China Studies Wiki - User contributions [en]

User:Zeng Xin

2024-12-30T16:08:20Z

Zeng Xin:

I'm Zeng Xin from the 2023 Japanese Translation program. I'll study harder to overcome the challenges in translating into my native language.

11.1 What are the most effective strategies for learning new vocabulary in English?

11.2 How can I improve my English listening skills when watching movies or videos?

11.3 What are the best practices for mastering English grammar?

11.4 How can I write a clear and concise summary of an English text?

11.5 What is the best way to create an effective study plan for learning English?

11.6 How can I use context to understand unfamiliar English words?

11.7 What are some techniques to stay motivated while learning English?

11.8 What are the challenges of learning English idioms, and how can I overcome them?

11.9 How can I enhance my English writing skills through practice?

11.10 What are the best ways to identify and correct mistakes in my English?

11.11 How can I use English academic papers to improve my reading skills?

11.12 What should I do to make learning English more engaging and effective?

11.13 How can back translation help improve my English proficiency?

11.14 What are some tips for understanding technical terms in English?

11.15 How can I practice translating complex English sentences effectively?

11.16 What are some techniques to evaluate my progress in learning English?

11.17 How can I develop critical reading skills for understanding English texts?

11.18 What tools or methods can help me proofread my English writing?

11.19 How can I turn a bad day into a productive one while learning English?

11.20 What are the benefits of creating a personal English vocabulary database?

11.21 How can I overcome mental blocks when learning English?

11.22 What strategies can I use to improve my understanding of academic English?

11.23 How can I practice English translation to enhance my language skills?

11.24 What are the advantages of using AI tools to study English?

11.25 How can I assess the quality of my English translations?

11.26 What techniques can help me stay focused while learning English?

11.27 How can I improve the coherence and fluency of my English translations?

11.28 What are some fun activities to boost my English language learning?

11.29 What steps should I follow to write a strong English research proposal?

11.30 How does understanding linguistic theories help improve English learning?

12.1 What are some daily habits to improve my English skills consistently?

12.2 How can collaborative tasks improve my English communication skills?

12.3 What are the key elements of delivering a presentation in English confidently?

12.4 What should I do when I feel stuck in my English learning process?

12.5 How can I use translation apps to enhance my English learning experience?

12.6 What are the most effective ways to practice English writing with AI tools?

12.7 How can I use AI to refine my English sentence structures?

12.8 What is the importance of editing in improving my English essays?

12.9 How can I take notes effectively while reading English materials?

12.10 What are the best resources for improving English academic writing?

12.11 What methods can help me stay consistent in learning English daily?

12.12 How can I make my English translation exercises more effective?

12.13 What are some effective techniques for expanding my English vocabulary?

12.14 How can I practice English speaking if I don't have a partner?

12.15 What are the best online resources for practicing English grammar?

12.16 How can I use movies or TV shows to improve my English comprehension?

12.17 What strategies can I use to write better essays in English?

12.18 I used AI to read an article aloud and improved my pronunciation.

12.19 What are some fun activities or games to make English learning more engaging?

=='''独龙族：纹面 Dulong: Facial tattoo''' ==

'''摘要'''

独龙族主要分布在云南怒江州贡山独龙族怒族自治县，是中国人口较少的少数民族之一，也是云南省人口最少的民族。根据2010年人口普查数据，独龙族人口约7000人。独龙族使用独龙语，没有本民族文字。

独龙族主要分布在云南省西北部怒江傈僳族自治州的贡山独龙族怒族自治县西部的独龙江峡谷两岸、北部的怒江两岸，以及相邻的维西傈僳族自治县齐乐乡和西藏自治区察隅县察瓦龙乡等地。缅甸境内也有不少独龙人居住。

独龙族原有原始群婚的习俗，现已不存在。独龙族人相信万物有灵，崇拜自然物，相信有鬼。男女均散发，少女有纹面的习惯。

'''民族特点'''

独龙族的族源及民族的形成，还没有较为清楚的脉络及线索，但从语言系属上来看，作为汉藏语系藏缅语族的独龙族，应当来源于氐羌族群。该民族内部流传着两种传说：一认为独龙族是土著民族。二认为独龙族最初居住在怒江一带，后因出猎偶然来到独龙江河谷，看到这里不仅有宽阔的猎场，而且还有较为平坦的台地，便陆续迁居至此。在独龙族约15个氏族中，有8个氏族的传说都说来自怒江。而且从语言以及过去曾有过的文面习俗等文化特征来看，独龙族与贡山的怒族也很相近。近年来大多数学者认为后一种说法比较可信。

独龙语中氏族是同一祖先传承下来具有血缘关系的共同体。大多数独龙族人的氏族观念已十分淡薄，已无共同的地域以及更多的政治经济联系而显得十分松弛。只是以一种各兄弟家族所公认的祖先象征物留存在大家的记忆之中。氏族名称也没有图腾的内容，多是以该氏族的某些特征来称呼。氏族成员间有互相帮助及保护的责任，实行血族复仇制，任何一个成员受到外人的欺凌以至杀害，其他成员都有义务为他报仇。同一氏族内分出的家族之间不能通婚。

独龙族相信万物有灵，比较普遍地相信鬼魂的存在和作用，他们对自然界的认识和崇拜集中表现在对各种鬼魂的信奉与祭祀上。而“神”似乎还没有完全从其鬼魂观念里分离出来，他们认为鬼魂主宰人类一生的祸福。20世纪30、40年代，基督教传入独龙江地区后，下游的部分独龙族群众开始信教。

'''文化特点'''

历史上，独龙族没有自己的民族文字，仅以刻木记事、结绳算数及画图、刺绣图案来表达各种思想感情，可认为是文字萌芽的初始阶段。他们使用的独龙语属汉藏语系藏缅语族，语支归属尚无定论。1983年，根据广大独龙族干部群众的意愿，云南省民委民委派遣龙乘云同志协助在贡山工作的独龙族语言专家木里门·约翰创制了独龙族拼音文字方案。

'''外形和习俗'''

独龙族的外形特色是男女均散发，前垂齐眉，后披在肩上，左右盖耳。他们过去都喜欢坠系耳饰和佩挂项链，如今男子已极少系戴配饰。过去独龙族女子有文面的习惯。文面一般在十二三岁时进行。文面时，先用竹签或树枝蘸锅烟灰水在脸部描好纹路，干后，拿一根长有硬刺的老荆棘自上而下地对准脸上图案，再用木棍轻轻敲击沿纹路打刺。拭去血水，敷以锅烟灰或一种深色的草汁并反复擦揉刺纹，使之渗入皮下。待7天左右，被刺纹处红肿结痂，等创口愈合脱痂后所纹图案呈青蓝色，再也洗抹不掉，永远留在脸上。文面的样式因地区不同而各有差异，通常在独龙江上游一带是满面文，即前额、双颊、鼻梁及上下唇都刺有花纹；下游一带则只在鼻尖刺一圈和唇下刺两三路。对于独龙族文面习俗的由来，人们有许多不同的说法：有的人认为文面是独龙族女子的成年礼；有的人认为文面是独龙族对美的追求以及避邪消灾的需要；有的人则认为是历史上为躲蔽外族人掳掠妇女而来；有的还认为与独龙族早已消失的图腾崇拜物有着某种联系。新中国成立以后，这种文面习俗已逐渐被独龙族妇女所摒弃。

'''总结'''

独龙族地处偏远切人口稀少，但仍然保留着丰富且独特的文化遗产。从其万物有灵的信仰、基于氏族的社会结构，到传统的文面习俗以及保护语言的努力，独龙族文化为中国多元民族的文化拼图提供了宝贵的视角。

'''问题'''：

1、独龙族的语言是什么？

2、独龙族的宗教信仰特点是什么？

3、独龙族女子文面的原因可能有哪些？

参考

千里原．《民族工作大全》．中国经济出版社．1994.

中华人民共和国中央人民政府.中国概况：独龙族.

'''Abstract'''

The Dulong people primarily inhabit Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous County in Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province. They are one of the smallest ethnic groups in China and the least populous ethnic group in Yunnan Province. According to the 2010 population census, the Dulong population is approximately 7,000. The Dulong people speak the Dulong language but do not have their own written script.

Geographically, the Dulong people mainly live along the Dulong River Valley in the western part of Gongshan County, the northern banks of the Nu River, and surrounding areas such as Qile Township in Weixi County and Chawalong Township in Zayu County, Tibet. A significant number of Dulong people also reside in Myanmar.

In the past, the Dulong people practiced primitive group marriage, a custom that has since disappeared. Their people believe in animism, worship natural elements, and believe in spirits. Both men and women wear their hair loose, while young women used to have the tradition of facial tattoos.

'''Ethnic Characteristics'''

The origin and formation of the Dulong ethnic group remain unclear, and no definitive lineage or historical trajectory has been established. However, linguistic studies suggest that the Dulong people, belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family within the Sino-Tibetan language system, may trace their ancestry to the Di-Qiang ethnic group.

There are two traditional legends about the Dulong people’s origins. One legend claims that the Dulong people are indigenous to the region. The other suggests that they originally lived near the Nu River and later migrated to the Dulong River Valley after discovering it while hunting. The region offered abundant hunting grounds and relatively flat terraces, which attracted gradual settlement. Among the approximately 15 clans of the Dulong people, the origins of 8 clans are said to trace back to the Nu River. Furthermore, linguistic similarities and cultural traits, such as facial tattooing, reveal close connections between the Dulong and the Nu people of Gongshan. In recent years, most scholars consider the second legend to be more credible.

In the Dulong language, clans are communities that share blood relations and are descended from a common ancestor. However, the concept of clans among the Dulong people has significantly weakened over time. Clans no longer share common territories or maintain strong political and economic ties, and their cohesion has diminished. What remains is the symbolic representation of the clan’s shared ancestry, which is preserved in collective memory through ancestral symbols recognized by all clan members. Clan names lack totemic significance and are usually derived from specific characteristics of the clan.

Within the clan, members are expected to assist and protect one another. The practice of blood vengeance is observed, meaning that if a member is wronged or killed by an outsider, other clan members are obligated to seek revenge. Intermarriage between families within the same clan is strictly prohibited.

