China Studies Wiki - User contributions [en]

User:Wu Hongping

2025-12-21T11:32:19Z

Wu Hongping:

My name is Wu Hongping. I am a student studying in Hunan Normal University now, majoring in English. As a freshman here, I am looking forward to a happy and colorful life in these three years.I hope I can make many more new friends and improve myself in study and confidence. In this class, I hope to know more about Chinese culture and western culture through all presentations here.
==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.

Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.

The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.

It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.
====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.

3. Baidu Encyclopedia
===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".

2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.

3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.

4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".

5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.

6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.

7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.

8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.

9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.
===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?

2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?

3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?
===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.

2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.

3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.
==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。

大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。

大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。

由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。
====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。
====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.

3.百度百科
===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”

2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式

3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日

4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”

5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度

6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者

7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所

8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体

9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式
===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？

2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？

3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？
===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。

2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。

3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

User:Wu Hongping

2025-12-21T11:28:04Z

Wu Hongping:

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:29:57Z

Wu Hongping: /* 期末论文 */

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:29:46Z

Wu Hongping: /* Final Exam Paper */

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。

大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。

大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。

====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。

====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.

3.百度百科

===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”

2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式

3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日

4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”

5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度

6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者

7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所

8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体

9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式

===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？

2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？

3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？

===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。

2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。

3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:04:38Z

Wu Hongping: /* 答案 */

==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.

Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.

The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.

It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.

====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.

3. Baidu Encyclopedia

===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".

2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.

3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.

4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".

5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.

6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.

7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.

8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.

9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.

===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?

2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?

3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?

===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.

2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.

3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。

大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。

大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。

====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。

====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.

3.百度百科

===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”

2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式

3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日

4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”

5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度

6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者

7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所

8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体

9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式

===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？

2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？

3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？

===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。

2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。

3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:04:15Z

Wu Hongping: /* 问题 */

==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.

Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.

The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.

It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.

====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.

3. Baidu Encyclopedia

===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".

2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.

3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.

4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".

5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.

6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.

7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.

8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.

9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.

===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?

2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?

3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?

===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.

2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.

3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。

大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。

大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。

====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。

====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.

3.百度百科

===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”

2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式

3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日

4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”

5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度

6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者

7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所

8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体

9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式

===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？

2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？

3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？

===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。
2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。
3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:04:02Z

Wu Hongping: /* 术语 */

==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.

Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.

The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.

It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.

====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.

3. Baidu Encyclopedia

===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".

2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.

3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.

4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".

5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.

6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.

7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.

8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.

9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.

===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?

2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?

3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?

===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.

2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.

3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。

大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。

大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。

====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。

====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.

3.百度百科

===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”

2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式

3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日

4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”

5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度

6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者

7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所

8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体

9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式

===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？
2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？
3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？
===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。
2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。
3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:03:32Z

Wu Hongping: /* 参考文献 */

==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.

Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.

The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.

It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.

====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.

3. Baidu Encyclopedia

===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".

2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.

3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.

4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".

5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.

6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.

7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.

8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.

9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.

===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?

2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?

3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?

===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.

2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.

3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。

大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。

大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。

====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。

====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.

3.百度百科

===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”
2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式
3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日
4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”
5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度
6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者
7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所
8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体
9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式
===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？
2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？
3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？
===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。
2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。
3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:03:13Z

Wu Hongping: /* 动作与形式 */

==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.

Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.

The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.

It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.

====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.

3. Baidu Encyclopedia

===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".

2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.

3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.

4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".

5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.

6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.

7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.

8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.

9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.

===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?

2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?

3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?

===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.

2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.

3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。

大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。

大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。

====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。

====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.
2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.
3.百度百科
===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”
2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式
3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日
4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”
5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度
6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者
7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所
8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体
9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式
===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？
2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？
3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？
===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。
2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。
3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:03:00Z

Wu Hongping: /* 起源与民俗 */

==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.

Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.

The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.

It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.

====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.

3. Baidu Encyclopedia

===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".

2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.

3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.

4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".

5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.

6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.

7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.

8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.

9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.

===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?

2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?

3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?

===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.

2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.

3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。

大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。

大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。

====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。
====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.
2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.
3.百度百科
===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”
2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式
3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日
4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”
5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度
6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者
7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所
8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体
9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式
===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？
2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？
3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？
===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。
2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。
3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:02:43Z

Wu Hongping: /* Answers */

==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.

Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.

The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.

It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.

====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.

3. Baidu Encyclopedia

===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".

2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.

3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.

4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".

5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.

6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.

7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.

8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.

9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.

===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?

2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?

3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?

===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.

2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.

3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。
大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。
大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。
====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。
====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.
2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.
3.百度百科
===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”
2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式
3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日
4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”
5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度
6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者
7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所
8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体
9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式
===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？
2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？
3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？
===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。
2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。
3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:02:13Z

Wu Hongping: /* Terms */

==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.

Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.

The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.

It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.

====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.

3. Baidu Encyclopedia

===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".

2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.

3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.

4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".

5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.

6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.

7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.

8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.

9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.

===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?

2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?

3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?

===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.
2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.
3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。
大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。
大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。
====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。
====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.
2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.
3.百度百科
===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”
2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式
3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日
4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”
5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度
6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者
7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所
8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体
9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式
===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？
2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？
3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？
===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。
2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。
3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:01:24Z

Wu Hongping: /* Questions */

==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.

Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.

The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.

It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.

====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.

3. Baidu Encyclopedia

===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".
2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.
3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.
4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".
5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.
6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.
7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.
8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.
9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.
===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?

2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?

3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?

===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.
2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.
3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。
大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。
大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。
====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。
====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.
2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.
3.百度百科
===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”
2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式
3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日
4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”
5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度
6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者
7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所
8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体
9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式
===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？
2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？
3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？
===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。
2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。
3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:01:04Z

Wu Hongping: /* References */

==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.

Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.

The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.

It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.

====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.

2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.

3. Baidu Encyclopedia

===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".
2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.
3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.
4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".
5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.
6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.
7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.
8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.
9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.
===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?
2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?
3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?
===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.
2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.
3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。
大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。
大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。
====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。
====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.
2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.
3.百度百科
===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”
2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式
3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日
4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”
5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度
6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者
7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所
8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体
9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式
===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？
2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？
3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？
===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。
2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。
3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-18T13:00:32Z

Wu Hongping: /* Origin and custom */

==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.

Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.

The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.

It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.

====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.
2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.
3. Baidu Encyclopedia
===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".
2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.
3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.
4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".
5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.
6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.
7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.
8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.
9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.
===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?
2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?
3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?
===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.
2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.
3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。
大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。
大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。
====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。
====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.
2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.
3.百度百科
===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”
2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式
3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日
4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”
5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度
6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者
7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所
8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体
9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式
===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？
2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？
3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？
===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。
2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。
3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-14T10:06:15Z

Wu Hongping: /* Final Exam Paper */

==Final Exam Paper==
===Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance)===
====Introduction====
The Tujia people are good at singing and dancing, who call themselves "Bizika", which means "local people" in Tujia language. People of this ethnic group will perform an extremely representative traditional dance called "Sheba Ri" during the Tujia New Year. "Sheba" is translated into Chinese as "waving hands", and "Ri" as "doing", so "Sheba Ri" can be freely translated as "hand-waving dance"[1]. It originally was a form of sacrifice and praying for the Tujia people. A large number of people gather together, waving their hands rhythmically and in unison. Their movements are powerful yet agile, bringing much joy and vitality to them. Hand-waving Dance carries the collective memory and folk customs of the Tujia people, embodies the people's yearning for a better life, and shows an important way of social entertainment and cultural inheritance.
====Origin and custom====
The Hand-waving Dance is deeply rooted in the ancient sacrificial culture of the Tujia people, with a history of over 2,000 years. In Yongshun County,
Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province, there is a Tujia village called Shuangfengqi, where the local people still use the Tujia language. Some of these locals believe that the origin of the Hand-waving Dance is related to a war. In this ancient war, to lure the enemy into the territory, the Tusi king ordered the local people to dance and sing. When the enemy was attracted to watch the singing and dancing, the king sent people to capture them, and finally won the war. Later generations, in commemoration of this victory, initiated the Hand-waving Dance[1]. This also proves that the origin of the dance is related to war.
Numerous ancient texts record that the ancient Hand-waving Dance was a sacrificial dance performed by the Tujia people after hunting and harvesting, with an aim to thank heaven, earth and their ancestors. It can be divided into "Grand Hand-waving Dance" and "Small Hand-waving Dance" based on the number of dancers. The former involves hundreds or even thousands of participants, while the latter involves dozens to a hundred people. Every year during the Lunar New Year (in the first lunar month) and Qingming Festival (in the third lunar month), the Tujia people gather in front of the "Baishoutang"( Hall of Hand-waving) to perform the Dance, with the event lasting three to five days. While performing the dance, the Tujia people sing "Baishou Songs" to trace their ethnic origins, migration history, and praise the arduous pioneering spirit of their ancestors in founding the community.
The Grand Hand-waving Dance is large in scale. When dancing, men and women form teams, holding dragon and phoenix flags, wearing Xilan Kapu (traditional Tujia brocade), blowing ox horns, earthen horns, and suonas, and setting off three-eyed cannons. The Tujia elder leads the way into the Baishoutang, carrying a copper bell and a ritual knife, wearing a tall hat and an eight-panel skirt. During the dance, symbolic movements resembling soldiers going to war are performed, including thrusting and confrontation. Because it is associated with receiving the inspection of ancestors, the large hand-waving dance inevitably evokes a sense of frenzy and fervor. If these elements were removed, it would undoubtedly be a magnificent sporting and artistic activity. The small hand-waving dance, also known as the farming dance, is smaller in scale and simpler in form. Its content includes sweeping the ground in the first lunar month; cutting grass, inviting the blacksmith, making farm tools, and digging soil in the second month; plowing fields in the third month; sowing seeds in the fourth month; transplanting rice seedlings and weeding in the fifth month; weeding twice in the sixth month; threshing rice in the seventh month; carrying corn in the eighth month; breaking down the cattle pen in the ninth month; planting wheat in the tenth month; hunting in the eleventh month; and preparing for the New Year in the twelfth month. The small hand-waving dance is led by the person presiding over the sacrificial ceremony, with one person playing the drum and gong. Participants form a circle, dancing while turning. By incorporating elements of the Tujia people's production and daily life, its form is more life-like, entertaining, and popular, making the dance more widely practiced.
It can be seen that the Hand-waving Dance is closely related to the traditional customs of the Tujia people. Over time, it has gradually evolved from a purely religious ritual into a folk art that reflects the life and beliefs of the people, and has gradually shed its sacrificial procedures into an entertaining dance.
====Movements and Forms====
The characteristics of the Baishou dance are its simple yet rhythmic movements, with the waving of hands as the core, accompanied by steady steps against the backdrop of music. The dancers mainly move in circles or in formations, with men and women holding hands, swinging their hands up and down, left and right. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery. There is a segment called "Brother and Sister Getting Married", which narrates the myths and legends about human reproduction and vividly shows the ancient consanguineous marriage in people's memory[2]. The accompaniment relies on traditional instruments such as drums, gongs, and flutes. The overall style is both cheerful and solemn, which not only reflects the diligence of the Tujia people, but also contains their awe of nature and ancestors. In addition to sacrifice and commemoration, the development process of the Hand-waving dance also records the historical process of the nation's development.
====Distribution and Inheritance====
Today, the Hand-waving Dance is mainly prevalent in Xiangxi of Hunan Province (including Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun, Guzhang and other counties) and Laifeng County in Hubei Province[2]. Among them, Laifeng County is one of the core areas of inheritance. Thanks to its unique geographical environment and rich cultural traditions, the county has completely preserved the original features of the Dance. Local elders have passed down the dance movements, songs and related customs from generation to generation. Some schools even use the Dance in students' recess exercises. As an important part of China's intangible cultural heritage, the Hand-waving Dance has always been cherished and promoted by all sectors of society, and plays an important role in maintaining and inheriting the Tujia culture.
===References===
1. Yuan Ge. A Study on the Origin of the Tujia Baishou Dance [J]. Social Scientist, 2004 (3): 74-75.
2. Editorial Department of the Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances. Collection of Chinese Ethnic Folk Dances · Hunan Volume (Part 1) [Z]. China Dance Press. 1991.
3. Baidu Encyclopedia
===Terms===
1. Bizika: A Tujia language word, directly translated into Chinese as "Tujia".
2. Hand-waving Dance(Baishou Dance): A traditional folk dance of the Tujia people, originating from sacrificial rituals.
3. Tujia New Year: The biggest Tujia celebration. Also known as "Guogannian", it coincides with Chinese New Year ( Spring Festival , between January 21 and February 20 on the Western calendar) and is generally celebrated one day earlier than the true date. Each family butchers a pig, makes mung bean noodles, cooks sticky rice wine, make wine.
4. Sheba Ri: The Tujia name for the Hand-waving Dance, meaning "dancing in reverence for the gods".
5. Tusi: A special political system in China, where successive feudal dynasties ruled over ethnic minority areas by granting hereditary titles to local leaders.
6. Tusi King: Based on legends about historical figures, the Tusi King is often depicted as a ruler who, after possessing extraordinary skills and eliminating evil for the people, was granted a title by imperial decree.
7. Baishoutang: A traditional Tujia venue used for worshipping ancestors and performing the Hand-waving Dance.
8. Baishou Song: Also known as "Sheba Song", it is a song sung during the traditional Hand-waving Dance, serving as an important cultural carrier for worshipping ancestors and praying for a good harvest.
9. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Cultural practices, traditions, and art forms passed down through generations.
===Questions===
1.What is the original purpose of Baishou Dance?
2.What movements and art forms are combined in Baishou Dance?
3.Where is Baishou Dance mainly inherited and popular today?
===Answers===
1.Its original purpose was to worship ancestors, pray for good harvests, and seek blessings for the community.
2.It combines rhythmic hand-waving movements, steady steps, singing, music (from drums, gongs, flutes, etc.), and dramatic elements. The dance movements imitate daily labor scenes such as rice planting, plowing, and weaving, as well as historical battle scenes including archery.
3.It is mainly popular in western Hunan (Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun counties) and Laifeng County, Hubei, with Shemihu Village in Baifusi Town as a key inheritance site.

