China Studies Wiki - User contributions [en]

Machine Trans EN 15

2022-02-25T10:31:09Z

Yang Ye:

Machine Translation: Advantage or Disadvantage for the Human Translator

Mariam Touré 2020GBJ002301 Hunan Normal University
==1-Abstract==
Breaking language barriers has been one of the ultimate goals to achieve in terms of globalization. The scarcity of human translator as compare to the demand for it is considerable hence introducing machine translation (MT) services was a logical step to take because one can not always get hold of a translator when needed. That being said, one must ask himself if the introduction of Artificial intelligence in this case applied to translation is an advantage or a disadvantage to the human translators.
This paper intends to discuss whether machine translation is going to enhance the efficiency of human translators or deprive them of their job.

==2-Key words==
Machine translation, globalization, human translator, artificial intelligence

==3-Introduction==
By definition translation is a written or spoken expression of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language. (The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Machine translation is the process of using artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically translate content from one language (the source) to another (the target) without any human input. Translation is not a new concept to mankind, but there has been a tremendous change with globalization, which has been defined as 'the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life' (Held et al., 1999: 2).

The technological advancements allowed the introduction of machines to the existing discipline aiming to solve the problem of accessibility, time efficiency and cost. This advancement of technology like any other was welcome, as it appeared to be what human translation needed. But looking at the definition of machine translation, it is only fair to ask oneself few questions like: is machine translation going to erase human translation? What could the inconveniences of having machine convey our messages? And is there any way to create a balance between human translation and machine translation for the greater good?

==4- Brief History of machine translation:==
The origin of machine translation also known as automatic translation in non-English speaking countries traces back to the seventeenth century and it only became a reality in the twentieth century. In 1933 with two patents issued in France and Russia to Georges Artsrouni and Petr Trojanskij respectively. Artsrouni's patent was for a general-purpose machine, which could also function as a mechanical multilingual dictionary. Artsrouni's patent was for a general-purpose machine, which could also function as a mechanical multilingual dictionary. Trojanskij'upgraded the concept of multilingual dictionary by making proposals for coding and interpreting grammatical functions using universal' (Esperanto-based) symbols in a multilingual translation device.1946 and 1947 Andrew Booth (a British crystallographer) and Warren Weaver teamed up and put forward the first tentative ideas for using the newly invented computers for translating natural languages without having an insight on the precursors mentioned above.
949 Warren Weaver (a director at the Rockefeller Foundation) put forward specific proposals for tackling the obvious problems of ambiguity (or 'multiple meanings'), based on his knowledge of cryptography, statistics, information theory, logic and language universals. The decade of the 1950s and 1960s saw the beginnings of the three basic approaches to machine translation (MT). The first was the 'direct translation' model, where programming rules were developed for the translation specifically from one source language (SL) into one particular target language (TL) with a minimal amount of analysis and syntactic reorganization and this approach was rather ambiguous. The second approach which was the 'interlingua' model, based on abstract language-neutral representations (codes or symbols independent of both SL and TL), where translation would then be in two stages, from SL to interlingua and from interlingua to TL attempted to get rid of those ambiguities. The third one or the 'transfer approach', where conversion was through a transfer stage from abstract (i.e. disambiguated) representations of SL texts to equivalent TL representations; in this case, translation comprised three stages: analysis, transfer, and generation (or synthesis) was a much simpler approach but the direct approach was still used by most people.

The Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee (ALPAC) was introduced in 1964 to examine the situation of the machine translation problems and its 1966 report titled " Languages and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics." Was undeniably one of the most important events in the history of MT. The report highlighted the failures of the tentative around MT since its introduction and seemed to have been a follow to an influential survey by, Bar-Hillel (1960) in which he criticized the prevailing assumption that the goal of MT research should be the creation of fully automatic high quality translation (FAHQT) systems producing results indistinguishable from those of human translators. He argued that it was not merely unrealistic, given the current state of linguistic knowledge and computer systems, but impossible in principle. His pessimistic observation would be questioned due to the advancement of Artificial intelligence and the fact that are getting closer and closer to the dream of a fully automated translator. In the 1970s the third approach stated above received a lot more attention for the purpose of a full-automated translation.
The first approach to MT was known as rule based approach until 1989, when the corpus based methods were introduced.
The corpus-based methods are the origin of the current evolution that is used by almost every one.

==5-The positive impact of machine translation ==
As stated in the introduction as well as the abstract machine translation is a must, because of the lower cost, accessibility, flexibility and speed. It is helping in man ways with the worldwide use of Internet. One of the most common use of it is Google translation which is defined as an automatic machine-translation service provided by Google Inc. It translates one written source language to another directly or with English as a medium (Boitet et al. 2009) And has proven to be a life savior. For instance if one goes to another country and have difficulties finding anyone to communicate with, the person can get to any place where there is a Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi is the same word everywhere so you can read on the door of a Cafe or any place that might have it) and Google what he wants to say even just a key word and get a result within seconds and receive assistance. Nowadays people are keen to travel because machine translation made it easy to break the language barrier.

Content creations have a greater use for it, they can easily translate their content to allow people from many places to interact and share with them. This is a great example of globalization as people have different talent, tips and thoughts to share. Most content creators don't make enough money at the begging of their carrier to hire a human translator anytime they need one. It is not cost efficient to hire a human to translate a content into more than three languages in the least considering that most human translator don't speak more than three languages therefore aren't really flexible. MT researchers are upgrading the list of languages on different applications and devices continuously and it is not easy for a human to learn a new language and master it enough to translate at the same speed.

Human translation is influenced by the characteristics of source-target language transfer, cultural context and individual translator’s translation ability (Bassnett and Lefevere 1992; Wong and Shen 1999) while MT isn't affected by these factors.

==6-Comparison of the limitations of both human and machine translation: ==
===6.1- translation affected by culture and emotions===
Human translation is influenced by the characteristics of source-target language transfer, cultural context and individual translator’s translation ability (Bassnett and Lefevere 1992; Wong and Shen 1999). Human translation is still required for the good functioning of MT and is still better suited for literary text translation, and sign language. Understanding the cultural background of bothe target language and source can minimize translation errors and avoiding offending one party or the other. Additionally, MT tools have problems translating cultural context such as idiomatic expressions.

===6.2- internet dependence of MT unlike Human translation ===
All the limitations related to MT could not possibly be spoken about this essay hence the author will stick to the relevant ones and will take the Chinese language as an example to provide a clearer view on this. We must start with its dependence on the internet, in underdeveloped countries the access to internet is still challenging, MT depends exclusively on a good network except for the dictionary apps that are available on phones and of course those can only translate words and cannot help much to communicate efficiently while human translator can do the job without the internet.
Here are some few limitations of both in relation to specific factors:

===6.3-Limitations of MT related to literary texts===
Aiken et al. (2009) and Seljan et al. (2011) determine that MT is shown to be domain specific and is especially useful for gist translation, i.e. yielding an understandable meaning even if the grammar was garbled. MT has a gap in translatability when translating untranslatable words.
It's is nearly impossible to separate literary translation from humans participation because it it affected by the emotions, the cultural background thus a human translator can accurately give an authentic translated material. Machines can not take into account the differences of background from the source language to the target language and they can't convey the authors message with the emotions and perceptions he or she wants to share with the reader without twisting the meaning. In the article entitled machine translation of literature: implications for translation pedagogy, the authors Abdul Fattah Omar and Yasser A. Gomaa in their case study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of applying machine translation systems to literature with the purpose of identifying the challenges that may have negative impacts on the reliability of machine translation systems. In order to do this they used to stories: Harry Potter by j.k .Rowlings and the black cat by Edgar Allan by comparing their own translation and that of other humans. They concluded that MT was somehow adequate for both prose translation and literary translation, but argued that the use of human intervention, specifically, in regard to translation, can provide, evidently, the most accurate form of translation, with respect to correct translation of idioms, grammar and colloquial understandings. But it still important to point out that human translation highly depend on personal ability thus getting a little assistance from MT might be the solution in terms of high accuracy and completeness.

===6.4-Limitations of human translation related to time and space===
the main limitation of human translators is irrevocably the problem of time and space. In a globalized world people wish to move freely and communicate efficiently anywhere they go. Human translators are practitioners in their field, they are often working in structures or even if their offering freelance services it is highly focused on official documents translation unlike machines that would translating anything at any given time as long as one has a machine in hand and an internet connection. In some places there aren't many skilled translators so the scarcity of it makes the machines more reliable despite their inability to give a high quality translation specifically in third world countries where freelance isn't even known. For instance if a student goes abroad for studies, there is a content need for translation, firstly because the person might have challenges with the new language and secondly because of the new technical world employed during lectures. It is impossible for this student to get anyone at their disposal to help with communication. Humans have to rest therefore they are not available 24/7 while machines don't need to rest, one is always at ease using them on a phone, a laptop or a desktop in a Cafe. It's only fair to talk about speed, humans cannot translate as fast as machines, they translate within seconds, if a person is given a document to translate same as a computer, there is no way he is going to finish before the computer does. When I comes to flexibly in terms of time and space MT is definitely a more sustainable approach to translation.

===6.5-Machine translation for sign languages===
There is approximately more than 200 different sign languages commonly use by disabled people like deaf people or the ones that can not speak correctly or completely mute. With the help of neural computing and applications, researchers have compiled sign language or depositories comprising of gestures. Similarly, algorithms have been proposed to translate the natural language into sign language, which is subsequently converted into gestures using avatar technology. The avatar technology has been developed to meet the needs of this minority (around five percent of the global population) to access translation services and have a semi- normal life experience. An avatar is an image that represents one party in a collaborating argument. The avatar may represent a human being since it operates like an agent of any application system used for this purpose. It is a build in element of interactivity and it responds to the user's need and requests by providing a clear insightful rapid link to a database in a simple manner. For example Microsoft has created multilingual avatar-based translations system that translates natural language to 8 different sign language avatars. This shows the strength of MT because many human translators only deal with natural languages and cannot translate into a single sign language let alone many. Although there is a lot to improve in MT in order to help this minority, the possibility of MT meeting their translation needs is far more realistic than humans improving to meet their special needs. The majority of the world populations are able to talk and hear and there isn't enough translators to satisfy the normal needs for translation, hence it will be absurd to put that responsibility on the humans to meet the special need of minority groups. The limitations of MT in language of sign language are the Lack of sizeable data sets and low accuracy. Humans are still pretty much on the top of their game when it comes to translating sign language even if they don't master all the 200 and above models of it.
===6.6-Limitations of human Machine translation related to cost ===
Machine translation is cost efficient compare to human translation. With Google translate one only need to pay for Internet but the amount of words or sentences translated doesn't affect the cost. Most full automated apps used for translation are paid monthly and do not account for the size of documents whereas human translators charge according to the size and complexity of the document. When a documents contain technical words and calculations people charge more because they are paid by the time and amount of effort spent in doing the work. Nevertheless Human are irreplaceable in infrastructures and official business because MT still has a lot of improvement to do. When official document are translated, they need to be stamped to show where the job has been done. Human translators are better at doing the official jobs because they can adapt the content to grammatical, vocabulary differences between 2 languages. The average price per word translated according to statistics is 0.10$ (us DOLLAR) and the average translation app run by humans cost 20 to 150 dollars per hour. Also when translating a degree there is a need to stamp the document to show how reliable the translator is, the reason being that it is still human that exclusively translate them. Because of the stamp and the certifications and regulations attached to that human translators has to be expensive for they are held responsible for quality and eligibility of their work on an official level. So far machines haven't been eligible to translate official documents or books(which falls into the context of literature). It explains the cost of bestseller books that are translated in different languages to give access to a wider and diverse audience. An author can surely afford a translator but a content creator could not possibly pay 0.10$ per word for his work which lead them to contempt with the poor translation services offered by platforms like Google translation on their literary work.

===6-7-Limitations of MT in relation with chinglish7-Limitations of MT in relation with chinglish===
There is a huge gap between Chinese language and English when it comes to translating, Chinese is spoken by 1.6billion people around the world and the economical and technological impact of China as a country makes machine translation important for the purpose of buisiness relationships that China entertains with all the other countries around the globe. English and Chinese are currently the most powerful and spoken languages in the world which makes it important to upgrade the translation tools used for the two languages in order to make communication easier. The errors made by MT related to this are: sentence structure ( example: the place of the verb in the sentence),the non-existence of some words like "the " and "is" in Chinese or Chinese vocabulary like dragon, subject-verb mistranslation , difference in grammar and cultural sensibility.

The concept of Chinese English shows the impact of the two influential language. Chinese English can be defined as the mistranslation of the English language that is influenced by the Chinese culture and language. According to Wang (2012), the causes of Chinese English include syntactic transfer from Chinese, influences of the Chinese thought patterns, and inadequate cultural awareness. An simple and accurate example of Chinese English can be found in Jing (2007): “Pulling someone's leg” in English means you are joking with someone, while a Chinese person who is not familiar with the idiom thinks that it literally means someone is trying to pull someone else's leg. In the previous example it's obvious that if one uses MT, the machine will not take the cultural background of the two languages. The competence of professional Chinese translators is required because MT is limited and ultimately people users have to decrease their expectations. You Dao dictionary is the most used MT tool in China by student and few of them have access to Google translation. Students in China cannot use you Dao or even Google translate to translate their academic work without falling into the mistranslation trap or sentence structure trap.
The awareness around the cultural background in Chinese language is very important because of the mindset; the lack of cultural awareness is the major problem in English Chinese translation.

==7- Conclusion:==
Machine translation is not ready to erase humans simply because it needs humans to be updated and meet the needs of users. The data sets used for MT Devices lack vocabulary givin8g that languages change a lot. The above limitations stated include both humans and Machines limitations hence demonstrate that they are complementary and a good way to create a balance between the two would be to have more competent human translators specially regarding the cultural aspect of languages, and have them consistently update the database in order to offer a more accurate database. Human translators must put machines at their service to speed up their rate of work to help content creators and freelancers to touch a wider audience.
Additionally by using machine to speed up their work human translators could be more accessible in terms of price and ultimately attract more people, and maintain their role in the world.

==8-refrences ==
Abdulfattah Omar , Yasser A. Goma,.June 2020. The machine translation of literature : implications for translation pedagogy. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (ijet) 15(11):228

Aiken, M., Ghosh, K., Wee, J., & Vanjani, M. (2009). An evaluation of the accuracy of online translation systems. Communications of the IIMA, 9(4), 67.

Bassnett, S., and Lefevere, A. 1992. Translation, History and Culture. London: Cassell.

Bar-Hillel, Y. 1960. “The present status of automatic translation of languages.” Advances in Computers 1, 91-163.

Booth, A. D. (ed.) 1967. Machine translation. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Boitet, C., Hervé B., Mark S., and Valérie B. 2009. Evolution of MT with the Web. In Proceedings of the Conference Machine Translation 25 Years On, 1-13. Cranfield: Bedfordshire.

Brazill, Shihua, "CHINESE TO ENGLISH TRANSLATION: IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS AND PROVIDING SOLUTIONS" (2016). Graduate Theses & Non-Theses. 71.

Held, D., 'Democracy, the Nation‐state and the Global System', in Held, D. (ed.), Political Theory Today, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1991, p. 202.Google Scholar

Hutchins, W.J. 1988. “Recent developments in machine translation: a review of the last five years.” In: Maxwell, D. et al. (eds.) New directions in machine translation, 9-63. Dordrecht: Foris.

Hutchins, W.J. 1994. “Research methods and system designs in machine translation: a ten-year review, 1984-1994.” In: Machine Translation, Ten Years On, 12-14 November 1994, Cranfield University. 16pp.

Uzma farooq et al,.June 2020.I
Advances in machine translation for sign language: approaches, limitations, and challenges.
under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2021

Seljan, S., Brkić, M., & Kučiš, V. (2011, January). Evaluation of free online machine translations for Croatian-English and English-Croatian language pairs. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Future of Information Sciences: INFuture2011Information Sciences and e-Society (pp. 331-345).

Wong, D., and Shen, D. 1999. Factors Influencing the Process of Translating. Meta: Journal des Traducteurs [Meta: Translators' Journal] 44(1): 78-100.

Machine Trans EN 15

2022-02-25T10:29:58Z

Yang Ye:

=Machine Translation: Advantage or Disadvantage for the Human Translator=

Mariam Touré 2020GBJ002301 Hunan Normal University
==1-Abstract==
Breaking language barriers has been one of the ultimate goals to achieve in terms of globalization. The scarcity of human translator as compare to the demand for it is considerable hence introducing machine translation (MT) services was a logical step to take because one can not always get hold of a translator when needed. That being said, one must ask himself if the introduction of Artificial intelligence in this case applied to translation is an advantage or a disadvantage to the human translators.
This paper intends to discuss whether machine translation is going to enhance the efficiency of human translators or deprive them of their job.

==2-Key words==
Machine translation, globalization, human translator, artificial intelligence

==3-Introduction==
By definition translation is a written or spoken expression of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language. (The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. Machine translation is the process of using artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically translate content from one language (the source) to another (the target) without any human input. Translation is not a new concept to mankind, but there has been a tremendous change with globalization, which has been defined as 'the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life' (Held et al., 1999: 2).

The technological advancements allowed the introduction of machines to the existing discipline aiming to solve the problem of accessibility, time efficiency and cost. This advancement of technology like any other was welcome, as it appeared to be what human translation needed. But looking at the definition of machine translation, it is only fair to ask oneself few questions like: is machine translation going to erase human translation? What could the inconveniences of having machine convey our messages? And is there any way to create a balance between human translation and machine translation for the greater good?

==4- Brief History of machine translation:==
The origin of machine translation also known as automatic translation in non-English speaking countries traces back to the seventeenth century and it only became a reality in the twentieth century. In 1933 with two patents issued in France and Russia to Georges Artsrouni and Petr Trojanskij respectively. Artsrouni's patent was for a general-purpose machine, which could also function as a mechanical multilingual dictionary. Artsrouni's patent was for a general-purpose machine, which could also function as a mechanical multilingual dictionary. Trojanskij'upgraded the concept of multilingual dictionary by making proposals for coding and interpreting grammatical functions using universal' (Esperanto-based) symbols in a multilingual translation device.1946 and 1947 Andrew Booth (a British crystallographer) and Warren Weaver teamed up and put forward the first tentative ideas for using the newly invented computers for translating natural languages without having an insight on the precursors mentioned above.
949 Warren Weaver (a director at the Rockefeller Foundation) put forward specific proposals for tackling the obvious problems of ambiguity (or 'multiple meanings'), based on his knowledge of cryptography, statistics, information theory, logic and language universals. The decade of the 1950s and 1960s saw the beginnings of the three basic approaches to machine translation (MT). The first was the 'direct translation' model, where programming rules were developed for the translation specifically from one source language (SL) into one particular target language (TL) with a minimal amount of analysis and syntactic reorganization and this approach was rather ambiguous. The second approach which was the 'interlingua' model, based on abstract language-neutral representations (codes or symbols independent of both SL and TL), where translation would then be in two stages, from SL to interlingua and from interlingua to TL attempted to get rid of those ambiguities. The third one or the 'transfer approach', where conversion was through a transfer stage from abstract (i.e. disambiguated) representations of SL texts to equivalent TL representations; in this case, translation comprised three stages: analysis, transfer, and generation (or synthesis) was a much simpler approach but the direct approach was still used by most people.

The Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee (ALPAC) was introduced in 1964 to examine the situation of the machine translation problems and its 1966 report titled " Languages and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics." Was undeniably one of the most important events in the history of MT. The report highlighted the failures of the tentative around MT since its introduction and seemed to have been a follow to an influential survey by, Bar-Hillel (1960) in which he criticized the prevailing assumption that the goal of MT research should be the creation of fully automatic high quality translation (FAHQT) systems producing results indistinguishable from those of human translators. He argued that it was not merely unrealistic, given the current state of linguistic knowledge and computer systems, but impossible in principle. His pessimistic observation would be questioned due to the advancement of Artificial intelligence and the fact that are getting closer and closer to the dream of a fully automated translator. In the 1970s the third approach stated above received a lot more attention for the purpose of a full-automated translation.
The first approach to MT was known as rule based approach until 1989, when the corpus based methods were introduced.
The corpus-based methods are the origin of the current evolution that is used by almost every one.

==5-The positive impact of machine translation ==
As stated in the introduction as well as the abstract machine translation is a must, because of the lower cost, accessibility, flexibility and speed. It is helping in man ways with the worldwide use of Internet. One of the most common use of it is Google translation which is defined as an automatic machine-translation service provided by Google Inc. It translates one written source language to another directly or with English as a medium (Boitet et al. 2009) And has proven to be a life savior. For instance if one goes to another country and have difficulties finding anyone to communicate with, the person can get to any place where there is a Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi is the same word everywhere so you can read on the door of a Cafe or any place that might have it) and Google what he wants to say even just a key word and get a result within seconds and receive assistance. Nowadays people are keen to travel because machine translation made it easy to break the language barrier.

Content creations have a greater use for it, they can easily translate their content to allow people from many places to interact and share with them. This is a great example of globalization as people have different talent, tips and thoughts to share. Most content creators don't make enough money at the begging of their carrier to hire a human translator anytime they need one. It is not cost efficient to hire a human to translate a content into more than three languages in the least considering that most human translator don't speak more than three languages therefore aren't really flexible. MT researchers are upgrading the list of languages on different applications and devices continuously and it is not easy for a human to learn a new language and master it enough to translate at the same speed.

Human translation is influenced by the characteristics of source-target language transfer, cultural context and individual translator’s translation ability (Bassnett and Lefevere 1992; Wong and Shen 1999) while MT isn't affected by these factors.

==6-Comparison of the limitations of both human and machine translation: ==
===6.1- translation affected by culture and emotions===
Human translation is influenced by the characteristics of source-target language transfer, cultural context and individual translator’s translation ability (Bassnett and Lefevere 1992; Wong and Shen 1999). Human translation is still required for the good functioning of MT and is still better suited for literary text translation, and sign language. Understanding the cultural background of bothe target language and source can minimize translation errors and avoiding offending one party or the other. Additionally, MT tools have problems translating cultural context such as idiomatic expressions.

===6.2- internet dependence of MT unlike Human translation ===
All the limitations related to MT could not possibly be spoken about this essay hence the author will stick to the relevant ones and will take the Chinese language as an example to provide a clearer view on this. We must start with its dependence on the internet, in underdeveloped countries the access to internet is still challenging, MT depends exclusively on a good network except for the dictionary apps that are available on phones and of course those can only translate words and cannot help much to communicate efficiently while human translator can do the job without the internet.
Here are some few limitations of both in relation to specific factors:

===6.3-Limitations of MT related to literary texts===
Aiken et al. (2009) and Seljan et al. (2011) determine that MT is shown to be domain specific and is especially useful for gist translation, i.e. yielding an understandable meaning even if the grammar was garbled. MT has a gap in translatability when translating untranslatable words.
It's is nearly impossible to separate literary translation from humans participation because it it affected by the emotions, the cultural background thus a human translator can accurately give an authentic translated material. Machines can not take into account the differences of background from the source language to the target language and they can't convey the authors message with the emotions and perceptions he or she wants to share with the reader without twisting the meaning. In the article entitled machine translation of literature: implications for translation pedagogy, the authors Abdul Fattah Omar and Yasser A. Gomaa in their case study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of applying machine translation systems to literature with the purpose of identifying the challenges that may have negative impacts on the reliability of machine translation systems. In order to do this they used to stories: Harry Potter by j.k .Rowlings and the black cat by Edgar Allan by comparing their own translation and that of other humans. They concluded that MT was somehow adequate for both prose translation and literary translation, but argued that the use of human intervention, specifically, in regard to translation, can provide, evidently, the most accurate form of translation, with respect to correct translation of idioms, grammar and colloquial understandings. But it still important to point out that human translation highly depend on personal ability thus getting a little assistance from MT might be the solution in terms of high accuracy and completeness.

===6.4-Limitations of human translation related to time and space===
the main limitation of human translators is irrevocably the problem of time and space. In a globalized world people wish to move freely and communicate efficiently anywhere they go. Human translators are practitioners in their field, they are often working in structures or even if their offering freelance services it is highly focused on official documents translation unlike machines that would translating anything at any given time as long as one has a machine in hand and an internet connection. In some places there aren't many skilled translators so the scarcity of it makes the machines more reliable despite their inability to give a high quality translation specifically in third world countries where freelance isn't even known. For instance if a student goes abroad for studies, there is a content need for translation, firstly because the person might have challenges with the new language and secondly because of the new technical world employed during lectures. It is impossible for this student to get anyone at their disposal to help with communication. Humans have to rest therefore they are not available 24/7 while machines don't need to rest, one is always at ease using them on a phone, a laptop or a desktop in a Cafe. It's only fair to talk about speed, humans cannot translate as fast as machines, they translate within seconds, if a person is given a document to translate same as a computer, there is no way he is going to finish before the computer does. When I comes to flexibly in terms of time and space MT is definitely a more sustainable approach to translation.

