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20211215 homework

2021-12-31T08:16:49Z

Yang Liuqing: /* 杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543 */

20211222 homework

2021-12-31T08:10:51Z

Yang Liuqing: /* 杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543 */

20211215 homework

2021-12-31T08:08:22Z

Yang Liuqing: /* 杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542 */

20211208 homework

2021-12-31T07:56:52Z

Yang Liuqing: /* 杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543 */

20211110 homework

2021-12-31T07:45:57Z

Yang Liuqing: /* 杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|Back to all homework webpages overview]] [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

PLEASE READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

PLEASE ALSO READ THE PREVIOUS PARTS, AT LEAST THE SENTENCES BEFORE YOUR OWN PART IN CHAPTER 19 [[20210303_culture|1, Mar 3 Chapters 1-4]], [[20210310_culture|2, Mar 10 Chapters 6-7]], [[20210317_culture|3, Mar 17 Chapters 11-13]], [[20210324_culture|4, Mar 24 Chapters 15-17]], [[20210331_culture|5, Mar 31 Chapters 4-7]], [[20210407_culture|6, Apr 7 Chapters 8-10]], [[20210414_culture|7, Apr 14 Chapters 13-15]] , [[20210519_culture|12, May 19 Chapters 17-19]], [[20210929_homework#Hongloumeng|for Sep 29 - rest of HLM Chapter 19]] [[20211110_homework|for Nov 10 - HLM Chapters 20-21]] etc.

==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==
按语：拙著《红楼梦全解本》出版后，受到了不少专家与读者的好评，甚为欣慰。但也有读者认为，如果能删掉部分注文，既不影响读者阅读，也可节省书的成本，使更多读者买得起。

Note : After the publication of ''The Dream of Red Mansions(The Anotation Version)'', it was highly appreciated by many experts and readers. However, some readers believe that if some notes can be deleted, it will not affect readers ' reading and save the cost of the publication, so that more readers can afford it.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 10:02, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Note: after my book the complete interpretation of Drdam Of Red Chamber was published, it was highly praised by many experts and readers. However, some readers believe that if some annotations can be deleted, it will not affect readers' reading, but also save the cost of the book and make it affordable for more readers.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 11:53, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 日语语言文学女 202120081477==
恰好中央编译出版社准备出版四大古典小说套书，为了平衡四部小说的注文，《红楼梦》的注文也嫌太长。因此接受读者的建议，将《红楼梦全解本》的注文删掉了差不多一半，其他一概未动；换言之，此版《红楼梦》校注本，实即《红楼梦全解本》的删节本（仅删注文）。因此《校注前言》仍用《红楼梦全解本》的《校注前言》，不再另写。

It happened that the Central Compilation and Translation Publishing House was preparing to publish four sets of classical novels. In order to balance the annotations of the four novels, the annotations of Dream Of the Red Chamber were too long. Therefore, we accepted the readers' suggestions and deleted almost half of the annotations in the complete interpretation of Dream Of Red Chamber, and the rest remained unchanged; In other words, the revised annotation version of Dream Of Red Chamber is actually an abridged version of the complete interpretation of Dream Of Red Chamber (only the annotation is deleted). Therefore, the preface to proofreading still uses the preface to proofreading of the complete interpretation of Dream Of Red Chamber, and needn’t be written again.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 06:36, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

It happened that the Central Compilation and Translation Publishing House was preparing to publish four sets of classical novels. In order to balance the annotations of the four novels, the annotations of ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' were too long. Therefore, we accepted the readers' suggestions and deleted almost half of the annotations in the complete interpretation of ''The Dream of Red Chamber'', and the rest remained unchanged; In other words, the revised annotation version of ''The Dream of Red Chamber'' is actually an abridged version of the complete interpretation of ''The Dream of Red Chamber'' (only the annotation is deleted). Therefore, ''The Preface to Proofreading'' still uses ''The Preface to Proofreading'' of the complete interpretation of ''Dream Of Red Chamber'', and needn’t be written again.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:32, 8 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==
《红楼梦》以其包罗万象的内容，博大精深的思想，精湛完美的艺术，丰富生动的语言，尤其是众多栩栩如生的人物形象，不仅在中国小说史上奇峰独秀，而且在世界文学之林独树一帜。它是我国文化遗产中的珍品，值得每一个中国人所珍视。《红楼梦》在其尚未完稿的时候，已经被人竞相传抄，辗转传阅，不胫而走，蜚声神州。

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is unique not only in the history of Chinese novels, but also in the world literature with its comprehensive contents, extensive and profound thoughts, exquisite and perfect art, rich and vivid language, and especially its numerous vivid characters. It is a treasure of our country's cultural heritage and is worth cherishing by every Chinese. ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' has been copied, circulated and spread like wildfire even when it's unfinished. It is really well-known in China.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:23, 8 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is outstanding not only in the history of Chinese novels, but also in the world literature for its comprehensive contents, extensive and profound thoughts, exquisite and perfect art, rich and vivid language, and especially its numerous vivid characters. It is a treasure of our country's cultural heritage and is worth being cherished by every Chinese.Before it is finished， ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' has been copied, circulated and spread like wildfire and it is really well-known in China.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 00:25, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480 ==
不仅“士大夫几乎家有《红楼梦》一书”（清·潘炤《从心录》卷首），而且“家弦户诵，妇孺皆知”（清·缪艮《文章游戏初编》卷六）。上层社会更出现了“开谈不说《红楼梦》，读尽诗书也枉然”（清·得舆《京都竹枝词·时尚门》）的时尚。《红楼梦》的魅力也使其商业价值大增，“好事者每传抄一部，置庙市中，昂其值，得数十金，可谓不胫而走者矣”（清·程伟元《〈红楼梦〉序》）。

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' was so popular that not only scholar officals（people obtain knowledge and wealth in feudal China） read it （the first volum of ''Essay'' by Pan Zhao, Qing），but also families，even women and children ， loved it（the sixth volum of ''Preliminary Article Games'' by Miu Liang, Qing）. Moreover ,there was a climate of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' that the upper class believed " it is useless to read great books without ''A Dream of Red Mansions''.（''Bamboo Pole Poem in the Capital'' by De Yu, Qing）. The charm of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' also rose its business value as in record： “Someone who is willing to copy ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' and sell it can raise 10 gold ingots everytime ，and everyone know it.（ the introduction of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', Qing）.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 09:44, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Not only did "almost every scholar had a copy of ''A Dream of Red Mansions''" (the first volum of Essay by Pan Zhao, Qing Dynasty), but "Every household recited it, and all women and children knew it" (the sixth volum of ''Preliminary Article Games'' by Miu Liang, Qing Dynasty). In the upper class, the fashion of "If you don't talk about ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', you can read all the poems and books in vain" (''Bamboo Pole Poem in the Capital'' by De Yu, Qing Dynasty) emerged. The charm of A Dream of Red Mansions also made its commercial value increased greatly, "Those who are interested in it can get a lot of money by copying one of the books and selling it in the market. The information spread quickly." (the introduction of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', Qing Dynasty)--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 07:07, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==
至高鹗续写后四十回、由程伟元以活字正式出版完整的一百二十回本后，更出现了风行全国的盛况。时至今日，即使读不懂《红楼梦》的人，也都看过《红楼梦》电影或电视剧，对《红楼梦》的故事和人物无不耳熟能详。因此《红楼梦》已经不是普通的小说，而成为全民珍视的国宝了。

After Gao E continued to write the second forty chapters and Cheng Weiyuan officially published the complete one hundred and twenty chapters in movable type, the book became popular nationwide. To this day, even those who do not understand ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' have seen the movie or TV series versions, and are familiar with the story and characters of ''A Dream of Red Mansions''. Therefore, ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no longer an ordinary novel, but a national treasure cherished by all.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 06:39, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
After Gao E continued to write the following forty chapters and Cheng Weiyuan officially published the complete one hundred and twenty chapters in movable type, the book became popular nationwide increasingly. To this day, even those who do not understand ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' have already seen the movie or TV series versions, and are familiar with the story and characters of it. Therefore, ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no longer an ordinary novel, but a national treasure cherished by all.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 08:37, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==
中国古代的文人墨客、传统学者、官僚士夫，无不鄙薄小说，最多被视为茶余饭后的谈资。唯独对《红楼梦》情有独钟，爱不释手。不仅百读不厌，而且像拜读经书般寻章摘句，眉批夹评，乐此不疲。
The ancient Chinese literats, traditional scholars, bureaucrats, all despised novels, and regarded them as after-dinner talk at most. But they only showed special preference to ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', and fondled admiringly. They not only tired of reading it, but also liked reading the Confucian classics as seeking remarkable passages and culling model sentences, making notes and commentaries, and always enjoying it.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 08:33, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The ancient Chinese literats, traditional scholars, bureaucrats, all despised novels, and regarded them as after-dinner talks at most. However, they only showed special preference to ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', and fondled admiringly. They not only weren't tired of reading it, but also liked reading the Confucian classics as seeking remarkable passages and culling model sentences, making notes and commentaries, and always enjoying it.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 14:07, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==
久而久之，居然形成了“红学”。“红学”由起初对《红楼梦》的单纯评点，逐步发展成为对《红楼梦》及其作者的全面考证与研究，最后更成立了红学会，出版研究刊物，势头似乎越来越盛。这不仅是中国小说史上绝无仅有的，也是中国文学史上极其罕见的现象。

As time passes, redology is actually formed. Redology was about pure comments to ''A Dream in Red Mansion'' in the beginning and it gradually developed as the comprehensive textual research and study in ''A Dream in Red Mansion'' and its author. Finally, we even established redologist institution and published research periodicals, the momentum of redology more and more flourishing. This phenomenon is not only unique in the history of Chinese novels, but extremely rare in the history of Chinese literature. --[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 05:29, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

As time passes, redology is unexpectedly formed. Redology came into mere comments to ''A Dream in Red Mansion'' in the beginning and it gradually developed as the comprehensive textual research and study of this work and its author. Finally, redologist institution was established to publish research periodicals with more flourishing tendency than ever. This phenomenon is not only unique in the history of Chinese novels, but extremely rare in the history of Chinese literature.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 11:49, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìnà 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==
遗憾的是，“红学家”们对《红楼梦》的作者及其版本似乎偏爱有加，而对《红楼梦》的思想和艺术价值却缺乏足够的兴趣，因此考证作者和版本的文章和著作连篇累牍，而研究《红楼梦》思想和艺术价值的成果却寥若晨星。我认为这是本末倒置。一个作家的价值不在于其生平如何，而在于其作品的思想和艺术水平的高低；是作品决定作家的价值，而不是作家决定作品的价值。

Unfortunately, redologists ( who are specialists in A Dream of the Red Chamber) seemingly are partial to research on the writer and verison of this book, but are short of interest for it's thought and artistic value. And therefore there are a lot of articles and books about the former while very few about the latter. It seems to me that puts the cart before the horse. What a writer is worth lies in thoughts and artistic level in his/her works but not in his/her life story; and the value of a writer depends on his/her production, not vice versa.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 13:31, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

Unfortunately, redologists ( who are specialists in A Dream of the Red Chamber) seem to prefer to research on the writer and versions of this book, but are short of interest in the thought and artistic value. And therefore there are a lot of articles and books about the former while very few about the latter. It seems to me that puts the cart before the horse. What a writer is worth lies in thoughts and artistic level in his/her works but not in his/her life story; and the value of a writer depends on his/her production, not vice versa.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 14:10, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==
读者对于作品的选择与评价，也只着眼于作品本身，而非作家本人。一部伟大的作品，即使作者佚名，也不影响其伟大，照样受到读者的追捧；相反，如果一个伟大作家偶然写了一部低劣的作品，读者也决不买账。因此“红学”的研究重点应该是《红楼梦》本身，而不是《红楼梦》作者。

Readers' choice and evaluation towards works is based on the works themselves, rather than the writers. As anonymous is the writer, the valued of a great work is definitely unlikely to be underestimated, which is still welcomed by the public. Likewise, readers cannot be attracted by the inferior work written by a great writer. Therefore, redology is supposed to focus on the context, instead of the writer Cao Xueqin--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 14:01, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Readers' choice and evaluation towards works is based on the works themselves, rather than the writers. As anonymous is the writer, the values of a great work are definitely unlikely to be underestimated, which is still popular with the public. Likewise, readers cannot be attracted by a low-quality work even written by a great writer occasionally. Therefore, redology is supposed to focus on the context, instead of the writer Cao Xueqin.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 09:02, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==
当然也应该了解作者，但目的只是为了有助于深入了解《红楼梦》，仅此而已。我认为要想深入研究《红楼梦》，首先必须完全读懂《红楼梦》。如果对《红楼梦》的文本只是一知半解，那么所谓研究，势必如医生不明病人的病情而乱开药方，不仅治不好病，倒可能致人于死命。

Certainly, we should also know the author, but the purpose is nothing more than to help us understand ''A Dream of Red Chamber'' in depth. I think that in order to make a further research on ''A Dream of the Red Chamber'', we must first have a thorough understanding of it. If we have only a sketchy knowledge of the text of ''A Dream of Red Chamber'', then the so-called research would definitely be like the prescriptions prescribed indiscriminately without knowing the patient's condition. Not only can it not cure the disease, but it may lead to death.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 13:53, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

Certainly, we should also know about the author, but only with the purpose of deepening our understanding of the work. I think that further researches on ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' necessitate a thorough understanding of it. If we have only a sketchy knowledge of the text of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', then the so-called research would definitely be like the prescriptions written indiscriminately by a doctor unaware of the patient's condition. Not only can it not cure the disease, but it may lead to death. --[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 03:04, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==
《红楼梦》研究中的许多无谓争论，正是研究者没有读懂《红楼梦》或对《红楼梦》文本的不同理解所致。因此对《红楼梦》文本的注释，显然是《红楼梦》研究的基础工作。其次，当今的读者和观众虽然热衷于《红楼梦》，但真正能够全面深入理解《红楼梦》的人恐怕并不很多。

A great many arguments regarding the study of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', caused either by an incomplete understanding or different understandings of the text, are pointless. Therefore, it's apparent that annotating ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is a foundation work for its further study. Besides, though today's readers and audience are crazy about the book, I'm afraid that not many of them get to know it thoroughly. --[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 03:09, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Many unnecessary arguments in the study of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' are caused by the researchers' failure to understand ''A dream of Red Mansions'' or their different understandings of the text.Therefore, it's apparent that annotating ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is a foundation work for its further study. Besides, though today's readers and audience are crazy about the book, I'm afraid that not many of them get to know it thoroughly.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:14, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==
这是因为，《红楼梦》不是普通的白话小说，不是简单地为读者讲故事，不是为读者提供茶馀饭后的谈资，更不是为了赚稿费餬口（那时根本不存在稿费制度）。它不仅是一部反映封建社会的“百科全书”，而且作者还对人类共同关心的一些问题，如人生的目的、人性的善恶、爱情的真谛、宗教的精义等进行了探索。作品涉及的内容几乎无所不包，从至高无上的皇帝，到“芥豆之微”的细民，从国家的政治、军事、经济到百姓的日常生活，举凡天文、地理、动物、植物、建筑、服饰、医卜星相、琴棋书画等等，无不尽收笔底。

This is because ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is not an ordinary vernacular novel. It is not simply a story for readers to read, not a topic for after-dinner conversation, or a way to earn a living (there was no contribution fee system at that time). It is not only an "encyclopedia" reflecting the feudal society, but also explores some common issues of human concern, such as the purpose of life, the good and evil of human nature, the true meaning of love, the essence of religion and so on. The works cover almost everything, from the supreme emperor to the ordinary people, from national politics, military affairs, economy to the daily life of the people, including astronomy, geography, animals, plants, architecture, clothing, medicine, astrology and practise divination, poetry and painting and so on, they're all in the book.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 13:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

It is because ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' is neither an ordinary novel in vernacular Chinese, nor a simple narrative or gossip for readers. The author wrote it not for remuneration for the system of remuneration for writters did not exist at that time. It is not only an "encyclopedia" reflecting the feudal society, but also an exploration of some issues of common concern to mankind, such as the purpose of life, the good and evil of human nature, the true meaning of love, and the essence of religion. It covers almost everything, from the supreme emperor to the plebeian as tiny as reed, and from the politics, military and economy of the country to the daily life of the people. It includes astronomy, geography, animals, plants, architecture, costumes, medicine, astrology, zither, chess, calligraphy and painting, and so on. --[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 11:48, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==
作者还调动了自己的全部才能和知识，汲取了前人的成果，撰写并引用了大量诗、词、曲、赋、歌、诔、谜语、酒令等，作为描写人物、叙述故事、揭示主题的艺术手段，从而成为作品的重要组成部分。这其中蕴藏着许多成语、典故和各种知识，现在的一般读者是很难读懂的。此外，由于曹雪芹以其家事为《红楼梦》的蓝本，且暴露了不少家丑，如秦可卿的淫荡乱伦等，因而大量采用了《春秋》笔法，即作者所谓将“真事隐去”，以“假语村言”的曲折方式进行暗示或隐寓，致使《红楼梦》扑朔迷离，迷雾重重。

The author also mobilized all his talents and knowledge and drew on the achievements of his predecessors, writing and quoting a large number of poems, lyrics, songs, eulogies, riddles and wine wager as artistic methods to describe characters, narrate stories and reveal themes, thus becoming an important part of the work. This contains many idioms, allusions and various kinds of knowledge that are difficult for the average readers to comprehend nowadays. In addition, Cao Xueqin used his family affairs as the blueprint for Dream of the Red Chamber and exposed many family scandals, such as Frivolity Grain's lewdness and incest. Cao, thus, adopted much of a writing style of ''Spring and Autumn Annals'', that is, the author's so-called "real things concealed", in the twisted way of "false words and village gossips", which has led to the ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' being puzzling and foggy.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 12:28, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The author also mobilized all his talents and knowledge and took results from his predecessors, writing and quoting a large number of poems, lyrics, songs, eulogies, riddles and wine wager as artistic methods to describe characters, narrate stories and reveal themes, thus becoming an important part of the work. The novel contains many idioms, allusions and various kinds of knowledge that are difficult for the average readers to comprehend nowadays. In addition, Cao Xueqin used his family affairs as the blueprint for ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' and exposed many family scandals, such as Frivolity Grain's lewdness and incest. Cao, thus, frequently adopted a writing style of ''Spring and Autumn Annals'', that is, the author's so-called "real things concealed", using the twisted way of "false words and village gossips" to hint and make it metaphorical which has led to ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' being puzzling and foggy.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 08:35, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==
因此帮助广大读者读懂《红楼梦》，也是《红楼梦》研究者义不容辞的责任。而要使读者读懂《红楼梦》，只作简单的文字注释不解决问题，必须加以详细注释，将隐藏于《红楼梦》字里行间的寓意一一揭示出来，才能完全展示《红楼梦》的本来面貌。我从学生时代起就期待这种《红楼梦》的详注本出现，一直等了半个世纪，可惜望眼欲穿而不见踪影。

Therefore, it is incumbent on researchers of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' to help numerous readers understand the novel. For this, problem can’t be solved simply by text annotations. What should do is to add detailed explanatory notes to discover the meanings implied in characters, which can fully show the way the book originally is. I have expected the appearance of this version with detailed annotations since I was a student. I’ve waited for half a century, but it never comes out.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 02:46, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, it is our researchers' duty to heip numerous readers understand A Dream in Red Mansions. To do that, simple text annotations are not enough. And detailed explanatory notes are needed to discover its implied meanings, which can fully show its characteristics. Waiting for half century, I have expected the apppearance of this version with detailed annotations since I was a student.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 01:49, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==
很显然，“红学家”的队伍虽然不断壮大，看来他们对这种注释工作似乎不屑一顾。于是我这个“红学”的门外汉便斗胆一试，结果试出了这个《红楼梦》校注本。我这是“人弃我取”，希望不至于冒犯任何人。

Obviously, the amount of redologists who are sepcalists in A Dream of Red Mansion was increasing. They seemed to pay no attention to annotate that book, but I, as a layman, took a chance and tried to make the annotation of A Dream of Red Mansion. I thought it was an attitude of doing the things others gave up, which would not offend anyone.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 13:52, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Obviously, the amount of redologists sepcalizing in A Dream of Red Mansion was increasing. They seemed to pay little attention to annotate that book, but I, as a layman, took a chance and tried to make the annotation of A Dream of Red Mansion. I thought it was an attitude of doing things others gave up, which I hope would not offend anyone.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:20, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==
如果能成为“引玉”之“砖”，即使要做“众矢之的”，招来“万箭攒射”，我也决不后悔，因为这也算是我对《红楼梦》读者的小小奉献了。下面仅就与校注工作有关的几个具体问题略作说明。

一、作者问题

If I can serve as a modest spur to induce someone to come forward with his valuable contributions, I will never regret even if I could be the target of public criticism. It is because that the annotation work is also my dedication to the readers of A Dream of Red Mansions. And I will explain a little about the specific questions in proofreading below. 1. The Question of Author--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 12:40, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

If I can become a "brick" for "inviting jade", even if I want to be "a target of all targets" and attract "a thousand arrows", I will never regret it, because this is also a small dedication to the readers of "A Dream of Red Mansions". The following is only a brief description of a few specific issues related to the proofreading work.
1. Author's question--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 11:06, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==
中国文学史中有两个突出现象：一是在封建时代得意并著名的文人不写小说；二是小说作品多不署名或只署化名。这完全是由封建统治者造成的。封建统治者的文学观是纯粹的政治功利主义，即所谓“文以载道”。

There are two outstanding phenomena in the history of Chinese literature: one is that famous and proud literati in the feudal era do not write novels; the other is that many novels do not sign or only sign pseudonyms. This is entirely caused by the feudal ruler. The feudal ruler’s literary view is pure political utilitarianism, that is, the so-called "writing is used to carry Tao".--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 11:03, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

There are two prominent phenomena in the history of Chinese Literature: first, the proud and famous literati in the feudal era did not write novels; Second, most novels are not signed or only signed by pseudonyms. This was entirely caused by the feudal rulers. The literary view of feudal rulers was pure political utilitarianism, that is, the so-called "literature carries Tao".--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 12:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==
他们认为小说不仅不能“载道”，而且往往“诲淫诲盗”，对封建统治构成威胁。因此不仅将小说排斥在正统文学之外，甚至常常以“禁毁”的方式加以扫荡。在文网森严及小说地位低贱的环境下，多数文人自然不敢或不屑从事小说的创作；而那些痴迷小说的作者也就不敢或不愿在小说作品上亮出自己的真名实姓。They faithfully believe that novels not only can not "educate citizens of Qing Dynasty", but also often be blessed with "obscenity and theft", which poses a threat to feudal rule.Therefore, novels are not only excluded from orthodox literature, but also often cleaned up in the way of "prohibition and destruction". In the social background of highly strict policy of Literary Network and low status of novels, most scholars naturally dare not or disdain to engage in novel creation; Those who are obsessed with novels are afraid or unwilling to show their real names in their novels.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 02:46, 10 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

They believed that novels not only can not "educate citizens of Qing Dynasty", but also often be blessed with "obscenity and theft", which poses a threat to feudal rule.Therefore, novels are not only excluded from orthodox literature, but also often cleaned up in the way of "prohibition and destruction". In the social background of highly strict policy of Literary Network and of low status of novels, most scholars naturally dare not or disdain to engage in novel creation; Those who are obsessed with novels are afraid or unwilling to sign their real names in their novels.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 13:18, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==
因此研究中国古代小说多了一项工作，即不得不对小说作者加以考证。《红楼梦》也不例外，它的作者连化名都未署一个。“红学家”们为了考证它的作者，不知耗费了多少精力和时间，然而由于史料不足，至今仍然众说纷纭,难以形成共识。

Therefore, there is one more task to study ancient Chinese novels, that is, we have to do textual research on the authors of the novels. ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no exception. Its author does not even have a pseudonym. In order to do textual research on its author, the "redologists" spent a lot of energy and time. However, due to the lack of historical data, opinions are still varied and it is difficult to reach a consensus.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 01:57, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Therefore, there is one more task to study ancient Chinese novels, that is, we have to do textual research on the authors of the novels. ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no exception, whose author does not even have a pseudonym. In order to do textual research on its author, the "redologists" spent a lot of energy and time. However, due to the lack of historical data, opinions are still varied and it is difficult to reach a consensus.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 06:39, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==
据我个人所知，至少就有七种说法：其一为“曹作高续”说。即认为曹雪芹写到八十回而去世，并可能留下了后四十回的某些提纲以及部分书稿；高鹗根据曹雪芹的这些提纲、书稿以及前八十回中的许多暗示，还可能参考了其他人的续作，完成了后四十回的创作，并对前八十回加以修订，从而使《红楼梦》成为完璧。
As far as I am concerned, there are at least seven sayings: one of which is that ''Dream of Red Mansions'' was written by Cao Xueqin and then finished by Gao. The saying means that Cao passed away and left some outline and manuscripts of the latter fourth chapters when the former eighty chapters was finished. Then, Gao finished the latter forty chapters and reviewed the former eighty chapters, according to some outlines, manuscripts and clues made by Cao, referring to other sequels. Finally, ''Dream of Red Mansion'' was finished. --[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 06:27, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

As far as I am concerned, there are at least seven sayings: one of which is that ''Dream of Red Mansions'' was written by Cao Xueqin and then finished by Gao. The saying means that Cao had passed away and left some outline and manuscripts of the latter fourth chapters while the former eighty chapters was finished. Then, Gao finished the latter forty chapters and reviewed the former eighty chapters, according to some outlines, manuscripts and clues made by Cao, referring to other sequels. Finally, ''Dream of Red Mansion'' was finished.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 13:04, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==
其二为“曹作程续高订”说。即认为前八十回的作者是曹雪芹，后四十回的作者是程伟元，高鹗只是参加了全书的修订工作。其三为“曹作高续程订”说。即认为前八十回的作者是曹雪芹，后四十回的作者是高鹗，程伟元则对曹雪芹的前八十回加以修订。

The second is the theory of "Cao came to write, Cheng continued to write, Gao to revise". That is, the author of the first 80 chapters is Cao Xueqin, the author of the last 40 chapters is Cheng Weiyuan, and Gao E only participated in the revision of the whole book. The third is the theory of "Cao came to write, Gao continued to write, Cheng to revise". That is, the author of the first 80 chapters is Cao Xueqin, the author of the last 40 chapters is Gao E, and Cheng Weiyuan revised Cao Xueqin's first 80 chapters.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 12:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The second statement said that "Started by Cao, completed by Chen, and revised by Gao". That’s to say, the first 80 chapters were written by Cao Xueqin, the last 40 chapters were written by Cheng Weiyuan, and Gao E only revised the whole book. The third statement said that "Started by Cao, completed by Gao, and revised by Chen". That’s to say, the first 80 chapters were written by Cao Xueqin, the last 40 chapters were written by Gao E, and Cheng Weiyaun made revisions to the first 80 chapters of Cao Xueqin.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 11:56, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==
其四为“曹作某续高订”说。即认为在程伟元和高鹗之前，已有人为曹雪芹的未完稿续写完全，程伟元将搜集到的抄本交由高鹗修订，然后刊行。其五为“曹作程高修订”说。

The fourth statement said that “Started by Cao, completed by someone, and revised by Gao”. That's to say, before Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E, there was someone who completed Cao Xueqin's unfinished writing. Then, Cheng Weiyuan collected this hand-copied version and provided it for Gao E to revise, and afterwards ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' was published . The fifth statement said that “Started by Cao, and revised by both Cheng and Gao ”.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 08:08, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The fourth statement said that "This masterpiece is started by Cao, completed by someone, and revised by Gao". That's to say, before Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E, there was someone who completed Cao Xueqin's unfinished work. Then, Cheng Weiyuan collected these hand-copied drafts and offered them to Gao E to revise, and afterwards ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' was published. The fifth statement noted that "It was started by Cao, and revised by both Cheng and Gao".--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:52, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==
即认为曹雪芹已经完成了《红楼梦》全书，只是未遑修饰而去世，后由程伟元和高鹗共同修订并刊行。其六为“叔作侄订”说。即认为《红楼梦》的原作者是曹雪芹的叔父曹頫，也就是给《红楼梦》加批的“脂砚斋”；曹雪芹只是对它“披阅十载，增删五次”。

It was commonly believed that Cao Xueqin had finished the draft of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', while as a result of his death it was not polished by himself, but co-revised and published by Cheng Weiyuan an Gao 'E later on. Sixly, rumar had it that this classic was the common product of the uncle and the nephew. That was to say, the original author of that masterpiece was Cao Fu, Cao Xueqin's uncle, who was at the same time the very one that added notes in that masterpiece, and Cao Xueqin just played the role of repeatedly revising it.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:55, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

It was commonly believed that Cao Xueqin had finished the draft of ''A Dream in Red Mansions''. As a result of his death it was not published by himself. However, co-revised and published by Cheng Weiyuan an Gao 'E later on. Rumar had it that this classic was the common product of the uncle and the nephew. Which shows, the original author of that masterpiece was Cao Fu, Cao Xueqin's uncle, who was at the same time the only one who added notes in that masterpiece, and Cao Xueqin just repeatedly revised it.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:35, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 22:31, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

It was commonly believed that Cao Xueqin had finished the draft of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', but died before he could polish it. As a result, the draft was co-revised and published by Cheng Weiyuan an Gao 'E later on. The sixth opinion is that this classic is the common product of the uncle and the nephew. That's to say, the original author of that masterpiece was Cao Fu, Cao Xueqin's uncle, who was at the same time the very one that added notes in that masterpiece, and Cao Xueqin just played the role of repeatedly revising it.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 15:35, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==
其七为“某作曹订”说。即认为《红楼梦》的原作者是个与曹家毫不相干的无名氏，曹雪芹只是个修订者。“红学家”对《红楼梦》作者的意见分歧，使出版者无所适从，因而造成了新版《红楼梦》署名的混乱：或只署曹雪芹，或并署曹雪芹、高鹗，或干脆不署名。

The seventh opinion is that “a certain author, Cao revised”. That is to say, the original author of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' is an anonymous person who has no relation with Cao’s family, and Cao Xueqin is only the reviser. The different opinions among the “redologists” about the author of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' caused the publishers not to know what to do. The new versions are therefore in confusion: some signed Cao Xueqin alone, some signed Cao Xueqin and Gao E together, and some signed nothing at all.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 09:40, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The seventh opinion is that “a certain author, Cao revised”. That is to say, the original author of ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' was an anonymous person who had no relation with the Cao’s, and Cao Xueqin was only a reviser. The different opinions among the “redologists” about the author of ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' caused the publishers not to know what to do. The new versions are therefore in confusion: some signed Cao Xueqin alone, some signed Cao Xueqin and Gao E together, and some signed nothing at all. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 11:33, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==
由于我对这个问题缺乏专门研究，只能在以上七种说法中加以选择。我认为这七种说法都有一定的根据，均非空穴来风。但相比之下，第一种说法的证据更为充分，也得到了学界的普遍认可，因此仍将曹雪芹和高鹗作为《红楼梦》的共同作者。

Because of a lack of specialized research to this question, I had to select from the seven statements above. I thought that the seven statements were of certain basis. However, with comparison, the evidence of first statement was more sufficient, and was largely approved by the academic circles. So, Cao Xueqin Autor and Gao E were still regarded as the co-author of ''the Dream of the Red Chamber''. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 01:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Being lacking in specialized research to this question, I had to select from the above seven versions . I thought that they were of certain basis. However, with comparison, the first statement was more credible, and was largely approved by the academic circles. So, Cao Xueqin and Gao E were still regarded as the co-author of ''the Dream of the Red Chamber''.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 06:57, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==
至于这种说法的具体根据，以及两作者的生平，已见于不少专文，这里不再赘述。

二、版本问题

由于《红楼梦》创作过程和流传过程的特殊性，造成了《红楼梦》版本的复杂性。
We will not describe more about the specific reason of this opinion and lives of the two authors because a lot of scholars have discussed it.
二、Version problem
The unique process of creating and circulating A Dream in Red Mansions leads to such complicated versions of it.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 06:52, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

As well as the life of the two authors, has been seen in a number of articles, here will not be repeated.
Second, the version of the problem because of the "Dream of Red Mansions" creative process and the special nature of the process of circulation, resulting in the "Dream of Red Mansions" version of the complexity.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 04:36, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

而《红楼梦》版本的复杂性，又迫使我们不得不有所选择。《红楼梦》的创作和流传过程可以分为四个阶段：其一是曹雪芹的创作阶段。虽然曹雪芹自称“披阅十载，增删五次”，其实由于他溘然而逝，只留下了一部《红楼梦》的未完稿和未定稿。

The complexity of the version of a Dream of Red Mansions forces us to make choices. The creation and spread of a Dream of Red Mansions can be divided into four stages: one is Cao Xueqin Autor's creation stage. Although Cao Xueqin Autor, claimed that "reading for ten years, adding and deleting five times", in fact, because of his death, leaving only a dream of red Mansions unfinished and unfinished.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 08:59, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 13:16, 29 December 2021 (UTC)
The complexity of the version of a ''dream of Red Mansions'' forces us to choose. The creation and spread of the ''dream of Red Mansions'' can be divided into four stages: one is the creation stage of Cao Xueqin Autor. Although Cao Xueqin Autor claimed to "read for ten years, add and delete five times", in fact, due to his death, only one unfinished and undecided version of a dream of Red Mansions was left.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 14:16, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==
他只完成了八十回，约相当于全书的三分之二。他不仅未对这八十回的书稿进行修订润色，而且还有不少待补的缺文。以“红学家”认为最好的版本“庚辰本”为例：第十七、十八两回合用一套回目，第十九回没有回目；第二十二回写荣国府作灯谜游戏，“此回未成而芹逝矣”(脂砚斋批语)，以至不仅缺了主要人物贾宝玉、林黛玉和史湘云的灯谜，而且本回还有不少其他缺文；如此等等。
He completed only eighty times, about two-thirds of the book. Not only did he leave the eighty drafts unrevised, but there was still much to be done. To the researcher of a dream of Red Mansions that the best version of the "gengchen Ben" as an example: the 17th, 18th round with a set of return, the 19th back no return; The twenty-second time to write rongguo Mansion for lantern riddle game, the chapter is unfinished but Cao Xueqin is dead (the ink stone lent comments), so that not only the lack of lantern riddles of the main characters Precious Jade Merchant , Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History, and this time there are many other lack of text; And so on.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 05:26, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

He completed only eighty chapters, about two-thirds of the whole book. Not only did he leave the eighty drafts unrevised and unpolished, but there was still much missing pages to be filled. Take the “Gengchen Version” as an example, which was considered the best version by Redology scholars, the 17th, 18th chapters kept the same content and the 19th had no content; The chapter 22, which was about Rongguo Mansion' lantern riddle game, was unfinished before Cao Xueqin passed away. (comments from the Ink Stone Lent), so that there was not only a lack of lantern riddles of the main characters Precious Jade Merchant, Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History, but also many other contents, and so on.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 06:53, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==
其二是曹雪芹《红楼梦》八十回本的传抄阶段，其间大约近三十年。由于抄书速度很慢，《红楼梦》的篇幅又很长，要想在短时间内抄完一部，需集多人之手。故多为达官显宦之家雇佣抄手，集体完成。

The second lay in the transmission and copying stage of 80 chapters of Cao Xueqin's ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', which lasted about 30 years. Due to the slow speed of copying and the long length of the novel, it required cooperation in order to scribe it done in a short time. Therefore it was the noble officials anddignitaries who often hired scribes to do the task together.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 06:39, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

The second stage is the transmission and copying of 80 chapters of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' written by Cao Xueqin, which lasted about 30 years. Due to the slow speed of copying and the long length of the novel, it required cooperation in order to finish it in a short time. Therefore it was the noble officials and dignitaries who often hired scribes to do the task together.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 05:33, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==
又因它是一部未完稿和未定稿，抄手便自觉或不自觉地加以增删修改；而抄手大多水平不高，且良莠不齐，鲁鱼亥豕，在所难免。从而导致大量异文乃至讹误的产生。其三是高鹗和程伟元续写后四十回并对全书进行修订和刊行的阶段。

And because it was an unfinished and undecided manuscript, the scribes consciously or unconsciously added, deleted and modified it. Most scribes lacked skills and the level of copying varied in quality. Accordingly, it was inevitable that clerical errors occurred, which led to a large number of variant versions of the book and even misinterpretations in the text. The third was the stage when Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan wrote a continuation of 40 chapters for ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', revised and published the whole book.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 13:29, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

And because it was an unfinished and undecided manuscript, the copywriters consciously or unconsciously added, deleted or modified it; Because most copywriters lacked skills and their level of copying varied in quality.so it was inevitable that led to a large number of different texts and even errors in the text. The third was the stage when E Gao and Weiyuan Cheng continued to write the last 40 chapters of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'',revised and published the whole book. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:47, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==
其间又可分为四段：首先由程伟元对各种《红楼梦》抄本加以搜集(其中可能包括无名氏续写的书稿)；其次由高鹗续写后四十回，并对前八十回进行大量修订(程伟元也可能参与了修订工作)；又次由程伟元于乾隆五十六年（公元1791年）用活字排印出版一百二十回本，后来被胡适先生命名为“程甲本”；次年由高鹗和程伟元对“程甲本”加以修订再版，后来又被胡适先生命名为“程乙本”。据说还有“程丙本”，如今已经不知下落，据个别看过的人说，较之“程乙本”改动甚少，因而可以置之不论。

It can be divided into four periods: firstly,Weiyuan Cheng collected various transcripts of ''A Dream of Red Mansions ''(including the manuscripts of a sequel written by anonymous authors); Secondly,E Gao continued to write the last 40 chapters and made a lot of revisions to the first 80 chapters (Weiyuan Cheng may also had participated in the revision work); thirdly, another 120 copies were printed and published by Weiyuan Cheng in movable type in the 56th year of the Emperor of Qianlong (AD 1791), which was later named "Cheng Jia Edition" by Mr.Shi Hu;Lastly, in the following year, E Gao and Weiyuan Cheng revised and republished the "Cheng Jia Edition", which was later named "Cheng Yi Ben" by Mr.Shi Hu. It is said that there is also "Cheng bing Edition", which is unknown now. According to someone who have seen it, there are few changes compared with "Cheng Yi Edition", so it can be set aside. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:22, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

It can be divided into four stages: in the first stage, Cheng Weiyuan collected all kinds of transcripts of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (including the manuscripts of a sequel written by unknown authors); Secondly, Gao E continued the last 40 chapters and made a lot of revisions to the first 80 ones (Cheng Weiyuan may also had participated in the revision work); thirdly, another 120 copies were printed and published by Cheng Weiyuan in movable type in the 56th year under the reign of the emperor Qianlong (AD 1791), which were later named "Cheng Jia (the first) Editions" by Hu Shi; Lastly, in the following year, Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan revised and republished the "Cheng Jia Edition", which was later named "Cheng Yi (the second) Edition" by Hu Shi. It is said that there was also "Cheng Bing (the third) Edition", which now has no whereabouts. According to someone who had once read it, compared with "Cheng Yi Edition", there were so few changes that it could be set aside.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 15:11, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==
其四是《红楼梦》刊本的流传阶段。此段从程伟元的活字本问世开始，直到现在。在刊本出现后，虽然由于某些人的爱好或习惯，仍有抄本流传，但已是强弩之末，不成气候，而刊本的流传却如燎原之势，席卷全国。

The fourth period is the circulation of the printed versions of ''a Dream of Red Mansions''. This stage has been going on since Cheng Weiyuan's movable printed editions were published. After these versions appeared, though transcripts were still spreading due to some people's hobbies or habits, it was like a spent arrow and no longer had great influence, while the printed versions spread and swept like fire through the country.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 14:22, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The fourth period is the circulation of the printed versions of ''a Dream of Red Mansions''. This stage start from cheng Weiyuan's movable type book came out and until now. After the publication appeared, although due to some people's hobbies or habits, it was like a spent arrow and no longer had great influence, while the printed versions spread and swept like fire through the country.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 07:00, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==
《红楼梦》如此特殊的创作和流传过程，导致了《红楼梦》的“三多”现象：版本多，异文多，讹误多。幸运的是，近几十年来，这些版本不仅不断被发现，而且陆续被影印出版，从而使我们得以大饱眼福。仅就我个人视野所及，即有十二种版本，而且五花八门：或名《石头记》(5种)，或名《红楼梦》(7种)；或为抄本(10种)，或为刊本(2种)；或为八十回系统(8种，其中6种为残本)，或为一百二十回系统(4种)。

The special creation and dissemination process of A Dream of Red Mansions leads to the phenomenon of "three many" : many versions, many different texts and many errors. Fortunately, in recent decades, these editions have not only been discovered, but photocopied and published, so that we can feast our eyes on them. As far as I can see, there are twelve versions, and they are diverse，named as "The Story of the Stone" (five versions) or "A Dream of Red Mansions" (seven versions). Some are codex (10 kinds) and some are periodical (2 kinds); Some are 80 chapter system (8 types, 6 of which are incomplete) and some are 120 chapter system (4 types).--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 06:53, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

The special creation and dissemination process of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' led to a phenomenon called "three many": many editions, many variants and many errors. Fortunately, in recent decades, these editions have not only been discovered, but successively photocopied and published, which greatly regale us. As far as I know, there are twelve editions in great diversity. Some are titled ''The Story of the Stone'' (five editions), or ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (seven editions); some are hand-copied (10 editions), while some printed (8 including 6 incomplete editions); some are composed of 80 chapters, while some others 120 chapters.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 13:17, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==
《红楼梦》的众多版本，对于研究者是极有价值的，它们可以帮助研究者分析《红楼梦》的创作过程和流传过程，并进行比较研究。但对于普通读者来说，如此眼花缭乱的版本，犹如坠入五里雾中，使他们无从选择。因此《红楼梦》的研究者有义务为他们提供一个最好的版本。

The various versions of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' have enormous value to researchers. They can be helpful to researchers in analyzing the processes of creation and dissemination, and facilitating comparative studies. However, for common readers, such a dazzling array of versions might leave them with a foggy head and unable to decide. Therefore, researchers are obliged to offer the best version. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 06:09, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
The various versions of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' are valuable to researchers, which can helpful to them in analyzing the processes of creation and dissemination of the book, as well as working on comparative studies. However, it would be confusing and indeterminable for the general readers when facing with such a dazzling array of versions. It’ s therefore incumbent upon researchers to offer the best version.
--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 14:32, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==
况且为了很好地保存这笔珍贵的文化遗产，也必须确立一种《红楼梦》的最好版本。那么哪一种版本是《红楼梦》的最好版本呢？答案就是“程乙本”。鉴于至今仍有“红学家”对高鹗续写的《红楼梦》后四十回既持否定态度，又在出版《红楼梦》时不得不用它与曹雪芹的前八十回相配为完整的一百二十回本，我在这里必须首先对高续后四十回的价值略作说明。

Moreover, in order to preserve this precious cultural heritage, it is also necessary to establish the best version of ''Dream of the Red Chamber''. So which is the best version? The answer is "Cheng Yi Ben". Since, when publishing ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', there are still "Redologists" who have a negative attitude towards Gao E 's subsequent writing of the later forty chapters of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', and who had to use Gao‘ s creation in conjunction with Cao Xueqin's first eighty chapters as the complete one—hundred and twenty chapters, I must first give a brief explanation of the value of Gao's continuation of the later forty chapters.--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 07:18, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

Moreover，it is also necessary to establish the best version of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' to preserve this precious cultural heritage.So which one is the best version of it？The answer is "Cheng Yi Ben".Since there is still opposition against the forty chapters wrote by Gao E，the “master of the Dream of the Red Chamber，while it is a must to combine them and the eighty chapters wrote by Cao Xueqin to form an integral book which has one hundred and twenty chapters，I must briefly introduce the value of the forty chapters wrote by Gao E--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 08:46, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==
率先冲破评点派和索隐派而从中国小说发展史的角度客观评价高鹗续书的是胡适先生。他在1921年11月12日定稿的《〈红楼梦〉考证》（见1923年亚东图书馆版《胡适文存》）中说：我们平心而论，高鹗补的四十回，虽然比不上前八十回，也确然有不可埋没的好处。他写司棋之死，写鸳鸯之死，写妙玉的遭遇，写凤姐的死，写袭人的嫁，都是很有精采的小品文字。
The man who first transcend the groups of criticizing and objectively comment the continuation of Gao E from the perspective of the history of the development of Chinese novels is Hu Shi.He said in his 《Test of the Dream of the red mansions》finalised in 1921，12th November that：“To be honest，Gao E’s supplementary forty chapters，though not comparable to the original eighty chapters，still boast their own outstanding merits.For instance，he wrote the death of Si Qi，of Yuan Yang，of Feng Jie，the encounter of Miao Yu and the marriage of Xi Ren，are all excellent facetious words.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 12:08, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

It was Mr. Hu Shi who firstly made a breakthrough between “Pingdian Group” and “Suoying Group” and objectively evaluated Gao E’s continuation from the perspective of Chinese novel’s history. In ''A Textual Research on A Dream of Red Mansions'' finalized on November 12, 1921 (''Hu Shi’s Article Archive'', Yadong Library Edition, 1923), he said, “To be fair, the following forty episodes written by Gao E certainly have undeniable charm although not as good as the previous eighty. He ended Siqi’s life with death, wrote about the death of Yuanyang, the suffering of Miaoyu, Sister Feng’s demise and the marriage of Xiren, all of which are really brilliant sketches. --[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 06:31, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==
最可注意的是这些人都写作悲剧的下场。还有那最重要的“木石前盟”一件公案，高鹗居然忍心害理的教黛玉病死，教宝玉出家，作一个大悲剧的结束，打破了中国小说的团圆迷信。这一点悲剧的眼光，不能不令人佩服。

It is noteworthy that all these people wrote about tragic endings, expecially th most important case of " Wood and Stone's Previous Oath". In the novel, Gao E auturally had the heart to leave Daiyu to die of illness and Baoyu to become a monk. He made it ended up as a great tragedy and broke the routine of "reunion superstition" in traditional Chinese novels, which could not be more admirable from the tragic perspective.--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 05:00, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

It is most noteworthy that all these characters are created with tragic endings. And as regards the most important case --- "The Pledge in front of Wood and Stone", in the novel, the author Gao E actually ended Mascara Jade Forest's (Lin Daiyu's) life with death resulting from illness and left Precious Jade Merchant (Jia Baoyu) to become a monk. Gao E finished ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' with a tragical epilogue so as to break the superstition that Chinese novels routinely end in happy reunion. In this sense, Gao E's tragic perspective deserves admiration and praise.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 08:09, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==
我们试看高鹗以后，那许多续《红楼梦》和补《红楼梦》的人，那一个不是想把黛玉、晴雯都从棺材里扶出来，重新配给宝玉？那一个不是想做一部“团圆”的《红楼梦》的？我们这里退一步想，就不能不佩服高鹗的补本了。我们不但佩服，还应该感谢他，因为他这部悲剧的补本……居然打倒了后来无数的团圆《红楼梦》，居然替中国保存了一部有悲剧下场的小说！

As we can see, after Gao E finished ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (which was left unfinished by the previous author Cao Xueqin), many of those who wrote this work continually or supplementarily were all eager to save Mascars Jade Forest (Lin Daiyu) and Sunny Cloud Formation (Qing Wen), who died and lay in coffin, and then to betroth them to Precious Jade Merchant (Jia Baoyu). And these writers all had the desire to end the story in a warm reunion. On second thought, we cannot but have a high opinion of Gao E's supplementary version ''A Dream of Red Mansions''. Arguably, not only should we admire but show gratitude for him, on the grounds that, his edition packed with tragic color is unexpectedly more laudatory than those with happy endings, actually preserving a novel with the tragical epilogue in China.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 07:35, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

As we can see, after Gao E finished ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (which was left unfinished by the previous author Cao Xueqin), many of those who wrote this work continually or supplementarily were all eager to save Lin Daiyu and Qing Wen (or Sunny Cloud Formation), who died and lay in coffin, and then to betroth them to Jia Baoyu (or Precious Jade Merchant). Which writer did not want to create "A Dream of the Red mansion" with a reunion ending? On second thought, we cannot but have a high opinion of Gao E's supplementary version ''A Dream of Red Mansions''. Arguably, not only should we admire but show gratitude for him, on the grounds that, his edition packed with tragic color is unexpectedly more laudatory than those with happy endings, actually preserving a novel with the tragical epilogue in China.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 12:33, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==
几乎与胡适同时，俞平伯先生也对高鹗的续书予以专章论述。他在1923年亚东图书馆出版的《红楼梦辨·论续书底不可能》中说：从高鹗以下，百馀年来，续《红楼梦》的人如此之多，但都是失败的……我以为凡书都不能续，不但《红楼梦》不能续；凡续书的人都失败，不但高鹗诸人失败而已。
Almost at the same time as Hu Shi, Mr. Yu Pingbo also devoted a chapter to the continuation of Gao E's book. He said in the "A Dream of the Red Mansion - the impossibility of the continuation of the book" published by the Yadong Library in 1923: From Gao E down, more than a hundred years, so many people have renewed the "A Dream of the Red Mansion", but they all failed ...... I think all books can not be renewed, not only the "A Dream of the Red Mansion" can not be renewed; all the people who renewed the book failed, not only Gao E and others failed.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 12:27, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Almost at the same time as Hu Shi, Mr. Yu Pingbo also devoted a comment chapter to the continuation of Gao E. He said in the "A Dream of the Red Mansion - the impossibility of the continuation of the book" published by the Yadong Library in 1923: Since Gao E, more than a hundred years, so many people have renewed the "A Dream of the Red Mansion", but they all failed ... I think all books can not be renewed, not only the "A Dream of the Red Mansion" is in the case; all the people who renewed books failed, not only Gao E and others did.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 01:43, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==
因此他的结论是：高鹗诸人续写的《红楼梦》都是“狗尾续貂”。俞先生“凡书都不能续”、“凡续书的人都失败”的说法未免武断，至少措辞不够严谨。事实上，成功的续书并非没有，只是不多。

Therefore, his conclusion is: The continuations of "The Dream of Red Mansions" written by the Gao E and others are all "wretched sequels to a masterpiece." Mr. Yu’s statement that “every book cannot be continued” and “everyone who renews a book fails” is a bit too arbitrary, at least the wording is not rigorous enough. In fact, successful continuations do exist, but are not substantial.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 01:29, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

He therefore concludes that the sequels to Dream of the Red Chamber written by the Gao Ospreys are all "dog tails on a marten", which means a wretched sequels to a masterpiece. Mr. Yu's statement that "all books cannot be renewed" and "all those who renew books will fail" is arbitrary, or at least not carefully worded. In fact, successful continuations do exist, but are not substantial.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 23:35, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==
且不说成功的学术著作不乏范例，就是小说作品的续书也有成功的。譬如清代陈忱的《水浒后传》、近代吴趼人的《新石头记》，就都是别开生面之作。不过俞先生毕竟是严肃的学者，尽管他对高鹗的续书很不满意，却对高鹗的功绩予以肯定。

Not to mention that there is no shortage of examples of successful scholarly works, there are also successful sequels to works of fiction. For example, Chen Chen's ''The Afterlife of Water Margin'' in the Qing dynasty and Wu Jianren's ''The New Story of the Stone'' in the modern era are both original works. But Mr. Yu, after all, was a serious scholar, and although he was dissatisfied with Gao E's sequel, he acknowledged Gao's merits.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 23:25, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Not to mention that there is no shortage of successful examples of scholarly works, there are also successes in sequels to works of fiction. For example, Chen Chen's ''The Afterlife of Water Margin'' in the Qing dynasty and Wu Jianren's ''The New Story of the Stone'' in the modern era are both original works in new forms. But Mr. Yu, after all, was a serious scholar, and although he was dissatisfied with Gao E's sequel, he acknowledged Gao's merits.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 09:06, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==
他在《红楼梦辨·后四十回底批评》中说：高鹗以审慎的心思，正当的态度来续《红楼梦》；他宁可失之于拘泥，不敢失之于杜撰。其所以失败：一则因《红楼梦》本非可以续补的书，二则因高鹗与曹雪芹个性相差太远，便不自觉地相违远了。处处去追寻作者，而始终赶他不上，以致迷途；这是他失败时底光景。

He said in the ''Defense of The Dream of Red Mansion: the criticism of the last forty chapters'': “GaoE continued writing The Dream of Red Mansion with his prudent intention and serious attitude; He would rather make it up than adhere to it. There are two reasons for the failure of his version. The first is that the book itself is not a book that can be continued writing. The other is GaoE’ s character is different far from Cao Xueqin’sw which naturally lead to his misconception about this book. He tried his best to catch the main points of Cao Xueqin whereas he even couldn’t see the back of Cao Xueqin resulting in the wrong path. This is his background of failure.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 08:11, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

He said in the '' Defense of A Dream of Red Mansions: the criticism of the last forty chapters '': “Gao E continued writing '' A Dream of Red Mansions '' with his prudent intention and serious attitude; He would rather rigidly adhere to the content than fabricate some details. There are two reasons for the failure of his version. The first is that this novel itself is not the one that can be continued writing. The other is that Gao E’ s character is different far from Cao Xueqin’s which naturally lead to very distinct characteristics in this novel. He tried his best to catch the main points of Cao Xueqin whereas he even couldn’t see the back of Cao Xueqin resulting in the wrong path. This is the reason of his failure.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 13:28, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==
至于混四十回于八十回中，就事论事，是一种过失；就效用影响而论，是一种功德；混合而论是功多罪少。“失败了，光荣地失败了！”是我对于高鹗底赞扬和指斥。俞先生在晚年对高鹗的续书给予更多的肯定，认为高鹗的续书使残缺的《红楼梦》成为完璧，是一大功劳。

As for adding forty chapters to the original eighty chapters, sticking to the facts, it is actually a demerit. However, it can be a kind of merits and virtues in terms of utility effect. With regarding to several aspects, and his merits can more than wipe out his faults. “Failed, gloriously failed!”It's my praise and rebuke to Gao E. In the later years of Mr. Yu, he gave more recognition to Gao E’sequel, believing that Gao E’ sequel made the fragmentary ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' a complete story which was a great credit.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 13:25, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

As for mixing the forty chapters to the original eighty chapters, actually it is a kind of negligence in terms of facts; in terms of effectiveness and influence, it is a kind of merit; in terms of mixing, it is more meritorious and less sinful. "Failed, failed gloriously!" I praised and reprimanded Gao E. In his later years, Mr. Yu gave more affirmation to Gao E’s sequel, and believed that Gao E’ s sequel made the incomplete ''Dream of Red Mansions'' a great achievement.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 05:16, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==
鲁迅先生也对高鹗的续书予以肯定，只是对书末贾府的“复振”表示遗憾。他在《中国小说史略》（1923、1924年由北京大学新潮社分上下册出版，1925年由北京北新书局合为一册出版）第二十四篇中说：后四十回虽数量止初本之半，而大故迭起，破败死亡相继，与所谓“食尽鸟飞独存白地”者颇符，惟结束又复振。

Lu Xun also gave a approval to the sequel of the book by Gao E, but regretted the “revitalization” part of Merchant’s mansion at the end of the book. He claimed in Chapter 24 of ''Chinese Novel Outline History''(In 1923 and 1924, published in two volumes by the New Trend Union of Peking University, and in 1925, published in one volume by Beixin Publishing House in Beijing) that although the latter forty chapters is only half of the original version in quantity, there are great changes, ups and downs, and dilapidated deaths one after another, which is very consistent with the so-called “eating all birds and flying alone in the white land”, but it ends and vibrates again.
--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 09:14, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Lu Xun also affirmed Gao E’s sequel, and just expressed regret for the “revitalization” of Merchant Mansion at the end of the book. He claimed in chapter 24 of Chinese Novel Outline History(In 1923 and 1924, published in two volumes by the New Trend Union of Peking University, and in 1925, published in one volume by Beixin Publishing House in Beijing) that although the last forty chapters are only half of the original version in quantity, events occurred constantly and loss and death were in succession, which was quite consistent with the statement “birds ate and flew, then left the bleak place”. But it was a pity that the sequel ended in revitalization. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 00:58, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==
以上三位权威学者对高鹗续书的评价不尽相同，但有两点共识：高鹗的后四十回逊于曹雪芹的前八十回，但他完成了曹雪芹的未竟之业，使残缺的《红楼梦》成为完璧；尤其打破了中国传统小说的“团圆迷信”，使《红楼梦》成为中国小说史上首部悲剧小说，这在中国小说发展史上是一个伟大创举。我认为三位先生的这两点共识是客观公正的，是高见卓识。

The above three authoritative scholars hold various comments on Gao E’s sequel, sharing two points of consensus. One the one hand, Gao E’s last forty chapters are inferior to Cao Xueqin’s first eighty counterparts, but he has completed Cao’s unfinished work, rendering A Dream in Red Mansions perfect. On the other hand, in particular, Gao E breaks the routine of “reunion superstition”in traditional Chinese novels and makes A Dream in Red Mansions the first tragic writing in the past records of Chinese novels, which is a great pioneering work in the history of Chinese novel development. As far as I am concerned, these two points proposed by the three respected scholars are objective, fair and insightful. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 14:23, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The above three authoritative scholars hold various comments on Gao E’s sequel, but sharing two points of consensus. One the one hand, Gao E’s last forty chapters are inferior to Cao Xueqin’s first eighty counterparts, but he has completed Cao’s unfinished work, rendering the incomplete ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' complete. On the other hand, in particular, Gao E breaks the routine of “reunion superstition”in traditional Chinese novels and makes ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' become the first tragic writing in the past records of Chinese novels, which is a great pioneering work in the history of Chinese novel development. As far as I am concerned, these two points proposed by the three respected scholars are objective, fair and insightful.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:49, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==
晚近的某些“新红学家”尽管对高鹗大加挞伐，却无法推翻三位先生的这两点共识；最多只能进一步证明高鹗的续书比不上曹雪芹的原作，而不能抹煞高鹗续书的这两大功绩。我们可以设想，如果没有高鹗的续书，只能有两种结果：一是我们只能看到一部残缺不全的《红楼梦》，犹如只能欣赏一只断尾巴的孔雀；二是我们只能看到《红楼复梦》、《红楼圆梦》之类下三流续作，使《红楼梦》跳不出“团圆”小说的窠臼。

Although some recent "new Redologists" criticized Gao E drastically, they could not overturn the consensus of the three gentlemen; at most, they could only further prove that Gao E's sequel is not comparable to Cao Xueqin's original, rather than erase the two achievements of Gao E's renewal. We can imagine that if we have no Gao E's sequel, there can only be two results: one is that we can only see an incomplete ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', like only enjoying a peacock with a broken tail, the other is that we can only see ''A Dream of Red Mansions Again'', ''A Dream of Red Mansions Reunion'' and other renewals that are third-classs, which makes ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' cannot jump out of the mold of "reunion" novel.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:45, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 16:25, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Although some recent “new Redologists” criticized Gao E drastically, they could not overturn the two consensuses of the three gentlemen; they could only further prove that Gao E's sequel is not comparable to Cao Xueqin's original, rather than obliterate the two achievements of Gao E's continuation. We can imagine that, without Gao E's sequel, there would be only two results: one is that we could only see an incomplete ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', as if we could only appreciate a peacock with a broken tail, the other is that we can only see such third-rate sequels like ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' Again, ''A Dream of Red Mansions Reunion'', making ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' cannot jump out of the set pattern of "reunion" novel. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 06:17, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==
因此，不仅我们应该感谢高鹗，如果曹雪芹地下有知，也会视高鹗为知己。胡适等三位先生论证了高鹗的两大功绩，就等于完全肯定了完整的一百二十回的《红楼梦》。但完整的《红楼梦》有两种版本，即“程甲本”和“程乙本”，两者的出版时间仅隔一年左右。

Therefore, not only should we be grateful to Gao E, if Cao Xueqin was alive and knew about it, he would also regard Gao E as a confidant. Hu Shi and other three gentlemen demonstrated Gao E’s three achievements, which was equivalent to confirming the complete 120 chapters of a Dream of Red Mansions. However, there are two versions of the complete work, namely the “Cheng A edition” and “Cheng B edition”, whose publishing interval was only about one year. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 15:35, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

Hu Shi and other three gentlemen demonstrated gao e's two great achievements, which is equivalent to confirming the complete 120 chapters of a Dream of Red Mansions. However, there are two versions of the complete work, namely the "Cheng Jiabo edition" and "Cheng Yibo edition", which were published only about a year apart.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 05:17, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==
这两种版本究竟哪一种更好呢？当然是“程乙本”，因为它是高鹗对“程甲本”精心修订的定稿本。程伟元和高鹗在“程乙本”《〈红楼梦〉引言》中说：因急欲公诸同好，故初印时不及细校，间有纰缪。今复聚集各原本，详加校阅，改订无讹。

Which of these two versions is better? Of course, it is "Cheng Yi", because it is gao e to "Cheng Jia" carefully revised final version. Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E said in "Cheng Yi" "DREAM of Red Mansions" introduction: Due to the urgent desire for public relations, the initial printing was not corrected in detail, and there were mistakes. This complex gathered the original, detailed review, change without error.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 05:12, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Which version is better? Of course, it is "Cheng Yi", because it is gao e to "Cheng Jia" carefully revised final version. Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E said in "Cheng Yi" "DREAM of Red Mansions" introduction: Due to the urgent desire for public relations, the initial printing was not corrected in detail, and there were mistakes. This complex gathered the original, detailed review, change without error.--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 12:36, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==
惟阅者谅之。这就是说，高鹗续写后四十回并修订曹雪芹的前八十回时，“因急欲公诸同好”，未能像曹雪芹那样“批阅十载，增删五次”，而是匆促而成，在排印过程中又没有仔细校对，以致“纰缪”难免，因而立即加以修订再版，从而产生了“程乙本”。可见“程乙本”是对“程甲本”的“纰缪”加以修订的本子，自然胜于“程甲本”了。

Only those who read it will forgive it. That is to say, when Gao E continued to write the last 40 chapters and revised Cao Xueqin's first 80 chapters, "because he was anxious to be good to the public", he failed to "review for ten years, add and delete five times" as Cao Xueqin did.Hurriedly,he did not proofread carefully in the process of typesetting, so that "mistakes" were inevitable.Therefore, he immediately revised and reprinted it, resulting in "the version of Cheng Yi". It can be seen that "the version of Cheng Yi" is a book to revise the "mistakes" of "the version of Cheng Jia", which is naturally better than "the version of Cheng Jia".--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 02:57, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Only readers will forgive it. That is to say, when Gao E continued to write the last 40 chapters and revised Cao Xueqin's first 80 chapters, he was anxious to share it with the public, so he failed to review for ten years, add and delete five times as Cao Xueqin did.He hurried to finish it, not proofreading carefully in the process of typesetting, so mistakes were inevitable. Therefore, \ he immediately revised and reprinted another verison, resulting in appearing "Cheng Yi (the second) Edition". It can be seen that " Cheng Yi" is a book to revise the "mistakes" of "Cheng Jia (the first) Edition", which is naturally better than "Cheng Jia".--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 07:43, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==
然而由于出版商不加细较，以为初刊本更为可靠，以致在相当一段时间内，翻印的“程甲本”曾大行其道。直到1927年，胡适先生因亚东图书馆老板汪元放先生点校并出版过“程甲本”，便将自己珍藏的“程乙本”推荐给汪先生。汪先生便将“程乙本”与“程甲本”加以仔细对勘，并加上新式标点，予以出版。

However, the publisher did not go into details, and believed that the first edition was more reliable. So in a fairly long period, the translated and printed “Cheng Jia (the first) Edition” became popular. Until 1927, Mr. Hushi recommended his treasured collection of “Cheng Yi (the second) Edition” to the owner of Yadong Library, Mr. Wang Yuanfang after he heard that Mr. Wang had punctuated, proofead and published“Cheng Jia (the first) Edition”. Then Mr. Wang checked against another between “Cheng Jia” and “Cheng Yi” , added the new punctuation and published it.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 03:17, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

However, the publisher did not proofread carefully and believed that the first edition was more reliable. So in a fairly long period, the printed “Chengjia Edition” became popular. Until 1927, Mr. Hushi recommended his treasured collection of “Chengyi Edition” to Mr. Wang Yuanfang who was the owner of Yadong Library because Mr. Wang once proofread and published “Chengjia Edition”. Then Mr. Wang contrasted “Chengjia Edition” with “Chengyi Edition” in detail and decided to add the new-style punctuations to the latter and publish it.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 11:00, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==
胡适先生并为该书写了《重印乾隆壬子本〈红楼梦〉序》。他在《序》文中说：现在印出的程乙本，就是那“聚集各原本，详加校阅，改订无讹”的本子，可说是高鹗、程伟元合刻的定本。这个改本有许多改订修正之处，胜于程甲本。

Mr.Hushi wrote "A Preface for the Re-printed Qianlong Renzi Edition of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' for this book. In the preface, he said that the newly-printed Chengyi edition which was revised carefully by referring to all kinds of original editions to make sure no incorrect information in it, was the final edition made by Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan. This edition had many corrections so it was better than the Chengjia edition. --[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 08:47, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

Mr.Hushi has written ''A Preface for the Re-printed Qianlong Renzi Version of "''A Dream in Red Mansions''"'' for this book. In this preface, he said that the current printed Chengyi edition was the final edition made by Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan which was revised carefully by gathering all kinds of original editions to make sure no incorrect information was in it. This edition had many corrections so it was much better than the Chengjia edition.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 06:58, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==
但这个本子发行在后，程甲本已有人翻刻了；初本的一些矛盾错误仍旧留在现行各本里，虽经各家批注里指出，终没有人敢改正。胡适先生并举了三个例子，以证明“程乙本”胜于“程甲本”。由此可知，胡适先生不仅是第一个发现并公开指出“程乙本”胜于“程甲本”的人，而且推荐并贡献出了自己珍藏的“程乙本”初刊本，为“程乙本”后来的广泛流行起了决定性的作用。

But after the release of this edition, Cheng Jia edition has already been reprinted. Some contradictions and errors from the original edition still remained in the current edition. Although many literary masters has pointed out these mistakes in their annotations, no one eventually dared to correct them. And Mr. Hu Shi gave three examples to prove that Cheng Yi edition was better than Cheng Jia edition. So it can be seen that he was not only the first to discover and publicly pointed out this, but also recommended and contributed the original Cheng Yi edition of his own treasure, which played a decisive role in the wide popularity of this edition.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 00:55, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

But after the release of this edition, Cheng Jia edition has already been reprinted. Some contradictions and errors of the original edition still remained in the current edition. Although many literary masters had pointed out these mistakes in their annotations, but no one eventually dared to correct them. And Mr. Hu Shi gave three examples to prove that Cheng Yi edition was better than Cheng Jia edition. So it can be seen that he was not only the first to discover and publicly pointed out this, but also recommended and contributed the original Cheng Yi edition of his own treasure, and that played a decisive role in the wide popularity of its edition.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 06:19, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==
汪原放先生也没有辜负胡适先生的重托，不仅出版了“程乙本”，而且对两个“程本”加以仔细对勘，并用增删改动文字的统计数字与具体例子（详见下文），进一步证明了“程乙本”优于“程甲本”。由于胡适先生的学术威望和汪原放先生点校的“程乙本”面世，尤其是“程乙本”确实胜于“程甲本”，故此后书商大多舍弃了“程甲本”，竞相刊印“程乙本”，“程乙本”几乎一统天下。这种局面一直持续到上世纪五六十年代。

Mr.Wang Yuanfang also lived up to the great trust of Mr.Hu Shi. He not only published "Cheng Yiben", but also carefully surveyed the two "Cheng Yiben", and changed the statistics and specific examples (see below for details), further proving that "Cheng Yiben" was better than "Cheng Jiaben". Because Mr.Hu Shi's academic prestige and Mr.Wang Yuanfang's "Cheng Yiben" were published, especially "Cheng Yiben" was indeed better than "Cheng Jiaben", so most booksellers abandoned "Cheng Jiaben" and competed to print "Cheng Yiben", " Cheng Yiben " almost unified the whole world. The situation has been continuing until the 1950s and 1960s.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 14:48, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Mr. Wang Yuanfang also lived up to Mr. Hu Shi's great trust. He not only published "Cheng Yi Ben", but also carefully surveyed the two "Cheng Ben", and further proved that "Cheng Yi Ben" was better than "Cheng Jia Ben" with statistics and specific examples of adding, deleting and changing words (see below for details). Due to the academic prestige of Mr. Hu Shi and the appearance of "Cheng Yi Ben" ordered by Mr. Wang Yuanfang, especially "Cheng Yi Ben" is indeed better than "Cheng Jia Ben", most booksellers abandoned "Cheng Jia Ben" and competed to publish "Cheng Yi Ben" and "Cheng Yi Ben" almost dominates the world. This situation lasted until the 1950s and 1960s.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 13:31, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==
然而到了八十年代以后，“程乙本”一统天下的局面却被打破了，各种版本的《红楼梦》纷纷涌现，其中多为拼凑本，即前八十回采用抄本，后四十回则多采用高鹗作废了的“程甲本”，从而造成了《红楼梦》版本的混乱现象。这种混乱现象使本来已经解决了的《红楼梦》版本问题又重新出现纷争，也使普通读者陷入了不知如何选择《红楼梦》的境地。
However, after the 1980s, the situation of "Cheng Yi Ben" dominating the world was broken, and various versions of The Dream of Red Mansions emerged one after another, most of which were piecemeal copies, that is, the transcripts of the first 80 chapters were used, and the "Cheng Jia Ben" cancelled by Gao e was used in the last 40 chapters, resulting in the confusion of the version of The Dream of Red Mansions. This chaotic phenomenon makes the original version of The Dream of Red Mansions once again controversial, and makes ordinary readers fall into the situation of not knowing how to choose a dream of Red Mansions.

However, after the 1980s, the dominating situation of "Cheng Yi version"was broken, and various versions of The Dream of Red Mansions emerged one after another, most of which were cobbled together, where the first eighty editions used the codified version, while the last forty editions mostly used Gao E's cancelled Cheng Jia version, thus causing confusion in the version of a Dream of Red Mansions.This kind of confusion makes the issue of the edition of a Dream of Red Mansions reappear, and also makes ordinary readers have no idea how to choose a Dream of Red Mansions.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 06:27, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==
钱锺书先生虽然不研究《红楼梦》，但对《红楼梦》版本的混乱现象却很不以为然。他在上世纪九十年代说过（大意）：《红楼梦》研究中的许多纠葛与纷争，大多源于版本问题。在同一问题上，张三根据这个版本，李四根据那个版本，公说公有理，婆说婆有理，一万年也说不清，实在无谓得很。

Although Qian zhongshu never study ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', he considers that the phenomenon of mess versions does not really matter.In the 1990s, he said that (roughly meaning)most of the disputes in the study of ''The Dream of Red Mansions'' resulted from the issue of versions. On the same issue, different people refer to different versions for their so-called reasonable purpose.Thus, the disputes can never be settled. And such a phenomenon is really meaningless.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 06:23, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Although Qian zhongshu never study ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', he considered disapprovingly that the phenomenon of chaos versions does not really matter.In the 1990s, he said that (a rough meaning)most of the disputes in the study of ''The Dream of Red Mansions'' resulted from the issue of versions. On the same issue, different people refer to different versions for their so-called reasonable purpose.Thus, the disputes can never be settled. And such a phenomenon is really meaningless.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 06:47, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==
这是《红楼梦》的悲剧，也是中国学界的悲剧。为了永久保存《红楼梦》这笔珍贵遗产，也为了给广大读者提供一个《红楼梦》的范本，必须从众多版本中确定一个最好的版本，而这个版本就是胡适先生推荐的“程乙本”。至于其他版本，则只供研究之用。

This is not only the tragedy of The Dream of the Red Chamber , but also the tragedy of Chinese academic circles. In order to permanently preserve the precious heritage of The Dream of the Red Chamber and provide readers with a model of The Dream of the Red Chamber, we must determine the best version from many versions, and this version is the "Cheng Yi version" recommended by Mr. Hu Shi. Other versions are only for research purposes only.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 14:00, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

This is not only a tragedy of Dream of the Red Chamber , but also a tragedy of Chinese academic circles. In order to permanently preserve the precious heritage of Dream of the Red Chamber and provide readers with a model of Dream of the Red Chamber, we must determine the best version from many versions, and this version is the "Cheng Yi version" recommended by Mr. Hu Shi. Other versions are only for research purposes only.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 11:15, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==
我完全赞成以上诸位先生的看法，毋须我再费笔墨，所以我在这里只是为他们的看法提供一些实例。首先，“程乙本”的前八十回由于经过了高鹗(也许还有程伟元)的大量修订，较之诸抄本大有改观，使之更加完善。具体来说，就是对众多异文加以筛选，去除讹误，择善而从，并加以必要的补阙、修改、删节和增饰。

I totally agree with the views of the above teachers, so I don't need to say more, so I will just provide some examples for their views here. First of all, the first eighty books of "Cheng Yi version" have been revised extensively by Gao Osprey (and perhaps Cheng Wei Yuan), which is a great improvement over the codices and makes it more perfect. Specifically, it is the screening of many different texts, the removal of errors, the selection of good, and the necessary additions, modifications, abridgments and additions.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 10:56, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

I totally agree with the opinions of you all, so I don't bother to say more. So I will just provide some examples for their views here. First of all, the first eightith chapters of "Cheng Yi's version" have been revised for many times by Gao Osprey (and perhaps Cheng Wei Yuan), which is an improvement over the codices and makes it more perfect. Specifically, it made a selection from many different texts, corrected errors, selected the good, and offered the necessary additions, modifications, removal and polishment.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 07:28, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==
试举六例如下：例一：原作第十七、十八两回合用一套回目，第十九回没有回目。高鹗将那套合用的回目归第十七回，而为第十八、十九两回补拟了回目。例二：原作第十八回写元妃省亲回府，“只见园中香烟缭绕，花彩缤纷，处处灯光相映，时时细乐声喧，说不尽太平景象，富贵风流”，下面却接着有这样一段：此时自己回想当初在大荒山中青埂峰下，那等凄凉寂寞。

Here are six examples. Firstly, the chapter 17 and 18 of the original work shared the same title and the 19th one didn't have have any. Gao-E merged the shared one into chapter 17 and rethought a title for chapter 18 and 19. Secondly, chapter 18 in the original one showed that Yuan concubine visited relatives, as "See nothing but scent lingering, flowers blossoming, lights glistening and bustle hustleing.WHat a stable and flourish society!" Here goes another saying: at that time I recalled the time when I in the foot of Dahuangshan Mountain, and I felt so lonely.