The Dulong people believe in animism and widely acknowledge the existence and influence of spirits. Their understanding and reverence for the natural world are reflected in their belief in and worship of various spirits. The concept of “gods” is not entirely distinct from the idea of spirits in their worldview. Spirits are believed to govern the fortunes and misfortunes of human life.

In the 1930s and 1940s, Christianity was introduced to the Dulong River area. Subsequently, some Dulong communities in the lower reaches of the river converted to Christianity.

'''Cultural Characteristics'''

Historically, the Dulong people did not have their own written script. They relied on methods such as carving wood to record events, knotting ropes for calculations, and expressing emotions through drawings and embroidery patterns. These practices are considered the initial stage of writing’s development. The Dulong language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language system, though its specific branch remains uncertain.

In 1983, based on the wishes of the Dulong community, the Yunnan Provincial Ethnic Affairs Commission appointed Long Chengyun to collaborate with Dulong language expert Mulimen John, who was working in Gongshan, to create a phonetic script for the Dulong people.

'''Appearance and Traditional Practices'''

The traditional appearance of the Dulong people is characterized by loose hair for both men and women, with the hair in the front reaching the eyebrows and the back draping over the shoulders, covering the ears on both sides. Historically, both men and women adorned themselves with earrings and necklaces. Today, men rarely wear these accessories.A notable custom of Dulong women in the past was facial tattooing, known as "Baktu" in the Dulong language. This practice was usually performed when girls were around 12 or 13 years old. The process began with using a bamboo stick or twig dipped in soot to outline patterns on the face. Once the design dried, a thorny twig of aged bramble was used to prick along the outlines, and the skin was lightly tapped with a wooden stick. Afterward, soot or a dark herbal juice was applied repeatedly to the pricked areas to ensure the pigment penetrated the skin.Within about seven days, the pricked areas would swell and scab. Once the scabs healed and fell off, the tattooed patterns remained permanently in a dark blue color. The designs varied by region. In the upper reaches of the Dulong River, full-face tattoos were common, covering the forehead, cheeks, nose bridge, and lips. In contrast, in the lower reaches, tattoos were limited to a ring around the nose tip and a few lines below the lips.The origin of the facial tattooing custom is debated. Some believe it served as a coming-of-age ceremony for Dulong girls. Others suggest it was a form of beauty enhancement or a way to ward off evil spirits. Another explanation is that the tattoos were historically used to prevent women from being abducted by outsiders. There are also theories linking the custom to long-lost totemic worship practices of the Dulong people.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, this tattooing custom has gradually fallen out of practice among Dulong women.

'''Conclusion'''

The Dulong people, despite their small population and remote location, possess a rich and unique cultural heritage. From their animistic beliefs and clan-based social structures to their traditional facial tattooing and efforts to preserve their language, the Dulong culture provides invaluable insights into the diverse ethnic tapestry of China.

'''Questions'''

1、What is the language of the Dulong people?

2、What are the characteristics of the religious beliefs of the Dulong?

3、What are the possible reasons for the Dulong women's literacy?

'''Reference'''

Qian Liyuan. Encyclopedia of Ethnic Affairs. China Economic Publishing House, 1994.

The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. Overview of China: The Dulong .

AI Statement

I wrote the entire Chinese article myself and translated it into English. I used AI to help refine the translation.

User:Zeng Xin

2024-12-30T16:07:56Z

Zeng Xin:

I'm Zeng Xin from the 2023 Japanese Translation program. I'll study harder to overcome the challenges in translating into my native language.

11.1 What are the most effective strategies for learning new vocabulary in English?

11.2 How can I improve my English listening skills when watching movies or videos?

11.3 What are the best practices for mastering English grammar?

11.4 How can I write a clear and concise summary of an English text?

11.5 What is the best way to create an effective study plan for learning English?

11.6 How can I use context to understand unfamiliar English words?

11.7 What are some techniques to stay motivated while learning English?

11.8 What are the challenges of learning English idioms, and how can I overcome them?

11.9 How can I enhance my English writing skills through practice?

11.10 What are the best ways to identify and correct mistakes in my English?

11.11 How can I use English academic papers to improve my reading skills?

11.12 What should I do to make learning English more engaging and effective?

11.13 How can back translation help improve my English proficiency?

11.14 What are some tips for understanding technical terms in English?

11.15 How can I practice translating complex English sentences effectively?

11.16 What are some techniques to evaluate my progress in learning English?

11.17 How can I develop critical reading skills for understanding English texts?

11.18 What tools or methods can help me proofread my English writing?

11.19 How can I turn a bad day into a productive one while learning English?

11.20 What are the benefits of creating a personal English vocabulary database?

11.21 How can I overcome mental blocks when learning English?

11.22 What strategies can I use to improve my understanding of academic English?

11.23 How can I practice English translation to enhance my language skills?

11.24 What are the advantages of using AI tools to study English?

11.25 How can I assess the quality of my English translations?

11.26 What techniques can help me stay focused while learning English?

11.27 How can I improve the coherence and fluency of my English translations?

11.28 What are some fun activities to boost my English language learning?

11.29 What steps should I follow to write a strong English research proposal?

11.30 How does understanding linguistic theories help improve English learning?

12.1 What are some daily habits to improve my English skills consistently?

12.2 How can collaborative tasks improve my English communication skills?

12.3 What are the key elements of delivering a presentation in English confidently?

12.4 What should I do when I feel stuck in my English learning process?

12.5 How can I use translation apps to enhance my English learning experience?

12.6 What are the most effective ways to practice English writing with AI tools?

12.7 How can I use AI to refine my English sentence structures?

12.8 What is the importance of editing in improving my English essays?

12.9 How can I take notes effectively while reading English materials?

12.10 What are the best resources for improving English academic writing?

12.11 What methods can help me stay consistent in learning English daily?

12.12 How can I make my English translation exercises more effective?

12.13 What are some effective techniques for expanding my English vocabulary?

12.14 How can I practice English speaking if I don't have a partner?

12.15 What are the best online resources for practicing English grammar?

12.16 How can I use movies or TV shows to improve my English comprehension?

12.17 What strategies can I use to write better essays in English?

12.18 I used AI to read an article aloud and improved my pronunciation.

12.19 What are some fun activities or games to make English learning more engaging?

=='''独龙族：纹面
Dulong: Facial tattoo''' ==

'''摘要'''

独龙族主要分布在云南怒江州贡山独龙族怒族自治县，是中国人口较少的少数民族之一，也是云南省人口最少的民族。根据2010年人口普查数据，独龙族人口约7000人。独龙族使用独龙语，没有本民族文字。

独龙族主要分布在云南省西北部怒江傈僳族自治州的贡山独龙族怒族自治县西部的独龙江峡谷两岸、北部的怒江两岸，以及相邻的维西傈僳族自治县齐乐乡和西藏自治区察隅县察瓦龙乡等地。缅甸境内也有不少独龙人居住。

独龙族原有原始群婚的习俗，现已不存在。独龙族人相信万物有灵，崇拜自然物，相信有鬼。男女均散发，少女有纹面的习惯。

'''民族特点'''

独龙族的族源及民族的形成，还没有较为清楚的脉络及线索，但从语言系属上来看，作为汉藏语系藏缅语族的独龙族，应当来源于氐羌族群。该民族内部流传着两种传说：一认为独龙族是土著民族。二认为独龙族最初居住在怒江一带，后因出猎偶然来到独龙江河谷，看到这里不仅有宽阔的猎场，而且还有较为平坦的台地，便陆续迁居至此。在独龙族约15个氏族中，有8个氏族的传说都说来自怒江。而且从语言以及过去曾有过的文面习俗等文化特征来看，独龙族与贡山的怒族也很相近。近年来大多数学者认为后一种说法比较可信。

独龙语中氏族是同一祖先传承下来具有血缘关系的共同体。大多数独龙族人的氏族观念已十分淡薄，已无共同的地域以及更多的政治经济联系而显得十分松弛。只是以一种各兄弟家族所公认的祖先象征物留存在大家的记忆之中。氏族名称也没有图腾的内容，多是以该氏族的某些特征来称呼。氏族成员间有互相帮助及保护的责任，实行血族复仇制，任何一个成员受到外人的欺凌以至杀害，其他成员都有义务为他报仇。同一氏族内分出的家族之间不能通婚。

独龙族相信万物有灵，比较普遍地相信鬼魂的存在和作用，他们对自然界的认识和崇拜集中表现在对各种鬼魂的信奉与祭祀上。而“神”似乎还没有完全从其鬼魂观念里分离出来，他们认为鬼魂主宰人类一生的祸福。20世纪30、40年代，基督教传入独龙江地区后，下游的部分独龙族群众开始信教。

'''文化特点'''

历史上，独龙族没有自己的民族文字，仅以刻木记事、结绳算数及画图、刺绣图案来表达各种思想感情，可认为是文字萌芽的初始阶段。他们使用的独龙语属汉藏语系藏缅语族，语支归属尚无定论。1983年，根据广大独龙族干部群众的意愿，云南省民委民委派遣龙乘云同志协助在贡山工作的独龙族语言专家木里门·约翰创制了独龙族拼音文字方案。

'''外形和习俗'''

独龙族的外形特色是男女均散发，前垂齐眉，后披在肩上，左右盖耳。他们过去都喜欢坠系耳饰和佩挂项链，如今男子已极少系戴配饰。过去独龙族女子有文面的习惯。文面一般在十二三岁时进行。文面时，先用竹签或树枝蘸锅烟灰水在脸部描好纹路，干后，拿一根长有硬刺的老荆棘自上而下地对准脸上图案，再用木棍轻轻敲击沿纹路打刺。拭去血水，敷以锅烟灰或一种深色的草汁并反复擦揉刺纹，使之渗入皮下。待7天左右，被刺纹处红肿结痂，等创口愈合脱痂后所纹图案呈青蓝色，再也洗抹不掉，永远留在脸上。文面的样式因地区不同而各有差异，通常在独龙江上游一带是满面文，即前额、双颊、鼻梁及上下唇都刺有花纹；下游一带则只在鼻尖刺一圈和唇下刺两三路。对于独龙族文面习俗的由来，人们有许多不同的说法：有的人认为文面是独龙族女子的成年礼；有的人认为文面是独龙族对美的追求以及避邪消灾的需要；有的人则认为是历史上为躲蔽外族人掳掠妇女而来；有的还认为与独龙族早已消失的图腾崇拜物有着某种联系。新中国成立以后，这种文面习俗已逐渐被独龙族妇女所摒弃。

'''总结'''

独龙族地处偏远切人口稀少，但仍然保留着丰富且独特的文化遗产。从其万物有灵的信仰、基于氏族的社会结构，到传统的文面习俗以及保护语言的努力，独龙族文化为中国多元民族的文化拼图提供了宝贵的视角。

'''问题'''：

1、独龙族的语言是什么？

2、独龙族的宗教信仰特点是什么？

3、独龙族女子文面的原因可能有哪些？

参考

千里原．《民族工作大全》．中国经济出版社．1994.