===6.5-Machine translation for sign languages===
There is approximately more than 200 different sign languages commonly use by disabled people like deaf people or the ones that can not speak correctly or completely mute. With the help of neural computing and applications, researchers have compiled sign language or depositories comprising of gestures. Similarly, algorithms have been proposed to translate the natural language into sign language, which is subsequently converted into gestures using avatar technology. The avatar technology has been developed to meet the needs of this minority (around five percent of the global population) to access translation services and have a semi- normal life experience. An avatar is an image that represents one party in a collaborating argument. The avatar may represent a human being since it operates like an agent of any application system used for this purpose. It is a build in element of interactivity and it responds to the user's need and requests by providing a clear insightful rapid link to a database in a simple manner. For example Microsoft has created multilingual avatar-based translations system that translates natural language to 8 different sign language avatars. This shows the strength of MT because many human translators only deal with natural languages and cannot translate into a single sign language let alone many. Although there is a lot to improve in MT in order to help this minority, the possibility of MT meeting their translation needs is far more realistic than humans improving to meet their special needs. The majority of the world populations are able to talk and hear and there isn't enough translators to satisfy the normal needs for translation, hence it will be absurd to put that responsibility on the humans to meet the special need of minority groups. The limitations of MT in language of sign language are the Lack of sizeable data sets and low accuracy. Humans are still pretty much on the top of their game when it comes to translating sign language even if they don't master all the 200 and above models of it.
===6.6-Limitations of human Machine translation related to cost ===
Machine translation is cost efficient compare to human translation. With Google translate one only need to pay for Internet but the amount of words or sentences translated doesn't affect the cost. Most full automated apps used for translation are paid monthly and do not account for the size of documents whereas human translators charge according to the size and complexity of the document. When a documents contain technical words and calculations people charge more because they are paid by the time and amount of effort spent in doing the work. Nevertheless Human are irreplaceable in infrastructures and official business because MT still has a lot of improvement to do. When official document are translated, they need to be stamped to show where the job has been done. Human translators are better at doing the official jobs because they can adapt the content to grammatical, vocabulary differences between 2 languages. The average price per word translated according to statistics is 0.10$ (us DOLLAR) and the average translation app run by humans cost 20 to 150 dollars per hour. Also when translating a degree there is a need to stamp the document to show how reliable the translator is, the reason being that it is still human that exclusively translate them. Because of the stamp and the certifications and regulations attached to that human translators has to be expensive for they are held responsible for quality and eligibility of their work on an official level. So far machines haven't been eligible to translate official documents or books(which falls into the context of literature). It explains the cost of bestseller books that are translated in different languages to give access to a wider and diverse audience. An author can surely afford a translator but a content creator could not possibly pay 0.10$ per word for his work which lead them to contempt with the poor translation services offered by platforms like Google translation on their literary work.

===6-7-Limitations of MT in relation with chinglish7-Limitations of MT in relation with chinglish===
There is a huge gap between Chinese language and English when it comes to translating, Chinese is spoken by 1.6billion people around the world and the economical and technological impact of China as a country makes machine translation important for the purpose of buisiness relationships that China entertains with all the other countries around the globe. English and Chinese are currently the most powerful and spoken languages in the world which makes it important to upgrade the translation tools used for the two languages in order to make communication easier. The errors made by MT related to this are: sentence structure ( example: the place of the verb in the sentence),the non-existence of some words like "the " and "is" in Chinese or Chinese vocabulary like dragon, subject-verb mistranslation , difference in grammar and cultural sensibility.

The concept of Chinese English shows the impact of the two influential language. Chinese English can be defined as the mistranslation of the English language that is influenced by the Chinese culture and language. According to Wang (2012), the causes of Chinese English include syntactic transfer from Chinese, influences of the Chinese thought patterns, and inadequate cultural awareness. An simple and accurate example of Chinese English can be found in Jing (2007): “Pulling someone's leg” in English means you are joking with someone, while a Chinese person who is not familiar with the idiom thinks that it literally means someone is trying to pull someone else's leg. In the previous example it's obvious that if one uses MT, the machine will not take the cultural background of the two languages. The competence of professional Chinese translators is required because MT is limited and ultimately people users have to decrease their expectations. You Dao dictionary is the most used MT tool in China by student and few of them have access to Google translation. Students in China cannot use you Dao or even Google translate to translate their academic work without falling into the mistranslation trap or sentence structure trap.
The awareness around the cultural background in Chinese language is very important because of the mindset; the lack of cultural awareness is the major problem in English Chinese translation.

==7- Conclusion:==
Machine translation is not ready to erase humans simply because it needs humans to be updated and meet the needs of users. The data sets used for MT Devices lack vocabulary givin8g that languages change a lot. The above limitations stated include both humans and Machines limitations hence demonstrate that they are complementary and a good way to create a balance between the two would be to have more competent human translators specially regarding the cultural aspect of languages, and have them consistently update the database in order to offer a more accurate database. Human translators must put machines at their service to speed up their rate of work to help content creators and freelancers to touch a wider audience.
Additionally by using machine to speed up their work human translators could be more accessible in terms of price and ultimately attract more people, and maintain their role in the world.

==8-refrences ==
Abdulfattah Omar , Yasser A. Goma,.June 2020. The machine translation of literature : implications for translation pedagogy. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (ijet) 15(11):228

Aiken, M., Ghosh, K., Wee, J., & Vanjani, M. (2009). An evaluation of the accuracy of online translation systems. Communications of the IIMA, 9(4), 67.

Bassnett, S., and Lefevere, A. 1992. Translation, History and Culture. London: Cassell.

Bar-Hillel, Y. 1960. “The present status of automatic translation of languages.” Advances in Computers 1, 91-163.

Booth, A. D. (ed.) 1967. Machine translation. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Boitet, C., Hervé B., Mark S., and Valérie B. 2009. Evolution of MT with the Web. In Proceedings of the Conference Machine Translation 25 Years On, 1-13. Cranfield: Bedfordshire.

Brazill, Shihua, "CHINESE TO ENGLISH TRANSLATION: IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS AND PROVIDING SOLUTIONS" (2016). Graduate Theses & Non-Theses. 71.

Held, D., 'Democracy, the Nation‐state and the Global System', in Held, D. (ed.), Political Theory Today, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1991, p. 202.Google Scholar

Hutchins, W.J. 1988. “Recent developments in machine translation: a review of the last five years.” In: Maxwell, D. et al. (eds.) New directions in machine translation, 9-63. Dordrecht: Foris.

Hutchins, W.J. 1994. “Research methods and system designs in machine translation: a ten-year review, 1984-1994.” In: Machine Translation, Ten Years On, 12-14 November 1994, Cranfield University. 16pp.

Uzma farooq et al,.June 2020.I
Advances in machine translation for sign language: approaches, limitations, and challenges.
under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2021

Seljan, S., Brkić, M., & Kučiš, V. (2011, January). Evaluation of free online machine translations for Croatian-English and English-Croatian language pairs. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Future of Information Sciences: INFuture2011Information Sciences and e-Society (pp. 331-345).

Wong, D., and Shen, D. 1999. Factors Influencing the Process of Translating. Meta: Journal des Traducteurs [Meta: Translators' Journal] 44(1): 78-100.

Machine translation

2022-02-25T10:25:55Z

Yang Ye:

'''Machine Translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?'''

[[Machine_translation|Overview Page of Machine Translation]]

30 Chapters（0/30)

[[Machine_Trans_EN_1]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_2]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_3]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_4]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_5]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_6]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_7]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_8]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_9]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_10]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_11]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_12]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_13]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_14]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_15]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_16]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_17]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_18]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_19]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_20]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_21]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_22]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_23]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_24]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_25]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_26]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_27]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_28]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_29]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_30]] ...

[[Book_projects|Back to translation project overview]]

[[DCG-To-Do|To the To Do list]]

=Chapter 1:A Comparison Between the Quality of Machine Translation and Human Translation——A Case Study of the Application of artificial intelligence in Sports Events=
'''论机器翻译与人工翻译的质量对比——以人工智能在体育赛事领域的应用为例'''

卫怡雯 Wei Yiwen, Hunan Normal University, China

[[Machine_Trans_EN_1]]

=Chapter 2：On the Realm Advantages and Mutual Development of Machine Translation and Huamn Translation)=
'''论机器翻译与人工翻译的领域优势及共同发展'''

肖毅瑶 Xiao Yiyao, Hunan Normal University, China

[[Machine_Trans_EN_2]]

=Chapter 3: -Missing-=

[[Machine_Trans_EN_3]]

=Chapter 4 : A Comparison Between Machine Translation of Netease and Traditional Human Translation—A Case Study of The Economist Articles)=
'''网易有道机器翻译与人工翻译的译文对比——以经济学人语料为例'''

王李菲 Wang Lifei, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_4]]

=Chapter 5: Muhammad Saqib Mehran - Problems in translation studies=
[[Machine_Trans_EN_5]]

=6 徐敏赟(Machine Translation Based on Neural Network --Challenge or Chance?)=
[[Machine_Trans_EN_6]]

=Chapter 7: The Cultivation of artificial intelligence and translation talents in the Belt and Road Initiative=
[[Machine_Trans_EN_7]]

一带一路背景下人工智能与翻译人才的培养

颜莉莉 Yan Lili, Hunan Normal University, China

=Chapter 8: On Machine Translation Under Lanuguage Intelligence——An Option and Opportunity for Human Translators=
'''论语言智能下的机器翻译——译者的选择与机遇'''

颜静 Yan Jing, Hunan Normal University, China

[[Machine_Trans_EN_8]]

=9 谢佳芬（ Machine Translation and Artificial Translation in the Era of Artificial Intelligence）=
人工智能时代下的机器翻译与人工翻译

谢佳芬 Xie Jiafen ,Hunan Normal University, China

[[Machine_Trans_EN_9]]

=Chapter 10 熊敏 Research on the English Chinese Translation Ability of Machine Translation for Various Types of Texts=
机器翻译对各类型文本的英汉翻译能力探究

熊敏, Xiong Min, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_10]]

=Chapter 11 Study on Pre- editing of Machine Translation - A Case Study of Medical Abstracts=

机器翻译的译前编辑研究——以医学类文摘为例

陈惠妮 Chen Huini, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_11]]

Written by --[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 04:58, 15 December 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

=Chapter 12 The Mistranslation of C-J Machine Translation of Political Statements=

机器翻译中政治发言中译日的误译

蔡珠凤 Cai Zhufeng, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_12]]

=Chapter 13 Study on Post-editing from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory=

陈湘琼, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_13]]
=Chapter 14 Machine Translation a Challenge for Human Translators=

Bi bi Nadia, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_14]]
=Chapter 15 Machine Translation: Advantage or Disadvantage for the Human Translator=

Mariam Touré, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_15]]

Machine translation

2022-02-25T10:23:21Z

Yang Ye:

'''Machine Translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?'''

[[Machine_translation|Overview Page of Machine Translation]]

30 Chapters（0/30)

[[Machine_Trans_EN_1]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_2]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_3]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_4]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_5]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_6]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_7]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_8]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_9]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_10]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_11]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_12]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_13]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_14]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_15]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_16]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_17]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_18]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_19]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_20]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_21]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_22]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_23]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_24]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_25]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_26]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_27]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_28]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_29]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_30]] ...

[[Book_projects|Back to translation project overview]]

[[DCG-To-Do|To the To Do list]]

=Chapter 1:A Comparison Between the Quality of Machine Translation and Human Translation——A Case Study of the Application of artificial intelligence in Sports Events=
'''论机器翻译与人工翻译的质量对比——以人工智能在体育赛事领域的应用为例'''

卫怡雯 Wei Yiwen, Hunan Normal University, China

[[Machine_Trans_EN_1]]

=Chapter 2：On the Realm Advantages and Mutual Development of Machine Translation and Huamn Translation)=
'''论机器翻译与人工翻译的领域优势及共同发展'''

肖毅瑶 Xiao Yiyao, Hunan Normal University, China

[[Machine_Trans_EN_2]]

=Chapter 3: -Missing-=

[[Machine_Trans_EN_3]]

=Chapter 4 : A Comparison Between Machine Translation of Netease and Traditional Human Translation—A Case Study of The Economist Articles)=
'''网易有道机器翻译与人工翻译的译文对比——以经济学人语料为例'''

王李菲 Wang Lifei, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_4]]

=Chapter 5: Muhammad Saqib Mehran - Problems in translation studies=
[[Machine_Trans_EN_5]]

=6 徐敏赟(Machine Translation Based on Neural Network --Challenge or Chance?)=
[[Machine_Trans_EN_6]]

=Chapter 7: The Cultivation of artificial intelligence and translation talents in the Belt and Road Initiative=
[[Machine_Trans_EN_7]]

一带一路背景下人工智能与翻译人才的培养

颜莉莉 Yan Lili, Hunan Normal University, China

=Chapter 8: On Machine Translation Under Lanuguage Intelligence——An Option and Opportunity for Human Translators=
'''论语言智能下的机器翻译——译者的选择与机遇'''

颜静 Yan Jing, Hunan Normal University, China

[[Machine_Trans_EN_8]]

=9 谢佳芬（ Machine Translation and Artificial Translation in the Era of Artificial Intelligence）=
人工智能时代下的机器翻译与人工翻译

谢佳芬 Xie Jiafen ,Hunan Normal University, China

[[Machine_Trans_EN_9]]

=Chapter 10 熊敏 Research on the English Chinese Translation Ability of Machine Translation for Various Types of Texts=
机器翻译对各类型文本的英汉翻译能力探究

熊敏, Xiong Min, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_10]]

=Chapter 11 Study on Pre- editing of Machine Translation - A Case Study of Medical Abstracts=

机器翻译的译前编辑研究——以医学类文摘为例

陈惠妮 Chen Huini, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_11]]

Written by --[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 04:58, 15 December 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

=Chapter 12 The Mistranslation of C-J Machine Translation of Political Statements=

机器翻译中政治发言中译日的误译

蔡珠凤 Cai Zhufeng, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_12]]

=Chapter 13 Machine Translation: Advantage or Disadvantage for the Human Translator=

陈湘琼, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_13]]
=Chapter 14 Machine Translation: Advantage or Disadvantage for the Human Translator=

Mariam Touré, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_14]]

Machine translation

2022-02-25T10:20:01Z

Yang Ye:

'''Machine Translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?'''

[[Machine_translation|Overview Page of Machine Translation]]

30 Chapters（0/30)

[[Machine_Trans_EN_1]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_2]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_3]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_4]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_5]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_6]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_7]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_8]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_9]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_10]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_11]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_12]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_13]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_14]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_15]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_16]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_17]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_18]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_19]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_20]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_21]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_22]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_23]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_24]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_25]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_26]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_27]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_28]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_29]] [[Machine_Trans_EN_30]] ...

[[Book_projects|Back to translation project overview]]

[[DCG-To-Do|To the To Do list]]

=Chapter 1:A Comparison Between the Quality of Machine Translation and Human Translation——A Case Study of the Application of artificial intelligence in Sports Events=
'''论机器翻译与人工翻译的质量对比——以人工智能在体育赛事领域的应用为例'''

卫怡雯 Wei Yiwen, Hunan Normal University, China

[[Machine_Trans_EN_1]]

=Chapter 2：On the Realm Advantages and Mutual Development of Machine Translation and Huamn Translation)=
'''论机器翻译与人工翻译的领域优势及共同发展'''

肖毅瑶 Xiao Yiyao, Hunan Normal University, China

[[Machine_Trans_EN_2]]

=Chapter 3: -Missing-=

[[Machine_Trans_EN_3]]

=Chapter 4 : A Comparison Between Machine Translation of Netease and Traditional Human Translation—A Case Study of The Economist Articles)=
'''网易有道机器翻译与人工翻译的译文对比——以经济学人语料为例'''

王李菲 Wang Lifei, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_4]]

=Chapter 5: Muhammad Saqib Mehran - Problems in translation studies=
[[Machine_Trans_EN_5]]

=6 徐敏赟(Machine Translation Based on Neural Network --Challenge or Chance?)=
[[Machine_Trans_EN_6]]

=Chapter 7: The Cultivation of artificial intelligence and translation talents in the Belt and Road Initiative=
[[Machine_Trans_EN_7]]

一带一路背景下人工智能与翻译人才的培养

颜莉莉 Yan Lili, Hunan Normal University, China

=Chapter 8: On Machine Translation Under Lanuguage Intelligence——An Option and Opportunity for Human Translators=
'''论语言智能下的机器翻译——译者的选择与机遇'''

颜静 Yan Jing, Hunan Normal University, China

[[Machine_Trans_EN_8]]

=9 谢佳芬（ Machine Translation and Artificial Translation in the Era of Artificial Intelligence）=
人工智能时代下的机器翻译与人工翻译

谢佳芬 Xie Jiafen ,Hunan Normal University, China

[[Machine_Trans_EN_9]]

=Chapter 10 熊敏 Research on the English Chinese Translation Ability of Machine Translation for Various Types of Texts=
机器翻译对各类型文本的英汉翻译能力探究

熊敏, Xiong Min, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_10]]

=Chapter 11 Study on Pre- editing of Machine Translation - A Case Study of Medical Abstracts=

机器翻译的译前编辑研究——以医学类文摘为例

陈惠妮 Chen Huini, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_11]]

Written by --[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 04:58, 15 December 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

=Chapter 12 The Mistranslation of C-J Machine Translation of Political Statements=

机器翻译中政治发言中译日的误译

蔡珠凤 Cai Zhufeng, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_12]]

=Chapter 13 Machine Translation: Advantage or Disadvantage for the Human Translator=

Mariam Touré, Hunan Normal University

[[Machine_Trans_EN_13]]

File:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation.pdf

2021-12-29T09:31:16Z

Yang Ye:

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-29T09:30:53Z

Yang Ye: /* Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文（浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例）毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation.pdf|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation.pdf]] by Muhammad Saqib Mehran.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti’s and Lu Xun’s Foreignization Translation Strategy.ppt.pptx|A Comparison of Venuti’s and Lu Xun’s Foreignization Translation Strategy.ppt.pptx]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt).pptx|East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt)]]ppt by Liu Wei 刘薇; [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]]handout by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

*ppt 4: [[Media:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt).pptx|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt)]]ppt by Kuang Yanli 邝艳丽; [[Media:Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West.docx|Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West]]handout by Akira Jantarat.

*ppt 5: [[Media:A comparison of Chinese and English(ppt).pptx|A comparison of Chinese and English(ppt)]]ppt by Fu Hongyan 付红岩; [[Media:A comparison of Chinese and English.docx|A comparison of Chinese and English]]handout by Li Xinxing李心星.

*ppt 6: [[Media:A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation(ppt).pptx|A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation(ppt)]]ppt by Yang Jiaying 阳佳颖; [[Media:A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation.docx|A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation]]handout by Yan Zihan颜子涵.

*ppt 7: [[Media:East and west comparison(ppt).pptx|East and west comparison(ppt)]]ppt by Zohaib Chand; [[Media:East and west comparison.docx|East and west comparison]]handout by Muhammad Numan.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-29T09:28:42Z

Yang Ye: /* Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文（浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例）毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.pdf|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti’s and Lu Xun’s Foreignization Translation Strategy.ppt.pptx|A Comparison of Venuti’s and Lu Xun’s Foreignization Translation Strategy.ppt.pptx]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt).pptx|East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt)]]ppt by Liu Wei 刘薇; [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]]handout by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

*ppt 4: [[Media:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt).pptx|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt)]]ppt by Kuang Yanli 邝艳丽; [[Media:Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West.docx|Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West]]handout by Akira Jantarat.

*ppt 5: [[Media:A comparison of Chinese and English(ppt).pptx|A comparison of Chinese and English(ppt)]]ppt by Fu Hongyan 付红岩; [[Media:A comparison of Chinese and English.docx|A comparison of Chinese and English]]handout by Li Xinxing李心星.

*ppt 6: [[Media:A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation(ppt).pptx|A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation(ppt)]]ppt by Yang Jiaying 阳佳颖; [[Media:A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation.docx|A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation]]handout by Yan Zihan颜子涵.

*ppt 7: [[Media:East and west comparison(ppt).pptx|East and west comparison(ppt)]]ppt by Zohaib Chand; [[Media:East and west comparison.docx|East and west comparison]]handout by Muhammad Numan.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

File:East and west comparison.docx

2021-12-29T08:58:50Z

Yang Ye:

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-29T08:58:28Z

Yang Ye: /* Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文（浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例）毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti’s and Lu Xun’s Foreignization Translation Strategy.ppt.pptx|A Comparison of Venuti’s and Lu Xun’s Foreignization Translation Strategy.ppt.pptx]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt).pptx|East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt)]]ppt by Liu Wei 刘薇; [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]]handout by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

*ppt 4: [[Media:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt).pptx|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt)]]ppt by Kuang Yanli 邝艳丽; [[Media:Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West.docx|Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West]]handout by Akira Jantarat.

*ppt 5: [[Media:A comparison of Chinese and English(ppt).pptx|A comparison of Chinese and English(ppt)]]ppt by Fu Hongyan 付红岩; [[Media:A comparison of Chinese and English.docx|A comparison of Chinese and English]]handout by Li Xinxing李心星.

*ppt 6: [[Media:A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation(ppt).pptx|A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation(ppt)]]ppt by Yang Jiaying 阳佳颖; [[Media:A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation.docx|A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation]]handout by Yan Zihan颜子涵.

*ppt 7: [[Media:East and west comparison(ppt).pptx|East and west comparison(ppt)]]ppt by Zohaib Chand; [[Media:East and west comparison.docx|East and west comparison]]handout by Muhammad Numan.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

File:A comparison of Chinese and English(ppt).pptx

2021-12-29T08:53:05Z

Yang Ye:

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-29T08:52:41Z

Yang Ye: /* Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文（浅析英语散文汉译中的翻译策略和翻译方法——以英语散文《无知的乐趣》汉译本为例）毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti’s and Lu Xun’s Foreignization Translation Strategy.ppt.pptx|A Comparison of Venuti’s and Lu Xun’s Foreignization Translation Strategy.ppt.pptx]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt).pptx|East-West Comparison of Hypotaxis and Parataxis(ppt)]]ppt by Liu Wei 刘薇; [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]]handout by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

*ppt 4: [[Media:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt).pptx|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt)]]ppt by Kuang Yanli 邝艳丽; [[Media:Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West.docx|Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West]]handout by Akira Jantarat.

*ppt 5: [[Media:A comparison of Chinese and English(ppt).pptx|A comparison of Chinese and English(ppt)]]ppt by Fu Hongyan 付红岩; [[Media:A comparison of Chinese and English.docx|A comparison of Chinese and English]]handout by Li Xinxing李心星.

*ppt 6: [[Media:A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation(ppt).pptx|A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation(ppt)]]ppt by Yang Jiaying 阳佳颖; [[Media:A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation.docx|A Comparative study of the Criteria between Chinese and Western translation]]handout by Yan Zihan颜子涵.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
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西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

File:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt).pptx

2021-12-27T15:18:25Z

Yang Ye:

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-27T15:16:54Z

Yang Ye: /* Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:(ppt).pptx|(ppt)]]ppt by ; [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]]handout by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

*ppt 4: [[Media:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt).pptx|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt)]]ppt by Kuang Yanli 邝艳丽; [[Media:Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West.docx|Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West]]handout by Akira Jantarat.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

File:Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West.docx

2021-12-27T15:14:54Z

Yang Ye:

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-27T15:13:43Z

Yang Ye: /* Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:(ppt).pptx|(ppt)]]ppt by ; handout [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]] by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

*ppt 4: [[Media:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt).pptx|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt)]]ppt by Kuang Yanli 邝艳丽; [[Media:Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West.docx|Comparison of Translation Standards Between East and West]]handout by Akira Jantarat.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

File:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard.docx

2021-12-27T15:12:20Z

Yang Ye:

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-27T15:08:31Z

Yang Ye: /* Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:(ppt).pptx|(ppt)]]ppt by ; handout [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]] by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

*ppt 4: [[Media:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt).pptx|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(ppt)]]ppt by Kuang Yanli 邝艳丽; [[Media:Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard.docx|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard]]handout by Akira Jantarat.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-27T15:05:28Z

Yang Ye: /* Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:(ppt).pptx|(ppt)]]ppt by ; handout [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]] by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

*ppt 4: [[Media: Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(PPT).mp4|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(PPT).mp4]] ppt by Kuang Yanli 邝艳丽; [[Media: Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(Handout).docx|Comparison of Wstern and Estern Translation Standard(Handout).docx]] handout by Akira Jantarat.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

Hist Trans EN 19

2021-12-23T11:56:36Z

Yang Ye:

==Introduction==
There are debates on the history of translation, though it is commonly believed that religious scripture like Bible is the first book that was translated into different languages (Lebert, 2016). The debate continues as scholars have different opinions of the roots, meaning, and needs of translation. Before going too deep, first, it is important to understand the definition of translation. With all the views, we can define translation as the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text (Bhatia, 1992). Translator Norman R. Shapiro has a different view on translation as he says, "a good translation is like a pane of glass. You only notice that it's there when there are little imperfections scratches, bubbles. Ideally, there shouldn't be any." Translation might not clearly represent the text language but it obviously gives the audience a closer meaning to the text language.

The translation is as old as human language itself. The oldest mention to transitional activity in the west dates back to the third millennium BC. The act of translating has been classified under a number of headings, including "art," "craft," and "science." In the west, the earliest reference to the transitional activities goes back to as early as the third millennium BC: “The Babylon of Hammurabi’s day (2100 B.C.) was a polyglot city, and much of the official business of the empire was made possible by corps of scribes who translated edicts into various languages.” (Nida 11). However, the position of a translator has been defined in a variety of ways, such as a 'traitor,' 'predator,' or 'cannibal,' as well as a 'transformer,' 'bridge,' or 'deliverer'.

It's worth noting that the act of translation has never previously in history been accorded the credit and legitimacy it has received in the final and first decades of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, respectively. The study of translation has been recognized as an accepted field of research and “books, journals, and doctoral dissertations appear faster than one can read them all, and at the heart of most of the exciting new research are broad questions about ideology, ethics, and culture.” (Kuhiwczak and Littau 14).

==History of translation: The early age==
The word "translation" derives from a Latin verb that means "to convey across or bring across." Another important term is 'metaphrasis,' which means "to speak across" in Ancient Greek. From this, the term 'metaphrasis,' which means "word-for-word translation," was developed. These concepts have been at the center of translation ideas throughout history, and they have provided insight into when and where translation has been applied. (Kasparek, 1983) Translation has been significant in overcoming the language and cultural boundaries that have existed between countries for a long time. According to the history of translation, translation was used to promote trade between nations and to transmit messages about religious beliefs and concepts created by early philosophers, scholars, and intellectuals (Kasparek, 1983).

