贵，最初人们可能比较重视它的滋补效果和口感，到后来，它开始成为人们显阔的方式之一。（宋雪梅 2004）” 除了以上的传统文化的因素以外，几位记者的调查显示，提供野味菜肴的政府宴会是常见的。在公务接待中，不乏有政府部门知法犯法，请人吃禾花雀、穿山甲等野生动物的行为（周珺 2013）。

语法出了一些问题（...素以外，几位记者的调查，提供野...）
黄旭明

===结论 (Conclusion)===

吃野生动物深深植根于广州文化中，而伴随着文化的进化，变成为一种保持健康，显示身份的方式。人们对野肉的营养和健康特性的误解尤其在农村地区是很普遍的。农村人主要依靠中医治愈疾病，他们认为以野生动物肉可以治疗许多疾病和健康问题。此外，在过去的几十年里，野生动物的肉已经成为了一种奢侈的食品，可以用来展示一个人的社会地位和财富。上述例子表明，野味在广东的流行主要是由文化因素和社会对潜在的损害和威胁的认识不足所决定的。

===参考资料 (References)===

宋雪梅 2004. 探源：广东人为何嗜吃野味专家学者众说纷纭 [online] https://www.chinanews.com.cn/n/2004-01-07/26/389066.html

周珺 2013. 专家称吃野味成为人们显身份摆阔方式之一 [online] https://news.jxnews.com.cn/system/2013/02/09/012286286.shtml

中历史网 2018. 广东人为什么爱吃野味？[online] https://www.y5000.com/shbt/dcsh/28025.html

===关键词 (Key words)===

野味，中医，广东，饮食文化

===生词 (Terms and Expressions)===

野味 bush meat
稀有濒危动植物 rare and endangered animals and plants
显阔 show off wealth and status
寄生虫 parasites

===问题 (Questions)===

1.对传统中医来说，怎样可以平衡人体健康？
2.根据目前的科学知识，野生动物肉比养殖动物肉对身体更有营养吗？
3.吃野味对身体有什么危害？
4.为什么野味成为了奢侈的食品？