中华人民共和国中央人民政府.中国概况：独龙族.

'''Abstract'''

The Dulong people primarily inhabit Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous County in Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province. They are one of the smallest ethnic groups in China and the least populous ethnic group in Yunnan Province. According to the 2010 population census, the Dulong population is approximately 7,000. The Dulong people speak the Dulong language but do not have their own written script.

Geographically, the Dulong people mainly live along the Dulong River Valley in the western part of Gongshan County, the northern banks of the Nu River, and surrounding areas such as Qile Township in Weixi County and Chawalong Township in Zayu County, Tibet. A significant number of Dulong people also reside in Myanmar.

In the past, the Dulong people practiced primitive group marriage, a custom that has since disappeared. Their people believe in animism, worship natural elements, and believe in spirits. Both men and women wear their hair loose, while young women used to have the tradition of facial tattoos.

'''Ethnic Characteristics'''

The origin and formation of the Dulong ethnic group remain unclear, and no definitive lineage or historical trajectory has been established. However, linguistic studies suggest that the Dulong people, belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family within the Sino-Tibetan language system, may trace their ancestry to the Di-Qiang ethnic group.

There are two traditional legends about the Dulong people’s origins. One legend claims that the Dulong people are indigenous to the region. The other suggests that they originally lived near the Nu River and later migrated to the Dulong River Valley after discovering it while hunting. The region offered abundant hunting grounds and relatively flat terraces, which attracted gradual settlement. Among the approximately 15 clans of the Dulong people, the origins of 8 clans are said to trace back to the Nu River. Furthermore, linguistic similarities and cultural traits, such as facial tattooing, reveal close connections between the Dulong and the Nu people of Gongshan. In recent years, most scholars consider the second legend to be more credible.

In the Dulong language, clans are communities that share blood relations and are descended from a common ancestor. However, the concept of clans among the Dulong people has significantly weakened over time. Clans no longer share common territories or maintain strong political and economic ties, and their cohesion has diminished. What remains is the symbolic representation of the clan’s shared ancestry, which is preserved in collective memory through ancestral symbols recognized by all clan members. Clan names lack totemic significance and are usually derived from specific characteristics of the clan.

Within the clan, members are expected to assist and protect one another. The practice of blood vengeance is observed, meaning that if a member is wronged or killed by an outsider, other clan members are obligated to seek revenge. Intermarriage between families within the same clan is strictly prohibited.

The Dulong people believe in animism and widely acknowledge the existence and influence of spirits. Their understanding and reverence for the natural world are reflected in their belief in and worship of various spirits. The concept of “gods” is not entirely distinct from the idea of spirits in their worldview. Spirits are believed to govern the fortunes and misfortunes of human life.

In the 1930s and 1940s, Christianity was introduced to the Dulong River area. Subsequently, some Dulong communities in the lower reaches of the river converted to Christianity.

'''Cultural Characteristics'''

Historically, the Dulong people did not have their own written script. They relied on methods such as carving wood to record events, knotting ropes for calculations, and expressing emotions through drawings and embroidery patterns. These practices are considered the initial stage of writing’s development. The Dulong language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language system, though its specific branch remains uncertain.

In 1983, based on the wishes of the Dulong community, the Yunnan Provincial Ethnic Affairs Commission appointed Long Chengyun to collaborate with Dulong language expert Mulimen John, who was working in Gongshan, to create a phonetic script for the Dulong people.

'''Appearance and Traditional Practices'''

The traditional appearance of the Dulong people is characterized by loose hair for both men and women, with the hair in the front reaching the eyebrows and the back draping over the shoulders, covering the ears on both sides. Historically, both men and women adorned themselves with earrings and necklaces. Today, men rarely wear these accessories.A notable custom of Dulong women in the past was facial tattooing, known as "Baktu" in the Dulong language. This practice was usually performed when girls were around 12 or 13 years old. The process began with using a bamboo stick or twig dipped in soot to outline patterns on the face. Once the design dried, a thorny twig of aged bramble was used to prick along the outlines, and the skin was lightly tapped with a wooden stick. Afterward, soot or a dark herbal juice was applied repeatedly to the pricked areas to ensure the pigment penetrated the skin.Within about seven days, the pricked areas would swell and scab. Once the scabs healed and fell off, the tattooed patterns remained permanently in a dark blue color. The designs varied by region. In the upper reaches of the Dulong River, full-face tattoos were common, covering the forehead, cheeks, nose bridge, and lips. In contrast, in the lower reaches, tattoos were limited to a ring around the nose tip and a few lines below the lips.The origin of the facial tattooing custom is debated. Some believe it served as a coming-of-age ceremony for Dulong girls. Others suggest it was a form of beauty enhancement or a way to ward off evil spirits. Another explanation is that the tattoos were historically used to prevent women from being abducted by outsiders. There are also theories linking the custom to long-lost totemic worship practices of the Dulong people.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, this tattooing custom has gradually fallen out of practice among Dulong women.

'''Conclusion'''

The Dulong people, despite their small population and remote location, possess a rich and unique cultural heritage. From their animistic beliefs and clan-based social structures to their traditional facial tattooing and efforts to preserve their language, the Dulong culture provides invaluable insights into the diverse ethnic tapestry of China.

'''Questions'''

1、What is the language of the Dulong people?

2、What are the characteristics of the religious beliefs of the Dulong?

3、What are the possible reasons for the Dulong women's literacy?

'''Reference'''

Qian Liyuan. Encyclopedia of Ethnic Affairs. China Economic Publishing House, 1994.

The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. Overview of China: The Dulong .

AI Statement

I wrote the entire Chinese article myself and translated it into English. I used AI to help refine the translation.

User:Zeng Xin

2024-12-30T16:06:27Z

Zeng Xin:

I'm Zeng Xin from the 2023 Japanese Translation program. I'll study harder to overcome the challenges in translating into my native language.

11.1 What are the most effective strategies for learning new vocabulary in English?

11.2 How can I improve my English listening skills when watching movies or videos?

11.3 What are the best practices for mastering English grammar?

11.4 How can I write a clear and concise summary of an English text?

11.5 What is the best way to create an effective study plan for learning English?

11.6 How can I use context to understand unfamiliar English words?

11.7 What are some techniques to stay motivated while learning English?

11.8 What are the challenges of learning English idioms, and how can I overcome them?

11.9 How can I enhance my English writing skills through practice?

11.10 What are the best ways to identify and correct mistakes in my English?

11.11 How can I use English academic papers to improve my reading skills?

11.12 What should I do to make learning English more engaging and effective?

11.13 How can back translation help improve my English proficiency?

11.14 What are some tips for understanding technical terms in English?

11.15 How can I practice translating complex English sentences effectively?

11.16 What are some techniques to evaluate my progress in learning English?

11.17 How can I develop critical reading skills for understanding English texts?

11.18 What tools or methods can help me proofread my English writing?

11.19 How can I turn a bad day into a productive one while learning English?

11.20 What are the benefits of creating a personal English vocabulary database?

11.21 How can I overcome mental blocks when learning English?

11.22 What strategies can I use to improve my understanding of academic English?

11.23 How can I practice English translation to enhance my language skills?

11.24 What are the advantages of using AI tools to study English?

11.25 How can I assess the quality of my English translations?

11.26 What techniques can help me stay focused while learning English?

11.27 How can I improve the coherence and fluency of my English translations?

11.28 What are some fun activities to boost my English language learning?

11.29 What steps should I follow to write a strong English research proposal?

11.30 How does understanding linguistic theories help improve English learning?

12.1 What are some daily habits to improve my English skills consistently?

12.2 How can collaborative tasks improve my English communication skills?

12.3 What are the key elements of delivering a presentation in English confidently?

12.4 What should I do when I feel stuck in my English learning process?

12.5 How can I use translation apps to enhance my English learning experience?

12.6 What are the most effective ways to practice English writing with AI tools?

12.7 How can I use AI to refine my English sentence structures?

12.8 What is the importance of editing in improving my English essays?

12.9 How can I take notes effectively while reading English materials?

12.10 What are the best resources for improving English academic writing?

12.11 What methods can help me stay consistent in learning English daily?

12.12 How can I make my English translation exercises more effective?

12.13 What are some effective techniques for expanding my English vocabulary?

12.14 How can I practice English speaking if I don't have a partner?

12.15 What are the best online resources for practicing English grammar?

12.16 How can I use movies or TV shows to improve my English comprehension?

12.17 What strategies can I use to write better essays in English?

12.18 I used AI to read an article aloud and improved my pronunciation.

12.19 What are some fun activities or games to make English learning more engaging?

=='''独龙族：纹面''' ==

== Dulong: Facial tattoo ==

'''摘要'''

独龙族主要分布在云南怒江州贡山独龙族怒族自治县，是中国人口较少的少数民族之一，也是云南省人口最少的民族。根据2010年人口普查数据，独龙族人口约7000人。独龙族使用独龙语，没有本民族文字。

独龙族主要分布在云南省西北部怒江傈僳族自治州的贡山独龙族怒族自治县西部的独龙江峡谷两岸、北部的怒江两岸，以及相邻的维西傈僳族自治县齐乐乡和西藏自治区察隅县察瓦龙乡等地。缅甸境内也有不少独龙人居住。

独龙族原有原始群婚的习俗，现已不存在。独龙族人相信万物有灵，崇拜自然物，相信有鬼。男女均散发，少女有纹面的习惯。

'''民族特点'''