Anthropologists have been unable to pinpoint the precise time when people began converting one language into another. The Septuagint, The Epic of Gilgamesh in 2100 BC, and the bible translated by St. Jerome are the two earliest literary works discovered while investigating the history of translation that is thought to have been the first to be translated. When Buddhist monks translated sutras into Chinese languages, Asia translation played a crucial part in the history of translation studies. According to conclusions from a brief history of translation, the major purpose of early translation appears to be disseminating religious views far and wide (Cohen, 1986).

The translation effort of Arabic scholars is said to have aided the development and understanding of Greek academics' knowledge and results. When the Greeks were captured, Arabic intellectuals took their writings and translated them into their own versions of scientific, entertaining, and philosophical concepts. During the Middle Ages, these Arabic translations were translated into Latin, especially in Spain, and the resulting writings supplied the groundwork for Renaissance academics. (Wakim, 1994)

==Religious Translation and Texts==
With the emergence of religious writings and spiritual philosophies, the demand for translation became even more. As religion evolved, the need to spread the message and foster faith necessitated the availability of religious writings in different languages. The Old Testament, which was translated into Greek in the 3rd century BC, is thought to have been one of the first religious works to be translated. This is a reference to the 'Septuagint,' which was a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. Septuagint comes from the Latin term 'Septuaginta,' which means seventy. As a result, this work is frequently referred to as the 'Greek Old Testament.' This translation was carried out by no fewer than 70 academics without the use of contemporary procedures and technologies, who painstakingly turned the text into Greek, which provided the basis for future bible translations in numerous languages (Tobler, Stefan; Sabău, Antoaneta, 2018)

Religion was so important in the development of translation that the church designated Saint Jerome as the patron saint of translators. In the fourth century AD, Saint Jerome compiled a Latin Bible. The Roman Catholic Church adopted this bible as its primary text. The necessity to translate the bible and other religious books into European languages increased with the spread of Protestantism. During the Protestant Reformation, the Bible was rapidly translated and distributed, and Christianity was divided into two distinct paths: Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. The variance in texts and the discrepancies between essential terms and chapters of the bible was one of the most obvious contrasts between these two kinds of religion.

==Modern translation==
Writings written in an older form of the language—original texts or ancient translations—may become difficult to comprehend for current readers as the language progresses. As a result, such a material can be translated into a more modern language, resulting in a "modern translation" (Jennifer, 2016).

Such modern renderings are applied to literature from classical languages such as Latin or Greek, most notably the Bible (see "Modern English Bible translations"), or to literature from a previous stage of the same language, such as William Shakespeare's works (which are largely understandable by a modern audience, though with some difficulty) or Geoffrey Chaucer's Middle-English Canterbury Tales (which is understandable to most modern readers only through heavy dependence on footnotes). The Oregon Shakespeare Festival commissioned a professional translation of the whole Shakespeare canon into modern colloquial English in 2015, including contested works like Edward III, and the canon was debuted in a month-long series of staged readings off-off-Broadway in 2019.

Any language with a significant literary past can benefit from a modern translation. The 11th-century Tale of Genji, for example, is commonly read in current Japanese translation. Because there is rarely a single canonical source, modern translation typically entails literary research and textual correction. This is especially true in the case of the Bible and Shakespeare, where current study can lead to significant alterations in the text. Traditionalists are against modern translation. In English, some readers prefer the Authorized King James Version of the Bible to current translations, as well as Shakespeare's original work from around 1600 to modern versions (North,2017).

==Machine Learning==
Machine translation (MT) is a technique in which a computer program analyzes a source text and, in theory, generates a destination text without the need for human interaction. Machine translation, on the other hand, almost always requires human participation in the form of pre-editing and post-editing. Commercial machine-translation tools can produce useful results with proper terminology work, pre-editing of the source text for machine translation, and post-editing of the machine translation by a human translator, especially if the machine-translation system is integrated with a translation memory or translation management system.

Google Translate, Babel Fish (now defunct), Babylon, DeepL Translator, and StarDict are just a few examples of publicly available machine translation technologies. These result in rough translations that "convey the gist" of the source text in the best of situations. With the Internet, translation software may assist non-native English speakers in comprehending web pages written in other languages. Whole-page translation tools, on the other hand, are of limited use since they provide only a limited knowledge of the original author's meaning and context; translated pages are more erroneously hilarious and confused than informative (Vashee, 2007).

Pop-up windows with interactive translations are becoming increasingly common. For each word or phrase, these tools display one or more probable counterparts. As the mouse glides over the foreign-language text, human operators must simply choose the most likely counterpart. Pronounced analogs might be grouped together. Ectaco, for example, makes pocket gadgets that deliver machine translations. However, relying only on unfiltered machine translation ignores the reality that human language communication is context-sensitive, and it needs a person to understand the context of the original text with a decent degree of certainty. Even solely human-generated translations are prone to mistake; consequently, to guarantee that a machine-generated translation is helpful to a human and is of publishable quality, such translations must be checked and revised by a person. [k] According to Claude Piron, machine translation, at its best, automates the easier part of a translator's job; the more difficult and time-consuming part usually involves conducting extensive research to resolve ambiguities in the source text that must be resolved due to the target language's grammatical and lexical constraints. Such study is required as a prerequisite to the pre-editing required to produce input for machine-translation software that is not nonsensical (Cohen, 1986).

Pure machine translation, without the benefit of human knowledge, has the same flaws as artificial intelligence. As of 2018, professional translator Mark Polizzotti said thatmachine translation, such as that provided by Google Translate and others, was unlikely
to pose a serious threat to human translators in the near future since computers would
never understand subtlety and meaning. "Perhaps there is a limit to what a computer
can achieve without realizing it is manipulating faulty representations of an external
reality," writes Paul Taylor.

==The Four Phrases of the History of Translation==
Scholars such as George Steiner have created time divides. The history of translation,
according to Steiner, is split into four phases. The first period runs from the Roman
translator’s Cicero and Horace to Alexander Fraser Tytler; the second period runs up to
Valery; the third period runs from Valery to the 1960s, and the fourth era runs from the
1960s onwards. From 3000 B.C. forward, the history of translation is emphasized. The
Rosetta Stone, which dates from the second century B.C., is considered the oldest work
of translation. In 240 B.C., Livius Andronicus translated Homer's Odyssey, Odusia, into
Latin. All that remains are fragments of 46 lines from 17 of the Greek epic's 24 books.
He interprets literally in some sentences and more loosely in others. He employed
archaizing forms, for example, to make his language more serious and profound. His
contributions to Latin poetry will be significant. In the parts we have, it is evident that
Livius wanted to be true to the original while still being clear, despite the fact that he had
to change untranslatable terms and concepts. For example, the word "equal to the
gods," which Romans would have found offensive, was replaced with "summus
adprimus," which means "greatest and first in rank." Pathos, expressive intensity, and
dramatic tension were also used in early Roman poetry, therefore Livius reads Homer
with these notions in mind. In general, Livius did not modify the text arbitrarily; rather, he
tried to stay true to Homer and the Latin language (Christopher, 2015).

Quintilian, Cicero, Horace, Catallus, and Younger Pliny then attempted to theorize and
perform translation. Cicero and Horace belonged to a later group of translators who
distinguished between word-for-word and sense-for-sense translations. The Bible
translations marked a watershed moment in the history of translation. Over two
millennia have passed since the Bible was translated from its original languages into
over 2,000 others. Parts of the Bible have been translated into English languages from
the end of the seventh century, including translations into Old English and Middle
English. Nearly the years, over 450 different variants have been made. Although John
Wycliffe is typically credited as being the first to translate the Bible into English, huge
portions of the Bible had been translated for centuries before to Wycliffe's work. . The
Bible is still the most widely translated book on the planet. The same numbers, which
are approximate, indicate this phenomenon. According to SIL (Summer Institute of
Linguistics), at least one book of the Bible has been translated into 2,400 of the 6,900
languages mentioned, including 680 languages in Africa, 590 in Asia, 420 in Oceania,
420 in Latin America and the Caribbean, 210 in Europe, and 75 in North America. Over
600 Bible translation projects are now being supported by the United Bible Societies.
Approximately 98 percent of the world's population has access to the Bible in whole or
in part in a language in which they are conversant. According to the United Bible
Society, the Bible was available in 438 languages as of December 31, 2007, with 123 of
them including the deuterocanonical material as well as the Tanakh and New
Testament. A total of 2,454 languages were available, with the Tanakh or the New
Testament alone being available in 1168 languages and sections of the Bible being
available in another 848 languages. Vision 2025 was proclaimed by Wycliffe Bible
translators in 1999.

All of these figures demonstrate the Bible's significance and role in translation history. It
should include a section on the history of English Bible translation. The intriguing tale of
how the Bible came to be translated into English in its current form begins thousands of
years ago. The Venerable Bede, however, began a translation of scripture into Old
English—Anglo-Saxon at the end of the seventh century. Aldhelm (c. 639-709)
translated the whole Book of Psalms into Old English, as well as major chunks of other
texts. The Lindisfarne Gospels, published in the ninth century, are an Old English
translation of the Gospels, with a word-for-word gloss written between the lines of the
Latin text by Aldred, provost of Chester-le-Stree. This is the oldest existing
English-language translation of the Gospels. The Wessex Gospels, also known as the
West-Saxon Gospels, are a complete translation of the four gospels into a West Saxon
dialect of Old English, completed around 990. They are the earliest English translation
of the four gospels without the Latin text. Abbot Aelfric translated most of the Old
Testament into Old English in the 11th century. A small group of monks and intellectuals
first translated the English Bible from the Latin Vulgate into Old English. These
translations took the form of prose or interlinear glosses, which were literal translations
placed above the text. There were very few comprehensive translations available at the
time. Rather, most of the Bible's books existed independently and were regarded as
separate writings. As a result, the common understanding of the Bible as history did not
exist at the time. Instead, a more metaphorical interpretation of the Bible was more
widespread, and Bible translations frequently incorporated the author's personal
commentary on sections alongside the literal translation. The formula is written in
12th-century Middle English. It has relatively little Biblical text and relies more on
personal commentary, similar to its old English forerunner from Aelfric, an Abbot of
Eynsham. Many of the initial English translators followed this technique. (Ruthven,
2017)

==Famous translators throughout time==
St. Jerome one of the famous translators in the history of translation who lived from
347-420 AD He was a Christian scholar who as a language translator was able to
translate the Bible into Greek and Latin from Hebrew. His translation, which was named
the Vulgate, was the official Catholic Bible translation. It was subsequently used as its
translation for thousands of years. St Jerome hasn’t lost his impact today as he is the
patron saint of translators and this day is celebrated by translators on 30th September
every year. Another famous language translator in the history of translation is Sir
Richard Burton who lived from 1821-1890. He was the 1st person who translated the
“Kama Sutra” into the English language. He also produced an uncensored translation of
“The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night.” (Kasparek, 86).

Other well-known translations in the history of translation are the Priapiea and “The
Perfumed Garden of the Cheikh Nefzaoui: A Manual of Arabian Erotology.” Jorge Luis
Borges who lived between 1899 and 1986 translated “The Happy Prince” written by
Oscar Wilde into Spanish for a Buenos Aires newspaper at the age of just 9 years old.
He translated the works of Rudyard Kipling, Virginia Woolf, William Faulkner, Hermann
Hesse, André Gide, Franz Kafka, Edgar Allan Poe, and Walt Whitman into Spanish as
well. He did not translate the Bible.

==Western History of Translation==
===The Roman Translations===
The Romans are credited as being the first to participate in the process of translation in
the Western world. Almost all of the Greek socio-cultural and socio-political legacy, from
philosophical to scientific and historical to spiritual writings, have been translated to the
point that it is impossible to tell which is Greek and which is Roman. Later on, the Bible
translations that were attempted had their roots in Greco-Roman translation theory's
translation procedures. As a result, the early translators of well-known Greek writings,
such as Cicero and Thoraces, are also among the earliest translation theorists. Cicero's
attention to translation is what gave rise to words like "word for word" translation and
"sense for sense" translation. Cicero was the first to mention the methodical process of
translation used by his predecessors in the western world. He argued for striking a
delicate balance between the "original text" and the "target text."
He alluded to the disadvantages of just carrying along with the original text's 'word.'
Cicero, on the other hand, believed that a literal translation would be insufficient. He
promoted the notion of incorporating new terms from the original source material into
the target text and language with appropriate explication. Later on, Horace, too,
emphasized the translation process, admitting that striking a balance between the
source and target text is difficult. He was well aware of the difficulties that a translator
has when translating. As a result, he counseled future translators to avoid becoming
slaves to the original text, albeit he did support the usage of the new term.
As one of their goals of translation was to strengthen their own literary legacy, the
Romans welcomed the usage of new terms, expressions, and so on to be carried
forward into the target language. As a result, they appear to be amenable to 'word for
word' or 'expression for expression' translation from Greek tradition into Roman in order
to improve their language and culture, which they did rather well. Thus, the Romans did
not place a strong emphasis on the sense for sense' translation, but they did distinguish
between the 'word for word' and sense for sense' translations.

===The Bible Translations===
The Bible translation resulted in widespread approval of the use of vernacular
expressions for translation in most regions of Europe, and the notion of 'equivalence' in
translation began to emerge, albeit in a rudimentary form. As a result of the Bible
translations, the vernacular form of writing developed, enriching all European
languages. The translations were also employed as a defense against the church's
unrefined and vulgar dogmatic ideas of the time. The availability of vernacular
translations of the scriptures in the rise of new national governments made clerical
malfeasance difficult, if not impossible. The first translator of the Bible, John Wycliffe,
stressed the need of comparing the grammatical structure and complex meaning of
words in the source and target texts as two essential elements in the translation
process. Translators in other languages have also embraced this comparative analysis
as a basic guideline for translating any material. Some translators also argued that the
language learning text should have an approachable and visually pleasing style. . Two
key goals of the Bible translations might be stated to be acceptable intelligibility and a
loving style.

===The Renaissance Translations===
As is well known, the Renaissance gave birth to humanism, and for the first time in the
history of European culture, particularly socio-religious culture, 'God' replaced the
'church,' and 'I' became the center of 'my' world. As a result, there is a creative
appropriation of the source material in the Renaissance style of translation. The target
text and the target readers were given far more attention than they had previously
received. A number of examples of appropriation by English translations and translators
are shown in Mathieson's (1931) research. In his translations of Petrarch's sonnets, Earl
of Survey demonstrates a remarkable lot of ingenuity. He went beyond a line-by-line or
even word-by-word translation. He improved the sense of 'I' in his translations so that
they have an instant impression on modern readers. As a result, throughout the
Renaissance, translators tended to focus on the target text and reader-oriented
translation rather than the source text-oriented translation.

==Translations in Seventeenth Century==
From the 14th century through the mid-seventeenth century, Europe was dominated by
the Renaissance, which was zealous and creative. A sense of adventure and
astonishment for novelty was a defining feature of the Renaissance. The spirit of
adventure drove European explorers to journey beyond their regional and continental
borders, while the spirit of amazement for novelty drove them to appreciate and
assimilate the finest that the undiscovered world had to offer. One of the most important
sources of reception, application, and assimilation has been translation. Rationalism
and inductive reasoning began to dominate English literature and literary criticism from
the mid-seventeenth century forward. The ancient writings of Greco-Roman eras served
as examples for the development of rules and norms for literary creation and
dramaturgy. The concepts of mimicry and decorum were taken to the next level, and a
systematic translation procedure was tried. Ovid's Epistles were translated into English
by John Dryden. Dryden established a rudimentary philosophy of translation in the
prologue to Epistles (1680). He recognized three translation methods:
(1)Metaphrase
(2)Imitation and
(3)Paraphrase

Dryden recommended 'Para' as the best method for translation and degraded both
'Meta' and 'Imitation.' According to Dryden,'meta' refers to a line-by-line and
word-by-word translation of a work from one language to another. 'Imitation,' on the
other hand, refers to a free translation in which the translator goes beyond the
translation preview. As a result, Dryden was critical of Ben Jonson's literal translation in
the art of poetry, which according to Dryden's definition may be classified as 'Meta.'
Cowley's translation of Pindar (1656) was dubbed 'Imitations' because he engaged in
unfettered word fantasy when interpreting the 'Pindarique Odes.' Imitation, according to
Dryden, is referred to as 'transmigration.' He desired that the essence of the original text
be preserved in the translation. He also placed a premium on textual stylistics.

==Translations in the 18th century==
The methods of translation established by Dryden and Pope were also used in the 18th
century. In his Life of Pope (1779-80), Dr. Samuel Johnson argued that a translator has
the right to be read in his own words. As a result, Dr. Johnson defends Pope's
translations by claiming that they are tailored to his own time and nation. As a result, Dr.
Johnson added one additional question for the translator to consider as part of the
translation process: 'for whom to translate?' In addition to 'what to translate?' and 'why
to translate?' a translator should now consider 'for whom to translate?' Large-scale
translations of previously translated books were accessible around this period, in order
to bring them up to date in terms of taste and language. As a result, the 18th century
added a new dimension to translation theory: target readership-oriented translation and
language appropriation based on taste and contemporary language.

Alexander Fraser Tyler published The Principles of Translation (1791) near the end of
the eighteenth century, which was the first study of its sort in the English language. Tyler
identified three essential principles of translation, along with numerous smaller
approaches and methods:
(a) the translation must retain the complete idea of the original work,
(b) the style and manner of writing should be of the same type as the original and
(c) the translation should have the ease of the source language text.
Tyler did not support Dryden's concept of 'Para' since it, too, led to sloppy translations,
according to him. In order to explain ambiguity, he suggested 'omissions' and'additions'
in the translation.

==Translations in Romantic Age==
The Romantic Age translators were able to offer the art of translation a new direction in
the early nineteenth century. They were opposed to the Restoration Age's rationalism in
the 17th century. Rather, they highlighted the importance of imagination. Coleridge
contrasted between 'Fancy' and 'Imagination' in his Biographia Literaria. 'Imagination,'
he believed, was the path to creation.

Thus, translation too was viewed in terms of imagination i.e. as a higher creative activity. Webb (1976) showed from Shelley’s writing that he appreciated translation for their ideas and other literary feature. The translators of the Romantic Age created language
text an element of ‘Strangeness’. Shelley aptly summarizes the Romantic predicament
in The Defence of Poetry.

"It was as wise to cast a violet into a crucible that you might discover the formal
principle of its colour and odour, as to seek to transfuse from one language into
another creation of poet. The plant must spring again from its seed, or it will bear
no flowerer and this is the burthen of the cure of Babel." (Shelly, 33)

==The Victorian Translations==
The Victorian translations were also anxious to receive the expressions of the
remoteness of time and place of the original text. In fact, they added a new dimension to
the art of translation i.e. of archaism this added an element of obscurity to literary
translations. Matthew Arnold had delivered a series of lectures entitled On Translating
Homer (1862). For him, the true judge of the translated texts are the scholars and it is
only they who can judge whether a translation has more or less the same effect as the
original. His advice the critic of translation was this: “Let him ask how his work affects
those who both know Greek (the language of the original text) and can appreciate
poetry.”(Arnold, 99). Thus, according to Arnold, a translator must have to dissolve
the original text in order to bring the target text reader to the source language text
through the transition. This view appeared to be close to the new classical perspective
though unlike them the Victorian did not see translations as a means of enriching their
own culture.

Henry Wordsworth Longfellow around the same time proliferated a literal perspective of
translation while discussing his own translation of Dante’s divine comedy. The long
fellow gave more emphasis to rhyme while translating poetry. Thus, according to
Longfellow, stylistic features were distinctive from the spirit of the work which should
also be considered, especially while translating poetry. Contrary to the view of
Longfellow, Edward Fitzgerald believed that the spirit of the source text can be carried
forwarded to the target language text. In his Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1858),
Fitzgerald demonstrated that it was possible to bring a version of, if not the entire spirit
of the source text, into the culture and language of the target text as a living entity. He
used the analogy of ‘a live sparrow than a stuffed eagle’ to advocate his preference to
the target text as a live and appealing work. Thus, it can be seen that by the end of the
19th century, translation theory has started evaluating the translated text as an
independent text and not just a parasite representing and advocating the source text
only.

==Twentieth Century Translations==
The 20th century marks the rise of linguistic theory in general and in appreciating a work
of art in particular. The impact of these linguistic and literary theirs can be seen on the
twentieth-century translation as well. It is interesting to note that most of these linguistic
theories were developed in isolation from the main traditions of the literary stream.
There can be seen a great deal of the impact of these theories on the interaction with
literary text and creative thinking. Later, there can be seen the impact of various
theories such as American structuralism and transformational theory based on the
precept of Noam Chomsky among others on the world of literary translation. It was in
the 1980s that some attempts were made to combine both linguistic and literary theories
of translation act. Language and literary texts are now seen to be rooted in the cultural
matrices of a speech community. Thus the view is gaining ground that,
“Each society will interpret a message in terms of its own culture: The receptor
audience will decode the translation in terms of its own culture and experience,
hot in terms of the author and audience of the original documents.” (Larson, 436-37)

Thus, till the first half of the 20th century, the translator either preferred literal
translations or the translation with some or maximum latitude. The translators taking
liberty while translating was still considered to be ‘Free’ or ‘inferior’ translation. However,
by the second half of the 20th century, the speculation started shifting from a literal or a
free translation to the consensus and the commonsense approach as a middle course.
This approach has started disregarding not only the sense but also the form of the
original text.

==Conclusion==
The act of translation had been the source of enrichment of the language and also of
the culture as in the Roman translation; it has for enlightenment and outreach of
religions to the masses as in the Bible translations; it has been for refining and uplifting
literary style and manner as in the Restoration age translation of French drama into
English; it has been for the spiritual enlightenment from some foreign spiritual
perception as ‘transcendentalism’ in 18th century England; it has also been for relishing
the best of the work of art in the other language and to undertake comparative studies
as in 19th and 20th century. Therefore, it can be said that translation is an integral part
of language and literature studies around the world.

==References==
Bhatia, N. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992nd ed.).

Irmscher, M. W. (2012, 10 01). The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation by Lawrence Venuti. Translation Review, 50(1), 49 - 53. http://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/07374836.1996.10524 056

Lebert, M. (2016, November 2). A short history of translation and translators |. Marie Lebert. Retrieved December 21, 2021, from https://marielebert.wordpress.com/2016/11/02/translation/

Christopher Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", The Polish Review, vol. XXVIII, no. 2, 1983, pp. 84-87.

J.M. Cohen, "Translation", Encyclopedia Americana, 1986, vol. 27, p. 12. Wakim, K.G. 1944. Arabic Medicine in Literature. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 32 (1), January: 96-104.

Tobler, Stefan; Sabău, Antoaneta (1 April 2018). "Translating Confession, Editorial RES 1/2018". Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu. 10 (1): 5–9. doi:10.2478/ress-2018-0001. S2CID 188019915.

Schuessler, Jennifer (30 September 2016). "Translating Shakespeare? 36 Playwrights Taketh the Big Risk". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2019. North, Anna (20 November 2017). "Historically, men translated the Odyssey. Here's what happened when a woman took the job". Vox. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

Vashee, Kirti (2007). "Statistical machine translation and translation memory: An integration made in heaven!". ClientSide News Magazine. 7 (6): 18–20. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.

J.M. Cohen, "Translation", Encyclopedia Americana, 1986, vol. 27, p. 14

Christopher de Bellaigue, "Dreams of Islamic Liberalism" (review of Marwa Elshakry, Reading Darwin in Arabic, 1860–1950, University of Chicago Press), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXII, no. 10 (June 4, 2015), p. 77.

Malise Ruthven, "The Islamic Road to the Modern World" (review of Christopher de Bellaigue, The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle between Faith and Reason, 1798 to Modern Times, Liveright; and Wael Abu-'Uksa, Freedom in the Arab World: Concepts and Ideologies in Arabic Thought in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge University Press), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIV, no. 11 (22 June 2017), p. 22.

History of Translations

2021-12-23T11:43:55Z

Yang Ye:

[[History_of_Translations|Overview Page of History of Translation]]

30 Chapters（0/30)

[[Hist_Trans_EN_1]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_2]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_3]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_4]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_5]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_6]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_7]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_8]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_9]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_10]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_11]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_12]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_13]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_14]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_15]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_16]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_17]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_18]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_19]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_20]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_21]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_22]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_23]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_24]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_25]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_26]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_27]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_28]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_29]] [[Hist_Trans_EN_30]] ...