Here are six examples. Firstly, the chapter 17 and 18 of the original work shared the same title and the 19th one didn't have any. Gao'E merged the shared one into chapter 17 and rethought a title for chapter 18 and 19. Secondly, chapter 18 in the original one showed that Yuan concubine visited relatives, as "See nothing but scent lingering, flowers blossoming, lights glistening and bustle hustleing.WHat a stable and flourish society!" Here goes another saying: at that time I recalled the time when I in the foot of Dahuangshan Mountain, and I felt so lonely.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 09:55, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==
若不亏癞僧、跛道二人携来到此，又安能得见这般世面？本欲作一篇《灯月赋》、《省亲颂》，以志今日之事，但又恐入了别书的俗套。按此时之景，即作一赋一赞，也不能得尽其妙；即不作赋、赞，其豪华富丽，观者诸公亦可想而知矣。

If the Monk and the Taoist don't bring me here, how could I can see such elephant. I wanted to write an ''Ode to Lantern Moon'' or ''Ode to Visiting Relatives'' to commemorate today's event, but I was afraid to falling into the conventions of other books. The scene of this period, we can't get its wonderful in length even we write a praise. And if we don't write, the viewer also can imagine its luxurious richly.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 11:26, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

If not the monk with scappy head and the lame Taoist priest bring me here, how could I can see such the world like this. I wanted to write an ''Ode to Lantern Moon'' or ''Ode to Visiting Relatives'' to commemorate today's event, but I was afraid to falling into the conventions of other books. In the scene of this period, we can't get the wonderfulness in length even we write a praise. And if we don't write, the viewer also can imagine its luxury and richness.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 02:18, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==
所以倒是省了这工夫纸墨，且说正经的为是。本书前面已经交代得明明白白，大荒山青埂峰下的那块石头被一僧一道携入红尘后已幻化为口衔通灵宝玉的贾宝玉，而从这段话看，那块石头的化身却是贾元春，难道姐弟二人都是那块石头所化吗？如果说这段话的前大半截是写贾宝玉的心理活动，误安在了贾元春的头上，也还是说不通，因为不可能在描写贾元春省亲观感的文字当中无缘无故插入一段对贾宝玉的心理描写。

Therefore the time to write them is saved, and it is time to talk something serious. It has been clearly explained in the front of this book that the stone under the Loveroot Peak of the Great Wilderness Mountain has been transformed into Precious Jade Merchant with psychic jade in his mouth after being brought into the world by a monk and a Taoist priest. From this paragraph, however, the incarnation of that stone is First Spring Merchant. Are both the sister and brother transformed by that stone? If the first half of this paragraph is about Precious Jade Merchant's psychological activities, and is mistakenly thought as First Spring Merchant's, it still doesn't make sense. Because it is impossible to insert a psychological description of Precious Jade Merchant into the words describing First Spring Merchant's feelings about relatives for no reason.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 10:16, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

If the first half of this paragraph is about Precious Jade Merchant's psychological activities, which is mistakenly thought as First Spring Merchant's, it still doesn't make sense.
--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 10:13, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==
尤为荒唐的是，从“观者诸公”以下文字，又突然变为作者的第三人称口气，更令人丈二金刚，摸不着头脑。如此语无伦次的拙劣文字，决非曹雪芹的原文，而是抄书者的误抄或窜文。“程乙本”将其全部删除，犹如割除了一个赘瘤，使行文变得合理而又通畅。

What is particularly absurd is that, from the following words "all the audience", and suddenly into the third person tone of the author,which is even more puzzling. Such incoherent poor text, not Cao Xueqin's original text, but the copy of the wrong copy or channelized text. "Cheng Yi version" deleted all of them, just like cutting out a superfluous tumor, so that the writing becomes reasonable and unobstructed.--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 12:58, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Such incoherent poor text, not Cao Xueqin Autor's original text, but the copy of the wrong copy or channelized text. "Cheng Yi version" deleted all of them, just like cutting out a superfluous tumor, so that the writing becomes reasonable and unobstructed.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 14:50, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==
例三：原作第二十二回写荣国府作灯谜游戏，目的在于通过各人制作的灯谜，以暗示各自的性情、志向及将来结局，是全书的重要段落。大约因曹雪芹当时没有完全想好，故只写了贾母、贾政、元春、迎春、探春、惜春、宝钗的灯谜，而将宝玉、黛玉、湘云的灯谜暂缺，留待以后补写，不料曹雪芹突然去世，未及补写，致使原稿残缺。高鹗大胆地将原作宝钗的灯谜移作黛玉的灯谜，又增写了宝钗和宝玉的灯谜，我以为移得合理，增作也很精彩。

Example 3: the 22nd episode of the original work is that everyone plays lantern riddles in the Jung-guo-Anwesen ，The purpose is to hint their temperament, aspirations and future outcome through the lantern riddles made by each person，It is an important paragraph of the whole book. It may be that Cao Xueqin Autor didn't think well at that time, so he only wrote the riddles of Grandma Merchant, Master Merchant, First Spring Merchant, Spring Pleasure Merchant, Seeking-Spring Merchant, Cherishing Spring Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, but didn't write the riddles of Precious Jade Merchant, Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History for the time being，and planned to fill them up later. Unexpectedly, Cao Xueqin Autor died suddenly and didn't have time to make up, resulting in the mutilation of the original. Gao E boldly changed the lantern riddle of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass into that of Mascara Jade Forest, and added the lantern riddles of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and Precious Jade Merchant. I think this change is very reasonable and the added part is also very wonderful.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 01:31, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Example 3: the 22nd chapter of the original work is that everyone plays lantern riddles in the Rong Mansion, The purpose is to hint their temperament, aspirations and future respectively through the lantern riddles made by each person，It is an important plot of the whole work.
Possibly because Cao Xueqin did not think well at that time, he only wrote the riddles of Grandma Merchant, Master Merchant, First Spring Merchant, Spring Pleasure Merchant, Seeking-Spring Merchant, Cherishing Spring Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, but didn’t write the riddles of Precious Jade Merchant, Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History for the time being，and planned to fill them up later. Unexpectedly, Cao Xueqin died suddenly and didn’t have time to make up, resulting in the mutilation of the original. Gao E boldly changed the lantern riddle of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass into that of Mascara Jade Forest, and added the lantern riddles of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and Precious Jade Merchant. I think this change is very reasonable and the added part is also very wonderful.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 07:58, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==
但高鹗也有失误和疏漏：失误在于删掉或漏掉了原作惜春的灯谜，疏漏在于未给湘云补写灯谜。惜春的灯谜我已补入第二十二回（参见该回原文及其注释），以弥补高鹗的失误；而湘云的灯谜却只好仍阙，成为永远的遗憾。例四：原作第二十五回在写王熙凤被魇魔法弄得精神错乱时，插入一段对薛蟠的描写：别人慌张自不必讲，独有薛蟠更比诸人忙到十分：又恐薛姨妈被人挤倒，又恐薛宝钗被人瞧见，又恐香菱被人臊皮──知道贾珍等是在女人身上做功夫的，因此忙的不堪。

However, Gao E also made some mistakes and omissions: the mistake lies in deleting or missing the original lantern riddles made by Cherishing Spring Merchant, and the omission lies in not rewriting the lantern riddles for Fragrant-cloud History. I have added the riddle of Spring-cherish Merchant in Chapter 22 to make up for Gao E’s mistake; But the lantern riddles of Fragrant-cloud History have yet to be unfilled, which becomes a permanent regret. Example 4: In chapter 25 of the original,When writing about Splendid Phoenix King being deranged by magic, a description of Dragon Marshgrass is inserted: The others, it goes without saying,were still more distraught. But of them all Dragon Marshgrass was the most frantic, being afraid that in the crush his mother might be knocked over, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stared at, or Wiselotus Potterymaker exposed to indignities -- for he knew what libertines Treasure Merchant and the rest were.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 07:43, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

However, Gao E also made a mistake and had an oversight: the mistake lies in deleting or missing the original lantern riddles made by Cherishing Spring Merchant, and the omission lies in not rewriting the lantern riddles for Fragrant-cloud History. I already added the riddle of Spring-cherish Merchant in Chapter 22 to make up for Gao E’s mistake; But Fragrant-cloud History’s lantern riddles have yet to be unfilled, which becomes an eternal regret. Example 4: In chapter 25 of the original,When writing about Splendid Phoenix King being deranged by magic, a description of Dragon Marshgrass is inserted: The others, it goes without saying,were still more distraught. But of them all Dragon Marshgrass was the most frantic, being afraid that in the crush his mother might be knocked over, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stared at, or Wiselotus Potterymaker exposed to indignities -- for he knew what libertines Treasure Merchant and the rest were.--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 14:51, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==
忽一眼瞥见了林黛玉风流婉转，已酥倒在那里。这段话十分荒谬：其一，贾、薛两家为近亲，贾珍与薛宝钗是表兄妹，贾珍怎么敢对表妹起歹心呢？薛蟠岂非杞人忧天？其二，薛蟠虽然混账，与林黛玉也是表兄妹，况且见面的机会很多，薛蟠怎么会“一眼瞥见了林黛玉”就“酥倒在那里”呢？

Dragon Marshgrass's eye suddenly falling on Mascara Jade Forest, he was so enchanted by her charms that he almost melted on the spot. This paragraph is very absurd: First, Family Merchant and Family Marshgrass are close relatives, and Treasure Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass are cousins. How dare Treasure Merchant want to have a love affair with his cousin? Isn't Dragon Marshgrass entertained imaginary and groundless fear? Second, although Dragon Marshgrass is a jerk, Mascara Jade Forest is his cousin. Besides, there are many opportunities to meet Mascara Jade. How could Dragon Marshgrass“almost melted on the spot when his eye suddenly fell on Mascara Jade Forest”? --[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 09:44, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Dragon Marshgrass suddenly caught a glimpse of Mascara Jade Forest, who was pretty and gentle, and collapsed there. This paragraph is very absurd: Firstly, Family Merchant and Family Marshgrass are close relatives, and Treasure Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass are cousins. How dare Treasure Merchant want to have a love affair with his cousin? Isn't Dragon Marshgrass alarmist? Secondly, although Dragon Marshgrass is a jerk, Mascara Jade Forest is his cousin. Besides, there are many opportunities to meet Mascara Jade. How could Dragon Marshgrass “collapsed there because of a glimpse of Mascara Jade Forest”?--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 14:15, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==
而脂批竟称赞道：“忙中写闲，真大手眼、大手笔。”这如果不是偶然失误，便只能说是不识好歹了。“程乙本”将其删除，倒可当得起“大手眼、大手笔”的评语。例五：原作第六十三回中用了一千多字的篇幅，大写贾宝玉、史湘云等人只是为了好玩，如何将芳官、葵官打扮成“小土番儿”，如何改称“犬戎名姓”。

However, the Zhi Yanzhai's critiques unexpectedly praised: "Snatch a little leisure from a busy writing , which is really big eyes and a big deal." If this is not an accidental mistake, it can only be said to be ungrateful. If "Cheng Yi version" deletes it, it can be regarded as a comment of "big eyes and a big deal". Example 5: in the sixty-third chapter of the original work, more than 1,000 words were used to capitalize the name of Precious Jade Merchant, Fragrant-cloud History and others, which is just for fun, and to describe how to dress Fragrant Official and Sunflower as "Xiao Tu Fan er" and how to change "the surname and name of Quan Rong".--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 14:21, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

However, critiques of Zhi Yanzhai(one of the earliest critics of "A Dream in Red Mansions" ) unexpectedly praised: "Snatch a little leisure from a busy writing , which is really weighty." If it was not an accidental mistake, it could only be said to be ungrateful. "Cheng Yi version" deleted it, thus it could be regarded as the comment of "weighty writings". Example 5: in the sixty-third chapter of the original work, more than 1,000 words were used to describe that how Precious Jade Merchant, Fragrant-cloud History and others dress Fragrant Official and Sunflower as "Xiao Tu Fan er" and how they changed "the name of Quan Rong" just for fun.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 06:43, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==
而且竟然让贾宝玉说出这样的话来：如今四海宾服，八方宁静，千载百载，不用武备。咱们虽一戏一笑，也该称颂，方不负坐享升平了。这种描写既十分无聊，又与贾宝玉的性格背道而驰，尤其侮辱了包括满族在内的少数民族，真可谓拙劣的文字，因此“程乙本”完全予以删除是绝对必要的。

What's more, in Zhi Yangzhai's version, Precious Jade Merchant said that"Nowadays, people within Four Seas were all submitted and social stability was achieved in all directions. Weapons were not needed in nearly thousands of years. Therefore, our laughs and teases also deserved extolling thus we lived up to the prosperity." This kind of descriptions were very boring and ran counter to the characteristics of Precious Jade Merchant, and they particularly insulted national minorities including Manchu, which were really bad writings. Thus, it's quite necessary for "Cheng Yi's version" to delete these words.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 07:05, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

What's more, in Zhi Yangzhai's version, Baoyu even said things like this:"Nowadays, people from all over the world bow to our emperor, and social stability's greatly achieved. No military preparation's needed in the days ahead. Therefore, our laughs and teases also deserved extolling thus we lived up to the prosperity." Such descriptions are boring and against Baoyu's characteristic, and also insulted national minorities including Manchu, which are truly awful writings. Thus, it's quite necessary for Cheng&Gao's second version to delete these words.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 06:07, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==
例六：原作第六十一回开头有一段写柳家的与小厮斗嘴的文字，既毫无意义，又有“几根×毛”、“×声浪嗓”的粗话，故“程乙本”删掉了百馀字也完全正确。像这样的例子不胜枚举，它们足可以证明，高鹗对前八十回的修订是完全必要和合理的，“程乙本”前八十回优于原作的事实是任何人也难以抹煞的。其次，再就两种“程本”而言，由于“程乙本”是“程甲本”的修订本，自然也就更加完善。

Example six: The descriptive words about the argument between Liu's and his servant in the chapter sixty one of the original version are quite meaningless, and vulgarism like "some x hairs","some nasty voices" are also included at the same time，that's why the Cheng&Gao's second version had correctly deleted hundreds of words of the original one. Such examples are numerous and are solid proofs to the necessity and justifiability of Gao E's revision of original former eighty chapters, and it's also undeniable that former eighty chapters in the Cheng&Gao's second version are better than ones in the original. Moreover, in terms of the two versions of Cheng&Gao's, the second version is obviously more perfect for it's revised on the base of the first one.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 05:33, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Example six: the original 61st back at the beginning of a paragraph to write the fighting words by Liu and his following boy, not only meaningless, but also "a few pubic hair", "obscene voice" of foul language, so "Cheng B book "deleted a few hundred words is also completely correct. Such examples are numerous, and they are sufficient to prove that the revision of the first eighty chapters by Gao Hu is completely necessary and reasonable, and the fact that the first eighty chapters of "Cheng B book" is better than the original is hard to be denied by anyone. Secondly, in terms of the two "Cheng books", since the "Cheng B book" is a revised version of the "Cheng A book", it is naturally more perfect.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 02:37, 12 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==
关于这一点，最有力的证据是一组现成的统计数字。前面说过，汪原放先生于1927年曾将“程乙本”与“程甲本”加以对勘，并将两者的异文作了统计，其结果是：“程乙本”较之“程甲本”改动(包括增与改)了总共21506字，其中前八十回改动15537字，后四十回改动5969字。(见汪原放《重印乾隆壬子本〈红楼梦〉校读后记》)这些改动主要有三个方面：其一，是对“程甲本”中的“纰缪”文字加以改正。

About this point, the strongest evidence is a set of readily available statistics. As mentioned earlier, Mr. Wang Yuanfang in 1927 compared the "Cheng B book" with the "Cheng A book" and made statistics on the differences between the two texts, and the result was: "Cheng B book" compared with "Cheng A book" changes (including increase and change) a total of 21506 words, including the first eighty chapters changed 15537 words, the last forty chapters changed 5969 words. (See Wang Yuanfang "reprinted Qianlong nonzi book" after reading "Dream of the Red Chamber") These changes are mainly in three aspects: one, is the "Cheng A book" in the "error" text to correct.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 02:38, 12 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

The strongest evidence for this is a set of available statistics. As mentioned earlier, Mr. Wang Yuanfang in 1927 compared the "Cheng B book" with the "Cheng A book" and made statistics on the differences between the two texts, and the result was: a total of 21506 words (including complements and modifications) were changed in "Cheng B book" compared with "Cheng A book", including 15537 words changed in the first eighty chapters, and 5969 words changed in the last forty chapters. (Refer to Wang Yuanfang "reprinted Qianlong nonzi book" after reading "Dream of the Red Chamber") These changes are mainly in three aspects: one, is the modification of the "error" text in Cheng A book.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 13:03, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==
如第二回“冷子兴演说荣国府”中，“程甲本”对原作的如下一段文字未作改动：这政老爷的夫人王氏……第二胎生了一位小姐，生在大年初一，就奇了。不想次年又生了一位公子，说来更奇：一落胞胎，嘴里便衔下一块五彩晶莹的玉来，还有许多字迹。这位“小姐”就是贾元春(元妃)，这位“公子”就是贾宝玉。

For example, the "Leng Zixing's speech in Rong Mansion" in chapter 2, "Cheng Jia's translation version" did not change the following text of the original work: The wife of Lord Zheng Mrs Wang…… gave birth to a girl on the first day of the lunar year,which was magical enough. It was even more magical that she gave birth to a boy in the next year: he was born with a colorful and crystal jade in his mouth, and the jade was written by some scripts. The "girl" is First Spring Merchant (Yuan Concubine), while the "boy" is Precious Jade Merchant.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 09:23, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

For example, in the "Son Happy Cold's speech in Glory Mansion" from chapter 2, the following text of the original work remained intact in "Cheng Jia(the first)edition": Lady King, the wife of Master Merchant …… gave birth to her second child, a girl, on the first day of the lunar year, which was magical enough. It was even more magical that she gave birth to a boy in the following year: when he was born, a colorful and crystal jade with many scripts on it was in his mouth. The "girl" is First Spring Merchant (Yuan Concubine), while the "boy" is Precious Jade Merchant.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 10:39, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==
而这段文字显然与第十八回中的一段文字相矛盾：那宝玉未入学之先，三四岁时，已得元妃口传，教授了几本书，识了数千字在腹中：虽为姊弟，有如母子。
“有如母子”的贾元春和贾宝玉，不可能只差一岁，可见第二回那段文字有明显的“纰缪”。“程乙本”将“次年”改为“隔了十几年”，便合情合理了。

This paragraph obviously contradicts with the description in the eighteenth chapter: before Precious Jade,at the age of three or four, entered the school, he had been taught several books by Yuan Concubine(First Spring Merchant) by word of mouth and thus had known thousands of words in his mind. They are sister and brother in blood relation, but more like mother and son. Precious Jade Merchant and First Spring Merchant, "like mother and son",could not be only one year apart,so there is an obvious "mistake"in the paragraph from the second chapter. Therefore, it is reasonable to change "the following year" into "more than a decade after" in "Cheng Yi(the second) Edition".--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 09:28, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

While this paragraph obviously contradicts with one in the eighteenth chapter: before Precious Jade, at the age of three or four, entered the school, he had been taught several books by Yuan Concubine(First Spring Merchant) by word of mouth and thus had learned thousands of words in his mind. They are elder sister and younger brother, but more like mother and son. Precious Jade Merchant and First Spring Merchant could not be only one year apart,so there is an obvious "mistake" in the paragraph of the second chapter. Therefore, it is reasonable to change "the following year" into "more than a decade after" in "Cheng Yi(the second) Edition".--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 01:53, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==
其二，是将文言词语尽量改为白话或俗语，从而使《红楼梦》的语言更为通俗易懂。譬如：“若”改为“要”，“与”改为“给”，“亦”改为“也”，“此”改为“这”，“口”改为“嘴”，“何”改为“为什么”，“如何”改为“怎么”，“如此”改为“这么着”，“葳蕤”改为“委琐”，等等。其三，是增加了许多“儿”字，将词语加以“儿”化，从而使《红楼梦》语言的京味特点更加突出。

Secondly, classical words were changed into vernacular or colloquial language as far as possible so as to make the language of A Dream of Red Mansions more understandable. For instance: "ruo" was translated into "yao"(if), "yu" into "yao"(to), "yi" into "ye"(also), "ci" into "zhe"(this), "kou" into "zui"(mouth),"he" into "wei shen me"(why), "ru he" into "zen me"(how), "ru ci" into "zhe me zhao"(in this way), "weisui" into "weisuo"(obscene) and so on. Thirdly, lots of "er" were added into A Dream of Red Mansions, so that the Beijing flavor of the language in A Dream of Red Mansions is more distinct.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 12:08, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==
关于这一点，几乎随处可见，因而不再举例。《红楼梦》是一部近百万字的巨著，要想完全揭示“程乙本”的版本优点，只能将它与其他版本一一对勘，并将异文一一列出。单凭以上的简单说明，只能是挂一漏万。

This point can be seen almost everywhere, so I will not give examples. “Dream of the Red Chamber” is a masterpiece of nearly one million words. If we want to fully reveal the merits of "Cheng Yi's translation version", we can only investigate it with other translation versions and list the differences one by one. The above simple explanation is still incomplete and full of omissions.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 07:24, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
This point can be seen almost everywhere, so I don't want to give an example.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 05:25, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==
不过我可以向读者负责地保证：如果你是出于欣赏的目的阅读《红楼梦》，那么选择“程乙本”将是最明智的。三、校勘问题我们说“程乙本”为《红楼梦》的最佳版本，并不是说它完美无缺，也不是说其他版本一概不如“程乙本”，只是说它在总体上更胜一筹而已。
But I can responsibly assure readers that if you are reading a Dream of Red Mansions for enjoyment, cheng Yiben is the wisest choice. To say that Cheng Yiben is the best version of a Dream of Red Mansions does not mean that it is perfect, nor that all other versions are inferior to Cheng Yiben, but that it is superior in general.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 05:23, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

But I can responsibly assure readers that if you are reading ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' for enjoyment, Cheng Yi version is the wisest choice. Three: Revision. To say that Cheng Yi version is the best version of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' does not mean that it is perfect, nor that all other versions are inferior to Cheng Yi version, but that it is superior in general.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 13:42, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==
事实上，或因高鹗和程伟元的疏忽，或因排字工人的失误，致使“程乙本”仍存在不少“纰缪”。譬如：第八十六回说贾元春生于“甲申年正月丙寅”；至第九十五回则说：“是年甲寅年十二月十八日立春，元妃薨日是十二月十九日，已交卯年寅月，存年四十三岁。”“程甲本”和“程乙本”都是如此。

In fact, due to the negligence of Gao'e and Cheng Weiyuan, or the mistakes made by typesetters, there are still many "mistakes" in "Chengyi version". For example, the eighty-sixth chapter expounds that Jia Yuanchun was born in "Bingyin, the first month of the year Jiashen". To the 95th chapter it expounds that "In that year, the spring began on December 18th of the lunar calendar, Jiayin year, and the day consort Yuan died was on December 19, which was in the month of Yin and year of Mao. Hence consort Yuan died at the age of 43.", which are the same both in "Chengjia version" and "Chengyi version".--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 14:17, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

In fact, due to the negligence of Gao'e and Cheng Weiyuan, or the mistakes made by typesetters, there are still many "mistakes" in "Chengyi version". For example, the eighty-sixth chapter expounds that First Spring Merchant was born in "Bingyin, the first month of the year Jiashen". To the 95th chapter it expounds that "In that year, the spring began on December 18th of the lunar calendar, Jiayin year, and the day Princess Merchant died was on December 19, which was in the month of Yin and year of Mao. Hence consort Yuan died at the age of 43.", which are the same both in "Chengjia version" and "Chengyi version".

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==
而实际上前后存在明显矛盾：甲申年至甲寅年是三十年，按照当时以虚岁计算年龄的习惯，元妃享年应是三十一岁；即使因元妃薨于立春次日，算作乙卯年，也只有三十二岁。无论如何也不会是四十三岁。可见“程甲本”已错，而“程乙本”也没有订正。

In fact,there is clear contradiction:the years from JiaShen to JiaYin are thirty years, and according to the custom of calculating age in terms of nominal age at the time, Princess Merchant would have been thirty-one years old; even if the death of Princess Merchant took place on the day after the first day of spring, which is counted as the year yi Mao, she would have been only thirty-two years old. In any case, it would not have been forty-three years old. It is clear that the "Cheng Jia version" is wrong, and the "Cheng Yi version" has not been revised.

In fact,there is an obvious contradiction:the years from JiaShen to JiaYin are thirty years, and according to the custom of calculating age in terms of nominal age at the time, Princess Yuan would have been thirty-one years old; even if the death of Princess Yuan took place on the day after the first day of spring, which is counted as the year YiMao, she would have been only thirty-two years old. In any case, it would not have been forty-three years old. It is clear that the "Cheng Jia version" is wrong, and the "Cheng Yi version" has not been revised either.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 06:37, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==
这个明显的失误，早在1927年由汪原放校点、亚东图书馆出版的“程乙本”《红楼梦》已经改正，而上世纪八十年代以后出版的诸多号称经过了“精校”的“程甲本”和“程乙本”《红楼梦》，包括那些拼凑本，却依旧保留了这个失误，这不能不说是一种讽刺。其实“程乙本”的其他文字失误还有不少，并非像高鹗、程伟元所说“改订无讹”。“程乙本”既非十全十美，而我们要供献于读者的是一部普及本的《红楼梦》，因此有必要汲取其他版本的长处，使其尽量完美。

This obvious mistake was corrected in “Cheng Yi Version" （a version of "A Dream of Red Mansions"） checked by Wang Yuanfang and published by Yadong library as early as 1927. It is ironic that many "Cheng Jia Version" and "Cheng Yi Version" published after the 1980s, including those patchwork books, still retain this mistake. In fact, there are many other word mistakes in "Cheng Yi Version", which is not “absolutely right after revision” as Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan said. "Cheng Yi Version" is not perfect, and what we want to offer to readers is a popular version of “A Dream of Red Mansions.” Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the advantages of other versions to make it as perfect as possible.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 14:22, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

This obvious mistake was corrected in “Cheng Yiben" （a version of "a dream of Red Mansions"） checked by Wang Yuanfang and published by Yadong Library as early as 1927. It is ironic that many "Cheng Jiaben" and "Cheng Yiben", which claimed carefully checked and published after the 1980s , including those patchwork books, still retain this mistake. In fact, there are many other word mistakes in "Cheng Yiben", which is not “absolutely right after revision” as Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan said. "Cheng Yiben" is not perfect, and what we want to offer to readers is a widespread version of “a dream of Red Mansions.” Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the advantages of other versions to make it as perfect as possible.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:05, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==
为此，本书以“程乙本”(北京图书馆出版社影印本)为底本，以“程甲本”(北京图书馆出版社影印本)为主校本，并以下列版本为参校本：汪原放校勘“程乙本”(上海亚东图书馆刊本)、王希廉(雪香)评“程甲本”(清道光十二年刊本)、“梦稿本”“庚辰本”“己卯本”“甲戌本”(后四种均为上海古籍出版社影印本)。在以上八种版本中，前五种均为一百二十回全本，后三种均为前八十回的残存本。

For this purpose, this book uses “Cheng Yiben”(photocopy of Beijing Library Publishing House) as master copy, “Cheng Jiaben” as main collated edition, and the followings as references—Wang Yuanfang’s collation “Cheng Yiben”(Shanghai Yadong Library edition)、Wang Xilian’s “Cheng Jiaben” commentary(edition in the twelfth year of Qing Daoguang)、“Meng Gaoben”、“Geng Chenben”、“Ji Maoben”、and “Jia Xuben”(the last four all are photocopies of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House). In the above eight editions, the first five are all complete editions of 120 chapters, and the last three are all incomplete editions of 80 chapters.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 01:43, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

For this purpose, this book uses “Cheng Yiben”(photocopy of Beijing Library Publishing House) as the master copy, “Cheng Jiaben” as the main collated edition, and the followings as references—Wang Yuanfang’s collation of “Cheng Yiben”(Shanghai Yadong Library edition)、Wang Xilian’s comments on “Cheng Jiaben” (edition in the twelfth year of Qing Daoguang)、“Meng Gaoben”、“Geng Chenben”、“Ji Maoben”、and “Jia Xuben”(the last four all are photocopies of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House). In the above eight editions, the first five are all complete editions of 120 chapters, and the last three are all incomplete editions of 80 chapters.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 05:57, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==
我的校勘总原则是：既要尽量保持底本的原貌，又要保证全书的质量。具体来说则遵循以下几条：（一）底本与校本之间虽有异文，但底本基本可通者，即使校本文字更好，也不作改动。（二）底本中的各种错误(包括内容与文字的错误)、文字倒置、文理不通等，尽量用校本改正，若校本同样错误则径改。

My primary principle of collation is that: maintain the original meaning of master copy, and garantee the quality through the book. Specifically, abiding by the following advice: One, although there are differences between the master copy and the checked copy, the former whose meaning is basically faithful and smooth remains untouched, even though the checked copy is better. Two: various mistakes in master copy（including errors in contents and text），the inversion of words, unsmooth words and contents and so forth should be corrected based on master copy. But if mistakes are also existed in the master copy, then it should be corrected directly.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 12:43, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

My primary principle of collation is that: maintain the original meaning of master copy, and guarantee the book’s quality. To be more specific, following these advices: First, although there are differences between the master copy and the checked copy, the former whose meaning is basically faithful and smooth should be untouched, even though the checked copy is better. Second: various mistakes in master copy（including errors in contents and text), like the inversion of words, unsmooth words and contents and so forth should be corrected based on master copy. But if mistakes are also existed in the master copy, it should be corrected directly.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 06:46, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==
（三）底本和校本中的僻字、怪字、俗字，本来并无特别意义，毫无保留价值，只能为读者增加阅读障碍，因此径改为通用字。如“揌”和“”改为“塞”，“嘴”改为“努嘴”，“椅子”改为“拿椅子”，等等。（四）古人对别字多不在乎，故底本和校本中屡见不鲜，但在当今的读者看来却十分别扭，甚至可能被误解，因而酌情径改。

Three, the rare words, strange words, common words in the master copy and in the checked copy had no special meaning, and no reservation value, can only increase the reading barrier for readers. So they need to be changed to universal words. Such as "揌" changed to “塞", "嘴" changed to "努嘴", "椅子" changed to "拿椅子", etc. Four, the ancients didn’t care about the wrongly written characters, so it is common in the master copy and the checked copy. They seem very awkward for today's readers and may even be misunderstood. Therefore they should be appropriately modified.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 14:12, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

（3）Some characters in a copy for the record or for reproduction and in checked copy, which are not commonly used, or look strange, or are popular but irregular, have no special significance and no reserved value, only increasing the reading barrier for readers. Therefore, these characters are changed to universal characters. For example, "揌" are changed to "塞", "嘴" is changed to "努嘴", "椅子" is changed to "拿椅子" and so on.（4） The ancients didn't care much about the wrongly written characters, so they can be commonly seen in a copy for the record or for reproduction and in checked copy. However, when seeing these characters, today’s readers may feel awkward, and may even misunderstand their meanings. Thus they are supposed to be changed for appropriateness.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 12:37, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==
如“必真”改为“逼真”，“奈烦”改为“耐烦”，“悔气”改为“晦气”，“渥”改为“焐”，“握”改为“捂”，等等。（五）有些字在古代汉语中可以通用（借用），在现代汉语中却严加区分。《红楼梦》也存在大量借用字，如果一一加以改动，不一定合适。

For example, "必真" is changed to "逼真", "奈烦" is changed to "耐烦", "悔气" is changed to "晦气", "渥" is changed to "握 ", "焐" is changed to "捂" and so on. Some words can be commonly used (borrowed) in ancient Chinese, While in modern Chinese they are strictly distinguished. There are also a large number of loanwords in the A Dream of Red Mansions, which may not be appropriate if changed one by one.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:06, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

For instance, "必真" is changed to "逼真", "奈烦" is changed to "耐烦", "悔气" is changed to "晦气","渥" is changed to "握 ", "焐" is changed to "捂", etc. Wait. Some characters can be used (borrowed) in ancient Chinese, but they are strictly distinguished in modern Chinese. There are also a lot of borrowed words in "A Dream of Red Mansions". If you change them one by one, it may not be appropriate.--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 11:44, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==
因此只有在以下两种情况之下才作改动：一是可能引起误解；二是同一词语而用字不同。如等同于数字“一”的“么”，极易与“什么”、“怎么”的“么”相混，故改为“幺”。又如表示时间的“一会”和“一回”混用，“一会儿”和“一回儿”混用，统一为“一会”和“一会儿”；表示位置的“旁”和“傍”混用，“旁边”和“傍边”混用，统一为“旁”和“旁边”；“赔礼”和“陪礼”混用，“赔罪”和“陪罪”混用，统一为“赔礼”和“赔罪”；等等。

Therefore, changes should only be made in the following two situations: one is that it may cause misunderstanding; the other is the same phrase but different words. For example, the "么" equivalent to the number "一" is easily confused with the "么" of "什么" and "怎么", so it is changed to "幺". Another example is the mixed use of "一会" and "一回" for time, and "一会儿" and "一回儿" are mixed together, unified into "一会" and "一会儿";"旁" and "傍" to indicate position are mixed together, "旁边" and "傍边" are mixed together, unified into "旁" and "旁边"; "赔礼" and "陪礼" are mixed together, and "赔罪" and "陪罪" are mixed together , Unified into "赔礼" and "赔罪"; and so on.

Therefore, changes should only be made in the following two situations: one is that it may cause misunderstanding; the other is the same phrase formed by different words. For example, the "么" equivalent to the number "一" is easily confused with the "么" of "什么" and "怎么", so it is changed to "幺". Another example is the mixed use of "一会" and "一回" for time, and in case that "一会儿" and "一回儿" are mixed together, they are unified into "一会" and "一会儿"respectively ;"旁" and "傍" to indicating position are mixed together,and "旁边" and "傍边" are mixed together, so they are unified into "旁" and "旁边"; "赔礼" and "陪礼" are mixed together, and "赔罪" and "陪罪" are mixed together , so they are unified into "赔礼" and "赔罪"etc.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 09:49, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==
（六）本书采用简化汉字，为异体字的处理提供了方便，故一律按照简化汉字的规定处理。任何语言都在不断发展变化，故古今汉语有很大不同，以至于定字工作成为古籍整理中最为复杂的问题之一，很难做到尽善尽美。仅根据以上几条，只能是有助于减少读者的阅读障碍罢了。

(Six) Simplified Chinese characters are used in this book to provide convenience for the processing of variant characters. Therefore, they are processed in accordance with the provisions of simplified Chinese characters . Any language is constantly changing, so ancient and modern Chinese is very different. Therefore, deciding which word to use has become one of the most complex problems in the collection of ancient books, which is difficult to be perfect. Just according to the above, it can only help reduce the difficulties in their reading.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 13:59, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

Simplified Chinese characters are used in this book to provide convenience for the processing of the variant characters. Therefore, they are processed in accordance with the provisions of simplified Chinese characters . Any language is constantly changing, so great differences exist between ancient and modern Chinese. Therefore, deciding which word to use has become one of the most complex issues in the collection of ancient books, which is difficult to be perfect.According to the above, it can only help reduce the difficulties in readers' reading.--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 15:23, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==
为了节省篇幅，一律不出校文。四、注释问题 “注释”亦称“注解”，最初是由于经书文字艰涩难懂，故对经书的字句加以解释；如果注文仍旧难懂或未尽其义，再对注文加以解释，则称“疏”。注文和疏文合称则谓之“注疏”。

In order to save space, no proofread article will be published. Fourth,issues "explanatory note" is also called "annotation". At first, it explained the words and sentences of the Scriptures because the texts of the scriptures were difficult to understand; if the annotations were still difficult to understand or did not fully understand the meaning, then the annotations will be explained, it was called " sparse". The combination of Zhuwen and Shuwen is called "Notes and Shu".

In order to save space, no proofreading will be published. 4、 Annotation question "Annotation" is also called "Annotation".At first, the words in the Scriptures were difficult to understand,therefore, explain the words and sentences in the scriptures; If the annotation is still difficult to understand or does not fulfill its meaning, and then explain the annotation, it is called "sparse"--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 09:11, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlì 日语语言文学女 202120081562==
后来逐步扩大范围，对一切文献中的疑难字句加以解释，均称之为“注释”。由于中国历史悠久，古今汉语及名物变化巨大，致使后人读古籍的困难越来越大，因此对古籍的注释也就显得越来越有必要。《红楼梦》虽是一部旧白话小说，但它汲取了诗、词、曲、赋、歌、诔等各种精华，又涉及谜语、酒令、建筑、服饰、珍禽异兽、奇花异卉、神话传说、名人秀女、琴棋书画、医卜星相、风俗礼仪等多种知识，白话文言间用，成语典故成堆。

Later, the scope was gradually expanded to explain the difficult words and sentences in all documents, which were called "notes". Due to China's long history and great changes in ancient and modern Chinese ,which makes it more and more difficult for future generations to read ancient books. Therefore, it is more and more necessary to annotate ancient books. Although 《The Dream of Red Mansion》 is an old vernacular novel,but it has absorbed all kinds of essences such as poetry, CI, Qu, Fu, song, and so on.It also involves riddles, wine orders, architecture, clothing, rare birds and animals, exotic flowers
Myths and Myths and legends, celebrities and beauties, Qin, chess, calligraphy and painting, medical divination of stars, customs and etiquette and other knowledge are used between vernacular and Idioms and allusions pile up.

==Nadia 202011080004==
对于一般读者来说，所有这些都可能是阅读中的绊脚石。

==Mahzad Heydarian 玛莎 202021080004==
本注释的使命就是为读者清除这些绊脚石，使阅读畅通无阻。

This annotation is meant to remove the barriers in reading and make it easier to read.

==Mariam toure 2020GBJ002301==
因此凡是我认为可能影响读者阅读的地方，便予以注释，决不假装视而不见，决不避难就易。

==Rouabah Soumaya 202121080001==
为了节省篇幅，我仅举一例。第五十六回“敏探春兴利除宿弊，贤宝钗小惠全大体”中，有贾探春与薛宝钗谈论经济的一段话：
In order to save space, I will give just one example. In the fifty-sixth chapter, "Min Tanchun prospering the benefits and eliminating the disadvantages, Xian Baochai and Xiaohui are all in general", there is a passage between Jia Tanchun and Xue Baochai discussing the economy:

==Muhammad Numan 202121080002==
宝钗笑道：“真真膏粱纨袴之谈。你们虽是千金，原不知道这些事。
Baochai smiled and said: "It's really tempting to talk about it. Although you--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 14:09, 6 November 2021 (UTC) are a daughter, you don't know these things.

==Muhammad Saqib Mehran 202121080004==
但只你们也都念过书，识过字的，竟没看见过朱夫子有一篇《不自弃文》么？”
But if you have all studied and read, haven't you seen Master Zhu's article "Don't Abandon Oneself"?

==Jawad Ahmad 202121080006==
探春笑道：“虽也看过，不过是勉人自励，虚比浮词，那里真是有的？”
Tanchun said and smile, "Although I have seen it, it's just a matter of encouraging others to encourage themselves. It's a meaningless word. Is there really something happen?"

==Nizam Uddin 202121080007==
宝钗道：“朱子都行了虚比浮词了？那句句都是有的。

==Öncü 202121080008==
你才办了两天事，就利欲熏心，把朱子都看虚浮了。
You have been working on it for two days only, and blinded by greed, you have made ZhuZi look vain.--[[User:HIKMET ONCU KADIOGLU|HIKMET ONCU KADIOGLU]] ([[User talk:HIKMET ONCU KADIOGLU|talk]]) 16:52, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

You have only been doing things for two days, then you desire for money and profit fascinated the heart, and you think Zhu Zi is Unrealistic. --[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 09:29, 8 November 2021 (UTC)Akira Jantarat

==Akira Jantarat 202121080009==
你再出去，见了那些利弊大事，越发连孔子也都看虚了呢！”

If you go to a larger world and see greater benefits or disadvantages, I am afraid you will be a little bit down on what Kongzi said.--[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 14:19, 6 November 2021 (UTC)Akira

If you go out again and see the pros and cons of major events, you will be even more deceptive!--[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 07:50, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Asep Budiman 202111080020==
探春笑道：“你这样一个通人，竟没看见《姬子》书？

Tan-tschun Smiled and said "you are such a familiar person, but have you read the "Ji Zi" book?--[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 07:41, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Tan-tschun smiled and said: "You are such a familiar person, but haven't you read the book "Ji Zi"? --[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 10:57, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw -Ei Mon Kyaw-[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 10:57, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Ei Mon Kyaw 202111080021==
当日《姬子》有云：‘登利禄之场，处运筹之界者，穷尧舜之词，背孔孟之道。’”

On that day, "Jizi" said: ‘The field of Deng Lilu, those who are in the realm of management, are poor in the words of Yao and Shun, and recite the way of Confucius and Mencius. ’"
--[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 13:52, 6 November 2021 (UTC)EI MON KYAW
-EI MON KYAW-[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 13:52, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

There was a saying in ''Himeko'' that day: "Deng LiLu, and those who operate in this realm, steal the words of Yao and Shun, and memorize Confucianism."--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 13:38, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Benjamin Wellsand 202111080118==
宝钗笑道：“底下三句呢？”探春笑道：“如今断章取义，念出底下一句，我自己骂我自己不成？”

Bau-tschai smiled: "What about the next three sentences?" Tan-tschun smiled: "Now that I have read the next sentence out of context, can I blame myself for failing?"--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 13:39, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Translation: Bau-tschai smiled: "What about the next three sentences?" Tan-tschun smiled: "Now I take the next sentence out of context, and if I read the next sentence out of context, I can't blame myself?"--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 11:20, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Atta Ur Rahman 202121080003==
在这段话中，提到了朱熹的《不自弃文》，还有《姬子》一书。

Translation: In this passage, Zhu Xi's "don't abandoned the text--[[User:Muhammad Numan|Muhammad Numan]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Numan|talk]]) 14:13, 6 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Muhammad Numan|Muhammad Numan]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Numan|talk]]) 14:13, 6 November 2021 (UTC)" and the book "Ji Zi" are mentioned.

==Zohaib Chand 202121080005==
我所看到的几个《红楼梦》注本，对《不自弃文》有所注释，而对《姬子》却避而不注。

I have read different annotations of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', in which there are some explaination to ''No Self-surrender'' while no notes to ''Jizi''.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 08:21, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

20211124 homework

2021-12-31T07:40:37Z

Yang Liuqing: /* 杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542 */

20211124 homework

2021-12-31T07:38:24Z

Yang Liuqing: /* 杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543 */

20211110 homework

2021-12-31T07:29:31Z

Yang Liuqing: /* 杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|Back to all homework webpages overview]] [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

PLEASE READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

PLEASE ALSO READ THE PREVIOUS PARTS, AT LEAST THE SENTENCES BEFORE YOUR OWN PART IN CHAPTER 19 [[20210303_culture|1, Mar 3 Chapters 1-4]], [[20210310_culture|2, Mar 10 Chapters 6-7]], [[20210317_culture|3, Mar 17 Chapters 11-13]], [[20210324_culture|4, Mar 24 Chapters 15-17]], [[20210331_culture|5, Mar 31 Chapters 4-7]], [[20210407_culture|6, Apr 7 Chapters 8-10]], [[20210414_culture|7, Apr 14 Chapters 13-15]] , [[20210519_culture|12, May 19 Chapters 17-19]], [[20210929_homework#Hongloumeng|for Sep 29 - rest of HLM Chapter 19]] [[20211110_homework|for Nov 10 - HLM Chapters 20-21]] etc.

==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==
按语：拙著《红楼梦全解本》出版后，受到了不少专家与读者的好评，甚为欣慰。但也有读者认为，如果能删掉部分注文，既不影响读者阅读，也可节省书的成本，使更多读者买得起。

Note : After the publication of ''The Dream of Red Mansions(The Anotation Version)'', it was highly appreciated by many experts and readers. However, some readers believe that if some notes can be deleted, it will not affect readers ' reading and save the cost of the publication, so that more readers can afford it.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 10:02, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Note: after my book the complete interpretation of Drdam Of Red Chamber was published, it was highly praised by many experts and readers. However, some readers believe that if some annotations can be deleted, it will not affect readers' reading, but also save the cost of the book and make it affordable for more readers.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 11:53, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 日语语言文学女 202120081477==
恰好中央编译出版社准备出版四大古典小说套书，为了平衡四部小说的注文，《红楼梦》的注文也嫌太长。因此接受读者的建议，将《红楼梦全解本》的注文删掉了差不多一半，其他一概未动；换言之，此版《红楼梦》校注本，实即《红楼梦全解本》的删节本（仅删注文）。因此《校注前言》仍用《红楼梦全解本》的《校注前言》，不再另写。

It happened that the Central Compilation and Translation Publishing House was preparing to publish four sets of classical novels. In order to balance the annotations of the four novels, the annotations of Dream Of the Red Chamber were too long. Therefore, we accepted the readers' suggestions and deleted almost half of the annotations in the complete interpretation of Dream Of Red Chamber, and the rest remained unchanged; In other words, the revised annotation version of Dream Of Red Chamber is actually an abridged version of the complete interpretation of Dream Of Red Chamber (only the annotation is deleted). Therefore, the preface to proofreading still uses the preface to proofreading of the complete interpretation of Dream Of Red Chamber, and needn’t be written again.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 06:36, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

It happened that the Central Compilation and Translation Publishing House was preparing to publish four sets of classical novels. In order to balance the annotations of the four novels, the annotations of ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' were too long. Therefore, we accepted the readers' suggestions and deleted almost half of the annotations in the complete interpretation of ''The Dream of Red Chamber'', and the rest remained unchanged; In other words, the revised annotation version of ''The Dream of Red Chamber'' is actually an abridged version of the complete interpretation of ''The Dream of Red Chamber'' (only the annotation is deleted). Therefore, ''The Preface to Proofreading'' still uses ''The Preface to Proofreading'' of the complete interpretation of ''Dream Of Red Chamber'', and needn’t be written again.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:32, 8 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==
《红楼梦》以其包罗万象的内容，博大精深的思想，精湛完美的艺术，丰富生动的语言，尤其是众多栩栩如生的人物形象，不仅在中国小说史上奇峰独秀，而且在世界文学之林独树一帜。它是我国文化遗产中的珍品，值得每一个中国人所珍视。《红楼梦》在其尚未完稿的时候，已经被人竞相传抄，辗转传阅，不胫而走，蜚声神州。

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is unique not only in the history of Chinese novels, but also in the world literature with its comprehensive contents, extensive and profound thoughts, exquisite and perfect art, rich and vivid language, and especially its numerous vivid characters. It is a treasure of our country's cultural heritage and is worth cherishing by every Chinese. ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' has been copied, circulated and spread like wildfire even when it's unfinished. It is really well-known in China.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:23, 8 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is outstanding not only in the history of Chinese novels, but also in the world literature for its comprehensive contents, extensive and profound thoughts, exquisite and perfect art, rich and vivid language, and especially its numerous vivid characters. It is a treasure of our country's cultural heritage and is worth being cherished by every Chinese.Before it is finished， ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' has been copied, circulated and spread like wildfire and it is really well-known in China.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 00:25, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480 ==
不仅“士大夫几乎家有《红楼梦》一书”（清·潘炤《从心录》卷首），而且“家弦户诵，妇孺皆知”（清·缪艮《文章游戏初编》卷六）。上层社会更出现了“开谈不说《红楼梦》，读尽诗书也枉然”（清·得舆《京都竹枝词·时尚门》）的时尚。《红楼梦》的魅力也使其商业价值大增，“好事者每传抄一部，置庙市中，昂其值，得数十金，可谓不胫而走者矣”（清·程伟元《〈红楼梦〉序》）。

''A Dream of Red Mansions'' was so popular that not only scholar officals（people obtain knowledge and wealth in feudal China） read it （the first volum of ''Essay'' by Pan Zhao, Qing），but also families，even women and children ， loved it（the sixth volum of ''Preliminary Article Games'' by Miu Liang, Qing）. Moreover ,there was a climate of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' that the upper class believed " it is useless to read great books without ''A Dream of Red Mansions''.（''Bamboo Pole Poem in the Capital'' by De Yu, Qing）. The charm of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' also rose its business value as in record： “Someone who is willing to copy ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' and sell it can raise 10 gold ingots everytime ，and everyone know it.（ the introduction of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', Qing）.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 09:44, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Not only did "almost every scholar had a copy of ''A Dream of Red Mansions''" (the first volum of Essay by Pan Zhao, Qing Dynasty), but "Every household recited it, and all women and children knew it" (the sixth volum of ''Preliminary Article Games'' by Miu Liang, Qing Dynasty). In the upper class, the fashion of "If you don't talk about ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', you can read all the poems and books in vain" (''Bamboo Pole Poem in the Capital'' by De Yu, Qing Dynasty) emerged. The charm of A Dream of Red Mansions also made its commercial value increased greatly, "Those who are interested in it can get a lot of money by copying one of the books and selling it in the market. The information spread quickly." (the introduction of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', Qing Dynasty)--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 07:07, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==
至高鹗续写后四十回、由程伟元以活字正式出版完整的一百二十回本后，更出现了风行全国的盛况。时至今日，即使读不懂《红楼梦》的人，也都看过《红楼梦》电影或电视剧，对《红楼梦》的故事和人物无不耳熟能详。因此《红楼梦》已经不是普通的小说，而成为全民珍视的国宝了。

After Gao E continued to write the second forty chapters and Cheng Weiyuan officially published the complete one hundred and twenty chapters in movable type, the book became popular nationwide. To this day, even those who do not understand ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' have seen the movie or TV series versions, and are familiar with the story and characters of ''A Dream of Red Mansions''. Therefore, ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no longer an ordinary novel, but a national treasure cherished by all.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 06:39, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
After Gao E continued to write the following forty chapters and Cheng Weiyuan officially published the complete one hundred and twenty chapters in movable type, the book became popular nationwide increasingly. To this day, even those who do not understand ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' have already seen the movie or TV series versions, and are familiar with the story and characters of it. Therefore, ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no longer an ordinary novel, but a national treasure cherished by all.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 08:37, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==
中国古代的文人墨客、传统学者、官僚士夫，无不鄙薄小说，最多被视为茶余饭后的谈资。唯独对《红楼梦》情有独钟，爱不释手。不仅百读不厌，而且像拜读经书般寻章摘句，眉批夹评，乐此不疲。
The ancient Chinese literats, traditional scholars, bureaucrats, all despised novels, and regarded them as after-dinner talk at most. But they only showed special preference to ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', and fondled admiringly. They not only tired of reading it, but also liked reading the Confucian classics as seeking remarkable passages and culling model sentences, making notes and commentaries, and always enjoying it.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 08:33, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The ancient Chinese literats, traditional scholars, bureaucrats, all despised novels, and regarded them as after-dinner talks at most. However, they only showed special preference to ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', and fondled admiringly. They not only weren't tired of reading it, but also liked reading the Confucian classics as seeking remarkable passages and culling model sentences, making notes and commentaries, and always enjoying it.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 14:07, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==
久而久之，居然形成了“红学”。“红学”由起初对《红楼梦》的单纯评点，逐步发展成为对《红楼梦》及其作者的全面考证与研究，最后更成立了红学会，出版研究刊物，势头似乎越来越盛。这不仅是中国小说史上绝无仅有的，也是中国文学史上极其罕见的现象。

As time passes, redology is actually formed. Redology was about pure comments to ''A Dream in Red Mansion'' in the beginning and it gradually developed as the comprehensive textual research and study in ''A Dream in Red Mansion'' and its author. Finally, we even established redologist institution and published research periodicals, the momentum of redology more and more flourishing. This phenomenon is not only unique in the history of Chinese novels, but extremely rare in the history of Chinese literature. --[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 05:29, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

As time passes, redology is unexpectedly formed. Redology came into mere comments to ''A Dream in Red Mansion'' in the beginning and it gradually developed as the comprehensive textual research and study of this work and its author. Finally, redologist institution was established to publish research periodicals with more flourishing tendency than ever. This phenomenon is not only unique in the history of Chinese novels, but extremely rare in the history of Chinese literature.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 11:49, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìnà 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==
遗憾的是，“红学家”们对《红楼梦》的作者及其版本似乎偏爱有加，而对《红楼梦》的思想和艺术价值却缺乏足够的兴趣，因此考证作者和版本的文章和著作连篇累牍，而研究《红楼梦》思想和艺术价值的成果却寥若晨星。我认为这是本末倒置。一个作家的价值不在于其生平如何，而在于其作品的思想和艺术水平的高低；是作品决定作家的价值，而不是作家决定作品的价值。

Unfortunately, redologists ( who are specialists in A Dream of the Red Chamber) seemingly are partial to research on the writer and verison of this book, but are short of interest for it's thought and artistic value. And therefore there are a lot of articles and books about the former while very few about the latter. It seems to me that puts the cart before the horse. What a writer is worth lies in thoughts and artistic level in his/her works but not in his/her life story; and the value of a writer depends on his/her production, not vice versa.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 13:31, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

Unfortunately, redologists ( who are specialists in A Dream of the Red Chamber) seem to prefer to research on the writer and versions of this book, but are short of interest in the thought and artistic value. And therefore there are a lot of articles and books about the former while very few about the latter. It seems to me that puts the cart before the horse. What a writer is worth lies in thoughts and artistic level in his/her works but not in his/her life story; and the value of a writer depends on his/her production, not vice versa.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 14:10, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==
读者对于作品的选择与评价，也只着眼于作品本身，而非作家本人。一部伟大的作品，即使作者佚名，也不影响其伟大，照样受到读者的追捧；相反，如果一个伟大作家偶然写了一部低劣的作品，读者也决不买账。因此“红学”的研究重点应该是《红楼梦》本身，而不是《红楼梦》作者。

Readers' choice and evaluation towards works is based on the works themselves, rather than the writers. As anonymous is the writer, the valued of a great work is definitely unlikely to be underestimated, which is still welcomed by the public. Likewise, readers cannot be attracted by the inferior work written by a great writer. Therefore, redology is supposed to focus on the context, instead of the writer Cao Xueqin--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 14:01, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Readers' choice and evaluation towards works is based on the works themselves, rather than the writers. As anonymous is the writer, the values of a great work are definitely unlikely to be underestimated, which is still popular with the public. Likewise, readers cannot be attracted by a low-quality work even written by a great writer occasionally. Therefore, redology is supposed to focus on the context, instead of the writer Cao Xueqin.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 09:02, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==
当然也应该了解作者，但目的只是为了有助于深入了解《红楼梦》，仅此而已。我认为要想深入研究《红楼梦》，首先必须完全读懂《红楼梦》。如果对《红楼梦》的文本只是一知半解，那么所谓研究，势必如医生不明病人的病情而乱开药方，不仅治不好病，倒可能致人于死命。

Certainly, we should also know the author, but the purpose is nothing more than to help us understand ''A Dream of Red Chamber'' in depth. I think that in order to make a further research on ''A Dream of the Red Chamber'', we must first have a thorough understanding of it. If we have only a sketchy knowledge of the text of ''A Dream of Red Chamber'', then the so-called research would definitely be like the prescriptions prescribed indiscriminately without knowing the patient's condition. Not only can it not cure the disease, but it may lead to death.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 13:53, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

Certainly, we should also know about the author, but only with the purpose of deepening our understanding of the work. I think that further researches on ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' necessitate a thorough understanding of it. If we have only a sketchy knowledge of the text of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', then the so-called research would definitely be like the prescriptions written indiscriminately by a doctor unaware of the patient's condition. Not only can it not cure the disease, but it may lead to death. --[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 03:04, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==
《红楼梦》研究中的许多无谓争论，正是研究者没有读懂《红楼梦》或对《红楼梦》文本的不同理解所致。因此对《红楼梦》文本的注释，显然是《红楼梦》研究的基础工作。其次，当今的读者和观众虽然热衷于《红楼梦》，但真正能够全面深入理解《红楼梦》的人恐怕并不很多。

A great many arguments regarding the study of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', caused either by an incomplete understanding or different understandings of the text, are pointless. Therefore, it's apparent that annotating ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is a foundation work for its further study. Besides, though today's readers and audience are crazy about the book, I'm afraid that not many of them get to know it thoroughly. --[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 03:09, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Many unnecessary arguments in the study of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' are caused by the researchers' failure to understand ''A dream of Red Mansions'' or their different understandings of the text.Therefore, it's apparent that annotating ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is a foundation work for its further study. Besides, though today's readers and audience are crazy about the book, I'm afraid that not many of them get to know it thoroughly.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 11:14, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==
这是因为，《红楼梦》不是普通的白话小说，不是简单地为读者讲故事，不是为读者提供茶馀饭后的谈资，更不是为了赚稿费餬口（那时根本不存在稿费制度）。它不仅是一部反映封建社会的“百科全书”，而且作者还对人类共同关心的一些问题，如人生的目的、人性的善恶、爱情的真谛、宗教的精义等进行了探索。作品涉及的内容几乎无所不包，从至高无上的皇帝，到“芥豆之微”的细民，从国家的政治、军事、经济到百姓的日常生活，举凡天文、地理、动物、植物、建筑、服饰、医卜星相、琴棋书画等等，无不尽收笔底。

This is because ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is not an ordinary vernacular novel. It is not simply a story for readers to read, not a topic for after-dinner conversation, or a way to earn a living (there was no contribution fee system at that time). It is not only an "encyclopedia" reflecting the feudal society, but also explores some common issues of human concern, such as the purpose of life, the good and evil of human nature, the true meaning of love, the essence of religion and so on. The works cover almost everything, from the supreme emperor to the ordinary people, from national politics, military affairs, economy to the daily life of the people, including astronomy, geography, animals, plants, architecture, clothing, medicine, astrology and practise divination, poetry and painting and so on, they're all in the book.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 13:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

It is because ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' is neither an ordinary novel in vernacular Chinese, nor a simple narrative or gossip for readers. The author wrote it not for remuneration for the system of remuneration for writters did not exist at that time. It is not only an "encyclopedia" reflecting the feudal society, but also an exploration of some issues of common concern to mankind, such as the purpose of life, the good and evil of human nature, the true meaning of love, and the essence of religion. It covers almost everything, from the supreme emperor to the plebeian as tiny as reed, and from the politics, military and economy of the country to the daily life of the people. It includes astronomy, geography, animals, plants, architecture, costumes, medicine, astrology, zither, chess, calligraphy and painting, and so on. --[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 11:48, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==
作者还调动了自己的全部才能和知识，汲取了前人的成果，撰写并引用了大量诗、词、曲、赋、歌、诔、谜语、酒令等，作为描写人物、叙述故事、揭示主题的艺术手段，从而成为作品的重要组成部分。这其中蕴藏着许多成语、典故和各种知识，现在的一般读者是很难读懂的。此外，由于曹雪芹以其家事为《红楼梦》的蓝本，且暴露了不少家丑，如秦可卿的淫荡乱伦等，因而大量采用了《春秋》笔法，即作者所谓将“真事隐去”，以“假语村言”的曲折方式进行暗示或隐寓，致使《红楼梦》扑朔迷离，迷雾重重。

The author also mobilized all his talents and knowledge and drew on the achievements of his predecessors, writing and quoting a large number of poems, lyrics, songs, eulogies, riddles and wine wager as artistic methods to describe characters, narrate stories and reveal themes, thus becoming an important part of the work. This contains many idioms, allusions and various kinds of knowledge that are difficult for the average readers to comprehend nowadays. In addition, Cao Xueqin used his family affairs as the blueprint for Dream of the Red Chamber and exposed many family scandals, such as Frivolity Grain's lewdness and incest. Cao, thus, adopted much of a writing style of ''Spring and Autumn Annals'', that is, the author's so-called "real things concealed", in the twisted way of "false words and village gossips", which has led to the ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' being puzzling and foggy.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 12:28, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The author also mobilized all his talents and knowledge and took results from his predecessors, writing and quoting a large number of poems, lyrics, songs, eulogies, riddles and wine wager as artistic methods to describe characters, narrate stories and reveal themes, thus becoming an important part of the work. The novel contains many idioms, allusions and various kinds of knowledge that are difficult for the average readers to comprehend nowadays. In addition, Cao Xueqin used his family affairs as the blueprint for ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' and exposed many family scandals, such as Frivolity Grain's lewdness and incest. Cao, thus, frequently adopted a writing style of ''Spring and Autumn Annals'', that is, the author's so-called "real things concealed", using the twisted way of "false words and village gossips" to hint and make it metaphorical which has led to ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' being puzzling and foggy.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 08:35, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==
因此帮助广大读者读懂《红楼梦》，也是《红楼梦》研究者义不容辞的责任。而要使读者读懂《红楼梦》，只作简单的文字注释不解决问题，必须加以详细注释，将隐藏于《红楼梦》字里行间的寓意一一揭示出来，才能完全展示《红楼梦》的本来面貌。我从学生时代起就期待这种《红楼梦》的详注本出现，一直等了半个世纪，可惜望眼欲穿而不见踪影。

Therefore, it is incumbent on researchers of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' to help numerous readers understand the novel. For this, problem can’t be solved simply by text annotations. What should do is to add detailed explanatory notes to discover the meanings implied in characters, which can fully show the way the book originally is. I have expected the appearance of this version with detailed annotations since I was a student. I’ve waited for half a century, but it never comes out.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 02:46, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, it is our researchers' duty to heip numerous readers understand A Dream in Red Mansions. To do that, simple text annotations are not enough. And detailed explanatory notes are needed to discover its implied meanings, which can fully show its characteristics. Waiting for half century, I have expected the apppearance of this version with detailed annotations since I was a student.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 01:49, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==
很显然，“红学家”的队伍虽然不断壮大，看来他们对这种注释工作似乎不屑一顾。于是我这个“红学”的门外汉便斗胆一试，结果试出了这个《红楼梦》校注本。我这是“人弃我取”，希望不至于冒犯任何人。

Obviously, the amount of redologists who are sepcalists in A Dream of Red Mansion was increasing. They seemed to pay no attention to annotate that book, but I, as a layman, took a chance and tried to make the annotation of A Dream of Red Mansion. I thought it was an attitude of doing the things others gave up, which would not offend anyone.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 13:52, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Obviously, the amount of redologists sepcalizing in A Dream of Red Mansion was increasing. They seemed to pay little attention to annotate that book, but I, as a layman, took a chance and tried to make the annotation of A Dream of Red Mansion. I thought it was an attitude of doing things others gave up, which I hope would not offend anyone.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:20, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==
如果能成为“引玉”之“砖”，即使要做“众矢之的”，招来“万箭攒射”，我也决不后悔，因为这也算是我对《红楼梦》读者的小小奉献了。下面仅就与校注工作有关的几个具体问题略作说明。

一、作者问题

If I can serve as a modest spur to induce someone to come forward with his valuable contributions, I will never regret even if I could be the target of public criticism. It is because that the annotation work is also my dedication to the readers of A Dream of Red Mansions. And I will explain a little about the specific questions in proofreading below. 1. The Question of Author--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 12:40, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

If I can become a "brick" for "inviting jade", even if I want to be "a target of all targets" and attract "a thousand arrows", I will never regret it, because this is also a small dedication to the readers of "A Dream of Red Mansions". The following is only a brief description of a few specific issues related to the proofreading work.
1. Author's question--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 11:06, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==
中国文学史中有两个突出现象：一是在封建时代得意并著名的文人不写小说；二是小说作品多不署名或只署化名。这完全是由封建统治者造成的。封建统治者的文学观是纯粹的政治功利主义，即所谓“文以载道”。

There are two outstanding phenomena in the history of Chinese literature: one is that famous and proud literati in the feudal era do not write novels; the other is that many novels do not sign or only sign pseudonyms. This is entirely caused by the feudal ruler. The feudal ruler’s literary view is pure political utilitarianism, that is, the so-called "writing is used to carry Tao".--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 11:03, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

There are two prominent phenomena in the history of Chinese Literature: first, the proud and famous literati in the feudal era did not write novels; Second, most novels are not signed or only signed by pseudonyms. This was entirely caused by the feudal rulers. The literary view of feudal rulers was pure political utilitarianism, that is, the so-called "literature carries Tao".--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 12:42, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==
他们认为小说不仅不能“载道”，而且往往“诲淫诲盗”，对封建统治构成威胁。因此不仅将小说排斥在正统文学之外，甚至常常以“禁毁”的方式加以扫荡。在文网森严及小说地位低贱的环境下，多数文人自然不敢或不屑从事小说的创作；而那些痴迷小说的作者也就不敢或不愿在小说作品上亮出自己的真名实姓。They faithfully believe that novels not only can not "educate citizens of Qing Dynasty", but also often be blessed with "obscenity and theft", which poses a threat to feudal rule.Therefore, novels are not only excluded from orthodox literature, but also often cleaned up in the way of "prohibition and destruction". In the social background of highly strict policy of Literary Network and low status of novels, most scholars naturally dare not or disdain to engage in novel creation; Those who are obsessed with novels are afraid or unwilling to show their real names in their novels.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 02:46, 10 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

They believed that novels not only can not "educate citizens of Qing Dynasty", but also often be blessed with "obscenity and theft", which poses a threat to feudal rule.Therefore, novels are not only excluded from orthodox literature, but also often cleaned up in the way of "prohibition and destruction". In the social background of highly strict policy of Literary Network and of low status of novels, most scholars naturally dare not or disdain to engage in novel creation; Those who are obsessed with novels are afraid or unwilling to sign their real names in their novels.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 13:18, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==
因此研究中国古代小说多了一项工作，即不得不对小说作者加以考证。《红楼梦》也不例外，它的作者连化名都未署一个。“红学家”们为了考证它的作者，不知耗费了多少精力和时间，然而由于史料不足，至今仍然众说纷纭,难以形成共识。

Therefore, there is one more task to study ancient Chinese novels, that is, we have to do textual research on the authors of the novels. ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no exception. Its author does not even have a pseudonym. In order to do textual research on its author, the "redologists" spent a lot of energy and time. However, due to the lack of historical data, opinions are still varied and it is difficult to reach a consensus.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 01:57, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Therefore, there is one more task to study ancient Chinese novels, that is, we have to do textual research on the authors of the novels. ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' is no exception, whose author does not even have a pseudonym. In order to do textual research on its author, the "redologists" spent a lot of energy and time. However, due to the lack of historical data, opinions are still varied and it is difficult to reach a consensus.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 06:39, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==
据我个人所知，至少就有七种说法：其一为“曹作高续”说。即认为曹雪芹写到八十回而去世，并可能留下了后四十回的某些提纲以及部分书稿；高鹗根据曹雪芹的这些提纲、书稿以及前八十回中的许多暗示，还可能参考了其他人的续作，完成了后四十回的创作，并对前八十回加以修订，从而使《红楼梦》成为完璧。
As far as I am concerned, there are at least seven sayings: one of which is that ''Dream of Red Mansions'' was written by Cao Xueqin and then finished by Gao. The saying means that Cao passed away and left some outline and manuscripts of the latter fourth chapters when the former eighty chapters was finished. Then, Gao finished the latter forty chapters and reviewed the former eighty chapters, according to some outlines, manuscripts and clues made by Cao, referring to other sequels. Finally, ''Dream of Red Mansion'' was finished. --[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 06:27, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

As far as I am concerned, there are at least seven sayings: one of which is that ''Dream of Red Mansions'' was written by Cao Xueqin and then finished by Gao. The saying means that Cao had passed away and left some outline and manuscripts of the latter fourth chapters while the former eighty chapters was finished. Then, Gao finished the latter forty chapters and reviewed the former eighty chapters, according to some outlines, manuscripts and clues made by Cao, referring to other sequels. Finally, ''Dream of Red Mansion'' was finished.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 13:04, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==
其二为“曹作程续高订”说。即认为前八十回的作者是曹雪芹，后四十回的作者是程伟元，高鹗只是参加了全书的修订工作。其三为“曹作高续程订”说。即认为前八十回的作者是曹雪芹，后四十回的作者是高鹗，程伟元则对曹雪芹的前八十回加以修订。

The second is the theory of "Cao came to write, Cheng continued to write, Gao to revise". That is, the author of the first 80 chapters is Cao Xueqin, the author of the last 40 chapters is Cheng Weiyuan, and Gao E only participated in the revision of the whole book. The third is the theory of "Cao came to write, Gao continued to write, Cheng to revise". That is, the author of the first 80 chapters is Cao Xueqin, the author of the last 40 chapters is Gao E, and Cheng Weiyuan revised Cao Xueqin's first 80 chapters.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 12:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The second statement said that "Started by Cao, completed by Chen, and revised by Gao". That’s to say, the first 80 chapters were written by Cao Xueqin, the last 40 chapters were written by Cheng Weiyuan, and Gao E only revised the whole book. The third statement said that "Started by Cao, completed by Gao, and revised by Chen". That’s to say, the first 80 chapters were written by Cao Xueqin, the last 40 chapters were written by Gao E, and Cheng Weiyaun made revisions to the first 80 chapters of Cao Xueqin.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 11:56, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==
其四为“曹作某续高订”说。即认为在程伟元和高鹗之前，已有人为曹雪芹的未完稿续写完全，程伟元将搜集到的抄本交由高鹗修订，然后刊行。其五为“曹作程高修订”说。

The fourth statement said that “Started by Cao, completed by someone, and revised by Gao”. That's to say, before Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E, there was someone who completed Cao Xueqin's unfinished writing. Then, Cheng Weiyuan collected this hand-copied version and provided it for Gao E to revise, and afterwards ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' was published . The fifth statement said that “Started by Cao, and revised by both Cheng and Gao ”.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 08:08, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The fourth statement said that "This masterpiece is started by Cao, completed by someone, and revised by Gao". That's to say, before Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E, there was someone who completed Cao Xueqin's unfinished work. Then, Cheng Weiyuan collected these hand-copied drafts and offered them to Gao E to revise, and afterwards ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' was published. The fifth statement noted that "It was started by Cao, and revised by both Cheng and Gao".--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:52, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==
即认为曹雪芹已经完成了《红楼梦》全书，只是未遑修饰而去世，后由程伟元和高鹗共同修订并刊行。其六为“叔作侄订”说。即认为《红楼梦》的原作者是曹雪芹的叔父曹頫，也就是给《红楼梦》加批的“脂砚斋”；曹雪芹只是对它“披阅十载，增删五次”。

It was commonly believed that Cao Xueqin had finished the draft of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', while as a result of his death it was not polished by himself, but co-revised and published by Cheng Weiyuan an Gao 'E later on. Sixly, rumar had it that this classic was the common product of the uncle and the nephew. That was to say, the original author of that masterpiece was Cao Fu, Cao Xueqin's uncle, who was at the same time the very one that added notes in that masterpiece, and Cao Xueqin just played the role of repeatedly revising it.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:55, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

It was commonly believed that Cao Xueqin had finished the draft of ''A Dream in Red Mansions''. As a result of his death it was not published by himself. However, co-revised and published by Cheng Weiyuan an Gao 'E later on. Rumar had it that this classic was the common product of the uncle and the nephew. Which shows, the original author of that masterpiece was Cao Fu, Cao Xueqin's uncle, who was at the same time the only one who added notes in that masterpiece, and Cao Xueqin just repeatedly revised it.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:35, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 22:31, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

It was commonly believed that Cao Xueqin had finished the draft of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', but died before he could polish it. As a result, the draft was co-revised and published by Cheng Weiyuan an Gao 'E later on. The sixth opinion is that this classic is the common product of the uncle and the nephew. That's to say, the original author of that masterpiece was Cao Fu, Cao Xueqin's uncle, who was at the same time the very one that added notes in that masterpiece, and Cao Xueqin just played the role of repeatedly revising it.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 15:35, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==
其七为“某作曹订”说。即认为《红楼梦》的原作者是个与曹家毫不相干的无名氏，曹雪芹只是个修订者。“红学家”对《红楼梦》作者的意见分歧，使出版者无所适从，因而造成了新版《红楼梦》署名的混乱：或只署曹雪芹，或并署曹雪芹、高鹗，或干脆不署名。

The seventh opinion is that “a certain author, Cao revised”. That is to say, the original author of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' is an anonymous person who has no relation with Cao’s family, and Cao Xueqin is only the reviser. The different opinions among the “redologists” about the author of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' caused the publishers not to know what to do. The new versions are therefore in confusion: some signed Cao Xueqin alone, some signed Cao Xueqin and Gao E together, and some signed nothing at all.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 09:40, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

The seventh opinion is that “a certain author, Cao revised”. That is to say, the original author of ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' was an anonymous person who had no relation with the Cao’s, and Cao Xueqin was only a reviser. The different opinions among the “redologists” about the author of ''The Dream of the Red Chamber'' caused the publishers not to know what to do. The new versions are therefore in confusion: some signed Cao Xueqin alone, some signed Cao Xueqin and Gao E together, and some signed nothing at all. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 11:33, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==
由于我对这个问题缺乏专门研究，只能在以上七种说法中加以选择。我认为这七种说法都有一定的根据，均非空穴来风。但相比之下，第一种说法的证据更为充分，也得到了学界的普遍认可，因此仍将曹雪芹和高鹗作为《红楼梦》的共同作者。

Because of a lack of specialized research to this question, I had to select from the seven statements above. I thought that the seven statements were of certain basis. However, with comparison, the evidence of first statement was more sufficient, and was largely approved by the academic circles. So, Cao Xueqin Autor and Gao E were still regarded as the co-author of ''the Dream of the Red Chamber''. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 01:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Being lacking in specialized research to this question, I had to select from the above seven versions . I thought that they were of certain basis. However, with comparison, the first statement was more credible, and was largely approved by the academic circles. So, Cao Xueqin and Gao E were still regarded as the co-author of ''the Dream of the Red Chamber''.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 06:57, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==
至于这种说法的具体根据，以及两作者的生平，已见于不少专文，这里不再赘述。

二、版本问题

由于《红楼梦》创作过程和流传过程的特殊性，造成了《红楼梦》版本的复杂性。
We will not describe more about the specific reason of this opinion and lives of the two authors because a lot of scholars have discussed it.
二、Version problem
The unique process of creating and circulating A Dream in Red Mansions leads to such complicated versions of it.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 06:52, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

As well as the life of the two authors, has been seen in a number of articles, here will not be repeated.
Second, the version of the problem because of the "Dream of Red Mansions" creative process and the special nature of the process of circulation, resulting in the "Dream of Red Mansions" version of the complexity.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 04:36, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

而《红楼梦》版本的复杂性，又迫使我们不得不有所选择。《红楼梦》的创作和流传过程可以分为四个阶段：其一是曹雪芹的创作阶段。虽然曹雪芹自称“披阅十载，增删五次”，其实由于他溘然而逝，只留下了一部《红楼梦》的未完稿和未定稿。

The complexity of the version of a Dream of Red Mansions forces us to make choices. The creation and spread of a Dream of Red Mansions can be divided into four stages: one is Cao Xueqin Autor's creation stage. Although Cao Xueqin Autor, claimed that "reading for ten years, adding and deleting five times", in fact, because of his death, leaving only a dream of red Mansions unfinished and unfinished.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 08:59, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 13:16, 29 December 2021 (UTC)
The complexity of the version of a ''dream of Red Mansions'' forces us to choose. The creation and spread of the ''dream of Red Mansions'' can be divided into four stages: one is the creation stage of Cao Xueqin Autor. Although Cao Xueqin Autor claimed to "read for ten years, add and delete five times", in fact, due to his death, only one unfinished and undecided version of a dream of Red Mansions was left.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 14:16, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==
他只完成了八十回，约相当于全书的三分之二。他不仅未对这八十回的书稿进行修订润色，而且还有不少待补的缺文。以“红学家”认为最好的版本“庚辰本”为例：第十七、十八两回合用一套回目，第十九回没有回目；第二十二回写荣国府作灯谜游戏，“此回未成而芹逝矣”(脂砚斋批语)，以至不仅缺了主要人物贾宝玉、林黛玉和史湘云的灯谜，而且本回还有不少其他缺文；如此等等。
He completed only eighty times, about two-thirds of the book. Not only did he leave the eighty drafts unrevised, but there was still much to be done. To the researcher of a dream of Red Mansions that the best version of the "gengchen Ben" as an example: the 17th, 18th round with a set of return, the 19th back no return; The twenty-second time to write rongguo Mansion for lantern riddle game, the chapter is unfinished but Cao Xueqin is dead (the ink stone lent comments), so that not only the lack of lantern riddles of the main characters Precious Jade Merchant , Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History, and this time there are many other lack of text; And so on.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 05:26, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

He completed only eighty chapters, about two-thirds of the whole book. Not only did he leave the eighty drafts unrevised and unpolished, but there was still much missing pages to be filled. Take the “Gengchen Version” as an example, which was considered the best version by Redology scholars, the 17th, 18th chapters kept the same content and the 19th had no content; The chapter 22, which was about Rongguo Mansion' lantern riddle game, was unfinished before Cao Xueqin passed away. (comments from the Ink Stone Lent), so that there was not only a lack of lantern riddles of the main characters Precious Jade Merchant, Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History, but also many other contents, and so on.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 06:53, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==
其二是曹雪芹《红楼梦》八十回本的传抄阶段，其间大约近三十年。由于抄书速度很慢，《红楼梦》的篇幅又很长，要想在短时间内抄完一部，需集多人之手。故多为达官显宦之家雇佣抄手，集体完成。

The second lay in the transmission and copying stage of 80 chapters of Cao Xueqin's ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', which lasted about 30 years. Due to the slow speed of copying and the long length of the novel, it required cooperation in order to scribe it done in a short time. Therefore it was the noble officials anddignitaries who often hired scribes to do the task together.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 06:39, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

The second stage is the transmission and copying of 80 chapters of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' written by Cao Xueqin, which lasted about 30 years. Due to the slow speed of copying and the long length of the novel, it required cooperation in order to finish it in a short time. Therefore it was the noble officials and dignitaries who often hired scribes to do the task together.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 05:33, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==
又因它是一部未完稿和未定稿，抄手便自觉或不自觉地加以增删修改；而抄手大多水平不高，且良莠不齐，鲁鱼亥豕，在所难免。从而导致大量异文乃至讹误的产生。其三是高鹗和程伟元续写后四十回并对全书进行修订和刊行的阶段。

And because it was an unfinished and undecided manuscript, the scribes consciously or unconsciously added, deleted and modified it. Most scribes lacked skills and the level of copying varied in quality. Accordingly, it was inevitable that clerical errors occurred, which led to a large number of variant versions of the book and even misinterpretations in the text. The third was the stage when Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan wrote a continuation of 40 chapters for ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', revised and published the whole book.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 13:29, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

And because it was an unfinished and undecided manuscript, the copywriters consciously or unconsciously added, deleted or modified it; Because most copywriters lacked skills and their level of copying varied in quality.so it was inevitable that led to a large number of different texts and even errors in the text. The third was the stage when E Gao and Weiyuan Cheng continued to write the last 40 chapters of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'',revised and published the whole book. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:47, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==
其间又可分为四段：首先由程伟元对各种《红楼梦》抄本加以搜集(其中可能包括无名氏续写的书稿)；其次由高鹗续写后四十回，并对前八十回进行大量修订(程伟元也可能参与了修订工作)；又次由程伟元于乾隆五十六年（公元1791年）用活字排印出版一百二十回本，后来被胡适先生命名为“程甲本”；次年由高鹗和程伟元对“程甲本”加以修订再版，后来又被胡适先生命名为“程乙本”。据说还有“程丙本”，如今已经不知下落，据个别看过的人说，较之“程乙本”改动甚少，因而可以置之不论。

It can be divided into four periods: firstly,Weiyuan Cheng collected various transcripts of ''A Dream of Red Mansions ''(including the manuscripts of a sequel written by anonymous authors); Secondly,E Gao continued to write the last 40 chapters and made a lot of revisions to the first 80 chapters (Weiyuan Cheng may also had participated in the revision work); thirdly, another 120 copies were printed and published by Weiyuan Cheng in movable type in the 56th year of the Emperor of Qianlong (AD 1791), which was later named "Cheng Jia Edition" by Mr.Shi Hu;Lastly, in the following year, E Gao and Weiyuan Cheng revised and republished the "Cheng Jia Edition", which was later named "Cheng Yi Ben" by Mr.Shi Hu. It is said that there is also "Cheng bing Edition", which is unknown now. According to someone who have seen it, there are few changes compared with "Cheng Yi Edition", so it can be set aside. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:22, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

It can be divided into four stages: in the first stage, Cheng Weiyuan collected all kinds of transcripts of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (including the manuscripts of a sequel written by unknown authors); Secondly, Gao E continued the last 40 chapters and made a lot of revisions to the first 80 ones (Cheng Weiyuan may also had participated in the revision work); thirdly, another 120 copies were printed and published by Cheng Weiyuan in movable type in the 56th year under the reign of the emperor Qianlong (AD 1791), which were later named "Cheng Jia (the first) Editions" by Hu Shi; Lastly, in the following year, Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan revised and republished the "Cheng Jia Edition", which was later named "Cheng Yi (the second) Edition" by Hu Shi. It is said that there was also "Cheng Bing (the third) Edition", which now has no whereabouts. According to someone who had once read it, compared with "Cheng Yi Edition", there were so few changes that it could be set aside.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 15:11, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==
其四是《红楼梦》刊本的流传阶段。此段从程伟元的活字本问世开始，直到现在。在刊本出现后，虽然由于某些人的爱好或习惯，仍有抄本流传，但已是强弩之末，不成气候，而刊本的流传却如燎原之势，席卷全国。

The fourth period is the circulation of the printed versions of ''a Dream of Red Mansions''. This stage has been going on since Cheng Weiyuan's movable printed editions were published. After these versions appeared, though transcripts were still spreading due to some people's hobbies or habits, it was like a spent arrow and no longer had great influence, while the printed versions spread and swept like fire through the country.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 14:22, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The fourth period is the circulation of the printed versions of ''a Dream of Red Mansions''. This stage start from cheng Weiyuan's movable type book came out and until now. After the publication appeared, although due to some people's hobbies or habits, it was like a spent arrow and no longer had great influence, while the printed versions spread and swept like fire through the country.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 07:00, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==
《红楼梦》如此特殊的创作和流传过程，导致了《红楼梦》的“三多”现象：版本多，异文多，讹误多。幸运的是，近几十年来，这些版本不仅不断被发现，而且陆续被影印出版，从而使我们得以大饱眼福。仅就我个人视野所及，即有十二种版本，而且五花八门：或名《石头记》(5种)，或名《红楼梦》(7种)；或为抄本(10种)，或为刊本(2种)；或为八十回系统(8种，其中6种为残本)，或为一百二十回系统(4种)。

The special creation and dissemination process of A Dream of Red Mansions leads to the phenomenon of "three many" : many versions, many different texts and many errors. Fortunately, in recent decades, these editions have not only been discovered, but photocopied and published, so that we can feast our eyes on them. As far as I can see, there are twelve versions, and they are diverse，named as "The Story of the Stone" (five versions) or "A Dream of Red Mansions" (seven versions). Some are codex (10 kinds) and some are periodical (2 kinds); Some are 80 chapter system (8 types, 6 of which are incomplete) and some are 120 chapter system (4 types).--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 06:53, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

The special creation and dissemination process of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' led to a phenomenon called "three many": many editions, many variants and many errors. Fortunately, in recent decades, these editions have not only been discovered, but successively photocopied and published, which greatly regale us. As far as I know, there are twelve editions in great diversity. Some are titled ''The Story of the Stone'' (five editions), or ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (seven editions); some are hand-copied (10 editions), while some printed (8 including 6 incomplete editions); some are composed of 80 chapters, while some others 120 chapters.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 13:17, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==
《红楼梦》的众多版本，对于研究者是极有价值的，它们可以帮助研究者分析《红楼梦》的创作过程和流传过程，并进行比较研究。但对于普通读者来说，如此眼花缭乱的版本，犹如坠入五里雾中，使他们无从选择。因此《红楼梦》的研究者有义务为他们提供一个最好的版本。

The various versions of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' have enormous value to researchers. They can be helpful to researchers in analyzing the processes of creation and dissemination, and facilitating comparative studies. However, for common readers, such a dazzling array of versions might leave them with a foggy head and unable to decide. Therefore, researchers are obliged to offer the best version. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 06:09, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
The various versions of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' are valuable to researchers, which can helpful to them in analyzing the processes of creation and dissemination of the book, as well as working on comparative studies. However, it would be confusing and indeterminable for the general readers when facing with such a dazzling array of versions. It’ s therefore incumbent upon researchers to offer the best version.
--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 14:32, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==
况且为了很好地保存这笔珍贵的文化遗产，也必须确立一种《红楼梦》的最好版本。那么哪一种版本是《红楼梦》的最好版本呢？答案就是“程乙本”。鉴于至今仍有“红学家”对高鹗续写的《红楼梦》后四十回既持否定态度，又在出版《红楼梦》时不得不用它与曹雪芹的前八十回相配为完整的一百二十回本，我在这里必须首先对高续后四十回的价值略作说明。

Moreover, in order to preserve this precious cultural heritage, it is also necessary to establish the best version of ''Dream of the Red Chamber''. So which is the best version? The answer is "Cheng Yi Ben". Since, when publishing ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', there are still "Redologists" who have a negative attitude towards Gao E 's subsequent writing of the later forty chapters of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'', and who had to use Gao‘ s creation in conjunction with Cao Xueqin's first eighty chapters as the complete one—hundred and twenty chapters, I must first give a brief explanation of the value of Gao's continuation of the later forty chapters.--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 07:18, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

Moreover，it is also necessary to establish the best version of ''Dream of the Red Chamber'' to preserve this precious cultural heritage.So which one is the best version of it？The answer is "Cheng Yi Ben".Since there is still opposition against the forty chapters wrote by Gao E，the “master of the Dream of the Red Chamber，while it is a must to combine them and the eighty chapters wrote by Cao Xueqin to form an integral book which has one hundred and twenty chapters，I must briefly introduce the value of the forty chapters wrote by Gao E--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 08:46, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==
率先冲破评点派和索隐派而从中国小说发展史的角度客观评价高鹗续书的是胡适先生。他在1921年11月12日定稿的《〈红楼梦〉考证》（见1923年亚东图书馆版《胡适文存》）中说：我们平心而论，高鹗补的四十回，虽然比不上前八十回，也确然有不可埋没的好处。他写司棋之死，写鸳鸯之死，写妙玉的遭遇，写凤姐的死，写袭人的嫁，都是很有精采的小品文字。
The man who first transcend the groups of criticizing and objectively comment the continuation of Gao E from the perspective of the history of the development of Chinese novels is Hu Shi.He said in his 《Test of the Dream of the red mansions》finalised in 1921，12th November that：“To be honest，Gao E’s supplementary forty chapters，though not comparable to the original eighty chapters，still boast their own outstanding merits.For instance，he wrote the death of Si Qi，of Yuan Yang，of Feng Jie，the encounter of Miao Yu and the marriage of Xi Ren，are all excellent facetious words.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 12:08, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

It was Mr. Hu Shi who firstly made a breakthrough between “Pingdian Group” and “Suoying Group” and objectively evaluated Gao E’s continuation from the perspective of Chinese novel’s history. In ''A Textual Research on A Dream of Red Mansions'' finalized on November 12, 1921 (''Hu Shi’s Article Archive'', Yadong Library Edition, 1923), he said, “To be fair, the following forty episodes written by Gao E certainly have undeniable charm although not as good as the previous eighty. He ended Siqi’s life with death, wrote about the death of Yuanyang, the suffering of Miaoyu, Sister Feng’s demise and the marriage of Xiren, all of which are really brilliant sketches. --[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 06:31, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==
最可注意的是这些人都写作悲剧的下场。还有那最重要的“木石前盟”一件公案，高鹗居然忍心害理的教黛玉病死，教宝玉出家，作一个大悲剧的结束，打破了中国小说的团圆迷信。这一点悲剧的眼光，不能不令人佩服。

It is noteworthy that all these people wrote about tragic endings, expecially th most important case of " Wood and Stone's Previous Oath". In the novel, Gao E auturally had the heart to leave Daiyu to die of illness and Baoyu to become a monk. He made it ended up as a great tragedy and broke the routine of "reunion superstition" in traditional Chinese novels, which could not be more admirable from the tragic perspective.--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 05:00, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

It is most noteworthy that all these characters are created with tragic endings. And as regards the most important case --- "The Pledge in front of Wood and Stone", in the novel, the author Gao E actually ended Mascara Jade Forest's (Lin Daiyu's) life with death resulting from illness and left Precious Jade Merchant (Jia Baoyu) to become a monk. Gao E finished ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' with a tragical epilogue so as to break the superstition that Chinese novels routinely end in happy reunion. In this sense, Gao E's tragic perspective deserves admiration and praise.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 08:09, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==
我们试看高鹗以后，那许多续《红楼梦》和补《红楼梦》的人，那一个不是想把黛玉、晴雯都从棺材里扶出来，重新配给宝玉？那一个不是想做一部“团圆”的《红楼梦》的？我们这里退一步想，就不能不佩服高鹗的补本了。我们不但佩服，还应该感谢他，因为他这部悲剧的补本……居然打倒了后来无数的团圆《红楼梦》，居然替中国保存了一部有悲剧下场的小说！

As we can see, after Gao E finished ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (which was left unfinished by the previous author Cao Xueqin), many of those who wrote this work continually or supplementarily were all eager to save Mascars Jade Forest (Lin Daiyu) and Sunny Cloud Formation (Qing Wen), who died and lay in coffin, and then to betroth them to Precious Jade Merchant (Jia Baoyu). And these writers all had the desire to end the story in a warm reunion. On second thought, we cannot but have a high opinion of Gao E's supplementary version ''A Dream of Red Mansions''. Arguably, not only should we admire but show gratitude for him, on the grounds that, his edition packed with tragic color is unexpectedly more laudatory than those with happy endings, actually preserving a novel with the tragical epilogue in China.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 07:35, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

As we can see, after Gao E finished ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' (which was left unfinished by the previous author Cao Xueqin), many of those who wrote this work continually or supplementarily were all eager to save Lin Daiyu and Qing Wen (or Sunny Cloud Formation), who died and lay in coffin, and then to betroth them to Jia Baoyu (or Precious Jade Merchant). Which writer did not want to create "A Dream of the Red mansion" with a reunion ending? On second thought, we cannot but have a high opinion of Gao E's supplementary version ''A Dream of Red Mansions''. Arguably, not only should we admire but show gratitude for him, on the grounds that, his edition packed with tragic color is unexpectedly more laudatory than those with happy endings, actually preserving a novel with the tragical epilogue in China.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 12:33, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==
几乎与胡适同时，俞平伯先生也对高鹗的续书予以专章论述。他在1923年亚东图书馆出版的《红楼梦辨·论续书底不可能》中说：从高鹗以下，百馀年来，续《红楼梦》的人如此之多，但都是失败的……我以为凡书都不能续，不但《红楼梦》不能续；凡续书的人都失败，不但高鹗诸人失败而已。
Almost at the same time as Hu Shi, Mr. Yu Pingbo also devoted a chapter to the continuation of Gao E's book. He said in the "A Dream of the Red Mansion - the impossibility of the continuation of the book" published by the Yadong Library in 1923: From Gao E down, more than a hundred years, so many people have renewed the "A Dream of the Red Mansion", but they all failed ...... I think all books can not be renewed, not only the "A Dream of the Red Mansion" can not be renewed; all the people who renewed the book failed, not only Gao E and others failed.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 12:27, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Almost at the same time as Hu Shi, Mr. Yu Pingbo also devoted a comment chapter to the continuation of Gao E. He said in the "A Dream of the Red Mansion - the impossibility of the continuation of the book" published by the Yadong Library in 1923: Since Gao E, more than a hundred years, so many people have renewed the "A Dream of the Red Mansion", but they all failed ... I think all books can not be renewed, not only the "A Dream of the Red Mansion" is in the case; all the people who renewed books failed, not only Gao E and others did.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 01:43, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==
因此他的结论是：高鹗诸人续写的《红楼梦》都是“狗尾续貂”。俞先生“凡书都不能续”、“凡续书的人都失败”的说法未免武断，至少措辞不够严谨。事实上，成功的续书并非没有，只是不多。

Therefore, his conclusion is: The continuations of "The Dream of Red Mansions" written by the Gao E and others are all "wretched sequels to a masterpiece." Mr. Yu’s statement that “every book cannot be continued” and “everyone who renews a book fails” is a bit too arbitrary, at least the wording is not rigorous enough. In fact, successful continuations do exist, but are not substantial.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 01:29, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

He therefore concludes that the sequels to Dream of the Red Chamber written by the Gao Ospreys are all "dog tails on a marten", which means a wretched sequels to a masterpiece. Mr. Yu's statement that "all books cannot be renewed" and "all those who renew books will fail" is arbitrary, or at least not carefully worded. In fact, successful continuations do exist, but are not substantial.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 23:35, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==
且不说成功的学术著作不乏范例，就是小说作品的续书也有成功的。譬如清代陈忱的《水浒后传》、近代吴趼人的《新石头记》，就都是别开生面之作。不过俞先生毕竟是严肃的学者，尽管他对高鹗的续书很不满意，却对高鹗的功绩予以肯定。