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。
大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。
大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。
====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。
====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.
2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.
3.百度百科
===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”
2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式
3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日
4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”
5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度
6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者
7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所
8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体
9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式
===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？
2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？
3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？
===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。
2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。
3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

Talk:Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-12-14T10:02:07Z

Wu Hongping: /* 期末论文 */

==Final Exam Paper==

==期末论文==
===摆手舞===
====引言====
土家族是一个能歌善舞的民族，自称为“毕兹卡”，意思是“本地人”。本族人在“年节”上都要跳一种极富代表性的传统舞蹈——“舍巴日”。“舍巴”译为汉语“摆手”，“日”译为“做”，故“舍巴日”可以意译为“摆手舞”[1]。它原本是土家族人祭祀、祈祷活动的一种形式，众人齐聚一堂，有节奏地整齐挥舞双手，动作刚劲有力又不失灵动，满是欢乐与活力，承载着土家族的集体记忆与民俗风情，凝聚着族人对美好生活的向往，也是社交娱乐、传承文化的重要方式。
====起源与民俗====
摆手舞深深植根于土家族古老的祭祀文化，其历史可以追溯至2000多年前。湖南湘西土家族苗族自治州的永顺县有一个土家族山寨叫双风栖,至今当地人还会使用土家语,在他们看来摆手舞的起源于一场战争。在这场古代战争中,为诱敌深入,土司王下令让当地百姓跳舞唱歌,等到敌人被引来观看歌舞时,土司王便派人将敌人捉住,最终取得战争的胜利，后来的人们为纪念这一胜利,便兴起了摆手舞[1]。这也证明土家族摆手舞的起源与战争有关联。
大量的古籍资料记载了古老的摆手舞是土家族在狩猎劳作收获之后,用于谢天地、祖先的祭祀舞蹈。根据跳舞者数量的多少可以分为“大摆手舞”和“小摆手舞”,数百上千人参加的谓之“大摆手舞”，数十上百人参加的则是后者。土家族人在每年正月新春、三月清明,集合到“摆手堂”前跳摆手舞，活动时间为三、五天不等。跳摆手舞的同时土家人要唱“摆手歌”,为了追溯本民族的来源、迁徒的历史,同时赞颂祖先的艰苦创业。
大摆手舞规模大,人们跳舞时,男女结队,举起龙凤大旗,身披西兰卡普,吹起牛角、土号、唢呐,点响三眼炮,土老司手执铜铃司刀,戴风冠高帽,系八幅罗裙作前导,进入摆手堂,期间有如军人出征打仗,有刺杀、对阵等象征性动作。因与接受祖宗的检阅联系在一起, 大摆手舞不免使人产生一种迷狂,让人感到热血,如果去掉这些，它不失为一项气势壮阔的体育艺术活动。而小摆手舞规模小，又名农事舞，形式简单，其内容有正月扫地：二月砍草、接铁匠、打农具、挖土；三月耕田；四月撒种；五月插秧、除草；六月除二道草；七月打谷子；八月背包谷；九月重阳打破牛栏；十月小阳春种麦子；十一月打猎；十二月办年货。小摆手舞由主持祭祀仪式的人带头,一人打鼓兼敲锣,围成圆圈,一边转一边跳。因融入了土家族人民生产、生活内容,形式更加生活化、娱乐化、大众化,小摆手舞活动更为普及化。
由此可见这种舞蹈与土家族的传统习俗紧密相关。随着时间的推移，它从纯粹的宗教仪式逐渐演变为反映土家族生活与信仰的民间艺术，已逐渐褪去祭祀程序，发展成为纯粹的娱乐性的歌舞。
====动作与形式====
摆手舞的特点是动作简洁而富有韵律，以摆手动作为核心，在音乐的背景下搭配沉稳的步伐。舞者主要以圆圈或队列形式移动，男女相携，双手上下、左右挥动，舞蹈动作模仿插秧、耕地、织布等日常劳作场景，以及射箭等历史上的征战画面。其中有一段“兄妹成亲”,叙述了关于人类繁衍的神话传说,形象地表现了人们记忆中的远古人类血缘群婚制[2]。伴奏则依靠鼓、锣、笛子等传统乐器。整体风格既欢快又庄重，既体现了土家族人的勤劳的本色，也饱含着他们对自然和祖先的敬畏之情。摆手舞的发展过程除了带有祭祀、纪念等内容外,还记录着民族发展的历史过程。
====分布与传承====
如今，摆手舞主要流传于湖南省湘西地区（包括龙山、保靖、永顺、古丈等县）和湖北省来凤县等地[2]。其中，来凤县是核心传承地之一。得益于独特的地理环境和浓厚的文化传统，该县完整保留了摆手舞的原始风貌，当地老人将舞蹈动作、歌曲和相关习俗代代相传，有的学校甚至将摆手舞用在学生课间操活动中。作为中国非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分，摆手舞一直受到各界的珍视与推广，在维系和传承土家族文化等方面发挥着重要作用。
===参考文献===
1.袁革. 土家族摆手舞源考[J]. 社会科学家, 2004 (3): 74-75.
2.中国民族民间舞蹈集成编辑部. 中国民族民间舞蹈集成·湖南卷上[Z]. 中国舞蹈出版社. 1991.
3.百度百科
===术语===
1.毕兹卡：土家族的语言，汉语直译为“土家”
2.摆手舞：土家族传统民间舞蹈，起源于祭祀仪式
3.年节：土家族最富特色的节日
4.舍巴日：摆手舞的土家语名称，意为 “敬神而跳”
5.土司：土司制度是我国历代封建王朝在少数民族地区，通过分封地方首领世袭管职，以统治当地人民的一种特殊政治制度
6.土司王：依据历史人物编撰的传说，土司王形象多为身怀绝技、为民除害后受皇命敕封的统治者
7.摆手堂：土家族用于祭祀祖先和跳摆手舞的传统场所
8.摆手歌：又称“社巴歌”，是土家族传统摆手舞活动中演唱的歌曲，为祭祀祖先、祈求丰年的重要文化载体
9.非物质文化遗产：世代相传的文化实践、传统和艺术形式
===问题===
1.摆手舞最初的用途是什么？
2.摆手舞融合了哪些动作和艺术形式？
3.如今摆手舞主要在哪些地方流传和传承？
===答案===
1.最初用于祭拜祖先、祈求丰收和为族人祈福。
2.融合了韵律感强的摆手动作、沉稳的步伐，以及歌唱、音乐（鼓、锣、笛子等伴奏）和戏剧元素。
3.主要流传于湖南湘西（龙山、保靖、永顺县）和湖北来凤县等地，百福司镇舍米湖村是核心传承地。

File:Chinese Clothing 2025.pptx

2025-11-09T13:07:28Z

Wu Hongping:

Chinese Language and Culture - 2025

2025-11-09T12:51:00Z

Wu Hongping: /* 2025-11-07 (周五) - 共 10 个演讲 */

Contents from spring (will be updated for fall):

Welcome to our course website [[Chinese Language and Culture, Spring 2025]]!