[[Book_projects|Back to translation project overview]] [[DCG-To-Do|Zur To-Do-Liste]]

=chapter 1 Rouabah Soumaya: History of translation in the Middle Ages=
[[Hist_Trans_EN_1]]

Rouabah Soumaya, Hunan Normal University, China

=Chapter 2 History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation=
“中国现当代翻译史”

[[Hist_Trans_EN_2]]

Li Xichang, 李习长, Hunan Normal University, China

=Chapter 3 The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in Chinese Translation History=
“佛经翻译”

[[Hist_Trans_EN_3]]

Huang Zhuliang 黄柱梁 Hunan Normal University, China

=Chapter 4 The Brief History of Bible's Chinese Translation=
王镇隆Wang Zhenlong, Hunan Normal University, China

[[Hist_Trans_EN_4]]

= Chapter 5 叶维杰 Medieval Arabic Translation Movement=
中世纪阿拉伯翻译运动

[[Hist_Trans_EN_5]]

Ye Weijie 叶维杰, Hunan Normal University, China

= Chapter 6 Brief history of French translation =
李怡 Li Yi ,Hunan Normal University ,China

[[Hist_Trans_EN_6]]

=Chapter 7 李新星A Comparative Study on The Translation history of Modern Chinese and Korean Literature under the Background of "Western Learning" (1894~1949) =
[[Hist_Trans_EN_7]]

李新星Li Xinxing, Hunan Normal University, China

=Chapter 8 刘沛婷 Western Translation history in Renaissance)=
[[Hist_Trans_EN_8]]

刘沛婷 Liu Peiting, Hunan Normal University, China

=Chapter 9 刘薇 Contemporary American Translation History)=
[[Hist_Trans_EN_9]]

Liu Wei 刘薇 Hunan Normal University, China

=Chapter 10 周俊辉 Translation of Science and Technology in Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China=
[[Hist_Trans_EN_10]]

=周玖Translation of Science and Technology in Ancient China=
[[Hist_Trans_EN_11]]

=Chapter 12 钟雨露 Western Translation History in the Old Ages=
[[Hist_Trans_EN_12]]

=钟义菲: The Chinese Translation History in Mordern Age=
[[Hist_Trans_EN_13]]

=魏楚璇: Western translation history in the Modern and Contemporary Ages=
[[Hist_Trans_EN_14]]

=Chapter 15Mahzad Heydarian: Where Persian Language Meets Translation=
[[Hist_Trans_EN_15]]

Mahzad Sadat Heydarian,Hunan Normal University,China

=Akira Jantarat： History of Chinese-Thai literature Translation in 19th century=

[[Hist_Trans_EN_16]]

19世纪中泰文学翻译史

Hunan Normal University, China

=Jawad Ahmad; History of Translation=

[[Hist_Trans_EN_17]]

翻译史

Hunan Normal University, China

=Benjamin Wellsand: Bible Translation in Christian History=

Benjamin Wellsand, Hunan Normal University, China

[[Hist_Trans_EN_18]]

=Nizam Uddin: History of Translation =
Nizam Uddin, Hunan Normal University, China

[[Hist_Trans_EN_19]]

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-23T11:39:35Z

Yang Ye: /* Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:(ppt).pptx|(ppt)]]ppt by ; handout [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]] by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-23T11:38:51Z

Yang Ye: /* Presentations Dec 1 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Descriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* ppt 4: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman; 13_Asep_Budiman_Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(PPT).mp4]] ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:(ppt).pptx|(ppt)]]ppt by ; handout [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]] by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-22T10:42:42Z

Yang Ye: /* Presentations Dec 1 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;
* handout 2: [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman;ppt 2: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

* 13_Asep_Budiman_Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:(ppt).pptx|(ppt)]]ppt by ; handout [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]] by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

[[Media:Earliest_translations_from_the_West_to_Chinese_presentation_by_Lin_Li.pdf]]

[[Media:The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

[[Media:Lecture_The Arabian Nights_by_Wang_Xinyi.pdf]]

2021-12-22T10:41:44Z

Yang Ye:

Introduction to Translation Studies 2021

2021-12-22T10:41:13Z

Yang Ye: /* Presentations Dec 1 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|This course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|all homework webpages]] | [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

Welcome to our course website '''Introduction to Translation Studies 2021'''. Whenever you visit this site, please see if there is anything in English not yet translated into Chinese and make a Chinese translation beneath (one paragraph English, one paragraph Chinese). Any correction or improvement of earlier translations is mostly welcome!

欢迎访问我们“翻译导论课”的网页。…………

=Session 1 Sep 26, 2021=
Today is international day of languages!

Introduction to the course. Organizational things. Working with the Wiki.
==Organizational Things==
*Please register for the Course Wiki http://bit.ly/WIKIREG. Username is your Pinyin Name (“Wang Jianguo” – no Chinese characters) and email, for your real name also write your Pinyin Name (Wang Jianguo), no Chinese characters. If the name is taken, write "Wang Jianguo1". Write a sentence about yourself in the bio info. Please check the box that you abide to the Terms of Service and type in the password “wikicaptcha”. You will receive an email with a link. Please confirm the link. After confirmation, please allow a few days that I can approve your username. After that, you can access the course wiki http://bit.ly/TransStud and edit the contents. You need to edit the course website every week to prepare the upcoming session.
*Please prepare each session during the week before, so that you come prepared to class.
*In the WeChat group, please write your name as "Wang Jianguo 王建国 21级英语口译". If possible, please use a profile photo of yourself where you can be recognized. 麻烦各位同学修改一下自己的备注，改成自己的姓名（拼音、汉字、21级、方向）就好。
*We meet Wednesdays 7 pm - 8:40 pm online on http://bit.ly/ZOOMCOURSE (573 941 6744, course). Please leave your camera ON, so that we actually see each other. In the classroom, we also see each other.
*Please note that you can only participate with a good internet connection, with a smart device which is able to run Zoom and with a running camera. Therefore, please make sure that you have a working device. If your phone’s camera is broken, please borrow a different phone or contact us that we can help you to get a second hand phone for free.
* Please take the weekly survey http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY
* Please store the pdf material you get from the teacher. Please prepare the material for each session in advance.

==Edits==
Every student is required to edit something every week. This can be:
* Translate any English paragraph on this website from English to Chinese.
* Correct an earlier translation of your fellow student beneath.
* Prepare an article (please link to from this page) and/or a powerpoint (please upload here) on a topic you will present during the semester.
* Prepare the final exam paper as early as possible by writing a chapter for a book on "History of Translations", "History of Translation Theories", "Machine translation - A challenge or a chance for human translators?", "Culture loaded words", "The cultural turn in Translation History", "Appropriateness Theory" ... For this, please organize yourself, find groups who want to write the same book together, and think together about the necessary chapters and the structure etc. of the book. The paper needs to be delivered until November 1. Then we jointly work on copy editing, grading etc.
* The Teaching Assistants should write the grades every week in a table, so that you can see the results of your quizzes/surveys etc., your performance in class and final exam paper grades.

==Topics, Sessions and Material==

'''Which paper or book should I read to prepare my presentation?'''

Please also mention in this list beneath, '''who''' is presenting the topic with '''ppt''' and '''handout'''.

1 Sep 26 Introduction

2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*Teacher presentation

3 Oct 13 Emergence II
*3a Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社2009:195 pp., here 180-192.
*3b=7c Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017, here the beginning about the emergence

4 Oct 20 History of Translation
*4a History of Western Translation 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M]. 北京:商务印书馆, 1991年.
*4b History of Translation in China – before May Fourth 马祖毅. 中国翻译简史——“五四”以前部分（修订本）[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司，1998年.

5 Oct 27 Early understanding

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

*5a Holmes, James. 1972. The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies[M]. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988: 67-80.
*5b Sourcebook Lefevere, Andre. Translation, History and Culture: A Sourcebook[M]. London and New York：Routledge, 1990.
*5c Textbook Newmark, Peter. A Text Book of Translation[M]. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988.
*5d Translation Basics 刘宓庆. 翻译基础[M]. 上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008年.

6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida)
*6a Early linguistic theory Catford, J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation[M]. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
*6b Early important understanding Nida, E. A. Toward a Science of Translating[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964.

7 Nov 10 Translation Studies
*7a Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies[M]. London and New York: Methuen, 1980.
*7b Translation Studies 许钧，穆雷. 翻译学概论[M]. 南京：译林出版社，2009年.
*7c=3b Tan Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2000年. (the 2nd part contains a lot of English papers)
*7d Categories of Contemporary Western Translation Studies 2002_Pan_Wenguo_潘文国_当代西方的翻译学研究_2002

8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
*8a Western theory 刘军平. 西方翻译理论通史[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社，2009年.
*8b Theories Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
*8c Contemp. West. theories 廖七一. 当代西方翻译理论探索[M]. 南京：译林出版社, 2000年.
*8d Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*8e Pan_Wenguo_Cont_West_Trans_Stud_当代西方的翻译学研究_兼谈_翻译学的学科性问题_潘文国

9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
*9a 陈福康.中国译学理论史稿（修订本）[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000年.
*9b 许钧. 翻译论[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社，2003年.

10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory
*10a Moratto, Woesler: Current Dynamics, Springer 2021

11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
*11a Methods Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods[M]. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubinger, 1982.
*11b Style 刘宓庆. 文体与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司：北京，1998年.
*11c Trans_Stud_Problems_and_Methods_翻译学问题与方法

12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice
*12a Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice[M]. London and New York: Longman, 1991.
*12b Theory and Practice Munday, Jermy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 2001.
*12c Theory and Practice Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1969.

13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
*13a “descriptive” Toury, Gideon. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond[M]. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John BenjaminB Publishing company, 1995.
*13b Culture Toury, Gideon. Translation Across Cultures[M]. NewDelhi: Bahri Publications, 1987.
*13c Invisibility Venuti, L. The Translator 's Invisibility[M]. London and NewYork: Routledge, 1995.
*13d Constructivism Research 易经. 翻译学体系构建研究[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012年.
*13e Art or Science? Different papers by Huang Zhending Trans_Stud_Art_and_Scient_Theory_翻译学艺术论与科学论的统一

14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
*14a East-West comparison 刘宓庆. 中西翻译思想比较研究[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2005年.
*14b English-Chinese TS 蒋坚松. 英汉对比与汉译英研究[M]. 长沙：湖南人民出版社，2002年.

Please download several pdfs with monographs and articles about translation studies history and theories from our WeChat group.

*Bassnett, Susan. Translation studies. Routledge, 2013
*Bell, Roger T., and Christopher Candlin. Translation and translating: Theory and practice. Vol. 298. London: Longman, 1991
*Catford, John Cunnison. A linguistic theory of translation. Oxford University Press, 1978.
*Chen, Fukang. "Zhongguo yixue lilun shi gao (A History of Chinese Translation Theory)." (1992).
*Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary translation theories. Vol. 21. Multilingual Matters, 2001.
*Holmes, James S. The name and nature of translation studies. Translation Studies Section, Department of General Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam, 1975.
*Huang, Chending黄振定. "文学翻译评价的科学性及其科学论." 外国语 4 (1999): 49-56.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定. "翻译学是一门人文科学." 外语与外语教学 2 (1999): 33-35.
*Huang, Chending 黄振定.翻译学: 艺术论与科学论的统一. 上海外语教育出版社, 2008
*Lefevere, André, ed. Translation/history/culture: A sourcebook. Routledge, 2002.
*Munday, Jeremy. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, Routledge 2013
*Nida, Eugene Albert, and Charles Russell Taber, eds. The theory and practice of translation. Vol. 8. Brill Archive, 1982.
*Nida, Eugene Albert. Toward a science of translating: with special reference to principles and procedures involved in Bible translating. Brill Archive, 1964.
*Pan Wenguo 潘文国. "当代西方的翻译学研究——兼谈 “翻译学” 的学科性问题." 中国翻译 23.1 (2002): 31-34.
*Tan, Zaixi 谭载喜. Translation Studies 翻译学. 复旦大学出版社, 2017
*Toury, Gideon. "Descriptive Translation Studies–and beyond John Benjamins Publishing Company." Amsterdam/Philadelphia (1995).
*Venuti, Lawrence. The translator's invisibility: A history of translation. Routledge, 2017.
*Wilss, Wolfram. The science of translation: problems and methods. Vol. 180. John Benjamins Pub Co, 1982. 翻译学问题与方法 Shanghai: SFLEP (2001).
*Xu, Jun 许钧, Mu Lei 穆雷. "翻译学概论 [Introduction to Translation Studies]." 南京: 译林出版社 10 (2009): 180-192.
*Xu, Jun 许钧. Translation Theories 翻译论. 湖北教育出版社, 2003
*Zhao, Wei 赵巍. "翻译学学科性质与研究方法反思." 解放军外国语学院学报 28.6 (2005): 69-72.

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Final exam class projects==

Please help to edit one of the following book publications (please write your name behind the topics and organize the book with a proposal for the press and a chapter in the form of a journal paper by each participant):
*[[History of Translation Studies]] (Sample from last year.)
*[[History of Translations]]
Rouabah Soumaya( History of translation in the Middle Ages) 李习长 (History of Modern and Contemporary Chinese Translation) 黄柱梁（The Translation of Buddihist Sutra in China）王镇隆叶维杰李雯( The Translation theory after the establishment of the People's Republic of China)李怡(Modern Western Translation History) 李新星刘沛婷(Western Translation history in Renaissance) 刘薇(Contemporary American Translation History) 周俊辉周玖钟雨露钟义菲魏楚璇(western translation history in the modern and contemporary Age)
*[[History of Translation Theories]] 李瑞洋（Development of Translation Theories in Modern China）、陈心怡张扬、曾俊霖张怡然(History of Translation Theories from early Russia to the Soviet Union) 尹媛（The Brief Introduction of American structural school of translation theory) 李双杨堃刘运心魏兆妍(The Development of Humanism Trend in Western Translation Theory) 吴婧悦(History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union) 杨爱江
*[[Machine translation]] - A challenge or a chance for human translators? 卫怡雯肖毅瑶王李菲徐敏赟颜莉莉颜静谢佳芬熊敏陈惠妮蔡珠凤陈湘琼 Nadia
*[[Culture loaded words]] 羊叶（中文电影英译字幕中文化负载词的翻译——以《霸王别姬》为例）、谢庆琳、罗曦（The translation methods of culture loaded words）何芩、孙雅诗、杜莉娜（跨文化交际视角下旅游文本中文化负载词的英汉翻译研究）、宫博雅（俄语成语中文化负载词的中文翻译分析）、周小雪(《药》英日译本中文化负载词的翻译对比研究）、付诗雨（博物馆文物解说词中文化负载词的日译研究）、丁旋(Translation of Culture-Loaded Words in ''The Concubine Market of Yangchow '' of Lin Yutang's Version from the Perspective of Newmark’s Translation Theory)、高蜜、殷慧珍、程杨、胡舒情
*[[The cultural turn]] in Translation History 金晓童李爱璇李文璇黄锦云李姗黄逸妍
*[[Appropriateness Theory]] - Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). I need more students here. You can write papers criticizing existing theories here and suggest what needs to be improved to develop a new theory! This is cutting edge research here! I expect the best students to participate and we may try to submit the papers to real academic journals!Ei Mon Kyaw (Creating Appropriateness Theory). 殷美达易扬帆（Appropriateness in Lyrics Translation -- A Case Study of Lana Del Rey's Lyrics Translation in QQ Music）
*[[Translation types, strategies, styles, methods]] 刘晓（纽马克翻译理论指导下旅游文本中翻译策略与翻译技巧的使用——以''Everglades National Park, Florida (Excerpt)''为例）刘越毛雅文毛优（俄语政论语体翻译策略及翻译技巧的使用——以“2019年俄罗斯政府工作报告”为例彭瑞雪秦建安（功能对等翻译视角下的鲁迅短篇小说翻译研究——以杨、戴夫妇的《孔乙己》英译本为例）颜子涵邝艳丽阳佳颖杨柳青（卞之琳的文学翻译理论和实践 ——以其浪漫主义诗歌译作为例）Atta Ur Rahman、Zohaib Chand、Muhammad Numan、Muhammad Saqib Mehran 刘胜楠（浅析目的论视角下《哪吒之魔童降世》字幕翻译策略）
*[[Aesthetic Appreciation of Literary Translations]] 朱素珍邹岳丽邱婷婷(Three beauties embodied in Xu Yuanchong's English translation of ''Tang Poetry'') 吴映红(A comparative study of aesthetic reproduction in Chinese versions of snow country from the perspective of translation aesthetics)
*[[Translation Theories Apllied to Literary Translations]] 周巧付红岩詹若萱（Chinese Translation of Subtitles of "Jane Eyre" from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory）
*[[Comparative Studies in Translation]] 石丽青牟一心饶金盈罗安怡马新王逸凡张秋怡朱壬铎

(We use Chicago Social Sciences Citation Style [https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html Chicago Style].)

==Schedule==
Please add your name, presentation form (ppt, handout) and subtopic here.

'''All sessions''':
*1 Sep 26 Introduction
*2 Sep 29 Emergence I
*3 Oct 13 Emergence II
(中国翻译的起源 The Emergence of Translation Studies in China) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳.

(机器翻译的起源与发展 The Origin of Machine Translation) ppt by Yan Jing 颜静 and handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟.

*4 Oct 20 History of Translation
(中国翻译简史 The Brief History of Chinese Translation) ppt by Hu Shuqing 胡舒情 and handout by Gong Boya 宫博雅.

(西方翻译简史 The Brief History of Western Translation) ppt by Ding Xuan 丁旋 and handout by Fu Shiyu 付诗雨.

(中国译场中佛经翻译的历史 The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center) PPT by Ye Weijie 叶维杰 and handout by Wang Zhenlong 王镇隆.

(中国诗歌翻译简史 A Brief History of Chinese Poetry Translation) ppt by Rao Jinying 饶金盈 202120081520 and handout by Mou Yixin 牟一心.

(2000年以来的大中华文库翻译历史 The Translation History of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000) ppt by Zhang Yang 张扬 and handout by Zeng Junlin曾俊霖.

*5 Oct 27 Early understanding
The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until Maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions About principles, strategies etc.

(佛经翻译的文质之争 The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation) ppt by He Qin 何芩 202120081489 and handout by Gao Mi高蜜.

(林语堂的翻译 Translation by Lin Yutang) ppt by Xie Jiafen 谢佳芬 and handout by Yan Lili 颜莉莉.

*6 Nov 3 Linguistics and Equivalence (Nida) 

(J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory) ppt by Huang Yiyan 黄逸妍 and handout by Huang Jinyun 黄锦云.

(Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida) ppt by Du Lina 杜莉娜 and handout by Ma Xin 马新.

(The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application) ppt by Yi Yangfan 易扬帆 and handout by Yin Yuan 尹媛.

(Eugene Nida's Principles of Correspondence Theory) ppt by Chen Huini 陈慧妮 and handout by Cai Zhufeng 蔡珠凤.

*6 Nov 10 Translation Studies
(The Name and Nature of Translation Studies)ppt by Liu Shengnan刘胜楠; handout by Li Yi李怡

(Five Approaches to Translation)ppt by Li Wenxuan李文璇; handout by Li Shan 李姗

(Principles of Translation)ppt by Xiao Yiyao肖毅瑶; handout by Wu Yinghong吴映红

(Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation)ppt by Mahzad Heydarian; handout by Mahzad Heydarian

(Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation)ppt by Xiong Min熊敏; handout by Sun Yashi孙雅诗

(Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics )ppt by Luo Anyi罗安怡; handout by Shi Liqing石丽青

*8 Nov 17 Translation Theories
(Translation Theories of George Steiner)ppt by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍

(The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord)ppt by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪;handout by Qin Jianan 秦建安.

(Translation Theories of Peter Newmark) ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

(Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts)ppt by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇

(Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by Zhouqing周清; handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

*9 Nov 24 History of Chinese Translation Theories
(The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty)ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and handout by Li Shuang 李双.

(The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories)ppt by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯

(The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement)ppt by Li Wen 李雯; handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪

(The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present)ppt by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江; handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

*10 Dec 1 Appropriateness Theory - this is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

(Appropriateness Theory) ppt by Yin Meida殷美达 and handout by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉

*11 Dec 8 Methods and Style
(The Literal Translation and Free Translation)ppt by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.

(The Amplification and Omission in Translation)ppt by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.

(Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example)ppt by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.

(Translation Methods of Idioms)ppt by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋

(Domestication and Foreignization)pptx by Chen Jing 陈静; handout by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡

*12 Dec 15 Theory and Practice.
(The value and limits of Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature) ppt by 詹若萱 and handout by 罗曦
(Catford's Translation Shift Theory and its practice)ppt by 周巧and handout by 朱素珍
(An Analysis of Different Versions on the Basis of the Three Beauties of Xu Yuanchong) ppt by 邝艳丽 and handout by 付红岩
(庞德的翻译理论及其在《华夏集》中的应用 Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay) handout by 张秋怡 and ppt by 王逸凡
() Skopos Theory and its Application ppt by 刘沛婷 and handout by 李新星

*13 Dec 22 Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism
() ppt by 殷美达 and handout by 张怡然

*14 Dec 29 East-West Comparison
()ppt by刘薇 and handout by黄柱梁
()ppt by魏兆妍 and handout by 吴婧悦
()ppt by阳佳颖 and handout by 颜子涵
(韦努蒂与鲁迅异化翻译策略之比较 A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy) ppt by毛优 and handout by 毛雅文

== Homework from Session 1 Sep 26 due on Sep 29, 2021 ==

1. Take the survey after session 1: http://bit.ly/EU-SURVEY

2. Please fill in the 2nd quiz (to show that you have read the texts for session 2) before session 2. (Will be added later.)

3. Every student should translate 1 sentence. Here is the [[20210929_homework|homework page]]. - IN PREPARATION...

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

4. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation is once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20210929_homework|here]].

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

5. Please pick a topic from the pdf material, the general session topics or your own thoughts to do a presentation on. For the first topics, you need to do the presentation already in 1 week!

===Homework for later===
4. Write a final exam paper as a chapter of the book "Translation Studies", ... It has to be a topic, not yet chosen by any other student in the book. I will upload the book here later. You can participate in writing this book.

5. Get familiar with the pdfs I send you on WeChat group as learning material.

=Session 2, Sep 29: Emergence I=
*Teacher presentation
*Survey http://bit.ly/Eval-01
*Please select a topic to do a ppt or handout on
*Review homework
*Prepare final exam

===Homework for this session Sep 29===
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 2 (Emergence I)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

==Session 2, Sep 29, Topic 1: Emergence I - Emergence in China==
*Teacher presentation: [[Media:Emergence_I.pptx|Teacher presentation on the Emergence of Translation]] by Martin Woesler --[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 11:44, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

==Homework for next session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. Please write your name behind one of the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Final_exam_class_projects|book projects]] where you want to write a chapter as your final exam paper. Also indicate the topic of your chapter in this book project.

5. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13: Emergence II (中国新时期翻译研究发展的起源 The origin of translation studies in China in the new Era) ppt by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼 and handout by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳. (Emergence of Oral Interpretation) ppt by Shan Gongfei:) Prepare ppt or handout.(机器翻译的起源 The Origin of Machine Translation) handout by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟 202120081535 and powerpoint by Yan Jing 颜静 202120081536.

=Session 3, Oct 13, Topic 2: Emergence II - Emergence in China=
==Homework for this session Oct 13==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

*[[20211013_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Oct 13]]

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations in Session 3, Emergence of Translation II==

*ppt: [[Media:03 Emergence of translations in China by Xie Qinglin.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation study in China 中国翻译的起源]] by Chen Xiangqiong 陈湘琼; handout [[Media:03_Xie_Qinglin_Emergence_of_translations_in_China.docx|Emergence of translation studies in China]] by Xie Qinglin 谢庆琳

Tip: Since the topics are sorted roughly chronologically, this topic should be the emergence of translation rather than emergence of translation studies.

*ppt: [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Yan_Jing.pptx|Presentation on Origin of Machine Translation 机器翻译的起源与发展]] by Yan Jing 颜静; handout [[Media:The_Origin_of_Machine_Translation_by_Xu_Minyun.docx|Origin of Machine Translation handout]] by Xu Minyun 徐敏赟

Tip: This topic is also very modern, it should be presented at the end of the semester.

==Homework for next session Oct 20==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 3 (Emergence II)

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 13:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 4, Oct 20, Topic 3=
==Homework for this session Oct 20==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 4

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211020_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Oct 20]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 20:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations on History of Translation, session 4==
* ppt: [[Media: The brief history of western translation_by_Ding_Xuan.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of western translation]] by Ding Xuan; handout [[Media:The brief history of Western translation.doc| The brief history of western translation]] by Fu Shiyu
*ppt: [[Media: The brief history of Chinese translation.pptx|Presentation on The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Hu Shuqing; handout [[Media:The brief history of Chinese translation_by_Gong_Boya.doc| The brief history of Chinese translation]] by Gong Boya
* ppt:[[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.pptx|Presentation on A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Rao Jinying; handout: [[Media: A brief history of Chinese poetry translation.doc| A brief history of Chinese poetry translation]] by Mou Yixin
* ppt:[[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000.pptx|Presentation on The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000]] by Zhang Yang; handout: [[Media: The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics Since 2000_by_Zeng_Junlin.doc| The Translation history of Library of Chinese Classics]] by Zeng Junlin
* ppt:[[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.pptx|Presentation on The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Ye Weijie; handout: [[Media: The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center.docx| The History of Buddhist Scripture Translation in Chinese Translation Center]] by Wang Zhenlong

==Homework for next session Oct 27==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 5, Oct 27, Topic 4 Early Understanding of Translation (no elaborated theories yet)=
==Homework for this session Oct 27==

1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 5

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211027_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Oct 27]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Oct 27:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Oct 27 on Early Understanding==

* Teacher presentation: [[Media:05_Transl_Studies_Emergence2_History.pptx|Powerpoint for the Sessions 3-5 by Martin Woesler, please download from this link]]

The early understanding next session refers to the very early theoretical understanding of the Translation process from ancient times until maybe up to the middle of the 20th century. There are no elaborated theories yet, but at least some discussions about principles, strategies etc.

* ppt: [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang.pptx|Translation by Lin Yutang]] by Xie Jiafen; handout [[Media: Tranlation by Lin Yutang(handout).docx| Translation by Lin Yutang(handout)]] by Yan Lili
* ppt: [[Media: The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation.pptx|The Debates Between Wen and Zhi on Buddhist Scriptures Translation]] by He Qin; handout [[Media: The Wen-Zhi Debate in the history of sutra translation (handout).docx| The Wen-Zhi Debate in the History of Sutra Translation (handout)]] by Gao Mi

==Homework for next session 6, Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6, Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 6, Nov 3, Topic 5 Translation Equivalence, Nida and Linguistics=
==Homework for this session Nov 3==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 6

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211103_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Nov 3]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 3 on Linguistics and Equivalence(Nida)==

* ppt: [[Media:J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt).pptx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory(ppt)]] by Huang Yiyan; handout [[Media:Translation Equivalence Theory.docx|J.C.Catford's Translation Equivalence Theory]] by Huang Jinyun
* ppt: [[Media:Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt).pptx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida(ppt)]] by Du Lina; handout [[Media: Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida.docx|Two Types of Equivalence by Eugene A. Nida]] by Ma Xin
* ppt: [[Media:The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.pptx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yi Yangfan; handout [[Media: The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application.docx|The Three Essences of Functional Equivalence and Its Application]] by Yin Yuan
* ppt: [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt).pptx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory(ppt)]] by Chen Huini; handout [[Media:Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory.docx|Eugene Nida ‘s Principles of Correspondence Theory]] by Cai Zhufeng

==Homework for next session 7, Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7, Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 10:) Prepare ppt or handout.