Not to mention that there is no shortage of examples of successful scholarly works, there are also successful sequels to works of fiction. For example, Chen Chen's ''The Afterlife of Water Margin'' in the Qing dynasty and Wu Jianren's ''The New Story of the Stone'' in the modern era are both original works. But Mr. Yu, after all, was a serious scholar, and although he was dissatisfied with Gao E's sequel, he acknowledged Gao's merits.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 23:25, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Not to mention that there is no shortage of successful examples of scholarly works, there are also successes in sequels to works of fiction. For example, Chen Chen's ''The Afterlife of Water Margin'' in the Qing dynasty and Wu Jianren's ''The New Story of the Stone'' in the modern era are both original works in new forms. But Mr. Yu, after all, was a serious scholar, and although he was dissatisfied with Gao E's sequel, he acknowledged Gao's merits.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 09:06, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==
他在《红楼梦辨·后四十回底批评》中说：高鹗以审慎的心思，正当的态度来续《红楼梦》；他宁可失之于拘泥，不敢失之于杜撰。其所以失败：一则因《红楼梦》本非可以续补的书，二则因高鹗与曹雪芹个性相差太远，便不自觉地相违远了。处处去追寻作者，而始终赶他不上，以致迷途；这是他失败时底光景。

He said in the ''Defense of The Dream of Red Mansion: the criticism of the last forty chapters'': “GaoE continued writing The Dream of Red Mansion with his prudent intention and serious attitude; He would rather make it up than adhere to it. There are two reasons for the failure of his version. The first is that the book itself is not a book that can be continued writing. The other is GaoE’ s character is different far from Cao Xueqin’sw which naturally lead to his misconception about this book. He tried his best to catch the main points of Cao Xueqin whereas he even couldn’t see the back of Cao Xueqin resulting in the wrong path. This is his background of failure.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 08:11, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

He said in the '' Defense of A Dream of Red Mansions: the criticism of the last forty chapters '': “Gao E continued writing '' A Dream of Red Mansions '' with his prudent intention and serious attitude; He would rather rigidly adhere to the content than fabricate some details. There are two reasons for the failure of his version. The first is that this novel itself is not the one that can be continued writing. The other is that Gao E’ s character is different far from Cao Xueqin’s which naturally lead to very distinct characteristics in this novel. He tried his best to catch the main points of Cao Xueqin whereas he even couldn’t see the back of Cao Xueqin resulting in the wrong path. This is the reason of his failure.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 13:28, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==
至于混四十回于八十回中，就事论事，是一种过失；就效用影响而论，是一种功德；混合而论是功多罪少。“失败了，光荣地失败了！”是我对于高鹗底赞扬和指斥。俞先生在晚年对高鹗的续书给予更多的肯定，认为高鹗的续书使残缺的《红楼梦》成为完璧，是一大功劳。

As for adding forty chapters to the original eighty chapters, sticking to the facts, it is actually a demerit. However, it can be a kind of merits and virtues in terms of utility effect. With regarding to several aspects, and his merits can more than wipe out his faults. “Failed, gloriously failed!”It's my praise and rebuke to Gao E. In the later years of Mr. Yu, he gave more recognition to Gao E’sequel, believing that Gao E’ sequel made the fragmentary ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' a complete story which was a great credit.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 13:25, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

As for mixing the forty chapters to the original eighty chapters, actually it is a kind of negligence in terms of facts; in terms of effectiveness and influence, it is a kind of merit; in terms of mixing, it is more meritorious and less sinful. "Failed, failed gloriously!" I praised and reprimanded Gao E. In his later years, Mr. Yu gave more affirmation to Gao E’s sequel, and believed that Gao E’ s sequel made the incomplete ''Dream of Red Mansions'' a great achievement.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 05:16, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==
鲁迅先生也对高鹗的续书予以肯定，只是对书末贾府的“复振”表示遗憾。他在《中国小说史略》（1923、1924年由北京大学新潮社分上下册出版，1925年由北京北新书局合为一册出版）第二十四篇中说：后四十回虽数量止初本之半，而大故迭起，破败死亡相继，与所谓“食尽鸟飞独存白地”者颇符，惟结束又复振。

Lu Xun also gave a approval to the sequel of the book by Gao E, but regretted the “revitalization” part of Merchant’s mansion at the end of the book. He claimed in Chapter 24 of ''Chinese Novel Outline History''(In 1923 and 1924, published in two volumes by the New Trend Union of Peking University, and in 1925, published in one volume by Beixin Publishing House in Beijing) that although the latter forty chapters is only half of the original version in quantity, there are great changes, ups and downs, and dilapidated deaths one after another, which is very consistent with the so-called “eating all birds and flying alone in the white land”, but it ends and vibrates again.
--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 09:14, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Lu Xun also affirmed Gao E’s sequel, and just expressed regret for the “revitalization” of Merchant Mansion at the end of the book. He claimed in chapter 24 of Chinese Novel Outline History(In 1923 and 1924, published in two volumes by the New Trend Union of Peking University, and in 1925, published in one volume by Beixin Publishing House in Beijing) that although the last forty chapters are only half of the original version in quantity, events occurred constantly and loss and death were in succession, which was quite consistent with the statement “birds ate and flew, then left the bleak place”. But it was a pity that the sequel ended in revitalization. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 00:58, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==
以上三位权威学者对高鹗续书的评价不尽相同，但有两点共识：高鹗的后四十回逊于曹雪芹的前八十回，但他完成了曹雪芹的未竟之业，使残缺的《红楼梦》成为完璧；尤其打破了中国传统小说的“团圆迷信”，使《红楼梦》成为中国小说史上首部悲剧小说，这在中国小说发展史上是一个伟大创举。我认为三位先生的这两点共识是客观公正的，是高见卓识。

The above three authoritative scholars hold various comments on Gao E’s sequel, sharing two points of consensus. One the one hand, Gao E’s last forty chapters are inferior to Cao Xueqin’s first eighty counterparts, but he has completed Cao’s unfinished work, rendering A Dream in Red Mansions perfect. On the other hand, in particular, Gao E breaks the routine of “reunion superstition”in traditional Chinese novels and makes A Dream in Red Mansions the first tragic writing in the past records of Chinese novels, which is a great pioneering work in the history of Chinese novel development. As far as I am concerned, these two points proposed by the three respected scholars are objective, fair and insightful. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 14:23, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The above three authoritative scholars hold various comments on Gao E’s sequel, but sharing two points of consensus. One the one hand, Gao E’s last forty chapters are inferior to Cao Xueqin’s first eighty counterparts, but he has completed Cao’s unfinished work, rendering the incomplete ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' complete. On the other hand, in particular, Gao E breaks the routine of “reunion superstition”in traditional Chinese novels and makes ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' become the first tragic writing in the past records of Chinese novels, which is a great pioneering work in the history of Chinese novel development. As far as I am concerned, these two points proposed by the three respected scholars are objective, fair and insightful.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:49, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==
晚近的某些“新红学家”尽管对高鹗大加挞伐，却无法推翻三位先生的这两点共识；最多只能进一步证明高鹗的续书比不上曹雪芹的原作，而不能抹煞高鹗续书的这两大功绩。我们可以设想，如果没有高鹗的续书，只能有两种结果：一是我们只能看到一部残缺不全的《红楼梦》，犹如只能欣赏一只断尾巴的孔雀；二是我们只能看到《红楼复梦》、《红楼圆梦》之类下三流续作，使《红楼梦》跳不出“团圆”小说的窠臼。

Although some recent "new Redologists" criticized Gao E drastically, they could not overturn the consensus of the three gentlemen; at most, they could only further prove that Gao E's sequel is not comparable to Cao Xueqin's original, rather than erase the two achievements of Gao E's renewal. We can imagine that if we have no Gao E's sequel, there can only be two results: one is that we can only see an incomplete ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', like only enjoying a peacock with a broken tail, the other is that we can only see ''A Dream of Red Mansions Again'', ''A Dream of Red Mansions Reunion'' and other renewals that are third-classs, which makes ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' cannot jump out of the mold of "reunion" novel.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:45, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Mahzad Heydarian|Mahzad Heydarian]] ([[User talk:Mahzad Heydarian|talk]]) 16:25, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

Although some recent “new Redologists” criticized Gao E drastically, they could not overturn the two consensuses of the three gentlemen; they could only further prove that Gao E's sequel is not comparable to Cao Xueqin's original, rather than obliterate the two achievements of Gao E's continuation. We can imagine that, without Gao E's sequel, there would be only two results: one is that we could only see an incomplete ''A Dream of Red Mansions'', as if we could only appreciate a peacock with a broken tail, the other is that we can only see such third-rate sequels like ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' Again, ''A Dream of Red Mansions Reunion'', making ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' cannot jump out of the set pattern of "reunion" novel. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 06:17, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==
因此，不仅我们应该感谢高鹗，如果曹雪芹地下有知，也会视高鹗为知己。胡适等三位先生论证了高鹗的两大功绩，就等于完全肯定了完整的一百二十回的《红楼梦》。但完整的《红楼梦》有两种版本，即“程甲本”和“程乙本”，两者的出版时间仅隔一年左右。

Therefore, not only should we be grateful to Gao E, if Cao Xueqin was alive and knew about it, he would also regard Gao E as a confidant. Hu Shi and other three gentlemen demonstrated Gao E’s three achievements, which was equivalent to confirming the complete 120 chapters of a Dream of Red Mansions. However, there are two versions of the complete work, namely the “Cheng A edition” and “Cheng B edition”, whose publishing interval was only about one year. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 15:35, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

Hu Shi and other three gentlemen demonstrated gao e's two great achievements, which is equivalent to confirming the complete 120 chapters of a Dream of Red Mansions. However, there are two versions of the complete work, namely the "Cheng Jiabo edition" and "Cheng Yibo edition", which were published only about a year apart.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 05:17, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==
这两种版本究竟哪一种更好呢？当然是“程乙本”，因为它是高鹗对“程甲本”精心修订的定稿本。程伟元和高鹗在“程乙本”《〈红楼梦〉引言》中说：因急欲公诸同好，故初印时不及细校，间有纰缪。今复聚集各原本，详加校阅，改订无讹。

Which of these two versions is better? Of course, it is "Cheng Yi", because it is gao e to "Cheng Jia" carefully revised final version. Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E said in "Cheng Yi" "DREAM of Red Mansions" introduction: Due to the urgent desire for public relations, the initial printing was not corrected in detail, and there were mistakes. This complex gathered the original, detailed review, change without error.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 05:12, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Which version is better? Of course, it is "Cheng Yi", because it is gao e to "Cheng Jia" carefully revised final version. Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E said in "Cheng Yi" "DREAM of Red Mansions" introduction: Due to the urgent desire for public relations, the initial printing was not corrected in detail, and there were mistakes. This complex gathered the original, detailed review, change without error.--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 12:36, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==
惟阅者谅之。这就是说，高鹗续写后四十回并修订曹雪芹的前八十回时，“因急欲公诸同好”，未能像曹雪芹那样“批阅十载，增删五次”，而是匆促而成，在排印过程中又没有仔细校对，以致“纰缪”难免，因而立即加以修订再版，从而产生了“程乙本”。可见“程乙本”是对“程甲本”的“纰缪”加以修订的本子，自然胜于“程甲本”了。

Only those who read it will forgive it. That is to say, when Gao E continued to write the last 40 chapters and revised Cao Xueqin's first 80 chapters, "because he was anxious to be good to the public", he failed to "review for ten years, add and delete five times" as Cao Xueqin did.Hurriedly,he did not proofread carefully in the process of typesetting, so that "mistakes" were inevitable.Therefore, he immediately revised and reprinted it, resulting in "the version of Cheng Yi". It can be seen that "the version of Cheng Yi" is a book to revise the "mistakes" of "the version of Cheng Jia", which is naturally better than "the version of Cheng Jia".--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 02:57, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Only readers will forgive it. That is to say, when Gao E continued to write the last 40 chapters and revised Cao Xueqin's first 80 chapters, he was anxious to share it with the public, so he failed to review for ten years, add and delete five times as Cao Xueqin did.He hurried to finish it, not proofreading carefully in the process of typesetting, so mistakes were inevitable. Therefore, \ he immediately revised and reprinted another verison, resulting in appearing "Cheng Yi (the second) Edition". It can be seen that " Cheng Yi" is a book to revise the "mistakes" of "Cheng Jia (the first) Edition", which is naturally better than "Cheng Jia".--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 07:43, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==
然而由于出版商不加细较，以为初刊本更为可靠，以致在相当一段时间内，翻印的“程甲本”曾大行其道。直到1927年，胡适先生因亚东图书馆老板汪元放先生点校并出版过“程甲本”，便将自己珍藏的“程乙本”推荐给汪先生。汪先生便将“程乙本”与“程甲本”加以仔细对勘，并加上新式标点，予以出版。

However, the publisher did not go into details, and believed that the first edition was more reliable. So in a fairly long period, the translated and printed “Cheng Jia (the first) Edition” became popular. Until 1927, Mr. Hushi recommended his treasured collection of “Cheng Yi (the second) Edition” to the owner of Yadong Library, Mr. Wang Yuanfang after he heard that Mr. Wang had punctuated, proofead and published“Cheng Jia (the first) Edition”. Then Mr. Wang checked against another between “Cheng Jia” and “Cheng Yi” , added the new punctuation and published it.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 03:17, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

However, the publisher did not proofread carefully and believed that the first edition was more reliable. So in a fairly long period, the printed “Chengjia Edition” became popular. Until 1927, Mr. Hushi recommended his treasured collection of “Chengyi Edition” to Mr. Wang Yuanfang who was the owner of Yadong Library because Mr. Wang once proofread and published “Chengjia Edition”. Then Mr. Wang contrasted “Chengjia Edition” with “Chengyi Edition” in detail and decided to add the new-style punctuations to the latter and publish it.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 11:00, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==
胡适先生并为该书写了《重印乾隆壬子本〈红楼梦〉序》。他在《序》文中说：现在印出的程乙本，就是那“聚集各原本，详加校阅，改订无讹”的本子，可说是高鹗、程伟元合刻的定本。这个改本有许多改订修正之处，胜于程甲本。

Mr.Hushi wrote "A Preface for the Re-printed Qianlong Renzi Edition of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'' for this book. In the preface, he said that the newly-printed Chengyi edition which was revised carefully by referring to all kinds of original editions to make sure no incorrect information in it, was the final edition made by Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan. This edition had many corrections so it was better than the Chengjia edition. --[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 08:47, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

Mr.Hushi has written ''A Preface for the Re-printed Qianlong Renzi Version of "''A Dream in Red Mansions''"'' for this book. In this preface, he said that the current printed Chengyi edition was the final edition made by Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan which was revised carefully by gathering all kinds of original editions to make sure no incorrect information was in it. This edition had many corrections so it was much better than the Chengjia edition.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 06:58, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==
但这个本子发行在后，程甲本已有人翻刻了；初本的一些矛盾错误仍旧留在现行各本里，虽经各家批注里指出，终没有人敢改正。胡适先生并举了三个例子，以证明“程乙本”胜于“程甲本”。由此可知，胡适先生不仅是第一个发现并公开指出“程乙本”胜于“程甲本”的人，而且推荐并贡献出了自己珍藏的“程乙本”初刊本，为“程乙本”后来的广泛流行起了决定性的作用。

But after the release of this edition, Cheng Jia edition has already been reprinted. Some contradictions and errors from the original edition still remained in the current edition. Although many literary masters has pointed out these mistakes in their annotations, no one eventually dared to correct them. And Mr. Hu Shi gave three examples to prove that Cheng Yi edition was better than Cheng Jia edition. So it can be seen that he was not only the first to discover and publicly pointed out this, but also recommended and contributed the original Cheng Yi edition of his own treasure, which played a decisive role in the wide popularity of this edition.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 00:55, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

But after the release of this edition, Cheng Jia edition has already been reprinted. Some contradictions and errors of the original edition still remained in the current edition. Although many literary masters had pointed out these mistakes in their annotations, but no one eventually dared to correct them. And Mr. Hu Shi gave three examples to prove that Cheng Yi edition was better than Cheng Jia edition. So it can be seen that he was not only the first to discover and publicly pointed out this, but also recommended and contributed the original Cheng Yi edition of his own treasure, and that played a decisive role in the wide popularity of its edition.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 06:19, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==
汪原放先生也没有辜负胡适先生的重托，不仅出版了“程乙本”，而且对两个“程本”加以仔细对勘，并用增删改动文字的统计数字与具体例子（详见下文），进一步证明了“程乙本”优于“程甲本”。由于胡适先生的学术威望和汪原放先生点校的“程乙本”面世，尤其是“程乙本”确实胜于“程甲本”，故此后书商大多舍弃了“程甲本”，竞相刊印“程乙本”，“程乙本”几乎一统天下。这种局面一直持续到上世纪五六十年代。

Mr.Wang Yuanfang also lived up to the great trust of Mr.Hu Shi. He not only published "Cheng Yiben", but also carefully surveyed the two "Cheng Yiben", and changed the statistics and specific examples (see below for details), further proving that "Cheng Yiben" was better than "Cheng Jiaben". Because Mr.Hu Shi's academic prestige and Mr.Wang Yuanfang's "Cheng Yiben" were published, especially "Cheng Yiben" was indeed better than "Cheng Jiaben", so most booksellers abandoned "Cheng Jiaben" and competed to print "Cheng Yiben", " Cheng Yiben " almost unified the whole world. The situation has been continuing until the 1950s and 1960s.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 14:48, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Mr. Wang Yuanfang also lived up to Mr. Hu Shi's great trust. He not only published "Cheng Yi Ben", but also carefully surveyed the two "Cheng Ben", and further proved that "Cheng Yi Ben" was better than "Cheng Jia Ben" with statistics and specific examples of adding, deleting and changing words (see below for details). Due to the academic prestige of Mr. Hu Shi and the appearance of "Cheng Yi Ben" ordered by Mr. Wang Yuanfang, especially "Cheng Yi Ben" is indeed better than "Cheng Jia Ben", most booksellers abandoned "Cheng Jia Ben" and competed to publish "Cheng Yi Ben" and "Cheng Yi Ben" almost dominates the world. This situation lasted until the 1950s and 1960s.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 13:31, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==
然而到了八十年代以后，“程乙本”一统天下的局面却被打破了，各种版本的《红楼梦》纷纷涌现，其中多为拼凑本，即前八十回采用抄本，后四十回则多采用高鹗作废了的“程甲本”，从而造成了《红楼梦》版本的混乱现象。这种混乱现象使本来已经解决了的《红楼梦》版本问题又重新出现纷争，也使普通读者陷入了不知如何选择《红楼梦》的境地。
However, after the 1980s, the situation of "Cheng Yi Ben" dominating the world was broken, and various versions of The Dream of Red Mansions emerged one after another, most of which were piecemeal copies, that is, the transcripts of the first 80 chapters were used, and the "Cheng Jia Ben" cancelled by Gao e was used in the last 40 chapters, resulting in the confusion of the version of The Dream of Red Mansions. This chaotic phenomenon makes the original version of The Dream of Red Mansions once again controversial, and makes ordinary readers fall into the situation of not knowing how to choose a dream of Red Mansions.

However, after the 1980s, the dominating situation of "Cheng Yi version"was broken, and various versions of The Dream of Red Mansions emerged one after another, most of which were cobbled together, where the first eighty editions used the codified version, while the last forty editions mostly used Gao E's cancelled Cheng Jia version, thus causing confusion in the version of a Dream of Red Mansions.This kind of confusion makes the issue of the edition of a Dream of Red Mansions reappear, and also makes ordinary readers have no idea how to choose a Dream of Red Mansions.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 06:27, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==
钱锺书先生虽然不研究《红楼梦》，但对《红楼梦》版本的混乱现象却很不以为然。他在上世纪九十年代说过（大意）：《红楼梦》研究中的许多纠葛与纷争，大多源于版本问题。在同一问题上，张三根据这个版本，李四根据那个版本，公说公有理，婆说婆有理，一万年也说不清，实在无谓得很。

Although Qian zhongshu never study ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', he considers that the phenomenon of mess versions does not really matter.In the 1990s, he said that (roughly meaning)most of the disputes in the study of ''The Dream of Red Mansions'' resulted from the issue of versions. On the same issue, different people refer to different versions for their so-called reasonable purpose.Thus, the disputes can never be settled. And such a phenomenon is really meaningless.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 06:23, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Although Qian zhongshu never study ''The Dream of Red Mansions'', he considered disapprovingly that the phenomenon of chaos versions does not really matter.In the 1990s, he said that (a rough meaning)most of the disputes in the study of ''The Dream of Red Mansions'' resulted from the issue of versions. On the same issue, different people refer to different versions for their so-called reasonable purpose.Thus, the disputes can never be settled. And such a phenomenon is really meaningless.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 06:47, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==
这是《红楼梦》的悲剧，也是中国学界的悲剧。为了永久保存《红楼梦》这笔珍贵遗产，也为了给广大读者提供一个《红楼梦》的范本，必须从众多版本中确定一个最好的版本，而这个版本就是胡适先生推荐的“程乙本”。至于其他版本，则只供研究之用。

This is not only the tragedy of The Dream of the Red Chamber , but also the tragedy of Chinese academic circles. In order to permanently preserve the precious heritage of The Dream of the Red Chamber and provide readers with a model of The Dream of the Red Chamber, we must determine the best version from many versions, and this version is the "Cheng Yi version" recommended by Mr. Hu Shi. Other versions are only for research purposes only.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 14:00, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

This is not only a tragedy of Dream of the Red Chamber , but also a tragedy of Chinese academic circles. In order to permanently preserve the precious heritage of Dream of the Red Chamber and provide readers with a model of Dream of the Red Chamber, we must determine the best version from many versions, and this version is the "Cheng Yi version" recommended by Mr. Hu Shi. Other versions are only for research purposes only.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 11:15, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==
我完全赞成以上诸位先生的看法，毋须我再费笔墨，所以我在这里只是为他们的看法提供一些实例。首先，“程乙本”的前八十回由于经过了高鹗(也许还有程伟元)的大量修订，较之诸抄本大有改观，使之更加完善。具体来说，就是对众多异文加以筛选，去除讹误，择善而从，并加以必要的补阙、修改、删节和增饰。

I totally agree with the views of the above teachers, so I don't need to say more, so I will just provide some examples for their views here. First of all, the first eighty books of "Cheng Yi version" have been revised extensively by Gao Osprey (and perhaps Cheng Wei Yuan), which is a great improvement over the codices and makes it more perfect. Specifically, it is the screening of many different texts, the removal of errors, the selection of good, and the necessary additions, modifications, abridgments and additions.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 10:56, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

I totally agree with the opinions of you all, so I don't bother to say more. So I will just provide some examples for their views here. First of all, the first eightith chapters of "Cheng Yi's version" have been revised for many times by Gao Osprey (and perhaps Cheng Wei Yuan), which is an improvement over the codices and makes it more perfect. Specifically, it made a selection from many different texts, corrected errors, selected the good, and offered the necessary additions, modifications, removal and polishment.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 07:28, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==
试举六例如下：例一：原作第十七、十八两回合用一套回目，第十九回没有回目。高鹗将那套合用的回目归第十七回，而为第十八、十九两回补拟了回目。例二：原作第十八回写元妃省亲回府，“只见园中香烟缭绕，花彩缤纷，处处灯光相映，时时细乐声喧，说不尽太平景象，富贵风流”，下面却接着有这样一段：此时自己回想当初在大荒山中青埂峰下，那等凄凉寂寞。

Here are six examples. Firstly, the chapter 17 and 18 of the original work shared the same title and the 19th one didn't have have any. Gao-E merged the shared one into chapter 17 and rethought a title for chapter 18 and 19. Secondly, chapter 18 in the original one showed that Yuan concubine visited relatives, as "See nothing but scent lingering, flowers blossoming, lights glistening and bustle hustleing.WHat a stable and flourish society!" Here goes another saying: at that time I recalled the time when I in the foot of Dahuangshan Mountain, and I felt so lonely.

Here are six examples. Firstly, the chapter 17 and 18 of the original work shared the same title and the 19th one didn't have any. Gao'E merged the shared one into chapter 17 and rethought a title for chapter 18 and 19. Secondly, chapter 18 in the original one showed that Yuan concubine visited relatives, as "See nothing but scent lingering, flowers blossoming, lights glistening and bustle hustleing.WHat a stable and flourish society!" Here goes another saying: at that time I recalled the time when I in the foot of Dahuangshan Mountain, and I felt so lonely.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 09:55, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==
若不亏癞僧、跛道二人携来到此，又安能得见这般世面？本欲作一篇《灯月赋》、《省亲颂》，以志今日之事，但又恐入了别书的俗套。按此时之景，即作一赋一赞，也不能得尽其妙；即不作赋、赞，其豪华富丽，观者诸公亦可想而知矣。

If the Monk and the Taoist don't bring me here, how could I can see such elephant. I wanted to write an ''Ode to Lantern Moon'' or ''Ode to Visiting Relatives'' to commemorate today's event, but I was afraid to falling into the conventions of other books. The scene of this period, we can't get its wonderful in length even we write a praise. And if we don't write, the viewer also can imagine its luxurious richly.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 11:26, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

If not the monk with scappy head and the lame Taoist priest bring me here, how could I can see such the world like this. I wanted to write an ''Ode to Lantern Moon'' or ''Ode to Visiting Relatives'' to commemorate today's event, but I was afraid to falling into the conventions of other books. In the scene of this period, we can't get the wonderfulness in length even we write a praise. And if we don't write, the viewer also can imagine its luxury and richness.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 02:18, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==
所以倒是省了这工夫纸墨，且说正经的为是。本书前面已经交代得明明白白，大荒山青埂峰下的那块石头被一僧一道携入红尘后已幻化为口衔通灵宝玉的贾宝玉，而从这段话看，那块石头的化身却是贾元春，难道姐弟二人都是那块石头所化吗？如果说这段话的前大半截是写贾宝玉的心理活动，误安在了贾元春的头上，也还是说不通，因为不可能在描写贾元春省亲观感的文字当中无缘无故插入一段对贾宝玉的心理描写。

Therefore the time to write them is saved, and it is time to talk something serious. It has been clearly explained in the front of this book that the stone under the Loveroot Peak of the Great Wilderness Mountain has been transformed into Precious Jade Merchant with psychic jade in his mouth after being brought into the world by a monk and a Taoist priest. From this paragraph, however, the incarnation of that stone is First Spring Merchant. Are both the sister and brother transformed by that stone? If the first half of this paragraph is about Precious Jade Merchant's psychological activities, and is mistakenly thought as First Spring Merchant's, it still doesn't make sense. Because it is impossible to insert a psychological description of Precious Jade Merchant into the words describing First Spring Merchant's feelings about relatives for no reason.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 10:16, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

If the first half of this paragraph is about Precious Jade Merchant's psychological activities, which is mistakenly thought as First Spring Merchant's, it still doesn't make sense.
--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 10:13, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==
尤为荒唐的是，从“观者诸公”以下文字，又突然变为作者的第三人称口气，更令人丈二金刚，摸不着头脑。如此语无伦次的拙劣文字，决非曹雪芹的原文，而是抄书者的误抄或窜文。“程乙本”将其全部删除，犹如割除了一个赘瘤，使行文变得合理而又通畅。

What is particularly absurd is that, from the following words "all the audience", and suddenly into the third person tone of the author,which is even more puzzling. Such incoherent poor text, not Cao Xueqin's original text, but the copy of the wrong copy or channelized text. "Cheng Yi version" deleted all of them, just like cutting out a superfluous tumor, so that the writing becomes reasonable and unobstructed.--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 12:58, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Such incoherent poor text, not Cao Xueqin Autor's original text, but the copy of the wrong copy or channelized text. "Cheng Yi version" deleted all of them, just like cutting out a superfluous tumor, so that the writing becomes reasonable and unobstructed.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 14:50, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==
例三：原作第二十二回写荣国府作灯谜游戏，目的在于通过各人制作的灯谜，以暗示各自的性情、志向及将来结局，是全书的重要段落。大约因曹雪芹当时没有完全想好，故只写了贾母、贾政、元春、迎春、探春、惜春、宝钗的灯谜，而将宝玉、黛玉、湘云的灯谜暂缺，留待以后补写，不料曹雪芹突然去世，未及补写，致使原稿残缺。高鹗大胆地将原作宝钗的灯谜移作黛玉的灯谜，又增写了宝钗和宝玉的灯谜，我以为移得合理，增作也很精彩。

Example 3: the 22nd episode of the original work is that everyone plays lantern riddles in the Jung-guo-Anwesen ，The purpose is to hint their temperament, aspirations and future outcome through the lantern riddles made by each person，It is an important paragraph of the whole book. It may be that Cao Xueqin Autor didn't think well at that time, so he only wrote the riddles of Grandma Merchant, Master Merchant, First Spring Merchant, Spring Pleasure Merchant, Seeking-Spring Merchant, Cherishing Spring Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, but didn't write the riddles of Precious Jade Merchant, Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History for the time being，and planned to fill them up later. Unexpectedly, Cao Xueqin Autor died suddenly and didn't have time to make up, resulting in the mutilation of the original. Gao E boldly changed the lantern riddle of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass into that of Mascara Jade Forest, and added the lantern riddles of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and Precious Jade Merchant. I think this change is very reasonable and the added part is also very wonderful.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 01:31, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Example 3: the 22nd chapter of the original work is that everyone plays lantern riddles in the Rong Mansion, The purpose is to hint their temperament, aspirations and future respectively through the lantern riddles made by each person，It is an important plot of the whole work.
Possibly because Cao Xueqin did not think well at that time, he only wrote the riddles of Grandma Merchant, Master Merchant, First Spring Merchant, Spring Pleasure Merchant, Seeking-Spring Merchant, Cherishing Spring Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass, but didn’t write the riddles of Precious Jade Merchant, Mascara Jade Forest and Fragrant-cloud History for the time being，and planned to fill them up later. Unexpectedly, Cao Xueqin died suddenly and didn’t have time to make up, resulting in the mutilation of the original. Gao E boldly changed the lantern riddle of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass into that of Mascara Jade Forest, and added the lantern riddles of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and Precious Jade Merchant. I think this change is very reasonable and the added part is also very wonderful.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 07:58, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==
但高鹗也有失误和疏漏：失误在于删掉或漏掉了原作惜春的灯谜，疏漏在于未给湘云补写灯谜。惜春的灯谜我已补入第二十二回（参见该回原文及其注释），以弥补高鹗的失误；而湘云的灯谜却只好仍阙，成为永远的遗憾。例四：原作第二十五回在写王熙凤被魇魔法弄得精神错乱时，插入一段对薛蟠的描写：别人慌张自不必讲，独有薛蟠更比诸人忙到十分：又恐薛姨妈被人挤倒，又恐薛宝钗被人瞧见，又恐香菱被人臊皮──知道贾珍等是在女人身上做功夫的，因此忙的不堪。

However, Gao E also made some mistakes and omissions: the mistake lies in deleting or missing the original lantern riddles made by Cherishing Spring Merchant, and the omission lies in not rewriting the lantern riddles for Fragrant-cloud History. I have added the riddle of Spring-cherish Merchant in Chapter 22 to make up for Gao E’s mistake; But the lantern riddles of Fragrant-cloud History have yet to be unfilled, which becomes a permanent regret. Example 4: In chapter 25 of the original,When writing about Splendid Phoenix King being deranged by magic, a description of Dragon Marshgrass is inserted: The others, it goes without saying,were still more distraught. But of them all Dragon Marshgrass was the most frantic, being afraid that in the crush his mother might be knocked over, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stared at, or Wiselotus Potterymaker exposed to indignities -- for he knew what libertines Treasure Merchant and the rest were.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 07:43, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

However, Gao E also made a mistake and had an oversight: the mistake lies in deleting or missing the original lantern riddles made by Cherishing Spring Merchant, and the omission lies in not rewriting the lantern riddles for Fragrant-cloud History. I already added the riddle of Spring-cherish Merchant in Chapter 22 to make up for Gao E’s mistake; But Fragrant-cloud History’s lantern riddles have yet to be unfilled, which becomes an eternal regret. Example 4: In chapter 25 of the original,When writing about Splendid Phoenix King being deranged by magic, a description of Dragon Marshgrass is inserted: The others, it goes without saying,were still more distraught. But of them all Dragon Marshgrass was the most frantic, being afraid that in the crush his mother might be knocked over, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stared at, or Wiselotus Potterymaker exposed to indignities -- for he knew what libertines Treasure Merchant and the rest were.--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 14:51, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==
忽一眼瞥见了林黛玉风流婉转，已酥倒在那里。这段话十分荒谬：其一，贾、薛两家为近亲，贾珍与薛宝钗是表兄妹，贾珍怎么敢对表妹起歹心呢？薛蟠岂非杞人忧天？其二，薛蟠虽然混账，与林黛玉也是表兄妹，况且见面的机会很多，薛蟠怎么会“一眼瞥见了林黛玉”就“酥倒在那里”呢？

Dragon Marshgrass's eye suddenly falling on Mascara Jade Forest, he was so enchanted by her charms that he almost melted on the spot. This paragraph is very absurd: First, Family Merchant and Family Marshgrass are close relatives, and Treasure Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass are cousins. How dare Treasure Merchant want to have a love affair with his cousin? Isn't Dragon Marshgrass entertained imaginary and groundless fear? Second, although Dragon Marshgrass is a jerk, Mascara Jade Forest is his cousin. Besides, there are many opportunities to meet Mascara Jade. How could Dragon Marshgrass“almost melted on the spot when his eye suddenly fell on Mascara Jade Forest”? --[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 09:44, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Dragon Marshgrass suddenly caught a glimpse of Mascara Jade Forest, who was pretty and gentle, and collapsed there. This paragraph is very absurd: Firstly, Family Merchant and Family Marshgrass are close relatives, and Treasure Merchant and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass are cousins. How dare Treasure Merchant want to have a love affair with his cousin? Isn't Dragon Marshgrass alarmist? Secondly, although Dragon Marshgrass is a jerk, Mascara Jade Forest is his cousin. Besides, there are many opportunities to meet Mascara Jade. How could Dragon Marshgrass “collapsed there because of a glimpse of Mascara Jade Forest”?--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 14:15, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==
而脂批竟称赞道：“忙中写闲，真大手眼、大手笔。”这如果不是偶然失误，便只能说是不识好歹了。“程乙本”将其删除，倒可当得起“大手眼、大手笔”的评语。例五：原作第六十三回中用了一千多字的篇幅，大写贾宝玉、史湘云等人只是为了好玩，如何将芳官、葵官打扮成“小土番儿”，如何改称“犬戎名姓”。

However, the Zhi Yanzhai's critiques unexpectedly praised: "Snatch a little leisure from a busy writing , which is really big eyes and a big deal." If this is not an accidental mistake, it can only be said to be ungrateful. If "Cheng Yi version" deletes it, it can be regarded as a comment of "big eyes and a big deal". Example 5: in the sixty-third chapter of the original work, more than 1,000 words were used to capitalize the name of Precious Jade Merchant, Fragrant-cloud History and others, which is just for fun, and to describe how to dress Fragrant Official and Sunflower as "Xiao Tu Fan er" and how to change "the surname and name of Quan Rong".--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 14:21, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

However, critiques of Zhi Yanzhai(one of the earliest critics of "A Dream in Red Mansions" ) unexpectedly praised: "Snatch a little leisure from a busy writing , which is really weighty." If it is not an accidental mistake, it can only be said to be ungrateful. "Cheng Yi version" deletes it, thus it can be regarded as the comment of "weighty writings". Example 5: in the sixty-third chapter of the original work, more than 1,000 words were used to describe that how Precious Jade Merchant, Fragrant-cloud History and others dress Fang Guan and Kui Guan as "Xiao Tu Fan er" and how they change "the name of Quan Rong" just for fun.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 06:43, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==
而且竟然让贾宝玉说出这样的话来：如今四海宾服，八方宁静，千载百载，不用武备。咱们虽一戏一笑，也该称颂，方不负坐享升平了。这种描写既十分无聊，又与贾宝玉的性格背道而驰，尤其侮辱了包括满族在内的少数民族，真可谓拙劣的文字，因此“程乙本”完全予以删除是绝对必要的。

What's more, in Zhi Yangzhai's version, Precious Jade Merchant said that"Nowadays, people within Four Seas were all submitted and social stability was achieved in all directions. Weapons were not needed in nearly thousands of years. Therefore, our laughs and teases also deserved extolling thus we lived up to the prosperity." This kind of descriptions were very boring and ran counter to the characteristics of Precious Jade Merchant, and they particularly insulted national minorities including Manchu, which were really bad writings. Thus, it's quite necessary for "Cheng Yi's version" to delete these words.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 07:05, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

What's more, in Zhi Yangzhai's version, Baoyu even said things like this:"Nowadays, people from all over the world bow to our emperor, and social stability's greatly achieved. No military preparation's needed in the days ahead. Therefore, our laughs and teases also deserved extolling thus we lived up to the prosperity." Such descriptions are boring and against Baoyu's characteristic, and also insulted national minorities including Manchu, which are truly awful writings. Thus, it's quite necessary for Cheng&Gao's second version to delete these words.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 06:07, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==
例六：原作第六十一回开头有一段写柳家的与小厮斗嘴的文字，既毫无意义，又有“几根×毛”、“×声浪嗓”的粗话，故“程乙本”删掉了百馀字也完全正确。像这样的例子不胜枚举，它们足可以证明，高鹗对前八十回的修订是完全必要和合理的，“程乙本”前八十回优于原作的事实是任何人也难以抹煞的。其次，再就两种“程本”而言，由于“程乙本”是“程甲本”的修订本，自然也就更加完善。

Example six: The descriptive words about the argument between Liu's and his servant in the chapter sixty one of the original version are quite meaningless, and vulgarism like "some x hairs","some nasty voices" are also included at the same time，that's why the Cheng&Gao's second version had correctly deleted hundreds of words of the original one. Such examples are numerous and are solid proofs to the necessity and justifiability of Gao E's revision of original former eighty chapters, and it's also undeniable that former eighty chapters in the Cheng&Gao's second version are better than ones in the original. Moreover, in terms of the two versions of Cheng&Gao's, the second version is obviously more perfect for it's revised on the base of the first one.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 05:33, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Example six: the original 61st back at the beginning of a paragraph to write the fighting words by Liu and his following boy, not only meaningless, but also "a few pubic hair", "obscene voice" of foul language, so "Cheng B book "deleted a few hundred words is also completely correct. Such examples are numerous, and they are sufficient to prove that the revision of the first eighty chapters by Gao Hu is completely necessary and reasonable, and the fact that the first eighty chapters of "Cheng B book" is better than the original is hard to be denied by anyone. Secondly, in terms of the two "Cheng books", since the "Cheng B book" is a revised version of the "Cheng A book", it is naturally more perfect.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 02:37, 12 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==
关于这一点，最有力的证据是一组现成的统计数字。前面说过，汪原放先生于1927年曾将“程乙本”与“程甲本”加以对勘，并将两者的异文作了统计，其结果是：“程乙本”较之“程甲本”改动(包括增与改)了总共21506字，其中前八十回改动15537字，后四十回改动5969字。(见汪原放《重印乾隆壬子本〈红楼梦〉校读后记》)这些改动主要有三个方面：其一，是对“程甲本”中的“纰缪”文字加以改正。

About this point, the strongest evidence is a set of readily available statistics. As mentioned earlier, Mr. Wang Yuanfang in 1927 compared the "Cheng B book" with the "Cheng A book" and made statistics on the differences between the two texts, and the result was: "Cheng B book" compared with "Cheng A book" changes (including increase and change) a total of 21506 words, including the first eighty chapters changed 15537 words, the last forty chapters changed 5969 words. (See Wang Yuanfang "reprinted Qianlong nonzi book" after reading "Dream of the Red Chamber") These changes are mainly in three aspects: one, is the "Cheng A book" in the "error" text to correct.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 02:38, 12 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

The strongest evidence for this is a set of available statistics. As mentioned earlier, Mr. Wang Yuanfang in 1927 compared the "Cheng B book" with the "Cheng A book" and made statistics on the differences between the two texts, and the result was: a total of 21506 words (including complements and modifications) were changed in "Cheng B book" compared with "Cheng A book", including 15537 words changed in the first eighty chapters, and 5969 words changed in the last forty chapters. (Refer to Wang Yuanfang "reprinted Qianlong nonzi book" after reading "Dream of the Red Chamber") These changes are mainly in three aspects: one, is the modification of the "error" text in Cheng A book.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 13:03, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==
如第二回“冷子兴演说荣国府”中，“程甲本”对原作的如下一段文字未作改动：这政老爷的夫人王氏……第二胎生了一位小姐，生在大年初一，就奇了。不想次年又生了一位公子，说来更奇：一落胞胎，嘴里便衔下一块五彩晶莹的玉来，还有许多字迹。这位“小姐”就是贾元春(元妃)，这位“公子”就是贾宝玉。

For example, the "Leng Zixing's speech in Rong Mansion" in chapter 2, "Cheng Jia's translation version" did not change the following text of the original work: The wife of Lord Zheng Mrs Wang…… gave birth to a girl on the first day of the lunar year,which was magical enough. It was even more magical that she gave birth to a boy in the next year: he was born with a colorful and crystal jade in his mouth, and the jade was written by some scripts. The "girl" is First Spring Merchant (Yuan Concubine), while the "boy" is Precious Jade Merchant.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 09:23, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

For example, in the "Son Happy Cold's speech in Glory Mansion" from chapter 2, the following text of the original work remained intact in "Cheng Jia(the first)edition": Lady King, the wife of Master Merchant …… gave birth to her second child, a girl, on the first day of the lunar year, which was magical enough. It was even more magical that she gave birth to a boy in the following year: when he was born, a colorful and crystal jade with many scripts on it was in his mouth. The "girl" is First Spring Merchant (Yuan Concubine), while the "boy" is Precious Jade Merchant.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 10:39, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==
而这段文字显然与第十八回中的一段文字相矛盾：那宝玉未入学之先，三四岁时，已得元妃口传，教授了几本书，识了数千字在腹中：虽为姊弟，有如母子。
“有如母子”的贾元春和贾宝玉，不可能只差一岁，可见第二回那段文字有明显的“纰缪”。“程乙本”将“次年”改为“隔了十几年”，便合情合理了。

This paragraph obviously contradicts with the description in the eighteenth chapter: before Precious Jade,at the age of three or four, entered the school, he had been taught several books by Yuan Concubine(First Spring Merchant) by word of mouth and thus had known thousands of words in his mind. They are sister and brother in blood relation, but more like mother and son. Precious Jade Merchant and First Spring Merchant, "like mother and son",could not be only one year apart,so there is an obvious "mistake"in the paragraph from the second chapter. Therefore, it is reasonable to change "the following year" into "more than a decade after" in "Cheng Yi(the second) Edition".--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 09:28, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

While this paragraph obviously contradicts with one in the eighteenth chapter: before Precious Jade, at the age of three or four, entered the school, he had been taught several books by Yuan Concubine(First Spring Merchant) by word of mouth and thus had learned thousands of words in his mind. They are elder sister and younger brother, but more like mother and son. Precious Jade Merchant and First Spring Merchant could not be only one year apart,so there is an obvious "mistake" in the paragraph of the second chapter. Therefore, it is reasonable to change "the following year" into "more than a decade after" in "Cheng Yi(the second) Edition".--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 01:53, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==
其二，是将文言词语尽量改为白话或俗语，从而使《红楼梦》的语言更为通俗易懂。譬如：“若”改为“要”，“与”改为“给”，“亦”改为“也”，“此”改为“这”，“口”改为“嘴”，“何”改为“为什么”，“如何”改为“怎么”，“如此”改为“这么着”，“葳蕤”改为“委琐”，等等。其三，是增加了许多“儿”字，将词语加以“儿”化，从而使《红楼梦》语言的京味特点更加突出。

Secondly, classical words were changed into vernacular or colloquial language as far as possible so as to make the language of A Dream of Red Mansions more understandable. For instance: "ruo" was translated into "yao"(if), "yu" into "yao"(to), "yi" into "ye"(also), "ci" into "zhe"(this), "kou" into "zui"(mouth),"he" into "wei shen me"(why), "ru he" into "zen me"(how), "ru ci" into "zhe me zhao"(in this way), "weisui" into "weisuo"(obscene) and so on. Thirdly, lots of "er" were added into A Dream of Red Mansions, so that the Beijing flavor of the language in A Dream of Red Mansions is more distinct.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 12:08, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==
关于这一点，几乎随处可见，因而不再举例。《红楼梦》是一部近百万字的巨著，要想完全揭示“程乙本”的版本优点，只能将它与其他版本一一对勘，并将异文一一列出。单凭以上的简单说明，只能是挂一漏万。

This point can be seen almost everywhere, so I will not give examples. “Dream of the Red Chamber” is a masterpiece of nearly one million words. If we want to fully reveal the merits of "Cheng Yi's translation version", we can only investigate it with other translation versions and list the differences one by one. The above simple explanation is still incomplete and full of omissions.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 07:24, 10 November 2021 (UTC)
This point can be seen almost everywhere, so I don't want to give an example.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 05:25, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==
不过我可以向读者负责地保证：如果你是出于欣赏的目的阅读《红楼梦》，那么选择“程乙本”将是最明智的。三、校勘问题我们说“程乙本”为《红楼梦》的最佳版本，并不是说它完美无缺，也不是说其他版本一概不如“程乙本”，只是说它在总体上更胜一筹而已。
But I can responsibly assure readers that if you are reading a Dream of Red Mansions for enjoyment, cheng Yiben is the wisest choice. To say that Cheng Yiben is the best version of a Dream of Red Mansions does not mean that it is perfect, nor that all other versions are inferior to Cheng Yiben, but that it is superior in general.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 05:23, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

But I can responsibly assure readers that if you are reading ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' for enjoyment, Cheng Yi version is the wisest choice. Three: Revision. To say that Cheng Yi version is the best version of ''A Dream of Red Mansions'' does not mean that it is perfect, nor that all other versions are inferior to Cheng Yi version, but that it is superior in general.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 13:42, 16 November 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==
事实上，或因高鹗和程伟元的疏忽，或因排字工人的失误，致使“程乙本”仍存在不少“纰缪”。譬如：第八十六回说贾元春生于“甲申年正月丙寅”；至第九十五回则说：“是年甲寅年十二月十八日立春，元妃薨日是十二月十九日，已交卯年寅月，存年四十三岁。”“程甲本”和“程乙本”都是如此。

In fact, due to the negligence of Gao'e and Cheng Weiyuan, or the mistakes made by typesetters, there are still many "mistakes" in "Chengyi version". For example, the eighty-sixth chapter expounds that Jia Yuanchun was born in "Bingyin, the first month of the year Jiashen". To the 95th chapter it expounds that "In that year, the spring began on December 18th of the lunar calendar, Jiayin year, and the day consort Yuan died was on December 19, which was in the month of Yin and year of Mao. Hence consort Yuan died at the age of 43.", which are the same both in "Chengjia version" and "Chengyi version".--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 14:17, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

In fact, due to the negligence of Gao'e and Cheng Weiyuan, or the mistakes made by typesetters, there are still many "mistakes" in "Chengyi version". For example, the eighty-sixth chapter expounds that First Spring Merchant was born in "Bingyin, the first month of the year Jiashen". To the 95th chapter it expounds that "In that year, the spring began on December 18th of the lunar calendar, Jiayin year, and the day Princess Merchant died was on December 19, which was in the month of Yin and year of Mao. Hence consort Yuan died at the age of 43.", which are the same both in "Chengjia version" and "Chengyi version".

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==
而实际上前后存在明显矛盾：甲申年至甲寅年是三十年，按照当时以虚岁计算年龄的习惯，元妃享年应是三十一岁；即使因元妃薨于立春次日，算作乙卯年，也只有三十二岁。无论如何也不会是四十三岁。可见“程甲本”已错，而“程乙本”也没有订正。

In fact,there is clear contradiction:the years from JiaShen to JiaYin are thirty years, and according to the custom of calculating age in terms of nominal age at the time, Princess Merchant would have been thirty-one years old; even if the death of Princess Merchant took place on the day after the first day of spring, which is counted as the year yi Mao, she would have been only thirty-two years old. In any case, it would not have been forty-three years old. It is clear that the "Cheng Jia version" is wrong, and the "Cheng Yi version" has not been revised.

In fact,there is an obvious contradiction:the years from JiaShen to JiaYin are thirty years, and according to the custom of calculating age in terms of nominal age at the time, Princess Yuan would have been thirty-one years old; even if the death of Princess Yuan took place on the day after the first day of spring, which is counted as the year YiMao, she would have been only thirty-two years old. In any case, it would not have been forty-three years old. It is clear that the "Cheng Jia version" is wrong, and the "Cheng Yi version" has not been revised either.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 06:37, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==
这个明显的失误，早在1927年由汪原放校点、亚东图书馆出版的“程乙本”《红楼梦》已经改正，而上世纪八十年代以后出版的诸多号称经过了“精校”的“程甲本”和“程乙本”《红楼梦》，包括那些拼凑本，却依旧保留了这个失误，这不能不说是一种讽刺。其实“程乙本”的其他文字失误还有不少，并非像高鹗、程伟元所说“改订无讹”。“程乙本”既非十全十美，而我们要供献于读者的是一部普及本的《红楼梦》，因此有必要汲取其他版本的长处，使其尽量完美。

This obvious mistake was corrected in “Cheng Yi Version" （a version of "A Dream of Red Mansions"） checked by Wang Yuanfang and published by Yadong library as early as 1927. It is ironic that many "Cheng Jia Version" and "Cheng Yi Version" published after the 1980s, including those patchwork books, still retain this mistake. In fact, there are many other word mistakes in "Cheng Yi Version", which is not “absolutely right after revision” as Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan said. "Cheng Yi Version" is not perfect, and what we want to offer to readers is a popular version of “A Dream of Red Mansions.” Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the advantages of other versions to make it as perfect as possible.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 14:22, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

This obvious mistake was corrected in “Cheng Yiben" （a version of "a dream of Red Mansions"） checked by Wang Yuanfang and published by Yadong Library as early as 1927. It is ironic that many "Cheng Jiaben" and "Cheng Yiben", which claimed carefully checked and published after the 1980s , including those patchwork books, still retain this mistake. In fact, there are many other word mistakes in "Cheng Yiben", which is not “absolutely right after revision” as Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan said. "Cheng Yiben" is not perfect, and what we want to offer to readers is a widespread version of “a dream of Red Mansions.” Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the advantages of other versions to make it as perfect as possible.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:05, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==
为此，本书以“程乙本”(北京图书馆出版社影印本)为底本，以“程甲本”(北京图书馆出版社影印本)为主校本，并以下列版本为参校本：汪原放校勘“程乙本”(上海亚东图书馆刊本)、王希廉(雪香)评“程甲本”(清道光十二年刊本)、“梦稿本”“庚辰本”“己卯本”“甲戌本”(后四种均为上海古籍出版社影印本)。在以上八种版本中，前五种均为一百二十回全本，后三种均为前八十回的残存本。

For this purpose, this book uses “Cheng Yiben”(photocopy of Beijing Library Publishing House) as master copy, “Cheng Jiaben” as main collated edition, and the followings as references—Wang Yuanfang’s collation “Cheng Yiben”(Shanghai Yadong Library edition)、Wang Xilian’s “Cheng Jiaben” commentary(edition in the twelfth year of Qing Daoguang)、“Meng Gaoben”、“Geng Chenben”、“Ji Maoben”、and “Jia Xuben”(the last four all are photocopies of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House). In the above eight editions, the first five are all complete editions of 120 chapters, and the last three are all incomplete editions of 80 chapters.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 01:43, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

For this purpose, this book uses “Cheng Yiben”(photocopy of Beijing Library Publishing House) as the master copy, “Cheng Jiaben” as the main collated edition, and the followings as references—Wang Yuanfang’s collation of “Cheng Yiben”(Shanghai Yadong Library edition)、Wang Xilian’s comments on “Cheng Jiaben” (edition in the twelfth year of Qing Daoguang)、“Meng Gaoben”、“Geng Chenben”、“Ji Maoben”、and “Jia Xuben”(the last four all are photocopies of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House). In the above eight editions, the first five are all complete editions of 120 chapters, and the last three are all incomplete editions of 80 chapters.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 05:57, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==
我的校勘总原则是：既要尽量保持底本的原貌，又要保证全书的质量。具体来说则遵循以下几条：（一）底本与校本之间虽有异文，但底本基本可通者，即使校本文字更好，也不作改动。（二）底本中的各种错误(包括内容与文字的错误)、文字倒置、文理不通等，尽量用校本改正，若校本同样错误则径改。

My primary principle of collation is that: maintain the original meaning of master copy, and garantee the quality through the book. Specifically, abiding by the following advice: One, although there are differences between the master copy and the checked copy, the former whose meaning is basically faithful and smooth remains untouched, even though the checked copy is better. Two: various mistakes in master copy（including errors in contents and text），the inversion of words, unsmooth words and contents and so forth should be corrected based on master copy. But if mistakes are also existed in the master copy, then it should be corrected directly.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 12:43, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

My primary principle of collation is that: maintain the original meaning of master copy, and guarantee the book’s quality. To be more specific, following these advices: First, although there are differences between the master copy and the checked copy, the former whose meaning is basically faithful and smooth should be untouched, even though the checked copy is better. Second: various mistakes in master copy（including errors in contents and text), like the inversion of words, unsmooth words and contents and so forth should be corrected based on master copy. But if mistakes are also existed in the master copy, it should be corrected directly.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 06:46, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==
（三）底本和校本中的僻字、怪字、俗字，本来并无特别意义，毫无保留价值，只能为读者增加阅读障碍，因此径改为通用字。如“揌”和“”改为“塞”，“嘴”改为“努嘴”，“椅子”改为“拿椅子”，等等。（四）古人对别字多不在乎，故底本和校本中屡见不鲜，但在当今的读者看来却十分别扭，甚至可能被误解，因而酌情径改。

Three, the rare words, strange words, common words in the master copy and in the checked copy had no special meaning, and no reservation value, can only increase the reading barrier for readers. So they need to be changed to universal words. Such as "揌" changed to “塞", "嘴" changed to "努嘴", "椅子" changed to "拿椅子", etc. Four, the ancients didn’t care about the wrongly written characters, so it is common in the master copy and the checked copy. They seem very awkward for today's readers and may even be misunderstood. Therefore they should be appropriately modified.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 14:12, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

（3）Some characters in a copy for the record or for reproduction and in checked copy, which are not commonly used, or look strange, or are popular but irregular, have no special significance and no reserved value, only increasing the reading barrier for readers. Therefore, these characters are changed to universal characters. For example, "揌" are changed to "塞", "嘴" is changed to "努嘴", "椅子" is changed to "拿椅子" and so on.（4） The ancients didn't care much about the wrongly written characters, so they can be commonly seen in a copy for the record or for reproduction and in checked copy. However, when seeing these characters, today’s readers may feel awkward, and may even misunderstand their meanings. Thus they are supposed to be changed for appropriateness.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 12:37, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==
如“必真”改为“逼真”，“奈烦”改为“耐烦”，“悔气”改为“晦气”，“渥”改为“焐”，“握”改为“捂”，等等。（五）有些字在古代汉语中可以通用（借用），在现代汉语中却严加区分。《红楼梦》也存在大量借用字，如果一一加以改动，不一定合适。

For example, "必真" is changed to "逼真", "奈烦" is changed to "耐烦", "悔气" is changed to "晦气", "渥" is changed to "握 ", "焐" is changed to "捂" and so on. Some words can be commonly used (borrowed) in ancient Chinese, While in modern Chinese they are strictly distinguished. There are also a large number of loanwords in the A Dream of Red Mansions, which may not be appropriate if changed one by one.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:06, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

For instance, "必真" is changed to "逼真", "奈烦" is changed to "耐烦", "悔气" is changed to "晦气","渥" is changed to "握 ", "焐" is changed to "捂", etc. Wait. Some characters can be used (borrowed) in ancient Chinese, but they are strictly distinguished in modern Chinese. There are also a lot of borrowed words in "A Dream of Red Mansions". If you change them one by one, it may not be appropriate.--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 11:44, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==
因此只有在以下两种情况之下才作改动：一是可能引起误解；二是同一词语而用字不同。如等同于数字“一”的“么”，极易与“什么”、“怎么”的“么”相混，故改为“幺”。又如表示时间的“一会”和“一回”混用，“一会儿”和“一回儿”混用，统一为“一会”和“一会儿”；表示位置的“旁”和“傍”混用，“旁边”和“傍边”混用，统一为“旁”和“旁边”；“赔礼”和“陪礼”混用，“赔罪”和“陪罪”混用，统一为“赔礼”和“赔罪”；等等。

Therefore, changes should only be made in the following two situations: one is that it may cause misunderstanding; the other is the same phrase but different words. For example, the "么" equivalent to the number "一" is easily confused with the "么" of "什么" and "怎么", so it is changed to "幺". Another example is the mixed use of "一会" and "一回" for time, and "一会儿" and "一回儿" are mixed together, unified into "一会" and "一会儿";"旁" and "傍" to indicate position are mixed together, "旁边" and "傍边" are mixed together, unified into "旁" and "旁边"; "赔礼" and "陪礼" are mixed together, and "赔罪" and "陪罪" are mixed together , Unified into "赔礼" and "赔罪"; and so on.

Therefore, changes should only be made in the following two situations: one is that it may cause misunderstanding; the other is the same phrase formed by different words. For example, the "么" equivalent to the number "一" is easily confused with the "么" of "什么" and "怎么", so it is changed to "幺". Another example is the mixed use of "一会" and "一回" for time, and in case that "一会儿" and "一回儿" are mixed together, they are unified into "一会" and "一会儿"respectively ;"旁" and "傍" to indicating position are mixed together,and "旁边" and "傍边" are mixed together, so they are unified into "旁" and "旁边"; "赔礼" and "陪礼" are mixed together, and "赔罪" and "陪罪" are mixed together , so they are unified into "赔礼" and "赔罪"etc.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 09:49, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==
（六）本书采用简化汉字，为异体字的处理提供了方便，故一律按照简化汉字的规定处理。任何语言都在不断发展变化，故古今汉语有很大不同，以至于定字工作成为古籍整理中最为复杂的问题之一，很难做到尽善尽美。仅根据以上几条，只能是有助于减少读者的阅读障碍罢了。

(Six) Simplified Chinese characters are used in this book to provide convenience for the processing of variant characters. Therefore, they are processed in accordance with the provisions of simplified Chinese characters . Any language is constantly changing, so ancient and modern Chinese is very different. Therefore, deciding which word to use has become one of the most complex problems in the collection of ancient books, which is difficult to be perfect. Just according to the above, it can only help reduce the difficulties in their reading.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 13:59, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

Simplified Chinese characters are used in this book to provide convenience for the processing of the variant characters. Therefore, they are processed in accordance with the provisions of simplified Chinese characters . Any language is constantly changing, so great differences exist between ancient and modern Chinese. Therefore, deciding which word to use has become one of the most complex issues in the collection of ancient books, which is difficult to be perfect.According to the above, it can only help reduce the difficulties in readers' reading.--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 15:23, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==
为了节省篇幅，一律不出校文。四、注释问题 “注释”亦称“注解”，最初是由于经书文字艰涩难懂，故对经书的字句加以解释；如果注文仍旧难懂或未尽其义，再对注文加以解释，则称“疏”。注文和疏文合称则谓之“注疏”。

In order to save space, no proofread article will be published. Fourth,issues "explanatory note" is also called "annotation". At first, it explained the words and sentences of the Scriptures because the texts of the scriptures were difficult to understand; if the annotations were still difficult to understand or did not fully understand the meaning, then the annotations will be explained, it was called " sparse". The combination of Zhuwen and Shuwen is called "Notes and Shu".

In order to save space, no proofreading will be published. 4、 Annotation question "Annotation" is also called "Annotation".At first, the words in the Scriptures were difficult to understand,therefore, explain the words and sentences in the scriptures; If the annotation is still difficult to understand or does not fulfill its meaning, and then explain the annotation, it is called "sparse"--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 09:11, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlì 日语语言文学女 202120081562==
后来逐步扩大范围，对一切文献中的疑难字句加以解释，均称之为“注释”。由于中国历史悠久，古今汉语及名物变化巨大，致使后人读古籍的困难越来越大，因此对古籍的注释也就显得越来越有必要。《红楼梦》虽是一部旧白话小说，但它汲取了诗、词、曲、赋、歌、诔等各种精华，又涉及谜语、酒令、建筑、服饰、珍禽异兽、奇花异卉、神话传说、名人秀女、琴棋书画、医卜星相、风俗礼仪等多种知识，白话文言间用，成语典故成堆。

Later, the scope was gradually expanded to explain the difficult words and sentences in all documents, which were called "notes". Due to China's long history and great changes in ancient and modern Chinese ,which makes it more and more difficult for future generations to read ancient books. Therefore, it is more and more necessary to annotate ancient books. Although 《The Dream of Red Mansion》 is an old vernacular novel,but it has absorbed all kinds of essences such as poetry, CI, Qu, Fu, song, and so on.It also involves riddles, wine orders, architecture, clothing, rare birds and animals, exotic flowers
Myths and Myths and legends, celebrities and beauties, Qin, chess, calligraphy and painting, medical divination of stars, customs and etiquette and other knowledge are used between vernacular and Idioms and allusions pile up.

==Nadia 202011080004==
对于一般读者来说，所有这些都可能是阅读中的绊脚石。

==Mahzad Heydarian 玛莎 202021080004==
本注释的使命就是为读者清除这些绊脚石，使阅读畅通无阻。

This annotation is meant to remove the barriers in reading and make it easier to read.

==Mariam toure 2020GBJ002301==
因此凡是我认为可能影响读者阅读的地方，便予以注释，决不假装视而不见，决不避难就易。

==Rouabah Soumaya 202121080001==
为了节省篇幅，我仅举一例。第五十六回“敏探春兴利除宿弊，贤宝钗小惠全大体”中，有贾探春与薛宝钗谈论经济的一段话：
In order to save space, I will give just one example. In the fifty-sixth chapter, "Min Tanchun prospering the benefits and eliminating the disadvantages, Xian Baochai and Xiaohui are all in general", there is a passage between Jia Tanchun and Xue Baochai discussing the economy:

==Muhammad Numan 202121080002==
宝钗笑道：“真真膏粱纨袴之谈。你们虽是千金，原不知道这些事。
Baochai smiled and said: "It's really tempting to talk about it. Although you--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 14:09, 6 November 2021 (UTC) are a daughter, you don't know these things.

==Muhammad Saqib Mehran 202121080004==
但只你们也都念过书，识过字的，竟没看见过朱夫子有一篇《不自弃文》么？”
But if you have all studied and read, haven't you seen Master Zhu's article "Don't Abandon Oneself"?

==Jawad Ahmad 202121080006==
探春笑道：“虽也看过，不过是勉人自励，虚比浮词，那里真是有的？”
Tanchun said and smile, "Although I have seen it, it's just a matter of encouraging others to encourage themselves. It's a meaningless word. Is there really something happen?"

==Nizam Uddin 202121080007==
宝钗道：“朱子都行了虚比浮词了？那句句都是有的。

==Öncü 202121080008==
你才办了两天事，就利欲熏心，把朱子都看虚浮了。
You have been working on it for two days only, and blinded by greed, you have made ZhuZi look vain.--[[User:HIKMET ONCU KADIOGLU|HIKMET ONCU KADIOGLU]] ([[User talk:HIKMET ONCU KADIOGLU|talk]]) 16:52, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

You have only been doing things for two days, then you desire for money and profit fascinated the heart, and you think Zhu Zi is Unrealistic. --[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 09:29, 8 November 2021 (UTC)Akira Jantarat

==Akira Jantarat 202121080009==
你再出去，见了那些利弊大事，越发连孔子也都看虚了呢！”

If you go to a larger world and see greater benefits or disadvantages, I am afraid you will be a little bit down on what Kongzi said.--[[User:AkiraJantarat|AkiraJantarat]] ([[User talk:AkiraJantarat|talk]]) 14:19, 6 November 2021 (UTC)Akira

If you go out again and see the pros and cons of major events, you will be even more deceptive!--[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 07:50, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Asep Budiman 202111080020==
探春笑道：“你这样一个通人，竟没看见《姬子》书？

Tan-tschun Smiled and said "you are such a familiar person, but have you read the "Ji Zi" book?--[[User:Asep Budiman|Asep Budiman]] ([[User talk:Asep Budiman|talk]]) 07:41, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Tan-tschun smiled and said: "You are such a familiar person, but haven't you read the book "Ji Zi"? --[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 10:57, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Ei Mon Kyaw -Ei Mon Kyaw-[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 10:57, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Ei Mon Kyaw 202111080021==
当日《姬子》有云：‘登利禄之场，处运筹之界者，穷尧舜之词，背孔孟之道。’”

On that day, "Jizi" said: ‘The field of Deng Lilu, those who are in the realm of management, are poor in the words of Yao and Shun, and recite the way of Confucius and Mencius. ’"
--[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 13:52, 6 November 2021 (UTC)EI MON KYAW
-EI MON KYAW-[[User:EIMONKYAW|EIMONKYAW]] ([[User talk:EIMONKYAW|talk]]) 13:52, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

There was a saying in ''Himeko'' that day: "Deng LiLu, and those who operate in this realm, steal the words of Yao and Shun, and memorize Confucianism."--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 13:38, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Benjamin Wellsand 202111080118==
宝钗笑道：“底下三句呢？”探春笑道：“如今断章取义，念出底下一句，我自己骂我自己不成？”

Bau-tschai smiled: "What about the next three sentences?" Tan-tschun smiled: "Now that I have read the next sentence out of context, can I blame myself for failing?"--[[User:Benjamin Wellsand|Benjamin Wellsand]] ([[User talk:Benjamin Wellsand|talk]]) 13:39, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Translation: Bau-tschai smiled: "What about the next three sentences?" Tan-tschun smiled: "Now I take the next sentence out of context, and if I read the next sentence out of context, I can't blame myself?"--[[User:Atta Ur Rahman|Atta Ur Rahman]] ([[User talk:Atta Ur Rahman|talk]]) 11:20, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==Atta Ur Rahman 202121080003==
在这段话中，提到了朱熹的《不自弃文》，还有《姬子》一书。

Translation: In this passage, Zhu Xi's "don't abandoned the text--[[User:Muhammad Numan|Muhammad Numan]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Numan|talk]]) 14:13, 6 November 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Muhammad Numan|Muhammad Numan]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Numan|talk]]) 14:13, 6 November 2021 (UTC)" and the book "Ji Zi" are mentioned.

==Zohaib Chand 202121080005==
我所看到的几个《红楼梦》注本，对《不自弃文》有所注释，而对《姬子》却避而不注。

I have read different annotations of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', in which there are some explaination to ''No Self-surrender'' while no notes to ''Jizi''.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 08:21, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

20211103 homework

2021-12-31T07:26:49Z

Yang Liuqing: /* 杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|Back to all homework webpages overview]] [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==

由于八旗官学中向来有习清书、习汉书之分的传统，礼部遂奏请采用不同方式，对应试者分别考试翻译或清字文，无论乡试、会试，皆是如此，而区别只在于会试时针对应试者学习语言的不同背景，各自增加了一道题量，即，习汉字者除了考试汉字文翻译，另考试文章一篇，习清文者则在乡试的基础上，增试清字文一篇。这一规定既针对八旗满洲，也针对八旗蒙古，但不针对八旗汉军，后者的考试内容与普通汉族士子相同。同时，礼部也奏请对笔帖式和他赤哈哈番、哈番（即，笔帖式哈番）参加乡、会试进行规定，其中前者参加乡试，后二者参加会试。
Since there has always been a tradition of learning the Books of Qing style and the Book of Han style in the Eight Banners Official Schools, the Ministry of Rites adopted different ways to test translation or the article forming in the style of Qing Dynasty for the candidates, regardless of the rural test and the meeting test. The difference is that only the number of questions was increased according to the different backgrounds of the candidates’ language learning in the meeting test. That is to say, in addition to the translation of the language of Han, the Chinese learners of Han Style also had one test article. On the basis of the rural test, the Qing learners added one test article of its language. This regulation is for the Eight Banners of Man Region and Men’gu, but not for the Eight Banners of Han Army. The test content of the latter is the same as that of the ordinary Han scholars. At the same time, the Ministry of Rites also invited two region that besides the Eight Banners to participate in the rural and meeting examinations. The former participated in the rural examination, and the latter two participated in the meeting examination.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 15:20, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

Since there has always been a tradition of learning Qing books and Han books in the Eight Banners official school, the Ritual Department asked to use different methods. The corresponding subjects were tested for translation or Qing characters, both in the provincial examination and the joint examination. The only difference is that when the joint examination was held, one question was added to the corresponding subjects' different backgrounds of learning the language, that is, in addition to testing the translation of Chinese characters, Another examination article was given, while those who studied Qing characters added one article written by Qing characters on the basis of the township examination. This provision is not only for Manchuria of the Eight Banners, but also for Mongolia of the Eight Banners, but not for the Han army of the Eight Banners. The examination content of the latter is the same as that of ordinary Han scholars. At the same time, the Ministry of rites also asked for regulations on the participation of pen style and his Chi ha fan and ha fan (i.e. pen style ha fan) in the township and joint examination, in which the former participated in the township examination and the latter two participated in the joint examination.

--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 15:40, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 日语语言文学女 202120081477==

上文引用的内容也出现在《雍正会典》（又称《（雍正）大清会典》），以及两部《钦定大清会典事例》（嘉庆、光绪）中，三者都明确提到停止（八旗）考试的具体时间，即顺治十四年（1657年），而且三者中都加有“按语”，进一步说明此事。其中，《雍正会典》中的说法是“此后复行考试，与汉人一体。停止翻译”，《钦定大清会典事例》中的说法则是“康熙二年（1663）谕：满洲、蒙古、汉军生员俱准乡试。此后惟翻译未经举行。”

The content quoted above also appears in the Yong Zheng canon . (also known as the (Yong Zheng) Qing Dynasty canon ) and the two cases of imperial Qing canon (Jia Qing and Guang Xu). The three all clearly mentioned the specific time to stop the (eight banners) examination, that is, the 14th year of Shun Zhi (1657), and "notes" were added to further explain the matter. Among them, the statement in the Yong Zheng canon is that "after that, the examination will be resumed and integrate with the Han people.Stop translation". The statement in the case of the imperial Qing canon is that "in the second year of Kang Xi (1663), the Manchurian, Mongolian and Han Army students will be allowed to take the provincial examination. Since then, only the translation has not been held."

--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 02:20, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

The content quoted above also appears in the Code of Yongzheng . (also known as the (Yong Zheng) Code of Great Qing Dynasty) and the two cases of Regulations on Code of Great Qing Dynasty (Jia Qing and Guang Xu). The three all clearly mentioned the specific time to stop the (eight banners) examination, that is, the 14th year of Shun Zhi (1657), and "notes" were added to further explain the matter. Among them, the statement in the Code of Yongzheng is that "after that, the examination will be resumed and integrate with the Han people.Stop translation". The statement in the case of the Regulations on Code of Great Qing Dynasty is that "in the second year of Kang Xi (1663), the Manchurian, Mongolian and Han Army students will be allowed to take the provincial examination. Since then, only the translation has not been held."--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 11:39, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==

（允禄等，1995：4619-4620；托津等，1991：2659-2662；昆冈等，1963：657）从《雍正会典》的记载及其“按语”看，至少可以推导出两点：其一，八旗科举考试始于顺治十四年前，但十四年即停办；其二，顺治十四年前，翻译科便已存在。顺治十四年以后，八旗科举考试得以恢复，但翻译科举仍被停止。

(Yunlu et al., 1995: 4619-4620; Tojin et al., 1991: 2659-2662; Kungang et al., 1963: 657) From the records of the "Code of Yongzheng" and its "notes", at least two points can be deduced : First, the Eight Banners imperial examination began 14 years ago in Shunzhi, but it was suspended after 14 years; second, the translation department already existed 14 years ago in Shunzhi. Fourteen years after Shunzhi, the Eight Banners imperial examination was resumed, but the translation of the imperial examination was still suspended.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 11:44, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

(Yunlu et al., 1995: 4619-4620; Tojin et al., 1991: 2659-2662; Kungang et al., 1963: 657) From the records of the "Code of Yongzheng" and its "notes", at least two points can be infered: First, the Eight Banners imperial examination began 14 years ago in Shunzhi, but it was suspended in the 14th year; second, the translation department has already existed 14 years ago in Shunzhi. Fourteen years after Shunzhi, the Eight Banners imperial examination was reheld, but the translation of the imperial examination was still suspended.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 13:23, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==

《雍正会典》中的这一记载与两部《钦定大清会典事例》中的说法如出一辙，后二者也将顺治八年的八旗科举考试视作翻译科的第一事例。而且，三种文献均提到了停办翻译科的事，即“停止翻译”和“此后惟翻译未经举行”。固然，无论是天聪八年的八旗乡试，还是顺治八年礼部研议的八旗科举，二者皆与翻译考试有关，但就性质与意义而言，它们都不是翻译科之缘起。

This record in ''The Yongzheng Ceremony'' is the same as that in ''The Two Imperial Examinations'' of the Qing Dynasty, which also regarded the Eight Banners imperial examination in the eighth year of Shunzhi as the first example of translation. Moreover, the closure of the translation section is mentioned in all three documents, namely, "the cessation of translation" and "only translation has not been held since then". Of course, both the Eight Banners township examination held in the eighth year of Tiancong and the Eight Banners examination discussed by the Ministry of Rites in the eighth year of Shunzhi are related to translation examination, but in terms of nature and significance, they are not the origin of translation study.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 06:25, 30 October 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

This record in ''The Yongzheng Ceremony'' is the same as that in ''The Two Imperial Examinations'' of the Qing Dynasty, which also sees the Eight Banners imperial examination in the eighth year of Shunzhi as the first example of translation. Moreover, the closure of the translation section is mentioned in all three documents, namely, "the cessation of translation" and "only translation has not been held since then". Of course, both the Eight Banners township examination held in the eighth year of Tiancong and the Eight Banners examination discussed by the Ministry of Rites in the eighth year of Shunzhi are related to translation examination, but with regard to essence and significance, they are not the origins of translation study.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 11:21, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480==

《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》和《八旗通志·初集》中，均将顺治八年的旗人考试称为“八旗科举”或“八旗考试”，而没有将其称作“翻译科举”或“翻译考试”，由此可知二者之区别。《钦定八旗通志》中，虽然用了“翻译考试”或“考试翻译”等字眼描述顺治时期的八旗科举，并将其视作翻译科举之源，且《清实录·圣祖仁皇帝实录》中也有康熙二年“复行满洲、蒙古、汉军翻译乡试”的记载，但上述记录实为误记的可能性较大，不排除系实录馆馆臣或编纂者依据雍正年间的情形误植所致。（叶高树，2013：52）

In ''Veritable Records of Qing Dynasty ·Veritable Records of Shunzhi Emperor'' and ''The General Annals of the Eight Banners '' , in stead of "translation imperial examination" or "translation exam", Qi's selection in 1651 were all called "Eight Banners imperial examination" or "Eight Banners exam"， which showed the difference between those two exams.In ''The General Annals of the Eight Banners Dedicated to the Emperor''，though “translation examination” and “test for translation ability” were used to describe Eight Banners imperial examination during Shunzhi's period and researchers took it as the origin of translation imperial examination as well as a record in ''Veritable Records of Qing Dynasty ·Veritable Records of Kangxi Emperor'' of reinstating translation exam in rural areas of Man,Meng and Han places in 1662. But it is possibly wrong information and can not exclude the situation that officials were mistaken by records of Yongzheng Emperor.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 07:49, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

In Qing Record and Record of Shunzhi Emperor and The General Annals of the Eight Banners , in stead of "translation imperial examination" or "translation exam", Qi's selection in 1651 were all called "Eight Banners imperial examination" or "Eight Banners exam", which showed the difference between those two exams.In The General Annals of the Eight Banners Dedicated to the Emperor, though “translation examination” and “test for translation ability” were used to describe Eight Banners imperial examination during the period of Shunzhi and were regarded as the origin of translation imperial examination. And in Qing Record and Record of Kangxi Emperor also had the record of resuming the Manchurian, Mongolian, Chinese army translation Provincial Examination" in 1662, but the above record is actually a greater possibility of misinformation, do not exclude the fact that the Museum of factual records or compilers based on the Yongzheng years of the situation misplanted. (Ye Gaoshu, 2013: 52) --[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 04:03, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==

有清一代，以“翻译”之名选拔八旗士子的科目很多，如庶吉士、翻译庶吉士、笔帖式等，但这些考试属于各部院衙门自行选用人才的方式，均未形成独立建制，与文科举并行。所谓顺治时期八旗考试中的“翻译考试”或“考试翻译”，也只是一种考试的内容或形式，并非是一种科考制度。

三、《八旗通志》等关于翻译科创建时间的订正。

In Qing dynasty, there were many subjects to select scholars of the eight banners in the name of "translation", such as the Hanlin Bachelor, Hanlin Bachelor of translation, and Clerk etc. But these examinations belonged to the various ministries and agencies to choose their own way of talent, had not formed an independent establishment. They were held in parallel with arts. The so-called eight banners in the Shunzhi period examination "translation examination" or "examination of translation" was only a test content or form, not a system of the imperial civil examination.
Third, The General Annals of the Eight Banners and other revisions on the creation of the examination of translation. --[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 07:06, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
In Qing dynasty, there were many subjects to select scholars of the Eight Banners in the name of "translation", such as the Hanlin Bachelor, Hanlin Bachelor of translation, and Clerk etc. But these examinations belonged to various ministries and agencies to choose their own ways of selecting talents, had not formed an independent establishment, which were held in parallel with arts. The so-called “translation examination" or "examination of translation" of Eight Banners in Shunzhi period was only a content or form of it, not a system of the imperial civil examination.
Third, ''The General Annals of the Eight Banners'' and other revisions on the creation of the examination of translation.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 13:28, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==

如前所述，天聪八年的八旗考试虽然有着不同类型之分，如满洲习满书、满洲习汉书等，本质上却是“语文测验”，而非翻译科考。同理，顺治八年的八旗科举虽然包含翻译考试的项目，但所谓翻译考试也只是八旗文科举的附设环节，尚未独立成科。凡此二者，皆与雍正元年研拟并于翌年首次开科，且具有独立、自主的制度设计的翻译科明显不同。
As mentioned above, although the examinations of the Eight Banners had different types during the eighth year of Tian Cong, the reign title of Qing Dynasty, such as learning Manchurian books in Manchu, learning Han books in Manchu, etc.,which were essentially a “language test” rather than a translation examination. Similarly, although the imperial examination of Eight Banners in the eighth year of Shun Zhi, a reign title of Qing Dynasty, included the translation examination, the so-called translation examination was only an ancillation of it, which had not become an independent subject. Both of them were significantly different from the examination of translation, which was discussed and formulated in the first year of Yong Zheng, a reign title of Qing Dynasty, and opened the following year, having an independent and autonomous system designation.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 13:54, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

As it mentioned above, although the examinations of the Eight Banners had different types during the eighth year of Tian Cong, such as learning Manchurian books in Manchu and learning Han books in Manchu etc, they were essentially a “language test” rather than a translation examination. Similarly, although the imperial examination of Eight Banners in the eighth year of Emperor Shun Zhi included the translation examination, the so-called translation examination was only an ancillation of it, which had not become an independent subject. Both of them were significantly different from the examination of translation, which was discussed and formulated in the first year of Emperor Yong Zheng, a reign title of Qing Dynasty, and opened the following year, having an independent and autonomous system designation.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 10:59, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

[[File:Example.jpg]]

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==

《雍正会典》与两部《钦定大清会典事例》中，关于翻译科创设的说法不仅与《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》冲突，也与《八旗通志》等存在较大出入。《八旗通志》和《钦定八旗通志》中，也将顺治八年、十一年两榜满、蒙举人和进士，归于“文举人”和“文进士”之列，而不是“翻译举人”和“翻译进士”之列，并把首科翻译举人归为雍正二年甲辰科，而将首科翻译进士归为乾隆四年己未科。（鄂尔泰等，1985：3393-3396、3419-3422；铁保等，1968：811-813、828-830）

The record of the foundation of translation subject in ''Record of Laws and System of Yongzheng Dynasty'' and ''Authorized Record of Laws and System of Qing Dynasty'' is in conflict with even largely different from that in ''Qing Record and Record of Shi Zuzhang Emperor'' and ''Eight Banners Annals''. In ''Eight Banners Annals'' and ''Authorized Eight Banners Annals'', two lists of Manchu and Mongolian candidates in the imperial examinations at the provincial level and the highest imperial examinations were enrolled to the field of literature rather than translation in the eighth and eleventh years of Shunzhi emperor. Besides, the translation candidates from provincial level of the initial subject were enrolled to Jiachen subject in the second year of Yongzheng emperor and the translation candidates in the highest imperial examinations were distributed to Jiwei subject in the fourth year of Qianlong emperor. (Ertai etc, 1985: 3393-3396、3419-3422；Tie Bao etc，1968：811-813、828-830)--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 09:58, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

The record of the foundation of translation subject in ''Record of Laws and System of Yongzheng Dynasty'' and ''Authorized Record of Laws and System of Qing Dynasty'' is in conflict with even largely different from that in ''Qing Record and Record of Shi Zuzhang Emperor'' and ''Eight Banners Annals''. In ''Eight Banners Annals'' and ''Authorized Eight Banners Annals'', two lists of Manchu and Mongolian candidates in the imperial examinations at the provincial level and the highest imperial examinations were enrolled to the field of literature rather than the translation in the eighth and eleventh years of Shunzhi emperor. Besides, the translation candidates from provincial level of the initial subject were enrolled to Jiachen subject in the second year of Yongzheng emperor and the translation candidates in the highest imperial examinations were enrolled to Jiwei subject in the fourth year of Qianlong emperor. (Ertai etc, 1985: 3393-3396、3419-3422；Tie Bao etc，1968：811-813、828-830)--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 04:21, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìnà英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==

显然，在《八旗通志》和《钦定八旗通志》的编纂者看来，顺治八年、十一年的两科举人与进士均不是出自翻译科举，而是出自八旗文科举。从清代进士题名碑的情况看，也可知翻译科并非始设于顺治年间。例如，在由北京图书馆金石组编写出版的《中国历代石刻拓本汇编》（1990）一书中，收录了顺治九年、十二年两榜进士的题名碑，但题名碑的书写与文进士题名碑并无不同，碑头和碑文中都没有出现“翻译”字样。

Obviously, in the opinions of editors of ''The General Annals of the Eight Banners'' and ''The General Annals of the Eight Banners Dedicated to the Emperor'', both Ju ren and Xiu cai of two subjects in the eighth year and eleventh year of Shunzhi were not from the imperial examinations of translation but from liberal arts. According to the name of Jin shi inscribed on the stones in Qing dynasty, the imperial examinations of translation did not start with the period of Shunzhi. For instance, edited and published by Jin Shi of National Library of China, ''The Collection of Stone Inscriptions and Rubbings in Past Chinese Dynasties'' (1990)includes the inscription stones in the ninth year and twelfth year of Shunzhi. But there is no difference in the description on the stone compared with the stone of Jin shi of liberal arts, and the word “translation” do not appear no matter in the beginning or the text.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 06:20, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

Obviously, in the opinions of editors of ''The General Annals of the Eight Banners'' and ''The General Annals of the Eight Banners Dedicated to the Emperor'', both Ju ren and Xiu cai of two subjects in the eighth year and eleventh year of Shunzhi were not from the imperial examinations of translation but from liberal arts. According to the name of Jin shi inscribed on the stones in Qing dynasty, the imperial examinations of translation did not start with the period of Shunzhi. For instance, edited and published by Jin Shi of National Library of China, ''The Collection of Stone Inscriptions and Rubbings in Past Chinese Dynasties'' (1990)includes the inscription stones in the ninth year and twelfth year of Shunzhi. But there is no difference in the description on the stone compared with the stone of Jin shi of liberal arts, and the word “translation” do not appear either in the beginning or the text.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 03:08, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==

而同书在处理乾隆年间的四科翻译会试（即四年己未科、十年乙丑科、十三年戊辰科，以及十六年辛未科）时，碑头和碑文中却明确标注“翻译进士”，或“翻译会试”字样。（北京图书馆金石组，1990：52、169；24、146）同样的情况也见于《国朝历科题名碑录初集》，本书中关于顺治期间两榜进士（九年壬辰科、十二年乙未科）的称呼也只是“满洲进士”，而不是“翻译进士”，而且该书收录的题名中皆为文进士，未见有翻译进士。
However, when it comes to the collected works related imperial translation examination (the fourth, tenth, thirteenth and sixteenth years of Qianlong period) in the book mentioned above, there was clear inscription of “translation scholar or translation imperial examination” on the tablet head and inscription (Jin Shizu, Beijing Library, 1990: 52、169; 24、146). It’s true of A preliminary collection of inscriptions and stele of calendar subjects in the national Dynasty, in which the title of two Jinshi (the ninth year and twelfth of Shunzhi ) was just Manchu Jinshi, rather than translation Jinshi. Furthermore, the book included not translation Jinshi, but literal Jinshi. --[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 03:00, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

However, when it comes to the collected works related the imperial examinations of translation (namely, the fourth, tenth, thirteenth and sixteenth years of Qianlong period) in the book mentioned above, there was clear indication of “Jinshi (''a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations'') of translation or imperial examination of translation” on the tablet head and inscription (''Jin Shi of National Library of China'' , 1990: 52、169; 24、146). It’s true of ''The Preliminary Collection of The Inscriptions of Passers Lists in Past Chinese Dynasties'', in which the name of the two Jinshi lists in the ninth year and twelfth of Shunzhi period was just Manchu Jinshi, rather than translation Jinshi. Furthermore, the book included not “Jinshi of translation”, but “Jinshi of liberal arts”.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 04:03, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==

由此可知，《雍正会典》和两部《会典事例》将顺治八年看作翻译科之起点确系误记。值得注意的是，《（康熙）大清会典》中，并没有录入“翻译科”的条目，这一点表明编纂者或许已对翻译科有了重新认识。《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》中说，顺治十四年正月，世祖降旨吏、礼、兵三部，要求“今后限年定额考取生童，乡会两试，俱着停止，各部院衙门取用人员不必分别满汉文学”，但此处诏令停办的乡、会试同样只是八旗科举文试，而不是翻译考试。

From this, it can be seen that ''Record of Laws and System of Yongzheng Dynasty'' and the two ''Authorized Record of Laws and System of Qing Dynasty'' actually mistook the eighth year of Shunzhi for the starting point of the imperial translation examination. It is worth noting that in the "''Record of Laws and System of Kangxi Dynasty''", there is no entry for a item of "the imperial translation examination", which indicates that the editor may have a re-understanding of it. According to the "''Qing Record and Record of Shi Zuzhang Emperor and Eight Banners Annals''", in the first month of the fourteenth year of Shunzhi, Shizu issued an edict to ministries of Administration, Rites, and Military Affairs , demanding that "From now on, there would be limitations on the participant numbers and the years of the imperial examination to admit scholars. The county examination and the metropolitan examination would be also suspended. And it would be not necessary for every ministry to separate Manchu and Chinese literature when hiring officials." However, the two examinations that were suspended here were also the Manchu’s Imperial Examination, not the translation examination.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 10:15, 30 October 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 10:15, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

From this, it can be seen that the ''Yongzheng Huidian'' and the two ''Huidian Shili'' actually mistook the eighth year of Shunzhi for the starting point of the imperial translation examination. It is worth noting that in the ''Da Qing Huidian'' (Kangxi edition), there is no such entry as "the imperial translation examination", which indicates that the editor may have a re-understanding of it. According to the "Factual Record of Qing Dynasty: Actual Record Of Shizu", in the first month of the fourteenth year of Shunzhi, Shizu issued an edict demanding that, “from now on, ministries of Administration, Rites, and Military Affairs, admit a limited number of students and only in designated years, suspend the county examination and the metropolitan examination, and stop separating Manchu and Chinese literature when selecting officials.” However, the two examinations that were suspended here were also the Manchu’s Imperial Examination, not the translation examination.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 14:39, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==

（鄂尔泰等，1985：831-832）事实上，早在顺治朝以前，也曾有开科取士的情况，如天聪八年太宗皇太极命刚林、恩国泰等十六人“俱赐为举人”，崇德三年、六年又取中两榜举人，但上述三科同样并非翻译科。（铁保等，1968：780-781）毫无疑问，顺治时期的八旗科举和雍正元年初设的翻译科考之间有着渊源关系。

（E Ertai, etc., 1985:831-832）In fact, long before the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, there had been cases of selecting scholars through examinations. For example, in 1634, the eighth year of Tiancong, Hong Taiji issued a dree that granted sixteen candidates the title of Juren, including Gang Lin, En Guotai, etc. Again, in the third and the sixth years of Chongde respectively, Juren was selected through the county examination and the palace examination (Tie Bao, etc., 1968:780-781). There is no doubt that the imperial translation examination established in the first year of Emperor Yongzheng is related to the Eight Banners' Imperial Examination during Emperor Shunzhi's reign. --[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 14:43, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

（E Ertai, etc., 1985:831-832）In fact, long before the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, there had enlisted talents through the old civil service examination system. For example, in 1634, the eighth year of Tiancong, Hong Taiji issued a dree that granted sixteen candidates the title of Juren, including Gang Lin, En Guotai, etc. Again, in the third and the sixth years of Chongde respectively, Juren was selected through the county examination and the palace examination (Tie Bao, etc., 1968:780-781). There is no doubt that the imperial translation examination established in the first year of Emperor Yongzheng is related to the Eight Banners' Imperial Examination during Emperor Shunzhi's reign. --[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 10:57, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==

首先，顺治朝的八旗科举与翻译科考一样，都有为旗人开设专科的倾向，只不过在前者中满洲和蒙古合为一榜，汉军与汉人合为另一榜，而翻译科考则容括了汉军。其次，就考试内容而言，顺治年间的翻译考试只针对识汉字者，翻译并非考试的全部内容，而翻译科考则主要考察应试者的翻译能力，以实现满、蒙、汉等多种语言融通。雍正朝以后，虽然历代统治者对翻译科考进行了这样或那样的调整与改革，但翻译科考的制度雏形却在顺治朝时已然形成。

First of all, the eight Banners imperial examination system of Shunzhi Dynasty had the same tendency to set up special subjects for Bannermen as the translation imperial examination system, but in the former, Manchuria and Mongolia were combined into one ranking list, and the Han banner and the Han people were combined into another ranking list, while the translation imperial examination included the Han banner. Secondly, as far as the test content is concerned, the translation imperial examination in Shunzhi period was only for those who knew Chinese characters, and translation was not the whole content of the test, while the translation imperial examination mainly examined the translation ability of those who took the test, so as to achieve mastery of manchu, Mongolian, Chinese and other languages. After the Yongzheng Dynasty, although successive rulers made some adjustments and reforms, the embryonic form of translation imperial examination system had been formed in the Shunzhi Dynasty. --[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 14:58, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

First of all, the Eight Banners imperial examination and translation examination in Emperor Shunzhi’s reign tended to be exclusive to the Eight Banners. But in the former, Manchuria and Mongolia were included on one ranking list; the Han armies and the Han people were included on another ranking list, while in the later the Han armies were included. Secondly, in terms of test content, the translation imperial examination in Shunzhi’s reign was only for those who knew Chinese characters, and translation was not the whole content of the test, while the translation imperial examination mainly examined the translation ability of participants, so as to achieve communication of Manchu, Mongolian, Chinese and other languages. Since the Emperor Yongzheng’s reign, although successive emperors made some adjustments and reforms, the original form of translation imperial examination had been formed in Emperor Shunzhi’s reign. --[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 11:41, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==

可以认为，顺治朝时期的翻译考试为雍正帝创设翻译科考，以及日后各朝的修订与完善，打下了良好基础。

四、《钦定国子监志》对于翻译科缘起的补正

与《八旗通志》、《钦定八旗通志》和《国朝历科题名碑录初集》等不同，清代历史文献中，也有将顺治八年、十一年两榜举人与进士称作翻译举人与翻译进士的情况。

It is fair to say that the translation examination set up in Emperor Shunzhi’s reign has established a solid foundation for Emperor Yongzheng to include it into the Imperial Examination and for future revisions in the following dynasties.