独龙族的族源及民族的形成，还没有较为清楚的脉络及线索，但从语言系属上来看，作为汉藏语系藏缅语族的独龙族，应当来源于氐羌族群。该民族内部流传着两种传说：一认为独龙族是土著民族。二认为独龙族最初居住在怒江一带，后因出猎偶然来到独龙江河谷，看到这里不仅有宽阔的猎场，而且还有较为平坦的台地，便陆续迁居至此。在独龙族约15个氏族中，有8个氏族的传说都说来自怒江。而且从语言以及过去曾有过的文面习俗等文化特征来看，独龙族与贡山的怒族也很相近。近年来大多数学者认为后一种说法比较可信。

独龙语中氏族是同一祖先传承下来具有血缘关系的共同体。大多数独龙族人的氏族观念已十分淡薄，已无共同的地域以及更多的政治经济联系而显得十分松弛。只是以一种各兄弟家族所公认的祖先象征物留存在大家的记忆之中。氏族名称也没有图腾的内容，多是以该氏族的某些特征来称呼。氏族成员间有互相帮助及保护的责任，实行血族复仇制，任何一个成员受到外人的欺凌以至杀害，其他成员都有义务为他报仇。同一氏族内分出的家族之间不能通婚。

独龙族相信万物有灵，比较普遍地相信鬼魂的存在和作用，他们对自然界的认识和崇拜集中表现在对各种鬼魂的信奉与祭祀上。而“神”似乎还没有完全从其鬼魂观念里分离出来，他们认为鬼魂主宰人类一生的祸福。20世纪30、40年代，基督教传入独龙江地区后，下游的部分独龙族群众开始信教。

'''文化特点'''

历史上，独龙族没有自己的民族文字，仅以刻木记事、结绳算数及画图、刺绣图案来表达各种思想感情，可认为是文字萌芽的初始阶段。他们使用的独龙语属汉藏语系藏缅语族，语支归属尚无定论。1983年，根据广大独龙族干部群众的意愿，云南省民委民委派遣龙乘云同志协助在贡山工作的独龙族语言专家木里门·约翰创制了独龙族拼音文字方案。

'''外形和习俗'''
独龙族的外形特色是男女均散发，前垂齐眉，后披在肩上，左右盖耳。他们过去都喜欢坠系耳饰和佩挂项链，如今男子已极少系戴配饰。过去独龙族女子有文面的习惯。文面一般在十二三岁时进行。文面时，先用竹签或树枝蘸锅烟灰水在脸部描好纹路，干后，拿一根长有硬刺的老荆棘自上而下地对准脸上图案，再用木棍轻轻敲击沿纹路打刺。拭去血水，敷以锅烟灰或一种深色的草汁并反复擦揉刺纹，使之渗入皮下。待7天左右，被刺纹处红肿结痂，等创口愈合脱痂后所纹图案呈青蓝色，再也洗抹不掉，永远留在脸上。文面的样式因地区不同而各有差异，通常在独龙江上游一带是满面文，即前额、双颊、鼻梁及上下唇都刺有花纹；下游一带则只在鼻尖刺一圈和唇下刺两三路。对于独龙族文面习俗的由来，人们有许多不同的说法：有的人认为文面是独龙族女子的成年礼；有的人认为文面是独龙族对美的追求以及避邪消灾的需要；有的人则认为是历史上为躲蔽外族人掳掠妇女而来；有的还认为与独龙族早已消失的图腾崇拜物有着某种联系。新中国成立以后，这种文面习俗已逐渐被独龙族妇女所摒弃。

'''总结'''
独龙族地处偏远切人口稀少，但仍然保留着丰富且独特的文化遗产。从其万物有灵的信仰、基于氏族的社会结构，到传统的文面习俗以及保护语言的努力，独龙族文化为中国多元民族的文化拼图提供了宝贵的视角。

'''问题'''：

1、独龙族的语言是什么？

2、独龙族的宗教信仰特点是什么？

3、独龙族女子文面的原因可能有哪些？

参考

千里原．《民族工作大全》．中国经济出版社．1994.

中华人民共和国中央人民政府.中国概况：独龙族.

'''Abstract'''
The Dulong people primarily inhabit Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous County in Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province. They are one of the smallest ethnic groups in China and the least populous ethnic group in Yunnan Province. According to the 2010 population census, the Dulong population is approximately 7,000. The Dulong people speak the Dulong language but do not have their own written script.

Geographically, the Dulong people mainly live along the Dulong River Valley in the western part of Gongshan County, the northern banks of the Nu River, and surrounding areas such as Qile Township in Weixi County and Chawalong Township in Zayu County, Tibet. A significant number of Dulong people also reside in Myanmar.

In the past, the Dulong people practiced primitive group marriage, a custom that has since disappeared. Their people believe in animism, worship natural elements, and believe in spirits. Both men and women wear their hair loose, while young women used to have the tradition of facial tattoos.

'''Ethnic Characteristics'''

The origin and formation of the Dulong ethnic group remain unclear, and no definitive lineage or historical trajectory has been established. However, linguistic studies suggest that the Dulong people, belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family within the Sino-Tibetan language system, may trace their ancestry to the Di-Qiang ethnic group.

There are two traditional legends about the Dulong people’s origins. One legend claims that the Dulong people are indigenous to the region. The other suggests that they originally lived near the Nu River and later migrated to the Dulong River Valley after discovering it while hunting. The region offered abundant hunting grounds and relatively flat terraces, which attracted gradual settlement. Among the approximately 15 clans of the Dulong people, the origins of 8 clans are said to trace back to the Nu River. Furthermore, linguistic similarities and cultural traits, such as facial tattooing, reveal close connections between the Dulong and the Nu people of Gongshan. In recent years, most scholars consider the second legend to be more credible.

In the Dulong language, clans are communities that share blood relations and are descended from a common ancestor. However, the concept of clans among the Dulong people has significantly weakened over time. Clans no longer share common territories or maintain strong political and economic ties, and their cohesion has diminished. What remains is the symbolic representation of the clan’s shared ancestry, which is preserved in collective memory through ancestral symbols recognized by all clan members. Clan names lack totemic significance and are usually derived from specific characteristics of the clan.

Within the clan, members are expected to assist and protect one another. The practice of blood vengeance is observed, meaning that if a member is wronged or killed by an outsider, other clan members are obligated to seek revenge. Intermarriage between families within the same clan is strictly prohibited.

The Dulong people believe in animism and widely acknowledge the existence and influence of spirits. Their understanding and reverence for the natural world are reflected in their belief in and worship of various spirits. The concept of “gods” is not entirely distinct from the idea of spirits in their worldview. Spirits are believed to govern the fortunes and misfortunes of human life.

In the 1930s and 1940s, Christianity was introduced to the Dulong River area. Subsequently, some Dulong communities in the lower reaches of the river converted to Christianity.

'''Cultural Characteristics'''

Historically, the Dulong people did not have their own written script. They relied on methods such as carving wood to record events, knotting ropes for calculations, and expressing emotions through drawings and embroidery patterns. These practices are considered the initial stage of writing’s development. The Dulong language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language system, though its specific branch remains uncertain.

In 1983, based on the wishes of the Dulong community, the Yunnan Provincial Ethnic Affairs Commission appointed Long Chengyun to collaborate with Dulong language expert Mulimen John, who was working in Gongshan, to create a phonetic script for the Dulong people.

'''Appearance and Traditional Practices'''

The traditional appearance of the Dulong people is characterized by loose hair for both men and women, with the hair in the front reaching the eyebrows and the back draping over the shoulders, covering the ears on both sides. Historically, both men and women adorned themselves with earrings and necklaces. Today, men rarely wear these accessories.A notable custom of Dulong women in the past was facial tattooing, known as "Baktu" in the Dulong language. This practice was usually performed when girls were around 12 or 13 years old. The process began with using a bamboo stick or twig dipped in soot to outline patterns on the face. Once the design dried, a thorny twig of aged bramble was used to prick along the outlines, and the skin was lightly tapped with a wooden stick. Afterward, soot or a dark herbal juice was applied repeatedly to the pricked areas to ensure the pigment penetrated the skin.Within about seven days, the pricked areas would swell and scab. Once the scabs healed and fell off, the tattooed patterns remained permanently in a dark blue color. The designs varied by region. In the upper reaches of the Dulong River, full-face tattoos were common, covering the forehead, cheeks, nose bridge, and lips. In contrast, in the lower reaches, tattoos were limited to a ring around the nose tip and a few lines below the lips.The origin of the facial tattooing custom is debated. Some believe it served as a coming-of-age ceremony for Dulong girls. Others suggest it was a form of beauty enhancement or a way to ward off evil spirits. Another explanation is that the tattoos were historically used to prevent women from being abducted by outsiders. There are also theories linking the custom to long-lost totemic worship practices of the Dulong people.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, this tattooing custom has gradually fallen out of practice among Dulong women.

'''Conclusion'''

The Dulong people, despite their small population and remote location, possess a rich and unique cultural heritage. From their animistic beliefs and clan-based social structures to their traditional facial tattooing and efforts to preserve their language, the Dulong culture provides invaluable insights into the diverse ethnic tapestry of China.

'''Questions'''

1、What is the language of the Dulong people?

2、What are the characteristics of the religious beliefs of the Dulong?

3、What are the possible reasons for the Dulong women's literacy?

'''Reference'''

Qian Liyuan. Encyclopedia of Ethnic Affairs. China Economic Publishing House, 1994.

The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. Overview of China: The Dulong .

AI Statement

I wrote the entire Chinese article myself and translated it into English. I used AI to help refine the translation.

User:Zeng Xin

2024-12-30T15:42:53Z

Zeng Xin:

I'm Zeng Xin from the 2023 Japanese Translation program. I'll study harder to overcome the challenges in translating into my native language.