=Overview about this semester's student presentations=

== 📅 Presentation Schedule ==

=== 2025-10-16 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Luó Yǔyān || 罗语嫣 || 202570081748 || 275. Zhuazhou [[Media:Zhuazhou_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Qū Yuèníng || 曲悦宁 || 202570081750 || 267. Mazu culture
|-
| 3 || Lǐ Zhuóshàn || 李卓善 || 202570081692 || 282. Black Myth: Wukong [[Media:Black Myth: Wukong_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Zhāng Mǐnjié || 张敏杰 || 202570081730 || 153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China [[Media:Eight Major Cuisines of China_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 5 || Qín Míngwén || 秦铭雯 || 202570081704 || 19. Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac [[Media:Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Zēng Lín || 曾琳 || 202570081670 || 27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy [[Media: calligraphy 2025.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Dèng Xuě || 邓雪 || 202570081742 || Panda
|-
| 8 || Guō Xiǎopèi || 郭晓佩 || 202570081678 || 25. Body movements performance: traditional Chinese dance[[Media:Body movements performance: traditional Chinese dance]]
|-
| 9 || Zhāng Xiāorán || 张潇然 || 202570081759 || Chinese Ancient Weapons
|}

=== 2025-10-23 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Zēng Língkǎi || 曾凌楷 || 202570081774 || 213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核)
|-
| 2 || Chén Kěxīn || 陈可心 || 202570081671 || The Five Famous Mountains [[Media:The_Five_Famous_Mountains_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Liú Jiāqí || 刘嘉琪 || 202570081696 || Chinese liquor culture
|-
| 4 || Wáng Guóshū || 王国姝 || 202570081753 || Red envelope and lucky money
|-
| 5 || Chén Qiānyùn || 陈仟运 || 202570081673 || 203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 [[Media:Chinese_horror_movies_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Hé Yí || 何怡 || 202570081743 || 262. The four pillars of destiny [[Media:The four pillars of destiny.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Zhāng Méiróng || 张梅容 || 202570081729 || 227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama (中国式霸总小说&短剧)
|-
| 8 || Lǐ Wénqīng || 李文清 || 202570081690 || 132. Porcelain
|-
| 9 || Liú Zǐlíng || 刘紫玲 || 202570081699 || 185. Opera: Huangmei opera 黄梅戏
|}

=== 2025-10-24 (周五) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Wēng Lánlín || 翁岚淋 || 202570081712 || 217. Cha Bai Xi / Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) [[Media:Cha_Bai_Xi_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Huáng Yàngyàng || 黄样样 || 202570081682 || 234. Dragon Lantern Dance [[Media:Dragondance.pptx]]
|-
| 3 || Lǐ Yòu || 李又 || 202570081691 || Kite-flying (放风筝)
|-
| 4 || Mǎ Yījiāo || 马一礁 || 202570081700 || 242. Hunan Rice Noodles (湖南米粉)
|-
| 5 || Zhū Zhū || 朱珠 || 202570081738 || 37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy-Reading the Analects
|-
| 6 || Wáng Rǎnrǎn || 王冉冉 || 202570081709 || Shandong cuisine 鲁菜
|-
| 7 || Yáng Shūwén || 杨淑雯 || 202570081722 || Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan
|-
| 8 || Méi Xīléi || 梅希雷 || 202570081701 || 69. Language: Chinese Dialects
|-
| 9 || Liú Huì || 刘慧 || 202570081695 || 204. Stand-up Comedy [[Media:Stand-up Comedy.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-10-30 (周四) - Completed ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Cáo Wén || 曹文 || 202570081669 || 171. Science and Technology: Taobao（淘宝）
|-
| 2 || Chén Míngbō || 陈明菠 || 202570081672 || Education: training Schools
|-
| 3 || Dèng Xīnyǔ || 邓欣雨 || 202570081674 || 253. Yuelu mountain 岳麓山[[Media:Yuelu Mountain（岳麓山）.pptx]]
|-
| 4 || Dèng Xīn || 邓鑫 || 202570081675 || 196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles
|-
| 5 || Fāng Xiān || 方鲜 || 202570081676 || 100. Money Culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) [[Media: Money Culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty). pptx]]
|-
| 6 || Fú Róng || 符蓉 || 202570081677 || 225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（"村超"：中国乡村足球联赛）
|-
| 7 || Guō Yùróng || 郭玉熔 || 202570081679 || 14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese architecture [[Media:Fengshui_in_Architecture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Hè Jìngtóng || 贺婧童 || 202570081680 || 13. Three Great Towers in China
|-
| 9 || Hú Lěi || 胡磊 || 202570081681 || 193. Science and Technology: Buy together (PDD)[[Media:Science and Technology(PDD).pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Huáng Yáo || 黄瑶 || 202570081683 || Cheongsam
|-
| 11 || Martin Woesler || 吴漠汀 || xxx || Teacher presentation [[Media:02.pptx]]
|}

=== 2025-11-06 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 ===

周四换成：6 Wáng Zǐxīn 王紫新 202570081710 138.Round Table Culture；

周五换成：7 Líng Xīaoyáo 凌逍遥 202570081693 43.Chinese Folk Argot

Teacher presentation [[Media:02a.pptx]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Huáng Yīlín || 黄伊琳 || 202570081684 || Chinese incense culture
|-
| 2 || Jiǎng Kèyǔ || 蒋克雨 || 202570081686 || 221. Zhongyuan festival
|-
| 3 || Kǒng Xiángyǎ || 孔祥雅 || 202570081687 || 266. Hui culture
|-
| 4 || Lǐ Mèngxiá || 李孟霞 || 202570081688 || 243. Chinese names
|-
| 5 || Lǐ Pàn || 李盼 || 202570081689 || 175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China
|-
| 6 || Wáng Zǐxīn || 王紫新 || 202570081710 || 138.Round Table Culture [[Media:Round_Table_Culture_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 7 || Liú Dān || 刘丹 || 202570081694 || 232. Sun Wukong (孙悟空) [[Media:Sun_Wukong_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 8 || Liú Xīn || 刘欣 || 202570081697 || 170. Paper cutting
|-
| 9 || Liú Yuán || 刘缘 || 202570081698 || Language: Hakka Dialect 1845
|}

=== 2025-11-07 (周五) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

Forum Discussion: Concept of Tianxia https://dcg.de/ai/uni/chinese_language_culture.php#tianxia

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Pān Liànyàn || 潘恋艳 || 202570081702 || 283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture [[Media:Guangdong morning tea.pptx]]
|-
| 2 || Péng Xiāngrú || 彭湘茹 || 202570081703 || 5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia
|-
| 3 || Qū Yìyǐng || 曲奕颖 || 202570081705 || 216. The Story of Ming Lan 知否知否应是绿肥红瘦
|-
| 4 || Rèn Yàrú || 任亚茹 || 202570081706 || 63. Mogao Grottoes
|-
| 5 || Rèn Yíngyíng || 任盈盈 || 202570081707 || 263. Shaolin Temple
|-
| 6 || Shū Yǔlù || 舒雨璐 || 202570081708 || 133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song《青花瓷》
|-
| 7 || Líng Xiāoyáo || 凌逍遥 || 202570081693 || 70. Chinese folk argot
|-
| 8 || Wèi Fāngxīn || 魏方鑫 || 202570081711 || 152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks [[Media:Chopsticks_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 9 || Wú Hóngpíng || 吴洪萍 || 202570081713 || 31. Chinese clothing [[Media:Chinese Clothing_2025.pptx]]
|-
| 10 || Xiàng Xīnlěi || 向馨磊 || 202570081714 || 179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love
|}

=== 2025-11-13 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Xiàng Xuěbīng || 向雪冰 || 202570081715 || TBD - Xiàng Xuěbīng
|-
| 2 || Xiào Sūqín || 肖苏秦 || 202570081716 || 197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua-Velvet Flowers 绒花
|-
| 3 || Xióng Ruòyáo || 熊若瑶 || 202570081717 || 169. Cuisine: Luosifen
|-
| 4 || Yán Zhéwén || 严哲文 || 202570081718 || 9. Architecture: The Forbidden City
|-
| 5 || Yáng Hàodān || 杨皓丹 || 202570081719 || 209. Tofu meatball with pig blood(猪血丸子）
|-
| 6 || Yáng Jīnyǔ || 杨金雨 || 202570081720 || 96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine
|-
| 7 || Yáng Jìngwèi || 杨婧蔚 || 202570081721 || 45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera
|-
| 8 || Yáng Xīrán || 杨晰然 || 202570081723 || 191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers
|-
| 9 || Yáng Yǔxuān || 杨宇轩 || 202570081724 || 20. Milk tea 奶茶
|-
| 10 || Yì Yǎlán || 易雅兰 || 202570081725 || Bamboo Weaving 竹编
|}

=== 2025-11-20 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Yú Chēn || 余琛 || 202570081726 || 174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 饺子
|-
| 2 || Yuè Ziháo || 岳子豪 || 202570081727 || 108. Opera: Peking Opera (京剧)
|-
| 3 || Zhāng Lì || 张丽 || 202570081728 || 180. Tangyuan (汤圆)
|-
| 4 || Zhāng Shuàichāo || 张帅超 || 202570081731 || Ancient Chinese education
|-
| 5 || Zhāng Yǔméng || 张雨蒙 || 202570081732 || 208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao (步摇)
|-
| 6 || Zhào Jǐntāo || 赵锦涛 || 202570081733 || Culture of Chinese Electric Car
|-
| 7 || Zhào Mǐn || 赵敏 || 202570081734 || Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China
|-
| 8 || Zhào Yíxiāo || 赵怡潇 || 202570081735 || 205. Bride-price
|-
| 9 || Zhèng Shān || 郑珊 || 202570081736 || 278. The Beef Board Noodle
|-
| 10 || Zhōu Wénxuān || 周文萱 || 202570081737 || 23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing
|}

=== 2025-11-27 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Zhù Yèhuī || 祝烨晖 || 202570081739 || 251. Rice Noodle Roll 肠粉
|-
| 2 || Chén Yǎqí || 陈雅琪 || 202570081740 || 157. Traditional Cuisine—hotpot
|-
| 3 || Chén Yǔfēi || 陈宇飞 || 202570081741 || 91. Martial Arts: Wushu
|-
| 4 || Hé Yǐng || 何颖 || 202570081744 || 276. Nail art (美甲)
|-
| 5 || Huáng Yǎqiàn || 黄雅倩 || 202570081745 || 93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
|-
| 6 || Lín Zhǐyí || 林芷怡 || 202570081746 || 92. Frolics of the Five Animals (wuqinxi)
|-
| 7 || Liú Kāngyí || 刘康怡 || 202570081747 || 112. Huagu Opera (花鼓戏)
|-
| 8 || Lǚ Píng || 吕萍 || 202570081749 || 102. Music and instruments: guzheng
|-
| 9 || Shěn Yàn || 沈燕 || 202570081751 || 241. Abacus (珠算)
|-
| 10 || Tán Tíngtíng || 谭婷婷 || 202570081752 || 202. The Legend of Zhen Huan《甄嬛传》
|}

=== 2025-12-04 (周四) - 共 10 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Wèi Méng || 魏萌 || 202570081754 || Zhang Zhongjing
|-
| 2 || Xiè Xuán || 谢璇 || 202570081755 || 02. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese marriage customs (中式婚礼)
|-
| 3 || Yáng Tíng || 杨婷 || 202570081756 || 254. Traditional Crafts: Tie-Dye
|-
| 4 || Yáng Yǔqíng || 杨雨晴 || 202570081757 || 259. Female writers
|-
| 5 || Yáng Yuàn || 杨媛 || 202570081758 || 188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games (手游)
|-
| 6 || Zhāng Yuè || 张悦 || 202570081760 || 265. Cuisine: changed spicy salted duck
|-
| 7 || Zhōu Xuán || 周璇 || 202570081761 || 186. The "reference" of Chinese Music (中国音乐的"借鉴")
|-
| 8 || Zhōu Yáng || 周洋 || 202570081762 || 148. Handcraft—Chinese knots
|-
| 9 || Guō Yǔtíng || 郭雨婷 || 202570081763 || 238. Three famous chinese mountains 中国三山
|-
| 10 || Jiāng Wǎnlíng || 姜宛灵 || 202570081685 || 1.Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development
|}