4. ''The Imperial Academy Journal Dedicated to the Emperor''——supplement to the Translation Examination in the Imperial Examination

Different from ''General Annals of the Eight Banners'', ''General Annals of the Eight Banners Dedicated to the Emperor'' and ''National Collection of Stele Inscriptions'', some historical documents refer the Jin shi and Juren in 8th and 11th year of Emperor Shunzhi’s reign as Jinshi in translation and Juren in translation.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 11:42, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

It can be considered that the translation examination in the Shunzhi period laid a good foundation for the establishment of the translation examination by Emperor Yongzheng, as well as the revision and improvement of the dynasties in the future.
Ⅳ. Regarding the supplements and corrections of the origin of the translation department, "Imperial College Annal" was different from ''General Annals of the Eight Banners'', ''General Annals of the Eight Banners Dedicated to the Emperor'' and ''National Collection of Stele Inscriptions''. In the historical documents of the Qing Dynasty, there were cases in which provincial graduates and metropolitan graduates during the eighth year of Shunzhi and the eleventh year of Shunzhi were referred to as provincial graduates of translation and metropolitan graduates of translation.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 13:43, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==

例如，在沈廷芳辑注的《馆选录》和朱汝珍辑注的《词林辑略》中，顺治年间识汉字且通过考试翻译中式举人和进士者，往往被称为翻译举人、翻译进士。如满洲正白旗人达哈塔于顺治九年壬辰科中进士，被称为翻译进士，并分派至内院学习，正白旗人玛尔汉，则被称作“顺治甲午翻译举人”。（邹长清，2011：357）然而，据前文关于顺治年间八旗科举考试的分析可知，这样的称呼与事实不符。

For example, in Shen Tingfang's ''Collections of Officials' Candidates'' and Zhu Ruzhen's ''Abstracts of Officials’ Names of Literati House'', in the Shunzhi period, those people, who knew Chinese characters and passed the test translation to be provincial graduates and metropolitan graduates, were usually called provincial graduates of translation and metropolitan graduates of translation. For instance, Dahata, a man from the White Banner of Manchuria, was a metropolitan graduate in the ninth year of Shunzhi, called a metropolitan graduate of translation and assigned to study at adytum. Malhan, the White Banner people, was called “the Shunzhi Jiawu provincial graduate of translation" (Zou Changqing, 2011: 357). However, according to the previous analysis of the Eight Banners imperial examinations during the Shunzhi period, such titles did not match the facts.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 13:36, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

For example, during the reign of Emperor Shunzhi the Chinese learners who passed the translation examination and become provincal graduates or metropolitan graduates were called provincial graduates of translation and metropolitan graduates of translation according to the edition and annotation of Shen Tingfang's Collections of Officials and Zhu Ruzhen's Abstracts of Officials. So Dahata, a man from the White Banner of Manchuria, was a metropolitan graduate in the ninth year of the reign of Shunzhi. He was regarded as metropolitan graduate of translation and appointed to work at adytum. And Malhan,a White Banner, was viewed as "provincial graduate of translation in Shunzhi Jiawu period" (Zou Changqing, 2011: 357). However, according to the previous analysis of the Eight Banners imperial examinations during the Shunzhi period, such titles did not match the facts.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 00:46, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==

顺治年间的八旗士子，无论习清语，还是习汉语，都是一体考试。只不过，对于识汉字者而言，考试中增加了翻译的环节（内容），但考试本身仍归属文科举范畴。然而，由于编纂者的误解或误记，致使讹错流传。

During the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, students from the eight banners took the same examination no matter what language they used. Though a translation part was added for Chinese learner, the examination itself belonged to liberal studies. Unfortunately, with the misunderstanding or negligence of the editors it was mistakenly recorded and spread to the descendants.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 14:43, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, all the candidates from the eight banners took the same examination no matter what language they used. Though a translation part was added for Chinese learner, the examination itself belonged to liberal arts. Unfortunately, with the misunderstanding and misdescription of the editors, it was mistakenly recorded and passed on to the descendants.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 11:52, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==
如《国子监志》卷四八《金石三》中，便将顺治九年、十二年两科及第者俱称“翻译进士”：九年壬辰科，赐邹忠倚等三百九十七名及第出身题名碑，又赐翻译进士麻勒吉等五十名及第出身题名碑。以上五碑在大成门外之东南向。

In the 48th volume of the Record of Imperial College, candidates who have passed the imperial examination were called "Translation Scholars" in the 9th year and 12the year during the reign of emperor Shunzhi. It was recorded that in the 9th year during the governance of emperor Shunzhi, the names of South Zhongyi and other 397 successful candidates in the highest imperial examination and Majile and other 50 Translation Scholars are inscribed on the stone tablet. And the five carved stone tablets were located southeast to the Dacheng Doors.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 11:44, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

In the 48th volume of the Record of Imperial College, candidates who have passed the imperial examination were called "Translation Scholars" in the 9th year and 12th year during the reign of Emperor Shunzhi. It was recorded that in the 9th year during the governance of emperor Shunzhi, the names of South Zhongyi and other 397 successful candidates in the highest imperial examination and Majile and other 50 Translation Scholars are inscribed on the stone tablet. And the five carved stone tablets were located southeast to the Dacheng Doors.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 09:28, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==

十二年乙未科，赐史大成等三百九十七名及第出身题名碑，又赐翻译进士图尔宸等五十名及第出身题名碑。以上五碑在大成门外之东南向。（梁国治，1986：527）《国子监志》由乾隆十三年进士梁国治奉敕纂辑，全书共六十二卷，分圣谕和御制诗文等，后者依类分载于各“志”。In the Imperial Competitive Examination in the 12th year of Emperor Shunzhi's ruling(lunar ca;endar the Year of Goat[Yi Wei], 397 members such as Shi Dacheng and 50 members of Translation Jinshi such as Tu Erchen were all given a great honor that their name will appear in the monument which only the names of Jinshi can be engraved. The above five monuments are southeast of Dacheng Gate. (Liang Guozhi, 1986:527) ''The Records of the Imperial Academy'' was compiled by Liang Guozhi under the order of Emperor Qian'long in the 13th year of his ruling. The whole book has 62 volumes, including holy edicts and emperor's-- poems. The latter is contained in various "records" according to categories.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 07:52, 29 October 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

In the Imperial Competitive Examination in the 12th year of Emperor Shunzhi's ruling(lunar ca;endar the Year of Goat[Yi Wei], 397 members such as Shi Dacheng and 50 members of Translation Jinshi such as Tu Erchen were all given the birth inscription Jinshi monument by the emperor. The whole book has 62 volumes, including holy edicts and emperor's-- poems. The latter is contained in various "records" according to categories. The above five monuments are southeast of Dacheng Gate. (Liang Guozhi, 1986:527) ''The Records of the Imperial Academy'' was compiled by Liang Guozhi under the order of Emperor Qian'long in the 13th year of his ruling. The whole book has 62 volumes, including holy edicts and emperor's articles and poems. The latter is contained in various "records" according to categories.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 14:46, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==

按照上述记载，麻勒吉、图尔宸等都被称作翻译进士，由皇帝赐及第出身题名碑。顺治九年，朝廷决定以满、汉分科的形式开科取士，麻勒吉于同年壬辰科考取会试第一，殿试一甲第一，一甲其余二人为折库纳与巴海，俱赐进士及第出身。然而，尽管麻勒吉后来授封教习庶吉士，但其本人并非翻译进士，这一点从《题名碑录》、《进士题名碑录》以及《八旗通志》等文献中均可得到应证。
According to the above records, Maleji, Turchen etc,their were all called translator Jinshi(the successful candidates in the highest imperial examinations) and were given the birth inscription Jinshi monument by the emperor.In the 9th year of emperor Shunzhi, the imperial court decided to establish a division of Manchu and Han disciples to select scholars. In the same year, Maleji won the first place in the general examination,and the first in the imperial examination, the other two people were Zhekuna and Bahai, both of whom were given the birth inscription of Jinshi.However, although Maleji later was conferred the title of Hanlin Bachelor, he himself was not a translator Jinshi, which can be proved by many documents such as Block-printed copy of the inscribing on the stone,Block-printed copy of the inscribing of Jinshi on the stone, General Annals of Eight Banners.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 13:52, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

According to the above records, Maleji, Turchen etc,their were all called translator Jinshi(the successful candidates in the highest imperial examinations) and were given the birth inscription Jinshi monument by the emperor.In the 9th year of emperor Shunzhi, the imperial court decided to establish a division of Manchu and Han disciples to select scholars. In the same year, Maleji won the first place in the general examination,and the first in the imperial examination, the other two people were Zhekuna and Bahai, both of whom were given the birth inscription of Jinshi.However, although Maleji later was conferred the title of Hanlin Bachelor, he himself was not a translator Jinshi, which can be proved by many documents such as ''Block-printed copy of the inscribing on the stone'',''Block-printed copy of the inscribing of Jinshi on the stone'', ''General Annals of Eight Banners''.

==邝''Italic text''艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==

《国子监志》于乾隆四十三年奉敕纂辑，并被收入《四库全书》之后，又于道光年间经监臣李宗昉等奏请，开馆增辑刊印。道光十四年，文庆、李宗昉等完成增辑，共八十二卷，取名《钦定国子监志》。然而，与梁国治版《国子监志》不同，《钦定国子监志》中，并没有将麻勒吉和图尔宸等人称作翻译进士，这一点也许是文庆、李宗昉等编纂者基于历史事实而做出的修正
''The Record of the Imperial Academy'' was edited in the 43th year of Qianlong, then was added edition and published for the petition of Warden Li Zongfang in the reign of Daoguang after it was included in the Si Ku Quan Shu. In the 14th year of Daoguang, the edition of ''The Record of the Imperial Academy'' was finished by Wenqing and Li Zongfang, which had 82 chapters in all and was named ''The Record of Imperial Academy Made by Imperial Order''. However, what was different from ''The Record of the Imperial Academy'' by Laing Guozhi is that Ma Leji and Tu Erchen and others were not called Tien Si of Translation in ''The Record of the Imperial Academy Made By Imperial Order'', which may be the correction made by such editors as Wen Qing and Li Zongfang on the basis of historical facts.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 00:52, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

The Record of the Imperial Academy was edited in the 43th year during the period of Qianlong, then was added edition and published for the petition of Warden Li Zongfang in the Reign of Daoguang after it was included in the Si Ku Quan Shu. In the 14th year during the period of Daoguang, the edition of The Record of the Imperial Academy, which had 82 chapters in all and was named The Record of Imperial Academy Made by Imperial Order, was finished by Wenqing and Li Zongfang. However, what was different from The Record of the Imperial Academy by Laing Guozhi is that Ma Leji and Turchen and others were not called Tien Si of Translation in The Record of the Imperial Academy Made By Imperial Order, which may be the correction made by such editors as Wen Qing and Li Zongfang on the basis of historical facts.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 11:24, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==

与此同时，该书在乾隆四年翻译进士题名碑之后，也增加“按语”如下，可作为考证麻勒吉、图尔宸等人翻译进士身份的重要线索：翻译乡会试，自雍正元年，定于子、午、卯、酉年二月乡试，辰、戌、丑、未年八月会试。嗣后或举或停，或止准乡试而停会试。

At the same time, after the translation of the inscription of scholars monument in the fourth year during the period of Qianlong, the book also was added following "notes", which can be used as an important clue to verify the identity of translation scholars such as Ma Leji and Turchen: since the first year during the period of Yongzheng, provincial examination of translation has been scheduled in February of Zi, Wu, Mao and You year, and metropolitan examination of translation has been held scheduled in August of Chen, Xu, Chou and Wei year. Hereafter, the examination was either held or cancered, or the provincial examination held and metropolitan examination cancered.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 11:15, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

At the same time, after the inscription of scholars was translated in the fourth year of the reign Emperor Qianlong, and notes were added to the book, which could be used as important textual researches to identify translation scholars such as Maleji and Tuerchen: since the first year during the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, provincial examination of translation has been scheduled in February of Zi, Wu, Mao and You year, and metropolitan examination has been held scheduled in August of Chen, Xu, Chou and Wei year. After then, the examination was held or canceled from time to time. Sometimes the provincial examination was held, but metropolitan examination was canceled.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 12:49, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==

至乾隆四年八月，复举行会试。题名之有碑刻，自是科始。二十二年，仍议停止会试。

By August in the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the provincial examination had been held. Since the beginning of imperial examination, names of successful candidates would be inscribed. However, in the twenty-second year, the court still decided to stop it after discussion.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 10:21, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

By August in the fourth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, the provincial examination had been resumed. Since the beginning of imperial examination, names of successful candidates would be inscribed on steles. However, in the twenty-second year, once again, the court decided to stop it after discussion.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 08:37, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==

四十四年，照旧举行，并奏准赐进士出身。停其殿试。又奏准停止建立碑记。

In the 44th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, the metropolitan examination was resumed. And those who passed the examination were bestowed as Chin-Shih (excellent candidates in the highest imperial examinations). And then the final imperial examination presided over by the emperor was suspended. Later, proposal was approved not to keep inscriptional record.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 02:47, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

In the 44th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, the metropolitan examination was resumed. And those who passed the examination were bestowed as Chin-Shih (successful candidates in the highest imperial examinations). But the final imperial examination presided over by the emperor was suspended. The emperor gave orders to stop the construcion of inscriptions.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 09:46, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==

今翻译进士题名，故仅止四碑。详识于此。（文庆、李宗昉等，2000：1106）根上文所载，至少可以明确以下四点：首先，翻译乡会试始于雍正年间。

As a result, there were only four steles that record successful candidates in the highest imperial examinations of translation. (Wen qin, Li Zongfang etc. 2000:1106) According to the previous records, at least the following four points can be made clear: First of all, the translation provincial and metropolitan examinations began in the reign of Yongzheng.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 02:35, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

As a result, there were only four steles that recorded successful candidates in the highest imperial examinations of translation. (Wen qin, Li Zongfang etc. 2000:1106) According to the previous records, at least the following four points can be made clear: First of all, the translation provincial and metropolitan examinations began in the reign of Emperor Yongzheng.--[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 11:09, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==

雍正朝期间，原定举办四科翻译乡试，即四年（午）、七年（酉）、十年（子）、十三年（卯），四科翻译会试，即二年（辰）、五年（未）、八年（戌）、十一年（丑），但其间时停时举，或仅举办翻译乡试而停办翻译会试，并不规律。其次，乾隆四年八年办理乙未科时，回复办理翻译会试，中式者赐进士出身，有碑刻。再次，乾隆二十二年，停办翻译会试，四十四年恢复，中式者仍赐进士出身。

During the reign of Yongzheng, the government conducted four subjects of translation provincial examination, including 1726, 1729, 1732, 1735, and four subjects of translation metropolitan examination, including 1724, 1727, 1730, 1733. But during this period, some examination had been canceled and some held, or the government only held the provincial examination and canceled the metropolitan examination, which was not order. Next, in 1739 and 1743, it was going to hold the second examination, however, the government decided to hold the translation metropolitan examination, and the winner can get the title of Jinshi, which also had the inscriptions recorded. Then, in 1757, the translation metropolitan examination had been suspended, and recovered in 1779, the winner also can get the title of Jinshi. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 01:37, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Yongzheng, the government conducted four translation subjects as provincial examination, including 1726, 1729, 1732, 1735, and four translation subjects as metropolitan examination, including 1724, 1727, 1730, 1733. But during this period, some examination had been canceled and some held, or the government only held the provincial examination and canceled the metropolitan examination, which was irregular.Besides, in 1739 and 1743, it was going to hold the second examination, however, the government decided to hold the translation metropolitan examination, and the winner can get the title of Jinshi, which also had the inscriptions recorded. Then, in 1757, the translation metropolitan examination had been suspended, and recovered in 1779, the winner also can get the title of Jinshi.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 09:06, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==

最后，翻译殿试一直处于停办状态。因而，翻译进士题名碑仅有四科，分别是乾隆四年己未科、十年乙丑科、十三年戊辰科，以及十六年辛未科。如果《钦定国子监志》中的上述记载属实，则可知《国子监志》中将麻勒吉、图尔宸等称作翻译进士，并由此认定顺治八年即为翻译科之起始年的观点并不可取。

Finally, the translation test has been suspended. As a result, there are only four in the history of translation test, which are jiwei in the fourth year of qianlong, Yichou in the tenth year, Wuchen in the thirteenth year, and Xinwei in the sixteenth year. If the records in The Imperial Records are true, it can be seen that maleji and Tulchen were called talents of translation in the Imperial Records, and the views in the eighth year of Shunzhi( the beginning year of translation )is not desirable.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 09:02, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

Finally, the translation temple has been suspended. As a result, there are only four branches on the translated Jinshi inscription tablets, which are jiwei in the fourth year of qianlong, Yichou in the tenth year, Wuchen in the thirteenth year, and Xinwei in the sixteenth year. If the above records in The Imperial Imperial Records are true, it can be seen that maleji and Tulchen were called jinshi of translation in the Imperial Imperial Records, and the view that the eighth year of Shunzhi was the beginning year of translation is not desirable.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 12:21, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

事实上，《国子监志》不仅误记了顺治九年、十二年两榜进士（满洲、蒙古）题名碑，而且在乾隆年间的两科翻译进士题名碑问题上，也发生了讹错与遗漏。具体而言便是，《国子监志》中仅记载了两碑乾隆年间的翻译进士，分别是乾隆十三年的戊辰科和十六年的辛未科，颁赐对象分别是武进、武立等四十二人。至于乾隆四年己未科和十年乙丑科，其中未见有记录，此事令《国子监志》的可信度受损。（梁国治，1986：530）
As a matter of fact, in the Annals of the Imperial College, there are not only errors in the inscription tablets of the ninth and twelfth year of Shunzhi, but also errors and omissions in the translation of the inscription tablets of the jinshi in the qianlong period. Specifically, in the Annals of imperial College, there are only two steles of translated Jinshi during the Reign of Emperor Qianlong, namely wuchenke in the thirteenth year of Emperor Qianlong and Xinweike in the sixteenth year of Emperor Qianlong, which were awarded to 42 people, including Wu Jin and Wu Li. As for the jiwei section in the fourth year and yichou Section in the tenth year of the Reign of Emperor Qianlong, there were no records, which damaged the credibility of the Annals of the Imperial Academy. (Liang Guozhi, 1986:530)--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 12:19, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

In fact, in the ''Annals of the Imperial College'',it misremembered two-listed inscribed (Manchuria, Mongolia) scholars in Shunji nine years and twelve years , but also in Qianlong years, it had also mistakes and omissions in the two sections of translation scholars inscription tablet problem. Specifically, the ''Annals of the Imperial College'' only records the two monuments Qianlong years of translation, respectively, Qianlong 13 years of Thechenke and 16 years of Xin Weike, awarded to the object of Wujin, Wu Li and other forty-two people. As for Qianlong's four-year absence and ten-year B-Ugly Section, which has not been recorded, the credibility of the ''Annals of the Imperial College'' has been undermined. (Liang Guozhi, 1986:530)--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 12:46, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==

结语：翻译科的创设始于雍正年间，而非顺治年间，这一点毋庸置疑。顺治时期，八旗科举考试中虽然已有了翻译考试的内容，但此时的翻译考试并非独立建制，而是隶属于八旗文科举，为后者考试中的一个环节，或者说为其考试内容的一个部分。
Conclusion: There is no doubt that the establishment of translation department began in the Qing Yongzheng, not in the Qing Shunzhi. During the Shunzhi period, there was a content of translation examination in the eight Banners imperial examination, but the translation examination was not an independent institution, but a part of the eight banners liberal arts examination, or a part of the examination content.

Conclusion: There is no doubt that the establishment of translation subject began in the reign of Yongzheng rather than Shunzhi. During the Shunzhi period, although there was translation exercises in examination in the eight Banners imperial examination, it was not an independent subject but a part of the eight banners liberal arts examination, or a part of the examination content.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 01:32, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==

雍正年间，世宗为了整饬八旗“废弛陋习”，奖励清语学习，因而创制翻译科，将其视作方法与工具，鼓舞八旗满洲与蒙古奋勉向学，以图进取。翻译科的创设带有明确、强烈的政治、文化意涵，是为了维护“国语骑射”的满洲根本，以及满族文化特征。这么做，一方面是为了维护满洲祖制，避免满族固有文化被汉族同化；另一方面则是想通过传承自身文化，实现全国政权的长远统治。

During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, emperor Shizong established the subject of Translation as a means and tool to encourage the Eight Banners in Manchuria and Mongolia to learn Chinese and make progress with the hope to rectify the "bad habits" of the eight banners and reward Chinese learning. The establishment of the Translation subject has clear and strong political and cultural implications, that is, to maintain the manchu roots of "mandarin horsemanship" and the characteristics of Manchu culture. This act, on the one hand, is to maintain the manchu ancestor system and avoid the inherent culture of Manchu being assimilated by the ethnic Han. On the other hand, it aims to realize the long-term rule of the national regime through inheriting their own culture.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 01:09, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, the Emperor established the subject of translation in order to rectify outmoded conventions and reward Chinese learning. It was regarded as a means and tool to encourage the Eight Banners in Manchuria and Mongolia to learn Chinese in an effort to forge ahead. The establishment of the translation subject had clear and strong political and cultural implications, that is, to maintain the manchu roots of "National language and ride" and the characteristics of Manchu culture. On the one hand, this practice was to maintain the manchu ancestor system and avoid the inherent culture of Manchu being assimilated by the ethnic Han. On the other hand, it aimed to realize the long-term rule of the national regime through inheriting their own culture.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 11:28, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==

毫无疑问，作为清代八旗科举制度的重要成分，翻译科的创设自有其积极意义，它不仅使旗人获得了进身机会，缓解了八旗生计的困难，而且也为朝廷遴选了大量翻译专才，促进了国家治理。然而，翻译科自身也有缺陷与不足，这一点主要体现在“首崇满洲”的基本原则上，它是维护满洲特权与旗人利益的集中体现，对于我们研究清代的政治、文化发展与变化，以及有清一代的民族关系与民族政策等，都具有重要的学术价值与社会意义。

There was no doubt that as an important component of the imperial examination system of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty, the establishment of the translation department had its own positive significance. It not only provided opportunities for the people of the Eight Banners and alleviated the difficulties of making a living, but also selected a large number of translation professionals for the imperial court and promoted national governance. However, the translation department also had its own defects and deficiencies, which was mainly reflected in the basic principle of "first advocating Manchuria". It was a concentrated embodiment of safeguarding Manchuria's privileges and Eight Banners people's interests. It had important academic value and social significance for us to study the political and cultural development and changes of Qing Dynasty, as well as the ethnic relations and ethnic policies of Qing Dynasty.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 13:52, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

There is no doubt that as an important component of the imperial examination system of the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty, the creation of the translation subject has its own positive significance. It not only provided promotion opportunities for the people of the Eight banners and alleviated the difficulty of making a living, but also selected a large number of translation professionals for the imperial court and promoted national managemant. However, the translation subject also has its own defects and deficiencies, which is mainly reflected in the basic principle of “first advocate Manchuria”. It is a concentrated embodiment of safeguarding Manchuria's privileges and the Eight Banners people's interests.Which has important academic value and social significance for us to study the political and cultural development and changes of the Qing Dynasty, as well as the ethnic relations and ethnic policies of the Qing Dynasty. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 14:11, 30 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==

《金瓶梅》满文翻译考释

摘要：淫词小说的禁毁系清代长期的文化政策。然而，社会历史阶段不同，政府对该政策的推进与执行也不尽同。

A textual criticism research on the Manchu translation of ''The Golden Lotus''
Abstract: The prohibition and damage of pornographic novels was due to the long-term cultural policies of the Qing Dynasty. However, on account of different social and historical periods, the government's promotion and implementation of this policy are also different. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 02:59, 30 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

A Textual Criticism Research on the Manchu Translation of ''The Golden Lotus''
Abstract: Banning and destroying pornographic novels was a long-term cultural policy in the Qing Dynasty. However, the government's promotion and implementation of this policy were quite different in different social and historical periods.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 07:49, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==

清初，统治者的政策重心在于武力征伐与国家统一，文禁的重点在于政治倾向显著的作品。因而，为了笼络人心，政府对汉族小说及其翻译的偏见并不显著，对《金瓶梅》等淫词类小说的禁毁与惩处也影响较小。康熙中期以后，政府强化了思想控制，加强了小说翻译与小说创作的管制，《金瓶梅》的审查亦在其中。

In the early Qing Dynasty, the policies enacted by the emperor focused on military expeditions and national unification, that of literary persecution focusing on works with prominent political tendencies. Therefore, in order to win people's support, the government's prejudice against Chinese novels and their translation was not significant, and little influence had been brought by the prohibition and punishment of erotic novels such as the '' Golden Lotus''. After the middle period of emperor Kangxi's reign, the government strengthened the control of thought, as well as the control of novel translation and novel creation, including the review of the ''Golden Lotus''.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 13:17, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

In the early Qing Dynasty, the rulers' policy focused on military expedition and national unity, and the cultural prohibition focused on works with significant political tendency. Therefore, in order to win the hearts of the people, the government's prejudice against Chinese novels and their translation was not significant, and little influence had been brought by the prohibition and punishment of erotic novels such as the '' Golden Lotus''. . After the middle period of Kangxi, the government strengthened the ideological control, as well as the control of novel translation and novel creation, including the review of the ''Golden Lotus''.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 00:42, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==

《金瓶梅》的翻译有别于“四书”、“五经”，它既不能塑造道德，又不能规范秩序，其翻译与刊刻遭到限制在所难免。然而，《金瓶梅》译本最终得以成书，与统治者的支持或默认不无关联。

关键词：《金瓶梅》；满文翻译；和素；文化政策；审查

The translation of Golden Lotus is different from the "Four Books" and "Five Classics". It can neither shape morality nor regulate order. It is inevitable that its translation and publication will be restricted. However, it is related to the support or acquiescence of the rulers that the translation of Golden Lotus was finally completed.
Key words: Golden Lotus; Manchu translation; He Su; Cultural policy; examination--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 00:35, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

The translation of Golden Lotus was different from The Four Books and Five Classics. It could neither contribute in instilling morals nor keeping order, and thus the restriction on its translation and publication were inevitable. However, the completion of the translation of Golden Lotus is related to the support or acquiescence of the rulers.

Keywords: Golden Lotus; Manchu translation; He Su; cultural policy; censorship--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 12:40, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==

清代的官方文献中，并未明确出现“文化政策”字样，而是代之以“文教”、“教化”等概念，但这并不能说明清代的文化建设缺乏既定的政策理念与行为准则。恰恰相反，自顺治十年起，清廷即制订了“崇儒重道”的文化政策，将中国传统的文化概念融入政治实践，并在嗣后各朝逐渐形成“兴文教”、“崇经术”的治国方针。如康熙九年提出的“圣训十六条”、乾隆年间修纂的《四库全书》等，都是“崇儒重道”的重要实践。

In the official documents, the exact term “cultural policy” did not appear, instead, the terms of “culture and education” and “moral teaching” were used. This finding did not mean that the cultural development of Qing dynasty lacked of established policy ideas or code of conduct. On the contrary, since the tenth year of the reign of Shunzhi, the cultural policy of “advocating Confucianism and adhering to Confucian doctrine” which incorporated the traditional Chinese cultural concepts into political practices has been established by Qing government. Later on, the ruling principle of “promoting the development of culture and education” and “advocating Confucianism” gradually came into being under the administrations of the following emperors. For instance, The Sixteen Rules by the Emperor issued in the ninth year of Kangxi's reign and The Siku Quanshu edited in Qianlong's age were all important practices of “advocating Confucianism and adhering to Confucian doctrine”.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 05:07, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

The words "cultural policy" did not explicitly appear in official documents of the Qing dynasty, but were replaced by concepts such as "culture and education' and 'moral teaching". This does not mean that there was a lack of established policy concepts and codes of conduct in cultural construction. On the contrary, since the tenth year of the reign of Shunzhi, the Qing court formulated a cultural policy of "advocating Confucianism and adhering to Confucian doctrine", incorporating traditional Chinese cultural concepts into political practice, and gradually forming the policy of 'promoting culture and education' and 'revering scripture and art' in subsequent dynasties. For instance, in the ninth year of the Kangxi reign，"The Sixteen Rules by the Emperor“ and the compilation of the ''Siku Quanshu'' during the Qianlong reign were all important practice of "advocating Confucianism and adhering to Confucian doctrine". --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 10:45, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==

在文化政策的范畴中，“崇儒重道”有其衍生物，如科举取士、博学鸿词等，而访求、编纂书籍，以及翻译汉文典籍等也是其重要内容。清代的汉籍（书）翻译既面对“四书”、“五经”等儒学典籍，也面对《金瓶梅》、《西厢记》等通俗作品。清代的汉籍（书）翻译系清代政治、文化事业的重要组成部分。

In the realm of cultural policy, the principle of “Reverence to Confucianism” had its derivatives, for instance, the imperial examination and the Boxue hongci section. The collection and compilation of books, as well as the translation of Chinese classics, were also important parts of cultural policies. The translation of Han books in the Qing dynasty dealt with both Confucian texts, such as ''the Four Books'' and ''the Five Classics'', and popular works, such as ''The Golden Lotus'' and ''The Western Chamber''. Thus the translation of Han books was an important part of the political and cultural undertakings of the Qing dynasty. --[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 10:47, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

In the field of cultural policies，there are some things derived from the principle of “Reverence to Confucianism”，like imperial examination ， the Boxue hongci section and so on，while the collection and compilation of books, as well as the translation of Chinese classics, were also important parts of cultural policies. The translation of Han books in the Qing dynasty not only include the Confucian texts，such as ''the Four Books'' and ''the Five Classics''，but also involve those secular works such as 'The Golden Lotus'' and ''The Western Chamber'' and so on.The translation of the Han books in Qing dynasty is an important part to consist the political and cultural undertakings of Qing dynasty.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 09:08, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==

从背景上看，汉籍（书）的翻译一方面得益于统治者反复提倡“国语骑射”的基本国策，以维护满洲根本于不坠，另一方面则得益于文化整合的需要，即，统治者通过翻译学习汉族文化，汲取汉人的治国理政经验，建构政权稳定和国家长治久安所需的“治统”与“道统”。通过引导与规范汉籍（书）的翻译，统治者不仅使满、汉文化互通有无，阐明法度，维护正统，端正满洲的人心风俗，而且以译书作为临政规范，撷取帝王为政之道，完善国家治理理念与模式。
From the perspective of its background，the translation of the books of Han dynasty，from the one hand，was benefited from the basic recurrent national policy of “National language and ride” to prevent Manchu from falling，from the other hand，it was benefited from the necessity of culture unification，that is to say，the ruler learns Han’s culture，absorbs Han’s ruling experience and build the “ruling rule” and “moral rule” in need for the stabilization of the policy and safety from translation.Through leading and controlling the translation of Han books，the ruler not only connects Man and Han ’s culture，protects the royalty，corrects the customs of Man，but also perfects the national ruling modes by learning the ruling methods of the ruler under the control of translation.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 12:22, 9 November 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==

藉由汉籍（书）的翻译，统治者既能成功了解汉族文化，又能以思想为治术，建构政权的合法性，实现满洲政权向中原政权的历史转化，并在接触和学习汉文化中获得“统制”汉民的重要经验，实现“治统”与“道统”的和谐统一，最大限度地保障统治集团的既得利益。一、《金瓶梅》的创作题材与历史地位。中国古典小说中，有“四大奇书”之称。

Through translating the classical books from Han people, the ruler of Qing government could not only understand their culture successfully, but also validate the legitimacy of Manchu regime via the thoughts of governance arts in order to realize the historical transformation from Manchu regime into the Central Plains regimes, gain important experience to "rule" Han people in the process of contacting and learning from their culture, achieve the harmonious uniformity between "Zhi Tong" (rule the country by traced to the same origin) and "Dao Tong" (rule the country by Confucianism) as well as safeguard the vested interest in Manchu ruling clique to the greatest extent. 1. the creative theme and historical status of ''The Golden Lotus''. In Chinese classical novels, it was known as "the Four Marvelous Books".

Through the translation of the classical books in Han (the Central Plains) language, the rulers in Qing Dynasty could not only gain deep insight into their culture, but also validate the legitimacy of the Manchu regime via taking advantage of thoughts to govern the country, so as to realize the historical transition from Manchu regime to the Central Plains regime, to obtain important experience of "ruling" Han (Central Plains) people, to achieve the harmonious unity of "Zhi Tong" (to rule the country by tough measures) and "Dao Tong" (to govern the country by ethics and Confucianism), as well as to proetct the vested interest of ruling regime to the highest degree. 1. The Creative Themes and Historical Status of ''The Golden Lotus''. In Chinese classical novels, there are the so-called "Four Marvelous Books".--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 14:59, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==

所谓“四大奇书”，按照李渔、周永保等人的说法，是指《金瓶梅》、《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》等四部明代小说作品，这些作品皆成书于明代年间，代表的是中国古典小说的四种不同形态，即历史类、传奇类、神魔类，以及世情类。作为“四大奇书”之首，《金瓶梅》究竟成书于何时，学界尚有不同说法。有人认为是明代嘉靖年间，如屠本畯的《山林经济籍》，也有人认为是万历年间，如郑振铎的《谈金瓶梅词话》、车锡伦的《<金瓶梅词话>中的宣卷》，以及黄霖的《<金瓶梅>漫话》等。

According to scholars like Li Yu and Zhou Yongbao, the so-called "Four Marvelous Books" refer to the four novels in Ming Dynasty, including ''The Golden Lotus'', ''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', ''Outlaws of the Marsh'', and ''Journey to the West''. These works were finished in Ming Dynasty and represent the four different forms of Chinese classical novels, namely, the historical, the legendary, the supernatural evil-spirit, and the realistic (or human-feelings). However, there are still various views in the academic circle on the completing time of ''The Golden Lotus'' which has been considered as the first of the "Four Marvelous Books". Some think that it was written in Ming Dynasty under the reign of Emperor Jiajing when Tu Benjun's ''Guide to Live in Seclusion'', for example, was also finished; while others believe that it was the period during the reign of Emperor Wanli that witnessed the completion of ''The Golden Lotus'', with the subsequent advent of ''Notes and Comments on The Golden Lotus'' created by Zheng Zhenduo, ''Xuan Juan (Precious Scroll for Propaganda) in Notes and Comments on The Golden Lotus'' by Che Xilun, as well as ''Informal Discussion on The Golden Lotus'' by Huang Lin, and etc. --[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 23:58, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

According to scholars like Li Yu and Zhou Yongbao, the so-called "Four Marvelous Books" refer to the four novels in Ming Dynasty, including ''The Golden Lotus'', ''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', ''Outlaws of the Marsh'', and ''Journey to the West''. These works were finished in Ming Dynasty and represented the four different forms of Chinese classical novels, namely, the historical, the legendary, the supernatural evil-spirit, and the realistic (or human-feelings). However, there are still various views in the academic circle on the completing time of ''The Golden Lotus'' which has been considered as the first of the "Four Marvelous Books". Some think that it was written in Ming Dynasty under the reign of Emperor Jiajing when Tu Benjun's ''Guide to Live in Seclusion'', for example, was also finished; while others believe that it was the period during the reign of Emperor Wanli that witnessed the completion of ''The Golden Lotus'', with the subsequent advent of ''Notes and Comments on The Golden Lotus'' created by Zheng Zhenduo, ''Xuan Juan (Precious Scroll for Propaganda) in Notes and Comments on The Golden Lotus'' by Che Xilun, as well as ''Informal Discussion on The Golden Lotus'' by Huang Lin, and etc.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 15:50, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==

无论是何种观点，都不可否认《金瓶梅》在中国古典小说中的历史地位。《金瓶梅》无疑是中国古典小说发展史上的经典之作，不仅在创作题材上突破了传统模式，将叙述的焦点从豪杰和妖魔转移至市井人物，人物塑造上也出现了从单色调向多色调、平面化向立体化的转变。同时，创作主旨上也有重要突破，即不再专注于歌颂理想，而是通过写尽世情之恶、生活之丑，暴露社会的黑暗与不公，现实主义特征极其明显。
Whatever the viewpoint, there is no denying the historical status of The Golden Lotus in classical Chinese fiction. The Golden Lotus is undoubtedly a classic in the history of classical Chinese fiction, not only in terms of its subject matter, which broke away from the traditional model, shifting the focus of the narrative from the heroes and demons to the characters in the marketplace, but also in terms of characterization, which changed from monochromatic to multi-colored and from flat to three-dimensional. At the same time, there is also an important breakthrough in the creative theme, that is, it no longer focuses on glorifying ideals, but exposes the darkness and injustice of society by writing about the evils of the world and the ugliness of life, and the characteristics of realism are extremely obvious.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 15:46, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

From every viewpoint, in classical Chinese fictions, the historical status of The Golden Lotus is apodeictic, not only in terms of its subject matter, which broke the traditional model, shifting the focus of the narrative from the heroes and demons to the common people, but also in terms of characterization, which changed from monochromatic to multi-colored and from flat to three-dimensional. At the same time, there is also an important breakthrough on the theme, namely, that it no longer focused on glorifying ideals, but exposed the darkness and injustice of society by writing about the evils of the world and the ugliness of life, through which the characteristics of realism are extremely obvious. --[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 06:32, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==

刘廷玑认为，《金瓶梅》之所以称为奇书，是因为它深切人情要务。鲁迅在对“世情小说”进行界定时，曾指出《金瓶梅》描摹世态，见其炎凉，骂尽诸色，它虽然描写情色，却是要“以淫说法”，虽然结构铺张，但却是“引迷入悟”，既然是描写世情，便要“尽其情伪”，所谓刻露而尽相，或幽伏或含讥，诚极洞达而已。《金瓶梅》所描写的虽然是市井常谈、闺房碎语，但它寄意于时俗，极富感染力。

Liu Tingji believes that the reason The Golden Lotus is called a fantastic book is that it is deeply mundane. When Lu Xun defined the “worldly novel”, he pointed out that The Golden Lotus described worldly affairs, manifesting elusiveness of people and cursing all kinds of ugliness. Although it described eroticism, it was meant to “speak out as lewdness”. Although the structure is extravagant, it is “leading confusion into realization”. Since it is a description of the worldly affairs, it must be “full of sentiment and hypocrisy”. It is said that boldness results in completeness, which is sincere and insightful whether in a humorous or sarcastic way. Although The Golden Lotus is all about the commonplaces in the markets and boudoirs, it is greatly contagious because of its connotations behind the times and customs.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 12:54, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

Liu Tingji believes that the reason ''The Golden Lotus'' is called a fantastic book is its profound insight into the human condition. When Lu Xun defined the “secular novel”, he pointed out that ''The Golden Lotus'' described secular affairs, with a revelation of the indifference of people and an accusation of the eroticism. Although it describes erotic scenes, it is meant to “making sense with lust”. Although the structure is extravagant, it “leads confusion into realization”. Since descriptions in the book relate to secular affairs, they must be “full of sentiment and hypocrisy”, which means uncovering the essence and revealing its full complexity, with either insinuation or innuendo, just for achieving a precise communication of insights. Even though ''The Golden Lotus'' is all about the commonplaces in the markets and boudoirs, it is greatly contagious because of its connotations behind the times and customs.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 16:14, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==

明、清之际，虽然《金瓶梅》向被列为禁书，但时人对其的艺术手法和思想内容等，却评价甚高，甚至不乏将其与《左传》、《史记》、《汉书》等并列者，认为这些作品都是“以其文皆为写生者也”的杰出代表。明代博物学家谢肇淛（zhè）曾向人借抄《金瓶梅》，并为此书撰写序跋，其中详细论及此书所具有的广泛的揭示性，认为它描写的是一个丑陋、黑暗的世情社会，既有“市里之猥谈”，又有“狎客之从臾逢迎”，所谓“穷极境象，駴（hài）意快心。”无论如何，都不能将《金瓶梅》视作“秽书”，而枉顾其对于炎凉情态的纤毫毕现，既看不到它的一腔愤懑，又看不到它的刺世与劝戒之意。

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, although ''the Golden Lotus'' was always banned, its artistic approach and ideological content were highly regarded by the people of the time, and there was even no shortage of people who ranked it alongside ''the Zuo Tradition'', ''the Records of the Grand Historian'' and ''the Book of Han'', considering these works to be outstanding representatives of "those whose texts are all written for the purpose of writing life". Xie Zhaozhe, a Ming dynasty naturalist, once borrowed ''The Golden Lotus'' from others and copied it. He wrote a preface to the book, in which he discussed in detail the book's broad scope of revelation, arguing that it depicted an ugly, dark society, with both "the obscene words of marketplace villains" and "the flattery of treacherous people". It is a 'straightforward and unadorned account of all life'. In any case, ''the Golden Lotus'' should not be regarded as an 'obscene book', and its subtle expression of the inconstancy of human relationships should not be taken in vain, nor its indignation, nor its stinging and admonishing intentions.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 02:46, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, although ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' was always banned, its artistic approaches and ideological contents were highly regarded by the people of that time, and there was even no shortage of people who ranked it alongside ''the Zuo Tradition'', ''the Records of the Grand Historian'' and ''the Book of Han'', considering these works to be outstanding representatives of "those whose texts were all written for the purpose of writer’s life". Xie Zhaozhe, a Ming dynasty naturalist, once borrowed ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' from others and transcribed it. He also wrote a preface for this book, in which he discussed in detail the book's broad scope of revelation, arguing that it depicted an ugly, dark society, with both "the obscene words of marketplace villains" and "the flattery of treacherous people". It was a 'straightforward and unadorned account of all life'. In any case, ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' should not be viewed as an 'obscene book', its subtle expression of the inconstancy of human relationships should not be taken in vain, nor its indignation, nor its stinging and admonishing intentions.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 06:56, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==

有人说，《金瓶梅》是《红楼梦》之祖，其题材主旨、人物刻画、情节结构等均为后者所继承，它虽然以家庭为中心，却又与天下、国家紧密相连，虽然恣意描写原始欲望，却又同时拷问人性的本质，其作为白话世情小说之首，可谓实至名归。一代伟人毛泽东也说，《金瓶梅》是《红楼梦》的祖宗，没有前者，就写不出后者，充分肯定了《金瓶梅》在中国古典文学中的历史地位。《金瓶梅》具有劝戒意涵，而不是或者不仅仅是淫词小说，这一点对于清代文士而言，亦是人所共知之事。

It is said that ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' is the ancestor of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', because the latter inherited all from the first in the perspective of selecting materials, themes, characterization and plot structure. Although ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' was centralized on family, it also nearly attached to the world and country. Ranking on top of vernacular love novels, this book was haphazardly described with original desire but it also put questions on the essence of the nature of human beings which lived up to its name. Mao Zedong, a great man of a generation, also said, “''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' is the ancestor of ''A Dream in Red Mansions''. Without the former, the latter couldn’t be written.”which fully affirmed its historical position in Chinese classical literature. ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' ,not or not just a pornographic novel, was replete with exhortation meaning which was known by all common people from the perspective of literati of Qing dynasty.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 08:12, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

It is said that ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' is the ancestor of ''A Dream in Red Mansions'', because the latter inherited all from the first in the perspective of selecting materials, themes, characterization and plot structure. Although ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' was centralized on family, it also nearly attached to the world and country. Ranking on top of vernacular love novels, this book was haphazardly described with original desire but it also put questions on the essence of human nature which lived up to its name. Mao Zedong, a great man of a generation, also said, “ ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' is the ancestor of ''A Dream in Red Mansions''. Without the former, the latter couldn’t be written.”which fully affirmed its historical position in Chinese classical literature. ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' full of persuation meaning was not or not just a pornographic novelwas which was known by all the literati of Qing dynasty.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 02:55, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==

如欣欣子在《金瓶梅词话序》中所说，《金瓶梅》一书不同于《三国演义》，它不是从正面塑造人物形象，使其合乎传统人伦道德，实现教化目的，而是通过对酒色财气的重墨渲染，警戒世人远离情色，其目的同样在于“明人伦，戒淫奔，分淑慝（tè），化善恶”，这一点与《三国演义》殊途而同归。而在《金瓶梅·序》中，作者亦明确指出该书的“劝戒”之意，所谓“一回一戒”，因而“百回中以为百劝”。

As Xin Xinzi said in the series of notes and comments of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'', this novel was different from the ''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', it was not from the positive view to shape the character image, so that it would conform to the traditional ethics and morality, and then achieved the goal of indoctrination. But through the heavy playing up of wine , women , avarice and pride to warn human beings away from eroticism, its purpose was also “correcting human relations, dropping elopement, distinguishing the good and evil”, which reached the same goal by different ways as ''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms''. While in the series of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'', the author also clearly pointed out the book’s “persuasion” meaning, the so-called “one chapter once again exhorting”，and therefore “one hundred times in the hundreds of persuasion.”--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 02:51, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

As Xin Xinzi mentioned in the series of notes and comments of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'', this novel was different from the ''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', it did not shape the character image from the positive view, so that it would conform to the traditional ethics and morality, and then achieve the goal of indoctrination, but warn human beings away from eroticism through the heavy playing up of wine , women , avarice and pride, its purpose was also “correcting human relations, dropping elopement, distinguishing the good and evil”, which reached the same goal by different ways as ''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms''. While in the series of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'', the author also clearly pointed out the book’s “persuasion” meaning, the so-called “one chapter once again exhorting”，and therefore “one hundred times in the hundreds of persuasion.”--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 14:12, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==

清人中，对于《金瓶梅》进行诋毁、谩骂者，亦有之。如蒲松龄称其为“淫史”，邹弢称其为“淫书”，邱炜萲（xuān）则认为其“淫媟（xiè）荡志”，无论在内容上，还是在文笔上，都不足以“负此重名”。《蕉轩随录》中，方浚师甚至将《金瓶梅》和《水浒传》看作无用之书，认为二者之中一个倡盗，一个诲淫，有害于世道人心。

In the Qing Dynasty, there were also people who slandered and criticized ''Gold Vase Plum''. For instance, Pu Songling regarded it as a ''History of obscenity'', Zou Tao thought it a pornographic book, and Qiu Weixuan held that it is full of debauchery which indicate that it is not worth bearing such a great reputation no matter in content or style of writing. In ''Records of Jiaoxuan'', Fang Junshi even regarded ''Gold Vase Plum'' and ''Water Margin''as useless books, and the former is story of furious robbers while the latter is a story inciting pornography, so both of them would do harm to the people in the world.

In the Qing Dynasty, there were also people who slandered and criticized “Gold Vase Plum”. For instance, Pu Songling regarded it as “History of Obscenity “, Zou Tao thought it a pornographic book, and Qiu Weixuan held that it was full of debauchery. “Gold Vase Plum” was not worthy of bearing such a great stigma either in content or in style. In “Records of Jiao Xuan”, Fang Junshi even regarded “Gold Vase Plum” and “Water Margin” as useless books, one of which was about stories of advocating the theft while the other of which was related to plots inciting pornography, so both of them would do harm for enlightening the people in the world. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 07:47, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==

而晴川居士、申涵光、李绿园等亦持论相似，认为《金瓶梅》丧心败德，它对于幼学者的影响如同疫病，其害甚大。沈德符、徐谦、林昌彝等更是主张禁毁此书，认为此书有如毒草和毒酒，贻害无穷。清初以来，朝廷对于淫词小说的禁毁从未间断。

And Qingchuan Lay Buddhist, Shen Hanguang, Li Luyuan, etc. held similar viewpoints, believing that “Gold Vase Plum”, infecting people’s pure soul and moral integrity, played an ill impact on young scholars. Shen Defu, Xu Qian, Lin Changyi, etc. even advocated banning and destroying this book, holding that it was parallel with poisonous weeds and wine which would cause endless harm.Since the early Qing Dynasty, the imperial court had never stopped the prohibition and destruction of obscene novels. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 08:08, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

And Qingchuan Lay Buddhist, Shen Hanguang, Li Luyuan, etc. held the similar viewpoints that ''Gold Vase Plum'' infected people’s pure soul and moral integrity and played an ill impact on young scholars,which is very harmful. Shen Defu, Xu Qian, Lin Changyi, etc. even advocated banning and destroying this book, holding that it was parallel with poisonous weeds and wine which would cause endless harm.Since the early Qing Dynasty, the imperial court had never stopped the prohibition and destruction of obscene novels.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:49, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==

仅顺治至嘉庆年间，禁毁次数便超过十次，其中顺治朝一次（顺治九年）、康熙朝六次（康熙二年、二十六年、四十年、四十八年两次、五十三年）、雍正朝一次（雍正二年）、乾隆朝一次（乾隆三年），以及嘉庆朝二次（嘉庆十五年、十八年）等。康熙年间，清廷关于淫词小说的禁毁极其严格，既有法令可依，又有专门管理，惩处明确。如康熙二年议准，规定嗣后若有翻刻琐语淫词，有伤风化者，由科道、督抚查明实情，交部议处。

The obsecene novels had been destroyed for more than ten times just from the Shunzhi Dynasty to the Jiaqing Dynasty.Among them,there was one time in the Shunzhi Dynasty (the 9th year of Shunzhi) , six times in Kangxi Dynasty (the 2nd, 26th,40th,48th and 53rd year of Kangxi),one time in Yongzheng Dynasty(the 2nd year of Yongzheng),one time in Qianlong Dynasty(the 3rd year of Qianlong) and two times in Jiaqing Dynasty(the 15th,18th year of Jiaqing)，ect.During the Kangxi Dynasty,the goveronment was very strict with the prohibition and destruction of obscene novels,which was based on the decrees and was managed specially,and the published was clear.For example,there was an announcement in the 2nd year of Kangxi,which claimed that if there was someone who translated or carved the gossips and obscene words which was destructive to the morals,it would be examined by the department and governor and be submitted to the ministry.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 06:43, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

The obsecene novels have been destroyed and banned for more than ten times just from Shunzhi to Jiaqing years. Among them, there was one time in Shunzhi Dynasty(the 9th year) , six times in Kangxi Dynasty (one time in the 2nd, 26th, 40th and 53rd year, two times in the 48th year), one time in Yongzheng Dynasty(the 2nd year), one time in Qianlong Dynasty(the 3rd year) and two times in Jiaqing Dynasty(the 15th,18th year), etc. During the reign of Kangxi, the goveronment was very strict with the prohibition and destruction of obscene novels, with both laws to follow and special management, as well as the clear punishment. For example, there was an announcement in the 2nd year of Kangxi, which claimed that if someone translated or carved the gossips and obscene words which was harmful to morals, the case would be examined by the supervising officials and governors, then submitted to the ministry. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 15:03, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==

乾隆三年，吏部议定“文禁”条例，对于坊间内小说淫辞，也一并严行禁绝，并根据买卖双方是否具有官方身份给予不同处罚。与此同时，《买看例》、《市卖例》、《禁止邪教不能察辑例》等法令的通过，也给淫词小说的翻刻与兜售等，提供了治罪依据。而以江苏、浙江为代表的地方官府，也相继出台法令，对淫词小说的编次、刊刻、贩卖等一并加以规定，照例治罪。

In the third year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign, Board of Civil Office agreed on the regulation of “prohibition of literature”, and strictly forbade the obscene fictions in the street, giving different punishments according to whether the buyers and sellers had official identities. At the same time, the passage of decrees such as ''Rules of Buying and Reading'', ''Rules of Selling'' and ''Rule of Banning Cults from Collecting'' also provided a criminal basis for the reproduction and peddling of obscene novels. Local governments represented by Jiangsu and Zhejiang also issued decrees one after another, stipulating the compilation, printing and selling of fictions and convicting them according to the rules. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 10:55, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

In the third year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, the Ministry of Civil Affairs agreed on the regulation of "prohibition of literature", and strictly prohibited the fictions in the street, and gave different punishments according to whether the buyers and sellers had official identities. At the same time, the passage of laws such as "Buying and watching", "Selling" and "Banning Cults from Observing and collecting" also provided a criminal basis for the reproduction and peddling of erotic ci novels. Local governments represented by Jiangsu and Zhejiang also issued decrees one after another, stipulating the compilation, printing and selling of fictions with lewd words, as usual--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 08:08, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==

根据上述法令，《金瓶梅》曾多次入列禁毁书单，如《劝毁淫书征信录》、《得一录》中，便均见此书。

二、《金瓶梅》译者考辨

然而，政府法令对淫词小说的禁毁并没有阻绝《金瓶梅》的翻刻与行销。

According to the above decree, "Jin Ping Mei" has been listed on the list of forbidden books, such as "persuade the destruction of obscene books zhengxin Lu", "de Yi Lu", will see this book.
Two, the translation of Jin Ping Mei
However, the prohibition of erotic novels by government decrees did not stop the reproduction and marketing of Jin Ping Mei--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 08:00, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

According to the above laws and regulations, "Jin Ping Mei" has been included in the list of forbidden books for many times, such as persuade the destruction of obscene books zhengxin Lu", "de Yi Lu".
2、 On the translators of Jin Ping Mei
However, the prohibition of pornographic novels by government laws and regulations did not prevent the reproduction and marketing of Jin Ping Mei.--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 12:40, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==

有人说，《金瓶梅》的名声是被“禁”出来的，这种观点是否合理姑且不论，不过《金瓶梅》之所以能有不同版本流传至今，本身就说明其禁毁政策的失败。而且，清代关于《金瓶梅》的禁毁有其虚伪性：一方面，政府对于此书严行禁毁；另一方面，却将其译成满文，供统治阶级自己阅读。正如马丁·吉姆指出的那样，有清一代，汉文小说被译成满文者，至少在七十二种以上，其中便包括《金瓶梅》、《西厢记》、《三国演义》等，这些小说的翻译显然无法离开统治者的支持，或者至少无法离开其默认。

Some people say that the reputation of Jin Ping Mei is from its prohibition. Whether this view is reasonable or not, but the reason why different versions of Jin Ping Mei have been circulated so far shows the failure of its prohibition policy. Moreover, the prohibition and destruction of Jin Ping Mei in the Qing Dynasty had its hypocrisy: on the one hand, the government strictly prohibited the destruction of the book; On the other hand, it was translated into Manchu for the ruling class to read. As Martin Jim pointed out, there were at least 72 kinds of Chinese novels translated into Manchu in the Qing Dynasty, including Jin Ping Mei, The Romance of The West Chamber, The Romance of The Three Kingdoms, etc. Obviously, the translation of these novels could not leave the support of the rulers, or at least its acquiescence.--[[User:Wang Zhenlong|Wang Zhenlong]] ([[User talk:Wang Zhenlong|talk]]) 12:39, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Some people say that the reputation of ''Gold Vase Plum'' is from its prohibition. Whether this view is reasonable or not, the reason why different versions of ''Gold Vase Plum'' have been circulated so far shows the failure of its prohibition policy. Moreover, the prohibition and destruction of ''Gold Vase Plum'' in the Qing Dynasty had its hypocrisy: On the one hand, the government strictly prohibited the destruction of the book; On the other hand, it was translated into Manchu for the ruling class to read. As Martin Jim pointed out, there were at least 72 kinds of Chinese novels translated into Manchu in the Qing Dynasty, including ''Gold Vase Plum'', ''The Romance of The West Chamber'', ''The Romance of The Three Kingdoms'', etc. Obviously, the translation of these novels could not leave the support of the rulers, or at least its tacitly approval. --[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 02:30, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==

除《三国演义》（1650年刊印）之外，满译本《金瓶梅》是清初唯一得到刊印的汉文小说。由于译文自然流畅，对于生活的描述真实贴切，该译本被公认为满语文学的杰出代表之一。然而，《金瓶梅》的满文翻译究竟源自什么样的背景，其通行译本的底本究竟是哪种版本或刻本，该译本到底有几个译者，以及该译本为何能在禁令颁行之后的短短数年之内便能刊行于世等，皆存疑问与争议。

Besides ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' (composed and printed in 1650), Manchu translation of ''Gold Vase Plum'' was the only composed and printed Chinese novel in the early Qing Dynasty. Because of the natural and frequent translation as well as real and proper description of life, this kind of version was widely acknowledged as one of the outstanding representatives of Manchu literature. However, it was still doubtful and controversial about the background of the Manchu translation of ''Gold Vase Plum'', how many translators it had, and why it was composed and printed soon after the bans were published. --[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 12:29, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

Besides ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' (printed in 1650), the Manchu translation of ''The Golden Lotus'' is the only Chinese novel that got printed in the early Qing Dynasty. Because of the natural and fluent translation as well as the real and proper description of life, this translation is widely acknowledged as one of the outstanding representatives of Manchu literature. However, there are still doubts and controversy about these questions：What is the background of the Manchu translation of ''The Golden Lotus''? Which version is the original source for the translation? How many translators does the translation have? Why the translation was printed soon after it was banned?--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 03:16, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==

根据昭梿在《啸亭续录》中的说法，《金瓶梅》的满文翻译系出自户曹郎中和素之手，后者谙习清文，兼通汉文，他所翻译的汉文书籍达到了绝精的程度，而《西厢记》、《金瓶梅》等书的译本也是“疏栉字句，咸中綮（qǐ）肯”，人人争相诵读。和素为满洲镶黄旗人士，曾充任皇子师傅和翻书房总裁，系顺治年间满文翻译家阿什坦次子。作为满洲汉书翻译事业高潮中的重要人物，和素一生著译甚多，其中有名者如《左传》、《菜根谭》、《黄石公素经》等，而相传《金瓶梅》亦出自其手，主要原因有二。

According to the content of Zhaolian' s ''Continuation of Xiaoting'', the Manchu translation of ''The Golden Lotus'' was made by Hesu who was the chief official in Hucao. Hesu not only mastered Manchu language but also possessed the knowledge of Chinese. His translation of Chinese books attained a really high level. His translations of ''Romance of the Western Chamber'' and ''The Golden Lotus'' were so faithful that people read them competitively. Hesu, who was from Bordered Yellow Banner in Manchuria, once took the official position of teacher for royal children and president of Fanshu house. In addition, he was the little son of Ashtan who was a Manchu translator in Shunzhi years. As an important figure in the climax of the cause of translating Chinese books in Manchuria, Hesu translated a lot of books including famous works such as ''Legend of Spring and Autumn Century by Zuo Qiuming''，''Roots of Wisdom'', ''Huang Shigong Scripture'' and so on. It is said that the translation of ''The Golden Lotus'' was also made by him. Here are two main reasons.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 02:03, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

According to the statements in Zhaolian' s ''Continuation of Xiaoting'', ''The Golden Lotus'' in Manchu was translated by Hesu who was the official office in charge of people's households, ancestral temples, agriculture, mulberry and also was the chief imperial chamberlain. Hesu was not only skilful at the Qing language but also proficient in Chinese. His translation of Chinese books has reached the point of absolute perfection. Besides, in his translations of ''The Romance of Western Chamber'' and ''The Golden Lotus'', he also trimmed the words, sentences and got to the main point so that everyone strived to read and recite these works. Hesu, a Bordered Yellow Banner in Manchu, was once in the position of the master of the emperor's son and the president of the Translation Study. In addition, he was the second son of Ashtan who was a Manchu translator during the years of Shunzhi. As an important figure of the climax in the course of translating Chinese books into Manchu, Hesu translated a great number of books including some famous works such as ''Zuozhuan''，''Tan Roots'', ''Huangshi Gongsu Meridian'' and so on. What's more, it was said ''The Golden Lotus'' was also translated by him. There were two main reasons.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 03:04, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==

其一，便是和素兼通满、汉，其本人确系康熙朝的著名翻译家，曾亲自组织、参与诸多汉籍的翻译；其二，如上述昭梿的《啸亭续录》一样，清初档案文献中确有不少将满译《金瓶梅》归于和素者。《啸亭杂录》和《清稗类钞》中，也称赞和素翻译的《金瓶梅》和《西厢记》等“极其出色”。然而，也有持论不同者。如《批本随园诗话》“批语”中说：“翻译《金瓶梅》，即出徐蝶园手。”

Firstly, it was because Hesu was proficient in both Manchu and Chinese, he himself was indeed a famous translator of the Kangxi Dynasty. Besides, he has personally organized and participated in the translation of many Chinese books. Secondly, just like Zhaolian’s ''Continuation of Xiaoting'' above, in the archives and documents of the early Qing Dynasty, quite a few people owed the translation of ''The Golden Lotus'' in Manchu to Hesu. In ''Miscellaneous Records of Xiaoting'' and ''Clean Barnyard Class Notes'', the author also praised Hesu’s translations of ''The Golden Lotus'' and ''Romance of the Western Chamber'' as “excellent”. However, there were people who held different views. Like the “remarks” in ''Essays of Suiyuan on Poetry'' which said that ''The Golden Lotus'' was translated by Xu Dieyuan.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 06:44, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

First of all, it was because Hesu was proficient in both Manchu and Chinese, and at the same time participated in lots of translations. He himself was indeed a famous translator of the Kangxi Dynasty. Besides, he has personally organized and participated in the translation of many Chinese books. Secondly, just like Zhaolian’s ''Continuation of Xiaoting'' above, in the archives and documents of the early Qing Dynasty, quite a few people owed the translation of ''The Golden Lotus'' in Manchu to Hesu. In ''Miscellaneous Records of Xiaoting'' and ''Clean Barnyard Class Notes'', the author also praised Hesu’s translations of ''The Golden Lotus'' and ''Romance of the Western Chamber'' as “excellent”. However, there were people who held different ideas. Like the “remarks” in ''Essays of Suiyuan on Poetry'' which said that the translator of ''The Golden Lotus'' was Xu Dieyuan.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 11:43, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==

徐蝶园即徐元梦，满洲正白旗人，康熙朝重臣，康熙十二年进士，选授庶吉士，先后于雍正、乾隆两朝充任《明史》总裁，以及《清世宗实录》副总裁。徐蝶园精研满汉文，曾于康熙年间署大学士，充起居注讲官，但正史中对于徐氏的译书活动记载较少，而且往往语焉不详，因此难以判断其译者身份。叶德均在《戏曲小说丛考》中，也援引伍子舒（闽浙总督伍拉纳之子）所撰《随园诗话》点校本中的说法，指出《金瓶梅》的满文译者即是徐蝶园，但这一观点始终不如前一种通行。

Xu Dieyuan was Xu Yuanmeng, a native of the Manchu flag, a high-ranking official of Kangxi, and was Scholars in the twelfth year of Kangxi. He was appointed the president of the ''Ming Dynasty'' in Yongzheng and Qianlong and the vice president of the ''Records of the Qing Dynasty''. Xu Dieyuan studied Chinese literature. He worked as a college scholar during the reign of Kangxi and made charge of daily life. However, the translation activities of Xu in official history are few, and often vague, so it is difficult to judge the identity of the translator. In the ''Cong Examination of Opera Novels'', Ye Dejun also quoted Wu Zishu (the son of Wu Lana, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang) in the ''Poetry of the Garden'', pointing out that the Manchu translator of ''The Golden Lotus'' is Xu Dieyuan, but this view is always not as popular as the previous one. --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 11:44, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
Xu dieyuan, namely Xu Yuanmeng, a native of Manchuria's Zhengbai banner, was an important Minister of the Kangxi Dynasty. He was elected as a scholar in the 12th year of the Kangxi Dynasty and was awarded to Shu Jishi. He successively served as president of the history of the Ming Dynasty and vice president of the records of emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty in the Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties. Xu dieyuan is a master of Chinese. He once served as a bachelor and a lecturer during the reign of Kangxi. However, there are few records of Xu's book translation activities in official history, and they are often vague, so it is difficult to judge his translator's identity. Ye Dejun also quoted the view in the school edition of Suiyuan poetry written by Wu Zishu (the son of Wu Lana, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang) in his collection of opera novels, pointing out that the Manchu translator of Jin Ping Mei is Xu dieyuan, but this view is not as popular as the former.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 12:07, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==

徐蝶园晚年的确参与过翻译之事，但满译本《金瓶梅·序》的署理日期为康熙四十八年，而徐蝶园此前曾经两度被诏罪入狱，因而由他翻译此书，条件上似乎不大成立。而且，徐蝶园虽然精研满汉双语，但其中年后精研理学，这一点与《金瓶梅》的题材内容和思想旨趣，以及序言中对于该书的积极评价等，也不尽符合。与此同时，更有认为满译本《金瓶梅》系出自皇族成员者，这种观点主要见于西方学者，又分成两派。
Xu dieyuan did participate in translation in his later years, but the acting date of the Manchu translation of Jin Ping Mei · preface is the 48th year of Kangxi. Xu dieyuan had been jailed for imperial edicts twice before, so it seems that the conditions for him to translate the book are not tenable. Moreover, although Xu dieyuan studied both Manchu and Chinese, he studied Neo Confucianism in his middle age, which is not consistent with the theme, content and ideological purport of Jin Ping Mei, as well as the positive evaluation of the book in the preface. At the same time, it is also believed that the Manchu version of Jin Ping Mei comes from members of the royal family. This view is mainly seen in western scholars and divided into two schools.

Xu Dieyuan did participate in the translation in his later years, but the full translation of Jin Ping Mei · Preface was written in the 48th year of The Kangxi Dynasty, and Xu Dieyuan had been sentenced to prison twice before, so it seems unlikely that he could translate this book. Moreover, although Xu Dieyuan concentrates on studying Both Manchu and Chinese, he concentrates on neo-confucianism in the second half of the year, which is not in accordance with the subject matter and ideological purview of Jin Ping Mei, as well as the positive evaluation of the book in the preface. At the same time, there are more people who believe that the full version of Jin Ping Mei is from the royal family, which is mainly seen in western scholars and divided into two schools.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 12:39, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==

其中，一派认为是出自康熙皇帝的兄弟，如黎马苏（1833：182-183）、克拉普罗特（1633：61）、怀利（1855：XLIII）、加伯连茨（1862：543）、圣德尼斯和赫维侯爵（1894：17）、格鲁伯（1909：431）、劳弗尔（1908：32）、耶格尔（1935：539），以及鲍威尔（1974：1940-1941）等；另一派则认为是出自乾隆皇帝的某个兄弟，如加伯连茨（1879：171）、格列宾西科夫（1879：171）、莫连道尔夫（1890：235）、扎查（1905：130），以及李福廷和西蒙诺夫（1981：259）等。上述两派观点多次出现在欧洲的文学作品中，但二者都缺乏史料考证，至少未能获得中国学界的重视与认可。

Among them, one group attributed it to the brothers of Kangxi Emperor, such as Li Masu (1833:182-183), Clavprot (1633:61), Wylie (1855: XLIII), Gabelenz (1862:543), Saint Denis and the Marquis of Herve (1894:17), Gruberb (1909:431), Lauffer (1908:32), Yeager (1935:539), and Powell (1974:1940 -- 1941); while the other attributed it to the brothers of the Qianlong Emperor, such as Gabrenz (1879:171), Grebinshikov (1879:171), Mollendolf (1890:235), Zacha (195:130), and Li Futing and Simonov (1981:259).These two different viewpoints have appeared many times in European literary works, but both of them lacked historical evidence which failed to win the attention and recognition of Chinese scholars.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 12:11, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

Among them, one group thought it was from the brothers of Kangxi Emperor, such as Li Masu (1833:182-183), Clavprot (1633:61), Wylie (1855: XLIII), Gabelenz (1862:543), Saint Denis and the Marquis of Herve (1894:17), Gruberb (1909:431), Lauffer (1908:32), Yeager (1935:539), and Powell (1974:1940 -- 1941); while the other thought it was from one of the brothers of the Qianlong Emperor, such as Gabrenz (1879:171), Grebinshikov (1879:171), Mollendolf (1890:235), Zacha (195:130), and Li Futing and Simonov (1981:259).These two different viewpoints have appeared many times in European literary works, but both of them lacked historical evidence which failed to win the attention and recognition of Chinese scholars.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 00:38, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==

考虑到康、雍以来的历代君主对于淫词小说一直采取禁毁态度，而在此情形下竟有皇族成员翻译《金瓶梅》这样的禁毁小说，其荒唐之程度，难以想象。但不论实际情形如何，《金瓶梅》最终还是译成付梓，这一事实只能说明两点：其一，清代的所谓书禁或禁译只是针对民间，对统治者尤其是君主而言则可能是“无禁”；其二，翻书房的设立固然是为了翻译汉族经典和汉文书籍，但也不能排除翻译禁毁书籍，专供皇帝御览。总之，《金瓶梅》的满文翻译与刊刻，不可能游走在政府禁令之外，而不得到政治力的审查、默认或者首肯。

Considering that the monarchs of Qing dynasties since Kangxi and Qianlong have always adopted the attitude of banning and destroying pornographic novels, and in this case, it is unimaginable that royal family members translate forbidden novels such as The Golden Lotus. However, regardless of the actual situation, the fact that The Golden Lotus was finally translated and published can only explain two points: firstly, the so-called prohibition of some books or translation in the Qing Dynasty was only aimed at the folk, and it may be "no prohibition" for the rulers, especially the monarchs; Secondly, although the establishment of the translation study is to translate Han classics and Chinese books, it can not rule out the prohibition of the translation of books for the emperor's viewing. In a word, the Manchu translation and publication of The Golden Lotus can not walk outside the government ban without political review, acquiescence or approval.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 13:26, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

Considering that the monarchs of Qing dynasties since Kangxi and Qianlong have always adopted the attitude of banning and destroying pornographic novels, and in this case, it is unimaginable that royal family members translate forbidden novels such as The Golden Lotus. However, regardless of the actual situation, the fact that The Golden Lotus was finally translated and published can only explain two points: firstly, the so-called prohibition of some books or translation in the Qing Dynasty was only aimed at the folk, and it may be "no prohibition" for the rulers, especially the monarchs; Secondly, although the establishment of the translation study is to translate Han classics and Chinese books, it can not rule out the prohibition of the translation of books for the emperor's viewing. In a word, the Manchu translation and publication of The Golden Lotus can not walk outside the government ban without political review, acquiescence or approval.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 11:09, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==

特别是在康熙朝以后皇权至上的集权政治中，离开了最高统治者的支持，任何汉籍的翻译恐怕都无法成行。事实上，虽然淫词小说的禁毁乃是清代长期的文化政策，但政府在推进、执行这一政策的过程中，也存在不作为或者消极作为的情况。正如余治在《得一录》中所说，清廷对于淫词戏曲，虽有禁毁之条，而当政者中视其为一纸空文，坐视不管者，亦大有人在。

Especially in the centralized politics where imperial power reigned supreme after the Kangxi dynasty, I am afraid that no translation of Chinese books could be made possible without the support of the supreme ruler. In fact, although the prohibition of obscene novels was a long-standing cultural policy of the Qing Dynasty, there were cases of government inaction or passive action in promoting and implementing this policy. As Yu Zhizhi says in "The Record of the First", although the Qing court had a prohibition on the destruction of obscene words and operas, there were many people in power who regarded it as a piece of paper and sat on it.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 11:07, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

Especially in the centralized politics where imperial power reigned supreme after the Kangxi’s reign, I am afraid that no translation of Chinese works could be come out without the support of the supreme ruler. In fact, although the prohibition of obscene novels was a long-standing cultural policy of the Qing Dynasty, there were cases of government inaction or passive action in promoting and implementing this policy. As Yu Zhi says in "The Record of the First", although the Qing court had a prohibition on the destruction of obscene poems and operas, there were many people in power who regarded it as a piece of paper and sat by and did nothing.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 07:11, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==

乾隆三年，朝廷在颁布禁毁之令时，即关注到了地方官府执行不力的情况，认为这是导致禁毁失败的主要原因。而政府的消极作为主要来自两方面的原因，其一是所谓“人情”，即人之本性，其二是小说本身的应世性，即有助于市民在长期遭受禁欲主义后宣泄情绪。正是由于人心、人情难禁，因而《金瓶梅》的翻译与刊刻便有了生存空间。

In the third year of Qianlong’s reign, the court issued the restraining order and noticed the inefficiency of local governments, which was believed as the main cause of failure. The government’s working inefficiency resulted from two reasons. One was “renqing” which is human nature. The other was the practicality of novel, which did help citizens alleviate pressure after being depressed for a long time. It was human nature that made the translation and publication of “The plum in the Golden Vase” possible.