5. WRITE A DRAFT OF YOUR FINAL EXAM PAPER!
*[[20220112_final_exam|Final Exam paper page]]

=Session 7, Nov 10, Topic 6 Translation Studies=
==Homework for this session Nov 10==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 7

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211110_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Nov 10]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 3:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 10 on Translation Studies==

* ppt 1: [[Media:The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|The Name and Nature of Translation Studies(ppt)]] by Liu Shengnan; handout [[Media: The Name and Nature of Translation Studies.docx| The Name and Nature of Translation Studies]] by Li Yi

* ppt 2: [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation.pptx|Five Approaches to Translation]] by Li Wenxuan; handout [[Media:Five Approaches to Translation(handout).docx|Five Approaches to Translation()]] by Li Shan

* ppt 3: [[Media:Principles of Translation(ppt).pptx|Principles of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiao Yiyao; handout [[Media:Principles of Translation.docx|Principles of Translation]] by Wu Yinghong

* ppt 4: [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation(ppt).pptx|Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation]] by Mahzad Heydarian; handout [[Media:Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation.docx| Cultural and Ideological Approaches in Translation ]] by Mahzad Heydarian

* ppt 5: [[Media:Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt).pptx|Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation(ppt)]] by Xiong Min; handout [[Media: Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation.docx| Roman Jacobson's Categories of Translation]] by Sun Yashi

* ppt 6: [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics(ppt).pptx|Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Luo Anyi; handout [[Media:Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics.docx| Lin Yutang' s Translation Aesthetics]] by Shi Liqing

==Homework for next session 8, Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 6 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 8, Nov 17, Translation Theories =
==Homework for this session Nov 17==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 8

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211117_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8, Nov 17]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 17:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 17 on Translation Theories==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt).pptx|Translation Theories of George Steiner(ppt)]] by Yang Liuqing 杨柳青; handout [[Media: Translation Theories of George Steiner.docx| Translation Theories of George Steiner]] by Yin Huizhen 殷慧珍
* ppt 2: [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt).pptx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord(ppt)]] by Peng Ruixue 彭瑞雪; [[Media:The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx|The Functional Translation Theory of Reiss, Vermeer and Nord (handout).docx]] by Qin Jianan 秦建安.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.pptx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark]] ppt by Liu Xiao 刘晓; [[Media:Translation Theories of Peter Newmark.docx|Translation Theories of Peter Newmark .docx]] handout by Liu Yue 刘越.

* ppt 4:[[Media:Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt).pptx|Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts(ppt)]] by Wang Lifei 王李菲; handout [[Media: Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts.docx| Yan Fu's Translation Thoughts]] by Wei Chuxuan 魏楚璇
* ppt 5: [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.pptx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]] ppt by Zhouqing周清; [[Media:Translation of Xu Yuanchong.docx|Translation theorie of Xu Yuanchong]]handout by Zou Yueli邹岳丽.

==Homework for next session 9, Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 9, Nov 24, History of Chinese Translation Theories =

==Homework for this session Nov 24==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 9

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211124_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9, Nov 24]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Nov 24:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Nov 24 on Chinese Translation Theories ==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty(ppt)]]ppt by Cheng Yang 程杨 and [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty.docx| The History of Chinese Translation Theories in Qing Dynasty]]handout by Li Shuang 李双.
* ppt 2: [[Media:The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories(ppt)]] by Qiu Tingting邱婷婷; handout [[Media: The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories.docx| The History of Chinese Buddhist Translation Theories]] by Wei Yiwen 卫怡雯
* ppt 3: [[Media:The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt).pptx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement(ppt)]]by Li Wen 李雯; [[Media: The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement.docx|The Chinese Translation Theories During the Period of the May Forth Movement]] handout by Zhou Xiaoxue 周小雪
* ppt 4: [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt).pptx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present(ppt)]]by Yang Aijiang 杨爱江 [[Media: The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present.docx|The History of Chinese Translation Theories from 1949 to Present]] handout by Yang Kun 杨堃

==Homework for next session 10, Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 10, Dec 1, Appropriateness Theory=
This is a new theory suggested by M. Woesler in 2020. Everybody is invited to help to develop this theory or to criticize other theories and suggesting what a new theory (like the appropriateness theory) needs to do better.

==Homework for this session Dec 1==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 10

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211201_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10, Dec 1]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 1:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 1==
* handout 1: [[Media: Appropriateness Theory.docx| Appropriateness Theory]] by Ei Mon Kyaw 艾梦觉;ppt 1: [[Media:Appropriateness Theory(ppt).pptx|Appropriateness Theory(ppt)]] by Yin Meida殷美达;
* handout 2: [[Media: The Appropriateness Theory.docx| The Appropriateness Theory]] by Asep Budiman;ppt 2: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark’s Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman;

ppt 2: [[Media:Revisiting Newmark's Theory of Translation
(ppt).pptx|Revisiting Newmark's Theory of Translation(ppt)]] by Asep Budiman;

*Teacher presentation [[Media:10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|10_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]
*Teacher presentation [[Media:Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx|Appropriateness_Theory_Teacher_Presentation.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 11, Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 11, Dec 8, Methods and Style=
==Homework for this session Dec 8==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 11

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211208_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11, Dec 8]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 8:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 8 on Methods and Style==
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt).pptx|The Literal Translation and Free Translation(ppt)]] by Zhong Yifei钟义菲; handout [[Media: The Literal Translation and Free Translation.docx| The Literal Translation and Free Translation]] by Zhong Yulu钟雨露.
* ppt 1: [[Media:The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt).pptx|The Amplification and Omission in Translation(ppt)]] by Zhou Jiu周玖; handout [[Media: The Amplification and Omission in Translation.docx| The Amplification and Omission in Translation]] by Zhou Junhui周俊辉.
* ppt 3: [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt).pptx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example(ppt)]] by Li Aixuan李爱璇；handout [[Media:Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example.docx|Zhu Shenghao's Translation Style Take the Translation of Shakespeare's Plays for Example]] by Jing Xiaotong金晓童.
* ppt 4: [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx|Translation Methods of Idioms(ppt)]] by Liu Yunxin 刘运心; handout [[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.docx|Translation Methods of Idioms(handout)]] by Li Ruiyang 李瑞洋
* ppt 5: [[Media:11_Chen_Jing_Domestication_and_Foreignization.pptx|Domestication and Foreignization(pptx)]] by Chen Jing 陈静; handout [[File:Domestication and Foreignization.docx|Domestication and Foreignization(handout)]] by Chen Xinyi 陈心怡
*Teacher presentation [[Media:11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx|11_Translation_Studies_Discipline.pptx]]

[[File:Translation Methods of Idioms.pptx]]

==Homework for next session 12, Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 12, Dec 15, Theory and Practice.=

==Homework for this session Dec 15==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 12

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211215_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12, Dec 15]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 15:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 15 on Theory and Practice==
* ppt 1: [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Tts Practice(ppt).pptx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice(ppt)]] by Zhou Qiao 周巧; handout [[Media:Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice.docx|Catford Translation Shift Theory and Its Practice]] by Zhu Suzhen 朱素珍.

* ppt 2: [[Media: The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature(ppt).pptx| The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature（ppt）]] by Zhan Ruoxuan 詹若萱;handout [[Media:The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature.docx|The value and limits of Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in its Application of Literature]] by Luo Xi 罗曦.

* ppt 3：[[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt).pptx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay(ppt)]] by Wang Yifan 王逸凡; handout [[Media:Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay.docx|Ezra Pound's translation theory and its application in Cathay]] by Zhang Qiuyi 张秋怡.

* ppt 4：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting.pptx|Skopos Theory and its application by Jawad and Liu Peiting]] by Jawad Ahmad; handout [[Media:Skopos Theory and Its Application.docx|Skopos Theory and Its Application]] by Liu Peiting 刘沛婷.

==Homework for next session 13, Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 13, Dec 22, Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism=

==Homework for this session Dec 22==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 13

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211222_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13, Dec 22]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 22:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 22 on Decriptive Studies, Culture, Invisibility, Constructivism==

* ppt 1: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Benjamin Wellsand; handout [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies.docx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 2: [[Media:Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt).pptx|Gideon Toury's Descriptive Study of Norms in Translation Presentation(ppt)]]ppt by Rouabah Soumaya; handout [[Media:.docx|.docx]] by Bi bi Nadia.

* ppt 3: [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt).pptx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies(ppt)]]ppt by Zhang Yiran 张怡然; handout [[Media:Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies.docx|Presentation on Cultural Aspects of Translation Studies]] by Atta Ur Rahman.

==Homework for next session 14, Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

=Session 14, Dec 29, East-West Comparison=

==Homework for this session Dec 29==
1. Read the [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021#Topics.2C_Sessions_and_Material|literature]] for Session 14

2. Translate your passage on the homework page.

*[[20211229_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14, Dec 29]]

3. Correct your fellow student's translation on the homework page.

4. (Only for students who do presentation on Dec 29:) Prepare ppt or handout.

==Presentations Dec 29 on East-West Comparison==
*ppt 1: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy ppt by Mao You 毛优; [[Media: A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx|A Comparison of Venuti's and Lu Xun's Foreignization Translation Strategy(Handout).docx]] handout by Mao Yawen 毛雅文.

*ppt 2: A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation——Taking the Translation Concepts of Liu Miqing(刘宓庆) and Susan Bassnett as an Example. [[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation.pptx]] by Wei Zhaoyan魏兆妍；[[File:A Comparative Study on the Differences between Chinese and Western Contemporary Cultural Translation(handout).docx]] by Wu Jingyue吴婧悦

*ppt 3: [[Media:(ppt).pptx|(ppt)]]ppt by ; handout [[Media:Hypotactic and Paratactic.docx|Hypotactic and Paratactic]] by Huang Zhuliang黄柱梁.

=Samples from last year: 人类起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation=
Please note: All the sessions (2-16) here are copies of the 2020 course.

You can have a look how the fellow students did it last year,

but you have to write everything new here for 2021.

*Teacher presentation

*Student presentations

OLD (2020):

*Handout for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation.docx|Global Emergence of Interpretation and Translation]] by 彭锐宏
*Classroom presentation for download [[Media:The_emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_by_Peng_Ruihong.pptx|Presentation on Emergence of translation]] by 彭锐宏--[[User:Peng Ruihong|Peng Ruihong]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruihong|talk]]) 07:05, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

===Session 2, Topic 2: 西方起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in the West===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.docx|Handout on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Western_Countries.pptx|Powerpoint on The Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Western Countries]]--[[User:Nie Xiaolou|Nie Xiaolou]] ([[User talk:Nie Xiaolou|talk]]) 05:43, 28 September 2020 (UTC)Nie Xiaolou by 聂晓楼

===Session 2, Topic 3: 中国起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.docx| Handout on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_China.pptx|PowerPoint on Emergence of translation and interpretation in China]]--Mashuya by 马淑雅

===Session 2, Topic 4: 日本起源 The emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_translation_and_interpretation_in_Japan.docx|The Emergence of translation and interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹 --[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_Emergence_of_Translation_and_Interpretation_in_Japan.ppt|Powerpoint on the Emergence of Translation and Interpretation in Japan]] by 孟莹--[[User:Meng Ying|Meng Ying]] ([[User talk:Meng Ying|talk]]) 16:10, 27 September 2020 (UTC)Meng Ying

===Homework from Session 2 (Sep 28, 2020), due on (Oct 5, 2020)===
1. Every student should translate 1 paragraph of an English book on Contemporary Chinese Literature INTO CHINESE. Link: [[20200928_trans|here]].

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20200928_trans|here]].

==3rd Session: History==

===Session 3, Topic 1:中国古代翻译史History of Translation in Ancient China===
*Handout for download：[[Media:Handout for History of Translation in Ancient China.doc]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: History of Translation in Ancient China.pptx]]--[[User:Li Yu|Li Yu]] ([[User talk:Li Yu|talk]]) 09:14, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 2: 中国翻译史代表人物The Representatives in Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Chin_Trans_Hist_Rep.docx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Majuan|Majuan]] ([[User talk:Majuan|talk]]) 11:35, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:....pptx|The Representatives in Chinese Translation History]] --[[User:Liu Zhiwei|Liu Zhiwei]] ([[User talk:Liu Zhiwei|talk]]) 08:36, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 3, Topic 3: 中国翻译史的四个阶段 The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History===
*Handout for download: [[Media:The four stages of Chinese translation history.docx|Description of the file]] PLEASE UPLOAD by --[[User:Yu Ni|Yu Ni]] ([[User talk:Yu Ni|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)XX
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The_four_stages_of_Chinese_translation_history.pptx|The Four Stages of Chinese Translation History]] by --[[User:Yang chenting|Yang chenting]] ([[User talk:Yang chenting|talk]]) 16:16, 4 October 2020 (UTC)Yang Chenting

===Session 3, Topic 4: 当代中国之翻译 Translation in Contemporary China===
*Handout for download: [[Media:Handout for Translation in Contemporary China.docx|Translation in today's China]] by --[[User:XieFan|XieFan]] ([[User talk:XieFan|talk]]) 02:08, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation in Contemporary China(1).pptx|Presentation on translation in China today]] --[[User:Zhang Yuxing|Zhang Yuxing]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yuxing|talk]]) 01:05, 5 October 2020 (UTC) Zhang Yuxing by 张宇星

==='''Homework from Session 3 (Oct 5, 2020), for Session 4 due on (Oct 12, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201005_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201005_trans|here]].

==Session 4: Development==

===Session 4, Topic 1: 西方翻译史 Western translation history===
*Handout for download: [[Media:....docx|Western translation history]] by Zhou Siqing--[[User:Zhou Siqing|Zhou Siqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Siqing|talk]]) 06:57, 5 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Western translation history.pptx|Western translation history]] by Zhang Qi [[User:Zhangqi|Zhangqi]] ([[User talk:Zhangqi|talk]]) 07:46, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 2: 中国佛经翻译的发展 The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.docx]] by Jiang Qiwei--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures.ppt|The Develpment of Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures]] by Hu Jin--[[User:Jiang Qiwei|Jiang Qiwei]] ([[User talk:Jiang Qiwei|talk]]) 15:26, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 3:西方翻译理论史History of Western Translation Theory===
*Handout for download: [[Media:...docx|History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX
* Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:...pptx| Brief History of Western Translation Theory]] by --[[User:Zhou Shiqing|Zhou Shiqing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Shiqing|talk]]) 13:19, 4 October 2020 (UTC)XX

===Session 4, Topic 4:口译未来的发展 Prospect of Interpreting===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Prospect of Interpreting.docx]]-by Zhang Yinliu--[[User:Zhang Yinliu|Zhang Yinliu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yinliu|talk]]) 08:30, 12 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prospect of Interpreting.pptx]]--[[User:WuQiong|WuQiong]] ([[User talk:WuQiong|talk]]) 08:23, 12 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 5:新中国成立后翻译的发展 Translation Development of New China===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Development of New China.pdf]] by Li Luyi --[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation Development .pptx]] by Zheng Huajun--[[User:Li Luyi|Li Luyi]] ([[User talk:Li Luyi|talk]]) 11:47, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 6:圣经翻译的发展 The Development of Bible Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Peng YuZhi|Peng YuZhi]] ([[User talk:Peng YuZhi|talk]]) 03:05, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Bible Translation.pptx]] by Han Haiyang--[[User:Han Haiyang|Han Haiyang]] ([[User talk:Han Haiyang|talk]]) 02:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 7:机器翻译的发展 The Development of Machine Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Handout-The Development of Machine Translation.docx]] by Deng Jinxia----[[User:Deng Jinxia|Deng Jinxia]] ([[User talk:Deng Jinxia|talk]]) 12:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:PPT The Development of Machine Translation.pptx]] by Han Wanzhen--[[User:Han Wanzhen|Han Wanzhen]] ([[User talk:Han Wanzhen|talk]]) 06:31, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 4, Topic 8:视听翻译的发展 The Development of Audiovisual Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-Handout.docx]]--[[User:Gong Yumian|Gong Yumian]] ([[User talk:Gong Yumian|talk]]) 16:01, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Development of Audiovisual Translation-PPT.pptx]] by Cheng Yusi--[[User:Cheng Yusi|Cheng Yusi]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yusi|talk]]) 16:04, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

==='''Homework from Session 4 (Oct 12, 2020), for Session 5 due on (Oct 19, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate a short passage of a paper on the Chinese essay. Here is the '''[[20201012_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. [[20201012_trans|here]].

3. Take part in an online survey. The survey is currently prepared by the fellow students.

==Session 5: ==

===Session 5, Topic 1:林纾的翻译 Lin Shu's translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu.docx]]--[[User:Xiao yining|Xiao yining]] ([[User talk:Xiao yining|talk]]) 08:50, 29 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Yining
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation by Lin Shu(After correcting).pptx]]--Xu Pengfei

===Session 5, Topic 2:茅盾的翻译 Mao Dun's Translation===
*Handout for download:[[Media:Mao Dun's Translation.docx]]--[[User:Yuan SHiqi|Yuan SHiqi]] ([[User talk:Yuan SHiqi|talk]]) 02:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:translations by Mao Dun.pptx]]--[[User:Yao Jia|Yao Jia]] ([[User talk:Yao Jia|talk]]) 13:14, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 3:严复和天演论 Yan Fu and Tianyan Lun===
*Handout for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.docx]]--[[User:Yuan Yuchen|Yuan Yuchen]] ([[User talk:Yuan Yuchen|talk]]) 09:53, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Yuan Yuchen
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:YAN Fu and Tianyan Lun.pptx]]--[[User:XiaoXi|XiaoXi]] ([[User talk:XiaoXi|talk]]) 10:28, 18 October 2020 (UTC)Xiao Xi

Please stick to your 5 minutes with your presentation. We are 3 presentations behind. Thank you for your cooperation.

===Session 5, Topic 4:《红楼梦》的英译 The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.docx]]--[[User:Cao Runxin|Cao Runxin]] ([[User talk:Cao Runxin|talk]]) 13:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation of ''The Red Chamber Dreams''.pptx]]----[[User:Zou Xinyu2|Zou Xinyu2]] ([[User talk:Zou Xinyu2|talk]]) 03:59, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Zou Xinyu

===Session 5, Topic 5:《圣经》的早期汉译 The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.docx]]--[[User:Li Lingyue|Li Lingyue]] ([[User talk:Li Lingyue|talk]]) 15:22, 18 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Early Translation of the Bible into Chinese.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Jing2|Xu Jing2]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing2|talk]]) 14:55, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 5, Topic 6:梁实秋的翻译 The Translation of Liang Shiqiu===
*Handout for download:[[Media:The Liang Shiqiu's Translation.pdf]]--[[User:ZHOUYUJUAN|ZHOUYUJUAN]]([[User talk:ZHOUYUJUAN|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)
*Classroom presentation for download:[[Media: Liang Shiqiu.pdf]]--[[User:Su Lin|Su Lin]]([[User talk:Su Lin|talk]]) 00:32, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 6: Early Theories==

==='''Homework from Session 5 (Oct 19, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Oct 26, 2020)'''===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201019_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201019_trans|here]].

===Session 6, Topic 1: 巴斯奈特文化翻译观 The Cultural Translation Theory of Bassnett===

Handout for download: [[Media:The Cultural Translatioin Theory of Susan Bassnett.pdf]]--[[User:Yang Yi|Yang Yi]]([[User talk:Yang Yi|talk]]) 16:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Cultural Translatioin Theory of Bassnett.ppt]]--[[User:Xu Mengdie|Xu Mengdie]] ([[User talk:Xu Mengdie|talk]]) 05:07, 24 October 2020 (UTC)Xu Mengdie

===Session 6, Topic 2: 中国早期代表性佛经翻译理论 Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China===

Handout for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.docx]]--[[User:Chen Han|Chen Han]] ([[User talk:Chen Han|talk]]) 14:23, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Early Representative Theories of Buddhist Scriptures Translation in China.pptx]]--[[User:Zeng Xinyuan|Zeng Xinyuan]] ([[User talk:Zeng Xinyuan|talk]]) 00:43, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 3: 两种西方早期翻译模式的比较分析:贺拉斯模式和杰罗姆模式 The Comparative Analysis of Two Early Western Translation Models: Horace Model and Jerome Model===

Handout for download:[[Media:The Comparative Analysis of Two Translation Models.docx]]--[[User:Chen Jingjing|Chen Jingjing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jingjing|talk]]) 09:41, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Chen Jingjing

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The_Comparative_Analysis_of_Two_Translation_Models.pptx]]--[[User:Gao Mingzhu|Gao Mingzhu]] ([[User talk:Gao Mingzhu|talk]]) 09:24, 25 October 2020 (UTC)Gao Mingzhu

===Session 6, Topic 4: 卡特福德的《翻译的语言学理论》 A Linguistic Theory of Translation of J.C.Catford===

Handout for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation of Catford.docx]]--[[User:Wei Honglang|Wei Honglang]] ([[User talk:Wei Honglang|talk]]) 12:30, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:A Linguistic Theory of Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Wen Xiaoyi|Wen Xiaoyi]] ([[User talk:Wen Xiaoyi|talk]]) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 5: 中西早期译论对比 The Comparison between Chinese and Western Early Translation Theories===
Handout for download:[[Media:Comparison of Early Translation Theories between China and the West.docx]]--[[User:QiKai|Qi Kai]] ([[User talk:QiKai|talk]]) 14:04, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom Presentation for download:[[Media:Chinese and Western Early Theories Comparison.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Haoyu|Kang Haoyu]] ([[User talk:Kang Haoyu|talk]]) 13:26, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

===Session 6, Topic 6: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试 Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory===

Handout for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.docx]]--[[User:Wu Xiang|Wu Xiang]] ([[User talk:Wu Xiang|talk]]) 12:40, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Early Attempts at Systematic Translation Theory.ppt]]--[[User:Liu Yangnuo|Liu Yangnuo]] ([[User talk:Liu Yangnuo|talk]])03:52, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

==Session 7: Western theories==. 周巧 presentation PowerPoint 朱素珍 handout Cat ford Translation Shift Theory

===Homework from Session 6 (Oct 26, 2020), for Session 6 due on (Nov 2, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201026_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201026_trans|here]].

===Session 7, Topic 1: 奈达功能对等理论 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Kang Lingfeng|Kang Lingfeng]] ([[User talk:Kang Lingfeng|talk]]) 02:59, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 2: 多元系统理论 Polysystem Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory ppt.pptx]]--[[User:Wu Qi|Wu Qi]] ([[User talk:Wu Qi|talk]]) 11:35, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Polysystem Theory.docx]]--[[User:Chang Huiyue|Chang Huiyue]] ([[User talk:Chang Huiyue|talk]]) 11:21, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 3：后殖民主义翻译理论 Post-colonial Translation Theory===

Handout for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Hao|Jiang Hao]] ([[User talk:Jiang Hao|talk]]) 12:27, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Post-colonial Translation Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Ji Tiantian|Ji Tiantian]] ([[User talk:Ji Tiantian|talk]]) 01:29, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 4：布拉格学派 Prague School===

Handout for download: [[Media:Prague_School-Handout.doc]]--[[User:Xu Jing|Xu Jing]] ([[User talk:Xu Jing|talk]]) 14:48, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Prague School.pptx]]--[[User:You Yuting|You Yuting]] ([[User talk:You Yuting|talk]]) 14:08, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 7, Topic 5：目的论 Skopos Theory===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Xuan|Wang Xuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Xuan|talk]]) 07:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Wang Xuan

Handout for download:[[Media:Skopos Theory.docx]]--[[User:Xiao Shuangling|Xiao Shuangling]] ([[User talk:Xiao Shuangling|talk]]) 08:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)Xiao Shuangling

===Session 7, Topic 6：语言学派 Linguistic School===

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Linguistic School.pptx]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:26, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download: [[Media:Linguistic School-Handout.doc]]----[[User:Wang Yuan|Wang Yuan]] ([[User talk:Wang Yuan|talk]]) 05:48, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 8: Methods==

===Homework from Session 7 (Nov 2, 2020), for Session 8 due on (Nov 9, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence of the Introduction of the Book "Translation Studies". Here is the '''[[20201102_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201102_trans|here]].

===Session 8, Topic 1：正说反译与反说正译 Negation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Negation-Gan Fengyu.pptx]][[User:Gan Fengyu|Gan Fengyu]] ([[User talk:Gan Fengyu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Negation.docx]]--[[User:Ding Daifeng|Ding Daifeng]] ([[User talk:Ding Daifeng|talk]]) 12:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 2：异化策略下的翻译方法 Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy ===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhao Xiaoyan.pptx]]--[[User:Zhao Xiaoyan|Zhao Xiaoyan]] ([[User talk:Zhao Xiaoyan|talk]]) 15:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Translation Methods of Foreignization Strategy-Zhang Hui.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Hui|Zhang Hui]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hui|talk]]) 15:33, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 3：交际翻译与语义翻译 Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Communicative Translation and Semantic Translation.pptx]]by Zhang Yu--[[User:Zhang Yu|Zhang Yu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yu|talk]]) 13:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Handout for download:[[Media:Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation-handout.docx]]--[[User:Tan Xingyue|Tan Xingyue]] ([[User talk:Tan Xingyue|talk]]) 13:49, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 4：直译与意译 Literal Translation and Free translation===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation.pptx]]--[[User:Si Yu|Si Yu]] ([[User talk:Si Yu|talk]]) 15:45, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:Literal Translation and Free translation Handout.docx]]--[[User:Wu Yilu|Wu Yilu]] ([[User talk:Wu Yilu|talk]]) 01:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 8, Topic 5：增译与减译 Amplification and Omission===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Amplification and Omission.pptx]]--[[User:Li Meng|Li Meng]] ([[User talk:Li Meng|talk]]) 03:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Amplification And Omission.docx]]--[[User:Wensixing|Wensixing]] ([[User talk:Wensixing|talk]]) 05:05, 9 November 2020 (UTC)Wensixing

===Session 8, Topic 6：影视字幕的翻译方法-以《肖申克的救赎》为例 The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles——Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 01:21, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
Handout for download:[[Media:The Translation Method of Film and Television Subtitles—Taking Shawshank’s Redemption as an Example Handout.docx]]--[[User:Lin Min|Lin Min]] ([[User talk:Lin Min|talk]]) 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 9: Style==

===Homework from Session 8 (Nov 9, 2020), for Session 9 due on (Nov 16, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201116_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201116_trans|here]].