=== 2025-12-11 (周四) - 共 9 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Lǐ Fán || 李凡 || 202570081764 || TBD - Lǐ Fán
|-
| 2 || Péng Lùxī || 彭露曦 || 202570081765 || 250. Language: Hakka Dialect (客家话)
|-
| 3 || Hú Mínghào || 胡明浩 || 202570081766 || 270. The Yingge Dance (英歌舞)
|-
| 4 || Huáng Lèlè || 黄乐乐 || 202570081767 || 179. Traditional and modern views on marriage and love
|-
| 5 || Jiāng Jiāyǔ || 姜佳宇 || 202570081768 || 224. Jiangxi Cuisine (赣菜)
|-
| 6 || Liáng Yǔtóng || 梁羽彤 || 202570081769 || 256. Danmu (弹幕)
|-
| 7 || Péng Ruǐmiáo || 彭蕊苗 || 202570081770 || 213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核)
|-
| 8 || Qín Níng || 秦宁 || 202570081771 || 212. Education: training Schools (教育：补习班)
|-
| 9 || Wú Jǐnxuán || 吴瑾璇 || 202570081772 || 274. God of Wealth (财神)
|}

=== 2025-12-18 (周四) - 共 8 个演讲 ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nr. !! Name (Pinyin) !! 中文 !! 学号 !! Topic
|-
| 1 || Yǐn Ziháo || 尹子豪 || 202570081773 || TBD - Yǐn Ziháo
|-
| 2 || Chén Yǔjiā || 陈雨佳 || 202570081775 || 203. Beverages: Tea
|-
| 3 || Wāng Jīnyán || 汪金妍 || 202570081776 || 158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking
|-
| 4 || Yì Yǔtíng || 易雨婷 || 202570081777 || 268. Table manners
|-
| 5 || Hán Jiāyàn || 韩佳燕 || 202570081778 || 236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World
|-
| 6 || Liào Rútíng || 廖如婷 || 202570081779 || 169. Cuisine: Luosifen
|-
| 7 || Wáng Huìān || 王慧安 || 202570081780 || 128. TikTok (Douyin)
|-
| 8 || Wú Héng || 吴姮 || 202570081781 || 215. Live Streaming E-commerce (直播电商)
|}

=Session 1 Thu Sep 25 19:00-21:35 room 613 - Organizational issues=

==What we learn in this class==
*We learn about Chinese culture from international, especially Western perspective.
*We learn about cultural phenomena, traditional Chinese culture.
*We learn English and Chinese terminology in the area of Chinese culture.
*We learn to think critically about cultural traditions and to appreciate the benefits from cultural traditions.
*We learn how to determine the location and role of Chinese culture within global culture.
*We learn basics of theories and models of intercultural communication and comparison.
*We learn the appreciate and respect the diversity of multipolar cultures and of integration.
*We become aware of the dangers of cultural discrimination (colonialism, religious missions, imperialism etc.).

==Students' contribution==
*Every student needs to prepare the textbook texts of the respective chapters in the textbook ahead each week of class.
*Every student selects a topic, prepares 1 pptx presentations of 5 min. (without AI, and please indicate references and an AI statement at the end of the presentation) and a interactive quiz for everybody to take live in class with results shown after all will have answered. The topics and contents of the sessions are determined by the selection of the students.
*For the final exam, you write another chapter of the textbook in both Chinese and English, with "Terms and Expressions", References, Questions and Answers, Statement regarding AI

==Textbook==
You will receive the textbook for our class. We need a volunteer who integrates the last 92 new chapters into the word file. After tha, you will receive an updated version of the textbook. There are 283 topics of our textbook. Here you find all topics in the order of the book and with the names of the students who will translate the chapters into Chinese. Please select two topics by writing your name behind it and by setting it in '''bold'''. These topics will be presented in the form of a powerpoint presentation.

==Agreement on use of classroom time==
Should we read the texts in class or should the students read the text ahead of class (especially learning the terms and expressions) and come to class prepared? How should we use our classroom time? (presentations, quizzes, discussions, exercise to translate adhoc an unknown text from the same area)

----
==Homework for every session==
Please prepare the topics of the following session by reading the respective texts in the textbook (if you have not much time, you can read it in Chinese), learn the vocabulary and make yourself familiar with the questions asked under the text.

==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_2025.pptx]]

[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_2025.pptx]]

==Homework for Session 2==
Please register on the Wiki and wait for the teacher to approve. You can click on https://bou.de/u and then "Register" in the top right corner, then input two times your pinyin name for username and real name in the way "Wang Jianguo", type in some info about yourself and submit the form with accepting the terms and conditions. More detailed instructions for registration you find in the powerpoint presentation which you can download from here ("Teacher presentation").

==Prepare ppt (10 students)==
Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations

Was the presentation based on scientific facts, did the presenter also conduct some research on the topic and did he/she also add her own experience or her own opinion/perspective and marking the two different perspectives as factual/subjective? Did the presentation avoid absolute judgments like "good" or "best", but did it instead use vocabulary like "fascinating", "surprising" etc. and also indicated to whom it is fascinating/surprising etc. and why?

Was the presentation successful? Did it catch the attention of the audience over the whole time? Was the presenter persuading? Was the audience excited/fascinated? Did the audience learn something? (Or was the audience bored and talked the whole time without paying attention to the presenter?)

Formal things: Was the speaker good to hear (loud/clear)? Did he make a self-confident impression and did he know his topic? Did the speaker speak freely and not read out? Where there meaningful pictures and graphs on the slides and only a few keywords, well sorted by numbers or bullet points (or was the powerpoint merely a text desert of small size script with the script being copied onto the slides)?

Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?

Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?

Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?

Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?

Did the presentation avoid mistakes like reading out text in a boring way, pronounciation mistakes, typos in the English text?

Did you indicate the sources you have used at least on the last page of your presentation in the form of a list?

Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?

Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?

Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?

Did the presentation avoid deadly mistakes like plagiarism, using ai without indicating it (if you use ai to create the presentation, you need to indicate the platform and the full prompt you gave to ai and the main adjustments you did to the prompt), using ideology, patriotism, politics, religious beliefs, advertisement for products, ignorance (e.g. that a cultural phenomenon is wide spread in Asia and the origin is unclear, but claiming it was Chinese and originated in China), racism, prejudices, telling lies, spreading false rumors etc.?

Please select one of the following chapters of our textbook by writing your name behind the topic to give a 20 minute presentation on, plus an interactive quiz: The first ten presenters will have to present in two weeks!

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development 17

2. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 22

3. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 31

4. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan 40

5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia 49

6. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 63

7. Animals: Panda 71

8. Architecture 78

9. Architecture: The Forbidden City 89

10. Architecture: Four Famous Bridges 102

11. Architecture: Four Great Pavilions 113

12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace 124

13. Architecture: Three Great Towers in China 131

14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 145

15. Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons 154

16. Army and weapons: Terracotta Army 163

17. Astrology: Chinese Astrology 170

18. Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms 178

19. Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 188

20. Beverages: Milk Tea 197

21. Beverages: Tea 203 (Zhang Mai)

22. Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 209

23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing 218

24. Body movement performance: Stilts 223

25. Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance 230

26. Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush 236

27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy 246 (Tang Yan)

28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy 252

29. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters 262

30. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts 276

31. Clothing: Chinese Clothing 283

32. Clothing: Batik (Lanran) 291

33. Clothing: Cheongsam 301

34. Confucianism: Confucian Culture 309

35. Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues 324

36. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism 332

37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects 339

38. Education: Ancient Chinese Education 350

39. Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 361

40. Education: Modern Chinese Education System 371

41. Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 386

42. Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) 395

43. Facial Make-up 406

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 413

45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 431

46. Fine Arts: Painting 440

47. Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi 445

48. Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day 452

49. Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 459

50. Games: Go 围棋 462（Zhao Qi）

51. Games: Kite Flying 468

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）

53. Garden Culture: Gardens 505

54. Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) 511

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 526

57. Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 535

58. History: Carl and Cixi 548

59. Interieur: The Folding Screen 552

60. Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines 561

61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics 573

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains 585

63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes 593

64. Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606（Qin Yi)

65. Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） 621

66. Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road 635

67. Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties 642

68. Language: Chinese Language 649

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 660

70. Language: Chinese Folk Argot 669

71. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 681

72. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology 688

73. Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature 699

74. Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 706

75. Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 715

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao)

77. Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 748

78. Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu 765

79. Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels 773

80. Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 780

81. Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio 786

82. Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song 794

83. Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty 823

84. Literature: Modern Literature 832

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) 841（Miao Yunlong）

86. Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy 848

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature 859

88. Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia 865

89. Martial Arts: Qigong 868

90. Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing 873

91. Martial Arts: Wushu 885

92. Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) 890

93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 900

94. Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion 907

95. Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology 912

96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine 917

97. Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing 924

98. Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority 934

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes 941

100. Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) 952

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962 (Xu Yangyang)

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng 975

103. Music and instruments: Pipa 986

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals 996

105. Mythology: Huli-jing 1005

106. National Symbols: National Anthem 1018

107. National Symbols: National Flag 1026 （Liao Zuoyun）

108. Opera: Peking Opera 1035

109. Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics 1043

110. Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050 (Dai shiru)

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera 1055

112. Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) 1064

113. Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools 1076

114. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism 1087

115. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching 1093

116. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng 1099

117. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living 1106

118. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism 1119

119. Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture 1129

120. Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture 1141

121. Religion: Buddhism 1155

122. Religion: Daoism 1170

123. Religion: Christianity 1175

124. Religion: Islam 1181

125. Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology 1185

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1191 (Yang Yue2)

127. Science and Technology: Compass 1217

128. Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) 1226

129. Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China 1235

130. Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies 1257

131. Silk and porcelain: Silk 1272 (Fei Xinyu)

132. Silk and porcelain: Porcelain 1277

133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 1283(Wang Huaixing)

134. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road 1291

135. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road 1296

136. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages 1300

137. Social: The Long-life Lock 1308

138. Social: Round Table Culture 1317 (Wu Jiating)

139. Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 1325

140. Stage entertainment: Shadow Play 1332

141. Traditional Crafts: Carving 1340

142. Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture 1348

143. Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne 1363

144. Traditional Crafts: Embroidery 1369

145. Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) 1373

146. Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery 1386（Zhang Huifang）

147. Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting 1400

148. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots 1409

149. Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware 1418

150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 1423

151. Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette 1436

152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks 1450

153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456 (Zheng Kaiwu)

154. Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 1473

155. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480(Liu Peini)

156. Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 1491(Xiao Zixin)

157. Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501 (Cao Chunyang)

158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 1508

159. Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 1514

160. Traditional Festivals 1518……

161. Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows 1525

162. Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 1538

163. Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning 1544

164. Westernization: The Westernization Movement 1550

165. Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 1558 (She Xiao)

166. Economy: Chinese Currency Changes 1569

167. History: Wang Shouren 1573 Lv Jiahao

168. Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit 1582

169. Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 （Chen Sisi)

170. Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting 1601

171. Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) 1611

172. Traditional Craft: Bronze 1623

173. Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 1631

174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 1644 （Liu Pei）

175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China 1655

176. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella 1664

177. stage entertainment:Yuan drama 1676

178. Music and instruments: Erhu 1685

179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 1694 (Liu Yunxi)

180. Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 1701

181. Animals：Golden Monkey 1712（Xiao Yawen）

182. Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 1719 (Fu Sihui)

183. Opera: Chinese Local Operas 1727 （Wang Xinyu）

184. The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship 1740

185. Opera: Huangmei opera 1752 （Chu Hanqi）

186. The “reference” of Chinese Music 1759

187. Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance 1767

188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） 1783(Du JIangping)

189. Clothing: Vintage Clothing 1790

190. Fine arts:Kunqu Opera 1798

191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807 (Qiu Ping）

192. National Belief: the Chinese Dream 1818

193. Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825(Qi Zhiyang)

194. Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People 1845

195. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845 （Ouyang Yihong)

196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)

197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花 1845

198. Stage entertainment: Northeast Errenzhuan (二人转) 1845

199. Traditional Crafts: Dough Sculpture 面塑 1845

200. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty 1845

201. The culture of Grass cloth 夏布 1845

202. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 (Xiang Jianning)

203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845 (Zhang Jiaxin)

204. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845（Huang Sinan）

205. Bride-price（彩礼） 1845

206. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片 1845

207. Shandong cuisine鲁菜 1845(Lu Wei)

208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao （步摇） 1845 (Yang Jing)

209. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) 1845 （Li Ting2）

210. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) 1845

211. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛） 1845

212. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845 (Huang Yixuan2)

213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) 1845 (Zhang Zixi)

214. Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班） 1845 (Cai Yichun)

215. Live Streaming E-commerce（直播电商） 1845 (Tao Yao)

216. The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦） 1845 (Ye Sitong)

217. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) 1845 （Yang Jiahong2)

218. Guangdong Herbal tea（广东凉茶） 1845(Gao Xiaoqing)

219. Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） 1845(Huang Qiaoqiao)

220. Rice cake (年糕) 1845 （Dong Jiating）

221. Zhongyuan festival 1845 （Ou Huang）

222. Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面) 1845

223. The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格） 1845 （Lu Jiahui）

224. Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜） 1845 (Liao Dan)

225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛） 1845 (Shen Shuai)

226. Landscapes and Tourism: Junshan Island (君山岛) 1845

227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)

228. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）——— Mortise and Tenon Joint（榫卯结构） 1845

229. Jingdezhen Porcelain 1845 (Xiao Luyu)

230. Gayageum（伽倻琴） 1845 (Zhang Meiling)

231. The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联） 1845 (Wang Yuxin)

232. Sun Wukong（孙悟空） 1845 （Li Yuan2）

233. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料） 1845 (Cao Yuan)

234. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯） 1845 （Jin Yichen）

235. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） 1845 (Chen Anqi)

236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) 1845 (Xu Xinwen)

237. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan) 1845 （Li Zihan2）

238. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山) 1845（Liu Chang）

239. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian 1845 (Song Xin)

240. Clay sculpture (泥塑） 1845 (Chen Lin)

241. Abacus (中国珠算） 1845

242. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） 1845 (Gong Wei)

243. Chinese name（中国姓名文化） 1845

244. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”） 1845(Xiao Yikang)

245. Douzhi (豆汁) 1845(Li Linyao)

246. New Year Wood-block Paintings (木版年画） 1845（Du Yuan）

247. Carved lacquer（雕漆） 1845 （Liu Qi）

248. Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山） 1845 （Yu Jingfang）

249. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑） 1845

250. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话） 1845

251. Rice noodle roll（肠粉） 1845 ( Li Mingfeng )

252. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜） 1845（Liu Shutian）

253. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山) 1845（Chen Ting）

254. Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染） 1845（Zhang Qi）

255. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒） 1845（Zhao Yashi）

256. Danmu (弹幕） 1845 (Zhou Le)

257. Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化） 1845

258. Indigo Dyeing (蓝染) 1845

259. Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua 1845 (Zhou Tianyi)

260. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty (宋代婚服) 1845 (Liu Chao)

261. The cultural idea oft he great unification in ancient China (中国古代的大一统文化思想) 1845

262. The Four Pillars of Destiny (八字) (Li Jiayi) 1845

263. Shaolin Temple (少林寺) 1845 (Zuo Fang)

264. Single bamboo drifting（独竹漂） 1845

265. Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1845 （Xing Xueqing）

266. Hui Culture (徽文化) 1845(Liu Jianan)

267. Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化) 1845 (Yan Jidong)

268. Table Manners 1845（Luo Yan）

269. Music of the Mongol nationality (蒙古族音乐) 1845

270. The Yingge Dance（英歌舞） 1845 （Jiang Xinyue)

271. Palace Lantern（宫灯） 1845 （Shao Keyuan）

272. Chinese Term of Endearment（中国亲昵称谓） 1845 (Zeng Zhi）

273. Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐) 1845(Luo Sicheng)[[File:Changsha Stinky Tofu.pptx]]

274. God of Wealth(财神) 1845

275. Zhuazhou（抓周） 1845 （Zeng Xiaohui）

276. Nail art（美甲） 1845 （Luo Jiaxin）

277. Mirror (镜子) 1845 (Cheng Sixiang)

278. The Beef Board Noodle (牛肉板面) 1845(Yan Xiang)

279. Huo Qubing (霍去病） 1845 （Luo Jingyan）

280. Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院） 1845 (Guo Cili)

281. Music and instruments: Yangqin（扬琴） 1845（Dai Yexun）

282. Black Myth: Wukong（黑神话悟空） 1845 (Chen Zhen)

283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化） 1845 （Zheng Jinlian）

=Session 02 Fri Feb 28 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:02_Chin_Lang_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Topics for today==
Please copy and paste your presentation topic, your name here and add your powerpoint file (size limit 10 MB)

You need to copy all the topics for the whole semester to the sessions NOW. If you do not do it sufficiently in advance, how can the fellow students prepare the texts?

Please remember that you have to indicate the 10 topics for Friday on the course website under "Session 2" with the topic name, student name, powerpoint uploaded (max size 10 MB), all presentations will be each on 1 topic only and cannot exceed 5 minutes. They have to be interactive and helpful from the perspective of an interpreter or translator who needs to prepare his/her work on this topic.

27. Chinese Calligraphy (Tang Yan) [[Media:Chinese_Calligraphy.pptx]]

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476（Jiang Ziqiang）[[Media:Mahjong-Jiang_Ziqiang.pptx]]

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519（Li Mei）[[Media:The Summer Palace - Li Mei.pptx]]

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao) [[Media:Duan_Binyao_-76Su_Shi_and_Delegation_Literature.pptx]]

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Miao Yunlong)[[Media:Qian_Zhongshu_Miao_Yunlong.pptx]]

Tea Latte Art (Xiang Jianning)

Topic 7

Topic 8

Topic 9

Topic 10

=Session 03 Fri Mar 07 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
==Presentations==
1. Topic 21: Beverages: Tea 203 (Zhang Mai) [[Media:Tea_Spring_2025.pptx]] 86

2. Topic 64: Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai 606 (Qin Yi) [[Media:Mount_Tai_Spring_2025.pptx]]

3. Topic 101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962 (Xu Yangyang) [[Media:Lucky_Money_Spring_2025.pptx]]

4. Topic 107:National Symbols: Culture of the National Flag 1026 （Liao Zuoyun）[[Media:Culture_of_the_National_Flag_Spring_2025.pptx]]

5. Topic 155:Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480 (Liu Peini) [[Media:Wuhan_Breakfast_Spring_2025.pptx]]

6. Topic 157:Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501 (Cao Chunyang) [[Media:Hot_Pot_Spring_2025.pptx]]

7. Topic 126: China's four new inventions 1191(Yang Yue2).) [[Media:China's_Four_New_Great_Inventions_Spring_2025.pptx]]

==Notes on presentations==
Most students did not do their homework. 素质 in Chinese and international culture. Taking over responsibility. Being independent. Making sure that things run. Taking care of others. Not to do the homework in time (displaying the 13 presentations of each session) has disadvantages also for the other students, who cannot prepare.

1. 14:43-49 Only Chinese tradition explained, not Indian, Egyptian etc. "Black tea" (in English all "hong cha" is called "black tea"), British tea culture (add milk)

2. 14:55-15:00 Personal origin: Shandong, personal experience: climbed Mount Tai 4 times, Sacrificial Culture, Culture of Literati, Folk Belief: God of Mount Tai, Blue Rosy Cloud Fairy; Spiritual Symbolism

3. 15:04-15:10 Legend, Tradition and Contrast, Significance; Sui Monster ya sui qian; contrast in the West: Giving money as a present is considered not as good as a present itself, giving money in an envelope has the bad taste of bribing (transparency.org); in China you can even go to the temple and pray for money

4. 15:29-15:34 historical details of design, red meaning “stop” internationally, “achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation” (maybe a newer concept than the flag?), connection with earlier historical flags and other flags like of the communist movement, North Korea, ancient Soviet Union

5. 15:41-15:46 dialect terms (don’t use pinyin), analogy, breakfast is one of the most resilient cultural elements a person sticks to, guozao, 热干面, missing: characteristics like that it needs to be prepared quickly because the tradition of the dock workers

6. 15:56-16:01 hot pot history originated in China (?), regional differences within China 87

7. 16:02-16:06 4 new inventions - not explained that these inventions were invented in other countries. 86

==Student grades: 平时成绩/签到==

75/103 students, 24级 MA翻译, class representative: Zhang Jiaxin
# Jin Yichen
# lu jiahui
# li yuan
# cao yuan
# xiao luyu
# zhang jiaxin +5
# ye sitong
# zhao yashi
# jiang xinyue
# yan xiang
# fei xinyu
# zhang qi
# dai shiru
# zhang zixi
# zheng kaiwu
# cai yichun
# yang jing
# liao dan
# luo yan
# qin yi
# shao keyuan
# cao chunyang
# xu yangyang
# liao zuoyun
# cheng sixiang
# du jiangping
# liu qi
# miao yunlong
# huang qiaoqiao
# chen lin
# duan binyao
# li ting
# zeng zhi
# xing xueqing
# luo jingyan
# liu shutian
# gao xiaoqing
# chen zhen
# luo guoqiang -1-1-1
# she xiao
# he yunfeng
# liu ying
# du yuan
# li jiayi
# tao yao
# xu xinwen
# ou huang
# liu peini
# jiang ziqiang
# zhang huifang
# liu chao
# liu yunxi
# luo jiaxin
# li mei
# zeng xiaohui
# huang yixuan
# chen anqi
# chen ting
# zhang mai
# yuan xiaolin -1-1
# li mingfeng
# dai yexun-1-1
# yang pei -1
# tang yan
# xiang jianning-1
# liu chang -1
# wang yuxin
# lv jiahao-1
# dong jiating
# lu wei
# yang yue
# guo cili
# shen shuai
# Ouyang yihong
# li zihan -1
# zuo fang
# fu sihui
# xiao zixin -1
# zhou tianyi -1
# qi zhiyang -1-1
# liu pei
# gong wei
# chen sisi
# huang sinan
# xiao yikang
# yu jingfang
# luo sicheng
# yang jiahong
# yan jidong
# xiao yawen
# geng hongmei
# zhou le
# qiu ping
# wang huaixing
# wang xinyu
# chu hanqi
# wu jiating
# zhang meiling
# liu jianan
# song xin
# zhao qi
# zheng jinlian
# li linyao

=Session 04 Fri Mar 14 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 260：Wedding Dress in the Song Dynasty(Liu Chao)[[Media:260 The Wedding Dress in the Song Dynasty.pptx]]
#Topic 146: Traditional crafts: Xiang embroidery 1386(Zhang Huifang) [[Media:Hunan_embroidery_spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 153:Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456 (Zheng Kaiwu)[[Media:Media Eight Major Cuisines of China.pptx]]
#Topic 233: Traditional Chinese Pigments (Cao Yuan)[[Media:Traditional Chinese Pigments.pptx]]
#Topic 182: Chinese Economy: rich businessmen (Fu Sihui) [[Media:Rich_Businessmen_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 156: Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick p. 1491 (Xiao Zixin) [[Media:Tanghulu_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 138: Social: Round Table Culture 1317 (Wu Jiating) [[Media:Round_Table_Culture_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 174: Jiaozi (Liu Pei) [[Media:Dumplings_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#133.Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing)