In the third year of Qianlong’s reign, the court issued the restraining order and noticed the inefficiency of local governments which was believed as the main cause of failure. The government’s working inefficiency resulted from two reasons. One was “RenQing” which is represent human nature. The other was the practicality of novel, which did help citizens alleviate pressure after being depressed for a long time. It was human nature that made the translation and publication of ''The plum in the Golden Vase'' has room for survival.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 11:50, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==

正如王汝梅先生所说，康熙年间政府一再严谨淫词小说，而以满文翻译《金瓶梅》，其工程可谓浩大，因而该书的翻译不可能只是民间行为。恰恰相反，《金瓶梅》的翻译势必是得到了康熙帝御准的，由翻书房具体策划和实施的“计划内工程”。《金瓶梅》的满文译本成书于康熙四十七年，全书共计四十卷一百回，其存本与抄本被分别收藏于国家图书馆、中央民族大学图书馆、中国社科院民族研究所、北京民族文化宫、大连图书馆、吉林大学图书馆，并另有赵则诚先生藏本一部。

As Mr. Wang Rumei said, during the Kangxi period, the government repeatedly banned pornographic novels, and the task of translating Jin Ping Mei into Manchu was huge. Therefore, the translation of jin Ping Mei could not be just a folk act. On the contrary, the translation of Jin Ping Mei must have been approved by Emperor Kangxi and specifically planned and implemented by Fanshufang. The Manchu translation of Jin Ping Mei was completed in the 47th year of Kangxi, with a total of 40 volumes and 100 chapters. Its deposits and transcripts are collected in the National Library, the Central University for Nationalities Library, the Institute of Ethnic Studies of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing National Culture Palace, Dalian Library, and Jilin University Library, and one copy in the collection of Mr. Zhao Zecheng.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 06:20, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

As Mr. Wang Rumei said, during the Kangxi period, the government repeatedly banned pornographic novels, and the task of translating ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' into Manchu was huge. Therefore, the translation of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' could not be just completed by the folks. On the contrary, it must have been approved by Emperor Kangxi and specifically planned and implemented by Translation Office. The Manchu translation of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' was completed in the 47th year of Kangxi, with a total of 40 volumes and 100 chapters. Its deposits and transcripts are collected in the National Library, the Central University for Nationalities Library, the Institute of Ethnic Studies of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing National Culture Palace, Dalian Library, and Jilin University Library, and one copy in the collection of Mr. Zhao Zecheng.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 03:41, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==

上述藏本中，既有刊本，又有抄本，其中多数又为残本。如前所述，关于《金瓶梅》满文译本到底出自何人之手，学界长期存在争议，其中原因无疑与译本序言中并未明确译者姓名有关。同时，译本序言本身又缺乏作者，使得译本的归属如同原著的作者一样更加扑素迷离。

Among the above collections, there are both printed and copied edition, most of which are fragmentary. As mentioned above, there has been a long-standing controversy in the academic circles about who wrote the Manchu translation of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'', which is undoubtedly related to the fact that the name of the translator is not clear in the preface of the translation. At the same time, the preface itself lacks the author, which makes the ownership of the translation more blurred like the author of the original.

which is undoubtedly connected with the fact that the name of the translator is not clear in the preface of the translation.
--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 12:48, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==

虽然如此，一般仍认为和素即是该书的译者，一则是因为昭梿的《啸亭杂录》和《啸亭续录》中均提及此事，且昭梿本人又是皇族之后，其所言所记当属可信。另一方面，康熙四十七年，和素曾奉敕纂成《清文鉴》一书，而《金瓶梅》的满文译本刊印于康熙四十五年，其序言的刊行时间则与《清文鉴》的成书时间相同，二者的编纂和翻译时间相距较短，期间必有关联。王汝梅先生在和候忠义先生合编《金瓶梅资料汇编》一书时，曾经从赵则诚先生处借得满文本《金瓶梅》，并请刘厚生先生将满文序文译成汉语，认为该序言表明译者即是和素。

However, it is still generally believed that He Su was the translator of the book, partly because Zhaofan's "Xiao Ting Miscellaneous Records " and "Xiao Ting Miscellaneous Records·Sequel" are mentioned in this matter, and Zhaofan himself is a descendant of the royal family, what he said should be credible. On the other hand, in the 47th year of the Kangxi dynasty, He Su was ordered by the Emperor to write the ''Imperial Code of Qing Wen Jian'', and the Manchu version of Jin Ping Mei was published in the 45th year of the Kangxi dynasty. The publishing time of its preface was the same as that of the ''Imperial Code of Qing Wen Jian''. The compilation and translation time of the two is relatively short, so there must be a correlation between them. When Mr. Wang Rumei and Mr. Hou Zhongyi were co-editing the ''Jin Ping Mei Data Collection'', he borrowed the full text of ''Jin Ping Mei'' from Mr. Zhao Zecheng and asked Mr. Liu Housheng to translate the Manchu preface into Chinese, believing that the preface indicated that the translator was He Su.
--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 08:31, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

Nevertheless, it is generally believed that Hesu is the translator of the book. On the one hand, it is mentioned in Zhaohe's miscellaneous records of Xiaoting and continuation of Xiaoting, and after Zhaohe himself is a royal family, his words and records are credible. On the other hand, in the 47th year of Kangxi, Hesu was compiled into qingwenjian by imperial edict, while the Manchu translation of Jin Ping Mei was published in the 45th year of Kangxi. The publication time of its preface is the same as that of qingwenjian. The compilation and translation time between them is short, and the period must be related. When Mr. Wang Rumei and Mr. Hou Zhongyi jointly compiled the compilation of Jin Ping Mei materials, he once borrowed the full text of Jin Ping Mei from Mr. Zhao Zecheng and asked Mr. Liu housheng to translate the Manchu preface into Chinese. He believed that the preface showed that the translator was a harmony element.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 07:09, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==

但满文本《金瓶梅》序言中，介绍的主要是该书的故事梗概，明确指出了该书的劝戒之意，并有“是以令其译之”，以及“余趁闲暇之时作了修订”等语，但由于序言本身缺乏作者，因而此处所说的“其”（即译者）系指谁，且该译者又是受“令”于谁等，皆成疑问。然而，满文本《金瓶梅》确系译自崇祯本《金瓶梅词话》，同时参照了张竹坡的《金瓶梅》点评本，这一点已成共识。众所周知，张评本《金瓶梅》刊刻于康熙三十四年，其底本同样是崇祯本《金瓶梅词话》，而满译本《金瓶梅》成书于康熙四十五年，前后相距十三年。

However, the preface of the Manchu text ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' mainly introduces the story outline of the book, It clearly points out the meaning of the book's admonition, and has the words "to make it translated" and "I revised it in my spare time". But due to the lack of author in the preamble, It is doubtful who is the "Qi" (the translator) refers to here, and whose "command" the translator has received. However, the Manchu text ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' is indeed translated from Chongzhen's ''Jin Ping Mei CI Hua'', and also refers to Zhang Zhupo's comment on ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'', which has become a consensus. As we all know, Zhang Ping's ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' was published and engraved in the 34th year of Kangxi, and its base copy is also Chongzhen's ''Jin Ping Mei CI Hua'', while the Manchu translation of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' was completed in the 45th year of Kangxi, 13 years apart.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 02:31, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

However, the preface of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' in the Manchu translation mainly introduces the outline of the book, explicitly points out that the meaning of the book's admonition and that has the words "to make it translated" and "to revise it in spare time". But due to the lack of author in the preface, It is doubtful who is the translator in it, and whom "command" the translator. However, However, it has become a consensus that the Manchu version of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' is indeed translated from Chongzhen edition of ''Ci hua of Jin Ping Mei'', with reference to zhang Zhupo's commentary edition of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase''. As is known to all, Zhang's ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' was printed in the 34th year of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi, and its original version is also the Edition of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' in the period of Emperor Chongzhen, while the Manchu version of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' was completed in the 45th year of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi, 13 years apart.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 12:17, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==

在此期间，虽然该书的满文翻译到底缘起于何时，仍不得而知，但考虑到译者对于底本的比堪与研究，其翻译的过程势必绵长。三、《金瓶梅》翻译中的意识形态审查。不同于《三国演义》中“文不甚深，言不甚俗”的语言特点，《金瓶梅》中充斥着大量情色描写。

During this period, although the exact origin of the Manchu translation of this book remains to be find, considering the translator’s comparison and research on the original, the process of translation is bound to be long. Third, the ideological review in the translation of ''The Plum in the Golden Vase''. Different from ''the Romance of The Three Kingdoms'', in which the writing is not too abstruse and the words are not vulgar, ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'' is flooded with erotic descriptions.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 02:39, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

During this period, although the exact time of the Manchu translation of "The Plum in the Golden Vase" is still unknown, considering the translator's comparison and research on the original text, the translation process is bound to be a long period. Third, The ideological review in the translation of "The Plum in the Golden Vase". Different from the linguistic characteristics of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", in which the writing is not too abstruse and the words are not vulgar", "The Plum in the Golden Vase" is full of erotic descriptions., --[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 01:47, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==

同时，虽然《金瓶梅》的满文译本最终成书于康熙年间，但统治者对于此书的翻译讳莫如深，这一点也明显不同于《清实录》等文献中关于清初诸帝好读《三国演义》，并敕译此书的历史现实。态度上的前后转变，其中必有起因。正如丁原基在《清代康雍乾三朝禁书原因之研究》中所说，清代各朝之所以频兴文字狱，其中原因虽不尽相同，但亦必有之。例如，康熙初年，明朝遗老怀故国之思者甚多，其所撰作品自然入禁毁之列。

At the same time, although the Manchu translation of "The Plum in the Golden Vase" was finally written in the Kangxi period, the rulers were extremely reticent about the translation of this book. It is also obviously different from the fact stated in "Factual Record of Qing Dynasty" and other documents that the rulers in the early Qing Dynasty were fond of reading "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and they ordered their ministers to translate the historical reality of this book. There must be a cause for the change in attitude. As Ding Yuanji said in "Research on the Reasons for the Officially Banned Books in the Three Periods of Kang, Yong and Qian in Qing Dynasty", the reasons for the frequent rise of literary inquisition in various periods of Qing Dynasty were a little bit different, but still there were some reasons behind it. For example, in the early years of Kangxi, there were many old adherents of the Ming dynasty who missed their country.As a result, their works were forbidden and destroyed.--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 01:31, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

At the same time, although the Manchu translation of "The Plum in the Golden Vase" was finally completed in the Kangxi period, the rulers were extremely reticent about the translation of this book,which is also obviously different from the fact stated in "Factual Record of Qing Dynasty" and other documents that the rulers in the early Qing Dynasty were fond of reading "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and they ordered their ministers to translate the historical reality of this book. There must be a cause for the change in attitude. As Ding Yuanji said in "Research on the Reasons for the Officially Banned Books in the Three Periods of Kang, Yong and Qian in Qing Dynasty", the reasons for the high frequency of literary inquisition in various periods of Qing Dynasty were a little bit different, but still there were some reasons behind it. For example, in the early years of Kangxi, there were many old adherents of the Ming dynasty who missed their country.As a result, their works were forbidden and destroyed.--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 02:43, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==

康熙仙逝，雍正得其帝位，然而由于朝野疑窦重重，政权未稳，朝廷对于舆论也倍加留心。乾隆年间，虽然朝廷奉敕开设四库馆，博取奖励学术的美名，但禁书之苛刻同样无出其右。如康熙朝初期，由于圣祖表彰理学，故而御纂朱子全书，以及群经性理诸编。

Kangxi passed away and Yongzheng won his throne. However, due to the doubts of the royal court and the instability of his regime, the court paid more attention to public opinion. During the period of Qianlong, although the royal court set up Four Storehouses, which won the reputation of rewarding scholarship, the harshness of banned books was also unparalleled. For example, in the early period of the Kangxi, because Kangxi commended Neo-Confucianism, Qianlong ordered to compile the complete books of Zhu Zi and the Confucian classics.--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 12:53, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

Kangxi passed away and Yongzheng succeeded to the throne. However, due to the doubts of the royal court and the instability of his regime, the court paid more attention to public opinions. During the reign of Qianlong, although the royal court set up Four Storehouses, which won the reputation of rewarding scholarship, the harshness of banned books was still incomparable. For example, in the early period of Kangxi Dynasty, the emperor ordered to compile the complete books of Zhu Zi and the Confucian classics because the founding emperor commended Neo-Confucianism.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 03:26, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==

康熙二十五年，上谕礼部及翰林院，指出经学史乘务必以“修齐治平，助成德化者方为有用”，而“有乖经术，异端邪说”，则概不准录。即是在此背景下，南怀仁的《穷理学》译本因为实属“诡言邪说”、“语既不经”，也遭到禁毁。此次遭到禁毁的《穷理学》二书译成于康熙二十二年，共六十卷，由南怀仁于同年八月进呈御览。

In the 25th year of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi,the Ministry of Rites and Literati House have been ordered that Confucian classics and books about official history "cannot be called useful unless they are for the purpose of improving self-cultivation and governance of country and helping people to become virtuous"; "those deviated from Confucian classics and those heresies" will not be embodied. It was in such an background that the translation of "Philosophy of pursuing truth" by Nan Huairen was banned and destroyed because it was regarded as "paradoxical, heretical and unorthodox". The books of "Philosophy of pursuing truth" which were banned and destroyed had been translated in the 26th year of the reign of Kangxi Dynasty,consisting of 60 volumes, which Nan Huairen submitted to the imperial review in August of the same year.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 03:02, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

In the 25th year of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi,the Ministry of Rites and Literati House have been ordered that the Confucian classics and historical books "must be useful for the purpose of improving self-cultivation, of the stable governance of country and of helping people to be virtuous"; "those deviated from Confucian classics and those heresies" can not be included. It was exactly in such background that the translation of "Philosophy of pursuing truth" by Nan Huairen was banned and destroyed for it was regarded as "paradoxical, heretical and unorthodox". The two books of "Philosophy of pursuing truth" banned and destroyed were translated in the 26th year of the reign of Kangxi Dynasty,consisting of 60 volumes, which Nan Huairen later submitted to the imperial review in august of the same year.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 14:16, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==

所谓《穷理学》，用徐宗泽的话说，便是“论理学”，该书或译自亚里士多德哲学中的某一部分，或续译傅汎际（Francois Furtado）、李之藻合译的《名理探》。南怀仁在进呈此书译本的奏折中指出：进穷理学之书，以明历理，以广开百学之门，永垂万世事。窃惟治历明时，为帝王之首务；今我皇上治历明时，超越百代，如太阳之光，超越诸星之光。
The so-called ''Qiongli Xue'' is considered “views about science ” in Xu Zongze's opinion. The book Qiongli Xue is either translated from a certain part of Aristotle's philosophy, or a continuation of the translation of "Ming Li Tan" by Francois Furtado and Li Zhizao. Nan Huairen pointed out in the memorial to the translation of this book: By the thorough studying of the books of science, from the understanding of all the science theory in the past, with the establishment of every subject, to the reigning in forever time. Maintaining the stability of society is emperor's first task. Now our reignment is stable and prosperous, no dynasty else could compete, as every star dims before the glory of great sun.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 13:59, 6 November 2021 (UTC)

The so-called "QiongLiXue ", in the words of Xu Zongze, is the "theory of science", the book is either translated from a part of Aristotle's philosophy, or continue to translate the translation of Francois Furtado, Li Zhizao's translation of the "name and theory of exploration". Nan Huairen in the submission of the translation of this book, pointed out: into the book of poor science, in order to understand the calendar, in order to widely open the door of a hundred studies, eternal things. The emperor's first task is to rule the calendar and to understand the time; now our emperor rules the calendar and understands the time, beyond a hundred generations, like the light of the sun, beyond the light of the stars.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 12:44, 7 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==

然盖历法有属法之数，有立法之理，设惟有其法之数，而无其法之理，即如人惟有形体，而无灵性，亦如诸天惟有定所，而无运动之照临焉。夫历理为诸星恒动定规之所由，如泉源为水流之之所自也。……今我皇上之治历，已为全备，其书则有永年历表，有灵台仪象志，有诸历之理指一百五十余卷。

However, the calendar has the number and theory of the law. If there is only the number of the law, but don’t have the theory, that is, as a person only has a body without spirituality, and as the sky only has a fixed place, but no movement of the illumination. The calendar for the constant movement as the stars move the rules of the origin, or as the water flow from the source...Nowadays, our emperor's calendar has been fully prepared, and its books include the calendar of eternal years, the spiritual platform, and more than one hundred and fifty volumes of the calendar.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 07:22, 3 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

However, the calendar has both the number and theory of the law. If there is only the number of the law, but don’t have the theory, that is, as if a person only has a body without spirituality, and as if the sky only has a fixed place, but no movement of the illumination. The design for calendar is because of the constant movement of the stars, just as the water flow from the source...Nowadays, our emperor's calendar has been fully prepared, and its books include the calendar of eternal years, the spiritual platform, and more than one hundred and fifty volumes of the calendar.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 08:34, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==

历典光明，可谓极矣。然臣犹有请者，非为加历理之内光，惟加历理之外光，将所载诸书之历理，开穷理之学，以发明之，使习历者知其数，并知其理，而后其光发见于外也。《穷理学》虽然翻译了亚里士多德的演绎推理等理论，但它也翻译了古希腊的自然哲学内容，以及近代西方的科学知识，因而并非专门的逻辑学译著。

The compilation of the calendar has reached its peak in this dynasty. However, I still have something to present, not aiming to complement the calendar but to further promote it. I will record books on calendar theory and create a study of calendar theory, so as to create new methods on it, so that people who study calendar can know the number of calendar and its principle, and then carry forward the calendar.
Although ''Thorough Iquiry into Physics'' translated Aristotle's theories like deductive reasoning, it also translated the natural philosophy of ancient Greece and modern western scientific knowledge, so it is not a special translation for logic.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 02:24, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

The grandness of the compilation of the calendar is unparalled. However, I still have something to present, aiming not to complement the calendar but to further promote it. I will record books on calendar theory and create a study of it, so that people who study calendar can know both the number and principles of the calender, and then carry it forward .
Although the translation of Aristotle's theories like deductive reasoning were included in ''Thorough Inquiry into Physics'', so were the natural philosophy of ancient Greece and modern western scientific knowledge. Therefore it is by no means a mere translation for logic.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 01:43, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==

《影响中国近代社会的一百种译著》中，曾有人将《穷理学》看作《名理探》的补译，认为南怀仁翻译此书，只是为了证明“目的论”这一经院哲学中的基本概念，这一观点显然值得商榷。《穷理学》译本中，固然摄入了逻辑学、方法论等形而上学的内容，但同时也摄入了力学、数学等自然科学知识。上文中，南怀仁借进呈《穷理学》译本之际，极力宣陈修历的重要性，并将“穷理学”看作“百学之宗”，认为它有如砺石，可以之试真；有如蘑堪，可以之订非；有如眼目，可以之明悟。

In the book ''One Hundred Translations that influenced Modern Chinese Society'', some people viewed ''Thorough Inquiry into Physics'' as a supplementary translation of ''Dialectic'', and that Nan Huairen's purpose of translating the book was to prove Skopos Theory, a basic concept in Scholasticism, which is obviously worth discussing. It's true that contents of metaphysics like logic and methodology were included in the translation of ''Thorough Inquiry into Physics'' ,but so were knowledge of natural sciences like mechanics and mathematics alike. In the above article, Nan Huairen made an utmost effort to claim the importance of revising calendar. He regarded ''Thorough Inquiry into Physics'' as " the center of one hundred schools" ,which is like a burr that could distinguish the genuine from the fake, an exam that could tell problems and the eyes that could see things through.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 00:54, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

In ''One Hundred Translations that influenced Modern Chinese Society'', some people regarded ''Thorough Inquiry into Physics'' as a supplementary translation of ''Dialectic'', and that Nan Huairen's purpose of translating the book was to prove Skopos Theory, a basic concept in Scholasticism, which is obviously worth discussing. It's true that the contents of metaphysics like logic and methodology were included in the translation of ''Thorough Inquiry into Physics'' ,but so were knowledge of natural sciences like mechanics and mathematics alike. Above the content, Nan Huairen made an great effort to stress the importance of revising calendar and regarded ''Thorough Inquiry into Physics'' as " the center of one hundred schools" ,which is like a burr that could distinguish the genuine from the fake, an exam that could correct wrongs and the eyes that could see through things.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 12:37, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==

概言之，便是“诸学之首需者”。康熙二十二年，《穷理学》完成编译，同年八月二十六日进呈康熙皇帝。康熙帝御览此书后，曾降旨礼部和翰林院，敕令其“会同详看议奏”，但士大夫们经过议复之后，不少人对此抱持异议，其中甚至有强烈抵触者，因而康熙帝只能将此书译本退还南怀仁。

In a word, what is needed is what should be learning first. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi, the complication of ''Through Inquiry into Physics'' was finished and submitted to the Emperor Kangxi on the August 26th the same year. After reading this book, the Emperor Kangxi had ordered the Ministry of Rites and the Imperial Academy to gather to read and discuss in detail. But after the discussion of scholar-bureaucrats, many people agreed, even some of them had strong resistance about it. Therefore, the Emperor Kangxi had to return this complication to Nan Huairen.

In a word, what is needed is what should be learning first. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi, the compilation of ''Through Inquiry into Physics'' was finished and submitted to the Emperor Kangxi on the August 26th the same year. After reading this book, the Emperor Kangxi had issued a imperial decree gathering the Ministry of Rites and the Imperial Academy to read and discuss in detail. But after the discussion of scholar-bureaucrats, many people disagreed, even some of them had strong resistance about it. Therefore, the Emperor Kangxi had to return this compilation to Nan Huairen.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 09:37, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==

格物致知的书籍尚且如此，诲淫诲盗的小说更不用说。仍以《金瓶梅》的满文翻译与传播接受为例，即可知此。众所周知，大清立国之后，虽然制度上有不少因袭明代之处，但文化政策整体偏紧。

This was the case with books which studied phenomena to acquire knowledge , not to mention novels on prostitution and piracy. Still taking the translation and dissemination of "Jin Ping Mei" in Manchu as an example, we can know that. As we all know, after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, although the system had inherited from that of the Ming Dynasty a lot, but the overall cultural policies were a little bit tight.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 09:27, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
The same is true of books about physical knowledge, not to mention novels about obscene deeds. --[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 15:01, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==

康熙年间，由于皇帝热衷儒学，后又在汉官劝谏下将兴趣引导至理学方向，因而对君德圣学、政教纪纲等，尤为重视。康熙九年，圣祖颁布《圣训十六条》，强调教化为先，而非法令为亟，其中便对所谓“近见风俗日敝，人心不古”的情形进行训斥。为此，康熙帝敕令内、外文武各官，务必“敦孝弟以重人伦”，“黜异端以崇正学”，“明礼让以厚风俗”，要求他们“督率举行”。

During the reign of Kangxi, because the emperor was keen on Confucianism, he later guided his interest to the direction of Neo Confucianism under the advice of Han officials, so he paid special attention to the study of Jun De Sheng and the discipline of politics and religion. In the ninth year of Kangxi's reign, the emperor Shengzu promulgated the sixteen articles of the holy sermon, which emphasized the importance of education rather than laws and regulations. Among them, he reprimanded the so-called situation of "seeing that the customs are getting worse and the people's hearts are not ancient". Therefore, Emperor Kangxi decreed that civil and military officials at home and abroad must "respect human relations", "dethrone heretics to uphold righteousness", "Ming rites and concessions to thick customs", and asked them to "supervise the holding of meetings".--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 08:15, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Kangxi, as the emperor was keen on Confucianism, he later guided his interest to the direction of Neo Confucianism under the admonish of Han officials, so he paid special attention to the study of Jun De Sheng and the discipline of politics and religion. Under the ninth year of Kangxi's reign, the emperor Shengzu promulgated ''the sixteen articles of the holy sermon'', which emphasized the importance of education rather than laws and regulations. Among them, he reprimanded the so-called situation of "seeing that the customs are getting worse and the people's hearts are not conventional anymore". Therefore, Emperor Kangxi decreed that civil and military officials at home and abroad must "respect human relations", "dethrone heretics to uphold righteousness", "learn rites and concessions to enrich customs", and asked them to "supervise and take the lead".--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 14:41, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==

康熙三十九年，圣祖亲征塑漠蒙古凯旋，并在太学立碑，其中又强调“以文德化成天下”的重要。康熙四十一年，圣祖颁布《训饬士子文》，再次声明“隆重师儒”、“厘剔弊端”、“务期风教修明”。上述谕令皆发生在满译本《金瓶梅》成书之前，无疑会对后者产生重要影响。

In the 39th year under the reign of Kangxi, Shengzu went on an expedition to Mongolian desert by himself and made a triumphant return, erecting a monument in the Imperial College, on which also emphasized the importance of "conquering the world with cultural and moral uprightness". In year 41, Shengzu the emperor promulgated ''Xunchi Shiziwen'', declaring that "to grandly teach Confucianism", "to eliminate malpractices" and "to cultivate morality and wisdom". All the above decrees took place before the completion of the full translation of ''Jin Ping Mei'', which will undoubtedly have an important impact on the latter. --[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 13:46, 2 November 2021 (UTC)

In the 39th year under the reign of Kangxi, Shengzu went on an expedition to Mongolian desert by himself and made a triumphant return, erecting a monument in the Imperial College, on which also emphasized the importance of "conquering the world with cultural and moral uprightness". In the 41th year under the reign of Kangxi, Shengzu the emperor promulgated ''A Text for the Discipline of the Scholar'', declaring that "to grandly teach Confucianism", "to eliminate malpractices" and "to cultivate morality and wisdom". All the above decrees took place before the completion of the full translation of ''The Golden Lotus'' which will undoubtedly have an important impact on the latter.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 07:17, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==

康熙五十三年，上谕诸臣，指出“正人心”、“厚风俗”与“治天下”之间的关系，要求崇尚经学，严禁小说淫词。为此，朝臣奉旨议定条例，规定坊间一切小说淫词，务必悉数查绝，并将板片书籍予以销毁，违者从重治罪。在清廷严厉的禁书背景下，《金瓶梅》及其满文译本将会遭受何种命运，便不得而知。

In the fifty-third year of the Kangxi reign,an oracle was issued to all ministers，pointing out the relationship between “correcting the hearts of the people”，“thickening custom”and “ruling the world”，demanding that scripture be revered and that novels and obscene words be strictly forbidden. To this end,the imperial ministers were instructed to agree on regulations that all novels and obscene words must be eliminated from the streets and taht the books must be destroyed,and that offenders should be punished severely. Against the backdrop of the Qing court’s strict ban on books, it is not known what fate would befall ''The Golden Lotus'' and its Manchu translation.

In the fifty-third year of the Kangxi reign,an oracle was issued to all ministers，pointing out the relationship between “correcting people‘s minds”，“strengthening custom”and “ruling the empire”，demanding that scripture should be revered and novels and obscene words be strictly forbidden. So the imperial ministers were instructed to stipulate regulations that all novels and obscene words must be eliminated. And the books must be destroyed. All offenders should be punished severely. Against the backdrop of the Qing court’s strict ban on books, it is not known what fate would befall ''The Golden Lotus'' and its Manchu translation.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 14:56, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==

自太祖朝以来，清初翻译汉文古典小说，皆以教化为主，而以文学性为次。统治者寄望于翻译的不是文学的审美作用，而是正确的价值观念和人伦纲纪思想。换言之，通过翻译，塑造道德，规范秩序，实现向善求真。

Since the Taizu Dynasty, the translation of Chinese classical novels in the early Qing Dynasty has mainly focused on enlightenment, partially on literariness. The rulers think that the purpose of translation is not for literary aesthetic，but for the establishing of correct values and ethics. In other words, through translation, we can shape morality, standardize order and realize the pursuit of goodness and truth.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 02:56, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

Since the Taizu Dynasty, the translation of Chinese classical novels in the early Qing Dynasty has mainly focused on moralization, partially on literariness. The rulers hope that the purpose of translation is not for literary aesthetic，but for the establishment of correct values and ethics. In other words, through translation, we can shape morality, standardize order and realize the pursuit of goodness and truth.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 01:52, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==

而《金瓶梅》的翻译显然不具备以上作用，它既不像《四书》、《五经》的翻译那样能够启迪心性，荡涤灵魂，又不像《三国演义》般能够探求兵略，维护社会稳定。虽然《金瓶梅》中过于露骨的文字描述使得它不适合翻刻、刊行，但其满文译本最终仍得以成书，并流传于世，其中原因固然有多种可能，但统治者的首肯或默许必是其中之一。如黄润华在《满文翻译小说述略》中所说，满译本《金瓶梅》的问世，不论其译者为谁，或和素，或徐元梦，必定是获得了特别的许可，因而才能译成满文并刊刻行世。

But the translation of Jin Ping Mei obviously does not have the above functions. It is not like the translation of the Four Books and the Five Classics that can enlighten people’s mind, or like the Romance of the Three Kingdoms that can explore strategies and maintain social stability. Although the explicit description of Jin Ping Mei makes it not suitable for translation or publication, its Manchu translation is eventually translated into a book and has spread throughout the world. There are many possible reasons for it, but the consent or acquiescence of the ruler must be one of them. As Huang Runhua said in A Brief Review of Manchu Translated Novels, the publication of the Manchu version of Jin Ping Mei, no matter who the translator is, He Su or Xu Yuanmeng, must have obtained special permission to be translated into Manchu and published in the world.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 01:42, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

But the translation of Jin Ping Mei obviously does not have the above functions. It is not like the translation of the Four Books and the Five Classics that can enlighten people’s mind and purify their souls, or like the Romance of the Three Kingdoms that can explore strategies and maintain social stability. Although the obscene description of Jin Ping Mei makes it not suitable for translation or publication, its Manchu translation is eventually translated into a book and has spread throughout the world. There are many possible reasons for it, but the consent or acquiescence of the ruler must be one of them. As Huang Runhua said in A Brief Review of Manchu Translated Novels, the publication of the Manchu version of Jin Ping Mei, no matter who the translator is, He Su or Xu Yuanmeng, must have obtained special permission to be translated into Manchu and published in the world.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 01:00, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==

也只有得到最高统治者的默允，才不致因为擅自翻译刊印而受到惩处。事实上，早在顺治九年，清廷即出台明令，严禁翻刻琐语淫词。康熙二年，圣祖重申此禁，对淫词小说的利害关系晓之以理。

Only being granted the permission of the supreme ruler, can they free away from punishment for translating and printing obscene novel without authorization. In fact, in the ninth year of the Sun Zhi Period, Qing government issued public proclamation to prohibit translating obscene words. In the second year of Kang Xi Period, the emperor Kang Xi reaffirmed this order, which enabled the public to know the dangers of obscene novels.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 05:24, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

Only being granted the permission of the supreme ruler, can they free away from punishment for translating and printing obscene novel without authorization. In fact, in the ninth year of the Shun Zhi Period, Qing government issued public proclamation to prohibit translating risque book. In the second year of Kang Xi Period, the emperor Kang Xi reaffirmed this injunction, which enabled the public to know the dangers of obscene novels.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 07:24, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==

然而，由于大清入关之初，全国尚未完成一统，统治者的政策重心在于武力征伐和国家统一，为此便需要笼络人心，因而朝廷对于汉族小说及其翻译并未有多大偏见。昭梿在《啸亭杂录》中说，和素翻译绝精，由他所翻译的《金瓶梅》、《西厢记》等书广受好评，所谓“人皆争诵”，即可说明此点。康熙年间，虽然朝廷加大了对于淫词小说的禁毁，但大体而言，自顺治元年至康熙二十二年之间，由于朝廷文禁的重点在于政治倾向显著的作品，因而对于琐语淫词类小说的禁毁和惩处，影响较小。据石昌渝考证，清初小说中被朝廷查处论罪者，仅有两部，即《无声戏二集》和《续金瓶梅》。

However, at the time of the Qing dynasty's invasion, the whole country had not yet been unified, and the ruler's policy focus on military conquest and national unification, so the ruler needed to win the love of people. Therefore, the court did not have much prejudice against Han novels and their version of translation. In ''You pavilion miscellanea'' Zhao Lian said ''The Plum in the Golden Vase'','' Western chamber'' and other books translated by He’su were widely praised, reached the level of "everyone rushed to read", which can show Hesu’s superb translation level. During Kang-hee’s reign, the government strengthened the prohibition and destruction of the risque novel, but overall, from the first year of Shunzhi to Kangxi twenty-two years, due to the ban of imperial court was focused on political leanings remarkable work, the denial and punishment for the risque novel were mild. According to the Shi Changyu textual research, only two novels were prohibited and punished in early Qing Dynasty, which were ''Silent Drama 2'' and ''Sequel to the Plum in the Golden Vase''.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 07:23, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

However, at the beginning of Manchu entered the Shanhaiguan Pass, the unification of the whole country had not been completed, and the emperor focused on military expedition and national reunification. Therefore, the government did not have much prejudice against Han novels and their translation in order to win the supports of the people. In the The Miscellaneous Records of Xiaoting, Zhao zhe said that He Su was proficient in translation. His translations of Jin Ping Mei and the story of The West Chamber were widely praised. The so-called "everyone competes for recitation" can illustrate this point. During the Kangxi period, although the imperial court increased the prohibition and destruction of pornographic novels, generally speaking, from the first year of Shunzhi to the 22nd year of Kangxi, the imperial court focused on works with salient political tendencies. Accordingly, it had little impact on the prohibition and punishment of pornographic novels. According to Shi Changyu's research, there were only two novels in the early Qing Dynasty that were investigated and punished by the imperial court, namely, Silent Drama II and The Sequel to Jin Ping Mei.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 00:05, 31 October 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 00:05, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==

但需要指出的是，《续金瓶梅》之所以获罪，其原因不在于它续写《金瓶梅》人物在所谓“后世”中的混乱生活，而是因为它将满族的发祥地描写为人、兽同居同食的野蛮地。因而，清初之际，朝廷对于淫词小说的接受，以及对于小说创作的限制，整体上仍然较为宽松。而《金瓶梅》的翻译、成书乃是康熙朝中后期的事，此时的朝廷对于“端风俗、正人心”有了日益深刻的认识，因而不仅强化了思想控制，而且加强了对于小说翻译与小说创作的管制。

But what needs to be pointed out is that the reason why The Sequel of Jin Ping Mei was convicted is not because it continues the chaotic life of the characters in Jin Ping Mei in the so-called "later generations", but because it describes the birthplace of the Manchu as a barbaric place where people and animals live and eat together. However, at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the government 's acceptance of pornographic novels was relatively high and the restrictions on novel creation was still relatively loose on the whole. While the translation and completion of Jin Ping Mei was in the middle and late reign of Kangxi. At that time, the imperial court had an increasingly profound understanding of "stick to the customs and purify people's hearts", which not only strengthened the ideological control but the regulation of novel translation and creation.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 11:50, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

However, it should be pointed out that the reason why "Continued Jin Ping Mei" was convicted was not because it continued the chaotic life of the characters in "Jin Ping Mei" in the so-called "post generations", but because it described the birthplace of Manchu as the cohabitation of man and beast. The barbaric place of food. Therefore, at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the court's acceptance of pornographic novels and restrictions on novel creation were still relatively loose. The translation and completion of "Jin Ping Mei" was a matter of the middle and late Kangxi dynasty. At this time, the imperial court had a deeper and deeper understanding of "customs and morals", which not only strengthened ideological control, but also strengthened the translation and interpretation of novels. The control of novel creation.--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 07:21, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==

至乾隆初年，《金瓶梅》与《水浒传》等书因为诲淫诲盗的原因，又被“久干例禁”。满洲政权兴起于白山黑水之间，在其一路开疆辟土，驰骋向前的过程中，虽然统治者反复高唱“满汉一体”，但相关的政治、文化实践表明，这一说法不过是政治口号。作为满清政权恪守不变的政策，“首崇满洲”既是统治者立法、行政的基本原则，又是统治者处理民族关系、民族事务的圭臬。

In the early years of Qianlong, books such as "Jin Ping Mei" and "Water Margin" were again banned for a long time, because of their Obscene. The Manchurian regime emerged between the white mountains and black waters. In the process of pioneering territory and galloping forward, although the rulers repeatedly sang "Man and Han as one unit", relevant political and cultural practices have shown that this statement is nothing more than a political slogan. As a policy that the Manchu government adhered to unchanged, "first advocating Manchuria" was not only the basic principle of the ruler's legislation and administration, but also the ruler's standard for handling ethnic relations and ethnic affairs.

In the early years of Qianlong, books such as "Jin Ping Mei" and "Water Margin" were again banned for a long time, because of their obscene and illegal content . The Manchurian regime emerged between the white mountains and black waters-- the landscape of northeast China. In the process of pioneering territory and galloping forward, although the rulers repeated"Man and Han as one unit", relevant political and cultural practices have shown that it was nothing more than a political slogan. As the policy that the Manchu government stick "Manchuria First " was not only the fundamental principle of the ruler's legislation and administration, but also the standard for handling ethnic relations and affairs.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 09:12, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==

终清一朝，统治者始终坚持满洲之道，固守满洲本位，崇尚满族特权，维护满洲的典章制度和文化特征。对统治者而言，传承与发展民族文化的重要性不言而喻，它不仅关系到国家政权的性质和满族民族的凝聚力与向心力，而且关系到满族统治集团的优势地位、特殊利益，乃至满族作为民族共同体的生死存亡。为此，满清政府不仅长期坚持“国语骑射”的基本国策，而且通过书籍的审查与禁毁等极端措施，确保满族文化符号和思想传统的专制。

In the Qing Dynasty, the rulers always adhered to the way of Manchu, insisted on Manchu standards, advocated Manchu privileges, and maintained Manchu institutions and cultural characteristics. For the rulers, the importance of inheriting and developing national culture was self-evident,which not only related to the Political Nature and the cohesion and solidarity of Manchu nation, but also related to the dominant position and special interests of Manchu ruling group, and even the survival of Manchu as a national community. Therefore, the Manchu government not only adhered to the basic state policy of "national language and ride" for a long time, but also ensured the despotism of Manchu cultural and ideological traditions by taking extreme measures such as censorship and prohibition of books.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 03:13, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

In the Qing Dynasty, the rulers always adhered to the way of Manchu, insisted on Manchu standards, advocated Manchu privileges,maintained Manchu ancient laws and regulations as well as cultural characteristics. For the rulers, the importance of inheriting and developing national culture was an understood thing,which not only related to the nature of the state power, the cohesion and solidarity of Manchu nation, but also related to the dominant position and special interests of Manchu ruling group, and even the survival of Manchu as a national community. Therefore, the Manchu government not only adhered to the basic state policy of "Mandarin Riding and Shooting" for a long time, but also ensured the despotism of Manchu culture symbol and ideological traditions by taking extreme measures such as censorship and prohibition of books.--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 10:25, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==

与此同时，统治者积极敕撰、敕译汉族书籍，虽然客观上吸收了汉族文化，但这些书籍的编纂与翻译亦如满洲文化的维护一样，只是满洲权贵巩固政权统治的策略与手段，一旦书籍的翻译与编纂有悖于统治者的主观期待，亦或是国家的统治之需，其审查与禁毁即在所难免。结语。作为除《三国演义》之外清初唯一刊印的汉文小说，《金瓶梅》的翻译与传播无疑离不开统治阶级的支持或者默认。

At the same time, the rulers actively wrote and translated Han books. Although objectively absorbing Han culture, the compilation and translation of these books are just like the maintenance of Manchu culture. They are only the strategies and means for Manchu dignitaries to consolidate their reign of power. Once the translation and compilation of books go against the subjective expectations of the rulers or the needs of the country's rule, its censorship and prohibition are inevitable. Conclusion. As the only Chinese novel published in the early Qing Dynasty, except ''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', the translation and dissemination of ''The Golden Lotus'' are undoubtedly inseparable from the support or acquiescence of the ruling class.

At the same time, the rulers actively wrote and translated Han books. Although objectively absorbing Han culture, the compilation and translation of these books are just like the maintenance of Manchu culture. They are only the strategies and means for Manchu dignitaries to consolidate their political power. Once the translation and compilation of books go against the subjective expectations of the rulers or the needs of the country's rule, Its review and prohibition are inevitable. Conclusion. As the only Chinese novel published in the early Qing Dynasty except the romance of the Three Kingdoms, the translation and dissemination of JinPingMei is undoubtedly inseparable from the support or acquiescence of the ruling class.--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 04:49, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562==

《金瓶梅》满文译本的印行不仅说明清代禁书政策的失败，而且说明该政策的虚伪。一方面，所谓汉书的禁毁往往只是针对民间，而统治者尤其是国家君主则往往享有豁免。正如其它汉籍汉书的翻译一样，《金瓶梅》的翻译与刊刻不可能游走在国家法律和政府禁令之外。

The printing of the Manchu translation of 《JinPingMei》 not only shows the failure of the book ban policy in the Qing Dynasty, but also shows the hypocrisy of the policy. On the one hand, the so-called prohibition and destruction of the Han Dynasty is often only aimed at the people, while the rulers, especially the national monarchs, often enjoy immunity. Just like the translation of other Chinese books, the translation and publication of 《JinPingMei》 can not go beyond the national laws and government prohibitions.--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 02:00, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

The publication of Manchu translation of ''The Golden Lotus'' indicates not only the failure of the Policy of Banned Books in the Qing Dynasty, but also the hypocrisy of the policy. On the one hand, the ban on Han Books is often only aimed at the people, while the rulers, especially the monarchs of the country, often enjoy immunity. Same as the translation of other Chinese books, the translation and publication of ''The Golden Lotus'' cannot exist outside national laws and government bans.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 08:05, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

20211020 homework

2021-12-31T07:22:58Z

Yang Liuqing: /* 杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543 */

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==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==

太宗曾多次谕令“金、汉之人都要读书”，认为发展文教裨益于国家治理，而翻译和讲解汉文书籍则是旗人教育中的重要环节。[] 罗振玉：《天聪朝臣工奏议》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1989年，第13页。为推进旗人教育，给朝廷选拔人才，太宗又对汉人进行考试，“分别优取”，赏以银两或差事。

The Emperor Taizong(Li Shiming) repeatedly ordered that the people of Jin and Han should be educated, believing that the development of culture and education is beneficial to national governance, and the translation and interpretation of Chinese books is an important part of education for Bannermen.(Luo Zhenyu. The Proposal From the Courtier During the Tiancong Period. Beijing : Renmin University Press, 1989, p. 13.). In order to promote the education of the Bannermen and select talents for the court, Emperor Li carried out examinations among the Han people to select the excellent and rewarded them with money or jobs.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 08:48, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

Taizong has repeatedly ordered that "people of Jin and Han Dynasties should study", believing that the development of culture and education is beneficial to national governance, and the translation and interpretation of Han books is an important link in the education of Manchu. [] Luo Zhenyu: Memorial of Tiancong courtiers, Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 1989, P. 13. In order to promote the education of the Manchu and select talents for the imperial court, Taizong also conducted an examination of the Han people, "selected the best respectively" and rewarded them with silver or errand.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 10:57, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 日语语言文学女 202120081477==

太祖、太宗等人的支持使得清初之际的汉籍翻译蔚然成风，且旗人教育为之一变，为后来的旗学设立和旗学教育营造了条件。旗学之兴及其翻译人才培养之定位。顺治朝以后，随着政权推进和时局变化，入关之初所谓“满洲、蒙古、汉军皆通国语”的情况不复存在，新任官吏中因为语言不通导致政务受阻者，成渐长之势。

The support of Taizu, Taizong and others made Han books’s translation popular in the early Qing Dynasty, and the education of Manchu changed, which created conditions for the establishment and education of Manchu. The flourish of Manchu studies and the orientation of translation talent training. After the Shunzhi Dynasty, with the advancement of the political power and the change of the current situation, the so-called "Manchuria, Mongolia and the Han army all know the national language" at the beginning of entering Han no longer exists. Among the new officials, those whose government affairs are blocked due to linguistic barrier have gradually grown.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 16:53, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

The support of Taizu, Taizong and others made Han books’s translation popular in the early Qing Dynasty, and the education of Manchu changed, which created conditions for the establishment and education of Manchu. The flourish of Manchu studies and the orientation of translation talent training. After the Shunzhi Dynasty, with the advancement of the political power and the change of the current situation, the so-called "Manchuria, Mongolia and the Han army all know manchu language" at the beginning of Qing’s army entering Central Plains no longer exists. Among the new officials, those whose government affairs are blocked due to linguistic barrier have gradually grown.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 11:00, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==

尤其是地方督抚等汉籍官员，凡遇到国书文移，往往都不认识，只能委任“内三院”中通晓翻译的笔帖式，代为办理。[] 昭梿：《啸亭杂录》，北京：中华书局，1980年，第254页。但代为办理自有其弊，如“猜疑推诿”等，因而如何解决旗人读书，为国家培养语言人才，便成为当务之急。

In particular, Chinese officials including local governors often don't know the imperial decrees declared by the Cabinet, so they can only appoint translators in the "three courts of Cabinet" to handle it on their behalf. (Zhao Lian: Records of Howling Pavilion, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1980, P. 254.) However, it has its own disadvantages, such as "suspicion and prevarication". Therefore, how to solve the problem of studying for the people of Eight Banners and cultivate language talents for the country has become a top priority.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 01:44, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

Expescially Chinese officials including the local governors often don't know the imperial decrees declared by the Cabinet, so they can only appoint translators in the "three courts of Cabinet" to handle it on their behalf. (Zhao Lian: Records of Howling Pavilion, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1980, P. 254.) However, it has its own disadvantages, such as "suspicion and prevarication". Therefore, how to solve the problem of studying for the people of Eight Banners and cultivating language talents for the country has become a mergent task.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 06:41, 20 October 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==

顺治元年，国子监祭酒李若琳（？-1651）上疏世祖，奏请效仿明初之制，扩大国子监的生员人数，为国家培养人才。摄政王多尔衮对此颁布圣谕，敕令不论满、汉官员，其子弟中有愿读清、汉书者，皆可入国子监学习。同年十一月，李若琳就太学事宜再次上奏，要求增补教官，并以“晷短途遥”为由，建议在各八旗辖地觅空房一所，设立书院，此即为八旗官学之始。[]

In the first year of Emperor Shunzhi, Directorate of Imperial Academy Li Ruoling （？-1651）submitted memorials to the throne to imitate the institution of the early Ming Dynasty, expanding the number of people who went to the Imperial College and cultivating talents for the country. Prince Regent Duoergun issued an edict that whoever the officers of Man or Han, anyone of them can study in the Imperial Academy as long as they were willing to learn the books and classics of Qing and Han. In the same year of November, Li Ruoling submitted to the Emperor again on the issue of school, proposing to add more instructaors. Because of the short white day and long distance, she also proposed to build School on the vacant room of every jurisdictional areas, which was the beginning of eight banners of official school. --[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 14:38, 16 October 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

In the first year of Emperor Shunzhi（1644）, Directorate of Imperial Academy Li Ruoling （？-1651）submitted memorials to the throne to advise the imitation of institutions in the early years of Ming Dynasty.He suggested to larger the number of people who enrolled in the Imperial College and cultivate talents for the country. Prince Regent Duoergun issued an edict that whoever the officers of Man or Han, anyone of them can study in the Imperial Academy as long as they were willing to learn the books and classics of Qing and Han. In the same year of November, Li Ruoling submitted to the Emperor again on the issue of school, proposing to add more instructaors. Because of the short white day and long distance, she also proposed to build School on the vacant room of every jurisdictional areas, which was the beginning of eight banners of official school. --[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 10:18, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480==

鄂尔泰等：《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第112页。从顺治元年设立国子监八旗官学，到顺治九年设置宗学，再到康熙二十五年设立景山官学，以及雍正七年设立咸安宫官学，再到驻防各省八旗官学、义学和清文学等的相继设立，清代的旗学体系经历了从无到有，从零散到完备的发展过程。这些学校不仅教授涉及满洲根本及其文化特征的各种科目，如清语、骑射等，也教授翻译、汉书等科目，目的是在八旗满洲、蒙古和汉军中兴贤育才，将文、武学业综于一体，教导民族特质，并为朝廷培养治理人才，尤其是翻译专才。

Eertai et al. Chronicles of Qing Dynasty •Chronicles of Chongde Emperor [Z].Beijing: Chinese Publishing House, 1985:112）Since the construction of Guozijian Manchu Eight Banners Official School in 1644, many schools were built accordingly from Patriarchal school in 1653, Jingshan Official School in 1686, Xianangong Official School in 1729, to Provincial Manchu Eight Banners Official School, Yi School and Qing Literature School. School systems of Qing dynasty grew out of nothing and became perfect.These schools not only taught subjects rooting in Manchu culture like:Qing language, riding and shooting, but also taught translation and Han books.They aimed to encourage and educate talents and virtues, combine literature and martial arts, cultivate national features and develop officials with governability, especially with translation ability.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 09:23, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Ertai et al. Chronicles of Qing Dynasty •Chronicles of Chongde Emperor [Z].Beijing: Chinese Publishing House, 1985, p. 112. From the first year of Shunzhi to set up the eight banners official school, to the ninth year of Shunzhi set up educational institutions for royal clan, to the 25th year of Kangxi set up Jingshan official school, as well as the seventh year of Yongzheng set up Xian'an Palace official school, and then stationed in the provinces of the eight banners official school, community-run schools charging no tuition and literature of Qing dynasty , etc. The banner school system in the Qing dynasty has undergone the development process from nonexistence to pass into existence, from fragmented to complete. These schools not only taught a variety of subjects involving the fundamental and cultural characteristics of Manchuria, such as Qing language, archery, etc., but also taught translation, Han books and other subjects. The purpose was to raise talents in the eight banners Manchurian, Mongolian and Chinese army. It was a combination of literature, martial arts, teaching national characteristics, and for the imperial court to cultivate governance talent, especially translation expertise.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 09:47, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==

鄂尔泰等修，李洵、赵德贵点校：《八旗通志·初集》，长春：东北师范大学出版，1986年，第895页。旗学教育的兴起是政治考量和文化统制的产物，从一开始便有着明确的目标性和指向性。一方面，它是为了培养和提升旗人的语言能力与文化素质；另一方面，则是为了培养旗人从事满、汉或满、蒙翻译，以及处理国家政务的能力。

Ertai et al., punctuation collated by Li Xun and Zhao Degui, "The Eight Banners - The First Collection", Changchun: Published by Northeast Normal University, 1986, p. 895. The rise of banner education was a product of political consideration and cultural unification, and had a clear goal and direction from the beginning. On the one hand, it is to cultivate and improve the language ability and cultural quality of banners; on the other hand, it is to cultivate banners to engage in translation between Manchu and Chinese or Manchu and Mongolian, as well as the ability to deal with state affairs.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 08:47, 18 October 2021 (UTC)
Ertai et al., punctuation collated by Li Xun and Zhao Degui, "The General Annals of the Eight Banners - The First Collection", Changchun: Published by Northeast Normal University, 1986, p. 895. The rise of the education of the Banners’ schools was a product of political consideration and cultural unification, and had a clear goal and direction from the beginning. On the one hand, it was to cultivate and improve the language ability and cultural quality of banners; on the other hand, it was to cultivate banners to engage in translation between Manchu and Chinese or Manchu and Mongolian, as well as the ability to deal with state affairs.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 02:24, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==

因而，和汉书翻译、翻译科考一样，旗学教育中也天然地植入了翻译课业与考课的成分。嘉庆四年，铁保奉敕修撰《八旗通志》，其中论及八旗官学的作用，认为旗学之重心在于儒家礼教，而非翻译，其中指出：至中人以上、以下，课以经义，则不能不从事于讲肄；从事于讲肄，则不能不读圣贤之书；读圣贤之书，则耳濡目染，渐至于心领神会，晓然于事理之是非。
Therefore, as in translation of books of the Han Dynasty and translation tests, the components of translation and examination were naturally implanted. In the fourth year of Jia Qing, a reign title of Qing Dynasty from 1796 to 1821, Tie Bao, in accordance with the emperor’s order, compiled ''the General Annuals of the Eight Banners'', which discussed the functions of official schools of Eight Banners, thought that the essential of Banners’ schools is Confucian etiquette, not translation. It pointed out: as for those with medium talents above or below, they had to learn the Confucian classics argumentation, then we must participate in lectures; if they wanted to participate in lectures, they had to read the book of sages; if they read the book of sages, they would be influenced by what one constantly sees and hears, and they would gradually understand the Confucian etiquette, then understand the truth of things right and wrong.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 02:20, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, as the translation of Han Books and translation tests, the components of translation lessons and examinations were naturally implanted in Banner Education. In the fourth year of Jia Qing, a reign title of Qing Dynasty from 1796 to 1821, Tie Bao, in accordance with the emperor’s order, compiled ''the General Annuals of the Eight Banners'' in which he discussed the functions of official schools of Eight Banners and thought that the core of Banner Education is Confucian etiquette rather than translation. He pointed out: as for those with medium talents above or below, they had to learn the Confucian classics argumentation and they must participate in lectures; if they wanted to participate in lectures, they had to read the book of sages; if they read the book of sages, they would be influenced by what one constantly sees and hears, and they would gradually understand the Confucian etiquette and quite distinguish the correctness and falsity of things. --[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==

事君必能知大义，临事亦必能知大体，即其限於材质，不能大成者，亦可娴于礼教，明於廉耻，凜然不敢妄为，而不失开国敦庞之旧俗。[] 铁保等：《钦定八旗通志》，台北：台湾商务印书馆，1983年，第2-3页。铁保的说法不是没有道理，但旗学目的与功能的转向，反映的不是旗学教育对于翻译教学的剥离与舍弃。

One can show his loyalty to the emperor he serves and pay attention to the interests of the whole when coping with matters. Though he could not obtain great achievements for his disability, he can be acquainted with courtesy and distinguish probity and corruption well. He definitely dare not do everything at his will, which is conducive to maintaining the old conventions since the foundation of this country. Tie Bao: ''King James Instituted the Eight Banners'', Taibei: Taiwan Commercial Press, 1983, P2-P3. Tie Bao’s argument is not unreasonable, but the shift of Banner Education’s purpose and function did not reflect the peeling and abandonment for translation teaching. --[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 03:05, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

One can show his righteousness and pay attention to the interests of the whole when coping with matters. Though he could not obtain great achievements for his disability, he can be proficient with courtesy and distinguish probity and corruption well. He definitely dare not act recklessly and abandon the old conventions since the foundation of this country. Tie Bao: ''General Annal of the Eight Banners Made by Imperial Order'', Taibei: Taiwan Commercial Press, 1983, P2-P3. Tie Bao’s argument is not unreasonable, but the shift of Banner Education’s purpose and function had not reflected the stripping and abandonment from translation teaching. --[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 06:31, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìnà英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==

恰恰相反，旗学教育之所以偏重儒教而非翻译，正是因为长期以来旗学教育中重视汉族文化与汉籍翻译的传统所致。换言之，正是因为旗学中长期使用汉籍满文译本作为教学内容，使得八旗官学生逐渐被汉族文化浸染，导致思维取向和价值观念发生变化。同时，频密、深刻的民族交往使得满族旗人的汉语能力日益提升，翻译能力因之渐长，而无需在旗学教育中专门培养。

On the contrary,the reason why the education of Manchu focused on Confucianism rather than translation is that for a long time it had attached Chinese cultures and translation of Chinese books as importance. In other words,long using translation of Chinese books by Manchu as teaching contents, the officers of the Manchu Eight Banners and students had been gradually influenced by Chinese cultures,which has resulted in the changes of thinking orientation and values of theirs. Meanwhile,the frequent and deep communication between Han and Manchu had contributed to the gradual enhancement of Chinese skills and translation ability of the Manchu Eight Banners, without being taught by the special education of Manchu.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 13:17, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

On the contrary,the reason why the education of Manchu focused on Confucianism rather than translation is that for a long time it had attached Chinese cultures and translation of Chinese books as importance. In other words,long using translation of Chinese books by Manchu as teaching contents, the officers of the Manchu Eight Banners and students had been gradually influenced by Chinese cultures,which has resulted in the changes of thinking orientation and values. Meanwhile,the frequent and deep communication between Han and Manchu had contributed to the gradual enhancement of Chinese skills and translation ability of the Manchu Eight Banners, without being taught by the special education of Manchu.--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 11:06, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==

但不可否认的是，旗学作为整体仍与翻译有着千丝万缕的关系。如清太祖努尔哈赤十三世孙爱新觉罗瀛生（1922-2013）在总结旗学教育时指出的那样，旗学中的官学生除了学习满语语法之外，也需要学习大量汉文典籍（满文译本），如满汉合璧本的《三字经》和《四书》等，其实质内容与汉族教育并无不同，这么做即是为了使学生兼通满、汉，熟读经史，掌握翻译之术，为朝廷所用。[] 爱新觉罗瀛生：《谈谈清代满语教学》，《满族研究》，1990年第3期，第43-49页。

What isn’t refutable is that the education of Manchu, on the whole was inextricably linked to the translation. For instance, just as Arising Gioro Yingsheng, the thirteenth grandson of Nurhaci made a summary about the education of Manchu, the offspring of the officials were supposed to learn the Manchu grammar, besides a number of Chinese classics(the Manchu versions ), for example, Three Character Primer or Four Books edited with Chinese and Manchu. Indeed, the education of Manchu, to the great extent, was much the same as Han education, the purpose of which was to equip the students with the abilities of mastering the Manchu and Chinese, profound understanding of Chinese classics, and got the political career. Arising Gioro Yingsheng: Simple Analysis of Manchu teaching in Qing Dynasty, Manchu Research. From page 43-49, the third issue in 1990. --[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 04:41, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

But what is undeniable is that the education of Manchu on the whole is still inextricably linked to translation. Just as Aixinjueluo Yingsheng(1922-2013), the thirteenth generation of Nuerhachi, made a summary about the education of Manchu, in addition to learning the Manchu grammar, official students also need to learn a lot of Chinese classics(Manchu translation). For example, “Three-Character Canon” and “The Four Books” edited in combination of Chinese and Manchu, to the great extent, was much the same as the education of Han. This is to enable students to understand both Manchu and Chinese, familiarize themselves with scriptures and history, and master the skills of translation, so as to serve for the imperial court. [] Aixinjueluo Yingsheng: “ Simple Analysis of Manchu teaching in Qing Dynasty, Manchu Research. From page 43-49, the third issue in 1990.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 09:54, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==

满洲入主中原之后，统治上采取旗、民分治的形式，维护统治阶级的政治优势。为了巩固新生政权，虽然统治者不得不在满、汉之间寻找平衡点，审慎考量汉族士子和汉民利益，以免因为失去民心而危及稳定，但为了维护统治集团的特殊地位，又不惜牺牲汉人利益。而创办官学，倡导国语骑射，正可以保持满洲的民族特质，抵御汉文化冲击。

After Manchu entered and hosted the central China, the ruling classes took a divided governance of Manchu and Han to maintain their political dominance. In order to consolidate the new political power, rulers had to to find a balance between Manchu and Han, and deliberate for both Han scholars and ordinary people’s interests, so as not to lose the hearts and minds of the common people which would endanger the stability of the governance. But they had no choice but to sacrifice the interests of Han people, in order to safeguard the special position of the ruling classes. However, the establishment of office schools and the promotion of Manchu language , horsemanship and marksmanship just could maintain the national characteristics of Manchu and resist the impact of Han culture.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 14:53, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

After Manchu entered and hosted the central China, the ruling class took a divided governance of Manchu and Han to maintain their political dominance. In order to consolidate the new political power, the ruler had to find a balance between Manchu and Han, deliberating for the interests of both Han scholars and ordinary people so as not to endanger the stability of the governance for losing the hearts and minds of the common people. However, to safeguard the special position of the ruling class, they had no choice but to sacrifice the interests of Han people. And the establishment of official schools and the promotion of Manchu language, horsemanship and marksmanship could help maintain the national characteristics of Manchu and resist the impact of Han culture.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 04:26, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==

兴办旗学，使八旗人等兼通满、汉，既学习语言，又学习骑射，兼习翻译，一则可以沟通政事，二则可以学习汉制，可谓一举多得。正是由于有了这样的功能设定，旗学教育自其创设之日起，便与翻译结下了不解之缘。以宗学为例，该学初设时，只对满洲教习、满语学习做了规定，而未对汉语进行要求，但统治者从国家治理的需要出发，仍对宗室的翻译能力留有期待。

The promotion of the Eight Banner official education enabled such people as the Eight Banners to master both Munchu and Chinese, learn riding and shooting and the intertranslation of munchu and Chinese. It could not only contribute to the consultation of political affairs, but also the learning of Han policies, which was literally killing two birds with one stone. It’s exactly due to such functions that the Eight Banner official education has been inextricably bound to translation. Take the education institution for royal clans for example. When it was first established, the institution only made rules with regard to staff recruitment and Munchu language learning, whereas no requirement was made of Chinese learning. However, the ruler, given the need of national governance, still expected members of the royal clan could develop their competence in translation.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 04:24, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

The promotion of the Eight Banner official education enabled such people as the Eight Banners to master both Munchu and Chinese, learn riding and shooting and the intertranslation of munchu and Chinese. It could not only contribute to the consultation of political affairs, but also the learning of Han policies, which achieve many things at one stroke. It’s exactly due to such functions that the Eight Banner official education has been inextricably bound to translation. Take the education institution for royal clans for example. When it was first established, the institution only made rules with regard to staff recruitment and Munchu language learning, whereas no requirement was made of Chinese learning. However, the ruler, starting from the needs of national governance, still has expectations for the translation ability of the royal clan.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 14:05, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==

《清朝文献通考》中说，宗室子弟不仅要“咸涵于礼仪道德之途”，“讲明与伦纪纲常之大”，而且应该“服习于书射翻译之业”。[] 刘锦藻：《清朝文献通考》，杭州，浙江古籍出版社，2000年，第5437页。又以八旗蒙古官学为例，该官学虽于雍正六年停办，但吏部在给出的裁撤理由中，也明确提及蒙古官学生和监学生等均需学习翻译，并认为这一点与国子监官学中蒙古官学生的学习内容相同，因而“实属多设”。[]

In the comprehensive studies of Qing documents, it is said that the children of the imperial clan should not only "be well-educated, immerse in etiquette and morality", "be civilized, take the Principal Relationships and Constant Virtues as the most important", but also "learn to read, shoot an arrow and translate". [] Liu Jinzao, Comprehensive studies of Qing documents, Hangzhou, Zhejiang ancient Books publishing house, 2000, p. 5437. Taking the “Eight Banners” Mongolian official school as an example, although it was suspended in the sixth year of Yongzheng, the Ministry of Appointments also explicitly mentioned in the reasons for the abolition that Mongolian official students and students of the Imperial Academy were required to learn translation, and thought that this was the same as the learning content of Mongolian official students in the directorate of Imperial Academy, so it was "multi-set". []--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 03:09, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

In ''A Comprehensive Studies on Qing Dynasty Literature'', it was said that the offsprings of the imperial family should not only be “well-educated and immerse in etiquette and morality” and “prioritizing manners and moral principles”, but also be engaged in “reading, archery and translation” [Liu Jinzao, ''A Comprehensive Studies on Qing Dynasty Literature'', Hangzhou, Zhejiang Chinese Ancient Classics Publishing House, 2000, p. 5437.] Example was taken that the Eight Banners Mongolian Official Academy was though suspended in the sixth year in the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, for it was redundant, according to the Ministry of Official Personnel Affairs, in that translation was a required course in both Mongolian official Academy and Imperial Academy.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 15:27, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==

鄂尔泰等：《清实录·世宗宪皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第1089页。清军入关之后，随着政权范围的日益扩大，驻防体系随之变动。但就旗学体系而言，除特殊区域因特殊目的设置旗学之外，其余旗学基本定在京畿，其作用主要是为了教导在京八旗子弟，而驻防各地设学并不普遍，导致驻防八旗弟子无法与京师旗人子弟一样，获得同样的教育机会。

[Er Ertai etc. ''Records of the Qing Dynasty—Records of Emperor Shizongxian'', Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House, 1985, p.1089. ] Since the Qing army crossed the Shanhai Pass, its garrison system changed accordingly with its increasing scope of the regime. However, in terms of the Banner School system, Schools were established basically in the Capital City and its Environs, except for special areas where the Banner Schools were set up for special purposes, for the Banner School was mainly to teach the Eight Banners and their offsprings in Beijing. But the Eight Banners in other territories could not have the same education opportunity as their clansmen in Beijing and its Environs because the Banner School was not common in other territories.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 14:43, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

[E Ertai etc. ''Records of the Qing Dynasty—Records of Emperor Shizongxian'', Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House, 1985, p.1089. ] Since the Qing army entered the Shanhai Pass, with the increasing scope of the regime, its garrison system changed. But as to the Banner school system, except the schools established for special aims in special areas, the rests were basically set up in the Capital City, whose function was mainly to educate offsprings of the Eight Banners in Beijing. While schools were scarcely set up in the garrisons, resulting in that the offsprings outside Beijing could not get the same educational opportunity as the offsprings of the Eight Banners in Beijing.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 04:47, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==

即便如此，驻防各地旗学中，仍有不少明确规定教习翻译。如康熙三十二年设防的荆州，于乾隆二十四年兴建学舍，设置八旗两翼义学，后又于乾隆四十五年添设各旗义学一所，并专设八旗翻译义学一所。绥远城于乾隆二年设防，乾隆八年兴建学舍，除设立义学八所各十二间之外，也设立满、汉翻译学一所共十间。

Even so, lots of the Banner schools of the garrisons still clearly specified that translation should be taught and learned. For example, in Jingzhou, garrisoned in the 32nd year of the reign of Kangxi, there were many schools built in the 24th year of the reign of Qianlong and free schools for the Eight Banners set. Later, every banner added a free school in the 45th year of the reign of Qianlong, and specially established a free school of translation for the Eight Banners. In the city of Suiyuan, fortified in the 2nd year of the reign of Qianlong, there were numerous schools in the 8th year of the reign of Qianlong. Besides the establishment of eight free schools with 12 rooms respectively, there was also a school for translation between Manchu and Chinese with 10 rooms established.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 04:36, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Even then there were lots of places requiring translation study among those Banner’s station. For example, Jingzhou which was militarized in the 32th year of the reign of Kangxi then built many schools in the 24th year of the reign of Qianlong, especially public schools for all eight banners. Later every banner set up a new public school, and another for the translation of Eight Banners in the 45th year of the reign of Qianlong. Suiyuan Ctiy, militarized in the second year of the reign of Qianlong, secured many schools in the 8th year of the reign of Qianlong. Except for the 8 public schools with 12 classrooms for every banner, there were another 10 classrooms for translation of Man and Han. --[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 06:30, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==

伊犁古扎尔城（即宁远城）于乾隆二十六年设防，乾隆三十四年兴建学舍，设各旗满、汉学房四间，并设满、汉翻译蒙古学舍一所共九间。清初之际朝廷究竟在各省驻防之地设立官学多少，实难考证。其中原因，与《八旗通志》和《钦定八旗通志》等主要文献中的记载不详有关。

The city, Guozard（Ning Yuan）in Ili was fortified in the 26th year of the reign of Qing Emperor Qianlong；there were lots of schools built in the 34th year of the reign of Qing Emperor Qianlong, four for learning Man and Han’s culture, nine for learning Man and Han’s translation into Mongolian. It was difficult to verify how much administrative institutions and schools were built in early Qing Dynasty because of the lack of information in major classical books like the General History of the Eight Banners and Qinding Baqi Tongzhi.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 06:49, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Guerzha city（Ningyuan）in Ili was fortified in the 26th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong. There were lots of schools built in the 34th year of the reign of Qing Emperor Qianlong, four for learning Man and Han’s culture, nine for learning Man and Han’s translation into Mongolian. It was difficult to figure out how many official educational institutions were built in early Qing Dynasty because of the lack of detailed information in classical books like the General Annals of the Eight Banners and the authorized version of the book.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 13:47, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==

例如，《八旗通志》中，对于湖北荆州兴建学舍与官学一事只字未提，但在希元修纂的《荆州驻防八旗志》（《续修四库全书》第859册）中，则记有乾隆四十五年长泰（右翼蒙古协领）奏设满、汉官学、义学，以及八旗翻译学之事。[] 希元等：《荊州驻防八旗志》，上海：上海古籍出版社，1997年，第473页。虽然驻防各地旗学名称不一，其中有名官学者，也有名义学者，更有名翻译义学者，但教学内容上有着极大的相似性，其紧要者无非语言（清语、汉语、蒙语）、骑射，以及翻译。

For example, there was nothing about school building in Jingzhou, Hubei Province in the General Annals of Eight Banners. However, it was recorded that in the 45th year during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Changtai (right-wing Mongolian general) advised to build schools imparting knowledge about Man's culture and Eight Banners' translation, official educational institutions with Han's pattern and public schools. And this record was written in the Annals of Eight Banners' Garrison in Jingzhou proofread by Xiyuan. (《Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature(revised edition)》Book 859)[Xiyuan et al: 《the Annals of Eight Banners' Garrison in Jingzhou》, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1997,page 473] Although the names of schools for Eight Banners were called differently such as official educational institutions, public schools and even translation public schools, varying with different garrisons, these schools shared extremely similar courses content. And they focused on language (language used by Qing, Han people and Mongolian), horseback archery and translation.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 13:39, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

For example, there exists nothing about building schools and official schools in Jingzhou, Hubei Province in ''the General Annals of Ba Qi''. However, it was recorded that in the 45th year during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Changtai (right-wing Mongolian general) advised to build schools imparting knowledge about Man's culture and Ba Qi's translation, official educational institutions with Han's pattern and public schools. And this record was written in ''the Annals of Ba Qi's Garrison'' in Jingzhou proofread by Xiyuan. (''Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature(revised edition)Book 859'')[Xiyuan et al: ''the Annals of Eight Banners' Garrison in Jingzhou'', Shanghai, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1997,p. 473] Although the names of schools for Ba Qi were called differently such as official educational institutions, public schools and even translation public schools, varying with different garrisons, these schools shared extremely similar course contents. And they focused on language teaching (language used by Manchu, Han people and Mongolian), horseback archery and translation.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 02:12, 20 October 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==

1.旗学教育与翻译教学契合的典范：绥远城官学。乾隆六年十二月初六日，绥远城扬威将军补熙等奏请设立满、蒙学馆，教育兵丁子弟。奏章指出，绥远城地处偏远，咨报、文移和案件审理等政务活动均用满、蒙文字，如果不加以教习，则政令之推行难以为继。A model of the combination of Manchu education and Translation Teaching is the Official School in Suiyuan City. On the sixth day of December (lunar calendar) in the sixth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, General Bu Xi and others in Suiyuan City asked to set up Manchu and Mongolian schools to educate the children of soldiers. The memorial pointed out that Suiyuan City is located in a remote area, and government activities such as consultation, document transfer and case trial all use Manchu and Mongolian characters. If the children are not taught, the implementation of government orders will be unsustainable.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 02:04, 20 October 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

A model of integration of Manchu education and Translation Teaching is the Official School of Suiyuan City. On the sixth day of December (lunar calendar) in the sixth year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, General Bu Xi and others in Suiyuan City asked to set up Manchu and Mongolian academies to educate the children of soldiers. The memorial to the throne pointed out that Suiyuan City is located in a remote area, and government activities such as consultation, document transfer and case trial all use Manchu and Mongolian characters. If the children are not taught, the implementation of government orders will be unsustainable.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 02:53, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==

虽然此前经皇帝御批，并着军机处大臣等议奏，同意从归化城（呼和浩特）都统衙门中挑选二人，派往绥远城，专司翻译、书写蒙古文字，但军机处并没有同意设立满、蒙学馆，以教习满、蒙语言文字。然而，补熙认为，绥远城咨行各地方官府的差务甚多，而移驻兵丁均来自包衣，通晓满、蒙者实属寥寥，如不能设立学馆，教习旗人子孙，则现役旗人兵丁亡故后，满、蒙语言文字无以为继。这一点不仅于满洲旧俗不合，而且遇有政务时，会无人差遣。
Although approved by the emperor and discussed by the minister of Office of Military Secret，they agreed to select two people from the Provisional Government of Guihua City(Hohhot) and send them to Suiyuan City to be responsible for the translation and writing of Mongolian characters, the Office of Military Secret didn’t agree to set up Manchu and Mongolian academies to teach Manchu and Mongolian characters and languages.However,Buxi believed that advisors of local governments of Suiyuan City had a lot of work to do,and the soldiers stationed in the city were all born in Baoyi family(servant),so few of them knew Manchu and Mongolian characters well.If they could not set up academies to teach the descendants of the people of Baqi,the Manchu and Mongolian languages would disappear after the death of the soldiers in active service.This is not only inappropriate manchurian old customs,and no one can be send when meeting government affairs.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 09:26, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Although approved by the emperor and discussed by the minister of Ministry of Defense，they agreed to select two people from the Provisional Government of Guihua City(Hohhot) and send them to Suiyuan City to be responsible for the translation and writing of Mongolian characters, the Office of Military Secret didn’t agree to set up official schools of Manchu and Mongolian to teach Manchu and Mongolian characters and languages.However,Buxi believed that advisors of local governments of Suiyuan City had a lot of work to do,and the soldiers stationed in the city were all born in Baoyi family(servant),so few of them knew Manchu and Mongolian characters well.If they could not set up academies to teach the descendants of the people of Baqi,the Manchu and Mongolian languages would disappear after the death of the soldiers in active service.This is not only inappropriate manchurian old customs,and no one can be send when meeting government affairs.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 11:12, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==

补熙所奏虽名为满、蒙选馆，实则为满、蒙翻译官学，意在培养翻译专才，处理以满、蒙文字书写的文移，或者以上述两种文字推行的政务。同年十二月十八日，即补熙奏陈之后不出半月，大学士兼军机处大臣鄂尔泰上疏皇帝，议准设立满、蒙官学，拟敕交吏部，由吏部从蒙古旗革职人员中拣选通晓满、蒙文字者二人，委任其以巴克什身份进行教学。

What Bu Xi, a vice director of the Court of Colonial Affairs, submitted to the emperor referred to the government officials selected from Manchu and Mongolian nationality on the surface, but in fact, the official school which was engaged in translation between the two languages. It aimed to train professional translators so as to deal with official documents or the government affairs written in Manchu and Mongolian. No longer after Buxi submitted a written statement, Ertai, the Bachelor and Minister of The Grand Council, submitted his proposals to the emperor on December 18th of the same year. It was agreed that the official school would be established and the order of the emperor will be handed in to the official department. It was responsible for the official department to select two ones who were good at Manchu and Mongolian from the demobilized personnel of Mongolian Banner and who was appointed to teach them as Barksh.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 10:21, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

What Buxi, the vice director of the Court of Colonial Affairs, submitted to the emperor referred to the government officials selected from Manchu and Mongolian nationality on the surface. In fact, it referred to the official school which was engaged in translation between the two languages. It aimed to train professional translators so as to deal with official documents or the government affairs written in Manchu and Mongolian. No longer after Buxi submitted a written statement, Ertai, the Grand Secretary and Minister of The Grand Council, submitted his proposals to the emperor on December 18th of the same year. It was agreed that the official school would be established and the order of the emperor will be handed in to the official department. It was responsible for the official department to select two ones who were good at Manchu and Mongolian from the demobilized personnel of Mongolian Banner and who was appointed to teach them as Barksh.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 01:14, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==

乾隆帝批复“依议。钦此”，于是绥远城翻译官学得以设立。[] 中国第一历史档案馆（郭美兰编译）：《乾隆朝绥远城设立八旗官学满文档案》，《历史档案》，2012年第2期，第47页。乾隆八年九月初三日，补熙和副都统纳明等奏请设立蒙古学，以便翻译文移资用。

Emperor Qianlong gave a written reply, ''consent and implement now'', so the translation official school of Suiyuan city was established. [] The First Chinese Historical Archive (translated and edited by Guo Meilan): ''Manchu Archives of Eight Banners Official Schools Established in Suiyuan City During the Qianlong Dynasty'', ''Historical Archives'', 2012(02): p47. On September 3,the 8th year in the period of Emperor Qianlong, Buxi and the deputy lieutenant-general Naming, etc. reported to the emperor for the establishment of Mongolian studies and then they could have funds to translate documents.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 08:16, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Emperor Qianlong gave an official written reply, ”Consent and implement. By command of the Emperor”, so the translation official school in Suiyuan city was established. [] The First Historical Archives of China (translated and edited by Guo Meilan): ''Manchu Archives of Eight Banners Official Schools Established in Suiyuan City During the Qianlong Period of Qing Dynasty'', ''Historical Archives'', 2012(02): p47. On September 3, the 8th year in the period of Emperor Qianlong, Buxi and deputy lieutenant-general Naming, etc. submitted memorials to the emperor for establishing Mongolian studies which could be conductive to documents and affairs.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 12:25, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==

补熙认为，绥远城地处旷野，政务繁多，若只设官学（满蒙官学），恐为不够，且教习由京城择员派往，也与省城之例不合。关于教习满文一事，补熙奏称已照军机处先前所议，由各旗自行组织，教习之遴选并不困难，而所难者在于蒙古文的教习。原因在于，虽然绥远城内有会蒙古语者，但其语言能力不足以充任教习之责。

The official Bu Xi believed that Suiyuan city had a remote location but heavy government affairs, so it was not enough to set up the official school of Manchu and Mongolia only. And teachers sent from Central Government were unfamiliar with specific circumstances of Suiyuan city. As for teaching language of Manchus, Bu Xi submitted memorials to the emperor that each banner would have a self-organize according to the previous resolution of Privy Council. The difficulty was not the selection of teacher but teaching Mongolian, since the language competence of Mongolian speakers in Suiyuan city was insufficient for teaching.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 12:23, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

The official Bu Xi believed that since Suiyuan city was located in a remote place and burdened with heavy government affairs, it was not enough to set up the official school of Manchu and Mongolia only. And teachers dispatched from Central Government were unfamiliar with specific circumstances of Suiyuan city. As for teaching the language of Manchus, Bu Xi has submitted memorials to the emperor that each banner would self-organize in light of the previous resolutions of Privy Council. The difficulty lied not in the selection but the teaching of the Mongolian language, as Mongolian speakers in Suiyuan city were not competent for teaching the language.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 00:42, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==

奏陈云：查，归化城土默特二旗，每旗各设学校一所，教习兵丁子弟翻译满蒙语文，每月支给巴克什等各银一两五钱，学生每日每人支给制钱十文。此项开支之银钱，由其所得房租银内动支。于雍正元年奏准施行，如今甚有裨益。

Then he proposed to Chen Yun, that a school should be respectively instituted in the two areas of Cha and Tumot, to teach the soldiers and warriors to translate the language of Manchu and Mongolia, and every month each school should be granted 15 Qian (about 1500 to 2250 Wen) and each student should be granted 10 Wen every day. And this bill could be paid by the rents of the houses constructed by them. Officially carried out in the first year of Yong Zheng's reign, this programm was still of great benefits.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 06:49, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Chen Yun propose that a school should be respectively instituted in the two areas of Cha and Tumed, that soldiers should lear to translate the language of Manchu and Mongolia, and that every month teachers should be granted 15 Qian (about 1500 to 2250 Wen) and each student should be granted 10 Wen every day. And this bill could be paid by the rents of their houses. Officially carried out in the first year of Yong Zheng's reign, this programm is still of great benefits.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 10:03, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==

窃思，臣等管带官兵驻防口外蒙古旷野地方，与各扎萨克往来文移甚多，蒙古语文极为重要，现若不设立蒙古学，拣选巴克什施教，蒙古语文必将无以为继。请准我属绥远城亦照归化城土默特设立旗学之例，每翼各设学馆一所，由土默特二旗内挑选通晓蒙古语文且能翻译者两人作为巴克什，每学视兵丁子弟之俊秀挑取十名教育。至巴克什、学生应得之项，照土默特旗之例，均由本城公用房租银钱内动支销算。

I think that officials and solders garrison the vast Mongolia which is outside the Great Wall, and that they have a lot of correspondence with county magistrates. The teaching of Mongolian is therefore very important. If the study of Mongolian isn’t set up, and that there is no knowledgeable literati who is familiar with Mongolia, this study won’t be passed on. Please allow Suiyuan City also as the same of Tumed of Guihua City to set up official studies, establish a school respectively in each army, and select two persons who have a good knowledge of Mongolian and can translate from two Tumeds as teachers. Every semester, we select 10 outstanding young soldiers to educate. As for the rewards of teachers and students, according to the banner of Tumed, they are reimbursed by the common rent money of the city.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 02:29, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

I thought that officials and solders garrisoned the vast Mongolia which was outside the Great Wall, and that they had a lot of correspondence with county magistrates. The teaching of Mongolian was therefore very important. If the study of Mongolian wasn’t set up, and that there was no knowledgeable literati who was familiar with Mongolia, this study won’t be passed on. Please allow Suiyuan City also as the same of Tumed of Guihua City to set up official studies, establish a school respectively in each army, and select two persons who had a good knowledge of Mongolian and can translate from two Tumeds as teachers. Every semester, we selected 10 outstanding young soldiers to educate. As for the rewards of teachers and students, according to the banner of Tumed, they were reimbursed by the common rent money of the city. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 10:58, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==

又查，现经军机大臣等议准，为撰拟翻译本城咨行各扎萨克之文移，由归化城土默特旗兵丁内选取两人在司行走。唯彼等不食饷米，每日来本城应差，倘不酌赏饭茶之份，贫苦蒙古委实难以当差。请亦照户部所定本地同知、通判衙门支给撰拟满蒙文移之土默特蒙古等饭食银之例，每月支给银五钱。

After the second examination, now, with the approval of the grand minister of state, we will select two soldiers in the Tumote Qi of the Guihua city working in this area in oder to compile and translate the compositions in this city. However, only you went to our city applying for the job without eating food and even no tea and something else. In this way, it was really difficult for you in poor Mongolia. Please following the stipulation stated by the Ministry of Revenue in feudal China, we should pay five yuan a month as their wage for food to the people who wrote the Manchu-Mongolian language translation according to the example of local Tongzhi office and Tongan Yemen. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 05:59, 17 October 2021 (UTC)
After the second examination, with the approval of the grand ministers , we selected two soldiers in the Tumote department of the Guihua city to work in this area in oder to compile and translate the compositions in this city. However, only you went to our city applying for the job without asking salary and not to say tea and something else. In this way, it was really difficult for you to make a live in such poor Mongolia. Please follow the stipulation stated by the Ministry of Revenue in feudal China.We should pay five strings of silver coins a month as their wage to the people who wrote the Manchu-Mongolian language translation according to the example of local Tongzhi office and Tongan Yemen.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 06:22, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==

俟本城学习之人能翻译蒙古语文后，将土默特旗两名兵丁仍行遣回本旗。倘蒙圣主恩准施行，不仅臣等办理口外诸务无误，且大有裨益。[] 中国第一历史档案馆（郭美兰编译）：《乾隆朝绥远城设立八旗官学满文档案》，《历史档案》，2012年第2期，第47-48页。
Since scholars of the city could translate Meng character, two soldiers of Tu Moteqi were recalled to the original department.If Emperor have allowed the implement, not only could the ministers deal with affairs correctly, but also it would be greatly helpful.[The First Historical Archives of China (translated and compiled by Guo Meilan): Archives in QianLong Dynasty of Sui Yuan City,Historical Archives, The Second Phase in 2012, Page47-48] --[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 06:14, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

Two soldiers of Tumed Banner will be sent back to their own banner as soon as those studying in the city can translate the Mongolian language. If granted by the Grace of The Lord, it will not only be right, but also beneficial. [] The First Historical Archives of China (compiled by Guo Meilan) : Manchu Archives of eight Banners Official School set up in Suiyuan City during The Qianlong Dynasty, Historical Archives, no.2, 2012, pp. 47-48.
----
--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 11:02, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

以“地处口外蒙古旷野”、“文移甚多”作为设立绥远城旗学的理由，这一点不只适用于此奏中提及的蒙古学，而且也适用于乾隆六年奏设的绥远城翻译官学，又名满、蒙官学。此折中，补熙不仅提到雍正年间于归化城土默特二旗设立旗学，教习兵丁子弟翻译满、蒙语言文字的事，而且建议朝廷允许绥远城效仿归化城之例，设立蒙古学，从巴克什中考选教习二人，但该教习必须通晓满、蒙文字，且精于翻译，并照土默特之例给予教习薪酬，同时给予学生生活补贴。

To "located in the outer Mongolian wilderness", "a lot of text shift" as the reason for the establishment of the Yanyuan City flag school, this not only applies to the Mongolian studies mentioned in this play, but also applies to Qianlong six years of the Yuyuan City translation officer, also known as full, Mongolian official studies. In this compromise, Tsushi not only mentioned the establishment of the flag school in the naturalized city of Tummert during the Yuzheng years, teaching the teachers and children to translate full, Mongolian language and writing, but also suggested that the court allow the city to follow the example of naturalized city, the establishment of Mongolian studies, from Bakshi to choose two people, but the teaching must be familiar with full, Mongolian script, and fine translation, and according to the example of the local special to give teaching and teaching pay, while giving students living allowance.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 03:49, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

The reason for the establishment of suiyuan City banner School is that "it is located in the Mongolian wilderness outside the mouth" and "there is a lot of literary movement", which is not only applicable to the Mongolian studies mentioned in this play, but also applicable to suiyuan City Translation official school, also known as Manchu and Mongolian official School, which was played in the sixth year of Qianlong. Fill this compromise, the city is not only mentioned the yongzheng years in GuiHuaCheng tumed flag flag and establishing learning, teaching and the soldiers' children is full, the language of the translation, and suggested that the court permits suiyuan city to follow the example of GuiHuaCheng, set up the Mongolian learning, from buck assorted tests to choose the two teaching, but the teaching must be familiar with text, manchu, Mongol and skilled in translation, and tumed as the example to give teacher pay, At the same time, students are given living allowances.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 01:24, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==

至于绥化城咨送各下辖地之文移，经军机处议准，皆循例由土默特旗兵丁中，选取通晓满、蒙语者二人进行翻译和撰拟，但此二人并未获得朝廷酬佣。因此，补熙一并奏请按土默特翻译满、蒙文字者之例，给予每月银五钱的饷米。同年九月十三日，乾隆帝朱批“依议。该部知道。钦此。”，同意了补熙所奏。[]
As for the documents sent by Suihua city to each region under its jurisdiction, according to the approval of the Military Intelligence Office, two soldiers from Tumed banner who were proficient in Manchu and Mongolian were selected to translate and draft the documents, but these two men were not paid by the court. Therefore, Buxi also asked for a monthly rate of five coins for the interpreter of the Manchu and Mongolian languages according to the example of Tumed. On September 13 of the same year, Zhu PI, emperor Qianlong, "complied with the proposal. The ministry knows. Qin here." And agreed to buhee's play--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 02:05, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

According to the approval of the Military Intelligence Office, the documents sent by Suihua city to each jurisdiction were translated and drafted by two soldiers, who were selected from Tumed banner and proficient in Manchu and Mongolian. But these two men were not paid by the court. Therefore, Buxi presented a memorial and asked for five coins a month as salary with reference to the translators and interpreters of the Manchu and Mongolian in Tumed. On September 13 of the same year, emperor Qianlong wrote a response in red, "Proposal approved. The ministry informed. End here." and he agreed what Buxi put forward.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 08:23, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==

乾隆十一年二月十三日，经吏部奏准，朝廷规定嗣后省城将军、副都统等衙门随印笔帖式，不再由京城委任，而改为本地兵丁内考取。因应此例，绥远城满洲、蒙古笔帖式的考选也做了调整，即从本地八旗兵丁中挑选适当人选，通过考试翻译（满、汉翻译）进行选任。由于绥远城蒙古学设立之初，蒙文教习系从归化城土默特巴克什中进行考选，因而补熙、保云、布彦图等又在乾隆十一年四月初三日联名具折，拟对蒙古学教习进行改选，并请设立满、蒙文翻译教习。

On February 13, the 11th year of qianlong's reign, after the approval of the Ministry of Personnel, the imperial court stipulated that the provincial generals, deputy dutong and other clerks in Yamen(government office in feudal China) were no longer appointed by the capital, but were selected from local soldiers. In response to this rule, the test and selection of Manchuria in Suiyuan city and Mongolia clerks has also been adjusted, that is, to select appropriate candidates from the local soldiers of the eight banners through the translation test (Manchu and Chinese translation). At the beginning of the establishment of Mongolian Studies in Suiyuan city, the Mongolian language teaching department selected students from tumot Bakshi, a naturalization city, so Buxi, Baoyun and Buyantu signed a joint proposal on April 3, the 11th year of qianlong, to change the teaching of Mongolian studies, and requested the establishment of Manchu and Mongolian translation teaching.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 13:56, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

On February 13, the 11th year of Qianlong's reign, with the approval of the official department, the imperial court stipulated that the provincial capital generals, deputy lieutenant-generals and other officials would no longer be appointed by the capital but would be admitted by local soldiers. In response to this regulation, the way to examine and select Manchuria and Mongolia clerks in Suiyuan city was also adjusted, that is, appropriate candidates were selected and appointed from the local soldiers of the “Eight Banners” through translation examinations (Manchu and Chinese translation). At the beginning of the establishment of Mongolian Studies in Suiyuan City, examinations were conducted in Guihua city, namely Tumert Bakshi to select Mongolian instructors. Therefore, Buxi, Baoyun, Bu Yantu and others jointly signed a letter to the throne on the third day of April in the eleventh year of Qianlong. They planned to reelect Mongolian instructors and seek to set up Manchu and Mongolian instructors of translation.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 14:26, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==

具体而言便是，从将军随印三名笔帖式内，挑选精通满、汉文翻译者二人，照吏部所定之例考试录用。同时，由于绥远城旗人中，懂汉文者甚少，因此拟请将原来所设的蒙古笔帖式缺（一人）改为满、蒙文翻译笔帖式缺，从蒙古旗人中加以考取。三个月之后，即七月十四日，补熙等人再次递呈奏折，请设满、汉翻译学，以便考选笔帖式。

Specifically, two translators proficient in Manchu and Chinese were selected from the three clerks named bithesi accompanying the general, and employed in accord with the prescribed procedures set by the Ministry of Personnel. Meanwhile, few people of “Eight Banners” mastered Chinese in Suiyuan city, and therefore it was proposed to change the original lack of Mongolian clerk (one person) to the lack of Manchu and Mongolian translation clerks. The candidates for the positions were selected from the Mongolian Manchu people. Three months later, namely, on July 14, presenting their memorials to the throne again, Buxi and others asked for setting up Manchu and Chinese translation studies in order to test and select clerks.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 12:54, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Specifically, two translators proficient in Manchu—Chinese were selected from the three bithesis by the general, and employed according to the example set by the Ministry of officials.At the same time, there are few people who understand Chinese among the Eight Banners in Suiyuan city. Therefore, it is proposed to change the original lack of Mongolian bithesi(one person) to the lack of Manchu-Chinese and Mongolian-Chinese translation bithesis, and take it from the Mongolian.Three months later, on July 14, Buxi and others submitted their memorials again and askde for setting up Manchu-Chinese translation studies in order to test and select the bithesi. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 14:00, 17 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==

此奏折的撰拟源于乾隆十一年三月十六日吏部的一纸奏定，后者规定嗣后各省城驻防将军、副都统，以及城守尉随印笔帖式，停止由京城补放，一律改为各省地方考取。此例出台之后，绥远城即在辖地八旗兵丁内，办理满、汉翻译考试，试图选取随印笔帖式七人。但令人以外的是，应试考生中多数不通汉文，个别能说汉文者，也只是粗通翻译，译文既不流畅，也不确切。

The compilation of this memorial originated from a paper written by the Ministry of officials on March 16, the eleventh year of the Emperor Qianlong's reign.
According to the regulations of the Ministry of officials,stipulated that the provincial capital garrison generals, the vice capital, as well as the city guard officers with the bithesis, stopped by the capital replacement, must be admitted to provinces and localities provincial examinations.After the promulgation of this regulation,Suiyuan city conducted Manchu and Chinese translation examinations in the soldiers of the Eight Banners under its jurisdiction, trying to select seven people with the bithesis.But surprisingly, most of the examinees do not understand Chinese.some can speak Chinese, they can only translate roughly,and the translation is neither smooth nor accurate. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 14:34, 16 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

The edict originated from a memorial to the throne written by the Ministry of Civil Affairs on March 16, the eleventh year under the Emperor Qianlong's reign. The memorial stipulated that the appointment of the provincial capital garrison generals, the vice capital, as well as the bithesis of the city guard officers, should be made through provincial examinations rather than the capital decisions. After the promulgation of this regulation, Suiyuan conducted Manchu－Chinese translation examinations in the soldiers of the Eight Banners under its jurisdiction, trying to select seven people as the bithesis. But surprisingly, most of the examinees did not know Chinese. Even some could speak, they could only do the translation roughly, which was neither smooth nor accurate. --[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 15:03, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==

故而，只能勉强从中选取考卷三份，加以阅读分析。由于绥远城中通汉文者甚少，长于翻译满、汉文者亦少，因而蒙古学设立三年以来，学生仍以参加满、蒙文考试居多，而以满、汉文考试为少。而自从将随印笔帖式改为从八旗兵丁内考选之后，汉文的学习越发重要，因为不学习汉文，便无法进行满、汉翻译。

Constraintly, the officials could only pick three papers to read. As few people in Suiyuan knew Chinese, as well as people who mastered the Manchu-Chinese translation, the majority of students still took Manchu-Mongolian examinations, with fewer people taking the Manchu-Chinese examinations since the Mongolian Language Studies had been set three years ago. However, since the general bithesi exmabination had been changed to choosing bithesi from soldiers among the Eight Banners, the study of Chinese became more and more important, for without learning Chinese, it was impossible to carry out Manchu－Chinese translation.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 15:04, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, the officials could only reluctantly select three test papers for reading and analysis. Due to the fact that few people in Suiyuan are proficient in Chinese, and few mastered the Manchu-Chinese translation, the majority of students still took Manchu-Mongolian examinations, with fewer people taking the Manchu-Chinese examinations since the Mongolian Language Studies had been set three years ago. However since the general bithesi exmabination had been changed to choosing bithesi from soldiers among the Eight Banners, the study of Chinese became more and more important, for without learning Chinese, it was impossible to translate Manchu－Chinese.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 22:55, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==

因此，对于绥远城而言，仿照蒙古官学之例，设立满、汉翻译官学便显得非常重要。因为绥远城内无人可堪满、汉翻译教习之用，因而满、汉翻译官学设立之后，应当由吏部从京城八旗之内，挑选合适者充任。除此以外，补熙等人也在奏折中，一并奏请朝廷拨付用于翻译教学的笔墨、纸张等。

Therefore, for Suiyuan City, it is very important to establish Manchu and Chinese translation official schools, following the example of Mongolian official schools. Since there was no one in Suiyuan can be used to teach Manchu and Chinese translation, after the establishment of Manchu and Chinese translation official schools, the Ministry of officials should select suitable ones from the Eight Banners in the capital. In addition, bu Xi and others are also wrote memorials，requesting the court to allocate pen, ink and paper for translation teaching.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 13:32, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, for Suiyuan city, it then became very important to establish the official school of Manchu and Chinese translation following the example of Mongolian official school. Since no one in Suiyuan city was eligible to teach Manchu and Chinese translation, after the establishment of the official school of Manchu and Chinese translation, the Ministry of Officials should select suitable candidates from the Eight Banners in the capital. In addition, Bu Xi and other officials also requested the imperial court to allocate pen, ink and paper for translation teaching in memorials to the throne.