11.1 What are the most effective strategies for learning new vocabulary in English?

11.2 How can I improve my English listening skills when watching movies or videos?

11.3 What are the best practices for mastering English grammar?

11.4 How can I write a clear and concise summary of an English text?

11.5 What is the best way to create an effective study plan for learning English?

11.6 How can I use context to understand unfamiliar English words?

11.7 What are some techniques to stay motivated while learning English?

11.8 What are the challenges of learning English idioms, and how can I overcome them?

11.9 How can I enhance my English writing skills through practice?

11.10 What are the best ways to identify and correct mistakes in my English?

11.11 How can I use English academic papers to improve my reading skills?

11.12 What should I do to make learning English more engaging and effective?

11.13 How can back translation help improve my English proficiency?

11.14 What are some tips for understanding technical terms in English?

11.15 How can I practice translating complex English sentences effectively?

11.16 What are some techniques to evaluate my progress in learning English?

11.17 How can I develop critical reading skills for understanding English texts?

11.18 What tools or methods can help me proofread my English writing?

11.19 How can I turn a bad day into a productive one while learning English?

11.20 What are the benefits of creating a personal English vocabulary database?

11.21 How can I overcome mental blocks when learning English?

11.22 What strategies can I use to improve my understanding of academic English?

11.23 How can I practice English translation to enhance my language skills?

11.24 What are the advantages of using AI tools to study English?

11.25 How can I assess the quality of my English translations?

11.26 What techniques can help me stay focused while learning English?

11.27 How can I improve the coherence and fluency of my English translations?

11.28 What are some fun activities to boost my English language learning?

11.29 What steps should I follow to write a strong English research proposal?

11.30 How does understanding linguistic theories help improve English learning?

12.1 What are some daily habits to improve my English skills consistently?

12.2 How can collaborative tasks improve my English communication skills?

12.3 What are the key elements of delivering a presentation in English confidently?

12.4 What should I do when I feel stuck in my English learning process?

12.5 How can I use translation apps to enhance my English learning experience?

12.6 What are the most effective ways to practice English writing with AI tools?

12.7 How can I use AI to refine my English sentence structures?

12.8 What is the importance of editing in improving my English essays?

12.9 How can I take notes effectively while reading English materials?

12.10 What are the best resources for improving English academic writing?

12.11 What methods can help me stay consistent in learning English daily?

12.12 How can I make my English translation exercises more effective?

12.13 What are some effective techniques for expanding my English vocabulary?

12.14 How can I practice English speaking if I don't have a partner?

12.15 What are the best online resources for practicing English grammar?

12.16 How can I use movies or TV shows to improve my English comprehension?

12.17 What strategies can I use to write better essays in English?

12.18 I used AI to read an article aloud and improved my pronunciation.

12.19 What are some fun activities or games to make English learning more engaging?

独龙族：纹面
Dulong: Facial tattoo

摘要
独龙族主要分布在云南怒江州贡山独龙族怒族自治县，是中国人口较少的少数民族之一，也是云南省人口最少的民族。根据2010年人口普查数据，独龙族人口约7000人。独龙族使用独龙语，没有本民族文字。
独龙族主要分布在云南省西北部怒江傈僳族自治州的贡山独龙族怒族自治县西部的独龙江峡谷两岸、北部的怒江两岸，以及相邻的维西傈僳族自治县齐乐乡和西藏自治区察隅县察瓦龙乡等地。缅甸境内也有不少独龙人居住。
独龙族原有原始群婚的习俗，现已不存在。独龙族人相信万物有灵，崇拜自然物，相信有鬼。男女均散发，少女有纹面的习惯。

民族特点
独龙族的族源及民族的形成，还没有较为清楚的脉络及线索，但从语言系属上来看，作为汉藏语系藏缅语族的独龙族，应当来源于氐羌族群。该民族内部流传着两种传说：一认为独龙族是土著民族。二认为独龙族最初居住在怒江一带，后因出猎偶然来到独龙江河谷，看到这里不仅有宽阔的猎场，而且还有较为平坦的台地，便陆续迁居至此。在独龙族约15个氏族中，有8个氏族的传说都说来自怒江。而且从语言以及过去曾有过的文面习俗等文化特征来看，独龙族与贡山的怒族也很相近。近年来大多数学者认为后一种说法比较可信。
独龙语中氏族是同一祖先传承下来具有血缘关系的共同体。大多数独龙族人的氏族观念已十分淡薄，已无共同的地域以及更多的政治经济联系而显得十分松弛。只是以一种各兄弟家族所公认的祖先象征物留存在大家的记忆之中。氏族名称也没有图腾的内容，多是以该氏族的某些特征来称呼。氏族成员间有互相帮助及保护的责任，实行血族复仇制，任何一个成员受到外人的欺凌以至杀害，其他成员都有义务为他报仇。同一氏族内分出的家族之间不能通婚。
独龙族相信万物有灵，比较普遍地相信鬼魂的存在和作用，他们对自然界的认识和崇拜集中表现在对各种鬼魂的信奉与祭祀上。而“神”似乎还没有完全从其鬼魂观念里分离出来，他们认为鬼魂主宰人类一生的祸福。20世纪30、40年代，基督教传入独龙江地区后，下游的部分独龙族群众开始信教。

文化特点
历史上，独龙族没有自己的民族文字，仅以刻木记事、结绳算数及画图、刺绣图案来表达各种思想感情，可认为是文字萌芽的初始阶段。他们使用的独龙语属汉藏语系藏缅语族，语支归属尚无定论。1983年，根据广大独龙族干部群众的意愿，云南省民委民委派遣龙乘云同志协助在贡山工作的独龙族语言专家木里门·约翰创制了独龙族拼音文字方案。

外形和习俗
独龙族的外形特色是男女均散发，前垂齐眉，后披在肩上，左右盖耳。他们过去都喜欢坠系耳饰和佩挂项链，如今男子已极少系戴配饰。过去独龙族女子有文面的习惯。文面一般在十二三岁时进行。文面时，先用竹签或树枝蘸锅烟灰水在脸部描好纹路，干后，拿一根长有硬刺的老荆棘自上而下地对准脸上图案，再用木棍轻轻敲击沿纹路打刺。拭去血水，敷以锅烟灰或一种深色的草汁并反复擦揉刺纹，使之渗入皮下。待7天左右，被刺纹处红肿结痂，等创口愈合脱痂后所纹图案呈青蓝色，再也洗抹不掉，永远留在脸上。文面的样式因地区不同而各有差异，通常在独龙江上游一带是满面文，即前额、双颊、鼻梁及上下唇都刺有花纹；下游一带则只在鼻尖刺一圈和唇下刺两三路。对于独龙族文面习俗的由来，人们有许多不同的说法：有的人认为文面是独龙族女子的成年礼；有的人认为文面是独龙族对美的追求以及避邪消灾的需要；有的人则认为是历史上为躲蔽外族人掳掠妇女而来；有的还认为与独龙族早已消失的图腾崇拜物有着某种联系。新中国成立以后，这种文面习俗已逐渐被独龙族妇女所摒弃。

总结
独龙族地处偏远切人口稀少，但仍然保留着丰富且独特的文化遗产。从其万物有灵的信仰、基于氏族的社会结构，到传统的文面习俗以及保护语言的努力，独龙族文化为中国多元民族的文化拼图提供了宝贵的视角。
问题：
1、独龙族的语言是什么？
2、独龙族的宗教信仰特点是什么？
3、独龙族女子文面的原因可能有哪些？

参考
千里原．《民族工作大全》．中国经济出版社．1994
中华人民共和国中央人民政府.中国概况：独龙族.

Abstract
The Dulong people primarily inhabit Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous County in Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan Province. They are one of the smallest ethnic groups in China and the least populous ethnic group in Yunnan Province. According to the 2010 population census, the Dulong population is approximately 7,000. The Dulong people speak the Dulong language but do not have their own written script.
Geographically, the Dulong people mainly live along the Dulong River Valley in the western part of Gongshan County, the northern banks of the Nu River, and surrounding areas such as Qile Township in Weixi County and Chawalong Township in Zayu County, Tibet. A significant number of Dulong people also reside in Myanmar.
In the past, the Dulong people practiced primitive group marriage, a custom that has since disappeared. Their people believe in animism, worship natural elements, and believe in spirits. Both men and women wear their hair loose, while young women used to have the tradition of facial tattoos.

Ethnic Characteristics
The origin and formation of the Dulong ethnic group remain unclear, and no definitive lineage or historical trajectory has been established. However, linguistic studies suggest that the Dulong people, belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family within the Sino-Tibetan language system, may trace their ancestry to the Di-Qiang ethnic group.
There are two traditional legends about the Dulong people’s origins. One legend claims that the Dulong people are indigenous to the region. The other suggests that they originally lived near the Nu River and later migrated to the Dulong River Valley after discovering it while hunting. The region offered abundant hunting grounds and relatively flat terraces, which attracted gradual settlement. Among the approximately 15 clans of the Dulong people, the origins of 8 clans are said to trace back to the Nu River. Furthermore, linguistic similarities and cultural traits, such as facial tattooing, reveal close connections between the Dulong and the Nu people of Gongshan. In recent years, most scholars consider the second legend to be more credible.
In the Dulong language, clans are communities that share blood relations and are descended from a common ancestor. However, the concept of clans among the Dulong people has significantly weakened over time. Clans no longer share common territories or maintain strong political and economic ties, and their cohesion has diminished. What remains is the symbolic representation of the clan’s shared ancestry, which is preserved in collective memory through ancestral symbols recognized by all clan members. Clan names lack totemic significance and are usually derived from specific characteristics of the clan.
Within the clan, members are expected to assist and protect one another. The practice of blood vengeance is observed, meaning that if a member is wronged or killed by an outsider, other clan members are obligated to seek revenge. Intermarriage between families within the same clan is strictly prohibited.
The Dulong people believe in animism and widely acknowledge the existence and influence of spirits. Their understanding and reverence for the natural world are reflected in their belief in and worship of various spirits. The concept of “gods” is not entirely distinct from the idea of spirits in their worldview. Spirits are believed to govern the fortunes and misfortunes of human life.
In the 1930s and 1940s, Christianity was introduced to the Dulong River area. Subsequently, some Dulong communities in the lower reaches of the river converted to Christianity.
Cultural Characteristics
Historically, the Dulong people did not have their own written script. They relied on methods such as carving wood to record events, knotting ropes for calculations, and expressing emotions through drawings and embroidery patterns. These practices are considered the initial stage of writing’s development. The Dulong language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family of the Sino-Tibetan language system, though its specific branch remains uncertain.
In 1983, based on the wishes of the Dulong community, the Yunnan Provincial Ethnic Affairs Commission appointed Long Chengyun to collaborate with Dulong language expert Mulimen John, who was working in Gongshan, to create a phonetic script for the Dulong people.
Appearance and Traditional Practices
The traditional appearance of the Dulong people is characterized by loose hair for both men and women, with the hair in the front reaching the eyebrows and the back draping over the shoulders, covering the ears on both sides. Historically, both men and women adorned themselves with earrings and necklaces. Today, men rarely wear these accessories.
A notable custom of Dulong women in the past was facial tattooing, known as "Baktu" in the Dulong language. This practice was usually performed when girls were around 12 or 13 years old. The process began with using a bamboo stick or twig dipped in soot to outline patterns on the face. Once the design dried, a thorny twig of aged bramble was used to prick along the outlines, and the skin was lightly tapped with a wooden stick. Afterward, soot or a dark herbal juice was applied repeatedly to the pricked areas to ensure the pigment penetrated the skin.
Within about seven days, the pricked areas would swell and scab. Once the scabs healed and fell off, the tattooed patterns remained permanently in a dark blue color. The designs varied by region. In the upper reaches of the Dulong River, full-face tattoos were common, covering the forehead, cheeks, nose bridge, and lips. In contrast, in the lower reaches, tattoos were limited to a ring around the nose tip and a few lines below the lips.
The origin of the facial tattooing custom is debated. Some believe it served as a coming-of-age ceremony for Dulong girls. Others suggest it was a form of beauty enhancement or a way to ward off evil spirits. Another explanation is that the tattoos were historically used to prevent women from being abducted by outsiders. There are also theories linking the custom to long-lost totemic worship practices of the Dulong people.
Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, this tattooing custom has gradually fallen out of practice among Dulong women.