=Session 05 Fri Mar 21 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 50: Games: Go 围棋 462（Zhao Qi） [[Media:Weiqi_Go_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 110:Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050 (Dai shiru)[[Media:Opera Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang.pptx]]
# Topic 131: Silk and porcelain: Silk (Fei Xinyu) [[Media:Silk_Spring_2025.pptx]]
# Topic 224: Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜）(Liao Dan) [[Media:Jiangxi_Cuisine.pptx]]
# Topic 169: Cuisine: Luosifen 1593 (Chen Sisi) ） [[Media:Luosifen_Spring_2025.pptx]]
# Topic 167: History: Wang Shouren 1573 （Lv Jiahao)[[Media:History_Wang_Shouren_.pptx]]
# Topic 183: Jiangxi Gan Opera （Wang Xinyu） [[Media:Jiangxi Gan opera.pptx]]
# Topic 165: Worship: Chinese Incense Culture (She Xiao) [[Media:Chinese Incense Culture.pptx]]
#133.Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing) [Media: Silk and Porcelain]

=Session 06 Fri Mar 28 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=

#Topic 188:Mobile Games 手游 1783 （Du Jiangping）[[Media:Mobile_Game.pptx]]
#Topic 191:Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807 (Qiu Ping）)[[Media:Aesthetic_ideals_and_social_customs-_The_Culture_of_Flowers.pptx]]
#Topic 193:Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825(Qi Zhiyang)
#Topic 195:Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845 （Ouyang Yihong)[[Media: Cuju.pptx]]
#Topic 202:The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》 1845 (Xiang Jianning)[[Media: The Legend of Zhen Huan.pptx]]
#Topic 203:Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845 (Zhang Jiaxin)[[Media: Chinese Horror Movies.pptx]]
#Topic 185:Opera: Huangmei opera 1752 （Chu Hanqi）)[[Media: Huangmei Opera.pptx]]
#Topic 181:Animals：Golden Monkey 1712（Xiao Yawen）
#Topic 196:The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]

=HOLIDAY Session 07 Fri Apr 04 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
清明节4月4日——4月6日
=Session 08 Fri Apr 11 14:30-16:10 Zhishan Bldg. room 303 - Student presentations=
#Topic 133:Silk and Porcelain: Celadon and “Celadon Song”青花瓷歌词（Wang Huaixing）
#Topic 179:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love（Liu Yunxi）[[Media:Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .pptx]]
#Topic 181:Animals：Golden Monkey(Xiao Yawen)
#Topic 196:The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845（Geng Hongmei)[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]
#Topic 204:Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845（Huang Sinan）
#Topic 220:Rice cake 年糕 (Dong Jiating)
#Topic 208:Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao(Yang Jing)[[Media:Chinese Traditional Ornament-Buyao.pptx]]
#Topic 209:Tofu meatball with nia blood(Li Ting2)[[Media:Pig_Blood_Balls.pptx]]
#Topic 212:Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845 (Huang Yixuan2) [[Media:Training classes .pptx]]

=Session 09 Fri Apr 18 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 213: Chinese Dreamcore (Zhang Zixi)[[Media:Chinese Dreamcore.pptx]]
#Topic 215: Live-streaming e-commerce (Tao Yao)[[Media:Live-Streaming E-Commerce.pptx]]
#Topic 216: The Story of Ming Lan (Ye Sitong)[[Media:The Story of Minglan.pptx]]
#Topic 218: Guangdong Herbal tea (Gao Xiaoqing)
#Topic 219: Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） (Huang Qiaoqiao)[[Media:Seal carving.pptx]]
#Topic 207: Shan Dong Cuisine (Lu Wei) [[Media:Lu_Wei-207-Shandong_Cuisine.pptx]]
#Topic 221: Zhongyuan Festival (Ou Huang)[[Media:The Zhongyuan Festival.pptx]]
#Topic 223: The Return of the Pearl Princess (Lu Jiahui)[[Media:The Return of the Pearl Princess.pptx]]

=Session 10 Fri Apr 25 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 217: Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art（茶百戏）(Yang Jiahong)[[Media:ChaBaiXi.pptx]]
#Topic 225: Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛）(Shen Shuai)
#Topic 227: Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 (He Yunfeng)[[Media:Chinese_Bossy_Fictions_and_Microdramas.pptx]]
#Topic 229: Jingdezhen Porcelain(Xiao Luyu)[[Media:Jingdezhen Porcelain.pptx]]
#Topic 230: Gayageum（伽倻琴）(Zhang Meiling) [[Media:Gayageum.pptx]]
#Topic 231: The plague and couplet in Chinese garden(Wang Yuxin)[[Media:The Plague and Couplets in Chinese Garden.pptx]]
#Topic 232: Sun Wukong(Li Yuan)[[Media:0425 Sun Wukong.pptx]]
#Topic 234: Dragon Lantern Dance(Jin Yichen)[[Media:Jin Yichen Dragon Lantern Dance.pptx]]
#Topic 235: Bamboo Weaving(Chen Anqi)[[Media:Bamboo Weaving.pptx]]
#Topic 236: Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World(Xu Xinwen)[[Media:Harbin Ice and Snow World.pptx]]

==Please enroll in ai platform==
Please enroll (register) in the platform https://dcg.de/ai/

=HOLIDAY Session 11 Fri May 02 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
劳动节5月1日——5月5日

=Session 12 Tue May 06 10:00-11:40 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 238: Three Famous Chinese Mountains(Liu Chang)
#Topic 239: Female emperor-Wu Zetian(女皇武则天)(Song Xin) [[Media:Wu Zetian.pptx]]
#Topic 240: Clay sculpture (泥塑）(Chen Lin)[[Media:Clay Sculpture.pptx]]
#Topic 242: Hunan Rice Noodles(Gong Wei)[[Media:Hunan Rice Noodles.pptx]]
#Topic 244: Chinese Popular Memes(中国网络流行热梗）(Xiao Yikang)[[Media:Chinese popular Memes.pptx]]
#Topic 245: Douzhi (豆汁)(Li Linyao)[[Media:Douzhi.pptx]]
#Topic 246: New Year Wood-block Paintings(Du Yuan)[[Media:Du Yuan New Year Wood-block Painting.pptx]]
#Topic 247: Carved lacquer（雕漆）(Liu Qi)[[Media:Carved lacquer.pptx]]
#Topic 237: Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan)(Li Zihan)

==Regarding Wu Zetian‘s blank Steele==
关于武则天的“无字碑”（又称“无字碑记”）为何没有刻字，学界和民间流传着几种主要的假设：
#功过自有后人评说（最广为流传）：武则天希望后世自己来评价她的一生，不愿由自己或当时的人定论。这种说法强调了她的自信与超越常规。
#避讳批评或争议：武则天是中国历史上唯一的女皇帝，争议颇多。她可能认为无论写什么内容都容易引发非议，因此选择不刻字以避免争议。
#彰显佛教思想：她信奉佛教，而佛教讲究“空”与“无”，无字碑可能象征“空性”或“无常”，体现她的宗教哲学。
#未来自我书写：也有人猜测她原计划晚年或死前再刻碑文，但去世后未及实现，遂留下空碑。
#彰显权力与独特性：无字碑作为一种非同寻常的表达形式，也可视为权力和个性的象征，显示她与众不同的统治地位。

⸻

English Translation:

There are several main hypotheses about why Wu Zetian’s stele (often called the “Wordless Stele”) bears no inscription:
#“Let future generations judge” (most popular view): Wu Zetian may have wanted her life and legacy to be judged by later generations rather than writing her own praise. This interpretation highlights her confidence and forward-thinking.
#To avoid criticism or controversy: As the only female emperor in Chinese history, Wu Zetian was a controversial figure. She may have felt that any written content could provoke criticism, so she left it blank.
#Reflecting Buddhist philosophy: A devout Buddhist, she may have chosen to leave the stele blank as a symbol of “emptiness” or impermanence, ideas central to Buddhist thought.
#Intended to write later: Some believe she planned to inscribe it later in life but passed away before doing so, leaving the monument unfinished.
#Symbol of power and uniqueness: A blank stele could also serve as a unique and powerful statement, emphasizing her exceptional status and breaking with traditional forms.

=Session 13 Fri May 09 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 248: Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山）(Yu Jingfang) [[Media:Jing_Gang_Mountain_Spring_2025.pptx]]
#Topic 251: Rice noodle roll (Li Mingfeng)[[File:Rice Noodle Roll.pptx]]
#Topic 252: Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine (Liu Shutian)[[Media:Northeastern Chinese Cuisine.pptx]]
#Topic 253: Yuelu Mountain (Chen Ting) [[Media:Yuelu_Mountain.pptx]]
#Topic 254: Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye (Zhang Qi)[[Media:Traditional_Crafts_Tie-Dye.pptx]]
#Topic 255: Chinese-style sun protection (Zhao Yashi)[[ File:Chinese-style Sun Protection.pdf]]
#Topic 256: Danmu（弹幕）(Zhou Le)[[Media:Danmu.pptx]]
#Topic 259: Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua (Zhou Tianyi)[[Media:Voices of Chinese Female Writers.pptx]]
#Topic 214: Luban China's inventor (Cai Yichun)[[Media:Luban_China's_Inventor.pptx]]

=Session 14 Fri May 23 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations=
#Topic 262: The Four Pillars of Destiny(Li Jiayi) [[Media:Eight Characters.pptx]]
#Topic 263: Shaolin Temple(Zuo Fang) [[Media:Shaolin Temple.pptx]]
#Topic 265: Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck(Xing Xueqing)[[Media:Changde spicy salted duck.pptx]]
#15:25-15:30 Topic 266: Hui Culture (徽文化)(Liu Jianan)[[Media:Hui Culture.pptx]]
#15:30- Topic 267: Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化)(Yan Jidong)[[Media:Mazu culture.pptx]]
#15:35- Topic 268: Table manner(Luo Yan)[[Media:Table manner.pptx]]
#15:40- Topic 270: Yingge Dance(Jiang Xinyue)[[Media:Yingge Dance.pptx]]
#15:45- Topic 271: Palace Lantern(Shao Keyuan)[[Media:Palace_Lantern.pptx]]
#15:50- Topic 272: Chinese Endearing Terms(Zeng Zhi)[[Media:Chinese Endearing Terms.pptx]]

15:55-16:10 Check final exam paper topics

=Session 15 Tue May 27 10:00-11:30 中和楼 213 (moved from Fri May 30 14:30-16:10 room 613) - Student presentations=
#Topic 273: Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐）(Luo Sicheng)[[Media:Changsha Stinky Tofu.pptx]]
#<nowiki>Topic 274:</nowiki> God of wealth(Liu Ying)[[Media:God of Wealth.pptx]]
#Topic 275: Zhua zhou (抓周）(Zeng Xiaohui) [[Media:Zhuazhou.pptx]]
#Topic 276: Nail art(Luo Jiaxin)[[Media:Nail_Art.pptx]]
#Topic 277: Mirror(Cheng Sixiang)[[Media:Mirror_Cheng Sixiang.pptx]]
#Topic 278: The Beef Board Noodles(Yan Xiang)[[Media:Beef Board Noodles.pptx]]
#Topic 279: Huo Qubing(Luo Jingyan)
#Topic 280: Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院）(Guo Cili)[[Media:Chinese Courtyard Houses-Guo Cili.pptx]]
#Topic 281: yangqin(Dai Yexun)[[Media:Yangqin.pptx]]