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==

补熙认为，只有照此设立满、汉翻译官学，才能确保翻译满、汉文的笔帖式考选得以顺利进行。乾隆三十七年九月，继任绥远城将军容保奏请支付满、蒙八旗学教习和学生银两，其中提到补熙奏准设立的满、蒙翻译官学（即乾隆六年设立的满、蒙学馆）和十一年设立的满、汉翻译官学，以及两所学校教习的选拔。容保认为，满、蒙翻译官学和满、汉翻译官学的四名翻译教习并没有其它差务，而只是专于教学，因而每月支银各一两五钱，即每年支银七十二两，实属过分，应予以全数抽出。

Bu Xi believed that only by establishing the official school of Manchu and Chinese translation in such a way could ensure the success of selective test for bithesi. In September of the 37th year of Qianlong Emperor's reign, Rong Bao, the successor to the former General of Suiyuan, proposed that financial support should be provided for the teachers and students who were Manchu and Mongolian Eight Banners. The official school of Manchu and Mongolian translation (the Manchu and Mongolian school founded in the sixth year of Qianlong's administration) suggested by Bu Xi, the official school of Manchu and Chinese translation and the selection of their teachers are mentioned in the proposition. Bao Rong insisted that since the four teachers in the two schools have no other job but teaching, offering them 1 silver coin and 5 copper coins per month, namely 72 silver coins per year is excessive and thus all the money should be reallocated.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 12:36, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

Bu Xi believed that only by establishing the official school of Manchu-Chinese translation in such a way could the success of selective test for bithesi be ensured. In September of the 37th year of Qianlong Emperor' s reign, Rong Bao, the successor to the General of Suiyuan city, proposed that financial support should be provided for the teachers and students who were Manchu and Mongolian Eight Banners. The proposal also mentioned the official school of Manchu-Mongolian translation (founded in the sixth year of Qianlong) and the official school of Manchu-Chinese translation, which both built on the advice of Bu Xi, As well as the selection of schools' teachers. Bao Rong considered that since the four teachers in these schools had no other job but teaching, it was wasteful to offer them 1 silver coin and 5 copper coins per month, namely 72 silver coins per year. Thus all the money should be reallocated.--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 09:13, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==

逮于绥远城设立官学五所之后，遂将四名翻译教习，以及抽出的银两等，一同拨付给前者。虽然乾隆帝对于此折只是简单地批复道“知道了”，但根据后来的文献记载，容保所奏仍然得到了允准。如乾隆五十年九月二十二日，集福以绥远城将军身份上疏高宗，奏请改设满、汉翻译官学，其中便提到容保奏请裁汰翻译官学之事，其中指出：
Only after the five official schools were built in Suiyuan city, the imperial court then should allocate 4 translation teachers and salaries to the schools. Though Emperor Qianlong merely replied these memorials with "got it”, the sebsequent documents suggest that the memorial presented by Rong Bao had been approved by Emperor. For instance, on September 22rd, the fiftieth year of emperor Qianlong（1785), Ji Fu presented a memorial as the general of Suiyuan city, asking for a transformation of officals schools of Manchu-Chinese translation. Thereinto, he mentioned the advise proposed by RongBao that government should make a modification of officiall translation schools . It pointed out that:--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 06:10, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

Only after five official educational institutions had been set up,did these four translation teachers, the collected fund and so on been allocated to the institutions.Though Emperor Qianlong just replied “I see”，Rong Bao’s memorial still got approval according to the documents afterward.For instance， on September 22rd, the fiftieth year of emperor Qianlong（1785)，Ji Fu presented a memorial as the general of Suiyuan city, asking for setting up officals schools of Manchu-Chinese translation，in the case of which，he mentioned Rong Bao’s suggestion that the official educational institutions should be shut down.It pointed out that:----[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 02:38, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==

奴才查，乾隆十一年经前任将军补熙奏准，在绥远城设立满蒙翻译学，考取两名教习，挑选八旗子弟二十名教育，俟三年期满后，诚能勤勉从事，所教有成，则将该教习保奏，记名挑补骁骑校。乾隆三十七年，经前任将军容保奏准，裁汰翻译学，设立五所满洲学，每学各设教习四名，教育所有年轻养育兵及闲散幼丁。奴才等查，每学现有学生百余名，徒有其名而已，并未得以好好学习，于学生甚无益处，反被耽误。

I have searched that in the eleventh year of Qian Long’s reign，the translation subject of Man and Meng nations had been settled down in Sui Yuan city under the approval of the former general———— Bu Xi，recruiting two teachers to teach twenty royal students enrolled，who will honored to be Tiao Buxiaoqixiao without test if he is literally diligent in teaching and has made an achievement during three years.In the thirty seventh year of Qian Long’s reign，the translation subject had been cancelled under the approval of the former general———— Rong Bao，and five Man Zhou institutions were set down with every institution having four teachers to teach those young soldiers and free childrens.We have investigated that every institution has more than one hundred student，who were not deserved to be called educational institution，cause students cannot study well but were reversely misled.

I had searched that in 1746, the 11th year under the reign of Qianlong, the former general named Bu Xi had got permission from the Emperor to set up Manchurian-Mongolian translation studies in Suiyuan city, recruited two instructors to teach 20 students enrolled in the Eight Banners who will be honored as candidate for valiant cavalry if he is diligent in learning and made an achievement during three years' training. In 1772, the 37th year under the reign of Qianlong, the formal general Rong Bao had approved the decision to cancel the translation studies and set up five Manchurian schools, each with four instructors, to teach those young soldiers and idle toddlers. We had investigated that every school had more than one hundred students with an undeserved reputation, which benefited nothing for students but delayed them on the contrary.--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 05:14, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==

况且自裁汰翻译学以来，考取笔帖式及撰拟咨行各地汉字文稿，日渐难以得人。奴才等加紧训练兵丁之满洲语言外，自到任后即行整修将军衙门内房屋十五间，将八旗近三百名俊秀子弟编为五所学校，挑选贤能教习，每日教授满洲语言及马步箭。今经查看，已有成效，再加紧教习一二年后，皆可成长。

Besides, since the elimination of translation studies, it has become increasingly difficult to find people who passed the examination for bithesi and excelled at writing manuscripts in various industries and places with Chinese characters. In addition to stepping up the soldiers' Manchurian language training, we have also renovated 15 houses in the General's Yamun since taking office, grouped nearly 300 outstanding intelligence in the Eight Banners into five schools and selected talented instructors to teach them Manchuria language and horseback archery. Visible results have been achieved after checking today and they will all able to make greater progress if we step up training for one or two years.--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 02:28, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Another version: Moreover, since the abolition of translation studies, it has become increasingly difficult to garner talents to take part in and pass translation examination, and to draw up the drafts of news about all walks of life in various places. Apart from strengthening the soldiers’ training in Manchurian language, we and other ministers immediately arranged to renovate 15 houses in the General’s Yamen (the government office in feudal China) after taking office. The nearly 300 brilliant youths in the Eight Banners will be organized into five schools and taught by the select competent personages in Manchurian language, horse-riding, and arrow-shooting on a daily basis. After today’s checking, these young people have made great progress, and they will achieve more growth with subsequent one-to-two-year effective and intense study. --[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 06:36, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==

奴才等愚见，请将八旗现有五所满洲学概行裁撤，仅留一处校舍，仍照旧例作为满汉翻译学，考取两名翻译教习，挑选八旗俊秀稍大子弟三十名，教授满汉文翻译。每年支给现有五所学校之公用银，即拨给新设翻译学校及将军衙门内所设五所学校使用。其所撤四所学校之房屋，并无用处，相应照先前腾出官署作价之例，交同知作价归入正项钱粮。
In our humble opinion, the five existing Manchurian schools in the Eight-Banners system should be abolished, with only one school building leaved to be used for Manchurian-Chinese translation studies as usual. Meanwhile, two translators will be admitted through tests into the school to teach translation, and thirty youths of outstanding intelligence in the Eight Banners will be selected to impart Manchurian-Chinese translation. The annual public money allocated to the existing five schools should be now distributed among the newly established translation school and the five schools in the General’s Yamen (the government office in feudal China). The four school houses which have been removed are useless, and the fees of these vacant houses will be valued according to the previous examples, handed over to the relevant ministers for pricing, and integrated into the tax and corvee system.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 15:09, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

In our humble opinion, the five existing Manchurian schools in the Eight-Banners system should be abolished, with only one school building leaved to be used for Manchurian-Chinese translation studies as usual. Meanwhile, select two translation instructors and thirty of the eight banners excellent older sons and daughters to teach the Manchu-Chinese translation. The annual public money allocated to the existing five schools should be now distributed among the newly established translation school and the five schools in the General’s Yamen (the government office in feudal China). The four school houses which have been removed are useless, and the fees of these vacant houses will be valued according to the previous examples, handed over to the relevant ministers for pricing, and integrated into the tax and corvee system.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 16:44, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==

如此稍作调整，则考取笔帖式、撰拟汉字文稿皆可得人，于满洲语言、马步箭等技艺亦有益处。[] 中国第一历史档案馆（郭美兰编译）：《乾隆朝绥远城设立八旗官学满文档案》，《历史档案》，2012年第2期，第50页。根据集福的说法，乾隆三十七年，五所满洲官学设立之后，至今共有官学生五百余人，即每学为百余人，教习共二十人，即每学为四人，但这些学生自入学以后，并未专心学习，所谓肄业只是徒有其名。

With a little adjustment like this, you can become a bithesi, compose a kanji manuscript better than others, and benefit from skills such as Manchurian language and horseback archery. The First Historical Archives of China (compiled by Guo Meilan): "Manchu Archives of the Establishment of the Eight Banners Official School in Suiyuan City during the Qianlong Dynasty," Historical Archives, 2012, No. 2, p. 50. According to Ji Fu, in the thirty-seventh year of the Qianlong era, after the establishment of five Manchurian government schools, so far there are more than 500 students, that is, each school for more than 100 people, teachers a total of 20 people, that is, each school for four people. However, these students have not concentrated on their studies since they enrolled, and the so-called studies are only in name.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 16:32, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

With a little adjustment like this, talents emerged passing the test of bethesi and able to write Chinese texts. Manchurian language and Mabu archery and other skills all benefited from it. According to The First Historical Archives of China (compiled by Guo Meilan): "Manchu Archives of the Establishment of the Eight Banners Official School in Suiyuan City during the Qianlong Dynasty," Historical Archives, 2012, No. 2, p. 50. According to Ji Fu, in the thirty-seventh year of the Qianlong era, after the establishment of five Manchurian government schools, so far there are more than 500 students, that is, each school for more than 100 people, teachers a total of 20 people, that is, each school for four people. However, these students have not concentrated on their studies since they enrolled, and the so-called studies are only in name.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 07:31, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==

然而，集福自称自其就任以来，不仅强化八旗兵丁的满洲语言学习，从中挑选俊秀者充补至将军衙门内新设的五所学校，而且在教习的问题上挑贤选能，令其勤于教习，凡此种种已使学生的培养初见成效。因此，集福请旨将原来所设的五所满洲官学进行裁撤，将其并为一所，仍照旧例定为满、汉翻译官学，以两名翻译教习，教授三十名八旗俊秀子弟满、汉文翻译。乾隆帝为此责令军机大臣和珅等，遵旨议奏。

However, Jifu claimed that since he took office, he has not only strengthened the study of Manchuria language among the Eight Banners soldiers, from whom he selected excellent persons to fill the five new schools in the General's Office, but also selected talents on the issue of teaching, urging them to be diligent in their work. all of which have made the training of students first effective. Therefore, Jifu asked for an order to abolish the original five Manchurian official schools and make them one, which was still ordered as the official school of Manchu and Chinese translation as before. Two teachers were arranged to teach thirty young talents of Eight Banners Manchu and Chinese translation. For this proposition, Emperor Qianlong ordered He Shen and others, ministers of Junjichu, to discuss and make report on Jifu’s proposal.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 15:05, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

However, Jifu claimed that since he took office, he has not only strengthened the study of Manchu among the Eight Banners soldiers and selected excellent candidates qualified for the five schools set up newly in the General's Office, but also selected talents on the issue of teaching and urged?them to be diligent in their work. All measures make the development of students first-time results. Therefore, Jifu asked for an order to combine the five Manchurian official schools into one, which was still ordered as the official school of Manchu and Chinese translation as before. Two translators were arranged to teach thirty young talents of Eight Banners Manchu and Chinese translation. For this proposition, Emperor Qianlong ordered He Shen and others ministers of Junjichu, to discuss and make report on Jifu’s proposal.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 10:25, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==

于是，十月五日，即集福具折四日之后，和珅遵旨回奏，指出自裁汰翻译官学以来，各部院衙门在考取笔帖式和书写汉字文移时，竟不得人，因而同意了集福之议，裁汰原来所设的五处满洲官学，留一处作为官学房屋，照旧例设立满洲翻译官学，教习八旗英俊子弟满、汉语翻译。和珅在奏章中同时指出，各省将军和地方官员相互行文时，也需要用到汉字，因而也需要教授翻译。同日，乾隆帝即批复“著依议。钦此”，同意了和珅所议。

Therefore, on October 5, four days after the proposal of Jifu, He Shen played back according to his order, pointing out that since the abolition of the official school of translation, the Yamen of various ministries and institutes have been unable to find a qualified person when taking the examination of pen style and writing Chinese characters. Therefore, he agreed with Jifu's proposal to eliminate the five original Manchu official schools leaving one as the official school house, and to set up the Manchu official school of translation according to the old practice in order to teach the distinguished children of the eight banners to translate Manchu and Chinese. In He Shen’s proposal folding, he also pointed out that when provincial generals and local officials write to each other, they also need to use Chinese characters, so they also need to learn translation. On the same day, Qianlong Emperor approved his proposal by "I agree, that’s all" and consented to He Shen’s suggest.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 10:26, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, on October 5th, four days after the preparation of memorial to the throne of Jifu, He Shen played back according to the emperor’s order, pointing out that since the adjudication and abolition of the official school of translation, the Yamen of various ministries and institutes had been unable to find a qualified person when they craved for the translate position and wrote the official document in Chinese. Therefore, he agreed with Jifu's proposal to eliminate the five original Manchu official schools leaving one as the official school house, and to set up the Manchu official school of translation according to the old practice in order to teach the distinguished children of the eight banners to translate Manchu and Chinese. Meanwhile, He Shen also pointed out in his proposal that when provincial generals and local officials wrote official documents to each other, they also need to use Chinese characters, so they also need to be taught translation. On the same day, Qianlong Emperor approved his proposal by "I agree, that’s all" and consented to He Shen’s suggest.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 00:55, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==

显然，无论是补熙和鄂尔泰等奏请设立或复设满蒙学馆，还是补熙奏请设立蒙古学、满汉翻译学，以及改设满蒙文翻译笔帖式，又或是德龄等奏请制定满蒙文翻译生员奖惩章程，容保奏请设立满蒙八旗学五所，以及集福奏请裁汰满蒙八旗学，并改设（复设）满汉翻译学等，凡此种种都表明绥远城官学的翻译人才培养目标与定位，其办学模式和办学效果在清代旗学体系中颇具典范性。

Apparently, whether Buxi and Ertai remit their requirements of establishing or set up the Academy of Manchuria and Mongolia anew to the emperor and Buxi asked the emperor for the instruction of establishing the study of Mongolia, translatology of Manchurian and Han language and authorizing the officers who transcribe and translate the Mongolian and Manchu language, or Deling asked the emperor to formulate the rewarding and penal regulations for Manchurian and Mongolian translators; Rongbao requested instructions from the emperor to found five schools for Manchurian and Mongolian Eight Banners and Jifu appeal for adjudicating and eliminate the study of Manchurian and Mongolian Eight Banners and turning to set up the translatology of Manchurian and Han language, those behaviors manifested the exemplary nature of the training goals and orientation for translation talents, school running modes and school running effects of Suiyuan official school in the system of banner hierarchy in Qing Dynasty.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 14:36, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Apparently, all the following proposals manifested the exemplary nature of the training goals and orientation for translation talents, school running modes and school running effects of Suiyuan official school in the system of Academy of Banner in Qing Dynasty. For example, Buxi and Ertai submitted their requirements to the emperor of establishing or setting up the Academy of Manchuria and Mongolia again; Buxi asked the emperor for the instruction of establishing the study of Mongolia, translatology of the Manchuand Han language and establishing the group of scholars of the Manchu and Mongolian translation; Deling asked the emperor to formulate the rewarding and penal regulations for Manchurian and Mongolian translators; Rongbao requested instructions from the emperor to found five schools for Manchurian and Mongolian Eight Banners; Jifu appealed for adjudicating and eliminating the study of Manchurian and Mongolian Eight Banners and turning to set up the translatology of Manchurian and Han language, etc--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 03:53, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==

2.旗学教育中的汉籍（书）译本。旗学之设，必有教材方能成行，然而国初之际并无文字，书籍修纂只能借助其它民族文字，颇为不易。太祖、太宗年间，额尔德尼与噶盖受命创制老满文，后经达海改进，不仅给文移往来、记注政事等带来便利，也给满、汉翻译，以及解决旗人教育的教学用书等，创造了条件。

2.Translated version of the Han Dynasty in the education of Academy of Eight Banners. Only with teaching materials could the Academy of Eight Banners’ establishment be accessible, however, at the beginning of the country there was no text. Under this circumstance, books could only be compiled with the help of other nationality characters, which was quite difficult. During the reign of first and second emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Erdeni and Gagai were ordered to create the old Manchu which was later improved by Dahai. Not only made it much easy for official documents communication, political affairs’ notation, but also provided the conditions for the Manchu, Han translation, as well as solving the teaching books of the Bannerman’s education , etc. --[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 03:15, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Translated version of the Han Dynasty in the education of Academy of Eight Banners. Only with teaching materials could the Academy of Eight Banners be established successfully, however, at the beginning of the country there was no text. Under this circumstance, books could only be compiled with the help of other nationality characters, which was quite difficult. During the reign of first and second emperors of the Qing Dynasty, Erdeni and Gagai were ordered to create the old Manchu which was later improved by Dahai. Not only made it much easier for official documents communication and political affairs’ notation, but also provided the conditions for the Manchu and Han translation, as well as solving the problem of teaching books of the Bannerman’s education , etc. --[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 03:07, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==

如太祖曾命达海翻译汉籍，太宗也曾分拨“书房”满官担任“译汉字书籍”的工作，译成之书包括《刑部会典》、《素书》、《三略》、《万宝全书》等。天聪八年，伊成阿（又名宜成格）参加礼部考试，以第一名取中“汉人习满书”举人，授内国史院行走，又翻译《礼部会典》成书。[] 鄂尔泰等：《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第239页；清高宗敕纂：《八旗满洲氏族通谱》，台北：台湾商务印书馆，1983年，第12页。嗣后，大学士希福于崇德元年奉敕翻译《辽》、《金》、《元》三史，崇德四年六月译竣，顺治元年“敬缮成书以进”。[]

For example, Taizu once ordered Dahai to translate Chinese books, and Taizong once assigned Manchu officials in the "Study orgnization" to the work of "translating Chinese books". The successfully translated books include ''the code of the Ministry of punishment'', ''Su Shu'', ''San Lue'', ''Wan Bao Quan Shu''(''General People's Daily Life''), etc. In the eighth year of Tiancong, Yi chenga (also known as Yi chengge) took part in the examination of the Ministry of rites, took the first place in the "Han people's learning full books", was awarded to work part-time at the National Academy of history, and translated ''Ceremony of the Ministry of Rites'' into a book. [] Ertai et al：''Records of Emperor Taizong In Qing Dynasty''，Beijing：Zhong Hua Book Company，1985，p239；Imperial usurpation by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty：''General Manual of Manchu Clan in Eight Banners''，Taibei：Taiwan Commercial Press，1983，p12. Subsequently, in the first year of Chongde, the grand seccretary Xi Fu was ordered to translate three historical books: ''Liao'', ''Jin'' and ''yuan'',and the translation work ended in June of the fourth year of Chongde, then the books were presented to the emperor in the first year of Shunzhi.[]--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 03:02, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

For example, Taizu once ordered Dahai to translate Chinese books, and Taizong assigned Manchu officials in the "Study orgnization" to the work of "translating Chinese books", which included ''the Code of the Ministry of Punishments '', ''Su Shu'', ''San Lue'', ''General People's Daily Life , etc. In the eighth year of Tiancong, Yi Chenga (also known as Yi Cheng’e) took the examination of the Ministry of Rites and won the first place in the "Han people's learning full books". He was awarded to work part-time at the National Academy of History as well as translated ''Ceremony of the Ministry of Rites'' into a book. [] Ertai et al：''Factual Records of Emperor Taizong In the Qing Dynasty''，Beijing：Zhong Hua Book Company，1985，p.239；Imperial usurpation by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty：''General Manual of Manchu Clan in Eight Banners''，Taibei：Taiwan Commercial Press，1983，p.12. Subsequently, in the first year of Chongde, the grand secretary Xi Fu was mandated to translate three historical books: ''Liao'', ''Jin'' and ''yuan'',and the translation work ended in June of the fourth year of Chongde, then the books were presented to the emperor in the first year of Shunzhi. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 05:08, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==

鄂尔泰等：《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第49页。这些满译汉籍或涉及修身正心，或涉及齐家治国，成为统治者了解汉制，学习知识的主要途径，同时也是清初旗人教育的重要来源。例如，顺治初开办国子监八旗官学时，朝廷拟将满、汉官员子弟分为“读清书”、“读汉书”两种，前者正是以汉籍的满文译本作为学习的主要内容。

Ertai et al.: “Factual Records of the Qing Dynasty • Factual Records of Emperor Taizongwen”, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, p. 49. These Chinese books translated in Manchu language, either involving self-cultivation and moral integrity or related to regulating the family and ruling the state, became the main way for governors to learn about the Han system and acquire knowledge, as well as the significant source of Bannerman Education in the early Qing Dynasty. For instance, at the beginning of Emperor Shunzhi’s establishment of the Imperial Academy of Eight Banners, the court intended to divide the children of Manchu and Han officials into two types:” reading books of the Qing Dynasty and of the Han Dynasty, the former of which exactly took the Manchu translation of Chinese books as the main content of learning.--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 14:35, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Ertai et al.:” Factual Records of the Qing Dynasty • Factual Records of Emperor Taizongwen”, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, p. 49. These Chinese books translated in Manchu language, either involving self-cultivation and moral integrity or related to regulating the family and ruling the state, became the main way for governors to learn about the Han system and acquire knowledge, as well as the significant source of Bannerman Education in the early Qing Dynasty. For instance,at the time of establishing the Imperial Academy of Eight Banners in the beginning of the rule of Shunzhi, the court intended to divide the children of Manchu and Han officials into two types:” reading books of the Qing Dynasty and of the Han Dynasty, the former of which exactly took the Manchu translation of Chinese books as the main content of learning.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 03:26, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==

顺治年间，他赤哈哈番阿什坦先后翻译《大学》、《中庸》、《孝经》和《通鉴总论》等，这些书籍要么被用作治国理政之参考，要么也被用作旗人教育之教材。[] 鄂尔泰等修，李洵、赵德贵点校：《八旗通志·初集》，长春：东北师范大学出版，1986年，第5339页。据陳康祺在《郎潜纪闻·二笔》中说，“顺治初，翻译《大学》、《中庸》、《孝经》诸书，刊行之，以教旗人，皆出其手”，即是此情况之体现。[]

During the reign of Shunzhi, Tachihahafanashitan translated the ''University'', the ''Moderation'', the ''Classic of Filial Piety'' and ''The General of Tongjian'' one by one, which were either used as a reference for governing the country or as teaching materials for the education of Flag People.[]Revised by Ertai ect. Proofread by Li Xun and Zhao Degui: ''Eight Banner Tongzhi· Initial Collection'', Changchun: Published by Northeast Normal University, 1986, p. 5339.According to Chen Kangqi in ''Lang Qianjiang · Two Bi'', " At the beginning of Shunzhi, he translated the ''University'',the ''Moderation'', the ''Classic of Filial Piety'' and published them to teach the Frag People", which is the embodiment of this situation.[]--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 03:17, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Shunzhi, Tachihahafanashitan translated the ''University'', the ''Moderation'', the ''Classic of Filial Piety'' and ''The General of Tongjian'' successively， which were either used as a reference for governing the country or as teaching materials for the education of Banner People. []Revised by Ertai ect. Proofread by Li Xun and Zhao Degui: ''General Annals of Eight Banner ·Initial Collection'', Changchun: Published by Northeast Normal University, 1986, p.5339. According to Chen Kangqi in ''Folk Anecdotes Chronicle(Second Version)'', "In the early period of Shunzhi, he translated the ''University'',the ''Moderation'', the ''Classic of Filial Piety'' and published them to educate the Banner People", which is the embodiment of this situation. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 04:49, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==

陈康祺著，晋石点校：《郎潜纪闻·二笔》，北京：中华书局，1997年，第362页。除了是八旗臣民的学习教材之外，汉籍满译本也是最高统治者的学习蓝本，深深影响了清初君主的知识结构。例如，世祖即位之初，仅识满文，逮亲政后方习汉语。《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》中的说法是“六龄即嗜观史书”，显然世祖是以汉籍的满文译本为限。[]

Written by Chen Kangqi, edited by Jinshi: ''Folk Anecdotes Chronicle(Second Version).'' Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1997, page 362. In addition to being the learning material of the eight banners, the Manchu translation of Chinese classics was also the learning blueprint of the supreme rulers, which deeply influenced the knowledge structure of the early Qing emperors. For example, emperor Shizu only knew Manchu when he just ascended the throne, then he learned Chinese after taking over the reins. In ''the Records of Qing Dynasty· Emperor Fu Lin'', it is said that “be addicted to reading historical books at the age of 6”, which implies that emperor Shizu was limited to the Manchu translation of Han books at that time.--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 14:35, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Annotations:
First:the Manchu translation of Chinese-the translation of Han Ji Manchu
Second:emperor Shizu-at the beginning of emperor Shizu’s accession --[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 05:16, 18 October 2021 (UTC)
==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==

鄂尔泰等：《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第27页。《北游集》中，对于世祖勤学汉文的情形也有记载，认为他所阅读的汉书范围甚广，“《左》、《史》、《庄》、《骚》、先秦、两汉、唐宋八大家，以及元明撰著，无不毕备。”[] 释道忞：《北遊集》，上海：上海古籍出版社，2010年，第47-48页。

Ertai et al., Records of the Qing Dynasty, Records of the Emperor Shizu Zhang, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, p. 27. There is also a record of Shizu's diligent study of The Chinese language in Beiyou, which says that he read a wide range of Han books, including Zuo, Shi, Zhuang, Sao, the eight masters of the Pre-Qin, Han, Tang and Song dynasties, as well as the works of the Yuan and Ming dynasties. [] Daomin Shi: A Journey in North China, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2010, pp. 47-48.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 03:10, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Ertai et al. Records of emperor shizuzhang in the Qing Dynasty, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, P. 27. There are also records of Shizu's diligent study of Chinese in the collection of northern travels, which holds that he has read a wide range of Han books, "Zuo, Shi, Zhuang, Sao, eight masters in the pre-Qin, Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, as well as the yuan and Ming Dynasties." [] Shi Daoyi: collection of northern travels, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2010, pp. 47-48.

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==

顺治帝学习汉文之时，内秘书院已完成组织翻译《通鉴》，并另行请译《大学衍义》，这些译本无论成书与否，都对顺治帝奠定知识基础具有重要作用。顺治十年，内院诸臣奉敕翻译《五经》，顺治帝在御览译本初稿时，也以御笔批注译本中的讹错，令译书官更正缮写。正是由于世祖亲近汉官，倾慕汉族文化，虽然因为统治阶级内部的压力，不得不在顺治十一年宣布宗学“永停其习汉字诸书”，但仍在宗学的教学内容上做出让步，允许宗学生“翻译各样汉书观玩”，使得宗学及其它官学仍可以保留满译汉籍文本作为教材。[]

When Emperor Shunzhi studied Chinese, neimi Academy had completed the translation of Tongjian and asked for another translation of University Spread Meaning. Whether these translations were completed or not, they played an important role in laying the knowledge foundation for emperor Shunzhi. In the 10th year of Shunzhi reign, the officials in the inner court translated The Five Classics. When Emperor Shunzhi read the first draft of the translation, he also annotated the errors in the translation with the Royal pen and ordered the translators to correct and rewrite. It was precisely because the ancestors were close to Han officials and admired Han culture,although they had to announce that the patriarchal school "stopped learning Chinese characters and books forever" in the 11th year of Shunzhi because of the pressure within the ruling class, they still made concessions on the teaching content of the patriarchal school and allowed the patriarchal students to "translate all kinds of Chinese books and watch and play", so that the patriarchal school and other official schools can still retain the fully translated Chinese texts as teaching materials. -- translated by Wang Zhenlong

When Emperor Shunzhi studied Chinese, Neimi Academy had completed the translation of ''Tongjian'' and asked for another translation of ''The Derivation of the Great Learning''. Whether these translations were completed or not, they played an important role in laying the knowledge foundation for emperor Shunzhi. In the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, the ministers in the Neimi Academy translated ''The Five Classics''. When Emperor Shunzhi read the first draft of the translation, he also annotated the errors in the translation with the royal pen and ordered the translators to correct and rewrite. They had to announce that the royal family "stopped learning Chinese characters and books forever" in the 11th year of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi because of the pressure within the ruling class. But it was precisely because the ancestors were close to Han officials and admired Han culture, they still made concessions on the teaching content of the royal clan and allowed the students to "translate all kinds of Chinese books and watch and play", so that the patriarchal school and other official schools can still retain the fully translated Chinese texts as teaching materials. --[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 05:20, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==

至于内秘书院原拟翻译的《大学衍义》，虽迟至康熙十一年完成，并于次年进呈，但无论太皇太后，还是康熙本人，都对该书格外重视，不仅命儒臣翻译刊刻，颁赐群臣，而且将其分发给八旗官学，以资肄习。[]康熙作为千古一帝，在位期间不仅敕译大量儒典，如《日讲四书解义》、《日讲书经解义》、《日讲易经解义》等，也敕撰或御制满汉合璧本的其它汉籍，如《御选古文渊鉴》、《资治通鉴纲目》、《御纂性理精义》等，这些书籍在颁赐大臣和各省之余，也一并被颁赐旗学，以教材资用。

As for The Original Draft of The Derivation of Great Learning by Secretary of Academy, though it was completed until the eleventh year of Kangxi and was presented the next year, both Kangxi’s grandmother and Kangxi himself attached great importance to the book. He not only ordered knowledgeable ministers to translate the cut blocks and gave it as an official favor to all ministers. He also handed it out for Eight Banners (military administrative system of the Manchus in the Qing Dynasty) to encourage them to leave school before graduation. As the first emperor in thousands of years, during the reign, he not only gave imperial order to translate many Confucian classics, such as Explain Four Books Every Day, Explain Books of Documents Every Day, Explain Books of Changes Every Day, but also ordered them to make other Chinese books of the combination of Manchu and Han, such as Imperial Selection of Guwenyuanjian, Compendium of History as a Mirror, Imperial Compile of Xinglijingyi. Besides as an official favor to the ministers and each province, it was also handed out Eight Banners in order to further enrich the use of teaching materials.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 04:13, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

As for ''The Original Draft of The Derivation of Great Learning'' by Secretary of Academy, though it was completed until the eleventh year of Kangxi and was presented in the next year, both Kangxi’s grandmother and Kangxi himself attached great importance to the book. He not only ordered knowledgeable ministers to translate and print the book and gave the translations as an official favor to all ministers. He also handed out them to Eight Banners (military administrative system of the Manchus in the Qing Dynasty) for their study. As an excellent emperor in the history, during his reign, Kangxi not only gave imperial order to translate many Confucian classics, such as ''Explain Four Books Every Day'', ''Explain Books of Documents Every Day'', ''Explain Books of Changes Every Day'', but also ordered to compile other Chinese books of the combination of Manchu and Han, such as ''Imperial Selection of Guwenyuanjian'', ''Compendium of History as a Mirror'', ''Imperial Compile of Xinglijingyi''. Besides as an official favor to the ministers and each province, these books were also handed out to Eight Banners as teaching material.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 13:58, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==

可以认为，清代的旗学教育从一开始便受到统治者重视与支持。如若不然，则汉籍的满文译本想要进入旗学，必不可能。以《孝经》为例，该书初由阿什坦以满文译成，后被用作旗学教材，其中原因即得益于顺治帝“以孝治天下”的战略。雍正年间，世宗同样力主孝道，以孝道为立教之原、立身之要，令儒臣“专译经文”，以便习诵。[]

It is believed that the education for the offsprings of Eight Banners was attached importance to and supported by the rulers from the very beginning. If it was not so, the Manchu translations of ancient classics of Han culture would never get into the schools for the offsprings of Eight Banners. Take ''The Book of Filial Piety'' as an example. The book was firstly translated by Ashtan with Manchu then was used as textbook for the schools. The reason of this is the strategy put forward by Shunzhi emperor that used the morality of filial piety to run the country. During the ruling years of Yongzheng emperor, he also emphasized the morality which should be the source of education and the core of personal moral cultivation and ordered scholars and officials to translate relevant scriptures for study and recitation.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 04:19, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

It was believed that the education for the School for Children of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty had received great attention and supported by the rulers from the very beginning. If this was not the case, it was absolutely impossible for the Manchu translations of Chinese books to get into the School. Take ''The Book of Filial Piety'' as an example, this book was firstly translated by Ashtan in Manchu then was used as a textbook for the School. And the reason for that was that the Emperor Shunzhi put forward the strategy, ruling the world with "filial piety". During the year of Yongzheng emperor, he also thought highly of filial piety which should be the source of education and the core of personal moral cultivation. Besides, he also ordered confucian officials to specialize in translating scriptures for people to study and read.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 15:04, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==

最终，《孝经》又于雍正五年译印成满、汉合璧本，继续作为旗学教材之用，以助朝廷推行政策之需。当然，清代旗学教材并非仅有中央律定一途，各省驻防也有自行翻译、编纂和刊印者，如嘉庆年间杭州驻防将军萨秉阿重刻九鼐翻译的《戒赌十则》，广州将军衙门编纂的《满汉文八种》，以及光绪年间荆州驻防翻译总学也先后纂辑《吏治辑要》等，这些书籍虽非皇帝敕译、敕纂，但于清廷政治和地方政务亦有所合。上述书籍完成译印之后，即被用于旗学教育，进一步丰富了旗学教材的使用。

At last, ''The Classic on Filial Piety'' was translated and printed into a version included both Manchu and Chinese during the 5th year of Yongzheng, continuing to be used as a teaching material for the School for Children of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty in order to meet the needs of the court to carry out a policy. Certainly, the central government was not the only way to set up the textbook of the School. There were also people who translate, compile and print by themselves in the provincial garrison, such as ''Ten Rules for Quitting Gambling'' translated by the nine incense tripod, Sa Bing E Zhong Ke, a general garrison in Hangzhou during the year of Jiaqing and ''Eight Kinds of Manchu and Chinese'' compiled by the General Government of Guangzhou, ''Summary of Official Administration'' successively complied by general translators of Jinzhou garrison during the year of Guangxu. Although these books were not translated and compiled under the order of the emperor, they had some similarities in Qing politics and local government affairs. Upon finishing the translation and printing of these books, they were used in the education of the School, which further enriched the use of its teaching materials.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 23:18, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

In the end, ''The Classic on Filial Piety'' was translated and printed into a version included both Manchu and Chinese during the 5th year of Yongzheng, continuing to be used as a teaching material for the School for Children of the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty in order to meet the needs of the court to carry out a policy. Certainly, the central government was not the only way to set up the textbook of the School. There were also people who translate, compile and print by themselves in the provincial garrison, such as ''Ten Rules for Quitting Gambling'' translated by the nine incense tripod, Sa Bing E Zhong Ke, a general garrison in Hangzhou during the year of Jiaqing and ''Eight Kinds of Manchu and Chinese'' compiled by the General Government of Guangzhou, ''Summary of Official Administration'' successively complied by general translators of Jinzhou garrison during the year of Guangxu. Although these books were not translated and compiled under the order of the emperor, they had some similarities with Qing politics and local government affairs. Upon finishing the translation and printing of these books, they were used in the education of the School( “Qixue”) , which further enriched the use of its teaching materials. --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 04:57, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==

3.旗学教育中的翻译课业与考课。清代旗学的课业要求与其教学重点密切关联，因而考课上并无完全一致的情况。以国子监八旗官学为例，顺治元年即将学生分为习清书、习汉书两类。顺治以后，虽然朝廷对于该学的学生额数屡有调整，但类别上仍保持了原来的习清书、习汉书之分。

Translation course and examination courses in the School(Qixue). The schoolwork requirements of the School in the Qing Dynasty are closely related to its teaching focus, so there is no completely consistent situation in the examination course. Take the official study of the Eight banners of Imperial College as an example, the first year of Shunzhi made students divided into two categories: some of them stydied the Qing Book and the others studied Han Book. After Shunzhi, although the imperial court had repeatedly adjusted the number of students in the study, it still maintained the original study of Qing and Han books in the category. --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 04:46, 17 October 2021 (UTC)
Translation course and examination in flag school education. The academic requirements of the flag school in the Qing Dynasty were closely related to its teaching priorities, so there was no complete consistency in the examination. Taking the Eight Banners official school of the Imperial College as an example, in the first year of Shunzhi, students will be divided into two categories: learning Qingshu and learning Hanshu. After Shunzhi, although the imperial court repeatedly adjusted the number of students in the school, it still maintained the original classification of learning Qing books and learning Han books.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 12:07, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==

如雍正五年，世宗令每旗额设国子监八旗官学生一百名，其中满洲六十名，仍分习清文、习汉文，蒙古和汉军各二十名，课业上虽无明确规定，但循例仍应分为两类：习蒙文、汉书，以及习清书、翻译。据时任国子监祭酒孙嘉淦奏报，朝廷在取录学生时，对于习清书、习翻译者的年龄要求有所不同，其中“学满书者，可用幼穉之人”，而“学汉文翻译者，必得十四五以上、资性聪敏之人。”[] 鄂尔泰等修，李洵、赵德贵点校：《八旗通志·初集》，长春：东北师范大学出版，1986年，第913-917页。
For example, in the fifth year of Yongzheng, Emperor Shizong ordered to set up 100 students of the eight banners of the Imperial College, including 60 in Manchuria, who were still divided into Qing and Chinese, and 20 in Mongolia and the Han army. Although there were no clear regulations on their schoolwork, they should still be divided into two categories: learning Mongolian, Chinese, Qing and translation. According to the memorial of sun Jiagan, then the Imperial College's eunuch, when recruiting students, the imperial court had different age requirements for Xi Qingshu and Xi translators. Among them, "those who have learned a lot of books can use young people", while "those who have learned Chinese translators must have more than 15 years of experience and intelligence."

For example, in the fifth year of Yongzheng’s reign, Emperor Shizong ordered to admit 100 students of the eight banners of the Imperial College, 60 of which are Manchurians, divided into two groups correspondingly learning works of Qing Dynasty and Han Dynasty, and the rest of which are soldiers of Mongolia and Han dynasty. Although there were no clear regulations on their learning content, they should still be divided into two categories: learning Mongolian, Works of Han dynasty, and works of Qing dynasty and translation. According to the memorial of sun Jiagan, then the Imperial College's eunuch, when recruiting students, the imperial court had different age requirements for Xi Qingshu and Xi translators. Among them, "those who have learned a lot of books can use young people", while "those who have learned Chinese translators must have more than 15 years of experience and intelligence."--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 10:52, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==

自此以后，国子监八旗官学中教习翻译渐成定例。如乾隆年间，国子监议定《八旗官学生条例》，对学生的平时学习、例行测验等做了具体规定，从设立“到学薄”与“功课薄”等，到设立“常课”、“会课”、“会考”等，都是如此。其中，无论是每月一次的常课、会课，还是每年于春、秋二季各办一次的会考，考试环节和内容上均设有翻译一项，只不过考试翻译也分“满馆试”与“蒙古试”，前者试翻译或者清书一题，后者试蒙古翻译一题。[]

Since then, translation teaching has gradually become a routine for the Eight Banners officers in the Imperial Academy. For example, during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Imperial Academy proposed the ''Regulations on the Eight Banners Students'' which stipulated specifically their daily study and routine examination, from setting up the attendance record and academic performance record to the establishment of system of regular class, meeting class and general examination. Among them, not only the monthly regular class and meeting class, but also the general examination which were held every spring an autumn, set the translation part and content. There were mainly two types of such translation tests, including Manchu test and Mongolian test, in which the former translated the book in the language of Qing Dynasty ,while the latter tried the question of Mongolian translation.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 03:21, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Since then, teaching translation for the Eight Banners official school of the Imperial Academy has gradually become a rule. For example, during the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Imperial Academy agreed on the regulations on eight banner students , which made specific provisions on students' daily study and routine tests, from the establishment of "attendance record" and "homework record" to the establishment of "regular classes", "meeting classes" and "general exams". Among them, whether it is the regular classes and meeting class once a month or the general examination held once a year in spring and autumn, there is a translation item in the examination links and contents, but the examination translation is also divided into "Manchu test" and "Mongolian test", in which the former examined Manchu translation ,while the latter tested the question of Mongolian translation.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 03:48, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==

之所以要如此组织考试，是为了对师、生形成教、学的压力，特别是对学生的懒惰浮游进行责罚，以励其学。为此，朝廷在教习的选任与考课的要求上，也有严格规定。据孙嘉淦奏报，国子监八旗官学一般为“一旗三学”，即满书（习翻译者往往入满书房）、汉书、蒙文，每学设讲诵之所三、四间，故以每旗三学计，共十三、四间不等。

The reason why the examination is organized in this way is to put the pressure on teachers and students in their teaching and learning , especially to punish the lazy and idle students, so as to encourage them to learn. Therefore, the imperial court also had strict regulations on the selection and examination. According to Sun Jiagan's petition, the eight banners official school of the imperial academy usually set ''three courses for one banner'' , that is, Manchu (learners who study translation need to study in Manchu study), Chinese and Mongolian. Each course has three or four places for recitation. Therefore, based on the three courses of each banner, there are thirteen or fourteen classrooms in total.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 03:05, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

The reason for organizing examinations in this way was to put pressure on teachers and students in their teaching and learning , especially to punish the lazy and idle students, so as to encourage them to learn. Therefore, the imperial court also had strict regulations on the selection and examination. According to Sun Jiagan's petition, the eight banners official school of the imperial academy usually set ''three courses for one banner'' , that is, Manchu (learners who study translation need to study in Manchu study), Chinese and Mongolian. Each course has three or four places for recitation. Therefore, based on the three courses of each banner, there are thirteen or fourteen classrooms in total.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 15:05, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==

顺治二年，朝廷为每处选任教习十人，乾隆十七年裁撤各旗汉教习一人，并将教射教习咨回本旗，但乾隆三十一年，又于每旗添设满教习一人，专门负责翻译和清书的教授，同时因为汉教习名下已经拨出翻译学生，故将汉教习裁减一名。考课上，国子监八旗官学在经历顺、康、雍、乾四朝年间，也有调整与变化。顺治二年，关于国子监八旗官学的考课规定是“每十日一次赴监考课，遇春秋演射，五日一次，就本处练习”，至康熙元年，考课规定中增加了翻译内容，调整为“每月赴监讲书一次、翻译一次，五日射箭一次。”[]

In the second year of the Shunzhi dynasty, the court selected ten teaching staff for each office, and in the seventeenth year of the Qianlong dynasty, the Chinese teaching staff of each banner was abolished, and the teaching staff of archery was consulted back to the banner, but in the thirty-first year of the Qianlong dynasty, a full teaching staff was added to each banner, specifically responsible for the teaching of translation and Qing books, and at the same time, because the name of the Chinese teaching staff had been allocated to translation students, so the Chinese teaching staff was reduced by one. Examinations, the eight banners of the National Palace of education in the years of Shun, Kang, Yong, Qian four dynasties, there are also adjustments and changes. Shunzhi two years, on the eight banners of the National Palace of Justice official school examination class is "once every ten days to go to the prison examination class, in the event of spring and autumn shooting, once every five days, on the practice of this place", to the first year of the Kangxi, examination class regulations added translation content, adjusted to "once a month to the prison lecture, translation once, five days archery once.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 15:01, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

In the second year of the Shunzhi’s reign, the court selected ten teaching staffs for each office, and in the seventeenth year of the Qianlong’s reign, the Chinese teaching staff of each county was laid off, and the teaching staff of archery was consulted back to the county, but in the thirty-first year of the Qianlong dynasty, a Manchu teaching staff was added to each banner, specifically responsible for the teaching of translation and Manchu books, and at the same time, since students for translation had been selected from Chinese teaching staffs, so the Chinese teaching staff was reduced by one. In the examination, the eight banners of the National Palace of education in the years of Shun, Kang, Yong, Qian’s reign, saw adjustments and changes. In the second year of Shunzhi’s reign, on the eight banners of the National Palace of Justice official school examination class was "once every ten days to go to the prison examination class, in the event of spring and autumn shooting, once every five days, on the practice of this place", to the first year of the Kangxi, examination class regulations added translation content, adjusted to "once a month to the prison lecture, translation once, five days archery once.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 02:41, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==

至乾隆三十一年，进一步提高了考课要求，规定习汉文者在肄业十年之后，如不能获得进身，以及习翻译和清文者如不能考取中书、笔帖式、库使等，均一律咨送本旗，另挑差使。
宗学的情况也与国子监八旗官学的情况类似，其教学重点、教习选任，以及考课规定等同样经历了调适。如顺治九年，宗学于每旗设满洲官，教习满书。雍正二年，朝廷从各部院司官中书中，分别拣选清书、汉书和骑射教习四人，每翼分派二人。

Till the 31st year of Qianlong’s reign, the requirement for examination was higher. It was said that those who were good at Chinese but failed to be office in a decade and those who were skilled in translation and Manchu but failed to obtain Zhongshu, Bi Tieshi, Kushi and so on through examination, would all be sent back to where they belonged and be replaced by others.
Zongxue, school for royal family told the same story. The focus of education and the selecting system also saw adjustments. Take the ninth year of Shunzhi’s reign for example. Zongxue assigned Manchu officer in every county to teach. In the second year of Yongzheng’s reign, the court selected four people as Qingshu, Hanshu, coach for horse riding and archery from every department. Two persons were appointed in each county.

Till the 31st year of Qianlong's reign, the court enhanced requirement for examination. It was said that those who were good at Chinese but failed to be office in a decade and those who were skilled in translation and Manchu but failed to obtain Zhongshu, Bi Tieshi, Kushi and so on through examination, would all be sent back to where they belonged and be replaced by others. Zongxue, school for royal family told the same story. The focus of education and the selecting system also saw adjustments. Take the ninth year of Shunzhi's reign for example. Zongxue assigned Manchu officer in every county to teach. In the second year of Yongzheng's reign, the court selected four people as Manchu, Chinese, coach for horse riding and archery from every department. Two persons were appointed in each county.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 09:09, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==

至乾隆四年，在选任宗学教习时，改为以学生人数为基础进行选派，即每十人选派一名。然而，由于乾隆二十一年起，翻译和清书、骑射一样，成为宗学的三大教学重点之一，于是朝廷裁减了九名汉书教习，俱改为翻译教习。嘉庆朝时期，翻译仍是宗学的教学重点，因而翻译教习得以保留，同时又因为复设了习汉书科目，于是对汉教习进行了改设，规定两翼每学各四名。

In the 4th year of Qianlong reign, when selecting teachers of royal clan education, the selection was based on the number of students, that is, one for every ten students. However, since the 21st year of Qianlong, translation became one of the three major teaching points of royal clan education, just like Manchu and horsemanship and archery. Therefore, the court cut down nine Chinese teachers and changed Chinese teaching to translation teaching. During Jiaqing Dynasty, translation teaching was still the focus of royal clan education, so the teaching of translation was kept. At the same time, because of the re-establishment of the subject of Learning Chinese, the court reformed Chinese teachers and assigned 4 teachers for every subjects of two parts.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 09:17, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

In the 4th year of Qianlong reign, the selection for teachers of royal clan education was based on the number, that is, one for every ten students. However, since the 21st year of Qianlong, translation has become one of the three major teaching points of royal clan education, just like Manchu classics and horsemanship and archery. Therefore, the court cut down and changed nine Chinese teachers to translation teachers. During Jiaqing Dynasty, translation teaching was still the focus of royal clan education, so the teaching of translation was kept. At the same time, because of the re-establishment of the subject of Chinese classics, the court reformed Chinese teachers and assigned four teachers for every subjects of two parts.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 13:32, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==

考课上，由于乾、嘉两朝中翻译本是宗学的教学重点，考课中自然设有翻译内容。即便在乾隆朝早期，当教学重点主要为清书、汉书和骑射时，朝廷也在左、右翼两学设“总稽课程”各二人，并规定于每月举办考试三次，含经义、射艺和翻译考试各一次，且每年于秋季举办考试一次，其中含翻译、经义、时务策各一题。

In the examination, because the translations in the Qian and Jia Dynasties were the focuses for royal clan education, the translation content was naturally included. Even in the early Qianlong Dynasty, when the teaching focus was mainly on the Qing classics, the Han classics and horsemanship and archery, the imperial court also set up two "general inspectors for courses" on both the left and right sides, and stipulated to hold examinations three times a month, each for one subject of classics, horsemanship and archery and translation, and once a year in the autumn, of which the three questions are respectively about translation, classics and current affairs.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 14:13, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

of which the three questions are respectively about translation, classics and current affairs and policies.--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 02:09, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==

礼部义学、咸安宫官学、觉罗学、清文学、盛京宗学和觉罗学等旗学中，翻译考试同样是考课的重要内容。如乾隆五年，礼部选派司员对礼部义学生进行每日稽考，规定学生需每季到部考课翻译经义，以及背书写字等，考试情况详登册籍，年终以优劣决定学生去留。雍正十二年，朝廷对咸安宫官学的教习额数进行调整，将原来所设清语教习九人裁撤三人，俱改为翻译教习，并对考课内容进行了明确规定，即五年考试一次，一次考试三日：第一日考试汉文，拟以《四书》二题的方式进行；

The translation examination is also an important part of the examination course in Yi school, Official school of Xian 'an Palace, Jueluo school, Qing Dynasty Literature, the Royal Clan Education of Shengjing and Jueluo school of the Ministry of Rites.For example, in the fifth year of the Qianlong dynasty, the Ministry of Rites selected and assigned administrators to carries on the daily assessments to the student of the Ministry of Rites, stipulating that students should come to the ministry every quarter to take tests on the translation of Confucian classics argumentation, as well as recite and write, etc. The examination conditions were listed in the books in detail, and the students were decided to stay or leave at the end of the year based on their merits.In the 12th year of Yongzheng,The imperial court adjusted the number of teachers in the Official school of Xian 'an Palace, removing three of the nine qing language teachers and changing them to translation teaching.The content of the examination was clearly stipulated, that is, the examination was conducted once every five years and each examination was conducted for three days: Chinese was tested on the first day, which was planned to be carried out in the way of two questions in the ''Four Books''
--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 03:22, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

The examination conditions were listed in the books in detail, and the students were decided to stay or leave at the end of the year based on their merits.In the 12th year of Yongzheng,The imperial court adjusted the number of teachers in the Official school of Xian 'an Palace, removing three of the nine qing language teachers and changing them to translation teaching.The content of the examination was clearly stipulated, that is, the examination was conducted once every five years and each examination was conducted for three days: Chinese was tested on the first day, which was planned to be carried out in the way of two questions in the Four Books.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 07:28, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==

第二日考试翻译、楷书和清字，拟以上谕一段进行；第三日考试骑射、步射。至于觉罗学、清文学、盛京宗学与觉罗学等，虽然考课规定中并没有明确提及翻译，但二者都设有翻译教习，可知翻译教学仍是其教学的重要内容。如雍正七年规定，各部院衙门现任笔帖式中，需考选能翻译者八人，充任觉罗学之清书教习，每旗各分一人。

The next day they took a translation，kai calligraphy and Qing text, which was intended to be tested with part of the emperor's imperial edict; On the third day they tested their horse archery and rifle shooting.As for Jueluo school, Qing Literature, the Royal Clan Education of Shengjing and Jueluo school, Although there was no explicit reference to translation in the examination rules, both had translation teaching. It could be known that translation teaching is still an important part of teaching. For example，the 7th year Yongzheng ruling period，be stipulated that among the current officials in various departments and yamen, Eight translators need to be selected as teachers for Manchu language of the Royal Clan Education of Jueluo school through the exam，they choosed one person per banner.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 08:16, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

The next day they took a translation，kai calligraphy and Qing text, which was intended to be tested with part of the emperor's imperial edict; On the third day they tested their horse archery and rifle shooting.As for Jueluo school, Qing Literature, the Royal Clan Education of Shengjing and Jueluo school, Although there was no explicit reference to translation in the examination rules,translation teachers were arranged. So it is could be seen that translation teaching is still an important part of teaching. For example，In the the 7th year of Yongzheng ruling period，it is stipulated that among the current officials in various departments and yamen, Eight translators need to be selected as teachers for Manchu language of the Royal Clan Education of Jueluo school through the exam，they choosed one person per banner.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 08:54, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==

同年，又规定清文学教习由汉军各旗会同满洲都统，从满洲闲散官、笔帖式，或者因公诖（guà）误（即，撤职或失官）人员中加以拣选。乾隆八年，朝廷对教习的年龄进行限制，要求翻译教习、清书教习均需年逾三旬。[]既然以上诸学中均设有翻译教习，各学官学生均需要接受翻译教学的内容与环节，那么考课中势必也不能离开翻译。

In the same year, it also made clear that the Qing literature teachers should be selected by the Han Army in the Eight Bannered Army of Qing Dynasty and the commander-in-chief of one of the Eight Banners selected from the manchurian idled officials, clerks, or those who had been dismissed or lost their official posts in the line of duty. In the eighth year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign, the imperial court imposed restrictions on the age of teaching, requiring teachers for translation and Manchu language to be over 30 years old. Since translation teaching is provided in all the above schools, and all students and officials need to accept the content and links of translation teaching, it is inevitable that examination cannot be separated from translation.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 06:34, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

In the same year, it also made clear that the Qing literature teachers should be selected by the Han Army in the Eight Bannered Army of Qing Dynasty and the commander-in-chief of one of the Eight Banners selected from the manchurian idled officials, clerks, or those who had been dismissed or lost their official posts in the line of duty. In the eighth year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign, the imperial court imposed restrictions on the age of the teachers, requiring that the teachers who teach translation and Manchu language should be over 30 years old. Since the above schools all have translation teachers and all students (the students in the official schools of Eight Banners) need to accept the contents and procedures of translation teaching, it is inevitble that translation should be included in the examination.--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 12:21, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==

而盛京宗学觉罗学自设立之初便有详细章程，如规定宗学、觉罗学分别教学，宗学和觉罗学皆由宗学总管管理等。由于该学中翻译一直是教学重点，因而翻译教习的设置更不可缺。如乾隆二年，即设翻译教习四人，与骑射、汉书教习人数相等。乾隆四十三年，汉教习被裁撤，但仍保留翻译教习与骑射教习。

There are detailed regulatios since the inception of the school of Royal Clan in Mudken and Jueluo. For example, school of Jueluo and Royal Clan teaches respectively and both are managed by General Administration office. It is indispensable to have translation teachers because translation is the teaching key point in this school. In the second year of emperor Qianlong, there are four translation teachers, equal to the number of teachers of equitation and toxophily and Han books.In the 43th year of Qianlong, teaching Han books was abolished while the teaching of translation and equitation and toxophily were still retained.--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 12:57, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

There are detailed regulatios since the establishment of the School of Shengjing Royal Clan Education and Jue Luo. For example, school of Jueluo and Royal Clan teached respectively and both are managed by General Administration office. The translation teachers are indispensable because translation is the teaching key point in this school. In the second year of Qianlong, there are four translation teachers, equal to the number of teachers of equitation and toxophily and Han books.In the 43th year of Qianlong, the teacher of Han books was dismissed while the teacher of translation and equitation and toxophily still retained.--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 14:00, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==

至嘉庆年间（如嘉庆二年、二十五年），盛京宗学觉罗学虽然增设了满、汉教习，但翻译教习也属重要。盛京宗学觉罗学对教习进行分类选拔，即从现任司官笔帖式内选取精通翻译者，教习清语；从领催骁骑以上和闲散官员以下挑选精于骑射者，教习骑射；从奉天府举贡内挑选学问优长者，教习汉书。三者各自皆为四人，待五年期满后分别考以等第，并据此进行奖惩。

During the period of Jiaqing (such as the second and twenty fifth years of Jiaqing), although the Manchu and Chinese teaching were added to The School of Shengjing Royal Clan Education and Jue Luo, the translation teaching was also important. The School of Shengjing Royal Clan Education and Jue Luo classified and selected the teaching, that is, select the proficient translators from the officials Bithesi to teach the Qing language;choose those who are good at riding and shooting from those above the leader cavalry and those below the idle officials to teach riding and shooting; select the learned elders from the tributes of Fengtian Mansion to teach Han Shu. Each of the three is four. After the five years'expiration, they will be graded respectively, and will be rewarded and punished accordingly.--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 14:07, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

During the period of Jiaqing (such as the second and twenty fifth years of Jiaqing), although the Manchu and Chinese teaching were added to The School of Royal Clan Education and Jue Luo in Shengjing, the translation teaching was also important. The School of Royal Clan Education and Jue Luo in Shengjing classified and selected the teaching, that is to select the proficient translators from the officials Bithesi to teach the Manchu; to choose those who were good at riding and shooting from those above the leader cavalry and those below the idle officials to teach riding and shooting; and to select the learned elders from the tributes of Fengtian Mansion to teach Han Shu. Each of the three needed four people. After the five years'expiration, they will be graded respectively, and will be rewarded and punished accordingly.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 08:07, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==

虽然盛京宗学觉罗学也将学生分成习清书、习汉书两类，但无论清书汉书，每日皆有应肄之业，且习清书者兼讲汉书，习汉书者则兼讲满书，目的就在于使学生兼通满、汉，造就翻译之才。教学管理上，盛京宗学觉罗学也对骑射与翻译做了区分，即每逢三、六、九日学习射箭，而每逢五、十日学习翻译，以及作文作诗。盛京宗学觉罗学初用的教材较为简单，后经李治滋奏准，高宗于乾隆九年颁赐《资治纲目》、《大学衍义》、《性理大全》、《古文渊鉴》及《钦定四书》等满汉书籍，其中多数为满文译汉文典籍。

Schools of Royal Clan and Jueluo in Mudken also classified students into two kinds: students studying books of Manchu and students studing books of Han. Even so, students should study everyday no matter books of Manchu or books of Han; those students studying books of Manchu should also study books of Han, and vice versa.In terms of teaching management, schools of Royal Clan and Jueluo also made a distinction between horsemanship and transaltion, that was, students learnt archery on every three, six and nine days and learnt translation, writing composition and Poetry on every five and ten days.The original textbooks used in thses schools were relatively simple, and later some others textbooks were awarded by Gaozong at Li Zhi's suggestion in the ninth year of emperor Qianlong's reign. These books included "Compendium of Zi Zhi", "University Spread Meaning", "Collections of Neo-Confucianism", "Collections of Previous Dynasties Proses" and "The Imperial Four Books", most of which were translated into Chinese from Manchu. --[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 08:10, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

Although Schools of Royal Clan and Jueluo in Mudken also classified students into two categories: students studying books of Manchu and students studing books of Han,students should study everyday no matter books of Manchu or books of Han; those students studying books of Manchu should also study books of Han, and vice versa.In terms of teaching management, schools of Royal Clan and Jueluo also made a distinction between horsemanship and transaltion, which is, students learnt archery on every three, six and nine days and learnt translation, writing composition and Poetry on every five and ten days.The original textbooks used in thses schools were relatively simple, and later some others textbooks were awarded by Gaozong at Li Zhi's suggestion in the ninth year of emperor Qianlong's reign. These books included "Compendium of Zi Zhi mu", "College Yan Yi", " Xingli Daquan", "Gu Wenyuan Jian" and "The Imperial Four Books", most of which were translated into Chinese from Manchu.

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==

当然，旗学与旗学之间亦有明显区别，如设立时间早晚不同，条例规范详略有异等，但在教学重点上，清书和骑射是其共设科目。在此基础上，不少旗学另从汉书、翻译、蒙文等科目中进行选择，使其符合自身的置办初衷和培养目标。一般来说，学生学习清书、汉书、骑射或（和）翻译等，都得在旗学中按部就班地进行，并随时接受稽查与考核，但宗室和大臣子弟循例可在家学习，这一点给课业及考课造成困难。

Of course, there are also obvious differences between the flag school and the other flag school, such as its establishment time, and the detailed regulations and norms. However, in terms of the focus of teaching, the Qing book and riding and shooting are their common subjects. On this basis, many flag schools choose from Chinese, translation, Mongolian and other subjects to make them meet their original intention and training objectives. Generally speaking, students who study Qingshu, Hanshu, riding and shooting or (and) translation have to go step by step in the flag school and accept inspection and assessment at any time. However, the clan and minister's children can study at home as the rule, which makes it difficult for schoolwork and examination.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 01:54, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Of course, there were also obvious differences between the banner school, such as the time of establishment, and the details of regulations were slightly different, but in teaching focus, the Qing book and riding and archery were the common subjects. On this basis, many banner school chose other subjects such as Chinese classics, translation, Mongolian and so on, so as to met their original intention and training objectives.Generally speaking, students learned Qing book ,Chinese classics, equestrian archery or (and) translation, etc., had to be carried out step by step in the banner school, and to accept inspection and assessment at any time, while royalty and the children of ministers could always study at home, which caused difficulties in the course and examination.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 02:32, 23 October 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==

如雍正十三年十一月十八日，即乾隆帝即位之初，监察御史玛起元上疏高宗，奏请将八旗荫生拨入各旗义学，一体肄业，并交国子监堂官不时考察，择其娴习经书、通晓翻译者，咨送吏部考试补用。[]乾隆三十九年，高宗因见宗室中竟有不会清语者，令宗人府查明情况。遗憾的是，虽然朝廷对于学生的选补多所要求，对于教习的选任也有规定，并对学生和教习的勤惰不时稽查，但各项规范行之日久，难免废弛。如《钦定国子监则例》中，曾详细记载“满教习报满”、“汉教习报满”的情况，其中写道：

Such as on November 18, 13th year of Yongzheng, which is the beginning of the Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne , the Supervisory Censor Ma Qiyuan reported to the emperor that sent the heirs of Eight Banners to the free school and study together. And sometimes the administer of the Imperial College would test them and chose some person who master the classics or translation to the Ministry of Official Personnel Affairs for supplement. On 39th year of Qianlong, the emperor commanded the office to find out, as he found that some one who cannot speak Manchu in imperial clan. Unfortunately, though the royal had lots of requirements for those students and teachers. And they also checked the students and teachers for laziness from time to time, but the rules had been in place for so long that they were likely to fall apart. Such as some precisely examples in The Regulation of the Imperial College for “Manchu class in full” or “Chinese class is full”, written that:--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 13:13, 17 October 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

For example, on November 18, the thirteenth year of Yongzheng, which was the beginning of the Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne , the Supervisory Censor Ma Qiyuan proposed to the emperor that sent the heirs of Eight Banners to the free school and study together. And sometimes the administers of the Imperial College would test them and chose some persons who master the Confucian classics or translation to the Ministry of Official Personnel Affairs for supplement. On the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, the emperor commanded the office to find out the learning process, as he found that some one who cannot speak Manchu in imperial clan. Unfortunately, though the royal had lots of requirements for those students and teachers. And they also supervised the students and teachers from time to time, but the rules had been implemented for so long that they were likely to fall apart. Such as some precisely examples in The Regulation of the Imperial College for “Manchu teaching staff expired”or “Chinese teaching staff expired”, written that:--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 09:13, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==

（满教习报满）将本名下学生，注明到学几年，現读何书，翻译几名，造冊移交档房，按日积算，如功课缺少，毫无成效者，教习不准报满，助教记大过一次；（汉教习报满）除将考中生员、恩监生、中书等学生开具清冊外，其现在读书者几名，某生若干岁，读经书若干卷；作文者几名，某生若干岁，读过古文、时文若干篇，某作起讲，某半篇，某全篇，并各学生入馆年分，详细造具清冊二本，……满教习报满，亦照此例。[]

（Manchu teaching staff expired）The students under the teacher's name shall be recorded that how many years they have studied, where they are studying now, how many translators have been trained, and the list of students shall be compiled and handed over to the archives room. It shall be recorded on every specific day, if they were absent from class and had no effect in learning, the teacher is not allowed to declare that their work has expired, and the teaching assistant will be recorded a major demerit once.
（Chinese teaching staff expired）In addition to making a list of such students like scholars, the students of the Imperial college, and Zhongshu, it should be recorded that how many of them are still studying, indicating their age and how many volumes of Confucian classics they have read; It also should be recorded that the number of writers, indicating their age, how many classics and Eight legged Essay they have read, articles they have discussed, which half or the whole, and the year of admission of each student should be registered in the two brochures in detail. When Manchu teaching staff expired，they should also follow this regulation.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 09:18, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

（Manchu teaching staff expired）The students under the teacher's name shall be recorded as to their period of schooling, books they were reading as well as the amount of translation they had done, which shall be compiled and handed over to the archives room. It shall be recorded on every specific day, if they were absent from class and had no achievement in learning, the teacher shall not declare expiration of their study, and the teaching assistant would be recorded a major demerit for once.
（Chinese teaching staff expired）In addition to making a list of such students as scholars, the students of the Imperial college, one book should be compiled in detail to include the number of students,their age,the number of Confucian classics they had read,the other the number of writers and their age,classics and Eight legged Essays they had read,the abstract of their articles, half or the whole, and the year of admission of each student. When Manchu teaching staff expired，they should also follow the suit.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 07:07, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==

所谓“报满”原指官员任期届满，或历俸已满之意，此处当指教习的期满考核。由此可见，国子监八旗官学中的教习，无论满、汉，在任满三年之职后，都需要将个人名下学生的学习情况，及其绩效等，详细说明并造册入档，作为嗣后铨补的重要依据。同时，也说明国子监对于学生考课，以及教习考核的严格与认真，可谓赏罚分明。如乾隆二十一年，高宗谕令改圆明园学专习清书，以倡导满族传统特质之后，经礼部议准，规定嗣后生徒如能在四年期满时，由翻译考取录用，则“该教习列为一等”。[]
The so-called "full" originally referred to the expiration of an official's term of office, or that he had served a certain period of time, but here refers to the assessment of the instructors for their fulfillment of duty. It could be seen that the instructors in the Eight Banners Official School of Qing Dynasty were required, regardless of being Manchu or Han people, to make detailed explanations and recordings of their students' learning and performance after serving for three years. Meanwhile, it also showed that the Official School was strict and serious about the examination for students and the assessment for instructors, which could be described as putting the shoe on the right foot. For instance, in the 21st year of Emperor Qianlong's reign,after Emperor Gaozong had ordered to specialize in Manchu language for the purpose of promoting traditional Manchurian characteristics, the Ministry of Rites approved that "the instructor should be ranked first class" if the subsequent students could pass the translation examination and get employed by the end of four-year period of his duty.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 08:49, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

The so-called "full" originally referred to the expiration of an official's term of office, or that he had served a prescribed period of time, but here refers to the assessment of the instructors for their fulfillment of duty. Therefore, it could be seen that the instructors in the Eight Banners Official School of Qing Dynasty were required, regardless of being Manchu or Han people, to make detailed explanations and recordings of their students' learning and performance after serving for three years. Meanwhile, it also showed that the Official School was strict and serious about the examination of students and the assessment of instructors, which could be described as putting the shoe on the right foot. For instance, in the 21st year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, after Emperor Gaozong had ordered to specialize in Manchu language for the purpose of promoting traditional Manchurian characteristics, the Ministry of Rites approved that "the instructor should be ranked first class" if the subsequent students could be employed after examination by the end of four-year period of his duty.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 15:03, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==

无奈好景不长，至嘉庆、道光年间，国子监八旗官学中教习虚开功课，且学生不常入学肄业的情况并不鲜见。虽然皇帝对此已有觉察，并明令禁止，但终因积习日久，难以遏止，因而整顿旗学之事，有名而无实。清代对于翻译人才的需求源于内生、外在双方面因素的合力。

But it didn't last until Jia Qing and Dao Guang period, when it was common to see the eight Banners of the Imperial Academy teaching lessons irresponsibly, and students didn't often attend the school or study in the school. Although the Emperor had become aware of and prohibited it, this phenomenon, with the bad customs for a long time, couldn't be curbed. Therefore, the rectification of the learning of Manchu culture exists in name only. The demand for translation talents in Qing Dynasty stemmed from internal and external factors.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 15:16, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

But it didn't last until Jia Qing and Dao Guang period, when it was common to see the eight Banners of the Imperial Academy teaching lessons, and students didn't often attend the school or study in the school. Although the Emperor had become aware of and prohibited it by official order, this phenomenon, with the bad customs for a long time, couldn't be curbed. Therefore, the rectification of the learning of Manchu culture existed in name only. The demand for translation talents in Qing Dynasty stemmed from internal and external factors together.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 06:12, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==

从内部讲，清代以异族取得政权，历代君主及其统治集团都以八旗为国家根本，又以清语为八旗根本，因而旗人必须学习清语，或具备清语能力。与此同时，为了稳固统治，使旗人“足充任用”，满族又得与其他族群沟通和交流。多语种能力的养成既是翻译的前提条件，又为翻译提供了现实可能。

From the inside, the Qing Dynasty took power by their different race, all previous emperors and their ruling cliques took the eight banners as the foundation of the country, and the Qing language as the foundation of the eight banners, so the banner men must learn the Qing language or had the ability of the Qing language. At the same time, the Manchu had to communicate with other ethnic groups in order to maintain their rule and made the banner men “fully employed”. The cultivation of multilingual competence was not only a prerequisite for translation, but also provided a realistic possibility for translation.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 06:02, 19 October 2021 (UTC)
At the same time, in order to stabilize the rule and make the flag people "full appointment", the Manchu had to communicate and communicate with other ethnic groups.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 06:04, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==

清代的翻译教育与翻译人才培养，无疑也是政治考量的产物。尤其是清军入关后，面对语言文字、文化形态，以及政权结构迥异于自己的汉人族群，如何进行有效统治，维护并巩固统治基础，同时又不致满洲民族特质废弛，乃是统治者不得不考虑的问题。在此情形下，清初统治者循汉人国子监例，创设八旗官学，令八旗弟子学习语言、翻译和骑射等，便成为不二选择。这么做，既不失满洲特色，又增进了民族交流，对于呈现满洲特色的统治特征，以及扩大政权的参与基础等，意义重大。
The translation education and the training of translation talents in the Qing Dynasty are undoubtedly the product of political considerations.Especially after the Qing army entered the customs, facing the Han ethnic group whose language, cultural form and political power structure were very different from their own, how to effectively rule, maintain and consolidate the basis of rule, without the abandonment of Manchuria national characteristics, is the rulers have to consider the issue. Under such circumstances, the early Qing rulers followed the example of the Han Chinese National Sons, creating eight flag official studies, so that the eight-flag disciples learn language, translation and shooting, etc., will become the choice. In doing so, it has not lost the manchuria characteristic, but also enhanced the national exchange, which is of great significance for the ruling characteristics of Manchuria, and for expanding the participation base of the regime.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 05:58, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

The translation education and the training of translation talents in the Qing Dynasty are undoubtedly the product of political considerations.Especially after Qing army entererd the frontiers, facing the Han ethnic group whose language, cultural form and political power structure were very different from their own, how to effectively rule, maintain and consolidate the basis of rule, without the abandonment of Manchuria national characteristics, is the rulers have to consider the issue. Under such circumstances, the early Qing rulers followed the example of the Han Chinese National Sons, creating eight flag official studies, so that the eight-flag disciples learn language, translation and shooting, etc., will become the choice. In doing so, it has not lost the manchuria characteristic, but also enhanced the national exchange, which is of great significance for the ruling characteristics of Manchuria, and for expanding the participation base of the regime.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 09:21, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==

*基金项目：① 教育部人文社科基金项目“清代中前期翻译政策研究”；② 湖南省社会科学基金项目“清代中前期翻译政策的具体形态与变化轨迹研究”，项目批准号：20YBA131；③ 湖南省教育厅重点项目“清代中前期翻译政策研究”，项目批准号：20A222。

* Fund Project: ① Humanities and Social Sciences Fund Project of the Ministry of Education:"A Study on Translation Policy in the Early and Middle Period of Qing Dynasty"; ② Social Science Fund Project in Hunan Province:"A Study on the Specific Form and Variation Track of Translation Policy in the Early and Middle Period of Qing Dynasty", project approval No.: 20YBA131; ③ A Key Project of the Department of Education of Hunan Province:"A Study on Translation Policy in the Early and Middle Period of Qing Dynasty", project approval No.: 20A222.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 08:40, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

* Fundation Project: ① Research on ''Translation Policy in the Middle and Early Dynasties of the Qing Dynasty'', Ministry of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences Foundation Project; ② Research on the ''Specific Form and Change Trajectory of Translation Policy in the Middle and Early Dynasties of the Qing Dynasty'', Hunan Provincial Social Science Foundation Project, Project Approval No. 20YBA131: ③ Research on ''Translation Policy in the Middle and Early Dynasties of the Qing Dynasty'', a key project of Hunan Provincial Education Department, project approval number: 20A222.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 07:41, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==

清初旗学中的翻译教育及其变化过程*

摘要：清初的旗学教育是内、外因素合力的结果，其目的是为了提升旗人素质，培养翻译人才，巩固国家统治。清初旗学教育及其翻译人才培养的整体脉络是：兴于顺治，隆于康、雍，驰于乾隆，废于嘉、道。

Translation education in Banner schools in the early Qing Dynasty and its process of change*
Abstract: Banner school education in the early Qing Dynasty was the result of a combination of internal and external factors, and its aim was to improve the quality of bannerman, cultivate translators and consolidate national rule.The overall lineage of Banner school education and its training of translators in the early Qing Dynasty was that it began during the reign of Shunzhi emperor, flourished under the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors, declined under the Qianlong emperor and was abolished under the Jiaqing and Daoguang emperors.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 07:31, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

Translation education and its changing process in flag education in the early Qing Dynasty
Abstract: the flag education in the early Qing Dynasty was the result of the joint efforts of internal and external factors. Its purpose was to improve the quality of flag people, cultivate translation talents and consolidate national rule. The overall context of flag education and translation talent training in the early Qing Dynasty is starting in Shunzhi, prospering in Kang and Yong, declining in Qianlong, and abolishing in Jia and Tao.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 04:45, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==

旗学教育的发展、改革与兴盛，其原因主要在于三个方面：历代帝王的支持、满、汉族官员的鼓吹、满洲大儒的力倡。而造成旗学教育最终走向颓势并废弛的因素则包括民族融合的加剧、旗人学习意愿的消退，以及章程管理的松弛等。旗学中的翻译教育主要有两种不同途径，即普通旗学机构中的翻译教育，以及满、汉翻译学、翻译义学中的翻译教育，所培养的翻译人才成为各个时期处理文书，办理翻译事宜的重要来源。

The reasons for the development, reform and prosperity of Banner schools mainly lie in three aspects: the support of emperors in previous dynasties, the advocacy of Manchu and Han officials, and the advocacy of Manchu Confucianism. The factors causing the decline of Banner schools include the intensification of national integration, the decline of banner people's willingness to learn, and the slack management of rules.There are mainly two different ways of translation education in Banner schools，namely, translation education in ordinary Banner schools institutions, and translation education in Manchu, Chinese translation and translation semantics. The trained translation talents have become an important source for dealing with documents and translation matters in various periods.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 01:17, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

The reasons for the development, reform and prosperity of Banner education mainly lie in three aspects: the support of emperors in previous dynasties, the advocacy of Manchu and Han officials, as well as the advocacy of Manchu scholars. The factors causing the decline of Banner education include the intensification of national integration, the decline of Banner people's willingness to learn, and the slack management of regulations, etc. There are mainly two different ways of translation education in Banner education, namely, translation education in ordinary Banner education institutions, and translation education in Manchu, Chinese translatology and translation semantics. The trained translation talents provide an important source for dealing with documents and translation matters in various periods.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:54, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==

关键词：旗学；翻译教育；变化过程；翻译考试；汉书翻译1.引言。满洲以少数族群立国并统治中原，如何能保持民族特色，而又能与汉人交流，扩大政权的统治基础，乃是统治者不得不考虑的问题。而设置旗学，教授国语骑射，并推动翻译教育，乃是因应时势之举。

Key words: the School for children of the Eight Banners; translation education; changing process; translation examination; the translation of History of Han Dynasty.
1. Introduction. Manchuria, which was found by minority ethnic groups, ruled the central plains. The rulers had to consider the questions like how to keep the national characteristics and communicate with the Han people to expand the ruling base of the regime. Therefore, the establishment of the School for the children of the Eight Banners, where taught the Manchu language, riding and shooting, in the meantime, helped to promote translation education, was the trend of the times. --[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:34, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Key words: the Banner Education; translation education; changing process; translation examination; the translation of History of Han Dynasty.
1. Introduction. Manchuria, which was founded by minority ethnic groups, ruled the central plains. The rulers had to consider how to keep the national characteristics and communicate with the Han people to expand the ruling base of the regime. Therefore, the establishment of the the Banner Education which taught the Manchu language, riding and shooting and helped to promote translation education as well, was the trend of the times. --[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 03:09, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==

顺治初年，清廷循汉族国子监之例创设旗学，开清代官学教育制度之先河，专供旗人学习语言、骑射与翻译。顺治朝以后，旗学教育屡经调整与改革，不仅在特定区域设学，而且使旗学教育逐渐平民化、普遍化，既稳定了生源，又规范了教习的拣选和稽核，并适时调整旗学机构的设置、复设或改设，以及教学内容与考核方式，确保了旗人的学习品质。由于办理旗学的主要目的即是为了培养翻译人才，和具备多语种能力的治国之才，故旗学中的教学和学习用书多为汉籍译本，其中多数为满文译本，另有部分为蒙文译本，或者满、汉和满、蒙合璧本。

During the early years of Shunzhi Period, the Qing government was the forerunner of the OfficialEducation which was set exclusively for Banner people to learn language, riding, shooting and translation. After the Emperor Shunzhi Perid, the Banner Education, which was adjusted and reformed repeatedly, was set in specific areas. It also gradually became popularization and generalization, which stablized source of students, regulated selection and assessment of instructors. It not only adjusted the establishment, reestablishment and the change of establishment of the Banner's schools, but also adjusted the contents of coueses and assessment methods, which ensured the learning quality of Bannermen. Because of the reason that the Banner Education was aimed to cultivate qualified translators and statemenships possessed with multilanguage, textbooks mostly were Chinese works, most of them were translated into Manchu language; part of them were translated into Mogolian; some translated versions were combinated with Manchu language and Chinese, or Manchu language with Mogolian.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 04:48, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

During the early years of Shunzhi Period, the Qing government followed the example of the Official Education which set exclusively for Banner people to learn language, riding, shooting and translation, which was considered as the new way for the educational system since Qing dynasty. After the Emperor Shunzhi Period, the Banner Education, which was adjusted and reformed repeatedly, was set in specific areas. It was gradually popularizing and generalizing, which possess the stable source of students, the regulated selection and the assessment of instructors. It not only adjusted the establishment, reestablishment and the change of establishment of the Banner's schools, but also adjusted the contents of coueses and assessment methods, which ensured the learning quality of Bannermen. The Banner Education was aimed to cultivate qualified translators and ministerial talent who were multilingual, so textbooks mostly were Chinese works, most of them were translated into Manchu language; part of them were translated into Mogolian; some translated versions were combinated with Manchu language and Chinese, or Manchu language with Mogolian.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 08:28, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==

虽然乾隆朝尤其是乾隆中期以后，旗学教育多有弊病，如旗学制度流于形式，章程管理日渐松弛，加上旗人子弟仕宦心态突出，致使学习不勤不精，但在最高统治者的要求与支持，以及内、外因素的交互作用下，仍为国家培养了大批治理之才和翻译专才。2.旗学的翻译使命。满族统治中国以来，为维护满洲的民族特质，以及少数族裔的统治优势，统治者一向提倡旗、民分治，要求旗人保持民族特质，习国语，专骑射，维护国家根本。

During the Qianlong period, especially after the middle period, there were many disadvantages that the education of Banner exerted, such as the system of Banner learning becoming a formality, the regulations and management becoming slack, coupled with the prominent attitude of the banner’s student for promotion in officialdom, so that they were nor diligent nor good at learning. But under the support and the request of the supreme ruler, with the interaction of internal and external factors, the education of Banner still cultivated a large number of governance talents and translation specialists for the country. 2. The translation mission of the Banner’s education. Since Manchu ruled China, in order to maintain the ethnic characteristics of Manchuria and the dominance of ethnic minorities, the ruler has always advocated the separate governance of the flag and the people, requiring the flag people to keep their ethnic characteristics, learn the National language, practice riding and archery in order to stabilize the foundation of the country.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 02:07, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

Although in the reign of Qianlong, especially after the middle of the Qianlong period, there were many disadvantages in banner school education, such as the system of banner study becaming a mere formality, the management of the articles of association being increasingly relaxed. Furthermore, the prominent official mentality of the banner people's children led to the lack of diligence and precision in learning, a large number of people who were proficient in governing and translating still cultivated for the country under the requirements and support of the emperor and the interaction of internal and external factors. 2. The translation mission of banner studies. Since the Manchu ruled China, in order to maintain the national characteristics of Manchu and the ruling advantages of ethnic minorities, the rulers have always advocated the separation of the banner and the people, requiring the banner people to maintain their national characteristics, learn the national language, specialize in riding and shooting for maintain the foundation of the country.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 12:44, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==

然而，为确保国家治理行之有效，国家长治久安，旗人亦必须兼通满、汉，与汉人沟通交往，以便学习其典章制度与执政经验。顺治朝以后，旗学教育逐渐兴起，其中除国子监八旗官学、顺天和奉天府学外，又有咸安宫和景山官学、宗人府宗学和觉罗学，以及各地八旗官学、义学和清文学等，这些官学成为清代兴贤育才，教养备至的重要场所。对于旗人而言，只有接受旗学教育，熟读经史，掌握翻译，练习骑射，才能符合政府的人才标准和要求，为自身的进身入仕觅得正途。

However, for ensuring the effectiveness of national governance and long-term stability of the country, the banner people must be proficient in both Manchu language and Han Language thus communicating with Han people to learn their laws and regulations and ruling experience. After the reign of Shunzhi, the banner education gradually rose. In addition to the eight banner official schools of the Imperial Academy, Shuntian and fengtianfu schools, there were also Xian'an palace and Jingshan official schools, the official school of Imperial Clan Court and Jueluo schools, as well as the eight banner official schools, righteousness schools and Qing literature schools in various places, all of which became an important place to cultivate talents and prepare for education in the Qing Dynasty. As for banner people, only by receiving banner education, reading classical and historical books, mastering translation and practicing riding and shooting can they meet the standards and requirements of the government of choosing people and find a right way for their official career.
--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 15:12, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

However, in order to ensure the effective governance of the country and the long-term stability of the country, the banner people must also communicate with the Manchu and Han people, and communicate with the Han people to learn their rules, regulations and governing experience. After the Shunzhi dynasty, banner education gradually emerged. In addition to the eight banner official school, Shuntian and Fengtian school, Xian’an Palace and Jingshan official school, Zongrenfuzong school and Jueluo school, as well as the eight banner official school, Yi school and Qing Dynasty Literature, etc., these official schools became an important place for educating and cultivating talents in the Qing Dynasty. For banner people, only by receiving banner education, learning by heart in classics and history, mastering translation, and practicing riding and shooting, can they meet the government's talent standards and requirements and find a right path for their own career.--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 13:31, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==

而统治者之所以重视满、汉语学习，以及翻译能力的培养，乃是国家行政和治理的需要所致。众所周知，国初之际，官员的日常行政广泛使用满文，政务的推动离不开翻译。《钦定大清会典则例（乾隆朝）》中说，清初以来，皇帝颁发满、汉文谕旨时，往往先由内阁进行翻译，或将清字译汉，或将汉文翻清，如此才能上传下达，确保政令畅通。

The reason why the rulers attach importance to the study of Manchu and Chinese language and the cultivation of translation ability is due to the needs of national administration and governance. As we all know, in the early days of the country, officials widely used Manchu language in their daily administration, and the promotion of government affairs was inseparable from translation. According to the Rules and Regulations of the King's Chamber of the Qing Dynasty (Qianlong Dynasty), since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, when the emperor issued a decree in Manchu and Chinese, the cabinet often translated it first, or translated the Qing characters into Chinese, or translated the Chinese into Manchu language, to deliver the message and ensure the smooth flow of government orders.