===Session 9, Topic 1: 源语风格和翻译 Style of Source Text and Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation.docx]]--[[User:Kong Xianghui|Kong Xianghui]] ([[User talk:Kong Xianghui|talk]]) 06:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Style of Source Text and Translation1.pptx]]--[[User:Kong Yanan|Kong Yanan]] ([[User talk:Kong Yanan|talk]]) 07:03, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9, Topic2 : 科技翻译 Scientific Style===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.docx]]--[[User:Lou Cancan|Lou Cancan]] ([[User talk:Lou Cancan|talk]]) 01:42, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Scientific Style.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Yuqing|Luo Yuqing]] ([[User talk:Luo Yuqing|talk]]) 01:17, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 3:不同翻译风格对比 Comparison among Different Translation Styles===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.docx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Session 9 Comparison among Different Translation Styles.pptx]]--[[User:Guan Qinqing|Guan Qinqing]] ([[User talk:Guan Qinqing|talk]]) 14:40, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 4: 文学风格可译与不可译 On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.docx]]--[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:On Literary Style from a Translatable View and Untranslatable View.pptx]] by Li Yongshan --[[User:Lin Xin|Lin Xin]] ([[User talk:Lin Xin|talk]]) 04:49, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 9,Topic 5: 翻译与风格 Translation and Style= ==
Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.docx]]--Hu Huifang

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Translation_and_Style.pptx]]--Zeng Yanhu

[[Media:Example.ogg]]

==Session 10: Translation Studies==

===Homework from Session 9 (Nov 16, 2020), for Session 10 due on (Nov 23, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201123_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201123_trans|here]].

===Session 10,Topic 1: 翻译转换 Translation Shifts===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts.pptx]]--[[User:Luo Weijia|Luo Weijia]] ([[User talk:Luo Weijia|talk]]) 14:51, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Translation_Shifts_handout.docx]]--[[User:Gui Yizhi|Gui Yizhi]] ([[User talk:Gui Yizhi|talk]]) 15:05, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 2: 解码和重新编码 Decoding and Recoding===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.pptx]]--[[User:Peng Xiaoling|Peng Xiaoling]] ([[User talk:Peng Xiaoling|talk]]) 08:33, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Decoding and Recoding.docx]]--[[User:Peng Dan|Peng Dan]] ([[User talk:Peng Dan|talk]]) 04:32, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 3: 视听翻译 Audiovisual Translation===
Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.docx]]--[[User:Quan Meixin|Quan Meixin]] ([[User talk:Quan Meixin|talk]]) 13:19, 22 November 2020 (UTC) - READ BY NIE XIAOLOU

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Audiovisual Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Song Jianru|Song Jianru]] ([[User talk:Song Jianru|talk]]) 00:26, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 4: 对钱钟书“化境说”的理论研究 The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s Theory of Huajing===
[[Media:Handout-The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.docx]]--[[User:Yi Huan|Yi Huan]] ([[User talk:Yi Huan|talk]]) 05:38, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:The Translation Studies of Qian Zhongshu’s theory of Huajing.pptx]]--[[User:Shi Diwen|Shi Diwen]] ([[User talk:Shi Diwen|talk]]) 05:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10, Topic 5: 英汉被动语态对比研究及其翻译策略 Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies===
Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.pptx]] --[[User:Yao Cheng|Yao Cheng]] ([[User talk:Yao Cheng|talk]]) 09:20, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Contrastive Studies of Passive Voice(C&E) and its Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Blank|Zhang Hu]] ([[User talk:Zhang Hu|talk]]) 10:23, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 10,Topic 6: 不可译性及其转化策略 Untranslatability and Translation Strategies====

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Untranslatability and Translation Strategies.docx]]--[[User:Chen Yongxiang|Chen Yongxiang]] ([[User talk:Chen Yongxiang|talk]]) 12:03, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Untranslatability & Translation Strategies.pptx]]--[[User:Liu Ou|Liu Ou]] ([[User talk:Liu Ou|talk]]) 12:45, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

==Session 11: Theory and Practice==

===Homework from Session 10 (Nov 23, 2020), for Session 11 due on (Nov 30, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201130_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201130_trans|here]].

===Session 11,Topic 1: 功能对等理论对商标翻译的影响 The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Handout.The Theory and Practice.docx]]--[[User:Pengjuan|Pengjuan]] ([[User talk:Pengjuan|talk]]) 07:38, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Pengjuan

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Effect of the Equivalence Theory on Trademark Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Tao Ye|Tao Ye]] ([[User talk:Tao Ye|talk]]) 08:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 2: 归化和异化在翻译中的实践 Translation practice in domestication and foreignization===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Handout.The Practice of Foreignization and Domestication.docx]]--[[User:Wu Zijia|Wu Zijia]] ([[User talk:Wu Zijia|talk]]) 01:21, 30 November 2020 (UTC)Wu Zijia

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Translation practice in domestication and foreignization.pptx]]--[[User:Lei kuangxi|Lei kuangxi]] ([[User talk:Lei kuangxi|talk]]) 09:00, 29 November 2020 (UTC)Lei Kuangxi

===Session 11,Topic 3: 目的论及其应用 Skopos Theory and its Applications===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.docx]]--[[User:Tang Bei|Tang Bei]] ([[User talk:Tang Bei|talk]]) 05:08, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download：[[Media:Skopos Theory and its Applications.pptx]]--[[User:Wang Meiling|Wang Meiling]] ([[User talk:Wang Meiling|talk]]) 05:16, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 4:语义翻译与交际翻译 The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation===

Classroom handout for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.docx]]--[[User:Zhang Peiwen|Zhang Peiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhang Peiwen|talk]]) 16:30, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:The Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation.ppt]]--[[User:YangHui|YangHui]] ([[User talk:YangHui|talk]]) 06:56, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 5: 奈达的功能对等理论及其在科技文英译汉中的应用 Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST===

Classroom handout for download：[[Media:Nida’s_Functional_Equivalence_Theory_and_its_Application_in E-C_Translation_of_EST.docx]]--[[User:Zhumeimei|Zhumeimei]] ([[User talk:Zhumeimei|talk]]) 02:03, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download:[[Media:Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and its Application in E-C Translation of EST.pptx]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]]--[[User:Zhou Yuanqu|Zhou Yuanqu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yuanqu|talk]]) 03:25, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

===Session 11,Topic 6:女性主义翻译 The Feminist Translation===

Handout for download：[[Media:Feminist Translation.doc]]--[[User:Jiang Fengyi|Jiang Fengyi]] ([[User talk:Jiang Fengyi|talk]]) 08:07, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation：[[Media:Feminist Translation.pptx]]

==Session 12: Different Aspects==

===Homework from Session 11 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 12 due on (Dec 7, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201207_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201207_trans|here]].

===Session 12, Topic 1: 政论文翻译 Translation of Political Text===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.docx]]--[[User:Zhou Yiwen|Zhou Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Zhou Yiwen|talk]]) 12:21, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Translation of Political Text.pptx]] By Chen Jiaxin --[[User:Jessie Chen|Jessie Chen]] ([[User talk:Jessie Chen|talk]]) 12:30, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 2: 诗歌翻译 Poem Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Poem Translation.pptx]]--[[User:Yang Hairong|Yang Hairong]] ([[User talk:Yang Hairong|talk]]) 14:59, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Poem_Translation_handout.docx]] by Zhang Yujie& Yang Hairong--[[User:Zhang Yujie|Zhang Yujie]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yujie|talk]]) 03:14, 7 December 2020 (UTC)

===Session 12, Topic 3: 旅游翻译 Tourism Translation===
Classroom handout for download:[[Media:Tourism Translation.pptx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei --[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 09:53, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Weiyafei

[[Media:Tourism_Translation_handout.docx]] by Tan Xinjie & Wei Yafei--[[User:Weiyafei|Weiyafei]] ([[User talk:Weiyafei|talk]]) 10:06, 5 December 2020 (UTC)Wei Yafei

==Session 13: East West comparison==

===Homework from Session 12 (Nov 30, 2020), for Session 13 due on (Dec 14, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201214_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201214_trans|here]].

===Topic 1:严复和泰特勒翻译标准之对比 A Comparison between Yan Fu's and Tytler's Translation Criteria===
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.pptx]]--[[User:Tang Ming|Tang Ming]] ([[User talk:Tang Ming|talk]]) 07:15, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Tang Ming
[[Media:A Comparison Between Yan Fu’s and Tytler’s Translation Criteria.docx]]--[[User:Ou Rong|Ou Rong]] ([[User talk:Ou Rong|talk]]) 06:52, 14 December 2020 (UTC)Ou Rong

===Topic 2:中西翻译发展比较Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation===

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.pptx]] by Liu Yi.--[[User:Liu Yi|Liu Yi]] ([[User talk:Liu Yi|talk]]) 15:38, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

[[Media:Comparison of the Development of Chinese and Western Translation.doc]] by Tan Yuanyuan.--[[User:Tan Yuanyuan|Tan Yuanyuan]] ([[User talk:Tan Yuanyuan|talk]]) 15:47, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3:中西文化差异对翻译的影响The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation===
[[Media:Handout-The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.doc]] by Yang Yue--[[User:Yang Yue|Yang Yue]] ([[User talk:Yang Yue|talk]]) 05:10, 10 December 2020 (UTC)
[[Media:The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on Translation.pptx]] by Yi Zichu--[[User:Yi Zichu|Yi Zichu]] ([[User talk:Yi Zichu|talk]]) 05:01, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 4:中国佛经翻译与圣经翻译的比较Comparison Between the translation of Buddhist scriptures of China and Bible translation===
[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible translation.pptx]]by Xiao Ting--[[User:Xiao Ting|Xiao Ting]] ([[User talk:Xiao Ting|talk]]) 00:54, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xiao Ting

[[Media:The Comparison of the Chinese Translation of Buddhist Scriptures and Bible Translation.docx]]--[[User:Xu Jia|Xu Jia]] ([[User talk:Xu Jia|talk]]) 02:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)Xu Jia

===Topic 5:20世纪中叶以来中西翻译理论对比 Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century===

[[Media:Comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Mo Ling.pptx]]--[[User:Mo Ling|Mo Ling]] ([[User talk:Mo Ling|talk]]) 09:38, 11 December 2020 (UTC)Mo Ling

[[Media:Handout of comparison of Chinese and Western translation theories since the mid-term of the 20th century by Yuan Tianyi.doc]]

===Topic 6；中西思维方式差异在翻译中的体现——以习语为例 The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.docx]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Sha]] ([[User talk:Chen Sha|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Embodiment of the Differences between Chinese and Western Thinking Modes in Translation -- Taking Idioms as an Example.pptx]] By Chen Jiangning --[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]]--[[User:Chen Sha|Chen Jiangning]] ([[User talk:Chen Jiangning|talk]]) 14:43, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 14: Strategies==
===Homework from Session 13 (Dec 14, 2020), for Session 14 due on (Dec 21, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201221_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201221_trans|here]].

===Topic 1；阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学 The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.docx]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Era of Arab Conquest and Translatology.ppt]] Ma Zhixing＆Wu kai --[[User:Wu Kai|Wu Kai]] ([[User talk:Wu Kai|talk]]) 10:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 2；韦努蒂的抵抗式翻译策略 Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.docx]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Resistancy Translation Strategy—Lawrence Venuti.ppt]] Tang Yiran&Yang Ziling --[[User:Tang Yiran1|Tang Yiran1]] ([[User talk:Tang Yiran1|talk]]) 23:34, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

===Topic 3；英日译本对照--以《雪国》为例The Contrast of Japanese-English Translation--Taking "Snow Country" as an Example===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.docx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:The Contrast of Differences in Japanese-English Xie Ziyi& Peng Yongliang.pptx]]
--[[User:Ishikami|Ishikami]] ([[User talk:Ishikami|talk]]) 05:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 15: Contemporary Translation Theories==

===Homework from Session 14 (Dec 21, 2020), for Session 15 due on (Dec 28, 2020)===

1. Every student should translate 1 sentence from the essay. Here is the '''[[20201228_trans|homework page]]'''.

2. Help a fellow student to improve his/her translation on that page. The final translation was once more worked over by the teacher, please check your own sentence [[20201228_trans|here]].

===Topic 1 Contemporary Translation Theories ===

Classroom handout for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.docx]]

Classroom presentation for download: [[Media:Contemporary Translation Theories.pptx]]
--[[User:Sagara Seydou 3|Sagara Seydou 3]] ([[User talk:Sagara Seydou 3|talk]]) 08:07, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

==Session 16: Final Discussion==

==List of topics for presentations and handouts in class==
1 Emergence:
孟莹: 日本起源, 聂晓楼: 西方起源, 马淑雅: 中国起源, 彭锐宏: 人类起源

2 History:
周思庆张琪: 西方翻译史; 马娟刘智伟: 历史上中国著名的翻译家; 解帆张宇星: 现当代中国翻译演变; 凌子瑾李玉: 中国古代翻译史; 杨晨婷余妮: 中国近代翻译史; 周诗卿纪甜甜: 西方翻译理论简史

3 Development:
韩宛真邓锦霞: 机器翻译的发展; 蒋淇玮胡瑾：中国佛经翻译的发展; 吴琼张银柳: 口译未来的发展; 成于思龚钰冕: 翻译实践的发展; 郑华君李璐伊: 新中国成立后翻译的发展; 韩海洋彭育志：圣经翻译的发展

4 Early Literary Examples:
许鹏飞肖伊宁: 林纾的翻译; 许晶李凌月; 袁诗琦姚佳; 邹鑫雨曹润鑫:《红楼梦》的英译; 袁雨晨肖茜: 严复和《天演论》; 苏琳周玉娟

5 Early Theories:
徐梦蝶杨逸; 陈涵曾心媛; 陈静静高明珠; 文晓艺韦洪朗: 严复与林纾的翻译理论; 康浩宇漆凯: 玄奘翻译理论; 刘洋诺邬香: 系统翻译理论的早期尝试

6 (Western) Theories:
康灵凤莫南: 功能对等理论; 吴琪常慧月：多元系统理论; 纪甜甜姜好: 后殖民翻译理论; 许静游雨婷; 布拉格学派; 肖双玲王轩: 目的论; 李丽丽王源: 语言学派

7 Methods:
甘奉玉丁代凤; 赵晓燕张慧: 异化策略下的翻译方法; 张瑜谭星越: 语义翻译和交际翻译; 吴一露司妤: 直译和意译; 文偲荇李梦: 增译和减译; 林敏刘金惺琦

8 Style:
孔祥慧孔亚楠; 罗雨晴娄灿灿; 管钦清：不同翻译风格对比；林鑫李泳珊：文学风格可译与不可译; 曾雁湖胡慧芳

9 Translation Studies:
罗维嘉桂一枝; 彭小玲彭丹; 全美欣宋建茹:视听翻译;石迪文易欢; 姚诚张虎：中英语态对比及其翻译策略; 刘欧陈永相：不可译性及其转化策略

10 Theory and Practice:
彭娟陶冶; 吴子佳雷旷溪: 归化异化在翻译中的实践; 汤蓓王美玲; 蒋凤仪顾东方; 周园曲祝美梅; 阳慧张佩闻;

11 Different Aspects:
周艺文陈佳欣; 谭鑫洁魏亚菲; 张毓婕杨海容;

12 East West Comparison:
唐铭欧蓉; 谭媛媛刘艺: 中西翻译发展史及比较; 杨悦义子楚: 中西文化差异对翻译的影响; 肖婷徐佳：中国佛经翻译和圣经翻译的比较; 莫玲袁天翼; 陈莎陈江宁：中西方思维方式差异在翻译中的体现--以习语为例。

13 Strategies:
吴恺马智星: 阿拉伯大征服时代与翻译学; 汤伊然杨子泠(劳伦斯·韦努蒂的异化翻译策略); 彭永亮谢子熠

14 Contemporary translation Theories:
Sagara Seydo Nguyen, Thuy Hien (Helen)

==List of Topics for final exam papers in Translation Studies==

学期论文（结合学期所学，撰写一篇5000以上单词的英文论文，按照专业杂志的格式，题目、摘要、关键词和参考文摘需要英中，文章英）。学期论文成绩占70%，平时成绩（含课堂表现、展示及作业）占30%。

Ideas
*literal vs. free
*Faithful/loyal/foreignization/alienation/exotization vs. domestication/localization
*unit of translation
*contrastive analysis
*the equivalence problem (functional, dynamic)
*translatability vs untranslatability
*SLT vs TLT relation
*translation types, strategies, styles, methods
*communication factors, translator role in social setting
*cognitive factors
*machine translation
*translation quality assessment
*translation ethics / manipulation etc.

Suggested topics for final exam papers (chapters of book on translation studies)

Each student needs to prepare one small topic for a 5-min. classroom presentation (with a fellow student, who writes a handout about it) and needs to find a topic for a chapter of a book on Translation Studies. Alternatively to the classroom presentation, the student can also assist the teacher by preparing class, sorting the wiki page etc.

Here is the link to the list: [[Topics in Translation Studies]]

=Final Exam Papers=
The deadline has been extended to '''Dec 21, 2020'''. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) and sign until Dec 19. The author then finalizes (works in the suggestions) until the final deadline Dec 21!
==Structure==
需要有topic、学生姓名、学号、专业、Abstract、Key words、题目、摘要、关键词、不同的章回（比如1. Introduction、2. Nida’s Theory、3. ……、4.……、5. Conclusion、References)、然后还需要每个阶段以后有来源。一个阶段不要超过100英文词。每个章回会有几个阶段没问题。每个阶段以后需要一个同学的这个阶段的修改。

==Tips for writing your final exam paper: How to indicate your references==
*You can use the existing book chapters here as an example.
*Please write the text and indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17. And then, you need to add a section at the end called "References". There you write the full version of the reference: Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学. Similarly, you do it for papers: Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Do '''not''' write any references like in one of the sample chapters:

[1] dsalkfkdsa

[2] adsfadsfag

But only the following way:

(Liu Miqing 2010, 17) in the text

and then

'''References'''
*Jin Wenlu 靳文璐. (2019). 机器翻译可以取代人工翻译吗? [Can machine translation replace human translation?]. ''智库时代'' Think Tank Times (40) 282-284.
*Liu Miqing 刘宓庆. (2010). ''翻译基础'' [Translation Basis]. Shanghai: East China Normal University 华东师范大学.

Also, please avoid using the three apostrophes like ' ' ' (without spaces). Use the equal signs to mark headers and subheaders instead. If your paper topic has two equal signs at the beginning and end of your topic, then use three equal signs for your sub headers. Example (without spaces):
= = Topic = =
< c e n t e r > Student Name, Student no. < / c e n t e r >
= = = Abstract = = =
This chapter is on ....
= = = Key Words = = =
Egg, Hen
= = = 题目 = = =
= = = 摘要 = = =
= = = 关键词 = = =
= = = Introduction = = =
Here starts the normal text of the chapter. Please remember to indicate the source of EACH PARAGRAPH, sometimes even of single sentences. You can indicate it like this. (Woesler 2020, 345) And don't forget to mention the full bibliographical entry beneath under ''References''.
= = = The Egg = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = The Hen = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = Conclusion = = =
Bla, bla, bla
= = = References = = =
Woesler, Martin. (2020). Responsibility and Ethics in Times of Corona. Woesler, Martin and Hans-Martin Sass eds. ''Medicine and Ethics in Times of Corona'' Muenster: LIT

==Sample papers==
You can find the full papers also on the Webpage [[History of Translation Studies]]). They are marked with "Sample paper".
* A Comparative Study between Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theory and My thoughts on the Two Theories
* An Analysis of the Book of Contemporary Translation Theories and Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications
* Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Theory and Skopos Theroy
* Comparison of Derrida’s and Benjamin’s Translation View
* Impacts of Western Translation Theories on The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish
* On the Comparison between "Sublimation" an "Functonal Equivalence" Theories
* Study on Gladys’ Translation of The Border Town from the Perspective of Translation Aesthetics
* The Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Chinese-English Communication
* Translators' Views on Translation Influence Their Translation Behavior

==Website to write your final exam paper on==
[[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

As a reference, here is the information about last year's final exam papers:

The website where everybody wrote their final exam paper on became too big and produced a database error. Therefore we split the website into 10 small websites. They are sorted like the chapters in the book. Please look for your name and find the right of the 10 small websites to edit your book chapter. Everybody also needs to help to improve other book chapters (copy a paragraph, paste it beneath, make your corrections in the paragraph and sign it).

Here you can write your Final Exam Papers:

*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_1 Part 1, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_2 Part 2, (samples)]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_3 Part 3, students: 蒋凤仪 Jiang Fengyi，雷旷溪 Lei Kuangxi, 郑华君 Zheng Huajun, 文晓艺 Wen Xiaoyi, 陶冶 Tao Ye, 孔亚楠 Kong Yanan, 陈江宁 Chen Jiangning]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_4 Part 4, students: 杨海容 Yang Hairong，游雨婷 You Yuting，王源 Wang Yuan，徐佳 Xu Jia，凌子瑾 Ling Zijin，石迪文 Shi Diwen，张玲 Zhang Ling，曾心媛 Zeng Xinyuan，姚诚 Yao Cheng，朱旭 Zhu Xu，许鹏飞 Xu Pengfei，赵晓燕 Zhao Xiaoyan，张琪 Zhang Qi，周园曲 Zhou Yuanqu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_5 Part 5, students: 李玉 Li Yu，林敏 Lin Min，文偲荇 Wen Sixing，周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing，朱素瑶 Zhu Suyao，胡百辉 Hu Baihui，马智星 Ma Zhixing, 胡瑾 Hu Jin，张毓婕 Zhang Yujie，顾东方 Gu Dongfang，高明珠 Gao Mingzhu，张虎 Zhang Hu，李璐伊 Li Luyi，袁诗琦 Yuan Shiqi，王美玲 Wang Meiling，康浩宇 Kang Haoyu，王轩 Wang Xuan，陈永相 Chen Yongxiang，莫玲 Mo Ling，袁天翼 Yuan Tianyi]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_6 Part 6, students:汤蓓 Tang Bei欧蓉 Ou Rong，谭星越 Tan Xingyue，周罗平 Zhou Luoping，龚钰冕 Gong Yumian，邹鑫雨 Zou Xinyu，陈惠 Chen Hui，罗雨晴 Luo Yuqing，谭鑫洁 Tan Xinjie]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_7 Part 7, students:曾雁湖 Zeng Yanhu，邓锦霞 Deng Jinxia，姜好 Jiang Hao，管钦清 Guan Qinqing，唐铭 Tang Ming，娄灿灿 Lou Cancan，丁代凤 Ding Daifeng，苏琳 Su Lin，徐佳 Xu Jia，刘艺 Liu Yi，李凌月 Li Lingyue，马娟 Ma Juan，吴琪 Wu Qi，姚佳 Yao Jia，李海泉 Li Haiquan，吴琼 Wu Qiong，杨子泠 Yang Ziling，林敏 Lin Min，彭锐宏 Peng Ruihong ，汤伊然 Tang Yiran，阳慧 Yang Hui，刘智伟 Liu Zhiwei]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_8 Part 8, students: 王煜 Wang Yu，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，许静 Xu Jing，周书尧 Zhou Shuyao，彭永亮 Peng Yongliang，宋建茹 Song Jianru，韦洪朗 Wei Honglang，魏亚菲 Wei Yafei，张雪仪 Zhang Xueyi，甘奉玉 Gan Fengyu，赵茜 Zhao Xi，吴恺 Wu Kai，周艺文 Zhou Yiwen，张维虹 Zhang Weihong，司妤 Si Yu]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_9 Part 9, students: 易欢 Yi Huan，曾良 Zeng Liang，义子楚 Yi Zichu，欧阳玲 Ouyang Ling，石海瑶 Shi Haiyao，胡慧芳 Hu Huifang，吴一露 Wu Yilu，纪甜甜 Ji Tiantian, 桂一枝 Gui Yizhi，刘欧 Liu Ou，祝美梅 Zhu Meimei，谭媛媛 Tan Yuanyuan，张银柳 Zhang Yinliu，李泳珊 Li Yongshan，聂晓楼 Nie Xiaolou]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_10 Part 10, students:陈静静 Chen Jingjing， Thuy Hien Nguyen Thuy Hien，肖茜 Xiao Xi，余妮 Yu Ni，韩宛真 Han Wanzhen，陈佳欣 Chen Jiaxin，成于思 Cheng Yusi，方洁玲 Fang Jieling，张慧 Zhang Hui，吴子佳 Wu Zijia，孔祥慧 Kong Xianghui，许晶 Xu Jing，周玉娟 Zhou Yujuan，曹润鑫 Cao Runxin，肖伊宁 Xiao Yining, Sagara Seydou，欧阳静兰 Ouyang Jinglan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_11 Part 11, students:李丽琴 Li Liqin, 张瑜 Zhang Yu, 刘怡瑜 Liu Yiyu, 李梦 Li Meng, 林鑫 Lin Xin, 罗维嘉 Luo Weijia, 漆凯 Qi Kai, 郭露 Guo Lu，张宇星 Zhang Yuxing, 陈涵 Chen Han, 李丽丽 Li Lili, 刘柳 Liu Liu, 陈莎 Chen Sha, 徐梦蝶 Xu Mengdie,彭丹 Peng Dan，谢子熠 Xie Ziyi，莫南 Mo Nan]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_12 Part 12, students: 全美欣 Quan Meixin，何长琦 He Changqi，刘博 Liu Bo，刘金惺琦 liu Jinxingqi，谌孙福 Chen Sunfu，曾芳缘 Zeng Fangyuan，肖婷 Xiao Ting，常慧月 Chang Huiyue，彭娟 Peng Juan，彭小玲 Peng Xiaoling，杨悦 Yang Yue，肖双玲 Xiao Shuangling，彭育志 Peng Yuzhi，孟莹 Meng Ying]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_13 Part 13, students: 杨晨婷 Yang Chenting, 康灵凤 Kang Lingfeng，杨逸 Yang Yi, 马淑雅 Ma Shuya, 雷方圆 Lei Fangyuan, 张佩闻 Zhang Peiwen]
*[https://bou.de/u/wiki/History_of_Translation_Studies_14 Part 14, students:周思庆 Zhou Siqing，蒋淇玮 Jiang Qiwei，瞿淼 Qu Miao，韩海洋 Han Haiyang，刘金惺琦 liu jinxingqi，解帆 Xie Fan，刘洋诺 Liu Yangnuo，袁雨晨 Yuan Yuchen，邬香 Wu Xiang]

=Benefits=
This course is registered as a "EU Expert" diploma supplement course. Collect 10 such courses during your study and you receive a certificate by the Jean Monnet Chair.