=Session 16 Fri Jun 6 14:30-16:10 room 613=
#Topic 282: Black Myth: Wukong (Chen Zhen)
#Topic 283: Guangdong Morning Tea Culture (Yuan Xiaolin)[[Media:Guangdong_Morning_Tea.pptx]]
#Topic 283: Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化）(Zheng Jinlian)[[Media:Guangdong Morning Tea Culture-Zheng Jinlian.pptx]]
#Topic:(Luo Guoqiang) Liuyang Fireworks

Liuyang Fireworks
“When flaming trees join silver flowers in one blaze, and bridges of stars unlock their iron gates,” fireworks have, since ancient times, embodied humanity’s yearning for prosperity and blessings. These luminous spectacles paint the night sky with dreamlike beauty, symbolizing hopes for a better life. When it comes to fireworks, one cannot overlook Liuyang, a city renowned as the “Home of Chinese Fireworks.” With over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world.
The origins of Liuyang fireworks can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Legend has it that Li Tian, revered as the “Forefather Saint of Firecrackers,” filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers. Through generations of inheritance and innovation, Liuyang’s artisans continuously refined their craft. From the rudimentary bamboo-tube firecrackers of old times to the “string firecrackers” wrapped in paper and hemp stems during the Song Dynasty, and finally to today’s vibrant, intricately designed displays, Liuyang fireworks chronicle the evolution of traditional Chinese craftsmanship. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Liuyang’s fireworks industry thrived, becoming a cornerstone of local handicrafts and expanding its reach nationwide and abroad. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, Liuyang firecrackers were selected as imperial tributes, a testament to their superior quality. By the Qianlong era, they dominated the Hunan region, and during the Guangxu period, exports reached Asian countries like Japan, India, and Korea.
A millennium of heritage has not only bestowed profound cultural depth upon Liuyang fireworks but also forged their unique brand identity. In 2006, the art of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship was inscribed on China’s first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage lists, acknowledging its invaluable cultural significance. Today, Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks. Home to over 400 manufacturing enterprises and thousands of associated businesses, it generates an annual output value exceeding 50 billion RMB, accounting for 70% of China’s total fireworks exports. These products reach more than 100 countries across the Americas, Europe, and Southeast Asia, solidifying Liuyang’s reputation as the global epicenter of fireworks.
However, the modern era presents new challenges for the fireworks industry. Safety and environmental protection have emerged as critical constraints. Historically, Liuyang’s fireworks relied on family-run workshops, posing significant safety risks. To address this, the local government relocated enterprises to mountainous areas, promoting industrial standardization, scale, and modernization. Leveraging big data and AI, they established comprehensive, intelligent supervision systems to ensure safety at every production stage. In terms of environmental protection, Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
In response to market shifts and technological advancements, a new generation of Liuyang’s “fireworks innovators” drives industry transformation. They have introduced products like “Urban Fireworks,” designed for urban settings. These safe, eco-friendly items blend aesthetic appeal with social interactivity, winning favor among young consumers. Innovating sales strategies, they integrate online and offline channels, utilizing “new retail” stores, Vlogs, and video platforms to reach wider audiences. Additionally, Liuyang has developed a “fireworks economy,” integrating pyrotechnics with cultural tourism. Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue. These shows combine cutting-edge technologies like drones and AI with cultural IPs, creating immersive experiences that have transformed Liuyang fireworks from a regional brand into a global cultural icon.
Emerging from the depths of history, Liuyang fireworks embrace the new era with innovation as their brush and culture as their ink. Against the backdrop of safety and sustainability, they paint a future more resplendent than ever. Serving as Liuyang’s cultural ambassador and a vivid example of traditional Chinese culture’s modern evolution, Liuyang fireworks continue to shine brightly, a timeless beacon of human ingenuity.

Terms and expressions
luminous 发光的
craftsmanship手艺，技艺
artisan工匠，手艺人
imperial朝廷的
leverage利用
crane无人机
resplendent辉煌的，灿烂的
beacon灯塔，信标
ingenuity心灵手巧

Questions
1.Why is Liuyang called “Home of Chinese fireworks”?
2.How did Li Tian invent the fireworks?
3.What did the locals address the environmental challenges of fireworks?
4.What do you know about the fireworks show held at the sky theater?
Answers
1.Because with over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world and Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks.
2.Li Tian filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers.
3.Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
4.Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue.

AI Statement
In writing this paper, I utilized DeepSeek to help me with grammar refinement and lexical precision. Any errors in the text remain my responsibility.

浏阳烟花
“火树银花合，星桥铁锁开。” 烟花，自古以来就承载着人们对美好生活的向往与祝福，在夜空中绽放出如梦如幻的美景。而提及烟花，就不得不提湖南浏阳 —— 这座被誉为 “中国烟花之乡” 的城市，它以千余年的烟花制作历史，孕育出了享誉全球的浏阳烟花。
浏阳烟花的历史，最早可追溯到唐代。相传，“爆竹祖师” 李畋为驱散疫病，将火药装填于竹筒之中，利用爆炸产生的气浪与硝烟来改善环境，这便是鞭炮的雏形。此后，经过历代浏阳人的传承与创新，烟花制作工艺不断改进。从最初简单的竹筒爆竹，发展到宋代用纸筒和麻茎裹火药编成的 “编炮”，再到后来色彩斑斓、造型各异的烟花，浏阳烟花的发展历程见证了中国传统手工艺的演变与进步。到了明清时期，浏阳烟花的生产已颇具规模，成为当地重要的手工行业，并逐渐走向全国乃至世界。清雍正元年，浏阳鞭炮因其制作精良，被选为贡品，这无疑是对其品质的极高赞誉。至乾隆年间，浏阳花炮已称雄于湖南的三湘四水；光绪年间，更是达到极盛时期，产品远销日本、印度、朝鲜等亚洲国家。
千年的历史传承，不仅让浏阳烟花积累了深厚的文化底蕴，更铸就了其独特的品牌魅力。2006 年，浏阳花炮制作技艺列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这是对浏阳烟花文化价值的高度认可。如今，浏阳已成为全球最大的烟花爆竹生产贸易基地和科研中心，拥有 400 余家烟花生产企业及上千家产业链上下游企业，花炮年产值超 500 亿元，出口占全国出口总量的 70%，产品销往美洲、欧洲、东南亚等 100 多个国家和地区，“世界烟花看浏阳” 的美誉名副其实。
然而，随着时代的发展，烟花产业也面临着诸多挑战。安全与环保，成为了制约其发展的两大关键因素。过去，浏阳烟花多以家庭式作坊生产为主，安全隐患较大。为了改变这一现状，浏阳市政府果断采取措施，将烟花企业 “赶上山”，推动产业向工厂化、规模化、标准化发展。同时，借助大数据监控和人工智能平台，实现了对烟花爆竹生产全过程、全方位、智能化的安全监管。在环保方面，浏阳烟花企业积极开展科研攻关，与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等高等院校广泛合作，研发新材料、新工艺、新产品，致力于打造低碳、绿色、环保的烟花新形象。如今，微烟、无硫、少尘已成为浏阳烟花生产的关键词。
面对市场变化和技术革新，新一代浏阳 “烟花人” 积极创新，推动烟花产业转型升级。一方面，他们重新定义产品，推出了 “城市烟花” 等适合城市休闲场景的新产品，这类产品安全性高、污染小，且有颜值与社交属性，深受年轻消费者喜爱。另一方面，创新销售方式，通过打造 “新零售” 门店、拍摄 Vlog、搭建视频号矩阵等线上线下融合的方式，让烟花走进更多消费者的世界。此外，浏阳还大力发展 “烟花经济”，将烟花与文化旅游产业深度融合。自 2023 年以来，每周六在天空剧院推出的周末焰火秀，已累计举办各类焰火燃放活动百余场，吸引游客 500 万人次，拉动消费 150 亿元。创意焰火秀通过与无人机、AI 等新科技相结合，以及融入国风、虚拟人物、热门影视等 IP 元素，为观众带来了一场场精彩纷呈的沉浸式视觉盛宴，也让浏阳花炮实现了从区域性品牌向国际知名 IP 的蝶变升级。
从历史深处走来的浏阳烟花，在新时代的浪潮中，正以创新为笔，以文化为墨，在安全与环保的底色上，描绘出更加绚烂多彩的未来画卷。它不仅是浏阳的城市名片，更是中国传统文化在现代社会中传承与发展的生动例证，绽放永不落幕的璀璨光芒。

问题
1.为什么浏阳被称为 “中国烟花之乡”？
2.李畋是如何发明烟花的？
3.当地人如何应对烟花带来的环境挑战？
4.你对天空剧院举办的烟花秀有什么了解？
答案
1.因为拥有千年以上的工艺传承，浏阳孕育出了令世界着迷的烟花，并且成为全球最大的烟花生产、贸易和研发中心。
2.李畋将火药填入竹筒中，用于驱散瘟疫。其爆炸力和产生的烟雾被认为能净化环境，这标志着鞭炮的雏形。
3.浏阳的企业与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等知名高校合作，研发新材料、新技术和新产品。他们的努力促成了低烟、无硫、低尘烟花的诞生，重新定义了行业的生态足迹。
4.自2023 年起，天空剧院每周周末举办的烟花秀已累计举办超百场活动，吸引 500 万游客，创造 150 亿元收入。

参考文献
1.谭仲池. 星空的灿烂文化. 北京：中国经济出版社，2007.
2.李秀琴. 烟花爆竹安全与管理. 北京：化学工业出版社，2007.
3.周仁友. 烟花爆竹工艺与防护. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2014.
4.姚辉. 烟火特效技术与应用. 长沙：湖南科技出版社，2009.

AI使用说明：
在写本论文时，本人使用了DeepSeek帮助修改语法和提升用词准确度。如有错误，责归本人。

=Deadline extended to June 20, 2025 - Final Exam=
<span style="color:red">Please upload your ppt if you not have done so so far.</span>
[[Media:282_Black_Myth_Wukong_Chen_Zhen.pptx]]

Topic 196:[[Media:Chinese_Electtic_Vehicles_Geng_hongmei.pptx]]

[[Media:ChaBaiXi.pptx]]

==Grading Criteria for Powerpoint Presentations==
#Was the presentation based on scientific facts, did the presenter also conduct some research on the topic and did he/she also add her own experience or her own opinion/perspective and marking the two different perspectives as factual/subjective? Did the presentation avoid absolute judgments like "good" or "best", but did it instead use vocabulary like "fascinating", "surprising" etc. and also indicated to whom it is fascinating/surprising etc. and why?
#Was the presentation successful? Did it catch the attention of the audience over the whole time? Was the presenter persuading? Was the audience excited/fascinated? Did the audience learn something? (Or was the audience bored and talked the whole time without paying attention to the presenter?)
#Formal things: Was the speaker good to hear (loud/clear)? Did he make a self-confident impression and did he know his topic? Did the speaker speak freely and not read out? Where there meaningful pictures and graphs on the slides and only a few keywords, well sorted by numbers or bullet points (or was the powerpoint merely a text desert of small size script with the script being copied onto the slides)?
#Was the presentation appropriate to the topic?
#Was the activity part meaningful and appropriate to the topic? Did it speak to everyone in the audience individually?
#Was the presentation not too short and not too long in time, but as long as the other presentations, so that all presentations of the day could be presented?
#Did the presentation consider the same cultural phenomenon both in China and in other countries, at least as a comparison?
#Did the presentation avoid mistakes like reading out text in a boring way, pronounciation mistakes, typos in the English text?
#Did you indicate the sources you have used at least on the last page of your presentation in the form of a list?
#Did you upload your ppt file successfully (if not, did you contact the teaching assistant to upload)?
#Did you present your ppt file in the full screen mode?
#Did you arrive early in classroom to copy your file onto the desktop of the class computer and did you check it and also any embedded or accompanying video files etc. if everything works properly including sound?
#Did the presentation avoid deadly mistakes like plagiarism, using ai without indicating it (if you use ai to create the presentation, you need to indicate the platform and the full prompt you gave to ai and the main adjustments you did to the prompt), using ideology, patriotism, politics, religious beliefs, advertisement for products, ignorance (e.g. that a cultural phenomenon is wide spread in Asia and the origin is unclear, but claiming it was Chinese and originated in China), racism, prejudices, telling lies, spreading false rumors etc.?