Conclusion
The Dulong people, despite their small population and remote location, possess a rich and unique cultural heritage. From their animistic beliefs and clan-based social structures to their traditional facial tattooing and efforts to preserve their language, the Dulong culture provides invaluable insights into the diverse ethnic tapestry of China.

Questions
1、What is the language of the Dulong people?
2、What are the characteristics of the religious beliefs of the Dulong?
3、What are the possible reasons for the Dulong women's literacy?

Reference
Qian Liyuan. Encyclopedia of Ethnic Affairs. China Economic Publishing House, 1994.
The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. Overview of China: The Dulong .

AI Statement
I wrote the entire Chinese article myself and translated it into English. I used AI to help refine the translation.

User:Zeng Xin

2024-12-26T18:53:16Z

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2024-12-19T11:34:23Z

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My name is Shalijia, aged 23. Enthusiastic and adventurous by nature, I find joy in exploring new cultures through travel and immersing myself in diverse cuisines. My hobbies include hiking to breathtaking landscapes, capturing moments with my camera, and delving into the world of books, especially thrillers and fantasy novels. I am a compassionate listener with a strong sense of empathy, always ready to lend a helping hand.

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Chinese Language and Culture 2024

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Zeng Xin: /* Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper */

Welcome to Chinese Language and Culture 2024

THU (19:00-19:45,19:55-20:40,20:50-21:35) 至善楼105 MA2 (23级笔译口译 Translation & Interpretation) 中国语言文化 Chinese Language and Culture 2024, Textbook: Woesler 2024, 1 5.9., 2 12.9., 3 19.9., 4 26.9., 5 10.10., 6 17.10., 7 24.10., 8 31.10., 9 7.11., 10 14.11., 11 21.11., 12 28.11., 13 5.12., 14 12.12., 15 19.12., 16 26.12.

=簽到 Here you can sign in behind the topic you want to present in class=
*Yu Yi
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*Liu Li
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*Drovan
*Wu Ziyi
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*Wang Xuan
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*Wang Yan
*Doris
*Wu Jing
*Jennie
*Huang Qi
*Esther
*Xiao Feiyan
*He Chuwen
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*Shu Lin
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*Tang Yuewei
*Zhou Xukai
*Eavan
*Jiao Mengting
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*Le Yuxuan
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*Cathy
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*Sunny
*Li Jia
*Zoe
*Wang Yujiao
*Wendy
*Fu Xinke
*Finger
*Zeng Wenjing
*Zoey
*Chen Zilan
*Landy
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*Yang Fan
*Liu Peinan
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*Raymond
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1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development .. 16

2.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs ............................................................................. 21

3.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting .......................................................................... 28

4.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan ......................................... 37

5.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia ................................................................................... 46

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason)

7.
Animals: Panda .................................................................. 68

8.
Architecture ....................................................................... 75

9.
Architecture: The Forbidden City .................................... 84

10.
Architecture: Four Famous Bridges ................................... 97

11.
Architecture: Four Great Pavilions .................................. 107

12.
Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace .......................... 118

13.
Architecture: Three Great Towers in China ..................... 125

14.
Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture .............. 138

15.
Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons ............... 147

16.
Army and weapons: Terracotta Army .............................. 155

17.
Astrology: Chinese Astrology .......................................... 162

18.
Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms ........................ 169

19.
Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac .......... 178

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia)

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）

23.
Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing .. 207

24.
Body movement performance: Stilts ................................ 211
25.
Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance
6
......................................................................................... 217

26.
Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush ................................................................................ 223

27.
Chinese Writing: Calligraphy ........................................... 232

28.
Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy ............... 238

29.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters ............................... 247

30.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts ............ 260

31.
Clothing: Chinese Clothing .............................................. 267

32.
Clothing: Batik (Lanran) .................................................. 275

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285 (Tang Yuewei/ Eavan)

34.
Confucianism: Confucian Culture .................................... 293

35.
Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues .............................................................................. 307

36.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism ................................................................... 315

37.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects ......................................................................................... 322

38.
Education: Ancient Chinese Education ............................ 332

39.
Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China .................................................................. 343
40.
Education: Modern Chinese Education System ............... 353

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367（Hannah/Zhou Yicen）

42.
Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) .................................................... 376

43.
Facial Make-up ................................................................ 386

44.
Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up ......................................................................................... 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda)

45.
Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera .......... 409

46.
Fine Arts: Painting ........................................................... 418

47.
Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi ............................ 423

48.
Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day ......................................................................................... 429

49.
Fine Arts: Seal-cutting ..................................................... 436
7

50.
Games: Go 围棋 ........................................................... 439 (Peng Yixin/ Eason)

51.
Games: Kite Flying .......................................................... 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）

52.
Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play ............ 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)

53.
Garden Culture: Gardens ................................................. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian)

54.
Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) .................................. 486

55.
Garden Culture: The Summer Palace ............................... 493(Liu Zhehui/Mary)

56.
Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500 (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)

57.
Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ................................................................................ 509
(Zhou Ranran/Jerry)
58.
History: Carl and Cixi ...................................................... 521

59.
Interieur: The Folding Screen .......................................... 525

60.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines ............ 534

61.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics ......................................................................................... 545

62.
Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains ........................................................................ 555（Wu Jing/Jennie）

63.
Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes ...................... 563

64.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai ....... 576

65.
Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） ........................ 591

66.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road .. 604

67.
Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties ................................................... 610

68.
Language: Chinese Language .......................................... 616

69.
Language: Chinese Dialects ............................................. 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara) (present first on Oct 10, Session 5)

70.
Language: Chinese Folk Argot ......................................... 635

71.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales ......................................................................................... 646

72.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology ......... 653

73.
Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature .......... 664

74.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China ................................................................... 671

75.
Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient
8
China
................................................................................ 680

76.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China ............................ 689

77.
Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas .................................................................................. 711

78.
Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu................................. 727

79.
Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels .................................................................................. 734

80.
Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations ............... 741

81.
Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio ................................................................. 747

82.
Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song.................... 755

83.
Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty ..................................... 783

84.
Literature: Modern Literature .......................................... 792

85.
Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) ....................................................................... 800

86.
Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy ............................................ 807

87.
Literature: Contemporary Literature ................................ 818(Chen Guangzi/Alan)

88.
Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia ................................................ 823

89.
Martial Arts: Qigong ........................................................ 826

Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing ................... 831

91.
Martial Arts: Wushu ......................................................... 842

92.
Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) ....... 847

93.
Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ............. 857

94.
Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion ............ 863

95.
Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology .............. 868

96.
Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine ......................................................................................... 873

97.
Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing ......................................................................... 880

98.
Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
................................................................ 889

99.
Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes ....... 896(Zeng Man/Emily)

100.
Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) .................................................. 907

101.
Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ....................................................................... 917（Chen Pingan/Grace）

102.
Music and instruments: Guzheng ..................................... 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)

103.
Music and instruments: Pipa ............................................ 939

104.
Mythology: Gods and Immortals ..................................... 949(Wang Yue/Nora)
(present in the end on Sep 26, Session 4)
105.
Mythology: Huli-jing ....................................................... 958(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)

106.
National Symbols: National Anthem ............................... 969

107.
National Symbols: National Flag ..................................... 976

108.
Opera: Peking Opera ........................................................ 984

109.
Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics ...................................... 992

110.
Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang ........................ 999

111.
Opera: Tea-picking Opera .............................................. 1004（Chen Kuanshun/Jason）

112.
Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) ........ 1012

113.
Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools ....................................................................................... 1023

114.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism ...................................... 1032

115.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching ............... 1037

116.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng . 1043

117.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living ....................................................................................... 1049

118.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism ....................................................................... 1060

119.
Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture .... 1070

120.
Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture .............. 1082

121.
Religion: Buddhism ....................................................... 1096

122.
Religion: Daoism ........................................................... 1110

123.
Religion: Christianity ..................................................... 1115

124.
Religion: Islam ............................................................... 1121

125.
Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology ....................................................................................... 1125

126.
Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130 (Wang Xudong/Hue)

127.
Science and Technology: Compass ................................ 1154

128.
Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) .................... 1162

129.
Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China ..................................................... 1171

130.
Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies ..................................................................... 1191

131.
Silk and porcelain: Silk .................................................. 1206

132.
Silk and porcelain: Porcelain ......................................... 1211

133.
Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 ............................................................................... 1217

134.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road ....................................................................................... 1224

135.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road ....................................................................... 1229

136.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages .... 1233

137.
Social: The Long-life Lock ............................................ 1241 （Shu Lin/Shirleen）

138.
Social: Round Table Culture .......................................... 1249（Yu Yi/Memo)

139.
Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 ............................. 1257(Lv Di/Ludy)