=Syllabus=
<p class="s2">Educational subject description sheet</p>
<h1>Basic information</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Field of study</p>
<p class="s4">Sinologia</p>
<p class="s3">Speciality</p>
<p class="s4">-</p>
<p class="s3">Department</p>
<p class="s4">Faculty of Modern Languages and Literatures</p>
<p class="s3">Study level</p>
<p class="s4">Second-cycle programme</p>
<p class="s3">Study form</p>
<p class="s4">Full-time</p>
<p class="s3">Education proﬁle</p>
<p class="s4">General academic</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Didactic cycle</p>
<p class="s4">2023/24</p>
<p class="s3">Subject code</p>
<p class="s4">09SNLS.23K.03201.23</p>
<p class="s3">Lecture languages</p>
<p class="s4">Chinese</p>
<p class="s3">Mandatory</p>
<p class="s4">Obligatory</p>
<p class="s3">Block</p>
<p class="s4">Major subjects</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Subject coordinator</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Hsiu-Ting Yu</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Lecturer</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Hsiu-Ting Yu</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Period</h2>
<p>Semester 1</p>
<h2>Activities and hours</h2>
<p>• Conversatory classes: 30, Graded credit</p>
<h2>Number of</h2>
<h2>ECTS points</h2>
<p><span><img
src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_002.png"
width="681" height="55"></span><br>
2<br>
<span><img src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_003.png"
width="681" height="55"></span></p>
<h2>Period</h2>
<p>Semester 2</p>
<h2>Activities and hours</h2>
<p>• Conversatory classes: 30, Exam</p>
<h2>Number of</h2>
<h2>ECTS points</h2>
<p>3<br>
<span><img src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_004.png"
width="682" height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">1 / 6</p>
<h1>Goals</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Code</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Goal</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">C1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Presentation and discussion on selected topics
in the ﬁeld of traditional Chinese culture, art and
theater - from the Zhou Dynasty to the end of the Qing
Dynasty - in relation to the phenomena in contemporary
Chinese culture, art and theater.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">C2</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Developing the ability to independently read
and analyse selected texts, understand discussed issues,
deepen individual knowledge and compare distant phenomena
in time.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Entry requirements</h1>
<p><span><img
src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_005.png"
width="6" height="5"></span><br>
Completed courses in the history of China and the history of
Chinese literature.<br>
<span><img src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_006.png"
width="6" height="5"></span><br>
Fluent reading comprehension of Chinese texts at the B2 level of
the Common European Framework of Reference for<br>
Languages.</p>
<h1>Subject's learning outcomes</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Code</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Outcomes in terms of</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Learning outcomes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Examination methods</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Knowledge – Student:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">has knowledge of selected aspects of Chinese
culture, art, theater, drama and aesthetics</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W02</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written exam, Written colloquium, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">W2</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">recognizes connections between culture, art,
theater and drama of ancient and present China</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W02, SNL_K2_W08</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written exam, Written colloquium, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">W3</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">understands the idea of continuity of
tradition and its modern interpretations and continuations</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W08</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written exam, Written colloquium, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Skills – Student:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">U1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">performs critical analyzes of cultural texts
in Chinese</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_U02</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written exam, Written colloquium, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">U2</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">participates in discussions on topics related
to Chinese culture, presents own views and correctly
arguing</p>
<p class="s4">them</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_U06</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written exam, Written colloquium, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Social competences – Student:</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">understands the meaning of high culture and
the need to promote the development of international
cultural exchange</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_K05, SNL_K2_K08</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Written exam, Written colloquium, Multimedia
presentation</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Study content</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">No.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Course content</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Subject's learning outcomes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">1.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Categories of time and space in ancient
Chinese culture</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><span><img
src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_007.png"
width="682" height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">2 / 6</p>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">2.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Traditional Chinese painting and its
contemporary continuations</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">3.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Traditional Chinese calligraphy and modern
calligraphy</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">4.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Aesthetics of Chinese traditional poetry</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">5.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Aesthetics of Chinese traditional musical
theater and its reference in avant-garde drama</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">6.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Space, line and theatricality in ancient
Chinese garden art and modern shaping of the urban
landscape</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">7.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Stylization, conventionality and symbolism in
traditional Chinese culture</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">8.</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Aesthetization and celebration of everyday
life in ancient China and today</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">W1, W2, W3, U1, U2, K1</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h1>Course advanced</h1>
<h2>Semester 1</h2>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Teaching and learning methods and activities</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversation lecture, Discussion, Work with
text, Audio and/or video demonstrations</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Credit conditions</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Attendance at classes is mandatory. The ﬁrst
semester of the course is passed on the basis of a written
test.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Semester 2</h2>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Teaching and learning methods and activities</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversation lecture, Discussion, Work with
text, Audio and/or video demonstrations</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activities</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Credit conditions</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The second semester of the course is passed on
the basis of preparation of a multimedia presentation and
a written exam.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><span><img
src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_008.png"
width="682" height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">3 / 6</p>
<h1>Literature</h1>
<h2>Obligatory</h2>
<p>1. Chinese texts on culture, ﬁne arts and aesthetics are provided
during classes by the teacher.</p>
<h2>Optional</h2>
<p>1.<br>
2.<br>
3.<br>
4.<br>
5.<br>
6.<br>
7.<br>
8.<br>
9.<br>
10.<br>
11.<br>
12.<br>
13.<br>
14.<br>
15.<br>
16.<br>
Witold Rodziński, Historia Chin, Wrocław 1974 – rozdziały
poświęcone kulturze, literaturze, nauce chińskiej od dyn. Zhou do
Qing.<br>
John King Fairbank, Historia Chin. Nowe spojrzenie, Gdańsk 1996.
Patricia Buckley Ebrey , Ilustrowana historia Chin, Warszawa 2002.<br>
Laurence Sickman, Aleksander Soper, Sztuka i architektura w
Chinach, Warszawa 1984. Craig Clunas, Art In China, Oxford 1997.<br>
5000 lat sztuki chińskiej [album], Warszawa 2014.<br>
Adina Zemanek (red.), Estetyka chińska . Antologia, Kraków 2007,
Universitas. JeeLoo Liu, Wprowadzenie do ﬁlozoﬁi chińskiej, Kraków
2010.<br>
Hajime Nakamura, Systemy myślenia ludów Wschodu, Kraków 2003.
Benjamin I. Schwartz, Starożytna myśl chińska, Kraków 2009.<br>
Livia Kohn, Taoizm. Wprowadzenie, Kraków 2012.<br>
Xinzhong Yao, Konfucjanizm. Wprowadzenie, Kraków 2000. Francois
Jullien, Drogą okrężną i wprost do celu, Kraków 2006. Francois
Jullien, Pochwała nieokreśloności, Kraków 2006.<br>
William Dolby, A History of Chinese Drama, London 1976, Paul Elek.<br>
Izabella Łabędzka, Obrzędowy teatr Dalekiego Wschodu, Poznań 1999,
Wyd. UAM.</p>
<h1>Calculation of ECTS points</h1>
<h2>Semester 1</h2>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activity form</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activity hours*</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">30</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation for classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">10</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Reading the indicated literature</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">10</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation for the assessment</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">10</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Student workload</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Hours</p>
<p class="s4">60</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Number of ECTS points</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">ECTS</p>
<p class="s4">2</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>* hour means 45 minutes</p>
<h2>Semester 2</h2>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activity form</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Activity hours*</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Conversatory classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">30</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation for classes</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">10</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><span><img
src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_009.png"
width="682" height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">4 / 6</p>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Reading the indicated literature</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">20</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation of a multimedia presentation</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">15</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">Preparation for the exam</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">15</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Student workload</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Hours</p>
<p class="s4">90</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Number of ECTS points</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">ECTS</p>
<p class="s4">3</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>* hour means 45 minutes<br>
<span><img src="kultura-chinska-09snls-23k-03201-23/Image_010.png"
width="682" height="1"></span></p>
<p class="s5">5 / 6</p>
<h1>Learning outcomes</h1>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s3">Code</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s3">Content</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_K05</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate is ready to aktywnego działania w
społecznościach wielokulturowych i międzynarodowych na
rzecz rozwoju wymiany kulturalnej w interesie publicznym w
stopniu zaawansowanym.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_K08</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate is ready to doceniania dorobku
sinologii w zakresie zachowania dziedzictwa kulturowego
Azji</p>
<p class="s4">Wschodniej i uczestnictwo w działaniach na
rzecz jego rozwoju.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_U02</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate can dobierać odpowiednie źródła i
udostępniane przez nie informacje, dokonywać ich oceny,
krytycznej analizy, syntezy i wykorzystywać w optymalny
sposób.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_U06</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate can komunikować się w języku
chińskim na tematy specjalistyczne ze zróżnicowanymi
kręgami odbiorców przy użyciu różnych kanałów i technik
komunikacyjnych.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W02</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate knows and understands w
pogłębionym stopniu wybrane fakty, pojęcia i kluczowe
zagadnienia z językoznawstwa, literaturoznawstwa i badań
interdyscyplinarnych w obszarze sinologii.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p class="s4">SNL_K2_W08</p>
</td>
<td>
<p class="s4">The graduate knows and understands w
pogłębionym stopniu fundamentalne dylematy i wyzwania
współczesnej cywilizacji związane z językami, literaturą i
kulturą Azji Wschodniej.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>