Liuyang Fireworks
“When flaming trees join silver flowers in one blaze, and bridges of stars unlock their iron gates,” fireworks have, since ancient times, embodied humanity’s yearning for prosperity and blessings. These luminous spectacles paint the night sky with dreamlike beauty, symbolizing hopes for a better life. When it comes to fireworks, one cannot overlook Liuyang, a city renowned as the “Home of Chinese Fireworks.” With over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world.
The origins of Liuyang fireworks can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Legend has it that Li Tian, revered as the “Forefather Saint of Firecrackers,” filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers. Through generations of inheritance and innovation, Liuyang’s artisans continuously refined their craft. From the rudimentary bamboo-tube firecrackers of old times to the “string firecrackers” wrapped in paper and hemp stems during the Song Dynasty, and finally to today’s vibrant, intricately designed displays, Liuyang fireworks chronicle the evolution of traditional Chinese craftsmanship. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Liuyang’s fireworks industry thrived, becoming a cornerstone of local handicrafts and expanding its reach nationwide and abroad. In the first year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty, Liuyang firecrackers were selected as imperial tributes, a testament to their superior quality. By the Qianlong era, they dominated the Hunan region, and during the Guangxu period, exports reached Asian countries like Japan, India, and Korea.
A millennium of heritage has not only bestowed profound cultural depth upon Liuyang fireworks but also forged their unique brand identity. In 2006, the art of Liuyang fireworks craftsmanship was inscribed on China’s first batch of National Intangible Cultural Heritage lists, acknowledging its invaluable cultural significance. Today, Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks. Home to over 400 manufacturing enterprises and thousands of associated businesses, it generates an annual output value exceeding 50 billion RMB, accounting for 70% of China’s total fireworks exports. These products reach more than 100 countries across the Americas, Europe, and Southeast Asia, solidifying Liuyang’s reputation as the global epicenter of fireworks.
However, the modern era presents new challenges for the fireworks industry. Safety and environmental protection have emerged as critical constraints. Historically, Liuyang’s fireworks relied on family-run workshops, posing significant safety risks. To address this, the local government relocated enterprises to mountainous areas, promoting industrial standardization, scale, and modernization. Leveraging big data and AI, they established comprehensive, intelligent supervision systems to ensure safety at every production stage. In terms of environmental protection, Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
In response to market shifts and technological advancements, a new generation of Liuyang’s “fireworks innovators” drives industry transformation. They have introduced products like “Urban Fireworks,” designed for urban settings. These safe, eco-friendly items blend aesthetic appeal with social interactivity, winning favor among young consumers. Innovating sales strategies, they integrate online and offline channels, utilizing “new retail” stores, Vlogs, and video platforms to reach wider audiences. Additionally, Liuyang has developed a “fireworks economy,” integrating pyrotechnics with cultural tourism. Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue. These shows combine cutting-edge technologies like drones and AI with cultural IPs, creating immersive experiences that have transformed Liuyang fireworks from a regional brand into a global cultural icon.
Emerging from the depths of history, Liuyang fireworks embrace the new era with innovation as their brush and culture as their ink. Against the backdrop of safety and sustainability, they paint a future more resplendent than ever. Serving as Liuyang’s cultural ambassador and a vivid example of traditional Chinese culture’s modern evolution, Liuyang fireworks continue to shine brightly, a timeless beacon of human ingenuity.

Terms and expressions
luminous 发光的
craftsmanship手艺，技艺
artisan工匠，手艺人
imperial朝廷的
leverage利用
crane无人机
resplendent辉煌的，灿烂的
beacon灯塔，信标
ingenuity心灵手巧

Questions
1.Why is Liuyang called “Home of Chinese fireworks”?
2.How did Li Tian invent the fireworks?
3.What did the locals address the environmental challenges of fireworks?
4.What do you know about the fireworks show held at the sky theater?
Answers
1.Because with over a thousand years of craftsmanship, Liuyang has given birth to fireworks that captivate the world and Liuyang stands as the world’s largest production, trade, and research hub for fireworks.
2.Li Tian filled bamboo tubes with gunpowder to dispel plagues. The explosive force and resulting smoke were believed to purify the environment, marking the embryo of firecrackers.
3.Liuyang’s enterprises collaborated with prestigious universities, such as Nanjing University of Science and Technology and Beijing Institute of Technology, to develop new materials, techniques, and products. Their efforts have led to the creation of low-smoke, sulfur-free, and low-dust fireworks, redefining the industry’s ecological footprint.
4.Since 2023, weekly weekend fireworks show at the Sky Theater have hosted over a hundred events, attracting 5 million visitors and generating 15 billion yuan in revenue.

AI Statement
In writing this paper, I utilized DeepSeek to help me with grammar refinement and lexical precision. Any errors in the text remain my responsibility.

浏阳烟花
“火树银花合，星桥铁锁开。” 烟花，自古以来就承载着人们对美好生活的向往与祝福，在夜空中绽放出如梦如幻的美景。而提及烟花，就不得不提湖南浏阳 —— 这座被誉为 “中国烟花之乡” 的城市，它以千余年的烟花制作历史，孕育出了享誉全球的浏阳烟花。
浏阳烟花的历史，最早可追溯到唐代。相传，“爆竹祖师” 李畋为驱散疫病，将火药装填于竹筒之中，利用爆炸产生的气浪与硝烟来改善环境，这便是鞭炮的雏形。此后，经过历代浏阳人的传承与创新，烟花制作工艺不断改进。从最初简单的竹筒爆竹，发展到宋代用纸筒和麻茎裹火药编成的 “编炮”，再到后来色彩斑斓、造型各异的烟花，浏阳烟花的发展历程见证了中国传统手工艺的演变与进步。到了明清时期，浏阳烟花的生产已颇具规模，成为当地重要的手工行业，并逐渐走向全国乃至世界。清雍正元年，浏阳鞭炮因其制作精良，被选为贡品，这无疑是对其品质的极高赞誉。至乾隆年间，浏阳花炮已称雄于湖南的三湘四水；光绪年间，更是达到极盛时期，产品远销日本、印度、朝鲜等亚洲国家。
千年的历史传承，不仅让浏阳烟花积累了深厚的文化底蕴，更铸就了其独特的品牌魅力。2006 年，浏阳花炮制作技艺列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，这是对浏阳烟花文化价值的高度认可。如今，浏阳已成为全球最大的烟花爆竹生产贸易基地和科研中心，拥有 400 余家烟花生产企业及上千家产业链上下游企业，花炮年产值超 500 亿元，出口占全国出口总量的 70%，产品销往美洲、欧洲、东南亚等 100 多个国家和地区，“世界烟花看浏阳” 的美誉名副其实。
然而，随着时代的发展，烟花产业也面临着诸多挑战。安全与环保，成为了制约其发展的两大关键因素。过去，浏阳烟花多以家庭式作坊生产为主，安全隐患较大。为了改变这一现状，浏阳市政府果断采取措施，将烟花企业 “赶上山”，推动产业向工厂化、规模化、标准化发展。同时，借助大数据监控和人工智能平台，实现了对烟花爆竹生产全过程、全方位、智能化的安全监管。在环保方面，浏阳烟花企业积极开展科研攻关，与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等高等院校广泛合作，研发新材料、新工艺、新产品，致力于打造低碳、绿色、环保的烟花新形象。如今，微烟、无硫、少尘已成为浏阳烟花生产的关键词。
面对市场变化和技术革新，新一代浏阳 “烟花人” 积极创新，推动烟花产业转型升级。一方面，他们重新定义产品，推出了 “城市烟花” 等适合城市休闲场景的新产品，这类产品安全性高、污染小，且有颜值与社交属性，深受年轻消费者喜爱。另一方面，创新销售方式，通过打造 “新零售” 门店、拍摄 Vlog、搭建视频号矩阵等线上线下融合的方式，让烟花走进更多消费者的世界。此外，浏阳还大力发展 “烟花经济”，将烟花与文化旅游产业深度融合。
自 2023 年以来，每周六在天空剧院推出的周末焰火秀，已累计举办各类焰火燃放活动百余场，吸引游客 500 万人次，拉动消费 150 亿元。创意焰火秀通过与无人机、AI 等新科技相结合，以及融入国风、虚拟人物、热门影视等 IP 元素，为观众带来了一场场精彩纷呈的沉浸式视觉盛宴，也让浏阳花炮实现了从区域性品牌向国际知名 IP 的蝶变升级。
从历史深处走来的浏阳烟花，在新时代的浪潮中，正以创新为笔，以文化为墨，在安全与环保的底色上，描绘出更加绚烂多彩的未来画卷。它不仅是浏阳的城市名片，更是中国传统文化在现代社会中传承与发展的生动例证，绽放永不落幕的璀璨光芒。

问题
1.为什么浏阳被称为 “中国烟花之乡”？
2.李畋是如何发明烟花的？
3.当地人如何应对烟花带来的环境挑战？
4.你对天空剧院举办的烟花秀有什么了解？
答案
1.因为拥有千年以上的工艺传承，浏阳孕育出了令世界着迷的烟花，并且成为全球最大的烟花生产、贸易和研发中心。
2.李畋将火药填入竹筒中，用于驱散瘟疫。其爆炸力和产生的烟雾被认为能净化环境，这标志着鞭炮的雏形。
3.浏阳的企业与南京理工大学、北京理工大学等知名高校合作，研发新材料、新技术和新产品。他们的努力促成了低烟、无硫、低尘烟花的诞生，重新定义了行业的生态足迹。
4.自2023 年起，天空剧院每周周末举办的烟花秀已累计举办超百场活动，吸引 500 万游客，创造 150 亿元收入。

参考文献
1.谭仲池. 星空的灿烂文化. 北京：中国经济出版社，2007.
2.李秀琴. 烟花爆竹安全与管理. 北京：化学工业出版社，2007.
3.周仁友. 烟花爆竹工艺与防护. 北京：五洲传播出版社，2014.
4.姚辉. 烟火特效技术与应用. 长沙：湖南科技出版社，2009.

AI使用说明：
在写本论文时，本人使用了DeepSeek帮助修改语法和提升用词准确度。如有错误，责归本人。