=Misplaced things=
Handout 4 of Ren Xin --
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创：
Summary：主要讲述了人们发现维兰德首次提出“世界文学”的过程，维兰德对“世界文学”的概念以及与歌德的比较。

一、为何说维兰德首创“世界文学”？
1987 年，德国学者魏茨( Hans-Joachim Weitz，1904—2001) 在《阿卡迪亚》杂志上发表了一篇题为《维兰德是“世界文学”一词的首创者》的短文。魏茨声称他发现了德国作家维兰德( Christoph Martin Wieland，1733—1813) 在1790 至1813 年间亲笔书写的一则手记中首次提到“世界文学”。但维兰德于1813 年1 月20 日去世，他的同时代人并不知道他写有这则手记，歌德在不知情的情况下从1827 年1 月15 日起多次使用了“世界文学”这个词。维兰德与歌德对于“世界文学”的概念相近，但他没有详细论证。所以说，“世界文学”一次是维兰德首创，歌德第一次明确提出的
二、维兰德“世界文学”的概念与歌德的比较
1. 维兰德在创作早期作品时：世界文学就是世界各民族的文学名作的总集。该观点体现在《民族文学》文学是世界各民族的共同精神财富，世界文学就是所有时代所有民族的典范作品总集。
2. 和歌德一样，维兰德的世界文学概念带有言必称希腊的欧洲中心主义色彩，他的世界文学乃是以古希腊罗马文学为正典、以欧洲文学为核心的世界各民族文学经典的总集。“阅读最优秀的作家的杰作”乃是维兰德“世界文学”概念的核心: 杰作即古往今来世界各民族的文学经典。
3. 维兰德认为优秀作品的形成过程: 首先作家必须以阅世高人的文化修养和娴熟的艺术技巧创造有审美价值的“文学杰作”；其次是后世“最优秀的人们”对这些杰作的“宣扬”和“奉为样板”。

三、“世界文学”概念有三种定义:
( 1) 广义的“世界文学”指的是所有民族和所有时代文学作品的总和( Gesamtliteratur) ;
( 2) 狭义的“世界文学”指的是超时代的、具有普遍审美价值的世界各民族文学的典范作品总集( Kanon) ，换言之，“世界文学”就是具有世界声誉的文学杰作的荟萃，这种精英主义意义上的“世界文学”概念在当今学界占据了主导地位;
( 3) 歌德于1827 年提出的文学发展蓝图，它指的是国际性的文学交往( Kommunikation der Literatur) 和文化接触，交往的结果就是具有特性的各民族文学的融合。

Reference:
贺骥.“世界文学”概念:维兰德首创[J].社会科学,2014(07):176-182. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:24, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]文飙.阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》.
1.流传情况：
《一千零一夜》早在公元六世纪左右已在波斯、伊拉克和埃及产生并流传着。公元十世纪阿拨斯王朝统治时代汇集成书,后又经过数百年不断搜集、整理、加工和修改；大约到十六世纪才形成比较完整的总集。
2.故事发生的地点：多在当时阿拉伯世界两大中心城市— 巴格达及开罗。
3.《一千零一夜》，中文另一译名为《天方夜谭( 谈) 》的原因：
这个译名的来源说明中世纪时期阿拉伯帝国与中国的关系。阿拉伯半岛的麦加城在帝国中称为“ 圣城”, 城内有古庙名“ 天房”, 中国古嫂都译为“ 天方”, 实即“ 天房”之误。我国明朝以前称阿拉伯为黑衣大食国，明朝以后则称为“ 天方国”, 这就是旧译本称为《天方夜谭》的原因。
4.故事内容：《一千零一夜》是一部包罗万象的民间故事集, 有格言、谚语、童话, 王子公主的恋爱故事, 及市民冒险故事。这些故事的主角从底层的劳苦大众到最高的统治者哈里发。能够比较全面而深刻地反映中世纪东方的社会生活。
5.《一千零一夜》的起源：
在古代印度和中国为海岛中,有一个萨桑国。残暴的国王山鲁亚尔每夜娶一王后,翌晨即杀掉再娶。老百姓受此威胁,十分恐怖,纷纷携儿带女逃走,致使城中十室九空。然而国王仍照例命令宰相寻找女子供他虐杀。一天，宰相找遍民间，没找到一个,便满怀恐惧、忧郁地转回府邸来。宰相的大女儿山鲁佐德见父亲情状,问明情由,执意让父亲把她嫁给国王,宰相不得已才把女儿送进宫去。山鲁佐德一见国王,就悲伤地哭泣起来，她希望国王允许她在死之前能和妹妹再见一面,国王同意了,派人到宰相家召敦亚佐德进宫。姐妹俩高高兴兴地坐在床脚下谈笑。其时,敦亚佐德请求姐姐讲个故事消磨时间。山鲁佐德便征得国王许可,开始讲起故事来,借以引动国王的好奇心和兴趣,从而免遭杀戮。这样,日复一日,山鲁佐德一直讲了一千零一个夜晚,最后，终于使国王悔悟。
6.影响：
《一千零一夜》在世界各国广为传播。
它最早介绍到欧洲,对西方文化起过一定的积极作用,许多欧美文学艺术家,如但丁、乔叟、薄伽丘、莎士比亚、塞万提斯、莱辛等都或多或少地受到它的直接或间接的影响。
在我国，早在六十多年以前就有了《一千零一夜》的译本。

[2]冯辉.略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响.
摘要：《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响。荷马史诗中的巨人故事对《一千零一夜》的启发 ,《一千零一夜》对法国、英国、德国、中国作家的影响。
一、流传情况：
1.流传时间：多数学者认为:它的故事和手抄本在中近东地区开始流传的年代约在8 世纪中叶—9 世纪中叶。一些世界文学史家则认为:大约在十字军东征时期(1095— 1291), 《一千零一夜》的故事已通过民间传到欧洲。
2.流传情况：
a. 18 世纪初, 法国人加朗根据叙利亚抄本, 首次把《一千零一夜》译成法文出版, 以后在欧洲出现了各种文字的译本。
b. 中国1900 年有过译本, 以后不断的出现多种白话文本。新中国成立后, 纳训选译的3 卷本以及80 年代出版的全译本1 —6 卷, 收集了275 个故事。
二、《一千零一夜》对古希腊荷马史诗巨人故事的借鉴
《一千零一夜》第4 卷第172 个故事《辛伯达航海的故事》写三次航海的故事, 可以看出受到古希腊荷马史诗《奥德修纪》中独眼巨人故事的影响, 又带有阿拉伯民族的特色。
三、《一千零一夜》对世界文学的影响：
1.文艺复兴人文主义作家对《一千零一夜》中故事的扬弃与创新
a)法国：《一千零一夜》第2 卷第75 个故事《阿里·艾尔哲明的故事》与法国文艺复兴时期拉伯雷《巨人传》中第三代国王庞大固埃出生时的行囊装载十分相似。
b)英国：在《一千零一夜》第3 卷第152 个故事的《亚历山大大帝和弱小民族的故事》与英国文艺复兴时期的作家莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中有类似的情节，两个故事有历史延续性与巧妙的联系。
《一千零一夜》：
东征西讨的希腊国王亚历山大,一次路过一个弱小国家, 其民众各自门前准备好了坟墓, 家家一贫如洗, 安贫乐道, 所以并不怕亚历山大来争夺地盘。亚历山大十分好奇, 亲自见他们的国王。国王拿了两个头骨, 告诉他这是两个国王的头骨, 一个生前暴虐, 死后安拉让他下地狱;一个生前公正廉明, 爱护百姓, 死后安拉让他升入天堂。国王又问亚历山大:“ 到底你是这两个帝王中的哪一个呢?”年青的亚历山大受了感动, 要这个国王做他的宰相。国王拒绝了他, 说他虽拥有一个大帝国, 却有许多仇敌。国王虽穷, 他所有的一切“ 仅仅是知足” 。亚历山大感慨万千,告辞归去, 不再侵犯他们。
《哈姆雷特》：第五幕第一场墓地对话中
哈姆雷特面对死人头骨说道:“ 要是我们用想像推测下去, 谁知道亚历山大的高贵的尸体, 不就是塞在酒桶口上的泥土?”“ 凯撒死了, 你尊严的尸体, 也许变了泥把破墙填砌, 啊! 他从前是何等的英雄, 现在只好替人挡风遮雨。”
c)意大利：意大利文艺复兴时期的小说家卜伽丘的《十日谈》中的贵妇宴请国王吃鸡宴, 以打退国王邪念的故事, 在《一千零一夜》第4 卷第175 个故事《宰相夫人的故事》中有类似情节。
2.对18 世纪英国现实主义小说家笛福《鲁宾逊飘流记》的影响
把《辛伯达航海的故事》与《鲁宾逊飘流记》相比较, 辛伯达可以说是鲁宾逊典型的雏型与前身, 鲁宾逊则更加丰富, 更带时代特点。
1)不同点：
辛伯达是中世纪阿拉伯人中积极进取, 发展海外贸易,不断向外开拓勇于冒险的新兴商人, 他开初坐享父亲遗产,挥霍一空, 最后决定变卖家产七次到海上做冒险生意。
鲁宾逊是18 世纪英国资本主义原始积累时期的新资产阶级商人的代表, 父亲没有给他丰厚的资产, 他本人是不满现状的小商人, 三次海外冒险；
辛伯达是在第7次航海时在一个岛国居住了27 年才返回故乡, 鲁宾逊是在第三次航海时在一个荒岛上度过了28 年, 才返回故乡。
2)相似点：
两人都曾遭到过毁灭性的打击, 死里逃生,但每次都以顽强的毅力, 惊人的应变能力, 沉着应付, 化险为夷；发财致富的欲望, 对海外世界的好奇与向往, 每次都促使他们不安现状, 敢于做一次又一次的冒险。
3.对中国作家的影响
《一千零一夜》第1 卷第12 个故事《脚夫和巴格达三个女人的故事》中，脚夫诵的表达自己忠信的诗同中国现代作家钱钟书的长篇小说《围城》中的苏小姐自己写的诗相似。这里已改造成一首爱情诗, 方鸿渐当时并不知道是苏小姐自己写的诗, 说这首诗是借的外债,
四、小结
因为国别不同, 语言不通, 翻译技术有限，后来的作家们不一定能亲自看到这些《一千零一夜》中的故事原文。但阿拉伯文化与文学对欧洲文艺复兴运动及后来的世界文学的发展起到的推动作用和所作的贡献是世界发展史上所公认的事实。

[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲.
摘要：介绍了欧洲许多国家早期对《一千零一夜》的译本。《一千零一夜》译成欧洲各种文字后, 引起了欧洲人收集和研究东方文学的热望, 激起了他们了解东方的兴趣。《一千零一夜》对欧洲文学包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、诗剧都产生了巨大影响。
1.法国译本：
A.1704-1717年出现的法国安东尼·加仑的译本是《一千零一夜》——最著名的译本。为了迎合读者掺杂了许多自己想象的情节
B.1828年法国出版特雷布梯的译本 —— 增加情节，接近原版
C.1969年出版了勒内赫瓦姆的《一千零一夜》译本 —— 忠于原作
2.英国译本（几乎都是从法国译本转译而来）：
A.1811年乔纳森·斯科特出版的译本 —— 最突出
B.1838年，亨利·托伦斯打算给译文加注释, 但他只译了五十夜就死了
C.1839-1841年，爱德华·威廉·莱恩的《一千零一夜》三卷本（从阿文直译），删去了当时英国的道德传统所不能接受的故事, 并写了许多注释 —— 极具参考价值
D.1885年，理查德·伯顿的译本出版 —— 最完备的译本
E.英国军官伯顿（会讲阿拉伯语）—— 强烈殖民主义色彩
3.德国译本：
A.第一个把《一千零一夜》译成德文的是东方学家冯哈曼尔。
B.1837-1841年之间出现了凡勒的德译本 ——忠实原文，生涩
C.东方学家莱塔马教授 —— 德国最著名的译本
4.罗马尼亚译本：
A.1771年，出版的《哈伦·拉希德的故事》——罗马尼亚最早
B.1783年，修道院主教罗法伊勒出版了根据希腊文译出的全译本
C.1835-1838年格拉西姆·哥嘉出版《哈利曼或者阿拉伯神话故事》四卷本译本
D.1966-1976，罗马尼亚最大出版社——梅纳法出版社出版了十四卷本的《一千零一夜》
5.俄文译本：
A.萨利尔译的，东方学家卡利姆斯基出版的。
B.高尔基于1904年也译过。
C.列夫·托尔斯泰也译过几篇，如《皇帝和衬衣的故事》等。
6.捷克译本：
1958-1963年捷克斯洛伐克科学院出版的塔瓦外孜授译的《一千零一夜》全集。
7.波兰译本：
1774年出版了第一本——《阿拉伯传奇或一千零一夜》
8.威尼斯译本：
1757-1762年，出版了四卷本的《一千零一夜》和《一千零一日》故事集, 书名为《阿拉伯故事》。
9.希腊译本：
译者为布利兹威斯，译本分三卷。
10.此外还有葡萄牙语、荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语、匈牙利语等译本。
东方学家朝温在《阿拉伯著作一览》一书中用了一百二十页专门介绍《一千零一夜》的各种版本和文本。

参考文献：
[1]文飙. 阿拉伯民间文学的珍品《一千零一夜》[J].徐州师范学院学报,1978(02):59-64.
[2]冯辉. 略论《一千零一夜》对世界文学的借鉴与影响[J].河南教育学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(01):110-112.
[3]陆英英.《一千零一夜》在欧洲[J].阿拉伯世界,1983(02):84-90. --[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 13:34, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.

摘要：中国翻译史的源头是佛经翻译，而西方翻译史则始于另一部宗教巨著———圣经翻译。中国的佛经翻译和西方的圣经翻译虽然在具体内容、翻译分期、信徒和对应的时代背景等方面有所差异，但两者都经历了直译、意译、直意译相结合的发展历程。本文对比了佛经翻译和圣经翻译，探求宗教类文献翻译中的共同特点。
1.佛经翻译
A.四个时期：
a. 创立时期（东汉末年到西晋），代表人物有安世高和支谦；
b.初步发展阶段是（晋代到隋朝），代表人物有道安和鸠摩罗什；
c.鼎盛时期（唐朝），代表人物为玄奘、不空；
d.逐渐结束于北宋。
B.翻译形式
最初由西域僧人的梵语口授，再找汉人加以润饰。音译。
后来出现精通汉语的印度高僧和熟练掌握梵语的中国高僧。直译为主。
C.翻译大家
三藏法师，从数量和翻译成就都无人能比。直译&意译结合。
2.圣经翻译
A.概况
圣经翻译是西方翻译史的起源。经历了希伯来文－希腊文－拉丁文的过程。
B.流传形式：手写本。
C.最早的圣经译本：公元前3-2世纪《圣经·旧约》（据《西方翻译简史》记载。后世也叫《七十子希腊文本》。
缺点：用词晦涩难懂，不易理解，跟当时的希腊语有较大的出入。
优点：此译本特别完整准确地还原了圣经原籍的内容。
D.翻译大家：a. 西塞罗—西方翻译史上最早的翻译理论家，主张活译。
b. 圣哲罗姆—翻译了第一部标准拉丁语圣经。直译和意译相结合。
3.佛经翻译和圣经翻译的相似性：
经历了直译—意译—直意译结合的过程。
A.最初翻译时，中西译者都是逐字逐句的直译。
原因：宗教经典神圣不可侵犯，译经僧侣对宗教经典抱有虔诚态度；
由于译者身份的局限性，缺乏专业的语言翻译基础。
B.随着经验的累积，译者们开始倡导意译。
代表人物：马丁路德
原因：受众人群都是普通老百姓，需要简单流畅、明晓易懂的语言才能让教义被大众所通晓。
C.主张直译&意译相结合。
代表人物：玄奘大师—《钦定本圣经》

[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.

摘要：作者认为比利时学者安德烈勒菲弗尔（当代文学翻译学术带头人，较有影响力）由于对中国翻译史缺乏深入研究，对中国的佛经翻译了解不透彻，在《中西方翻译思想比较》中提出“西方译者更为忠实原文, 而中国译者则倾向于归化原文”的观点较为片面。并提出佛经翻译和圣经翻译的共有规律：直译、意译两原则交替主导翻译活动并趋于成熟，直至最终实现两者的有机融合。

[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
摘要：《圣经》翻译的主要功能是服务于宗教的传播。但译者们对其“创造性叛逆”的翻译，使得《圣经》对世界各民族语言，包括对中国语言文学都产生了深远影响，同时推动各国文化交流、促进不同思想的包容。

1.翻译不只是语言文字的转换，而是应关注原文在外语和本族语转换过程中的信息的失落、变形、增添、扩散等问题。
2.《圣经》翻译对西方各国（民族）语言的影响 —— 不分析译本翻译的好坏，而是分析译本对译入语国家或民族的文化和语言所产生的影响。
A.4世纪，乌裴拉主教翻译成东日耳曼语。
8、9世纪，阿尔弗雷得等翻译成古英语。
这些标志着民族语言翻译的开始。
B.《圣经》翻译在13世纪达到了新的高潮。
C.马丁路德：把《圣经》新约和旧约翻译成德语，并且翻译成能被大众所接受的语言。他认为翻译就是让外语成为译者的本土化语言。
作用：消除了普通人对《圣经》的语言障碍，对统一德语和发展德语做出贡献。
D.威廉廷代尔的译本成为英国翻译史上最著名的英王钦定本的主要参照本。
作用：完全符合英语的用法习惯，增加了英语的表现力；
对英国散文、语言和文化发展起到了不可估量的作用。
3.《圣经》在汉译中的创造性叛逆
A.创造的叛逆性翻译是为了使《圣经》在新的环境中易于被受众接受。
B.特征：
a.显著的归化特征：吴经熊采用骚体，把外国的体裁中国化。
吴经熊翻译的《新约全集》:“天主聖子耶穌基督福音之濫觴，正如《意灑雅先知書》之所記云:吾遣使者，以先啟行; 為爾前驅，備爾行程。”
b.误译：严复的译本以中国士大夫为主要读者，因此他的译本符合士大夫的价值观，同时也降低阅读难度。
c.改编或删节：严复考虑到中国读者几千年来的儒家文化熏陶，迎合中国道德伦理和文化。
4.《圣经》汉译对中国语言文学的影响
a.丰富了汉语词汇，为现代汉语带来许多新意象和表达方式。如，天堂、伊甸园等。
b.影响中国现代文学的创作主体，许多意象来源于《圣经》中的典故。
c.影响许多中国著名的作家和文学理论家。如，鲁迅、冰心、徐志摩等。

[4] 曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.

《圣经》中包含的男权思想：
1.创世纪故事中包含的男权思想。
a.在上帝创世的神话中，男性亚当是用象征承载人类生命的泥土按上帝的形象创造出来的，而女性夏娃是作为男性的附属品用亚当的肋骨而创造出来的，目的是为亚当消除孤独寂寞。
b.创世纪故事中，包含“女人是祸水”思想。作为女性象征的夏娃经不住蛇的诱惑，偷吃了禁果，使人类受到上帝的惩罚，开始了苦难。
2.“圣经故事”中的先知先觉、基督英雄们都是男性。
人类历史的英雄史都是谱写男性的。整个圣经故事都是以男性英雄为主线而描绘基督教历史的。从最早制造方舟振救人类的挪亚，到带领以色列人出埃及，使以色列人摆脱埃及法老贵族奴役的摩西，到带领以色列人力战外族，为以色列人开缰拓土的约书亚，再到带领以色列人雪耻，赶走外族，使以色列人建国的大卫以及拯救人类的耶稣等等。
3.婚姻家庭中的男权思想、夫权思想
a.嫡长子制，忽视女性后代的存在。
b.多妻制。基督英雄们都是妻妾成群，可以主人的身份任意拥有女人。
c.休妻制。女性不论犯不犯错都可能被休。甚至可以被男性当财产、畜生一样送人。

[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究, 2009(00):35-44.
摘要：作者认为出现在父权制社会的圣经充满了男性形象和语言，对《圣经》进行重新的诠释，以挑战圣经中的父权制。焦点是希伯来圣经，重点不仅仅落在不利于女性的事例上。考量了圣经中女性研究的三条女性主义进路。
1.阐释了一些不利于女性的故事。希伯来女子从生到死都属于男人，遭受到男性权威的虐待、凌辱。
2.重申被忽视的女性作为上帝的篇章和反抗父权制文化的女性形象。
3.利用前两种方式，同情地重新讲述关于妇女的故事
（作者菲利斯·特丽波被认为是在圣经文本基础上探索妇女与性别问题的领袖人物）

[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.
女性经验是重新阐释圣经的基点。
女性主义圣经诠释随着女性神学的繁荣而发展。女性圣经诠释是不同于女性主义神学的独立学科，它具有独立的研究前提和范畴。
核心内容：对传统的圣经诠释和基督神学所建构的两性关系提出质疑和批判；寻找、重建圣经中被忽视、被遗忘的女性形象，恢复重建女性的地位和尊严；为争取女性在教会中担任圣职而斗争。

参考文献：
[1]杨晓雨.佛经翻译与圣经翻译比较[J].考试周刊,2017(74):192.
[2]顾颍.从佛经与《圣经》翻译看中西方翻译思想——《中西方翻译思想比较》评析[J].常熟理工学院学报,2008(03):122-124.
[3]姜晏.译介学视角下的中西方《圣经》翻译[J].青岛大学师范学院学报,2011,28(02):125-128.
[4]曾志琼.浅析“圣经故事”包含的男权思想及其危害[J].西昌学院学报(自然科学版),2004(04):21-23.
[5]菲利斯·特丽波,周辉.女性主义诠释学与圣经研究[J].圣经文学研究,2009(00):35-44.
[6]林燕.女性主义圣经诠释概述[J].宗教学研究,2013(04):213-219.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 02:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

《霍乱时期的爱情》
加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯——拉美魔幻现实主义的领军人物
1967年，《百年孤独》；1982年，获诺贝尔奖；1985年，《霍乱时期的爱情》
故事是以费尔明娜和阿里萨、乌尔比诺医生爱恨悲欢的三角恋为主线，以阿里萨与其余622名女性形形色色的性欲与真情为副线。小说采用了顺时叙述。以乌尔比诺的棋友之死为故事的开始，先后讲述了：医生的婚后生活；阿里萨和费尔明娜如诗如梦的初恋，乌尔比诺追求费尔明娜并与之结婚；阿里萨的失望心情和纵欲寻欢；费尔明娜婚后生活的不快和孀居的孤独；阿里萨耐心点燃费尔明娜心中的爱火。
一.主要人物：
1.阿里萨：喜欢阅读、喜欢写诗。多愁善感，阴郁。一生中有过623个女人，但费尔明娜是他一生的挚爱。最后在他并不怎么上心的航运公司里获得了董事长的职位。
“费尔明娜，我等待这个机会，已经有51年9个月零4天了，在这段时间里，我一直爱着你，从我第一眼见到你，直到现在，我第一次向你表达我的誓言，我永远爱你，忠贞不渝。”这句话是在等待了半个世纪终于等到费尔明娜的丈夫死去后，阿里萨在葬礼之后再一次对费尔明娜隔了51年的第二次表白。
2.费尔明娜：她是骡子商人的女儿，美丽、智慧并且高傲。被阿里萨追求却遭到父亲的强烈反对，后来嫁给医生乌尔比诺。
3.乌尔比诺医生：擅长治疗霍乱的医生，黄金单身汉，知识渊博，外表帅气（虽然电影里图片很猥琐），热爱城市并致力于为他的城市他的家乡奉献，但实际上骨子里较懦弱，在和费尔明娜的婚姻里婆媳关系不合，他不敢冲撞他的母亲。“只有上帝知道我有多爱你。”

二.爱情&霍乱的隐喻关系
1.在追求费尔明娜的过程中，阿里萨生理和心理都经受了如霍乱症状一般的痛苦。在阿里萨对费尔明娜一见钟情后，“他开始寡言少语，茶饭不思，辗转反侧，彻夜难眠”。
等待费尔明娜回第一封信的时候“他腹泻，吐绿水，晕头转向，常常突然昏厥，脉搏微弱，呼吸沉重，像垂死之人一样冒着虚汗…”这些症状和霍乱的症状很相似。但事实上阿里萨并没有患上霍乱，后边医生的检查也可以证实。
所以，我们可以这样认为：爱情，在阿里萨身上的表现就如同霍乱对人的侵袭一样。在这本书中，霍乱也就代表爱情，所有的症状都是变相的爱。
但不同的是：疾病带来的恐惧是自私的，是从自我角度出发的，是害怕失去自己；而爱情带来的恐惧常常源自于所爱之人，是害怕失去对方。