The reason why the rulers attach importance to the study of Manchu and Chinese language and the cultivation of translation ability is due to the needs of national administration and governance. As we all know, in the early days of the country, officials widely used Manchu language in their daily administration, government affairs cannot be handled without translation. According to the Rules and Regulations of the King's Chamber of the Qing Dynasty (Qianlong Dynasty), since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, when the emperor issued a decree in Manchu and Chinese, the cabinet often translated it first. They translated the Manchu language into Chinese, or translated the Chinese into Manchu language, to deliver the message and ensure the decisions of the government are carried out effectively.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 08:38, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==

各部院衙门撰写本章时，虽然兼用清、汉双语，但直省本章中不使用清字者较为常见，这种情况下则往往由通政司将本章咨送内阁，再由后者送交汉本房进行翻译，事毕之后由满本房誊写。（允祹等，1983：4）各省驻防将军、副都统等遇奏事之时，也只使用满语，因而旗籍官员中办理文书业务者，也必须娴熟翻译。（曹振镛，1986：488）至清末之际，虽然旗学中清语荒废的情形日益严重，学生的翻译能力每况愈下，但国家对于翻译人才的需求并没有完全消失。

When yamen(government office in feudal China) writes documents, although both uses Manchu and Chinese can be used, but people who do not use Manchu are more common in departmental documents. In this case, the the office of transmission would send the document to the cabinet, which would send it to the Hanbenfang(An organization that translates Manchu into Chinese)for translation, and then the Manbenfang(An organization that translates Chinese into Manchu) would copy it.(Yun Taodeng, 1983:4) Because the generals of garrison and deputy lieutenant-general used only Manchu when handing in documents,among the officials of the Qing Dynasty, those who handle documents must also be skilled in translation.(Cao Zhenpu, 1986:488) In the late Qing Dynasty, although abandonment of Qing language in the Banners study is becoming more and more serious and the translation ability of the students became worse and worse, the country's demand for translation talent did not completely disappeared.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 08:22, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

When yamen(government office in feudal China) writes documents, although both Manchu and Chinese can be used,people who do not use Manchu are common in departmental documents. In this case, the office of transmission would send the document to the cabinet, which would send it to the Hanbenfang(An organization that translates Manchu into Chinese)for translation, and then the Manbenfang(An organization that translates Chinese into Manchu) would transcribe it.(Yun Taodeng, 1983:4) Because the generals of garrison and deputy lieutenant-general used only Manchu when handing in documents, so among the officials of the Qing Dynasty, those who handle documents must also be skilled in translation.(Cao Zhenpu, 1986:488) At the end of Qing Dynasty, although abandonment of Qing language in the Manchu study was becoming more and more serious and the translation ability of the students became worse and worse, the country's demand for translation talent did not completely disappeared.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 08:22, 17 October 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 11:58, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==

然而，有清一代，旗学教育到底兴于何时，旗学中培养的翻译人才究竟几何，等等问题仍存争议。即以宗学的设置时间为例，不同文献的记载便不相同。如《八旗通志·初集》和《钦定八旗通志》中，都载有顺、康年间宗学变化之事，但《（雍正）大清会典》中，却未见有此段史实，反而将宗学之设归于雍正二年。（鄂尔泰等，1986：945-946；铁保等，1983：1-2；允禄等，1995：26）

However, in the Qing Dynasty, there were still disputes about when the Manchu education was prosperous and how many translation talents were trained and so on. That is to say, taking the setting time of zongxue as an example, the records of different documents were different. For example, the first collection of Pa Ch'i T'ung Chih and Tongshu of Manchukuo Family in Eight Banner of Qinding contained the changes of zongxue during the years of Shun and Kang. However, this historical fact was not found in the (Emperor Yongzheng) Great Qing conference, but the establishment of zongxue was attributed to the second year of Emperor Yongzheng. (Ertai etc 1986:945-946; Tiebao etc 1983:1-2; Yunlu etc 1995:26)

annotation:
1. zongxue: educational institutions for royal clan
2. Pa Ch'i T'ung Chih: a book recording of Eight Banners system in detail;general annals of the Eight Banners

However, in the Qing Dynasty, there were still disputes about when the flag school education was prosperous and how many translation talents were trained in the flag school. That is, taking the setting time of zongxue as an example, the records of different documents are different. For example, the first collection of Tongzhi of the eight banners and the Tongzhi of the imperial eight banners contain the changes of zongxue during the years of Shun and Kang. However, this historical fact is not found in the (Yongzheng) Great Qing conference, but the establishment of zongxue is attributed to the second year of Yongzheng.--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 12:22, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562==

虽然如此，有两点却可肯定：其一，不论雍正二年办理的宗室之学是“复开”，还是“创设”，其中原因确与康熙朝晚期的皇子夺嫡事件有关。《清世宗实录》中对此已有说法：朕惟睦族敦宗，务先教化。尝见宗室中，习气未善，各怀私心，互相倾轧，並无扶持爱护之意，惟知宠厚妻党姻娅，其于本支骨肉，视若仇敌，殊为悖谬。

Nevertheless, two points can be confirmed: first, whether the imperial clan school handled by Yongzheng in the second year of Yongzheng was "reopened" or "created", the reason is indeed related to the emperor's son's seizing the throne in the late Kangxi Dynasty. It has been said in the《true records of emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty》 that In order to make the family harmonious,relatives and friends sincere, we must educate them first. I often see some people in the imperial clan who are not kind-hearted, have selfish intentions, frame each other, and do not love each other. It's absurd to spoil your wife and treat other concubines as enemies.

Nevertheless, there are two points to be sure. For one thing, no matter whether the school for the imperial family in the second year of Yongzheng(1724) were reopened or created, the reason was indeed related to the prince’s replacement in the late Kangxi Period(1675-1722). In True Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, it mentioned that: “In order to make the family harmonious, and relatives and friends sincere, they need to be educated first. I often see some people in the imperial clan who are not kind-hearted, have selfish intentions, frame each other, and do not love each other. It's absurd to spoil your wife and treat other concubines as enemies.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 09:05, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

20211013 homework

2021-12-31T07:06:30Z

Yang Liuqing: /* 杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543 */

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==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==

康、雍、乾三朝时期的汉书翻译及其文化统制意涵*
摘要：清代的汉书翻译是统治者了解、学习和接纳汉文化的重要途径。与清初文化政策的其它单元一样，如官修史书、国语骑射、思想控制等，汉书的翻译、刊刻与颁行也是清代中、前期诸帝治术的独特构成。
On the Translation of ''the Book of Han'' and its Connotation of Cultural Controlling During the Kang-Yong-Qian Period of the Qing Dynasty(683——1796)
Abstract: The translation of ''the Book of Han'' is the important approach for the governor to understand, study and accept the Culture of Han. Like other units of cultural policy in the early Qing Dynasty(Official History Books Policy, Manchu National Language and Ride Policy, Thought Control Policy, etc.), the translation, publication, and promulgation of ''the Book of Han'' were also unique components of the emperors' tactics in the middle and early Qing dynasties. --[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 10:51, 12 October 2021 (UTC)
The translation of Han books in the Kang Xi,Yong Zheng and Qian Long dynasties and its implication of cultural control * Abstract: The translation of Han books in the Qing Dynasty is an important way for rulers to understand, learn and accept Han culture. Like other units of cultural policy in the early Qing Dynasty, such as official history books, national language,riding and shooting, ideological control, etc.the translation, publication and promulgation of Han books are also the unique composition of the governance of emperors in the middle and early Qing Dynasty.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 02:23, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 日语语言文学女 202120081477==

康、乾、雍三朝期间，汉书翻译规模不断扩大，主题日益丰富，目的更加明确，为满洲统治者走出“我族”意识，实现满、汉之间的文化接轨与观念沟通，建构并巩固满洲政权的治统与道统等，做出了重要贡献。汉书翻译的开展与推进源于特定的历史语境，与三朝统治者长期以来耽于汉籍，力主道德教化关系甚巨。自起始之日起，汉书翻译便被赋予德治与教化功能，其目的不是为了“以夷变夏”，或者“以夏变夷”，而是为了在满、汉之间进行交流、沟通与互鉴，政治意义与文化意涵并存。
During the three dynasties of Kang Zheng ,Qian Long and Yong Zheng,the scale of Chinese translation continued to expand, the theme became richer and the purpose became more clear, which made important contributions to the Manchu rulers to get out of the consciousness of "my family", achieve the cultural integration and conceptual communication between Manchu and Han, and construct and consolidate the governance and Taoism of Manchu regime. The development and promotion of Chinese translation originates from the specific historical context. It has a compact relationship with the rulers of the three dynasties who have been big on Chinese books and advocated moral education for a long time. Since its inception, the translation of Chinese books has been endowed with the function of rule of virtue and education. Its purpose is not to "change Foreign into Xia " or "change Xia into Foreign ", but to communicate and learn from each other between Manchu and Han. Its political significance and cultural meaning coexist.--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 05:17, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

During the three dynasties of Kang Zheng ,Qian Long and Yong Zheng,the scale of Chinese translation continued to expand, the theme became richer and the purpose became more clear, which made important contributions to the Manchu rulers to get out of the consciousness of "Isolated national consciousness", achieve the cultural integration and conceptual communication between Manchu and Han, and construct and consolidate the governance and Confucianism of Manchu regime. The development and promotion of Chinese translation originates from the specific historical context. It has a compact relationship with the rulers of the three dynasties who have been indulge in Chinese books and advocated moral education for a long time. Since its inception, the translation of Chinese books has been endowed with the function of rule of virtue and education. Its purpose is not to influence the Chinese nation by other nationalities, or assimilate other nationalities by the Chinese nation which based on the theory of “guarding against the barbarians or the foreigners”,but to communicate and learn from each other between Manchu and Han. Its political significance and cultural meaning coexist.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 12:26, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男 202120081478==

关键词：汉书翻译；文化沟通；治术；治统；道统
导论：清初翻译汉书，实有不得已的情由。满洲以少数族群统摄中原，虽然历代君主强调“敬天”、“法祖”，遵循历史经验，然而满洲文化除了“国语骑射”之外，整体简陋贫乏，因此欲从自身民族历史、文化中寻求借镜，必会遭遇不敷应用的困境。

KEY WORDS：Han Classic’s translation; Culture Comunication; Governmentality; Governance Tradition; Confucianism

Introduction: In the early period of Qing Dynasty, Han Classic’s translation is actually a compelling need. Manchu once governed the Central Plains of China by Ethnic minorities. Although China’s Successive monarchs emphasised concepts of “respecting the God” , “learning from ancestor”, and “following history rules”, but, in addition to the "Manchu language, horse-riding and archery", Manchu culture in general appeared poor. As a result, if they want to learn from their own national history and culture, they will encounter the dilemma of insufficient application.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 12:07, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

Key Word：Han Classic’s translation; Culture Comunication; Governmentality; Governance Tradition; Confucianism

Introduction: In the early period of Qing Dynasty, Han Classic’s translation was actually a compelling need. Manchu once governed the Central Plains of China by Ethnic minorities. Although China’s successive monarchs emphasised concepts of “respecting the God” , “learning from ancestor”, and “following history rules”, however. in addition to the "Manchu language, horse-riding and archery", Manchu culture in general appeared poor. As a result, if they want to learn from their own national history and culture, they will encounter the dilemma of insufficient application.--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 10:35, 20 October 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==

为了在征服和统治过程中有效运用历史经验，并将其正当化与合法化，汉文化的撷取成为不二选择，而汉籍的翻译便是实现这一目的的重要手段。例如建元初年，太祖努尔哈赤称汗之后，即命大臣翻译汉籍，进讲汉文经史，以便了解汉族历史。继位的太宗皇帝更是性嗜典籍，披览弗倦，有着丰富的汉族历史知识，不仅深明《金史》与《三国志传（通俗演义）》等，认为二者使其耳目明快，而且接纳汉官建议，效法太祖命人翻译汉籍，并通过翻译吸收历史知识，将其运用至现实政治实践中，巩固并扩展政权的统治基础。
In order to effectively use historical experience in the process of conquering and governing and to justify and legitimize it, the extraction of Han Culture is the only means and the translation of Han Classics is an important way to achieve this goal. For exemple, in the early years of the Founding Yuan Dynasty, the offspring of Taizu Nurhaci asked the ministers to translate Han Classics and talk about the history of Chinese books to gain more acquaitance of the history of Han people. Emperor Taizong who succeeded to the throne was even more addicted to classics. He had a wealth of historical knowledge of the Han nationality. He not only had a deep understanding of ''Jin Shi'' and ''Three Kingdoms'' , etc., but also he believed that they both made his ears and eyes bright and clear so that he can accept the suggestions of Han officials, follow the example of Taizu's orders to translate Chinese Classics, absorb historical knowledge through translation, and apply it to practical political practice to consolidate and expand the ruling foundation of the regime.

In order to effectively use historical experience in the process of conquering and governing and to justify and legitimize it, the extraction of Han Culture is the only means and the translation of Han Classics is an important way to achieve this goal. For exemple, in the early years of the Founding Yuan Dynasty, Emporer Taizu Nurhaci asked the ministers to translate Han Classics and talk about the history of Chinese books to gain more acquaitance of the history of Han people. His son Emperor Taizong who succeeded to the throne was even more addicted to classics. He not only had a wealth of historical knowledge of the Han nationality and a deep understanding of ''Jin Shi'' and ''Three Kingdoms'' , etc., in believing that they both made his ears and eyes bright and clear,but also he accepted the suggestions of Han officials to follow the example of Taizu's orders to translate Chinese Classics. And through absorbing historical knowledge,he applied it to practical political practice to consolidate and expand the ruling foundation of the regime.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 01:29, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480==

太宗对于汉书的翻译屡有训示，要求“读史致用”，翻译的书籍要么属于“勤于求治而国祚昌隆”者，要么则属于“所行悖道而统绪废坠”者，总之必须关乎朝政之要务。[1]9 ([1](清)鄂尔泰等.清实录·太宗文皇帝实录[Z].北京：中华书局，1985.）太宗之后，冲幼即位的顺治帝同样“嗜观史书”，并采纳大学士希福建议，效仿太宗“鉴古之心”，颁赐《辽》、《金》、《元》三史译本，以明政治之得失，民生之休戚，国家之治乱。[2]15-16

The Taizong Emporer had his requirement to the translation of Han books that only books written by Emporer of keen intelligence and excellent judgment, or by Emporer who lost his country because of disobedience. All of them need to be related to affairs of state.[1]9 ([1](Qing)Eertai.Records of Qing Dynasty·Records of the Emperor Taizong[Z].Beijing：Zhonghua Publishing House，1985.）After Taizong，Shunzhi Emporer, who was given the position when was a child, intended to read history books and accepted grand secretary Xifu's advice to follow the example of Taizong Emporer . He recommended the translations of ''Liao'', ''Jin'', ''Yuan'', for the purpose that these books can demonstrate political gains and losses, people's livelihood and the state's effort to combat confusion.

Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty had his requirements to the translation of Han books. He required “reading history for use”. The books to be translated either belonged to those who were “diligent in seeking governance and then resulted in the fortune of a nation” or those who were “contrary to the way they put into practice and then governance fallen into depression ”. But in any case, they had to be related to affairs of state.[1]9 ([1] (Qing Dynasty) Eertai et al. Chronicles of Qing Dynasty •Chronicles of Chongde Emperor [Z].Beijing: Chinese Publishing House, 1985.）After Chongde Emperor, Shunzhi Emporer, who inherited the throne when he was a child, intended to read history books as well, and accepted grand secretary Xifu's advice to follow the example of Chongde Emperor’s heart of appreciation of the past. He recommended the translations of Liao, Jin, Yuan, for the purpose that these books can demonstrate political gains and losses, people's livelihood and the state's effort to combat confusion. [2]15-16--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 10:36, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==

（[2]（清）鄂尔泰等.清实录·世祖章皇帝实录[Z].北京：中华书局，1985.）尤其是《资治通鉴》一书，顺治帝对其更是情有独钟，认为它有“考百代之是非”的成效。[2]1清初三帝之后，满汉交流日渐频繁，民族融合逐步加强，满洲文化长足发展，嗣后诸帝的汉文化态度随之变化。
([2](Qing Dynasty) Eertai et al. Chronicles of Qing Dynasty •Chronicles of Shunzhi Emperor [Z].Beijing: Chinese Publishing House, 1985.) Particularly Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, this book, Shunzhi Emperor showed special preference to it. He thought it has the effect of “examining the rights and wrongs of hundreds generations.
[2]1 After the three emperors of the early Qing Dynasty, the exchanges between Manchu and Han became increasingly frequent, the national fusion was gradually strengthened, and the culture of Manchu developed rapidly. Henceforth the attitude of emperors changed accordingly. --[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 08:49, 12 October 2021 (UTC)
([2](Qing Dynasty) Eertai et al. Chronicles of Qing Dynasty •Chronicles of Shunzhi Emperor [Z].Beijing: Chinese Publishing House, 1985.) Particularly Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, this book, Shunzhi Emperor showed special preference to it. He thought it has the effect of “examining the rights and wrongs of hundreds dynasties. [2]1 After three emperors of the Early Qing Dynasty, the exchanges between Manchu and Han became increasingly frequent, the national fusion was gradually strengthened, and the culture of Manchu developed by leaps and bounds. Henceforth the attitude of emperors changed accordingly.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 10:47, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==

但无论是何种变化，汉书翻译的事业却从未间断，通过翻译汉籍求明道致用的功心也从未革损。如康熙帝“性眈问学”，于听政之暇常取《六经》和《资治通鉴》等书译本，发而读之，以探求圣人之心、治道之切。雍正帝也通过阅读汉籍，论及传统正统论，尤其是其中的“承统之正”与“得国之正”的观点，以此为满洲政权建构统治的理论基础。乾隆帝即位之后，凭借其对于汉籍的熟读与精研，继续推行尊孔崇儒的政策，宣传汉族文化，通过道德学术实现传国久远的理想抱负。
However, no matter what kind of change, the cause of books’ translation of Han Dynasty has never been interrupted. The merit of “Ming Dao Zhi Yong”, that is, to be reasonable to hit the key points and apply to reality, has never been damaged through the translation of Han Dynasty books. Such as Kangxi’s (emperor of Qing Dynasty) "concerns of study". In his leisure time after handling issues of politics, he often takes the "Six Classics" and "Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government" and other translations, opens and then reads them, in order to explore the ideas of saints and the urgency of the policy of governing the country. By reading the books of Han Dynasty and discussing the traditional orthodoxy, especially the view of "the rightness of the succession" and "the rightness of the country", which is regarded as the theoretical basis for the construction and rule of the Manchuria regime. After Emperor Qianlong inherited the throne, he continued to carry out the policy of respecting the Confucianism, publicize the Han culture, and realize the long-standing ideal ambition of the country through moral scholarship.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 01:50, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

However, no matter what kind of change, the cause of books’ translation of Han Dynasty has never been interrupted. The utilitarian pursuing for “Ming Dao Zhi Yong”, that is, to be reasonable to hit the key points and apply to reality, has never been damaged through the translation of Han Dynasty books. Taking Kangxi’s (the forth emperor of Qing Dynasty) "concerns of study" for example, in his leisure time after handling issues of politics, he often took the "Six Classics" and "Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government" and other translations, opened and then read them, in order to explore the ideas of saints and the urgency of the policy of governing the country. By reading the books of Han Dynasty and discussing the traditional orthodoxy theory, especially the view of "the rightness of the succession" and "the rightness of the country", which is regarded as the theoretical basis for constructing the rule of Manchuria regime. After Emperor Qianlong inherited the throne, by virtue of his delicate reading and deep research in Han Books, he continued to carry out the policy of respecting the Confucianism, publicized the Han culture, and realized the long-standing ambition since the first emperor of Qing dynasty through moral scholarship.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 10:41, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==

可以认为，清代的汉书翻译既是一种笼络的手段，也是一种治术的形式，其根本目的乃是建构、巩固并维护满洲政权的正当性。一、清初汉书翻译述要鉴于文献所限，清初翻译汉书的准确数字，难以查考。特别是太祖、太宗两朝时期，汉书翻译的具体情况尤难统计。

It can be considered that the translation of Han books is one means of unifying as well as the form of governing, whose fundamental purpose is to construct, consolidate and maintain the legitimacy of Manchurian regime. 一. Han books translation in the early Qing dynasty was confined to the literature and it is hard to examine the accurate figures of it. In particular, during the two dynasties of Taizu and Taizong, the specific conditions of Han books translation is critically difficult to reckon.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 05:34, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

It can be considered that the translation of Chinese books is a means of unifying as well as a form of governing, whose fundamental purpose is to construct, consolidate and maintain the legitimacy of Manchurian regime. Firstly, The Overview of Translation of Chinese Books in the Early Qing Dynasty. In the limit of literature, it is hard to examine the accurate figure. In particular, during the two dynasties of Taizu and Taizong, the specific conditions of the translation are critically difficult to reckon.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 04:11, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìnà 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==

但从《国立故宫博物院善本旧籍总目》、《世界满文文献目录》、《全国满文图书资料联合目录》和《清代内府刻书目录解题》等文献记载情况看，顺、康、雍、乾四朝官方刊刻的汉书满文译本共计五十三种。其中，除去既有满文本，又有满汉合璧本的《三国志（通俗演义）》和《大学衍义》，以及刊刻次数在两次及以上的满文本《诗经》、满汉合璧本《孝经（御制翻译孝经）》，以及满汉合璧本《潘氏（通鉴）总论》等，汉籍满文译书实为四十七种。以朝代统计，则分别是：顺治朝九种：《辽史》、《金史》、《元史》、《洪武要训》、《三国志（通俗演义）》、《诗经》、《表忠录》、《孝经》（阿什坦译）和《六韬三略》；

However, from the record of literature such as ''The General Catalogue of Rare and Ancient Books in The National Palace Museum'', ''The World Bibliography of Manchu Literature'', ''The National Union Catalogue of Books and Reference Materials of Manchu'' and ''The Bibliography for the Interpretation of Titles of the Engraving Books of the Imperial Storehouse in Qing Dynasty'', translation of Chinese books by Manchu that officially engraved by the four dynasties of Emperor Shunzhi, Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong add up to fifty-three. Among these books, besides Manchu or the Chinese-Manchu bilingual ''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' and ''Interpretation of The Great Learning'', the Manchu script ''The Book of Songs'' that was printed more than twice, the bilingual ''The Book of Filial Piety''(made by the emperor order) , the bilingual ''The General Instruction From Pan Rong'' and so on, translation of Chinese books by Manchu actually add up to forty-seven.According to statistics of dynasties, they include nine books in the reign of Shunzhi: ''History of the Liao Dynasty'', ''History of the Jin Dynasty'' , ''History of the Yuan Dynasty'', ''The Sermon of the Hongwu Period'', ''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', ''The Book of Songs'',''Book for Loyalty'', ''The Book of Filial Piety''(translated by Asitan) and ''Books on the Art of War''.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 19:23, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==

康熙朝十二种：《纲鉴汇纂》、《大学衍义》、《日讲四书解义》、《日讲书经解义》、《日讲易经解义》、《御选古文渊鉴》、《资治通鉴纲目》、《黄石公素书》、《醒世要言》、《潘氏（通鉴）总论》、《菜根谭》和《薛文清先生要语》；雍正朝五种：《孝经集注》、《小学合解》、《小学》及《四体翻译心经》；④ 乾隆朝二十二种：《日讲春秋解义》、《御制翻译四书》（鄂尔泰等奉敕译，满文本，乾隆六年）、《御制翻译四书》（乾隆皇帝敕译，满汉合璧本，乾隆二十年）、《御制翻译书经集传》、《御制翻译周易》、《御制翻译诗经》、《御制翻译名义集》、《御制大悲心忏法仪轨经》、《大藏经全咒》、《御制楞严经》、《御制翻译礼记》、《御制翻译春秋》、《心经》、《大藏经》、《御制翻译孝经》、《翻译潘氏（通鉴）总论》、《般若波罗蜜多心经》、《御译大云轮请雨经》、《吉祥偈》、《佛说四十二章经》、《金刚般若波罗密多经》及《沐浴经》。
There are 12 Manchu versions of the Chinese classics during the Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty. They are Gangjian Compilation, a historical book of general history; Ta-hsueh yen-I, Interpretation of Four Books of the Day, Interpretation of Books of History, Interpretation of the Books of Changes, Authorized Selection of Ancient Literature, Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, Master Huang’s Plain Book, Awaking to People, Pan General, Caigen Tan and Quotation from Master Xue Wenqing. There are five versions during the Emperor Yongzheng. They are The Book of Filial piety, Xiaoxue Hejie, a kind of dictionary, Xiaoxue,and Heart Sutra of Four Bodies translation. There are 22 versions during the Emperor Qianlong, including A teaching record of Chunqiu (a confucian classics), Authorized Translations of Sishu(Eertai were demander to translate to Manchu version in the sixth years during Qianlong), Authorized Translation of Sishu(it was on the demand of Emperor Qianlong and a combination of Chinese and Manchu in the twelfth year, Authorized Translation Translation of Shujing, Authorized Translation of Zhouyi, Authorized Translatio of Book of Songs, Authorized Translation of Mingyiji, The Whole curse of Finance, a Buddhist book, Authorized Lengyan Scriptures, Authorized Translation of Chunqiu, Heart Sutra, Tripitake, Authorized Translation of the book of Filial Piety, Pan’s General Theory of Translation, Prajna Paramita Sutra, Authorized Translation of Dayun Wheel Asking for Rain Sutra, Auspicious Verse, Buddhist Forty-two Chapters, Vajra Prajna Paramita Sutra and Bath Meridian
There are 12 Manchu versions of the Chinese classics during the period of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty. They are ''Gangjian Compilation, a historical book of general history; Ta-hsüeh yen-I, Interpretation of ‘the Four Books’, Interpretation of ‘the Book of History’, Interpretation of ‘Book of Changes’, Authorized Selection of Ancient Literature, Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, Master Huang’s Plain Book, Awaking to People, Pan General, Caigen Tan and Quotation from Master Xue Wenqing''. There are five versions during the period of Emperor Yongzheng. They are ''The Book of ‘The Classic of Filial Piety’ variorum , Xiaoxue Hejie, a kind of dictionary, Xiaoxue,and Heart Sutra of Four Bodies translation.'' ④There are 22 versions during the period of Emperor Qianlong, including ''Interpretation of ‘The Spring and Autumn Annals’ (a confucian classics), Authorized Translations of ‘the Four Books’ (Eertai were demander to translate to Manchu version in the sixth years during Qianlong), Authorized Translation of ‘the Four Books’(it was on the demand of Emperor Qianlong and a combination of Chinese and Manchu in the twelfth year, Authorized Translation Translation of ‘the Book of History’, Authorized Translation of ‘the Book of Changes’, Authorized Translation of ‘Book of Songs’, Authorized Translation of formula names, The Whole curse of Finance, a Buddhist book, Authorized Lengyan Scriptures, Authorized Translation of ‘The Spring and Autumn Annals’, Heart Sutra, Tripitake, Authorized Translation of ‘the Classic of Filial Piety’, Pan’s General Theory of Translation, Prajna Paramita Sutra, Authorized Translation of Dayun Wheel Asking for Rain Sutra, Auspicious Verse, Buddhist Forty-two Chapters, Vajra Prajna Paramita Sutra and Bath Meridian.''--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 23:17, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==

上述译本中，虽然《三国志（通俗演义）》和《大学衍义》分别于顺治七年、康熙十一年刊印两次，但各自的底本相同，区别只在于一次为满文本，另一次则为满汉合璧本。此外，《孝经》曾于顺治、康熙、雍正朝各刊刻一次，但底本各不相同，其中顺治年间的刊行本为阿什坦译本、康熙年间的刊行本为和素译校本，雍正时期的版本则译者未明，只是注明“雍正皇帝敕译”。值得注意的是，虽然世祖顺治帝笃信佛教，论佛谈法，但从现有文献看，未见有顺治朝翻译的汉文经书，反倒是禁教严厉的高宗时期，翻译汉文经书多达九部，其中缘由，值得深思。
In above-mentioned translations, although ''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' and ''Interpretation of The Great Learning'' were published twice in the seventh year of Shunzhi and the eleventh year of Kangxi respectively, their original versions were the same. The only difference was that one was completely in Manchu and the other was a combination of Chinese and Manchu. In addition, ''The Classic of Filial piety'' was once published in the period of Shunzhi, Kangxi and Yongzheng respectively, but the original versions were varied. And the published version in Shunzhi period was translated by Ashton, the version in Kangxi period was translated and revised by Hesu, and the version in Yongzheng period whose translator was unknown was marked with ‘imperial translation of Yongzheng emperor’. It is worth nothing that although the emperor Shunzhi believed in and advocated Buddhism ,there were no scriptures translated into Chinese in the Shunzhi period according to the existing literature. On the contrary, in the Gaozong period when religions were strictly forbidden, there were as many as nine scriptures translated into Chinese. And the reasons of this are worth considering. --[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 15:25, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

In the above-mentioned translations, although ''Records of the Three Kingdoms'' and ''Daxue yanyi'' were published twice in the seventh year of Shunzhi and in the eleventh year of Kangxi respectively, their original versions were the same. The only difference was that one was completely in Manchu and the other was a combination of Chinese and Manchu. In addition, ''The Classic of Filial Piety'' was once published in the period of Shunzhi, Kangxi and Yongzheng respectively, but the original versions were varied. And the published version in Shunzhi period was translated by Ashton, the version in Kangxi period was translated and revised by Hesu, and the version in Yongzheng period whose translator was unknown was marked with ‘imperial translation of Yongzheng emperor’. It is worth noting that although the emperor Shunzhi believed in and advocated Buddhism, there were no scriptures translated into Chinese in the Shunzhi period according to the existing literature. On the contrary, in the Gaozong period when Buddhism was strictly forbidden, there were as many as nine scriptures translated into Chinese. And the reasons for this are worth pondering.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 14:07, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==

尤其值得关注的是《诗经》与《孝经》的满文译本。以《诗经》为例，该书翻译成书后，顺治帝曾为其亲制序文，赞誉该部作品意旨深厚，能使人明性意，崇礼义，“其言之深者，可用于庙堂；言之浅者，可用于身家。以之事君，必忠；以之事父，必孝。更可以敦厚人伦，端正教化。”[3]72-73（[3]叶高树.清朝前期的文化政策[M].台北：稻乡出版社，2002.）

The Chinese-Manchu translations of ''The Book of Songs'' and T''he Classic of Filial Piety'' call for special attention. Take ''The Book of Songs'' as an example. When the book had been translated, Shunzhi Emperor personally wrote a preface to it, in which he praised the work for its deep meaning that enabled people to understand human nature and respect etiquettes, quote, “Some of its profound words can be used at the imperial court; some of its shallow words can be used for oneself and one’s family. Under the guidance of it, one will be faithful to the emperor and filial to his or her father. What’s more, it can improve human relations and correct moral cultivation.” [3]72-73（[3]Ye Gaoshu. Cultural policies in early Qing dynasty [M].Taipei：Dao Xiang press，2002.）--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 13:57, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

The Chinese-Manchu translation of ''The Book of Songs'' and T''he Classic of Filial Piety'' calls for special attention. Take ''The Book of Songs'' as an example. When the book had been translated, Shunzhi Emperor personally wrote a preface to it, in which he praised the work for its deep meaning that enabled people to understand human nature and respect etiquettes, quote, “Some of its profound words can be used at the imperial court; some of its shallow words can be used for oneself and one’s family. Under the guidance of it, one will be faithful to the emperor and filial to his or her father. What’s more, it can improve honest and sincere, human relations of people and correct moral cultivation.”--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 05:35, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==

从教化的角度思考《诗经》的翻译，既是顺治帝本人的自觉认识，也是以他为首的统治者在面对稗（bài）官小说盛行，而满洲人竞相翻译时所做的一种被动调整。正如顺治九年进士、刑科给事中阿什坦担心的那样：学者立志，宜以圣贤为期，读书务以经史为中。

Thinking about the translation of The Book of Songs from the perspective of enlightenment is not only Shunzhi Emperor's self-conscious awareness, but also a passive adjustment made by the rulers headed by Shunzhi when they were faced with the popularity of tares officer novels and the manchurian people competing in translation. Just as Ashtan-Jinshi in the Shunzhi period of nine years in the Criminal Section for things was worried: scholars resolve, should take sages as their example of study, and take classics and history as main aspect.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 01:53, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

In terms of educational function of translating ''The Book of Songs'', it is on one hand Emperor Shunzhi’s spontaneous awareness and on the other a passive adjustment by Shunzhi and his counterparts to the situation where Manchuria translators competed to translate the prevailing novels of unofficial histories. As Ashton, a scholar in the ninth year of Shunzhi’s reign and official in the department of justice, stated that scholars should resolve to make sages as their goal and focus on reading history and classics.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 06:50, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==

此外杂书无益之言，必概废之而不睹。则庶乎学业日隆，而邪慝（tè）之心无由而入。近见满洲译书内，多有小说秽言，非惟无益，恐流行渐染，则人心易致于邪慝。

, while the other kinds of books which are of no benefit should be discarded. In this way, scholars might achieve positive results in academy and get rid of evil thoughts. I have noticed much falsifying and obscenity among the books translated into Manchu language. I am afraid that those books of no good can be prevailing and contagious, eroding people’s thinking.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 11:12, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Besides, other kinds of books with profitless words all should be discarded. Hence scholars can almost do increasingly better in their scholastic attainment, and evil thoughts disappear. Recently, I have noticed that among translated books in Manchu, there are many novels with bestial words, not only useless, but also easily imputing negative thoughts if they prevail.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 00:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==

况圣贤古训，日详究之，犹恐不及，何暇费日时于无用之地？[4]5339（[4](清)鄂尔泰等修，李洵等点校.八旗通志·初集[Z].长春：东北师范大学出版社，1989.）阿什坦认为，读书必以经史为要，摒弃杂书，尤其是污言秽语之书。

Moreover, the old maxims of sages are studied in detail everyday, but people still fear that they can’t approach that height. Why should we employ our time in useless places? ([4](Qing Dynasty) Modification of Eertai et al. Punctuation and Collation of Li Xun et al. General Annals of the Eight Banners• the First Collection [z]. Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 1988.) Ashitan thinks we should choose classics and history to read rather other books, especially those with bestial words.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 05:09, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

As for the maxims from ancient sages, people studied them everyday in detail but still worried they couldn’t comprehend, so why should they do worthless work? ([4](Qing Dynasty) Modification of Eertai et al. Punctuation and Collation of Li Xun et al. General Annals of the Eight Banners• the First Collection [z]. Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 1988.) Ashitan thought people would read classical books and get rid of informal books especially those with bestial words.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 12:17, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==

因此，他奏请皇上对旗人读书严加限制，要求嗣后翻译书籍只应针对“关圣贤义理，古今治乱之书”，对于“此外杂书秽言”，则“概为禁饬，不许翻译”。[4]5339（[4](清)鄂尔泰等修，李洵等点校.八旗通志·初集[Z].长春：东北师范大学出版社，1989.）正是缘于这样的认识，《大学》、《中庸》、《孝经》、《潘氏（通鉴）总论》和《太公家教》等被陆续译成。

Therefore, he presented a proposal to the dominator that a restriction on Qi people’s education should be made. He also claimed that people could only translate those books about men’s virtue and dominator’s pacification, while those informal books with bestial words should be banned. [4] (Qing dynasty) Modified by Eertai et al. Proofread by Li Xun et al. General Annals of the Eight Banners• the First Collection [z]. Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 1988.) Due to that kind of comprehension, the Great Learning, the Middle Way, the Classic of Filial Piety, Pan’s General View and the Family Motto of Taigong were successively translated.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 08:00, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, he presented a proposal to the emperor that a strict restriction on Qi people’s education should be made which allowed people to translate books about men’s virtue and dominator’s pacification and prohibited translations of informal books with foul language. [4] (Qing dynasty) Modified by Eertai et al. Proofread by Li Xun et al. General Annals of the Eight Banners• the First Collection [z]. Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 1988.) Due to that kind of awareness, the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Classic of Filial Piety, Pan’s General View and the Family Motto of Taigong were successively translated.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 11:44, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==

顺治帝对于《孝经》的翻译亦甚重视，曾亲自撰写《御注孝经》，令儒臣博采群书，加以论断，编纂《孝经衍义》。顺治帝指出，自古治平天下，莫大于孝，而《孝经》立意正大，“孝”更是“五常百行之原”，如不能取古人言行，将其推广，则不足以彰显其义，同时也与其本人“以孝治天下”的愿景相悖。[2]1-2;[5]140-141（[2]（清）鄂尔泰等.清实录·世祖章皇帝实录[Z].北京：中华书局，1985.）

Emperor Shunzhi also attached great importance to the translation of The Classic of Filial Piety for which he once wrote the notes himself. Moreover, he ordered the Confucian officials to evaluated this book and compiled The Extended Explanation of The Classic of Filial Piety according to a variety of books. Emperor Shunzhi pointed out that nothing was more important than filial piety to govern the country. And he believed that The Classic of Filial Piety embodied this quality well. As the origin of the five essential moral qualities(kindness, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trust) and good deeds, filial piety should be promoted otherwise its meaning can't be manifested completely. Meanwhile it would be contrary to the Emperor's vision to govern the country with filial piety. [2]1-2;[5]140-141([2](Qing Dynasty)Eertai et al.Records of Qing Dynasty •Records of the Emperor Shizhi[Z].Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House, 1985.)--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:06, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

Emperor Shunzhi also attached great importance to the translation of ''The Classic of Filial Piety'' for which he once wrote the notes himself. Moreover, he ordered the officials who are faithfully converted to Confucianism to evaluated this book and compiled ''The Extended Explanation'' of ''The Classic of Filial Piety'' according to a variety of books. Emperor Shunzhi pointed out that nothing was more important than filial piety to govern the country. And he believed that ''The Classic of Filial Piety'' embodied this quality well. As the origin of the five essential moral qualities(kindness, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trust) and good deeds, filial piety should be promoted otherwise its meaning can't be manifested completely. Meanwhile it would be contrary to the Emperor's vision to govern the country with filial piety. [2]1-2;[5]140-141([2](Qing Dynasty)Eertai et al.''Records of Qing Dynasty •Records of the Emperor Shizhi''[Z].Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House, 1985.)--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 02:26, 20 October 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

==null==

（[5]宋德宣.满族哲学思想研究[M].沈阳：辽宁大学出版社，1994.）顺治年间翻译的其它汉文典籍，如《洪武宝训》、《表忠录》、《诗经》与《孝经》等，也各具代表性。以《洪武宝训》为例，该书系明朝皇权政治的象征，反映了明太祖朱元璋治国理政的理念和方针。顺治三年三月，《洪武宝训》完成满文翻译，成为清朝入关后的首部汉籍译作，顺治帝对此极为重视，不仅赏赐了刚林、宁完我、范文程等译者，而且由摄政王钦命汉官代笔，以世祖名义制作序文，颁行全国。

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==

世祖认为，历代贤君莫如洪武，希望通过翻译此书，学习中原汉族王朝正统，巩固满清统治，所谓“彝宪格言，深裨治理”，即是此书翻译目的之体现。[2]1（[2]（清）鄂尔泰等.清实录·世祖章皇帝实录[Z].北京：中华书局，1985.）二、康熙朝的汉书翻译。康熙朝的汉籍翻译可分为两部分：一部分为整理、刊行前朝译本；另一部分则着手翻译其它各类汉文书籍As far as Emperor Shitzu of Qing Dynasty concerned, Each emperor in Chinese history is not so sagacious as Taitzu(Emperor ''Hongwu'') of Great Ming Empire, so, he hopes that by translating ''Hongwu Baojian'', the orthodox tradition and customs of all dynasties created by the Han ethnic groups in the Middle part of China can be studied and acquired, the goal, which is to consolidate of the newly born dynasty, can be achieved. The purpose of translating ''Hongwu Baojian'' is that Emperor Shunzhi thinks that it can "refresh the country and make great contributions to his ruling."
[2]1([2](Qing) E Ertai et al., ''the Imperial Archives of Emperor Shitzu(1638-1661, posthumously titled Zhang Huang Di) of the Qing Dynasty'', Peking, Zhonghua Book Company, 1985.)
II. The Translation of Books Created by Han Ethnic Group in the Period of Kangxi(1661-1722) The translation of Books created by Han ethnic group in the Period of Kangxi(1661-1722) can be divided into two parts: the first is neaten, print and publish the former translated version; the second is setting about translating other books written by Han Character.
--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 02:14, 13 October 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

As far as Emperor Shizu of Qing Dynasty concerned, there is no sagacious emperor in Chinese history than Taitzu(Emperor Hongwu) of Great Ming Dynasty, so he hopes that by translating Hongwu Baojian, the orthodox tradition and customs of all dynasties created by the Han ethnic in the Central Plains of China can be studied and acquired, the goal, which is to consolidate the newly born dynasty, can be achieved. The purpose of translating Hongwu Baojian is that Emperor Shizu thinks that it can "refresh the country and make great contributions to his ruling." [2]1([2](Qing) E Ertai et al., the Imperial Archives of Emperor Shizu(1638-1661, posthumously titled Zhang Huang Di) of the Qing Dynasty, Peking, Zhonghua Book Company, 1985.)
II. The Translation of Books Created in Kangxi Dynasty.(1661-1722) The translation of Books created in Kangxi Dynasty(1661-1722) can be divided into two parts: the first is to neaten, print and publish the former translated version; the second consist in translating other books written by Han Character. --[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 12:25, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==

其中，前者如《纲鉴汇纂》（康熙三年）、《黄石公素书》（康熙四十三年）和《潘氏（通鉴）总论》（康熙四十六年）等，后者则如《大学衍义》等，数目更多。康熙十一年，翰林院掌院学士兼礼部侍郎傅达礼翻译《大学衍义》成书，次年进呈皇帝，获太皇太后和圣祖嘉奖。孝庄太皇太后在亲览傅礼达《大学衍义》译本后，大赞此书“法戒毕陈，诚为且要”，并对康熙帝钦命儒臣翻译、刊刻、颁赐此书给诸臣，予以充分肯定。[6]82
Among them, the former, such as ''Gang Jian Hui Zuan''(a book of historical records in the third year of emperor Kang Xi), ''Su Shu of Huang Shigong''(a book about Taoisme in the 43th year of emperor Kang Xi) and ''the General treatise of the Pan family''(Tong Jian:a history book)(in 46th year of emperor Kang Xi),etc…the latter, such as ''Da Xue Yan Yi''(the Deduction meaning of great learning),are more numerous. In the 11th year of emperor Kang Xi,Bo Dali, the master bachelor of national academy and assistant minister，translated ''Da Xue Yan Yi'' which was submitted to the emperor the next year，with the great prize by grandma-empress and ancestor.After personally reading Bo Dali's version of ''Da Xue Yan Yi'', grandma-empress Xiao Zhuang lavished praise that laws by chen is so genuine on it, satisfying with the translations, prints and awards which were given to ministers by emperor Kang Xi.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 14:24, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Among them, the former, such as ''Gang Jian Hui Zuan''(a book of historical records in the third year of the Emperor Kang Xi), ''Su Shu of Huang Shigong''(a book about Taoism in the 43th year of the Emperor Kang Xi) and ''the General treatise of the Pan family''(Tong Jian:a history book)(in 46th year of the Emperor Kang Xi),etc…the latter, such as ''Da Xue Yan Yi''(the Deduction meaning of great learning),are more numerous. In the 11th year of the Emperor Kang Xi,Bo Dali, the master bachelor of national academy and assistant minister，translated ''Da Xue Yan Yi'' which was submitted to the emperor the next year，with the great prize by grandma-empress and ancestor.After personally reading Bo Dali's version of ''Da Xue Yan Yi'', grandma-empress Xiao Zhuang lavished praise that laws by chen is so genuine on it, satisfying with the translations, prints and awards which were given to ministers by emperor Kang Xi.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 11:09, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==

（[6]中国第一历史档案馆.康熙起居注[Z].北京：中华书局，1984.）《大学衍义》译毕后，康熙帝又在康熙十六年、十九年、二十二年，分别命人将《四书》、《五经》等的经筵讲义加以刊印，先后集成《日讲四书解义》、《日讲书经讲义》和《日讲易经讲义》。这些讲义虽不是直接译自清代以前的汉文典籍，然而作为阐释经典的作品，也经历了由汉文翻译成满文的过程，且书中又将原典逐字逐句译出，故仍然属于汉籍翻译的范畴，对高宗年间的儒家经典重译也产生了重要、深刻的影响。

([6]The First Historical Archives of China. ''Record on Emperor Kangxi's Daily Life''[Z]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1984.)After the translation of ''Spreading Meaning of The Great Learning'' was finished, the Emperor Kangxi gave an order to publish the doctrine of ''The Four books'' and ''The Five Classics'' respectively in 16th, 19th, and 22th year of Kanxi, which were successively integrated into ''Lecture on the Four Books'', ''Lecture on the Book of History'', ''Lecture on the Book of Changes''.These doctrines are not directly transalted from those Chinese classics since the dynasty of Qing, however as the works of interpreting classics, also going through the process of the translating from Chinese to Manchu language.Moreover, the sentences of original classics were translated literally, so the translation also belongs to Chinese classics translation, which exerted important and profound influence on the re-translation of Confucian Classics in the period of emperor Tang Gaozong.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 02:53, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

([6] The First Historical Archives of China. ''Record on Emperor Kangxi's Daily Life''[Z]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1984.) After the translation of Spreading Meaning of The Great Learning was finished, the Emperor Kangxi gave an order to publish the doctrine of ''The Four books'' and ''The Five Classics'' respectively in 16th, 19th, and 22th year in the period of Emperor Kangxi, which were successively integrated into ''Lecture on the Four Books'', ''Lecture on the Book of History'', ''Lecture on the Book of Changes''. Although, these doctrines are not directly translated from those Chinese classics since the dynasty of Qing, as the works of interpreting classics, it also went through the process of the translating from Chinese to Manchu language. Moreover, the sentences of original classics were translated literally, so the translation also belongs to Chinese classics translation, which exerted important and profound influence on the re-translation of Confucian Classics in the period of emperor Tang Gaozong--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 11:41, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==

与此同时，康熙帝即位后，也缵述世祖遗绪，命儒臣编纂《孝经衍义》，只是由于该书达一百卷之多，篇帙繁复，读者未必领会周全，因而康熙帝钦命专译其经文，以利读者习诵。康熙帝对汉书翻译的重视也体现在《通鉴纲目》的翻译上。据《康熙起居注》中载，康熙帝耽于《资治通鉴》，自二十四年起便对《资治通鉴》、《资治通鉴纲目》（又名《通鉴纲目》）、《纲目大全》三书“以硃笔亲加点定”，不但将书中错误悉数改正，而且对缺失者也加以增补。[6]1339-1340
At the same time, after Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne, he also inherited and reported the meritorious deeds of Emperor Qing Shi Zu and ordered Scholar-Officials to compile the ''Classic of Filial Piety''. However, the readers may not understand it well because there are as many as 100 heavy and complicated volumes. Therefore, Emperor Kangxi ordered experts to translate the scriptures for the benefit of the readers. Emperor Kangxi's attention to the translation of Chinese books is also reflected in the translation of the ''Compendium of History as a Mirror''. According to the ''Records of Emperor Kangxi’s Daily Activities'', Emperor Kangxi devoted himself to ''History as a Mirror''. Since the 24th year in the period of Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi “had used the Chinese brush with cinnabar ink to revise” the three books, the ''History as a Mirror'', the ''Compendium of History as a Mirror'', and the ''Compendium'', not only corrected all the errors in the book, but also supplemented the missing ones. [6]1339-1340--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 15:06, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

At the same time, after Emperor Kangxi accepted the imperial succession, he also inherited and edited the meritorious works of Shizu, Qing Emperor and commanded the Scholar-Officials to compile ''The Meaning Supplement of Filial Piety''. However, the readers may not understand it so well because this book consisted of more than 100 volumes, with complicated sections and chapters. Therefore, Emperor Kangxi ordered experts to translate the classical works for the benefit of the readers. Emperor Kangxi attached importance of Han classics to the translation of ''Compendium of History as a Mirror''. According to ''Record on Emperor Kangxi's Daily Life'', he was so fond of ''History as a Mirror''. Since the 24th year after reign, Emperor Kangxi has used the Chinese brush with cinnabar ink to revise ''History as a Mirror'', ''Compendium of History as a Mirror'', and ''Compendium'', not only correct all the mistakes in the book, but also supplement the missing ones. --[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 03:03, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==

（[6]中国第一历史档案馆.康熙起居注[Z].北京：中华书局，1984.）而康熙帝对于《通鉴纲目》的关注尤甚，达到了“循环披览，手未释卷”的程度。[7]2-3（[7]（清）玄烨.康熙帝御制文集[M].台北：台湾学生书局，1966.）

([6]The First Historical Archives of China. ''Record on Emperor Kangxi's Daily Life''[Z]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company,1984) And Emperor Kangxi was so concerned about ''The Compendium of History as a Mirror'' that he read it over and over again, unwilling to put it aside. [7]2-3 ([7]Qing Dynasty)Aisin Gioro Xuanye, ''Collected Works of Emperor Kangxi''[M].Taipei: Taiwan Student Book Company, 1966.）--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 06:22, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

([6]The First Historical Archives of China. ''Record on Emperor Kangxi's Daily Life''[Z]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company,1984) And Emperor Kangxi was so fond of ''The Compendium of History as a Mirror'' that he read it over and over again, unwilling to put it aside. [7]2-3 ([7]Qing Dynasty)Aisin Gioro Xuanye, ''Collected Works of Emperor Kangxi''[M].Taipei: Taiwan Student Book Company, 1966.）--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 01:22, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==

故此，康熙三十年，圣祖命阿什坦之子，翻书房总裁和素将《通鉴纲目》译文满文，由武英殿内府刊刻，该译本现存于中国民族图书馆，共三十册（三函），虽然内容上并不完整，但仍然包含了《资治通鉴纲目》（朱熹）、《订正通鉴纲目前编》（南轩），以及《续资治通鉴》（商辂）等三部作品的基本内容。难得的是，该部汉籍的满文译本曾入选第四批《国家古籍珍贵名录》（编号：11326），可见其在翻译史、满语史乃至中国史上的重要地位。康熙年间，除翻译汉文经、史外，也编译汉书，如《御选古文渊鉴》的编译等，即属此类。

Therefore, in the 30th year of Kangxi's reign period(1691), the emperor asked the son of A'shitan, the chief executive of translation department named HeSu to translate ''TongJian of Materia Medica'' into the language of the Manchus and ordered the Martial Valor to print it. The translated version, which consists of 30 vomumes, is now kept in the Library of Chinese Nationalities.Though not covering all contents, it does contain the basic contents of ''History as a Mirror''(by Zhu Xi), ''Revised Prequel of TongJian of Materia Medica'' (by Nan Xuan) and ''The Sequel of History as a Mirror''(by Shang Lu). What's worth noting is that, this translated script was once selected into the fourth batch of ''National Rare Catalogue of Ancient Books''(SE:11326). Thus, we can see that it plays an important role in the history of translation, the history of the Manchus language and even the history of Chinese history. During the period of Kangxi's reign, besides the translation of ancient Chinese classics and histories, the translation and edition of Chinese books also prevailed, such as ''Imperial Selection of Ancient Chinese Proses'' and the like.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 01:16, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, in the 30th year of Kangxi's reign period(1691), the emperor asked the son of A'shitan, the chief executive of translation department named HeSu to translate ''General Compendium'' into the language of the Manchus and ordered the Martial Valor to print it. The translated version, which consists of 30 volumes, is now kept in the Library of Chinese Nationalities.Though not covering all contents, it does contain the basic contents of ''Outline of Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government''(by Zhu Xi), ''Revised Prequel of Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government'' (by Nan Xuan) and ''The Sequel of Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government''(by Shang Lu). What's worth is that, this translated script was once selected into the fourth batch of ''List of National Rare Ancient Books''(SE:11326). Thus, we can see that it plays an important role in the history of translation, the history of the Manchus language and even the Chinese history. During the period of Kangxi's reign, besides the translation of ancient Chinese classics and histories, the translation and edition of Chinese books also prevailed, such as ''Imperial Selection of Ancient Chinese Proses'' and the like.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 10:50, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==

《御选古文渊鉴》由康熙九年进士徐乾学编注，全书共六十四卷选文，收录时间自春秋至宋末，偏重于先秦、两汉古文，以及唐宋八大家散文。关于《御选古文渊鉴》的缘起，《康熙帝御制文集》中有详细记载，概言之便是康熙帝常思“文以载道”，认为文章之事源远流长，所谓“今古错综，盛衰或通于千载，损益无关于一朝”，因而命儒臣选辑“辞义精纯，可以鼓吹《六经》者，汇为正集”，“间有瑰丽之篇，……则列之别集”，而“旁采诸子，录其要论，以为外集。”[7]17-18（[7]（清）玄烨.康熙帝御制文集[M].台北：台湾学生书局，1966.）

''The Appreciation of Ancient Writings Selected by Emperor Kangxi'' was compiled and annotated by Xu Qianxue who succeeded in the highest imperial examinations in Kangxi’s ninth year in the throne. The book contains 64 volumes of articles from the Spring and Autumn period to the end of Song Dynasty, including especially those of Pre-Qin period and Han Dynasty as well as proses of eight great prose masters of the Tang and Song. In regard to its origin, it was recorded in detail in ''The Collected Works of Emperor Kangxi''. In short, the reason is that Kangxi thought that articles were made to explain the truth, which had such a long history that it underwent all the ebb and flow from ancient times to present and that we couldn’t attribute gains and losses to one dynasty. Kangxi therefore commanded officials to select those with excellent contents and forms which advocate ''Six Classics'' for the principle set, euphuistical articles for another set and records of litterateurs’ writings for the complementary set. [7]17-18([7] (Qing Dynasty)Xuanye, ''The Collected Works of Emperor Kangxi''[M]. Taipei: Taiwan Student Book Bureau, 1966.)--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 02:40, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

The Appreciation of Ancient Writings Selected by Emperor Kangxi was compiled and annotated by Xu Qianxue who succeeded in the highest imperial examinations in 1670. The book contains 64 volumes of articles from the Spring and Autumn period to the end of Song Dynasty, including especially those of Pre-Qin period and Han Dynasty as well as proses of the eight great prose masters in Tang and Song. In regard to its origin, it was recorded in detail in The Collected Works of Emperor Kangxi. In short, the reason is that Kangxi thought that articles were made to explain the truth, which had such a long history that it underwent all the ebb and flow from ancient times to present and that we couldn’t attribute gains and losses to one dynasty. Kangxi, therefore, commanded civil officials to select those with excellent contents and forms which advocate Six Classics for the principle set, euphuistical articles for another set and records of litterateurs’ writings for the complementary set. [7]17-18([7] (Qing Dynasty)Xuanye, The Collected Works of Emperor Kangxi[M]. Taipei: Taiwan Student Book Bureau, 1966.)--[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 10:53, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==

按照康熙帝自己的设想，该书的编纂着眼于“文治”，使帝王之道“大化以成”，而圣贤之业“性功以备”，既强调“质文互用”，又强调“博约并施”。[7]18（[7]（清）玄烨.康熙帝御制文集[M].台北：台湾学生书局，1966.）康熙二十四年，该书先以汉文刊印，两年后又以满文翻译成书，由内府刊刻。

According to the Emperor Kangxi in Qing dynasty, the book was compiled with a focus of governing the country through civil affairs. In this way, the whole ability of the emperor can be approved, while saints’ career should both be composed of nature and virtue. Not only did it emphasize the mutual application of polite behavior and inner goodness, but also it stressed both strict and loose control. [7]18 ([7] (Qing Dynasty). Xuanye. ''The Special Made Collected Works of the Emperor Kangxi'' [M]. Taibei: the student book office in Taiwan Province, China, 1966.) In 1695, the book firstly printed in Chinese. Two years later, it was translated into Manchu script and compiled.

According to the Emperor Kangxi in Qing dynasty, the book was compiled with a focus on governing the country by “civil affairs”. In this way, the comprehensive ability of the emperor can be improved, while saints’ career should be composed of nature and virtue. Not only did it emphasize the mutual application of polite behavior and inner goodness, but also it stressed both strict and loose control. [7]18 ([7] (Qing Dynasty). Xuanye. ''The Special Made Collected Works of the Emperor Kangxi'' [M]. Taibei: the student book office in Taiwan Province, China, 1966.) In 1695, the book firstly printed in Chinese. Two years later, it was translated into Manchu script and compiled. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 07:38, 12 --[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 11:42, 12 October 2021 (UTC)October 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==

《御选古文渊鉴》的编译对于康熙朝的汉籍翻译影响甚大。以此书为界，康熙朝的汉籍翻译在前后两个阶段中，对于对象的选取有着明显不同的诉求。其中，前一阶段的翻译文本多与《四书》、《五经》及宋代以前的作品有关，仅有《纲鉴汇纂》（达海等译）一部涉及前明，而康熙中、后期之后，由明代儒士作品翻译的情况明显增多，如吕坤的《醒世要言》、洪应明的《菜根谭》，以及薛瑄的《薛文清先生要语》等。
The compilation of The Selection of Ancient Classics had a great influence on the translation of books in the Kangxi Dynasty. Taking it as a boundary, the translation in the Kangxi Dynasty had obviously different demands on the selection of objects in the two stages. For example, the translation before the compilation of The Selection of Ancient Classics was related to works before Song Dynasty,like The Four Books and the Five Classics .Only Gang Jian Hui Zuan ( translated by Daihai,etc) talked about the former Ming Dynasty. However, in the middle and late Kangxi Dynasty, works translated by talents of Ming Dynasty increased greatly, such as Xing Shi Yao Yán translated by Lv Kun,Cai Gen Tan translated by Hong Yingming and The Words of Xue Wenqing translated by Xue Xuan.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 11:38, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

The compilation of the "Royal Selection of ancient texts" had a great influence on the Chinese translation of Kangxi Dynasty. With this book as the boundary, Kangxi Dynasty's Chinese translation in the two stages before and after, for the selection of objects have obviously different demands. Among them, the translation text of the previous stage is mostly related to the "Four Books", "Five Book" and previous works of the Song Dynasty, only "GangQi" (Dahai et al.) a related to the pre-Ming, and Kangxi middle and later, by the Ming Dynasty Confucian works translated by the situation significantly increased, such as Lu Kun's "Wake up the World", Hong Yingming's "CookIng Tan", and Xue Wei's "Mr. Xue Wenqing".--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 09:45, 13 October 2021 (UTC)[[File:Example.jpg]]

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

虽然如此，但康熙一朝的翻译目的并无明显改变，仍以劝善除恶、裨益治道者为先。
三、雍正朝的汉书翻译。雍正年间，汉籍翻译与出版仍在发展，但种类与数量和康熙朝比稍嫌单调、稀少。之所以如此，与雍正年间的政治形势不无关联。雍正二年，朝廷颁布《朋党论》和《雍正上谕》，暴露出统治集团内部的激烈斗争。

Nevertheless, the translation purpose of Kangxi Dynasty has not changed significantly, and it is still to persuade the good to get rid of evil and to benefit the people who govern. Third, the translation of Han books from the Zheng Dynasty. During the Yu Zheng years, Han translation and publishing are still developing, but the type and quantity and Kangxi Dynasty than slightly monotonous, rare. The reason for this is not unrelated to the political situation in the Yu Zheng dynasty. In the second year of Yongzheng, the imperial court issued The Treatise on Cliques and the Encyclical of Yongzheng, which revealed the fierce struggle within the ruling cliques.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 11:00, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Nevertheless, the translation purpose of Kangxi Dynasty has not changed significantly, and it is still to persuade the good to get rid of evil and to benefit the people who govern.
Third, the translation of ''Han History'' from the Yongzheng Dynasty. During the Yongzheng years, translation and publication of books in the Han Dynasty are still developing, but compared with Kangxi dynasty, the types and quantity of books in Han Dynasty were monotonous and rare.The reason for this is not unrelated to the political situation in the Yongzheng dynasty. In the second year of Yongzheng, the imperial court issued ''The Treatise on Cliques'' and ''the Encyclical of Yongzheng'', which revealed the fierce struggle within the ruling cliques.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 10:53, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==

同年，世宗又对圣祖“上谕十六条”进行演绎和注解，并与后者一道合成《圣谕广训》，由武英殿刊刻，颁行天下，以加强伦理道德教育。不久之后，朝廷遵圣谕又相继颁布《上谕八旗》和《上谕旗务议复》，表明雍正帝急欲加强皇权统治，削弱王公旗主权势。正是这样的政治环境，给汉籍的翻译施加了限制。
In the same year, King Sejong also interpreted and annotated the 16th Encyclical of Sage Patriarch, and together with the latter, compiled the Encyclical Instruction, which was printed in the Hall of Martial Valor and presented to the world to strengthen moral education. Soon after, the imperial court in compliance with the encyclical and issued the ''"Encyclical Eight Banners'' and ''Encyclical Banner Affairs Review'' , indicating that Emperor Yongzheng was anxious to strengthen the imperial rule, weaken the sovereign potential of the royal banner. It is this political environment that imposes restrictions on the translation of Chinese books.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 11:07, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

In the same year, Shizong emperor also interpreted and annotated the ''Sixteen Encyclicals'' of emperor Taizu. Then they compiled the ''Encyclical Instructions'' together, which was printed in the Hall of Wuying and presented to the country to strengthen moral education. Soon after, the imperial court in compliance with the command of emperor issued the ''Encyclical of Eight Banners'' and ''Encyclical Review on Banner Affairs'', indicating Emperor Yongzheng's anxiety to strengthen the imperial rule and weaken the power of the royal banners. It is this political environment that imposes restrictions on the translation of Chinese classics.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 12:20, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==

雍正朝汉书翻译的单调与稀少还有另外一个原因，那就是翻译人才的相对紧缺。众所周知，清初之际，政府对于翻译的重视不只是体现在语言学习和公文的处理上，也体现在官修书籍的翻译与编纂上。例如，自雍正五年开始修纂，乾隆三十七年成书的《八旗通志》，作为研究满洲贵族特权和司法特权，以及旗地旗产制度的重要文献，便被翻译成蒙语。
There was another reason for the monotony and scarcity of translation in Yongzheng dynasty, that is, the relative shortage of translation talents. As we all know, in the early Qing dynasty, the government attached great importance to translation not only in language learning and official documents processing, but also in the translation and compilation of official books. For example, the ''General Annals of Eight Banners'' compiled in the fifth year of Yongzheng's reign and completed in the 37th year of Qianlong's reign, was translated into Mongolian as an important document for the study of manchurian aristocratics and judicial privileges, as well as the system of banner land and banner property.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 04:59, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

During Yongzheng Period, another causation for the monotony and scarcity of translation of Han classics is the relative shortage of translation talents. As is known to all, in the early Qing dynasty, the government attached great importance to translation not only in language learning and official documents processing, but also in the translation and compilation of official books. For instance, ''The General Annals of Eight Banners'' started to be compiled in the fifth year of Yongzheng's reign and completed in the 37th year of Qianlong's reign, and it was then translated into Mongolian as an important document for the study of manchurian aristocratics and judicial privileges as well as the system of banner land and banner property.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 02:40, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==

另一部记录蒙古、回部等部落如何归附清朝，并跟随努尔哈赤及其继承者建国立业的《蒙古回部王公表传》，也被译成满文。这些书籍的翻译先由理藩院或内阁实录馆奏呈皇帝，获准后再从理藩院各司中抽调“笔帖式”，或从其它内阁机构中征调翻译人员，按相关规定与程序加以完成。然而，尽管清朝建国以来，朝廷对于翻译人员的数量要求有所增加，但直到顺治和康熙年间，兼通满、蒙两种语言的八旗族人尚能满足朝廷需求，可雍正在位期间，情形随之变化，出现了译员不足的局面。雍正帝曾说：

Another book, ''The Biography of Emperor of the Mongolian and Uighur Tribes '', was also translated into the Manchu script. This book recorded how Mongol, Uyghur and other tribes attached to the Qing Dynasty, and followed Nuerhachi as well as his successors to establish a state. The translation of these books was first presented to the emperor by Court of Colonial Affairs or Cabinet Record Hall. After approval, the “bithesi” transferred from each department of the Court of Colonial Affairs, or translators recruited from other cabinet institutions completed them in accordance with relevant regulations and procedures. However, although the imperial court’s demand for the number of translators had increased since the founding of the Qing Dynasty, people among the Eight Banners who had a good command of Manchu and Mongolian couldn’t meet the needs of the court until the Emperor Shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi Period. But, during the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, the situation changed and there was a shortage of translators. Emperor Yongzheng once said:--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 02:06, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

An another book,''The Biography of Emperor of the Mongolian and the Hui tribes'', which records how the Mongolian and Hui tribes submitted the Qing dynasty and followed Nurhachi and his successors to establish the state, was also translated into Manchu.The translation of these books was first presented to the emperor by the Court of Colonial Affairs or the Cabinet Record Hall. After approval, the “bithesi”(A name for an official of the Qing Dynasty. It refers to people who were engaged in translating Manchu and Han memorials and characters in the Qing Dynasty) was transferred from each department of the Court of Colonial Affairs, or Recruiting translators from other cabinet agencies to complete them in accordance with relevant regulations and procedures.However, since the founding of the Qing Dynasty, the court's requirements for the number of translators had increased,but the talents of The Eight Banners who are proficient in Manchu and Mongolian could not meet the needs of the imperial court until the reign of the Emperor Shunzhi and Kangxi Period,During the reign of the Emperor Yongzheng Period, the situation changed and there were a shortage of interpreters.the Emperor Yongzheng once said: --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 03:34, 16 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==

近见蒙古旗分能蒙古语言翻译者甚少, 沿习日久则蒙古语言文字必渐至废弃。应照考试清文翻译例考试蒙古翻译, 取生员、举人、进士以备理藩院之用。 ……如此则蒙古旗分之人益加鼓励勤学, 蒙古语言文字不至废弃, 而理藩院亦收得人之效矣。[8]203

Recently, there are few people who can translate Mongolian in Mongolia,Along with it for a long time, the Mongolian will gradually be obsoleted. The Mongolian translation should be tested refering to the Qingwen translation examination,and students(who is studying in Imperial College and other places in the feudal imperial)、Juren(successful candidates in the imperial examinations at the provincial level) and Jinshi(successful candidates in the highest imperial examinations) should be selected to the court of Colonial Affairs. ……In this way, the Mongols will be encouraged to study harder, the Mongolian language and characters will not be abandoned, and the court of Colonial Affairs will also recuit talents. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 14:42, 11 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

Recently, few Mongols could do Mongolian-Chinese translation, as a result of which the Mongolian would gradually be obsoleted in a time. The Mongolian-Chinese translation should be tested just as the Manchu-Chinese translation to admit xiucai, juren and jinshi, those who have passed the exam at the county, provincial and the highest level respectively, into the Lifan Court, the highest authority on affairs of national minorities. ……Thus, the Mongols would be encouraged to learn more, the Mongolian not abandoned, and the Lifan Court recruiting talents. [8]203--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 07:38, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==

（[8]中国第一历史档案馆.雍正朝汉文谕旨汇编[Z].桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2008.）为解决此困局，雍正帝即位之初即敕令朝廷各部院衙门分别采取措施，在八旗蒙古人中培养翻译人才。如1723年，即雍正元年，皇帝诏谕八旗蒙古各部建立官学，并命理藩院与吏部考录通晓蒙语者，允许其“考试笔帖式补用”。[9]243

([8] The First Historical Archives of China. ''Complication of Emperor Yongzgheng's Edicts''[Z]. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2008.) To solve this dilemma, at the beginning of his reign, the emperor Yongzheng commanded the feudal government offices to take measures respectively to cultivate translation talents among Mongols of Eight Banners. In 1723, the first year under the reign of Yongzheng, the emperor ordered Mongols of Eight Banners to establish official schools, and the Lifan Court, the highest authority on affairs of national minorities, and the Ministry of Civil Affairs to admit people who mastered the Mongolian to work as alternatives of bithesis, officials who were engaged in copying and translating Mongolian and Chinese. [9], 243--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 11:12, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

([8] The First Historical Archives of China. ''Complication of Emperor Yongzgheng's Edicts''[Z]. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2008.) To solve this dilemma, at the beginning of his reign, the emperor Yongzheng commanded the feudal government offices to take measures respectively to cultivate translation talents among Mongols of Eight Banners. In 1723, Emperor Yongzheng reign, he ordered Mongols of Eight Banners to establish official schools, and the Lifan Court, the highest authority on affairs of national minorities, and the Ministry of Civil Affairs to admit people who mastered the Mongolian to work as alternatives of bithesis, officials who were engaged in copying and translating Mongolian and Chinese. [9], 243--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 08:22, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==

雍正六年，吏部经过议复，同意了理藩院尚书特古忒的意见，认为今后理藩院中专门负责蒙古事物的官员，必须懂得蒙古文。同时，吏部将会同理藩院，在蒙古各部官学中选拔通晓满、蒙语言的学生和监生，充任翻译工作，“以各部院蒙古笔帖式，换次补用”。[9]290以上诸种虽就蒙古语译员而言，但满、汉之间的翻译亦与此同，由此造成了汉籍满译的相对颓势。
The 6th year Yongzheng ruling period（1728）,after the discussion， the Ministry of Personnel agreed with the opinion of Tegute, the minister of court of Colonial Affairs， that the officials in charge of Mongolia affairs in the court of Colonial Affairs must know Mongolian language in the future. At the same time, the Ministry of Personnel will work with the court of Colonial Affairs to select students and supervisors who are familiar with Manchu and Mongolian languages from various Mongolian ministries and schools to serve as translators. [9]290 Although the above types of Mongolian translators are concerned, the translation between Manchu and Chinese is the same, resulting in the relative decline of Chinese manchu translation.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 00:19, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

In the sixth year of Yongzheng Emperor’s reign, the Ministry of Personnel rediscussed and approved the proposal of Tegute, the minister of the Court of Colonial Affairs, that from now on the officials in charge of Mongolia affairs in the Court of Colonial Affairs must know Mongolian. At the same time, the Ministry of Personnel would work with the Court of Colonial Affairs to select students and supervisors who are proficient in Manchu language and Mongolian from various Mongolian ministries and schools to serve as translators. “Admitting the waitlisted Mongolian bithesi to replace the incompetent.” [9]290 Although the measures mentioned above are concerned with Mongolian translator, the translation between Manchu language and Han is the same, resulting in the relative decline of Han-Manchu language translation.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 03:54, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==

四、乾隆朝的汉书翻译。乾隆朝期间，汉字书籍的翻译与顺、康、雍三朝多有类似，所译作品大体分为两类：一类为儒家经典，另一类为佛教典籍。乾隆帝认为，经义之教可以启迪人心，其翻（重）译虽然废时耗工，但仍属必要。

Fourth, the translation of Han books during the reign of Qianlong Emperor. During his administration, the translations of Han books share great similarities with those produced when Shunzhi Emperor, Kangxi Emperor and Yongzheng Emperor were in control. The translations comprise two categories: one is the Confucian classics and the other is sutras. Qianlong Emperor believed that despite the considerable time and effort required in the process, translation (retranslation) is necessary for the teachings of classics could enlighten the people.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 15:10, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

4. The translation of Han books during the reign of Qianlong Emperor.
During Emperor Qianlong' s administration, translations of Han books shared great similarities with those produced in the reign of Shunzhi Emperor, Kangxi Emperor and Yongzheng Emperor. The translations included two categories: the Confucian classics and Buddhist sutras. Qianlong Emperor believed that despite a great deal of time and effort was required in the process, translation (retranslation) of classics is still necessary, for which could enlighten people.--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 01:21, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==

以《御制翻译四书》为例，该书由大学士鄂尔泰奉敕在厘定满文本《日讲四书解义》的基础上纂成，于乾隆六年由武英殿首次刊刻，后又于乾隆二十年刊刻满、汉合璧本。关于该书翻译的动机，《御制翻译四书·序》中有着明确的记载：朕于御极之初，命大学士鄂尔泰重加厘定，凡其文义之异同，意旨之深浅，语气之轻重，稍有未协者，皆令更正之。然抑扬虚实之间，其别甚微，苟不能按节揣称，求合于毫芒，而尽祛其疑似，于人心终有未慊然者。

Let' s take the example of ''Royal Translation of the Four Books''. By Ortai the grand secretary on emperor' s demand, This version was compiled based on the reorganizatoin of ''Daily Interpretation of the Four Books'' in Manchu. It was printed and published by Wuying Hall in the sixth year of Emperor Qianlong (1741), and reprinted in Manchu-Chinese in 1761.
The motivation of translating this book was clearly recorded in its iintroduction: After acceded to the throne, I ordered Ortai the grand secretary to review the translation. Consulted the source text and the formal translation, there should be some corrections for the reorganized one to divergences in meaning, differences in implication and changes in tone. However, the actual situation could be suboptimal. The differences were too subtle to translate. And it‘ s hard to convey detailedly the cleverness of the source, though the translators contrived to eliminate the uncertains. Nonetheless, the dissatisfied always exsist.--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 00:53, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