140.
Stage entertainment: Shadow Play ................................. 1264

141.
Traditional Crafts: Carving ............................................ 1272

142.
Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture ....................... 1280Zhang Yange(Mia)

143.
Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne ......................................... 1294

144.
Traditional Crafts: Embroidery ...................................... 1298

145.
Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) ....................................................................................... 1302

146.
Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery ........................... 1315

147.
Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting ..... 1329

148.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ............... 1336(Chen Zilan/Landy)

149.
Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware .................................... 1344

150.
Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 ............... 1349

151.
Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette ............... 1362

152.
Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks ..................................... 1376(Peng Yingying/Becca)

153.
Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China ...... 1381 (Tang Xinyu/Eric)

154.
Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines .... 1398(Peng Jiayi/Eva)

155.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan .......... 1404 Chen Shanshan /Rebecca

156.
Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick .................................................................. 1414(Chen Mengzhu/Chris)

157.
Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot ............................................ 1423（Xiao Yixuan/Yuki)

158.
Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking .......... 1430(Liu Zhouli/ lovia)

159.
Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes ...................... 1436

160.
Traditional Festivals ....................................................... 1440

161.
Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows ....................................................................................... 1447

162.
Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets ............. 1459

163.
Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning ....................................................................................... 1465

164.
Westernization: The Westernization Movement ............. 1471

165.
Worship: Chinese Incense Culture ................................. 1479(Tang Xinyan/Estrella)

166.
Economy: Chinese Currency Changes ........................... 1489

167.
History: Wang Shouren .................................................. 1493

168.
Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit ........................ 1502(Zhang Rui)

169.
Cuisine: Luosifen ........................................................... 1513(Wang Xuan/Cynthia)

170.
Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ................................... 1521

171.
Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ...................... 1531（Li Songlin/Solin)

172.
Traditional Craft: Bronze ............................................... 1541

173.
Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ................................. 1548

174.
Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi ............................................. 1561 (Liu Yi/Zer)

175.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China ............................................................. 1572

176.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella ....... 1581（Wang Yan/Doris）

177.
stage entertainment:Yuan drama .................................... 1592

178.
Music and instruments: Erhu ......................................... 1601

179.
Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .. 1608(Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

180.
Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan ....................................... 1615 (Su Yi/Suri)

181.
Animals：Golden Monkey ............................................ 1625

182.
Chinese Economy: rich businessmen ............................. 1631

183.
Opera: Chinese Local Operas ........................................ 1639

184.
The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship ..................... 1651(Shi Zhanning/Harper)

185.
Opera: Huangmei opera ................................................. 1663

186.
The “reference” of Chinese Music........................... 1670(Huang Zechen/Zachary)

187.
Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance ........................................ 1676

188.
Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） ....... 1691 (Liu Peinan/Peter)

189.
Clothing: Vintage Clothing ............................................ 1697(Hu Shanshan/Maddy)

190.
Fine arts:Kunqu Opera ................................................... 1704

191.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers ....................................................................................... 1712（Chen Weiping/Jackie）

192.
National Belief: the Chinese Dream .............................. 1722

193.
Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) ............ 1729（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

194.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ................................................ 1748(Jiao Mengting/Sherry)

195.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Guangdong传统美食：广东早餐文化 ....................................................... 1753（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

196.
Telecast: Become a Farmer 种地吧 .............................. 1765（Sha Lijia/Reika）

197.
Animals: Chinese Rural Dogs 动物：中华田园犬 ...... 1773 (Zhao Jing/Winnie)

198.
Clothing: Hanfu 汉服：揭示中国传统服饰之美 ........ 1781（Guo Zibin/Anne）

199.
Music and instruments: Chime 音乐与乐器：编钟 ..... 1788

200.
Garden Culture: Suzhou Gardens 苏州园林 ................. 1795(Liang Dan/Anne)

201.
Traditional crafts: Moon-shaped Fans 传统技艺：团扇 1806(Le Yuxuan/Lydia)

202.
Minority cultures: Miao Silver Ornaments Culture 苗族银饰文化 ................................................................... 1827(Yang Hanxu/Hansu)

203.
Mysterious culture: Facial Physiognomy 相面术 ......... 1836(Zhou Xiaoqiao）
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204.
Games: Chinese Chess 游戏：象棋 ............................. 1847(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)

205.
Music and instruments: Guqin 古琴 ............................. 1863

206.
Music and instruments: The Spring Snow 音乐和乐器：《阳春白雪》 ........................................................................... 1878

207.
The "Four Gentlemen": Plum, Orchid Bamboo, Chrysanthemum “四君子”的象征意义 ....................... 1885 （Hu Zheng/ Leven）

208.
Traditional festivals: The Flower Fairy Festival 花朝节 1898 （Gong Tao/Gisele)

209.
Architecture: Shigu Academy 建筑：石鼓书院 .......... 1906

210.
Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1918

211.
Beverages: Sexy Tea 饮品：茶颜悦色 ........................ 1926 (Huang Qi/ Esther)

212.
Opera: Flower-drum Opera 花鼓戏 .............................. 1935(Zhou Jing/ Amy)

213.
Traditional Festivals: Shangsi Festival 上巳节 ............. 1943 （Li Jia/ Zoe）

214.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture: Ji Sor (Self-combing female) 自梳女 ................................................................. 1949 (Wu Jiaying Cathy)

215.
Cuisine: Dong'an chicken: The Premier Dish of Hunan Cuisine 东安鸡：湘菜之首 ........................................... 1962

216.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture：Nüshu (Women's Script) 女书 ................................................................................... 1970（He Chuwen/Lyra）

217.
Opera: Shaoxing Opera 越剧 ........................................ 1991

218.
Traditional Crafts: Jade Carving Art 玉雕 .................... 1997

219.
Chinese snack: spicy gluten 中国小吃：辣条 ............. 2003(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

220.
Social Phenomenon: Marriage: Women Being Urged to Get Married 婚姻：被催婚的女性 ........................................ 2010 Liu XinYu

221.
Chinese mythology: Chinese Dragon Culture 中国龙是什么
....................................................................................... 2019(Zhang Shuai / Andy)

222.
Minority cultures: Laosicheng 老司城 ......................... 2028

223.
The Torch of Unity: Celebrating Torch Festival Among China's Ethnic Minorities 团结的火炬——中国少数民族庆祝火把节
........................................................................... 2041 Xiao Feiyan
224.
Chinese Painting: A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains 《千里江山图》 ............................................ 2048(Yao Yiyun/Olivia）

225.
Festival: Qixi Festival 七夕节 ...................................... 2055（Li Ru/Lee）

226.
Music and instruments: Yuge (Fishing song) 渔歌 ....... 2063

227.
Education: Chicken Child (Fired-up Child) 教育：鸡娃 2071(tao yu/mikansei)

228.
Chinese Science Fiction: The Three-Body Problem 中国科幻小说：《三体》 ............................................................. 2083(Zhang Mengzhe/Nine)

229.
Ganshi in Xiangxi: The Cycle of Life and Death under Ancient Witchcraft 湘西赶尸：古老巫术下的生死轮回 2092 (Liao Wenyao/Rose)

230.
Architecture: Chinese Memorial Archway (Paifang) 中国传统建筑：牌坊 ................................................................... 2098

231.
Chinese Animation 中国动画传统 ............................... 2110（pan yilin/ceci）

232.
Social Phenomenon: Military-style Travel 特种兵式旅游 2121

233.
Folk Art: Youshen Fairs 游神 ....................................... 2131

234.
Nuo Opera 傩戏 ............................................................ 2141

235.
Music and Instruments: Suona Horn 唢呐 .................... 2157（Liu Jieyu/Erica）

236.
Chinese Handicraft: Kesi 中国手工艺品：缂丝 .......... 2166

237.
Sangzhi Folk Songs 桑植民歌 ...................................... 2173

238.
Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale – Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu 五声音阶，汉族古代音律：宫—商—角—徵—羽 ............................................................... 2192 (Han Yaxuan)

239.
Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population 社会现象：流动人口 ....................................................................................... 2204(Hu Zetao/Francis)

240.
Chinese tradition culture: Zanhua 簪花 ........................ 2213 （Xie Ke）

241.
Incense Culture 香道文化 ............................................ 2221 （Zeng Xin）

242.
The Imperial Civil Examination System 科举制度 ...... 2230

243.
Literature: Qu Yuan 文学：屈原 .................................. 2238(Jiang Caiyun/Tony)

244.
Games: pitch-pot game (Touhu) 投壶游戏 ................... 2244(Kuang Jing/Jin)

245.
Folk Art: Piao Se 民间艺术：飘色 .............................. 2253(Huang Mengyan/Mandy)

246.
Jingdezhen Porcelain 景德镇陶瓷 ................................ 2261(Li Dinghao/Leo)

247.
Folk Traditional Customs: Fireworks and Firecrackers 民间传统习俗：烟花和爆竹 ........................................... 2270 (Cao Jialong/caron)

248.
The Literati Painting of the Ming Dynasty: The Wu School 明代文人画：吴门画派 ................................................... 2278

249.
Thangka 唐卡 ............................................................... 2285（Yang Lingyue/Judy）

250.
Striking iron flower 打铁花 .......................................... 2294 (Fu Xinke/Finger)

251.
Chinese Cuisine: Xiang Cuisine – One of the Eight Major Cuisines 湘菜 ................................................................... 23029（Liu Li/Glen）

252.
The Evolution of the Official Selection System 仕进制度 2312（Xia Rong/Sharon)

=Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper=
Deadline: Sep 15, 2024

1. Sports: Cuju 蹴鞠………(Liu Yi/Zer)

2. Science and Technology: Chinese Electrical Vehicles (Cheng Linjia/Jason)

3. Chinese tradition culture: Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花………(Xiao Feiyan)

4. Stage entertainment: northeast Errenzhuan (二人转).........(Wu Jiaying/Cathy)

5. Animals: Chinese Cats 动物：中国猫 ...... (Zhao Jing/winnie)

6. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty (Yao Yiyun)

7. Grass cloth 夏布（Yu Yi/Memo）

8. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》(Yang Lingyue/ Judy)

9.Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片......(Zhou Xiaoqiao/ Summer)

10. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧......(Huang Zechen/ Zachary)

11.Chinese tradition culture: birde-price（彩礼）……（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

12. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片......（Liu Peinan/Peter）

13.Xiang Embroidery湘绣······（Liu Zhehui/Mary

14.Chinese traditional jewellery: Buyao(dangling ornament worn by women) （步摇）……（Shu Lin/Shirleen）

15. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) （Su Yi/Suri）

16. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) …… (Li Jia/Zoe)

17. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛）……（Li Ru/ Lee）

18. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班）……（Jiang Caiyun/Tony）

19. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) ……（Tao Yu/Mikansei）

20.Chinese mortise and tenon craftsmanship（中国榫卯工艺）……（Xiao Yixuan/Yuki）

21. Live-stream shopping（直播带货）……（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦）......(Sha Lijia/Reika)

23. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) …… （Fu Xinke/Finger）

23.Herbal tea（凉茶）……（Huang Mengyan/Mandy）

24.Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻）……（Wang Yan/Doris ）

25.Rice cake(年糕）……（Chen Pingan/Grace）

26.Zhongyuan festival……(Pan Yilin/Ceci)

27.Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面)……（Zeng Xin）

=Session 1 Thursday Sep 5, 2024 19:00-21:35=
Please download the powerpoint presentation of the teacher here: [[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_2024.pptx]].