2.在中国古代文学里也有关于爱情对疾病的意象。
在中国，因爱情引起的疾病叫做“相思病”，一般是因对某人的思念而生病。表现为焦虑、食欲不振、失眠、幻想、晕厥等类似生病的身体状态。
很著名的例子就是《红楼梦》中的林黛玉人物形象。还有《西厢记》张生为崔莺莺“为伊消得人憔悴”也是“相思病”的例子。这样的例证还有很多。
问题：如果爱情是一种病，能致病，那么医生能不能诊断并治愈因爱情引起的疾病呢？
大家都知道，林黛玉的身体一向比较弱，但是住在大观园中可以让黛玉有很好的物质条件治疗或者从中医角度来讲“调养”她的身体。看当时最好的医生, 吃的是最难得到的药材做成的药。可是在听到宝玉和宝钗成亲的消息后还是郁郁而终。说明在中国的古典文学中，医生并不可以治愈爱情引起的相思病。
我们再看西方文学里《变形记》——“所有人都知道, 真正的疾病和爱情疾病是很相似的: 意识变得虚弱, 眼神变得憔悴,膝盖变得无力… 上帝啊! 医生们真是无知啊! ”
还有《霍乱》里，母亲担心阿里萨得了霍乱,去看了医生。做了很多必要的医疗检查, 最后通过对阿里萨的性格了解以及与阿里萨的谈话确定了病因。医生最后能确诊阿里萨的爱情疾病并不是因为他高超的医术或者他的各种医学常识, 而是因为他本人的年纪来带的阅历以及对爱情和对阿里萨的了解得出的结论。
以及小说里医术高超的乌比尔诺医生, 虽然有广博深人的医学知识储量, 他研究霍乱是为了在医学层面上彻彻底底的治疗它。他一点也不懂爱, 不懂爱情。所以，乌比尔诺医生也不具有诊断爱情疾病的能力。
所以，中西方古典的文学作品中, 医生是并不赋有能力来诊断和治疗爱情所引起的疾病的。

三.主人公的青年、中年、老年三个阶段他们的爱情。
a.青年阶段——浪漫疯狂，以阿里萨和费尔明娜的初恋为主。因费尔明娜的醒悟接着拒绝阿里萨而结束——“不，请别这样，忘了吧”、“今天见到您，我发现我们之间不过是一场幻觉”。这个时期，阿里萨是以等待、信还有音乐追求费尔明娜的，我认为这三项几乎是在所有的爱情中都会或多或少起到作用的。
等待。自从阿里萨对费尔明娜一见倾心之后，他就每天在费尔明娜上学必经的道路上，捧着一本诗集在一棵杏树下假装看书，只为了一天能匆匆忙忙地看上她四次，风雨无阻。
信。最初阿里萨缺乏勇气向费尔明娜说出自己的爱意，于是开始给费尔明娜写信，从一张便条最后变成了70页的情书。也是在频繁通信中，打动了费尔明娜。
音乐。在因费尔明娜失眠的夜晚，他在费尔明娜的窗外演奏自创的爱的华尔兹。费尔明娜也是在他的音乐中更深刻的了解他。
总的来说，青年时期：他们的相爱过程短，不成熟，更多的是幻想。

b.中年阶段，主要是费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻以及阿里萨漫长的等待中的孤独狩猎生涯。
费&阿：隐秘顽强。阿里萨单相思，对抗时间和死亡。
阿里萨在被拒绝：先是自虐，后转移对费尔明娜及她丈夫的怨恨与诅咒，随后又对费尔明娜宽恕，决定和费尔明娜留在同一个城市，并且开始新一轮漫长的等待，他的单相思——对抗时间和死亡，等乌比尔诺医生死去。
爱情的失败也让阿里萨意识到自己的身份和社会地位配不上费尔明娜，逼迫着自己去经营生活，改变自己的社会地位。
阿里萨猎艳：通过性寻找爱，消除内心孤独感
同时他和众多女人发生肉体关系。但其实正是通过和其他女人的相处，来消除内心的孤独感，弥补得不到费尔明娜爱情的缺失。他也更加确认费尔明娜对他的不可替代，是他一生唯一的挚爱。
费&乌：世俗婚姻。陪伴，稳定、平淡。
在费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的婚姻中，他们互相陪伴，平淡也稳定。只有一次例外，就是乌尔比诺出轨芭芭拉林奇小姐，被费尔明娜发现后，医生经过长时间的内心矛盾并最终坦白。

c.老年阶段——理性智慧，以费尔明娜和阿里萨的黄昏恋为主。
阿里萨一直坚持到了医生去世。他以他的坚持和耐心打动了费尔明娜，让费尔明娜愿意接受他。他们开始了一段旅行，旅行结束的时候因为他们不愿面对现实所以不愿回去，最后乘着以霍乱为帆的船继续航行。

四.小说里讲述的各种各样的爱情可能。
开篇摄影师赫雷米亚与黑白混血女人之间隐蔽的恋情；
阿里萨和费尔明娜持续了半个世纪的柏拉图式的精神恋爱（包括他们青涩纯粹的初恋与年老时的黄昏恋）；
阿里萨对费尔明娜忠贞不渝的单相思；
费尔明娜与乌尔比诺医生的世俗婚姻爱情；
乌尔比诺与林奇小姐战战兢兢的婚外恋；
阿里萨和众多女人们纯粹的肉欲追逐的露水爱情；
阿里萨与14岁少女的洛丽塔式的忘年恋…
忠贞的爱、雀跃的爱、逃离的爱、私通的爱、狂热的爱、转瞬即逝的爱、生死相依的爱…
不同层次不同角色不同性质的爱情，这篇小说也堪称是“爱情的教科书”“陈列爱情的博物馆”

五.除了爱情之外的其他主题。
1.衰老。儿童摄影师赫雷米亚德圣阿莫尔的自杀；
岁月加于人的痕迹——表现在岁月加于主人公身上的痕迹（蹒跚的步态、上楼梯的速度、意外的跌倒、满是皱纹的皮肤、稀疏的头发）；
乌尔比诺医生、阿里萨想尽办法延缓衰老
2.死亡。小说中提到最多的是霍乱，也是整个故事发生的宏大背景。
借以描写这种难以治愈、神秘莫测的疾病来写死亡。因为霍乱预示着死亡，而且在当时几乎就等于死亡，当时地的生产力水平和医学发展不足以让人们去抗衡。
当人们被生理上的痛楚折磨时，往往无力也无心开出精神上的花朵。然而小说中描写的就是这样一种稀有的生命之花，因为爱情有勇气与苦难和死亡的疾病抗争。

阿里萨一生都在追求费尔米纳的爱情，即使面临死亡的抉择也义无反顾: 冷酷无情的费尔米纳的父亲最初阻挠女儿与他的爱情时，甚至用死亡来威胁阿里萨，但是阿里萨毫无畏惧，“‘朝我开枪吧!’他说，把一只手放在胸口上，‘没有比为爱情而死更光荣的事情了’”。因为有了爱情，所以阿里萨充满了无畏的勇气。他为了爱情不怕死，并且崇尚为爱而死。
同时阿里萨的爱情之路实质上是一直与死亡作斗争，他到年老时害怕衰老和死亡，因为他明白，只有乌尔比诺医生死去，他才有机会再接近费尔米纳，因此，他努力与时间、衰老、死亡作斗争，他要为爱好好活着，战胜时间，战胜衰老，跨越死亡，他要活过乌尔比诺，才能重获费尔明娜。
所以说这两个主题实际上也是与爱情密切相关的，因爱情而起的，可以归结到爱情主题上。

参考文献：
1.於珍珍.《霍乱时期的爱情》中的医生形象分析[J].才智,2014(32):318-319.
2.荣利. “滥情”的痴情者[D].浙江师范大学,2015.
3.谈清妍.爱情的乌托邦——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情与死亡[J].襄樊学院学报,2009,30(06):51-54.
4.高小斐,孙世友.悲欢离合五十年——浅论《霍乱时期的爱情》中的爱情[J].才智, 2014(16):288.
5.李贞琤.疾病缠绕下的爱情——马尔克斯小说爱情主题与疾病主题关系探究[J].开封教育学院学报,2017,37(12):38-39+42.
6.姚婧.情感的疾病化书写——解读《霍乱时期的爱情》[J].名作欣赏,2015(17):125-128.--[[User:ImRx|ImRx]] ([[User talk:ImRx|talk]]) 03:00, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

handout of张传伟
世界主义与世界文学
一、世界主义

1、世界文学的定义：
(1) 各民族优秀文学的经典之总汇；
(2) 一种用于从总体上研究、评价和批评文学的全球的、跨文化的和比较的视角；(3)不同语言中的文学生产、流通、翻译和批评性选择的发展演变过程。

2、形成和发展
（1）词源探究
作为一个跨学科的理论概念和批评话语，世界主义可以追踪到古希腊的哲学思想那里，甚至这个术语本身就出自希腊语。我们今天在英文中所描述的世界主义( cosmopolitanism) 是由两个词组成的:cosmos在希腊语中，意为宇宙或世界，polis意为城市或城邦。这样我们就有了“世界”这个词。那些信仰其伦理道德的人便被人称为“世界主义者”( cosmopolites)，而他们的主张和理论教义便被称为“世界主义”。这就是世界主义概念就其字面意义而言的形成。
（2）后世发展
世界主义通常在三个层面得到讨论:哲学的、政治学和社会学的以及文化和文学的层面。哲学维度的世界主义可以追溯到柏拉图和亚里士多德的著作，这两位希腊先哲本质上并不赞成世界主义，在他们看来，人们通常生活在自己的城邦，并且依恋特定的政治教义，所以很容易与之相认同。当他们的城邦遭受外敌入侵时，公民们便会奋起抗击，保卫自己的城邦。对这些古希腊人来说，好的公民不应当与外邦人分享过多的利益。这一观点后来逐步发展为爱国主义和民族主义。在中国，爱国主义和民族主义对那些试图形成独特的中华民族和文化认同的知识分子一直有着极大的吸引力，一个特例就是五四时期，当时虽曾有人鼓吹过世界主义，但很快就销声匿迹，淹没在民族主义的汪洋大海中了，其原因恰在于当时的中国文化土壤和时代精神并不适合世界主义驻足。
但并不是所有古希腊先哲们都反对世界主义，另一些思想较为开放且见多识广的古希腊知识分子，尤其是犬儒派哲人迪奥格尼斯(Diogenes)则鼓吹一种较为普世的伦理道德，因为他并不把自己局限于特定的城邦，甚至公开宣称:“我是一个世界公民。”从此，“世界公民”(citizen of the world)便成了所有信奉世界主义的人所致力于追求的理想。当然，他们所追求的并非是特定的民族—国家的利益，而更是一种普世价值和全人类的共同利益。他们的这种理想和追求并不满足于局限在哲学和社会政治层面，他们还试图将其推而广之。
当代学者在讨论世界主义时很少引证这些远古时期的观点，但其中的某些观点却依然在现代哲学家的著作中得到响应和发展。启蒙时期的哲学家如康德则表示了对其的莫大兴趣，提出一种世界主义的法律或权利。19 世纪以前的不同形式的世界主义仅仅停留在哲学家的假想和论辩层面上的话，那么自19 世纪以来，那些有远大抱负的人便逐渐开始将世界主义付诸实践了，从哥伦布发现“新大陆”到世界贸易航线形成等都为全球化的进程奠定了基础。

二、世界文学

1、源起
歌德是德语“世界文学”( Weltliteratur) 一词的创制者，也是第一个明确提出世界文学观念的人。歌德关于世界文学的论述集中在1827-1830年间，归纳起来有三个要点: 其一，世界文学是一个对话和流通的平台，各民族文学可以通过进入这个平台相互交流、取长补短、相得益彰。其二，世界文学是一个合乎世界主义的理想，能够推动各民族文学逐渐打破孤立割裂状态，影响融合而形成一个有机的统一体。其三，世界文学是彰显民族文学价值的场所。歌德就站在德国的角度谈论世界文学，他渴望本民族文学在推动世界文学形成过程中扮演“光荣的”、“美好的”角色，对其他民族文学(例如法国文学) 所处的优势地位则十分敏感。

2、“世界文学”内涵
在《什么是世界文学？》一书中，丹穆若什以世界、文本和读者为中心，进一步阐释“世界文学”的三重定义：“世界文学是民族文学间的椭圆折射”“世界文学是从翻译中获益的文学”“世界文学不是指一套经典文本，而是指一种阅读模式——一种以超然的态度进入与我们自身时空不同的世界的形式”。首先，“椭圆折射”利用椭圆具备两个焦点的特性，指代世界文学的双重性质。世界文学具有两个核心要点——源文化和主体文化。一部文学作品如果想成为世界文学的一部分，需要从源文化出发，被他国文化空间接受。“接受”过程与接受主体的民族文化传统和价值需求相关。因此，世界文学既与源文化相关，又与主体文化相关，是一种双重折射。仔细分析，世界文学双重折射特性表明世界文学作品并非静止、孤立，而是在不同国家、不同文化间互相流通、交流、传播、碰撞。世界文学作品，不仅受到源文化熏陶，也经过主体文化的接受和改造。其次，由于语言障碍，世界文学作品的传播和流通必须依赖文学翻译。但是，文学语言在翻译过程中会有得失。丹穆若什认为翻译中对于得失的衡量是区分民族文学与世界文学的标志。具体来看，在翻译中受损的文学，“通常局限于本民族或本地区的传统内”；从翻译中获益的文学，“进入世界文学的范畴”。他进一步指出，民族文学进入世界文学，当范围扩大后，“风格上的损失会被深度上的扩张所抵消”。由此看出，世界文学作品源于民族文学而高于民族文学，价值取向超越民族特性，拥有“世界性”。最后，丹穆若什认为世界文学并非经典文本的简单集合，而是通过一种阅读，使读者超越自身时空，进入更加广阔的世界。作为阅读模式，一部作品能否成为世界文学，取决于其他国家、民族读者的阅读效果。一旦外国作品开始在读者脑中发生共鸣，世界文学就开始活动。这种“共鸣”，实际是不同民族文学作品的相同价值取向的融汇。作品自身价值取向被本国以外读者认可，超越民族性，成为世界性价值。由此看来，世界文学不代表文学作品数量的多少，而是作为一种阅读模式，“可以通过少量作品来深入体验，也可以通过大量作品来广泛探寻”，在世界范围内寻找共鸣。

3、“世界文学”与“世界的文学”
一般而言，“世界文学”和“世界的文学”这两个概念多半是在明确的不同语境中被运用：若说“世界文学”依然意味着作品之无可非议的重要性，那么，“世界的文学”则更多地指向世界上那些不怎么有名、却能展示新方向的文学；它们不同凡响、颇有魅力，却还未在读者意识中占有重要位置。也就是说，“世界的文学”未必就是审美和经典意义的上乘之作，或得到广泛接受的作品。谈论“世界的文学”，人们面对的是浩繁的书卷，无数作品和文化传统，难以把握的界线，并在挑选时怀有开放态度。
20 世纪70 年代，世界体系理论( World System Theory) 兴起于美国，对世界文学观念产生重大影响。以美国著名社会学家伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦( Immanuel Wallerstein) 为代表的世界体系理论的核心，是把人类社会看成一个由结构性经济联系及各种内在制度制约的一体化的体系，以此作为考察社会发展变迁的分析单位。这是对20 世纪五六十年代兴盛的以民族国家为分析单位、研究人类社会发展变迁的经典现代化理论的反拨。

4、世界文学与比较文学
世界文学与比较文学的关系引起西方学者的重视。一种声音认为，世界文学相比于比较文学，只是在原有学科体系基础上扩大比较范围。如大卫·费里斯指出：“比较文学应成为世界文学，只是扩大比较范围，比较方法不变。”另一种声音认为，比较文学与世界文学并行不悖，相互作用。“国别文学、比较文学和世界文学彼此间保持动态相互作用关系，都无法完全取代对方。”②对于读者来讲，世界文学仅存于国家空间。比如中国读者阅读海明威《老人与海》，即使该作品在世界范围内得到广泛认可，作为世界文学作品享誉中外，但对于中国读者而言，阅读的只是一部美国小说而已。比较研究作为方法，通用于国别文学、比较文学和世界文学研究。但是，如库班指出，“世界文学接受文本，即使代表特别的国家精神……也能穿过甚至超越他们的国家，语言和历史起源，有效解域本身”，世界文学关注世界性，超越民族性。今天西方学者老话重提，有一些新的阐释，但是，作为克服比较文学危机、面向未来的比较文学学科理论，尚缺乏指导性意义。全世界比较文学学者必须寻求比较文学理论的新突破。

三、中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化

1、中国文学的世界化
中国文学世界化并不只是中国作家获得国际大奖或是中国作家作品被翻译介绍到外国。世界化是中国文学作为全球化时代世界文学的主体之一，在世界文学中体现出中国主体性。
马克思《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》中说：“就像一个刚学会一种新语言的人总是要把它翻译成本国语言一样；只有当他能够不必在心里把新语言翻译成本国语言，当他能够忘掉本国语言来运用新语言的时候，他才算领会了新语言的精神，才算是运用自如。”后现代批评家们奉为圭臬的这篇名著中，马克思的话说出了中国的世界文学认证的真正价值。全球化时代中，世界文学是对自我认证，也是对他人的认证，中国文学从世界文学得到认证，同样，世界文学从中国文学得到认证。

2、世界文学的“中国化”
世界文学的“中国化”指很多学者表示怀疑，以为是将世界文学作品按中国的观念进行改造，甚至变成“红色经典”。我们必须解释清楚：世界文学的中国化并不是用中国文学标准来“化”世界文学，而是建构中国的世界文学阐释理论体系。这是完全正当的无可非议的，中国文学从不追求“文化权力中心”。但是中国文学必须建立中国的世界文学视域，中国如何看待世界文学史理论、世界文学经典的选编与世界文学翻译，这三大要素，缺一不可。

参考文献
[1]方维规.何谓世界文学?[J].文艺研究,2017(01):5-18.
[2]曹顺庆,李斌.比较文学未来发展之路——世界文学与比较文学变异学[J].中国高校社会科学,2016(06):39-47+154.
[3]方汉文.中国文学的世界化与世界文学的中国化[J].江南大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016,15(01):93-98.
[4]王宁.世界文学语境中的中国当代文学[J].当代作家评论,2014(06):4-16+2.
[5]王宁.世界主义、世界文学以及中国文学的世界性[J].中国比较文学,2014(01):11-26.
[6]刘洪涛.世界文学观念的嬗变及其在中国的意义[J].中国比较文学,2012(04):9-21.

西方文学的翻译

一、翻译内容、技法叙事
清末颇为兴盛的外国小说翻译一方面介绍了西方的文化思想,另一方面明显的汉民族文化特征仍不容忽视。因为近代译者多具有根深蒂固的中国文化观念,因此他们在翻译过程中对原著进行特殊的、比较主观的处理是特定历史阶段的产物。
在西方小说文化思想内容的翻译方面,“西方宗教观、伦理观与中国具体国情不同,其文学作品必然与中国文化发生抵悟,翻译者趋于沟通的心理,尽可能地使译作。与中国文化相通。”
在叙事技法的传递方面,“早期小说译者的文学修养主要源于中国传统文化,其译作的小说文体形式必然采用中国原有的通俗小说文体——章回体。在原著风格的翻译方面,“早期小说译者在翻译小说时非常注重小说的读者群,这些读者多属具有一定文化修养的文人阶层,其思维方式、审美习惯皆己定型。翻译者如果想拥有庞大的读者群,其译作就应该考虑到中国读者的阅读习惯与审美情趣,突出小说消闲、怡情的文学特征。因此,外国小说译作的汉化便成了翻译者有意追求的一种语言风格。

二、翻译方法和翻译文体
由于文学意识的不自觉、白话语体表达的幼稚性以及受众对象的特殊性等原因,在近代的文学翻译中,归化的手法、文言的文体和意译的方法颇受青睐。因此,“这种译述、意译的风气使得早期文学翻译的体例很不完备。”文学革命爆发后,文学翻译的目标读者出现“平民化”倾向,文学翻译文体走向通俗化、大众化,同时由于文学翻译中文学意识的不断增强,直译方法逐渐为越来越多的译者所使用,文学翻译开始走向异化。

三、近代翻译与意识形态的相互关系
译入语文化中的主流意识形态对中国近代翻译选材有着不容忽视的影响和操控作用。1840年—1919年的中国翻译史印证了勒菲弗尔的翻译理论。通过研究这个时期的翻译史,我们可以清楚看到,翻译作品的兴盛是随着各个历史阶段的主流意识形态的变化而变化的。例如“甲午战争的失败把中华民族的生死存亡摆在每个人的面前，……此时的意识形态可以归纳为‘开民智、求变革’,其目的是为了唤醒全体国民,进行思想和现代意识启蒙。小说因为其易普及
性被选作变革工具,成为资产阶级改良派医治`社会病'的良方。”

四、近代翻译在文化和语言方面的属性
中国近代翻译有层次区别,早期的科技翻译不同于后来的社科、文学翻译,前者主要是技术问题,后者主要是文化和语言问题。众所周知，文化翻译往往涉及到深层的语言体系问题。近代社会译者所深谙的古代汉语体系决定了近代翻译文学从根本上具有中国“古代性”。这样,“翻译者总是用旧思想、旧思维来理解和表达西方新思想、新思维,总是在旧有的语言体系中寻找相对应或相似的术语、概念、范畴和话语方式,因此,西方思想文化在翻译的过程就不知不觉地变了形,变得本土化、民族化了。
五、近代翻译的动机及其所带来的影响
近代译者为了让时人了解西方民主思想和先进的科技知识,大多有目的地选择政治小说、科学小说、侦探小说加以引进,其翻译动机就是要救国启民,因此他们的翻译观明显具有功利主义的性质。这一点对于我们理解近代的小说翻译理论和翻译策略大有裨益,对于译文中普遍存在的删改现象也就能够给予合理的解释。他明确地谈到“他们企图用中国传统文化和文学的规范去干预原文本,以此来调整读者对译文的反应,避免可能造成的文化障碍。运用这种策略和方法的目的,无非是趋利避害,把原文本中有利于译文读者的信息翻译出来,对那些不利于一译文读者或不实用的信息避而不译。”
参考文献
【1】吴莎,屠国元.论中国近代翻译选材与意识形态的关系(1840-1919)[J].外语与外语教学,2007(11):38-40.
【2】顾建新.清末民初文学翻译方法与文学翻译文体的发展[J].外语教学,2004(06):50-54.
【3】韩永芝.从文化排斥与文化认同看清末外国小说翻译[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(05):66-69.
【4】高玉.论中国近代翻译文学的“古代性”[J].华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000(04):66-72.
【5】陆国飞.近代外国小说译介中的功利主义思想[J].学术界,2007(04):236-239.

外国诗歌翻译
[1]郭建辉.外国诗歌的审美特征与外国诗歌的鉴赏[J].重庆工业高等专科学校学报,2001(03):93-95.
由于各民族的文化传统的不同影响，外国诗歌也呈现出不同的特点，详细分析了从《荷马史诗》与《圣经》到现代主义艾略特的《荒原》特点，以把握外国诗歌的审美特征。

[2]河洛易.中国现代诗歌翻译概述[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2000(05):105-108.
作为中国20世纪的诗歌翻译来说, 大致可分为七个阶段：1、诗歌翻译的前奏曲——近代诗歌翻译 (1840 年鸦片战争到 1919年“五四”运动)；2、现代诗歌翻译的开创期 (从1919 年新青年社到 1930年“左联”成立)；3、现代诗歌翻译的中期 (从 1930 年“左联”成立到 1937 年抗战开始)；4、现代诗歌翻译的后期 (从 1937年抗战开始到1949年中华人民共和国成立)；5、当代“十七年”的诗歌翻译 (从 1949 年新中国成立到“文化大革命”前夕)；6、当代“文革十年”的诗歌翻译 (文革十年)；7、当代新时期的诗歌翻译 (1976 年至今)。
外国诗歌的翻译不是一个自我封闭的静态系统，而是一个不断自我调整和适应的开放系统。

[3]熊辉.翻译诗歌对诗人创作的影响[J].文艺争鸣,2017(09):7-12.
翻译诗歌为百年新诗发展注入了生机和活力，学界目前多从创作技巧、形式艺术或思想情感的角度去论述前者对后者的影响，较少从创作实践的层面去思考二者的关联。实际上，新诗创作者由于接受了不同的文化而具有各自特殊的写作背景，翻译诗歌对新诗创作的影响也因为创作主体的多元化而呈现出复杂的格局：部分诗人直接阅读并翻译了外国诗歌，译诗对他们创作的影响主要停留在翻译过程或思维转换上；也有部分诗人通过阅读其他人翻译的作品而受到了译诗文本的影响，这部分人也包括那些参与翻译的诗人，因为他们自己在翻译诗歌的同时也可能会阅读别人的译作。

[4]熊辉.外国诗歌的翻译与中国现代新诗的文体创新[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,42(03):70-76.
外国诗歌的翻译有助于中国新诗的文体创新,作者从语言层面的创造新字、改进语言句法和表达方式,形式层面的创造新形式、引入新形式等方面展开论述。在此基础上分析了这种在翻译的过程中创新的文体所具有的文体特征和文化属性,进而表明外国诗歌的翻译对中国新诗文体创新具有带动作用。

[5]李特夫,李国林.诗歌翻译研究:传统思路与现代视野[J].天津外国语学院学报,2004(01):31-36+47.
随着译学研究范式的转向、开拓与创新 ,各种译学思想得以不断重诂和修订，为我国诗歌翻译研究带来了新的启示。在对传统译诗观念进行简要回顾和思考的基础上，针对当前一些争议和疑难性问题提出了个人看法，并借鉴西方译论，就未来诗歌翻译研究有关问题进行了探讨。

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