For instance,the book of ''Royal Translation of the Four Books'',which was compiled on the basic of the reorganizatoin of ''Daily Interpretation of the Four Books'' in Manchu by Ortai the grand secretary on emperor' s demand.It was printed and published by Wuying Hall in the sixth year of Emperor Qianlong (1741), and reprinted in Manchu-Chinese in 1761.
As for the motivation of the translation of the book,which was recorded clearly in "the preface of Royal Translation of the Four Books":shortly after my inauguration,I ordered Ortai to review the translation to find the digression from the source text about the meaning,theme,and tone and correct them. However, the actual situation could be suboptimal. The differences were too subtle to translate. And it‘ s hard to convey detailedly the cleverness of the source, though the translators contrived to eliminate the uncertains. Nonetheless, the dissatisfied always exsist.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 03:45, 13 October 2021 (UTC)（Luo Xi 罗曦）

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==

几暇玩索，覆检旧编，则文义、意旨、语气之未能吻合者，仍不免焉。乃亲指授翻译诸臣，参考寻绎（yì），单词只字，昭晰周到，无毫发遗憾而后已。[10]（[10]清高宗敕译.御制翻译四书·序[M].清乾隆二十年武英殿满汉合璧本，无页码.台北：国立故宫博物院藏.）

After being thought over and checked by my retrieving some old references，those versions which were incongruous in meaning、theme and tone still need further improvement.Thus，I ordered and instructed official translators in person，searching many references and considering words over and over again，not getting it done until every word being perfect.【10】（10）translated by Gao Zongchi in Qing dynasty.Made by emperor and drawed from four translation books·the first version【M】.The complied version from the palace of Wu Ying in the twentieth year of Qian Long，blank page number. Tai Bei：National imperial Palace.）--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 03:47, 13 October 2021 (UTC)（Luo Xi罗曦）

Even after being thought for several times and checked through retrieving some old references, those versions still needed further improvement that didn't match original ones in terms of textuality, intention and tone. Thus, I commanded and gave instruction to all translators in person, searching many old references and exploring every word to make sure the clarity and accuracy of translation, no getting it done until there are no regrets left. [10] ([10] Translated by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty. The Translation of the Four Books by Imperial Order. Preface[M]. The complied version published in the Hall of Martial Valor in 1755, the 20th year under the reign of Qianlong, blank page number. Taipei: National Palace Museum.)--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 11:51, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==

由此可见，鄂尔泰奉敕进行厘定，目的是为了确保译文准确，使译文和原文在“文义”、“意旨”和“语气”上保持一致。乾隆三十三年，高宗敕译《诗经》，共八卷四册，亦由武英殿刊刻。然而，与《御制翻译四书》追求译文精准不同，《御制翻译诗经》则别有目的。

It can be seen that the reason why Eertai was ordered by the Emperor to adjust the translation was to make it and the original text consistent in terms of "textuality", "intention" and "tone". In the 33th year of Qianlong's reign, Emperor Gaozong had commanded to translate ''The Book of Songs'' consisted of eight volumes and four books, which was also published and engraved by Hall of Martial Valor. ''The Translation of The Book of Songs by Imperial Order'', however, had a different purpose compared with ''The Translation of The Four Books by Imperial Order'' which pursued the accuracy of translation.--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 06:40, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Another version:
It can be seen that Ertai, the famous minister in Qing Dynasty, was ordered by the Emperor to collate and stipulate translation criteria, with the aim of ensuring the accurate translation, so as to keep it consistent with the original text in terms of “textuality”, “intention” and “tone”. In 1768, the 33rd year under the reign of Qianlong, the Emperor Gaozong gave the command to translate ''The Books of Songs'' into 8 volumes and 4 books, which were printed and published in the Hall of Martial Valor. ''The Translation of The Books of Songs by Imperial Order'', however, had different purposes, compared with ''The Translation of The Four Books by Imperial Order'' whose emphasis was put on the precision of translation. --[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 07:45, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==

《御制翻译诗经·序》中说：是经于世祖章皇帝顺治十一年译定初本，体裁已备。阅时兹久，凡《清文鉴》所未赅（gāi）皙者，参采新定国语，侔（móu）揣务极精详。因命分册籖（qiān）题，几馀复为折衷是正。[11]

It is said in ''The Translation of The Books of Songs by Imperial Order · Preface'' that the original translation of ''The Books of Songs'' whose genres were comprehensive was finished in 1654, the eleventh year under the reign of Emperor Shunzhi. Having been used for a long time, ''The Manchurian Dictionary in Qing Dynasty'' contains some unintelligible expressions with incomplete meanings which should adopt the new national language, so as to render it detailed and precise. As ministers in Literature Institute were ordered by the Emperor to draft titles of the books by volume, after several revisions, a favorable compromise was obtained.--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 06:05, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

It is said in ''The Translation of The Books of Songs by Imperial Order · Preface'' that ''The Books of Songs'' was first translated in the eleventh year of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi. Having been used for a long time, ''The Manchurian Dictionary in Qing Dynasty'' contains some unintelligible expressions with incomplete meanings which should adopt the new national language, so as to render it detailed and precise. As ministers in Literature Institute were ordered by the Emperor to draft titles of the books by volume, after several revisions, a favorable compromise was obtained.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 16:10, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==

（[11]清高宗敕译.御制翻译诗经·序[M].清乾隆三十三年武英殿满汉合璧本，无页码.台北：国立故宫博物院藏.）上文中提及“是经”（即《诗经》）的初次翻译，即顺治十一年的顺治帝敕译本，该译本共二十卷二十册，由内府刊刻。然而，自顺治至康熙，满文的字词和语法等已经发生一定变化，用以规范满、汉文互用的辞书相继问世，这一点既给满语学习注入了活力，也给汉书翻译及其重新厘定提出了要求与条件。

([11] Translated by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty. The imperial translation of The Book of songs - preface [M]. The Manchu-Chinese version of the Wu Ying Hall in the 33rd year of the Qing dynasty, without pagination. (Taipei: National Palace Museum Collection.) The first translation of the Shi Jing (i.e., the Book of Songs) mentioned above was the imperial translation by the Shunzhi emperor in the eleventh year of the reign of Shunzhi, which consisted of twenty volumes and twenty books and was published by the imperial government. However, since the Shunzhi to Kangxi, the words and grammar of Manchu has undergone certain changes to regulate the use of Manchu and Chinese dictionaries came out one after another, this point both to the Manchu language learning injected vitality, but also to the Chinese translation and its re-definition of the requirements and conditions.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 07:21, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

([11] Translated by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty. The imperial translation of The Book of songs - preface [M]. The Manchu-Chinese version of the Wu Ying Hall in the 33rd year of the Qing dynasty, without pagination. (Taipei: National Palace Museum Collection.) The first translation of the Shi Jing (i.e., the Book of Songs) mentioned above was the imperial translation by the Shunzhi emperor in the eleventh year of the reign of Shunzhi, which consisted of twenty volumes and twenty books and was published by the imperial government. However, from Shunzhi to Kangxi, the words and grammar of Manchu had undergone certain changes. To regulate the mutual-use of Manchu and Chinese dictionaries came out one after another, which not only invigorated Manchu language learning, but also put forward requirements and conditions for the Chinese literature translation and its re-definition. --[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 01:15, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==

如康熙九年，正黄旗教习廖纶玑翻译（明）张自烈所撰《正字通》。康熙二十二年，沈启亮修成《大清全书》（实际是满汉词典），该书的修纂加深了人们对于满字的认识，也使学者更易明辨翻译之理。康熙四十五年，正白旗人桑格翻译《满汉同文分类全书》。

For instance, Liao Lunji, a tutor of Pure Yellow Banner, translated Zheng Zi Tong written by Zhang Zilie (Ming Dynasty). In the twenty-second year of Kangxi reign period, Shen Qiliang accomplished The Great Qing Encyclopedia( actually, The Dictionary of Chinese and Manchu Language), which had deepened people’s understanding of Manchu characters and helped scholars to distinguish the theories and methods of translation. In the forty-five year of Kangxi period, Sanger from Pure White Banner translated A Classification Book of Manchu and Chinese Identical Texts.--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 06:04, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

For instance, in the ninth year of Kangxi reign, Liao Lunji, a tutor of Pure Yellow Banner, translated ''Zheng Zi Tong'' written by Zhang Zilie (Ming Dynasty). In the twenty-second year of Kangxi reign, Shen Qiliang accomplished ''The Great Qing Encyclopedia''( actually, a dictionary of Chinese and Manchu ), which had deepened people’s understanding of Manchu characters and helped scholars to discern the theories and methods of translation. In the forty-fifth year of Kangxi period, Sanger from Pure White Banner translated the ''Manchu-Chinese Bilingual Classification Dictionary''.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 01:51, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==

上述三种之外，康熙朝期间另有多种其它满语词典，如康熙二十八年的《清书十二字头》（听松楼刻本）、二十九年的《满汉同文全书》（秘书阁刻本）、三十二年的《同文广汇全书》（天绘阁刻本）、三十八年的《清书全集》（听松楼重刻本）、三十九年的《满汉类书》以及四十年的《满汉类书全集》，等等。康熙四十六年，《御制清文鉴》成书，全书共四函二十二卷，卷首有清圣祖玄烨御制序言，书末有编译者跋两篇。作为有清一代唯一一部由皇帝主持编纂的满文词典，《御制清文鉴》体例精湛，编排合理，在满语的发展史上具有划时代的历史意义。

In addition to the above three, there are a variety of other Manchu dictionaries in the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, such as the ''Twelve Syllabic Characters of Manchu'' (Ting Song Lou carved book) in the 28th year of Kangxi Reign, the ''Manchu-Chinese Bilingual Dictionary'' (Mi Shu Ge carved book) in the 29th year, the ''Manchu-Chinese Classification Dictionary'' (Tian Hui Ge carved book) in the 32th year, the ''Complete Manchu-Chinese Dictionary'' (Ting Song Lou re-carved book) in the 38th year, the ''Manchu-Chinese Encyclopedia'' in the 39th year and the ''Complete Manchu-Chinese Encyclopedia'' in the 40th, etc. In the 46th year of the Kangxi reign, the ''Imperial Dictionary of Manchu'' was accomplished in four letters and twenty-two volumes, with an imperial preface by the Kangxi Emperor Aisin Gioro Xuanye, whose temple name is “Shengzu” (Sagacious Progenitor) of the Qing, and two postscripts by the compiler at the end of the book. As the only Manchu dictionary compiled by the emperor in the Qing dynasty, the ''Imperial Manchu Dictionary'' is superb in style and reasonable in arrangement, and has epoch-making historical significance in the history of the development of the Manchu language.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 01:52, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

Except the above mentioned three, there are other Manchu dictionaries in the Kangxi reign of the Qing dynasty, such as the ''Twelve Syllabic Characters of Manchu'' (Ting Song Lou carved book) in the 28th year of Kangxi Reign, the ''Manchu-Chinese Bilingual Dictionary'' (Mi Shu Ge carved book) in the 29th year, the ''Manchu-Chinese Classification Dictionary'' (Tian Hui Ge carved book) in the 32th year, the ''Complete Manchu-Chinese Dictionary'' (Ting Song Lou re-carved book) in the 38th year, the ''Manchu-Chinese Encyclopedia'' in the 39th year and the ''Complete Manchu-Chinese Encyclopedia'' in the 40th, etc. In the 46th year of the Kangxi’s reign, the ''Imperial Dictionary of Manchu'' was accomplished in four letters and twenty-two volumes, with an imperial preface by the Kangxi Emperor Aisin Gioro Xuanye, whose temple name is “Shengzu” (Sagacious Progenitor) of the Qing, and two postscripts by the compiler at the end of the book. As the only Manchu dictionary compiled by the emperor in the Qing dynasty, the ''Imperial Manchu Dictionary'' is superb in style and reasonable in arrangement which has epoch-making historical significance in the history of the development of the Manchu language.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 10:11, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==

关于康熙帝敕谕傅达礼编译此书的目的，《清实录》（卷四二）和《清史列传》（第375页）中皆有记载，但不及《康熙起居注》中详实。据《康熙起居注》中所载，康熙十二年四月十二日：上谓侍臣曰：“此时满洲，朕不虑其不知满语，但恐后生子弟渐习汉语，竟忘满语，亦未可知。且满汉文义照字翻译，可通用者甚多。

The purposes of Emperor Kangxi which were he empowered Fu Dali to edit and translate this book were recorded in ''Factual Record of Qing Dynasty'' of Volume IV and II and in ''the Biographies in the Qing Dynasty'' of page 375. But they were more circumstantial in ''Record on Kangxi’s Daily Life''. According to 'Record on Kangxi’s Daily Life'', the emperor said to chancellors on April 12,1673: I’m not afraid the contemporary Manchuria's ignorance towards Manchu language, but I’m not sure about whether the following generations will be accustomed to the Chinese by degrees and forget the Manchu language. And also the Manchu language is verbatim translated into Chinese, such translation can be used by many people.

The purposes of Emperor Kangxi commanding Fu Dali to compile this book were recorded in ''Factual Record of Qing Dynasty'' （volume 42）and ''Biographies of the Qing Dynasty''(page 375) but the purposes logged in the ''Record of Emperor Kangxi’s Daily Office''were more detailed and real. According to this book, the emperor said to those courtiers on April 12,1673: "what I'm worried about is not the contemporary Manchurians’ ignorance of the Manchu language, but rather about whether the following generations will forget the Manchu language or not if they are gradually accustomed to Chinese. In addition, there are plenty of characters which can be in common use when translation is done word by word.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 16:25, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==

今之翻译者尚知辞意，酌而用之，后生子弟未必知此，不特差失大意，抑且言语欠当，关系不小。”因顾谓翰林院学士傅达礼曰：“尔任翰苑之职，可体朕此意，将满语照汉文字汇发明，某字应如何用，某字当某处用，集成一书，使有易于后学。”傅达礼奏曰：“皇上此旨，诚立教善后之盛心也。

Today's translators still know the meaning of those words and use them after deliberating, but for children of the future, they may not understand. Not only will they differ greatly from the original meaning, but also they will use them in an inappropriate way. And it will matter a lot.” So the emperor said to Fu Lida, the academician of Imperial Academy: “ Since you occupy the office in the Imperial Academy, you should be able to read between my lines. Manchu language needs to be further developed according to Chinese characters. By doing this, it will be much easier for our posterity to learn the Manchu language if there are detailed instructions compiled in a book on how and where to use a character.” Fu Dali replied reverently to the emperor: “The will of Your Majesty that improving the education for the convenient learning of later generations really shows your generosity.”--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 14:47, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

"Nowadays, translators still know the meaning of those words and use them after careful consideration, while for the youth, they may not understand. Not only will they use those words inappropriately, but also the meanings of those words will be quite different from the original one. And it will matter a lot.” So the emperor said to Fu Lida, who was the academician of Imperial Academy at that time, “ Since you occupy the office in the Imperial Academy, you are able to understand my intention. Manchu language needs to be further developed according to Chinese characters. By doing this, it will be much easier for our posterity to learn the Manchu language if there are detailed instructions compiled in a book on how and where to use a character.” Fu Dali replied reverently to the emperor, “The will of Your Majesty that improving the education for the convenient learning of later generations really shows your generosity.”--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 11:15, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==

臣等虽不才，当祗尊俞旨，编辑成书，敬呈御览。”上谕曰：“此书不必太急，宜详慎为之，务致永远可传，方为善也。”[6]93-94由于当时的满文尚处在发展阶段，康熙帝担心随着满人逐渐汉化，满语使用的氛围也将逐渐消失，久而久之必致满语废止，这一点与康熙帝以清语为本的立场背道而驰。

"Although we courtiers have limited ability, we will compile them into a book according to the your intention, and submit it to you for previewing".The emperor indicated that, "this work should not be advanced too quickly but completed in detail and carefully，so that the book can be handed down forever, then the work is said to be finished well." As the Manchu language was still in the development stage at that time, Emperor Kangxi worried that with the gradual sinicization of Manchu people, the atmosphere of using Manchu language would disappear in the process of time, which would inevitably lead to the abolition of Manchu language over time. And this situation ran counter to Emperor Kangxi's position based on Qing language.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 06:16, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

"Although we courtiers are not talented, we will compile them into a book in accordance with your mandate, and submit it for your previewing".The emperor indicated that, "this work should not be advanced too quickly but completed detailedly and carefully，so that the book can be handed down forever, then the work is said to be finished well." [6] 93-94 As the Manchu language was still in the development stage at that time, Emperor Kangxi worried that with the gradual sinicization of Manchu people, the atmosphere of using Manchu language would disappear in the process of time, which would inevitably lead to the abolition of Manchu language over time. And this situation ran counter to Emperor Kangxi's position based on Qing language.--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 06:35, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==

为了确保本书编译的严谨，康熙帝要求“解诂之疑,似者必晰同异于毫芒；引据之阙，遗者必援经史以互证。”[12]1（[12]清圣祖御制.御制清文鉴[M].康熙四十七年武英殿刻本.北京：中国民族图书馆藏.）需要指出，上文中所引“是经”即《御制翻译诗经》，该译本成书于乾隆三十三年。
In order to ensure the rigor of the compilation of this book, Emperor Kangxi required: “ To interpret the doubts of exegesis, the similarities must be clear and the differences puny; if there is a lack of quotations, successors must cite the ancient classics to verify them.” [12]1 ( [12] Emperor Shengzu of Qing Dynasty. Imperial Qing Literature [M]. The engraving of Wuying Palace in the forty-seventh year of Kangxi. Beijing: Collection of National Library of China.) It should be pointed out that the “Shi Jing” quoted above is the “Royal Translation Book of Songs”, which was translated into a book in the thirty-third year of Qianlong.--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 05:43, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

In order to ensure the preciseness of the compilation of this book, Emperor Kangxi required: “ To interpret the doubts of exegesis, the similarities must be clear and the differences puny; if there is a lack of quotations, successors must cite the ancient classics to verify them.” [12]1 ( [12] Emperor Shengzu of Qing Dynasty. Imperial Qing Literature [M]. The engraving of Wuying Palace in the forty-seventh year of Kangxi. Beijing: Collection of National Library of China.) It should be pointed out that the “Shi Jing” quoted above is the “Royal Translation Book of Songs”, which was translated into a book in the thirty-third year of Qianlong.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 10:47, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==

此时，虽然《御制四体清文鉴》和《御制五体清文鉴》的编译尚未启动，但经乾隆帝御制，已在康熙朝《御制清文鉴》和《清文合蒙古鉴》等早期词典的基础上，完成编纂《御制增订清文鉴》，进一步规范了满文的使用。且，顺治至乾隆的百余年间，满语发展的确出现了若干变化，原有汉书译本中的不少词汇和语法此时已不符合通行要求，因而“参采新定国语”，对旧译本重加厘定，使其“折衷为正”，乃时势所趋。而上述辞书的相继出现，说明满文已经发展到一个新的高度，为旧籍的重译与改译营造了条件。

At this time, although the compilation of the ''Four Institutions of the Imperial Dynasty'' and the ''Five Dynasties'' has not yet started, the compilation of the ''Complement of the Qing Dynasty's Dictionary'' was completed based on the early dictionaries of the Qing Dynasty and the Kangxi Dynasty with the help of Qianlong emperor, which further standardizes the use of Manchu literature.Moreover, during the more than 100 years from Shunzhi to Qianlong, several changes in the development of Manchu indeed appeared. Many vocabulary and grammar in the original Han translation did not meet the prevailing requirements at that time. Therefore, it was the trend to "participate in the new language" and determine the old translation, so that it was "positive".The emergence of the above dictionaries shows that Manchu has developed to a new height, creating conditions for the retranslation and translation of the old nationality.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 01:52, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

At this time, although the compilation of the ''Four Institutions of the Imperial Dynasty'' and the ''Five Dynasties'' has not yet started, the compilation of the ''Imperial Revised Qing Dynasty's Dictionary'' was completed based on the early dictionaries such as ''Imperial Qing Dynasty’s Dictionary'' in the Kangxi Dynasty, which further standardizes the use of Manchu. Moreover, during the more than 100 years from Shunzhi to Qianlong, several changes in the development of Manchu indeed appeared. Many vocabularies and grammar in the original Chinese translation did not meet the common requirements at this time. Therefore, it was the trend to "adopt the new national language" and redefined the old translation to make it “compromise to right”. The emergence of the above dictionaries shows that Manchu has developed to a new level, creating conditions for the retranslation and translation of old books.--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 16:04, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==

乾隆三十七年，高宗敕令于“禁中”设立“清字经馆”，以满、汉文佛经译本有失本真为由，令重译佛经为满文。据高文德所考，这些佛经典籍初被译为蒙古，后经蒙文转译成满文，前后历时十余载，使满、蒙、汉、藏四体经文始备。[13]2110（[13]高文德.中国少数民族史大辞典[Z].长春：吉林教育出版社，1995.）

In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, Emperor Gaozong decreed to set up a “Manchu sutra hall” in the palace he lived, and ordered the retranslation of Buddhist sutras into Manchu on the grounds that the previous Manchu and Chinese versions were deviated from the true meaning. According to Gao Wende, these Buddhist classics were first translated into Mongolian, through which the Manchu version was then translated. It took more than ten years to prepare the editions in four languages: Manchu, Mongolia, Chinese and Tibet. [13]2110（[13]Gao Wende.Dictionary of Chinese Minority History[Z].Changchun: Jilin Education Press, 1995.）--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 07:08, 12 October 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 07:48, 13 October 2021 (UTC)
Annotation:
First:In the 37th of Emperor Qianlong’ s reign,…
Second:According to Gao Wende, these Buddhist scriptures were first translated into Mongolian and then into Manchu, which lasted for more than ten years, and the manchu, Mongolian, Han and Tibetan scriptures began to be prepared. [13] Gao Wende. A Dictionary of Chinese Minority History [Z]. Changchun: Jilin Education Press, 1995.)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==

众所周知，佛教经典原以梵文书写，但清朝前期用作翻译的底本，多为汉文译本。从此意义上讲，佛经的翻译与先秦、两汉时期汉文经、史的翻译一样，也属汉书翻译之列。康熙年间，圣祖即令翻译《心经》，但雍正年间《四体翻译心经》译本方才成书，刊刻。

As we all know, Buddhist classics were originally written in Sanskrit, but they were mostly translated into Chinese in the early Qing Dynasty. In this sense, the translation of Buddhist scriptures, like the translation of Chinese scriptures and history in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, also belongs to the translation of Han Books. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Shengzu ordered the translation of The Heart Sutra, but during the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, the four-body Translation of the Heart Sutra was just completed and printed.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 12:47, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

As we all know,Buddhist classics were originally written in Sanskrit,but most of texts that used to translate in the early Qing Dynasty were Chinese translation versions. In this sense,the translation of Buddhist scriptures,just like the translation of Chinese scriptures and history in the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, also belongs to the translation of Chinese books. During the reign of Kangxi, Emperor Shengzu ordered the translation of the Heart Sutra, but the translation of the four body translation of the Heart Sutra was only published and engraved during the reign of Yongzheng. edited by Wang Zhenlong

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==

所谓“四体”即满、蒙、汉、藏四种文字，佛经翻译之所以要采用四种语言，是因为四大族群皆普遍信仰佛教，因而四体合璧的译本便于信众诵读。乾隆在位六十年，对于佛经翻译甚为热衷，御制翻译经书十种，为顺、康、雍、乾四朝之最。《翻译四体楞严经序》中，乾隆帝曾自称“朕于几政之暇，每爱以国语翻译经书，如《易》、《书》、《诗》及《四子书》，无不蒇（chǎn）事”，希望循康、雍之例，推动佛经翻译，并在敕译《诗经》的同时，完成第一部佛经作品的翻译，即《御制翻译名义集》。[14]15

The so-called "four styles" are Manchu, Mongolian, Chinese and Tibetan. The reason why Buddhist scriptures are translated in four languages is that the four ethnic groups generally believe in Buddhism, so the translation of four styles is convenient for believers to read. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong for 60 years, he was very keen on the translation of Buddhist scriptures and translated ten kinds of scriptures, which is the most among the four dynasties of Shun, Kang, Yong and Qian. In ''the preface to translating the four body Shurangama Sutra'', Emperor Qianlong once claimed that "in my spare time, I love to translate scriptures in Manchu, such as Yi, Shu, Shi and Si Zi Shu ,which are all well finished. I hope to follow the example of Kang and Yong to promote the translation of Buddhist scriptures, and complete the translation of the first Buddhist scriptures, namely the collection of imperial translation while the Book of Songs is translated. -- translated by Wang Zhenlong

The so-called "four styles" are Manchu, Mongolian, Chinese and Tibetan. The reason why Buddhist scriptures are translated in four languages is that the four ethnic groups generally believe in Buddhism, so the translation of the combination of four styles is convenient for believers to read. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong for 60 years, he had strong passion on the translation of Buddhist scriptures. He translated ten kinds of scriptures totally, which is the most among the four emperors of Shun, Kang, Yong and Qian. In the preface to ''Translating Four Style Shurangama Sutra'', Emperor Qianlong once claimed that "in my spare time, I love to translate scriptures in Manchu, such as ''Yi'', ''Shu'', ''Shi'' and ''Si Zi Shu'' , which are all well finished. I hope to follow the example of Kang and Yong to promote the translation of Buddhist scriptures, and complete the translation of the first Buddhist scriptures, namely ''The Collection of Translation of Sanskrit Names by Imperial Order'' while ''the Book of Songs'' is translated.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 02:41, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==

（[14]清高宗御制.清高宗（乾隆）御制诗文全集[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，1993.）所谓《翻译名义集》系南宋高僧法云于绍兴十三年（即1143年）编订的佛学翻译工具书，其中收录汉译梵文佛学名词千余条。雍正年间，世宗曾命人对此书的内容进行过节选，但未能成书。

([14] ''The Collective Works of Poetry and Essays written by Imperial Order of Qing Gao Zong, Qianlong Empire''[M]. Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 1933.) The so-called ''The Collection of Translation of Sanskrit Names'' is a Buddhist translation reference book compiled by an eminent monk in Southern Song Dynasty in Shaoxing thirteenth year (1143 year), in which collected thousands of Chinese translation of Sanskrit Buddhist terms. During Yongzheng years, Shizong once ordered ministers to choose the excerpt from the book, but finally cannot compile into a book.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 15:51, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

([14] ''The Collective Works of Poetry and Essays by Imperial Order of Qinggaozong, Qianlong Emperor''[M]. Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 1933.) The so-called ''The Collection of Translation of Sanskrit Names'' is a reference book of Buddhist translation compiled by an eminent monk in Southern Song Dynasty in Shaoxing thirteenth year (1143 year), which collected thousands of Chinese translation of Sanskrit Buddhist terms. During Yongzheng years, Shizong once ordered the ministers to choose the excerpts from the book to compile a book but failed.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 11:00, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==

至乾隆三十三年，高宗再次敕译此书，最终译成四体《御制翻译名义集》共二十卷，此书现藏于北京大学图书馆，并收入至《清代内府刻书目录解题》。与此同时，乾隆帝有感于“所译之汉经，藏地无不有，而独无《楞严》”，遂在章嘉国师的议请下，命允禄和章嘉国师等将该经“由汉而译清，由清而译蒙古，由蒙古而译土伯忒。”[14]15章嘉国师原名章嘉·若贝多杰，四岁被认定为转世灵童，八岁奉雍正帝圣谕赴京，十五岁给雍正帝灌顶，十八岁授封“灌顶普惠广慈大国师”。

In the 33th year of the dynasty of Qianlong, the emperor ordered to translate the book again. Finally, the book ''The collection of Translation of Sanskrit Names by Imperial Order'' was translated into Manchu, Mongolian, Chinese and Tibetan in altogether twenty volumes. The book now is collected in Peking University Library and included in ''Solving Problems in the Catalogue of Engraved Books in Qing Dynasty''. At the same time, after Qianlong emperor knew that there were all translations of Chinese scriptures except ''Lengyan'' in Tibet, under the advice of the Grand Maester Zhangjia he ordered Yunlu and the Grand Maester to translate the Chinese scripture into Manchu, then translate the Manchu to Mongolian, finally translate the Mongolian to Tibetan. The original name of the Grand Maester Zhangjia is Zhangjia•Ruobeduoje. When he was four years old, he was regarded as a holy reincarnation. At his eight years old he went to the capital because of the order of Yongzheng emperor. When he was fifteen years old, he did Abhisheka for Yongzheng emperor. At his eighteen years old the title of Grand Maester of Abhisheka, Generosity and Benevolence was conferred to him.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 15:16, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

During the 33th year of Qianlong, Gaozong ordered to translate this book again. At last, the book ''The Collection of Translation of Sanskrit Made by the Emperor Order'' was translated into Manchu, Mongolian, Chinese and Tibetan, including twenty volumes. This book now is collected in Peking University Library and recorded in ''Solving Problems in the Catalogue of Engraved Books in Qing Dynasty''. Meanwhile, Emperor Qianlong was inspired by "All the Chinese sutras translated are available in Tibet, except the Surangama Sutra." As a result, the emperor ordered Yunlu and the Grand Maester Zhangjia to translate this sutra from Chinese into Qing, from Qing into Mongol, then from Mongol under the advice of the Master Zhangjia. The primitive name of Maester Zhangjia was Zhangjia•Ruobeiduoje. He was regarded as a reincarnated soul boy at four years old. At eight years old, he went to the capital city because of the order of Yongzheng emperor. When he was fifteen years old, he did Abhisheka for Yongzheng emperor. At his eighteen years old, he was canonized as "The Enlightened, Inclusive and Philanthropic Grand Master."--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 04:29, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==

章嘉国师博览群书，通晓汉、藏、满、蒙文字，著述颇丰，既撰写佛经作品逾二百部，又翻译佛经若干，如乾隆五年将大藏经《丹珠尔》译成蒙文，并编纂佛经翻译工具书《智慧之源》。章嘉国师发现《楞严经》后，于乾隆十七年奉旨协助庄亲王将该书译为满蒙、藏三种文字，并于乾隆三十八年译成四体合璧本。乾隆帝敕译此书的目的，也是出于政治方面的考虑，简单来说便是为了向藏族宣告其统治的正当性。

Master Zhangjia was well-read, thoroughly understanding Chinese, Tibetan, Manchu and Mongolian. He has written a prodigious number of famous works, including not only more than two hundred Buddhist works, but also numerous Buddhist texts. For instance, he translated the ''Tanjur'' into Mongolian during the fifth year of Qian Long and compiled ''The Source of Wisdom'', a Buddhist translation reference book. After Master Zhangjia found ''Surangama Sutra'', he assisted Prince Zhuang in translating this book into Manchu, Mongolian and Tibetan during the seventieth year of Qianlong under the order of Qian Long. Besides, he accomplished an overall translation of it which contained all Chinese, Tibetan, Manchu and Mongolian versions during the thirty-eighth year of Qian Long. The emperor Qian Long ordered the translation of this book was for the political reasons. To put it simply, he aimed to declare the legitimacy of his rule to the Tibetans.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 04:37, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Master Zhang Jiaguo was familiar in Han, Tibetan, Manchu and Mongolian writings. He wrote more than 200 works of Buddhist scriptures, and at the same time also translated several Buddhist scriptures. For example, in the fifth year of Qianlong translated the Tibetan Sutra into Mongolian, and compiled the translation tool book The Source of Wisdom. After Master Zhang Jiaguo discovered the Leng Yan Sutra, in the seventeenth year of Qianlong, he assisted the translation of Mongolia and Tibet, and into the combination of the four bodies in the 38-th year of Qianlong. The purpose of Emperor Qianlong's translation of this book was also for political considerations, but simply to declare the legitimacy of his rule to the Tibetan people. --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 07:50, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==

这一点与《大藏经》的翻译有所不同，后者除了政治目的之外，另有文化建设方面的考虑，乾隆帝甚至将其视为与《四库全书》一样的重大文化建设工程。如《清文翻译全藏经序》中所说：若订《四库全书》及以国语译《汉全藏经》二事，胥举于癸巳年六旬之后，既而悔之，恐难观其成。越十余载，而《全书》成；兹未逮二十载，而所译《汉全藏经》又毕蒇。

This point is different from the translation of the ''Tibetan Tripitaka'' ''Italic text'' --[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 14:44, 12 October 2021 (UTC), which had political purposes in addition to cultural construction. Emperor Qianlong even regarded as a major cultural construction project as the ''Four Libraries''--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 14:44, 12 October 2021 (UTC). As said in the preface of the ''Complete Tibetan Sutra of the Qing Dynasty''--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 14:44, 12 October 2021 (UTC), if the Four liberals book ''Complete Collection of Four Treasuries''--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 14:44, 12 October 2021 (UTC) and the Complete Han Tibetan Sutra were translated in Chinese after the 60s of Guisi, it may not be difficult to see it. More than ten years, and the book, which was not caught twenty years, and the translation of the <Han Sutra> had been finished.--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 15:18, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==

夫耳顺、古希已为人生所艰致，而况八旬哉？兹以六旬后所创为之典，逮八旬而得观国语《大藏》之全成，非昊乾嘉庇，其孰能与于斯？[14]8-9《四库全书》之“四库”系指该书分经、史、子、集四部，故名“四库”。
At the age of 60 or 70, life has reached a difficult stage. What's more, at the age of 80? I was preparing to propose to create this classic in my 60s, so I could see the complete Manchu version of Da Zang in my 80s. If there was no heaven's protection during the Qianlong and Jiaqing dynasties, how could it be so far? “Si Ku" in Si Ku Quan Shu means that the book is divided into four parts: classics, history, Zi and Ji, so it is called "Si Ku".

For those who are in their 60s or 70s, life has reached a difficult stage, let alone 80s. However, now Emperor Qianlong successfully created this classic in his 60s, and witnessed the completion of the Manchu version of ''Tibetan Tripitaka'' in his 80s. If without heaven's protection and endowment, who could have achieved so far? The “four branches” in the ''Complete Library in the Four Branches of Literature'' refers to its four parts: classics, history, philosophy and belles-lettres, thus given the name.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 02:40, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==

作为古代中国最大的文化工程，《四库全书》是中华传统文化最丰富、最完备的集成之作，最能体现乾隆帝的文治武功。而上文中，乾隆帝意欲将《大藏经》（即《汉全藏经》）的翻译与《四库全书》相比，可见此事关系之重大。由上可知，《大藏经》的翻译始于乾隆“癸巳年”，即乾隆三十八年（1773年），至全书译成，“未逮二十载”，而此时高宗已近八旬，早已步入人生艰困之期。

As the largest cultural project of the ancient China, the ''Complete Library of the four Branches of Literature'' is the richest and most comprehensive collection of Chinese traditional culture, which best represents the great achievement of Emperor Qianlong's civil administration. As mentioned before, Emperor Qianlong wanted to compare the translation of ''Tibetan Tripitaka'' to that of the ''Complete Library of the four Branches of Literature'', which reflects the significance of this translation project. From above, it can be seen that this project started from 1773, the 38th year of Qianlong's reign and took less than 20 years to be fully completed, when Emperor Qianlong was nearly in his 80s, and had already entered a difficult time of his life.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 01:51, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

As the largest cultural project of the ancient China, the ''Complete Library of the Four Branches of Literature'' is the richest and most completed collection of Chinese traditional culture, which best represents the political and military achievements of Emperor Qianlong's civil administration. As mentioned above, Qianlong wanted to compare the translation of ''Tibetan Tripitaka'' to that of the ''Complete Library of the Four Branches of Literature'', which reflects the significance of this translation project. From above, it can be seen that this project started from 1773（the 38th year of Qianlong's reign） and took less than 20 years to be fully completed, while Qianlong was nearly in his 80s, and had already entered a difficult time of his life.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 04:01, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==

关于乾隆帝敕译《大藏经》一事，《啸亭杂录·续录》中也有记载，不过在翻译的起始时间，以及全书翻译的耗时上，与上文所述有所不同。其中写道：乾隆壬辰，上以《大藏佛经》有天竺番字、汉文、蒙古诸翻译，然其禅悟深邃，故汉经中咒偈，为代以翻切，并未译得其秘指，清文句意明畅，反可得其三味，故设清字经馆于西华门内，命章嘉国师经理其事，达天、连筏诸僧人助之，考取满謄录、纂修若干员翻译经卷。先后凡十余年，《大藏》告蒇，然后四体经自始备焉。[15]385

As for Qianlong's order to translate Tripitaka, it is also recorded in the The continuation of Xiaoting Miscellany. However, the starting and ending time of the translation and the time of the whole book's translation consumed, which are quite different from those mentioned above. It is written that Qianlong thought Tripitaka had Hindi, Chinese and Mongolian versions, but the teachings in Sutra are profound.Therefore, the translation of Buddhist Chants in Han Sutra didn't seek the profound meaning. So Qianlong set up Manchu Lection Department in Xihua gate because of the clearness of Manchu to understand the meaning of the Buddhist Sutra, ordering Zhangjia to charge this translation work with assistance of monks such as Datian, Lianfa and selecting some Manchu to transcribe compile scriptures. For more than ten years, the translation work of Tripitaka was completed，and since then the four scriptures are complete.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 02:55, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

As for Qianlong's order to translate Tripitaka, it is also recorded in the The continuation of Xiaoting Miscellany. However, the starting and ending time of the translation and the time of the whole book's translation consumed, which are quite different from those mentioned above. It is written that Qianlong thought Tripitaka had Hindi, Chinese and Mongolian versions, but the teachings in Sutra are profound.Therefore, the translation of Buddhist Chants in Han Sutra didn't seek the profound meaning. So Qianlong set up Manchu Lection Department in Xihua gate because of the clearness of Manchu to understand the meaning of the Buddhist Sutra, ordering Zhangjia to charge this translation work with assistance of monks such as Datian, Lianfa and selecting some Manchu to transcribe compile scriptures. For more than ten years, the translation work of Tripitaka was completed，and since then the four scriptures are completed.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 03:11, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==

（[15]（清）昭梿.啸亭杂录·续录[M].上海：上海古籍出版社，2012.）将《清文翻译全藏经序》和《啸亭杂录·续录》两相对比后可发现，二者关于《大藏经》翻译的起始时间不同，其中前者记载的时间是乾隆“癸巳年”，即乾隆三十八年，而后者则明确是“乾隆壬辰”，即乾隆三十七年，孰是孰非，有待考证。另外，关于《大藏经》翻译的实践跨度，二者的出入较大，前者的用词是“未逮二十载”，后者则说“先后凡十余年”，综合其它文献可知，前一种说法更为准确。

([15] (Qing) Zhaofan. Miscellaneous Records - Sequel [M]. (Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2012.) After comparing the "Preface to the Qing Translation of the Complete Tibetan Sutra" with the "Xiao Ting Miscellaneous Records - Continuing Records", we can find that the start time of the translation of the Dazang Sutra in this two books is differant, of which the former is recorded in the Qianlong "kaisi year", that is, the thirty-eighth year of the Qianlong era, while the latter is clearly "Qianlong renchen", i.e., the thirty-seventh year of the Qianlong reign, which is correct or incorrect, remains to be verified. In addition, there is a large discrepancy between the two regarding the practical span of the translation of the Dazangjing, with the former using the phrase 'before it had been twenty years' and the latter saying 'for more than ten years in succession', which, when combined with other documents, is more accurate.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 14:08, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

([15] (Qing) Zhaofan. Miscellaneous Records - Sequel [M]. (Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Press, 2012.) After comparing the "Preface to Tripitaka in Manchu" with the "Xiao Ting Miscellaneous Records - Sequel",we can find that the starting time of the translation of the Dazang Sutra in these two books is differant, of which the former is recorded in the Qianlong "kaisi year", that is, the thirty-eighth year of the Qianlong reign, while the latter is specifically "Qianlong renchen", i.e., the thirty-seventh year of the Qianlong reign, which is correct or incorrect remains to be verified. In addition, there is a large discrepancy between the two regarding the practical span of the translation of the Dazangjing, with the former using the phrase 'before it had been twenty years' and the latter saying 'for more than ten years in succession', which, when combined with other documents, is more accurate.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 02:04, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==

乾隆五十五年，满文本《大藏经》译成，初定名《清文全藏经》，其中“全藏”二字即“大藏之全”的意思。《清文全藏经》共计二千五百三十五卷、一百零八函，收入佛教典籍六百九十九部。为了翻译此书，乾隆帝不仅钦派章嘉国师主持，而且派皇子、大臣，以及通晓满、汉、蒙、藏文者共百余人参与其中，其中绝大多数为翻译人员。

During the 40th year of the Qianlong Emperor,the translation of "Tripitaka" first called "Tripitaka in Manchu" was completed, among which "quan zang" means "all-sided masterpiece". The translation had 2535 volumes and 108 han, including 699 Buddhist classics.In order to translate the work, Qianlong Emperor not only assigned Zhang Jiaguoshi to be in charge and asked his sons, ministers and hundreds of people who were proficient in Manchu, Chinese and Tibetan to be involved. And most of them were translator.

During the 40th year of the Qianlong Emperor, the translation of "Da Zang Jing" first called "Qing Wen Quan Zang Jing" was completed, among which "Quan Zang" means "all-sided masterpiece". The translation had 2535 volumes and 108 letters, including 699 Buddhist classics. In order to translate the work, Qianlong Emperor not only assigned Zhang Jia, the imperial monk, but also assigned more than 100 people, most of whom were translators, to participate in the translation, including the emperor's sons, ministers, and people who were proficient with Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian and Tibetan.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 02:15, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==

乾隆五十五年十二月，因清字经馆遭遇火灾，《清文全藏经》的部分经版和已经刊刻的经文译文被毁，后经重新雕版印刷，于乾隆五十九年全部完成，并交内府刊刻。据考，《清文全藏经》共计印刷十二部，目前存世仅两部，其中一部存于西藏布达拉宫（缺一册），另一部则由北京、台北两地故宫博物院共同收藏，其中北京收藏七十六函，台北收藏三十二函。如前所述，乾隆帝敕译此经，有着明确的文化建设的用意，希望通过翻译佛经推广佛教文化，并同时推广作为国语的满文，实现宣扬教化的目的。

In December of the 55th year during the period of Emperor Qianlong, due to a fire in the Qing Zi Classics library, some base plate of "Qing Wen Quan Zang Jing" and translated texts already printed were destroyed. After re-engraving and printing, it was completed in the 59th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong and handed over to the imperial Palace for printing. According to a research, there are a total of twelve copies of the "Qing Wen Quan Zang Jing" printed, of which only two are in existence. One is stored in the Potala Palace in Tibet (one volume is missing), and the other is jointly collected by the Palace Museums in Beijing and Taipei, of which 76 letters are in Beijing and 32 letters are in Taipei. As mentioned above, Emperor Qianlong translated the Sutra with a clear intention of cultural construction, He hoped to promote Buddhist culture through the translation of Buddhist scriptures, and at the same time promote Manchu as the national language, so as to achieve the purpose of propagating and enlightening.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 01:23, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

In December of the 55th year during the period of Emperor Qianlong, due to a fire in the Manchu Langugage Classics Library, some base plates of ''the Manchu Language Translation of Tripitaka'' and translated texts that already printed were destroyed. After re-engraving and printing, it was completed in the 59th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong and handed over to the Imperial Palace for printing. According to a research, there are a total of twelve copies of the ''the Manchu Language Translation of Tripitaka'' printed, of which only two are in existence. One is stored in the Potala Palace in Tibet (one volume is missing), and the other is jointly collected by the Palace Museums in Beijing and Taipei, of which 76 letters are in Beijing and 32 letters are in Taipei. As mentioned above, Emperor Qianlong issued the edict to translate the ''Tripitaka'' with a clear intention of cultural construction. He hoped to promote Buddhist culture through the translation of Buddhist scriptures, and at the same time to promote Manchu language as the national language, so as to achieve the purpose of propagating and enlightening.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 05:38, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==

正如乾隆帝在《清文翻译全藏经序》中指出的那样：以国语译《大藏》，恐人以为惑于祸福之说，则不可不明示其意。夫以祸福趋避教人，非佛之第一义谛也。第一义谛，佛且本无，而况乎祸福乎？
As Emperor Qianlong pointed out in ''the Preface to the Manchu Language Translation of the Whole Tripitaka'' : if we translate ''Tripitaka'' in Manchu language, I am afraid of that people misunderstand us for being confused by misfortunes and blessings. So we must express our intension clearly. It is not the absolute truth of Buddha to teach people with avoiding misfortunes and chasing after blessings. The absolute truth is that there is no Buddha, let alone misfortunes and blessings?--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 01:00, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

if we translate ''Tripitaka'' in Manchu language, I am afraid that people misunderstand us for being confused by misfortunes and blessings.
--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 00:55, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==

我们不可以因为第一义训的原因，用因缘祸福作为引导逐渐深入。我的目的并不在此，梵经首先是被翻译成外语，再翻译成汉语，最后才翻译成蒙古语，而我们清朝统治中国一百多年，他们三方长期以来都归我们管，如果唯独缺满语的《大藏经》可以吗？

We can't use reason, misfortune and blessing as a guide to gradually deepen because of the first righteous precept. My purpose is not here. The ''Sanskrit'' scriptures were first translated into a foreign language, then translated into Chinese, and finally translated into Mongolian. And our Qing Dynasty ruled China for more than 100 years. They have been under our control for a long time. Is the ''Tripitaka'' without Manchu language okay?
--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 00:48, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

If only the ''Dazangjing'', which lacks Manchu language, is okay?--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 02:52, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==

以汉译国语，俾中外胥习国语，既不解佛之第一义谛，而皆知尊君亲上、去恶从善，不亦可乎？是则朕以国语译《大藏》之本意，在此不在彼也。[14]9;[16]28（[16]庄吉发.国立故宫博物院典藏《大藏经》满文译本研究[A].庄吉发.清史论集（三）[C].台北：文史哲出版社，1998：27-96.）

They translated the book from Chinese into Manchu Language, Let everyone learn Manchu Laguage, Even if they don’t understand the First Substance of the Buddhist scriptures, will still know that the emperor himself on the linem，To remove the bad parts and follow the good parts，Isn't it a good thing? That’s why I wanted to translate the ''Tripitaka'' in Manchu Language. [14]9;[16]28（[16] Chuang Chi-fa. A Study of the Manchu Language Version of ''Tripitaka'' from the Collection of the Palace Museum [A]. Chuang Chi-fa. Collection of Qing History (III)[C].Taipei：Literature ,History and philosophy Press，1998：pp 27-96.)--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 02:43, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

Translate the Tripitaka from Mandarin into Manchu so that everyone can learn Manchu. Although they do not understand the true meaning of Buddhist scripts, they all know that they should respect the monarch and do good. Isn't that also useful?Therefore, the original intention of my order to translate the Tibetan Tripitaka into Manchu is for this goal.[14]9;[16]28 ([16] Zhuang Jifa. A Study of the Manchu Language Version of ''the Tibetan Tripitaka''from the Collection of thePalace Museum [A]. Zhuang Jifa. Collection of Qing History (III)[C].Taipei：Literature ,History and philosophy Press，1998：pp 27-96.)--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 07:35, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==

上文中，清楚地表明了乾隆帝谕令翻译此经的用意，总结起来无外乎三点：其一，《大藏经》已有汉、藏、蒙语三种译本，独缺满文本，这一点与满洲为天下主的社会现实格格不入；其二，满语既为国语，则必须维持，并强化其学习，翻译《大藏经》这样的佛教经典乃是达成此目的的重要途径；其三，《大藏经》的翻译虽不能使人东西佛之第一义谛，但通过研习其中教义，也能使人尊君亲上，去恶扬善，培养人伦纲常观念。固然，《大藏经》的翻译并非乾隆朝佛经翻译的全部，但却是其中关系最切，最具代表性者，它所蕴含的政治、文化目的贯穿于所有佛教经典的翻译之中。

The above clearly shows the intention of Emperor Qianlong's order to translate this sutra. To sum up, there are no more than three points:First, there are three versions of the Tibetan Tripitaka in Chinese, Tibetan and Mongolian, but there is a lack of full texts, which is incompatible with the social reality that Manchuria is the master of the world.Second, since Manchu has been the national language, it is necessary to maintain and strengthen its learning, and the translation of Buddhist scriptures such as the Tibetan Tripitaka is an important way to achieve this goal.Third, although the translation of the Tibetan Tripitaka can not make people understand the true meaning of Buddha, through the study of its teachings, it can also make people respect the monarch and relatives, eliminate evil and promote good, and cultivate the concept of human relations.Of course, the translation of the Tripitaka is not the whole translation of Buddhist sutras in Emperor Qianlong Period, but it is the most relevant and representative one, and its political and cultural purpose runs through all the translation of Buddhist scriptures.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 06:42, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

The above clearly expresses Emperor Qianlong's intentions to tranlate Tripitaka.To sum up, there are no more than three points. Firstly, Tripitaka was already translated in Chinese, Tibetan and Mongolian. But it was never translated in Manchu, which was incompatible with the fact that Manchu was the master of China. Secondly, as Manchu was the offical language, it was nessary to maintain its position and promote its leanring by others. Translating the Buddhist calssic work "Tripitaka" was an important way to achieve this goal. Thirdlly, translating Tripitaka could not enable people to understand its true meaning, but it push people to respect the emperor and parents, promote goodnes and get rid of bad behaviors, and cultivate ethical codes. However, Tripitaka, not the only Buddhist classic work translated in the period of Emperor Qianlong,is the closest translation work and the most representative one. Its political and cultural purpose behind translation runs through all the translations of Buddhist classics.--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 10:21, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==

五、汉书翻译的文化统制意涵。清初统治者对待汉文化的整体态度不尽相同，这一点毋庸置疑。日本学者安部健夫曾将清代中、前期的文化政策分为三个阶段，分别是“偶然华化期”、“积极华化期”和“消极华化期”。其中，太祖、太宗时期的文化政策属于第一个阶段，顺治、康熙二朝属于第二个阶段，雍、乾、嘉、道四朝则属于第三个阶段。[17]5-11

Five: The culture dominates the meaning in the process of translating Chinese classics. It is generally admitted that the rulers of the Qing Dynasty have slightly different attitudes toward Han Culture. The cultural policies of the early and middle Qing Dynasty once were divided into three stages by Japanese scholar Anbu Jianfu. They are "Accidental Chinese Transformation", "Active Chinese Transformation" and "Passive Chinese Transforamtion". Thereinto, the cultural policy of Qing Taizu and Qing Taizong belongs to the first stage, Shunzhi and Kangxi's the second stage and Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang's the third stage. {17}5-11 --[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 15:53, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

Five: The culture dominates the meaning in the process of translating Chinese classics. There is no doubt that the overall attitude of the rulers in the early Qing Dynasty towards Han Culture was different. Japanese scholar Abe Takeo has divided the cultural policies of the Middle and Early Qing Dynasties into three stages, namely, "Accidental Chinese Transformation", "Positive Chinese Transformation" and "Passive Chinese Transforamtion". Among them, the cultural policy of Taizu and Taizong in Qing Dynasty belongs to the first stage, Shunzhi and Kangxi's the second stage and Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang's the third stage.{17}5-11--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 13:27, 17 October 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==

（[17]安部健夫.清朝史の構造とその動因[A].安倍健夫.清代史の研究[C].東京：創文社，1981：5-11.）然而，统治者态度由积极转向消极，并不意味着满、汉文化接触的广度与深度由高走低，而只能说明统治者面对满、汉文化地位的此消彼长，所产生的民族文化意识的觉醒。虽然满洲统治者为了维护满洲文化于不坠，提倡“清语骑射”的基本国策，但又不得不进行文化整合，选择以汉文化作为国家的主流价值。

（[17]Abe Takeo.The structure of Qing Dynasty history and its causes[A].Abe Takeo.Research on the History of Qing Dynasty[C].Tokyo:Creation Society，1981：5-11.）However, the change of the ruler's attitude from positive to negative does not mean that the breadth and depth of cultural contact between Manchuria and Han has changed from high to low, but only indicates the awakening of the ruler's national cultural consciousness when facing the change of manchuria and Han's cultural status.Although manchurian rulers advocated the basic state policy of ''Chinese riding and shooting'' in order to maintain Manchurian culture, they had to carry out cultural integration and chose Han culture as the mainstream value of the country.--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 01:57, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

（[17] Anbu Jianfu. The Structure and Formative Agent of Qing Dynasty History[A].Anbu Jianfu. The Research of the History of Qing Dynasty[C].Tokyo：Chuangwen Club,1981：5-11.） However,governor's attitude changing from positive to negative didn't mean that the contact between Manchu culture and Han culture decreased in breadth and depth, but only showed that governor's ethical cultural consciousness awakened in the face of the changing culrural status of Manchu and Han. Although Manchu governor advocated "Manchu language and equestrian archery" as the basic state polic in order to protect Manchu culture from decling, they had to carry on cultural integration in which Han culture was choosed as the mainstream value of the country.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 02:06, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==

正是在这样一种看似矛盾，而又颇显自然的文化态度中，以文化“统制”和文化建设为目的的汉书翻译事业得以进行。事实上，早在太宗时期，由于满人尚居关外，不识汉字，又罔知政体，汉书的翻译可用于“临政规范”，以及国家的治理模式。[4]5325顺治年间，阿什坦译成《大学》、《中庸》等书后，世祖以它们作为倡导礼义教化的工具。

It is in such a seemingly contradictionary but quite natural cultural attitude that the translation of Han Shu could be proceeded aiming at cultural "harmonization and regualtion" and cultural development. Actually, as early as Taizong Period, transalation of Han Shu could be used for the "standard form of handling affairs" and also the governance model of the country, because Manchu didn't know Chinses characters or regime as they lived outside of Shanhai Pass. [4]5325 During the reign of Shunzhi, Emporer regarded ''The Great Learning'' and ''The Doctrine of the Mean'' translated by A Shitan as the tool to advocate moral tool.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 14:37, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

It is exactly in such a seemingly contradictory but also natural attitude towards culture can the translation of Han Book with the purpose of cultural "unification" and cultural construction proceed. In fact, at the period of Taizong, the transalation of Han Book could be used for the "standard form of handling affairs" and also the governance model of the country, because Manchu didn't know Chinses characters or regime as they lived outside of Shanhai Pass. [4]5325 During the Shunzhi period, Emperor regarded ''The Great Learning'' and ''The Doctrine of the Mean'' translated by A'Shitan as the tool to advocate morality.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 10:36, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==

总之，汉文经、史的译印有助于端正满洲的人心风俗，使满、汉文化互通有无。就连《诗经》中提到的各种花草树木、鸟兽虫鱼等，也对拓展满人见闻，增进满、汉交流颇有助益。[18]222-223（[18]叶高树.《诗经》满文译本比较研究——以《周南》、《召南》为例[J].国立台湾师范大学历史学报，1992（20）：219-234.）

In short, the translation and prints of Chinese classics and history can help correct Manchurian's morality and custom, and furthermore strengthen the mutual understanding between Manchu and Han culture. Even the flowers,trees,birds,beasts,insects,fish etc mentioned in the ''Book of Songs'' somewhat have helped expand Manchurian's knowledge and enhance the intercommunication between Manchu and Han.[18]p.222-223. (Ye,Gaoshu. ''The Comparative Study of the Manchu Translation On The Book of Songs---Cases Study of Zhounan and Zhaonan.'', Bulletin of Historical Research of National Taiwan Normal University, No.20(1992):p.219-234.)--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 02:38, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

In short, the translation and prints of Han classical and historical works can help correct Manchurian’s morality and custom, and furthermore strengthen the mutual understanding between Manchu and Han culture. Even various kinds of flowers, trees, birds, beasts, insects, fish mentioned in the “Book of Songs” somewhat have helped expand Manchurian’s knowledge and enhance the inter communication between Manchu and Han.[18]222-223([18]Ye Gaoshu. “The Comparative Study of the Manchu Translations of Book of Songs—Case Study of Zhounan and Zhaonan.”Journal of the History of National Taiwan Normal University No.20(1992):p.219-234.)--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 02:58, 13 October 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==

诚然，有清一代，并非只有官方组织翻译汉书，私人译书也很盛行。据《世界满文文献目录》可知，清代的私人译书历时悠久，范围广泛，于经、史、子、集皆有涉猎，且翻译成书之后，往往有不同刻本、抄本。仅以小说、戏曲为例，二者的满文译本便多达四十六种。[19]47-53

To be sure, it was not only official organizations that translated Chinese books, but private person also liked to do that during Qing Dynasty. According to the Catalogue of Manchu Documents in the World, the private translation of books in the Qing Dynasty has a long history and a wide range, covering a subset of Classic historical. And after being translated into books, they often had different engraved books and copies. Taking novels and operas as examples, there were as many as forty six Manchu versions of them.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 15:29, 12 October 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

To be sure, it was not only official organizations that translated Han Shu, but private person also liked to do that during Qing Dynasty. According to the Catalogue of Manchu Documents in the World, the private translation of books in the Qing Dynasty has a long history and a wide range, covering classical works, historical works, philosophical works, and prose and poetry, the four categories of a traditional Chinese library. And after being translated into books, they often had different engraved books and transcripts. Taking novels and operas as examples, there were as many as forty six Manchu versions of them.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 01:49, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==

（[19]富力.世界满文文献目录[Z].北京：中国民族古文字研究会，1983.）但官方翻译汉书与私人译书不同，无论在译书的取材上，还是在译书的组织管理上，又或在译书的颁行上，都有其不同于私人译书的特殊考量。即便是《三国志（通俗演义）》这样的通俗文学作品，译成满文后也被赋予了兵法与战略意义。

（[19] Fuli. The Catalogue of Manchu Documents in the World [Z]. Beijing: Chinese Association for Ancient Scripts of National Minorities, 1983.)
However, official translation of Han Shu was different from private translation. There were special considerations different from private translation, whether in the selection of materials, the organization of translation, or the promulgation of translation. Even popular literary works such as the Three Kingdoms (Popular Romance) had been given military and strategic significance after being translated into Manchu.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 15:13, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

Fuli. The Catalogue of Manchu Documents in the World [Z]. Beijing: Chinese Association for Ancient Scripts of National Minorities, 1983.)
However,different from private translations of Han Books,the official one was special in the selection of materials, the organization or the promulgation of translation. Even such popular literary works as the ''Three Kingdoms'' (Popular Romance) had been given military and strategic significance after being translated into Manchu script.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 02:52, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==

显然，以满文遍译汉书，尤其是经、史、子、集等，并不是为了显示满语语文系统的优越性，所谓“精微巧妙，实小学家所未有”，而是为了“表章经学，天下从风”，通过翻译“研究微言，讲求古义”，进行文化沟通。[3]91藉由汉文典籍的翻译，满洲统治者不仅了解了汉族文化，而且在接触与学习中获得了“统制”汉民的重要经验，使满洲政权在性质上逐渐向“中原政权”转化，最终实现治统与道统的合一。而乾隆朝时期，尤其是乾、嘉二朝年间，统治者对于汉籍翻译的成效，也的确颇感自豪。

Obviously, the purpose of translating Han Books into Manchu scripts,especially the confucian classics,historical books,works of pre-Qin period as well as poetry collections ,was not to show the superiority of the Manchu language system,but to"make the study of Confucian classics known and followed by the world",as was said" other schools can never be as profound and subtle as the Confucianism", to enable cultural communication by means of"studying the profound and subtle language in search of reasons and moral principles"
With the help of translation, Manchu rulers could not only understood the Han culture, but also gained important experience in "governing and controlling" the Han people in the process of contact and learning, which gradually transformed the nature of the Manchurian regime into"the regime of the central plains" and realized the unity of governance and Taoism. During the reign of emperor Qianlong, the rulers were indeed proud of the achievement in the translation of Han books.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 13:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

Obviously, the purpose of translating the books of Han into Manchu scripts,especially the confucian classics, historical books, works of pre-Qin period as well as poetry collections ,was not to show the superiority of the Manchu language system, but to"make the study of Confucian classics known and followed by the world",as was said" other schools can never be as profound and subtle as the Confucianism", to enable cultural communication by translating"studying the profound and subtle language in search of reasons and moral principles"
With the help of translation, Manchu rulers could not only understood the Han culture, but also gained important experience in "governing and controlling" Han people in the process of contacting and learning, which gradually transformed the nature of the Manchurian regime into"the regime of the central plains" and realized the unity of governance of ruling and Taoism. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the rulers were indeed proud of the achievement in the translation of Han books.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 14:57, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==

《钦定八旗通志》中说：列圣以来，表章经学，天下从风，莫不研究微言，讲求古义，尤非前代之所及。故先译《四书》，示初学之津梁。至于《五经》、《易》则略象数之跡，示其吉凶；《书》则疏佶屈之词，归于显易；《诗》则曲摹其咏叹，而句外之寄讬可思；《春秋》则细核其异同，而一字之劝惩毕见；《礼记》则名物度数考订必详，精理名言推求必当，尤足破讲家之聚讼。
Imperially Commisioned "Genealogies of Eight Banners" said: "Since the previous dynasties, ''Six meridians''highly praised, the whole society were indulged and made a study of it. Never before has there been such a study of ancient meanings in any dynasty." Therefore, The Four Books was translated first as the bridge for the beginners. As for ''The Five Classics'' and ''The Book of Changes'', they slightly speculated about changes in the universe or human life to indicate the good luck and bad luck; ''The Book of History''explained the hard and difficult words and turned them into intelligible content; ''The Book of Songs''imitates the aria but worth thinking about the implications between the lines; while ''Spring and Autumn Annals'' examines its similarities and differences so the advice and punishment can be seen; In ''Book of Rites'', everything's name and information must be detailed and principles and sayings must be appropriate, especially various and different opinion.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 02:49, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

Imperially Commisioned "Genealogies of Eight Banners" said: "Since the previous dynasties, “Six meridians”highly praised, the whole society were indulged and studied it. Never before has there been such a study of ancient meanings in any dynasty." Therefore, The Four Books was translated first as the bridge for the beginners. As for “The Five Classics”and “The Book of Changes”, they slightly speculated about changes in the universe or human life to indicate the fate; “The Book of History”explained the hard and difficult words in an intelligible way; “The Book of Songs”imitates the aria but worth thinking about the implications between the lines; while ''Spring and Autumn Annals'' examines its similarities and differences so the advice and punishment can totally be seen; In “Book of Rites”, everything's name and other information must be detailed.Besides,principles and sayings must be appropriate, especially various and different opinions.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 05:46, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==

盖先儒之诂经，多株守其文，故拘泥而鲜通；此篇之诂经，则疏通其意，故明白而无误。不立笺（jiān）传之名，不用注疏之体，而唇吻轻重之间，自然契删述之微旨，厥有由矣。……其有裨于文教，均为至大。虽尧帝之文章，尼山之删定，又何以加于兹哉。[20]5-6

It was said that most of previous confucionists'classical texts stuck to the original words, so the texts were not clear and coherent enough to make it understood:And this classical text was written clearly to convey the meaning which can make readers understand the meaning accurately. The text was not in the name of notes, not in the style of notes, but in a detailed and appropriate way to explain the connotation and theme of the text.So when readers opened their mouth and read it, they can automatically understand the profound meaning which was omitted.It all made sense ......It was of great benefit to culture and education which were the most important aspect in society. Although Emperor Yao wrote the article and Ni Shan revised it, but how can it surpass this article?--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 05:49, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

mostly abide by its text, so it is rigid and fresh--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 07:16, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==

（[20]（清）铁保等.钦定八旗通志[Z].景印清嘉庆四年刻本.台北：台湾学生书局，1968.）上文提到的《四书》等汉文典籍多为乾隆朝所译，其中《四书》译成于乾隆二十年，《易》（即《周易》）、《诗》（即《诗经》）、《礼记》和《春秋》等分别译成于乾隆三十年、三十三年、四十八年和四十九年。官方在翻译上述书籍的过程中，将经典的章句训诂含扩于译文之内，目的就是为了化解时人对于经义的歧见，统一学术，帮助统治者实现文化“统制”。[3]87

（[20]（Qing）Tie Bao et al. Imperial Eight Banners Tongzhi [Z]. Jing Yin Qing Jiaqing four years engraved edition. Taipei: Taiwan students publishing company, 1968.) Above the "four books" and so on Chinese classics translation in the qianlong dynasty, the "Four books" into in qianlong 20 years, "Yi" (i.e. I Ching), "Poem" （i.e. The book of songs), "The rites" and "The spring and autumn" and so on are translated in qianlong 30 years, 33 years, 48 and 49 years. In the process of the translation of the above-mentioned books, the official included the classic chapters and sentences into the translation, in order to resolve the differences of people's opinions on the classics, unify the academic, and help the rulers to realize the cultural "control".--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 00:53, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

（[20]（Qing）Tie Bao et al. Imperial Eight Banners Tongzhi [Z]. Jing Yin Qing Jiaqing the fourth year engraved edition. Taipei: Taiwan students publishing company, 1968.) Above the "four books" and so on Chinese classics were mostly translated in Qianlong period, in which the "Four books" were translated in the 20th year ruled by Qianlong, "Yi" (i.e. I Ching), "Poem" （i.e. The book of songs), "The rites" and "The spring and autumn" and so on are respectively translated in the year 30, 33, 48 and 49 under the reign of Qianlong. In the process of the translation of the above-mentioned books, the official included the classic chapters and sentences into the translation in order to resolve the differences of people's opinions on the classics, unify the academic, and help the rulers to realize the cultural "reign".[3]87--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 01:57, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==

如康熙四十七年，《清文鉴》编成，此举使满文的“大经大法，咸有依据；一话一言，式循典制。”[7]13康熙五十六年，为整理并规范蒙古语文，圣祖敕令以蒙文翻译《清文鉴》，纂成《清文合蒙古鉴》。然而，逮乾隆三十八年，高宗以“语言文字之传，不能不随方随时，代为变易”为由，纂成《御制增订清文鉴》。
For example, in the forty-seventh year under the reign of Kangxi during Qing dynasty, the book ''Qing Wen Jian'' was composed, which made "every article and code in Man has its basis, and each sentence and word in Man in accordance with a typical system."[7]13 In the fifty-sixth year ruled by Kangxi, in order to organize and standardize Mongolian language, the emperor ordered to translate ''Qing Wen Jian'' with Mongolian so that ''Qing Wen Jian With Mongolian'' was composed. However, in the year thirty-eight reined by Qianlong, Gaozong the emperor wrote ''Qing Wen Jian the Official and Revised Edition'' on the excuse that "the transmitting way of language and characters has to be kept changing as time goes by and places change".
--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 01:48, 13 October 2021 (UTC)
For example, in the forty-seventh year under the reign of Kangxi emperor during Qing dynasty, the book ''Qing Wen Jian'' was composed, which made "every article and code in Manchu has its basis, and each sentence and word in Manchu in accordance with a typical system."[7]13 In the fifty-sixth year ruled by Kangxi emperor, in order to organize and standardize Mongolian language, the emperor ordered to translate ''Qing Wen Jian'' with Mongolian so that ''Qing Wen Jian With Mongolian'' was composed. However, in the year thirty-eight reined by Qianlong, Gaozong the emperor wrote ''Qing Wen Jian the Official and Revised Edition'' on the excuse that "the transmitting way of language and characters has to be kept changing as time goes by and places change".--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 02:20, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==

该书以词目分类，以满汉合璧形式呈现，所谓“国书之左，译以汉音”，而“汉书之右，译以国书”，以便“读者因汉文可以通国书，因国书可以通汉文”，使人人共晓，并“昭示来兹，为万万世同文之准”。[21]1-2（[21]（清）傅恒等.御制增订清文鉴[M].台北：台湾商务印书馆，1986.）《御制增订清文鉴》成书后，乾隆帝又以“前书只载国语、汉语，而未及蒙古”为由，仿前例敕撰《满洲蒙古汉字三合切音清文鉴》，并于嗣后相继编成《御制四体清文鉴》和《御制五体清文鉴》。
The book is categorised by words and presented in a combined Manchu-Chinese format, so that "in this book on the left side of the Manchu language, there is a column with Chinese pronunciation to comment", and "on the right side of the Chinese language, there is a column translated into Manchu",so that "readers can see the Chinese to understand the Manchu language, see the Manchu language can understand the Chinese language", so that all people can understand the two languages, and "to future generations of the world to show that such a writing becomes the table of reference for all ages". [21]1-2 ([21] (Qing) Fu Heng et al. Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian [M]. (Taipei: Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986.) After the completion of the ''Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian'' , Emperor Qianlong, on the grounds that "The first book only recorded Manchu and Chinese, but not Mongolian", hereby compiled ''Manzhou Menggu Hanzi sanhe qieyin Qingwen jian'', which was subsequently compiled into ''Manchu Polyglot Dictionary''and ''Pentaglot Dictionary''.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 16:03, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

The book is classified by words and presented in a combined Manchu-Chinese form，so that "in this book on the left side of the Manchu language, there is a column with Chinese pronunciation to comment", and "on the right side of the Chinese language, there is a column translated into Manchu",so that "readers can see the Chinese characters to understand the Manchu language, see the Manchu language can understand the Chinese language likewise", so all people can understand the two languages, and "to future generations of the world to show such a writing becomes the table of reference for all ages". [21]1-2 ([21] (Qing) Fu Heng et al. Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian [M]. (Taipei: Taiwan Commercial Press, 1986.) After the completion of the ''Yuzhi zengding Qingwen jian'' , Emperor Qianlong, on the grounds that "The first book only recorded Manchu and Chinese, but not Mongolian", hereby compiled ''Manzhou Menggu Hanzi sanhe qieyin Qingwen jian'', which was subsequently compiled into ''Manchu Polyglot Dictionary''and ''Pentaglot Dictionary''.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 01:02, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==

在上述书籍的翻译与编纂过程中，乾隆帝不断赋予其“同文”和“大同”的文化意涵，从不同民族文字皆具备“载道”能力的理念出发，借由翻译和比对的方式，在不同民族文化之间，实现沟通观念，强化统治的目的。结语。满清开国以来，历代君主皆勤于学习汉族历史与文化，以汲取统治经验。
In the process of translating and compiling the above books, Emperor Qianlong constantly endowed them with the cultural meaning of "Tongwen" and "Datong". Starting from the idea that different national languages have the ability to "carry Tao", he realized the purpose of communicating ideas and strengthening rule between different national cultures by means of translation and comparison. Conclusion：Since the founding of the Manchu and Qing Dynasties, monarchs of all dynasties have been diligent in learning the history and culture of the Han nationality in order to learn from the ruling experience.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 06:43, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

In the process of translating and compiling the above books, Emperor Qianlong constantly endowed them with the cultural connotation of "Tongwen" and "Datong". Starting from the idea that different national languages have the ability to "carry Tao", he realized the purpose of communicating ideas and strengthening ruling within different national cultures by means of translation and comparison. Conclusion：Since the founding of the Manchu and Qing Dynasties, all previous emperors have been diligent in learning the history and culture of the Han nationality in order to learn the ruling experience from them.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:18, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==

汉书翻译基于特定的历史情境，和国家的长治久安，将重点放在经、史、子、集等汉族文化精粹及典章制度之上，为统治者探求、调整统治策略与统治理论提供了契机。特别是康、雍、乾三朝年间，民族交往日益频密，民族关系逐渐缓和，民族融合渐趋提高，汉书的翻译与进讲更为诸帝所重。由于统治者皆以德教学术为治国之本，力崇道德教化、为国修政、忠于人君，汉书翻译遂被赋予德治与教化功能。

The translation of History of the Han Dynasty, which was based on specific historical circumstance and the lasting political stability of the country, emphasized the decrees and regulations as well as the essence of Han culture such as the history, philosophy and literature of Confucian classics, etc. The translation of History of the Han Dynasty also provided an opportunity for the rulers to explore and adjust governing strategies and theories. Especially during the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, ethnic exchanges became increasingly frequent, ethnic relations gradually eased and ethnic integration much improved. Therefore, the emperors paid more attention to the translation and interpretation of History of the Han Dynasty. The rulers all regarded the moral education as the foundation of governing the country, which highly recommended political improvement of the country and loyalty to the monarch. For this reason, the translation of History of the Han Dynasty was endowed with the function of cultivation and ruling by the morality.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 02:03, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

The translation of History of the Han Dynasty, which was based on specific historical circumstance and the lasting political stability of the country, emphasized the decrees and regulations as well as the essence of Han culture such as the history, philosophy and literature of Confucian classics, etc. The translation of History of the Han Dynasty also provided an opportunities for the rulers to explore and adjust governing strategies and theories. Especially during the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, ethnic exchanges became increasingly frequent; ethnic relations gradually eased; ethnic integration much improved. Therefore, the emperors paid more attention to the translation and interpretation of History of the Han Dynasty. The rulers all regarded the moral education as the foundation of governing the country, which highly recommended political improvement of the country and loyalty to the monarch. For this reason, the translation of History of the Han Dynasty was endowed with the function of cultivation and ruling by the morality.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 10:20, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==

总之，清初的汉书翻译既非简单的“以夏变夷”，也非简单的“以夷变夏”，而是在翻译中着眼于满、汉之间的交流、沟通与互鉴，政治意涵与文化意涵并存。*基金项目：① 教育部人文社科基金项目“清代中前期翻译政策研究”②湖南省社会科学基金项目“清代中前期翻译政策的具体形态与变化轨迹研究”，项目批准号：20YBA131；③ 湖南省教育厅重点项目“清代中前期翻译政策研究”，项目批准号：20A222。

In summary, the translation of The History of the Han Dynasty is neither simply to use the Central Plains Culture to influence the culture of the tribes outside it, nor to change it by cultures of other tribes. The translation highlights the communication and mutual learning between Man minority and Han nationality. It also emphasizes the coexistence of political implications and culture implications. Fundation Projects:① Foundation Projects of the Ministry of Education of China, Humanities and Social Sciences " The Research on Translation Policy During Early and Middle Qing Dynasty" ② Research Foundation of Social Sciences of Hunan Province, China" The Translation Policy's Specific Form and Trajectory of Change During Early and Middle Qing Dynasty" , Grant No. 20YBA131; ③Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Human Province, China", Grant No.20A222.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 01:29, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

In summary, the translation of Han History is neither simply to use the Central Plains Culture to influence the culture of the tribes outside it, nor to change it by cultures of other tribes. It highlights the communication and the mutual learning between Man minority and Han nationality and emphasizes the coexistence of political implications and culture implications in its translation. Fundation Projects:① Foundation Projects of the Ministry of Education of China, Humanities and Social Sciences " The Research on Translation Policy During Early and Middle Qing Dynasty" ② Research Foundation of Social Sciences of Hunan Province, China" The Translation Policy's Specific Form and Trajectory of Change During Early and Middle Qing Dynasty" , Grant No. 20YBA131; ③Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Human Province, China", Grant No.20A222.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 01:53, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==

清初的旗学教育与翻译人才培养：教材、课业与考课
——基于绥远城官学的考察*
摘要：旗学之兴系清初统治者重教政策的延续与发展。太祖和太宗年间，虽然旗学尚未创设，但文教与翻译之风渐行，以讲解汉籍译本作为教育旗人的手段由来已久，为嗣后设立旗学，开展旗学教育创造了条件。
The Education of Banner studies and the training of translation talents in the early Qing Dynasty: textbooks, courses and examinations-based on the investigation of Suiyuan authority.
Abstract: The prosperity of Banner studies reflects the continuation and development of the educational policy that the rulers attached importance to in the early Qing dynasty.
During the reign of Emperor Taegu and Emperor Taejon, although the Banner studies had not yet been established, the cultural education and translation became popular. It has been a long time that the translation of Chinese books was used as a means to educate flag-bearers, which created conditions for the establishment of Banner studies’ education.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 01:21, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

The Banner Education and the Cultivation of Translation Specialist in the Early Qing Dynasty: Teaching Materials, Homework and Examination -- Based on the Investigation of suiyuan City Official Schools
Abstract: The rise of the banner schools was the continuation and development of the policy of emphasizing education of rulers in the early Qing Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Taizu and Emperor Taizong, although the banner school was not yet established, culture, education and translation gradually spread, and interpreting the translation of Chinese books as a means of teaching the banner people had a long history, which created conditions for the establishment of banner school and the development of banner education.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 08:46, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==

自顺治朝设立国子监八旗官学，至康熙朝增设专门教育机构，雍正朝普及八旗教育，以及乾隆朝以后八旗教育由盛转衰，清初的旗学教育不仅提高了旗人的文化素质和官员处理政务的能力，而且提升了旗人的语言能力，培养了大量翻译专才。从一开始，旗学教育便明确地指向了翻译，不仅严格要求翻译教习的选拔与任用，而且也对翻译教材的使用、翻译课业的形式、翻译考课的等次，以及教习与学生的期满考核等，制定了具体章程。

From the establishment of the Eight Banners official school of the Imperial Academy in the reign of Shunzhi to the establishment of special educational institutions in the reign of Kangxi, the popularization of the Eight Banners Education in the reign of Yongzheng, and the decline of the Eight Banners Education after the the reign of Qianlong, in the early Qing Dynasty, the Banners' education not only improved the cultural quality of the Banner people and the ability of officials to deal with government affairs, but also enhanced the language ability of the Banner people and cultivated a large number of translation specialists. From the very beginning, the purpose of the Banners' education is for translation, which not only strictly requires the selection and appointment of translation teachers, but also formulates specific regulations on the use of translation teaching textbooks, the form of translation homework, the order of translation examination, as well as the expiration assessment of teachers and students.
--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 15:13, 16 October 2021 (UTC)
From the Shunzhi Dynasty to the establishment of the Eight Banners official school to the establishment of special educational institutions of the Kangxi dynasty, the popularization of the Eight Banners education in the Yongzheng dynasty to the decline of the Baqi education after the Qianlong dynasty, the ability of government affairs has also improved the language ability of people, and cultivated a large number of translation professionals. From the very beginning, The education of "banners" studies has clearly pointed to translation. It not only strictly requires the selection and appointment of translation teaching, but also the use of translation materials, the form of translation tasks, the order of translation exams, and the duration of teaching and students. Full assessment, formulated specific regulations.--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 12:58, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==

总之，旗学教育既维护了满洲特色，又增进了民族交流，为解决国家治理对于翻译人才的需求做出了重要贡献。
关键词：旗学翻译教育教材课业与考课绥远城官学

清代的旗学教育始于顺治朝，但追根溯源与太祖朝以来的语言创制与教育密不可分。后金政权建立之前，女真族没有自己的文字，民间交往和官方往来只能通过蒙古语及其翻译进行。

In short, the education of "qi" studies not only maintains Manchurian characteristics, but also enhances national exchanges, and has made important contributions to solve the needs of national governance for translators.
Key words: "qi" Studies, Translation Education, Textbooks, Assignments and Tests, Suiyuan City Official School
The education of "qi" studies in the Qing Dynasty began in the Shunzhi Dynasty, but the tracing of its roots is inseparable from the language creation and education since the Taizu Dynasty. Before the establishment of the Houjin regime, the Jurchens did not have their own scripts, and non-governmental and official exchanges could only be carried out through Mongolian language and its translation.

In a word, the Banners education not only maintains the characteristics of Manchuria, but also promotes the cultural exchanges between nations, making important contributions to solving the needs of national governance for translation talents.
Key words: the Banner education, translation educational, textbook,coursework and examination,Suiyuan City official School
The education of the Banners education in Qing Dynasty began in shunzhi Dynasty, but its origin is closely related to language creation and education since Nurhachi period. Before the establishment of the post-Jin regime, the Nuzhen people did not have their own script, and the folk and official communication could only be carried out through the Mongolian language and its translation.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 10:39, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==

太祖创建后金政权伊始，便授意“巴克什”额尔德尼、噶盖等创建“无圈点满文”（老满文）。老满文的创建既方便了部民交流和公文书写，也使得政事记载和汉书翻译变得容易。在翻译的汉文典籍帮助下，如《论语》、《孟子》、《史记》和《资治通鉴》等，太祖得以学习汉族的思想精粹和政治观念。
After the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty founded the jin regime, he instructed Baksi(a title for scholars in the Qing Dynasty) Erdeni, Gaide and others to create the Manchu without circle and point (old Manchu). The establishment of old Manchu not only facilitated the communication between tribe men and the writing of official documents, but also made it easy to record political affairs and translate Han books. In the process of translating Chinese classics, such as ''The Analects of Confucius'', ''Mencius'', ''Records of the Historia''n and ''History as a Mirror'', he was able to learn the ideological essence and political ideas of the Han people.
--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 14:29, 12 October 2021 (UTC)

After the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty founded the Post-Jin regime, he instructed Baksi(a title for scholars in the Qing Dynasty) Erdeni, Gaide and others to create the Manchu without circle and point (old Manchu). The establishment of old Manchu not only facilitated the communication between tribe men and the writing of official documents, but also made it easy to record political affairs and translate Han Shu. With the help of translating Chinese classics, such as ''The Analects of Confucius'', ''The Works of Mencius'', ''Historical records'',and ''History as a Mirror'', he was able to learn the ideological essence and political ideas of the Han nationality.

--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 08:48, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==

与此同时，太祖又令“颁经书以宏文教”，“尚骑射翻译以重国文”，通过“国文”、“骑射”巩固所谓民族之“本”，并通过“文教”、“翻译”提升旗人素质。[ 张廷玉等奉敕撰：《皇朝文献通考》，上海：鸿宝书局，1902年，第5435页。]语言创制的完成不仅使得旗人教育成为现实，也使得统治者试图在翻译中汲取汉族经验成为可能。

At the same time, Taizu ordered to "publish scriptures to carry forward cultural education", "advocate riding and shooting translation to attach importance to national language", consolidate the so-called "foundation" of the nation through "national language" and "riding and shooting"and improve the quality of Manchurian through "cultural education" and "translation". [Written by Zhang Tingyu and others who received the orders of the emperor: a general examination of imperial documents, Shanghai: Hongbao publishing house, 1902, P. 5435.] the completion of language creation not only made the education of the Manchurian a reality, but also made it possible for the rulers to learn from the Han nationality in translation.

At the same time, Taizu ordered to "publish scriptures to carry forward cultural education", "advocate riding and shooting translation to attach importance to national literature", consolidate the so-called "foundation" of the nation through "national
literature＂ and "riding and shooting", and improve the quality of Manchurian through "cultural education" and "translation". [Written by Zhang Tingyu and others who received the orders of the emperor: a general examination of imperial documents, Shanghai: Hongbao publishing house, 1902, P. 5435.] the completion of language creation not only made the education of the Manchurian a reality, but also made it possible for the rulers to learn from the Han nationality in translation.--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 15:14, 16 October 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 15:15, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562==

《满文老档》中说，太祖曾命博布黑、萨哈廉等八人为八旗师傅，赐其“巴克什”称号，令其精心教习八旗子弟，要求“教之通晓者赏之”，而“弟子不勤学不通晓书文者罪之”，开启旗人教育之先例。[ 中国第一历史档案馆译注：《满文老档》，北京：中华书局，1990年，第1196-1197页。]太宗期间，旗人的学习和教育亦受重视。

According to the 《Manchu script》, the emperor Taizu once appointed eight people, including Bo buhei and sahalian, as masters of the eight banners, and gave them the title of "Baksh", so that they could carefully teach the children of the eight banners, and asked that""If teach the disciples to understand, they will be rewarded", while "If the disciples don't study hard and don't understand calligraphy, they will be punished" which opening a precedent for Manchu's education. [translated note of China's first historical archives: old 《Manchu script》, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1990, pp. 1196-1197.] during the reign of Emperor Taizong, the study and education of Manchu were also valued.

According to Manchu Script, the Emperor Taizu( the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty) once appointed 8 person as teachers of the Eight Banners and rewarded them with the title of Baksh, including Bobuhei, Sahalian. The teachers were required to teach the offspring of the eight-banners. If they can understand, they will be rewarded while if not, they will be punished, which stands a precedent for Manchu's education.[Quoted from China's first historical archives:《Manchu script》, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1990, pp. 1196-1197.] During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the study and education of Manchu were also valued.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 12:33, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

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