=Session 2 Thursday Sep 12, 2024 19:00-21:35=
During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason) [[Media:Handsome_Men_2024.pptx]]

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia) [[Media:Milk_Tea_2024.pptx]]

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）[[Media:Tea_2024_fall.pptx]] (Please compare with old presentation from Spring 2024: [[Media:Tea_2024.pptx]].)

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）[[Media:Liquor_2024.pptx]]

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285 (Tang Yuewei/ Eavan) [[Media:Cheongsam_fall_2024.pptx]] (Please compare with old presentation from Spring 2024: [[Media:Cheongsam_2024.pptx]].)

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367（Hannah/Zhou Yicen）[[Media:Official_Selection_System_2024.pptx]]

=Session 3 Thursday Sep 19, 2024 19:00-21:35=

All students: Please prepare these three texts in the textbook for today.

During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up, p. 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda) [[Media:Cosmetics_2024.pptx]]

50. Games: Go 围棋, p. 439 (Peng Yixin/ Eason) [[Media:Go_2024.pptx]]

51. Games: Kite Flying p. 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）[[Media:Kite_2024.pptx]]

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play, p. 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)[[Media:Mahjong_2024.pptx]]

53. Garden Culture: Gardens, p. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian) [[Media:Gardens_2024.pptx]]

55. Garden culture: the Summer Palace, p. 493(Liu Zhehui/Mary) [[Media:Summer_Palace_2024.pptx]]

Homework:

1. Please read the six texts for next time in the textbook.

2. Please add your final exam paper topic and your name in the respective section above.

3. Take the surveys (EU: https://wn8ae3qwafbc11zv.mikecrm.com/9gdWrQT, 2024: https://wn8ae3qwafbc11zv.mikecrm.com/CTrdOjm).

Chinese Language and Culture 2024

2024-09-05T11:59:42Z

Zeng Xin: /* Headline text */

Welcome to Chinese Language and Culture 2024

THU (19:00-19:45,19:55-20:40,20:50-21:35) 至善楼105 MA2 (23级笔译口译 Translation & Interpretation) 中国语言文化 Chinese Language and Culture 2024, Textbook: Woesler 2024, 1 5.9., 2 12.9., 3 19.9., 4 26.9., 5 10.10., 6 17.10., 7 24.10., 8 31.10., 9 7.11., 10 14.11., 11 21.11., 12 28.11., 13 5.12., 14 12.12., 15 19.12., 16 26.12.

== Headline text ==

----
[[Media:Example.ogg]]=簽到 Here you can sign in behind the topic you want to present in class=
*Yu Yi
*Memo
*Glen
*Liu Li
*Liu Zhuofan
*Drovan
*Wu Ziyi
*Andrew
*Wang Xuan
*Cynthia
*Wang Yan
*Doris
*Wu Jing
*Jennie
*Huang Qi
*Esther
*Xiao Feiyan
*He Chuwen
*Lyra
*Shu Lin
*Shirleen
*Tang Yuewei
*Zhou Xukai
*Eavan
*Jiao Mengting
*Sherry
*Le Yuxuan
*Lydia
*Wu Jiaying
*Cathy
*Jiang Yaping
*Sunny
*Li Jia
*Zoe
*Wang Yujiao
*Wendy
*Fu Xinke
*Finger
*Zeng Wenjing
*Zoey
*Chen Zilan
*Landy
*Yang Lingyue
*Yang Fan
*Liu Peinan
*Peter
*Pan Yilin
*ceci
*Chen Pingan
*Grace
*Huang Mengyan
*Mandy
*Rachel
*Guo Zibin
*Anne
*Xiao Yixuan
*Zeng Xin
*Su Yi
*Zeng Man
*Emily
*Chen Mengzhu
*Chris
*Huang Zehchen
*Zachary
1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development .. 16

2.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs ............................................................................. 21

3.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting .......................................................................... 28

4.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan ......................................... 37

5.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia ................................................................................... 46

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason)

7.
Animals: Panda .................................................................. 68

8.
Architecture ....................................................................... 75

9.
Architecture: The Forbidden City .................................... 84

10.
Architecture: Four Famous Bridges ................................... 97

11.
Architecture: Four Great Pavilions .................................. 107

12.
Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace .......................... 118

13.
Architecture: Three Great Towers in China ..................... 125

14.
Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture .............. 138

15.
Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons ............... 147

16.
Army and weapons: Terracotta Army .............................. 155

17.
Astrology: Chinese Astrology .......................................... 162

18.
Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms ........................ 169

19.
Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac .......... 178

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia)

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）

23.
Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing .. 207

24.
Body movement performance: Stilts ................................ 211(Zeng Man/Emily)

25.
Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance
6
......................................................................................... 217

26.
Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush ................................................................................ 223

27.
Chinese Writing: Calligraphy ........................................... 232

28.
Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy ............... 238

29.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters ............................... 247

30.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts ............ 260

31.
Clothing: Chinese Clothing .............................................. 267

32.
Clothing: Batik (Lanran) .................................................. 275

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285

34.
Confucianism: Confucian Culture .................................... 293

35.
Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues .............................................................................. 307

36.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism ................................................................... 315

37.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects ......................................................................................... 322

38.
Education: Ancient Chinese Education ............................ 332

39.
Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China .................................................................. 343
40.
Education: Modern Chinese Education System ............... 353

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367

42.
Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) .................................................... 376

43.
Facial Make-up ................................................................ 386

44.
Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up ......................................................................................... 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda)

45.
Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera .......... 409

46.
Fine Arts: Painting ........................................................... 418

47.
Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi ............................ 423

48.
Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day ......................................................................................... 429

49.
Fine Arts: Seal-cutting ..................................................... 436
7

50.
Games: Go 围棋 ........................................................... 439

51.
Games: Kite Flying .......................................................... 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）

52.
Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play ............ 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)

53.
Garden Culture: Gardens ................................................. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian)

54.
Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) .................................. 486

55.
Garden Culture: The Summer Palace ............................... 493

56.
Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500 (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)

57.
Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ................................................................................ 509

58.
History: Carl and Cixi ...................................................... 521

59.
Interieur: The Folding Screen .......................................... 525

60.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines ............ 534

61.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics ......................................................................................... 545

62.
Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains ........................................................................ 555（Wu Jing/Jennie）

63.
Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes ...................... 563

64.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai ....... 576

65.
Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） ........................ 591

66.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road .. 604

67.
Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties ................................................... 610

68.
Language: Chinese Language .......................................... 616

69.
Language: Chinese Dialects ............................................. 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara)

70.
Language: Chinese Folk Argot ......................................... 635

71.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales ......................................................................................... 646

72.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology ......... 653

73.
Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature .......... 664

74.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China ................................................................... 671

75.
Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient
8
China
................................................................................ 680

76.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China ............................ 689

77.
Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas .................................................................................. 711 (Gong Tao/Gisele)

78.
Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu................................. 727

79.
Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels .................................................................................. 734

80.
Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations ............... 741

81.
Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio ................................................................. 747

82.
Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song.................... 755

83.
Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty ..................................... 783

84.
Literature: Modern Literature .......................................... 792

85.
Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) ....................................................................... 800

86.
Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy ............................................ 807

87.
Literature: Contemporary Literature ................................ 818

88.
Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia ................................................ 823

89.
Martial Arts: Qigong ........................................................ 826

Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing ................... 831

91.
Martial Arts: Wushu ......................................................... 842

92.
Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) ....... 847

93.
Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ............. 857

94.
Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion ............ 863

95.
Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology .............. 868

96.
Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine ......................................................................................... 873

97.
Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing ......................................................................... 880

98.
Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
................................................................ 889

99.
Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes ....... 896

100.
Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) .................................................. 907

101.
Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ....................................................................... 917（Chen Pingan/Grace）

102.
Music and instruments: Guzheng ..................................... 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)

103.
Music and instruments: Pipa ............................................ 939

104.
Mythology: Gods and Immortals ..................................... 949(Wang Yue/Nora)

105.
Mythology: Huli-jing ....................................................... 958

106.
National Symbols: National Anthem ............................... 969

107.
National Symbols: National Flag ..................................... 976

108.
Opera: Peking Opera ........................................................ 984

109.
Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics ...................................... 992

110.
Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang ........................ 999

111.
Opera: Tea-picking Opera .............................................. 1004

112.
Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) ........ 1012

113.
Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools ....................................................................................... 1023

114.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism ...................................... 1032

115.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching ............... 1037

116.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng . 1043

117.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living ....................................................................................... 1049

118.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism ....................................................................... 1060

119.
Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture .... 1070

120.
Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture .............. 1082

121.
Religion: Buddhism ....................................................... 1096

122.
Religion: Daoism ........................................................... 1110

123.
Religion: Christianity ..................................................... 1115

124.
Religion: Islam ............................................................... 1121

125.
Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology ....................................................................................... 1125

126.
Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130

127.
Science and Technology: Compass ................................ 1154

128.
Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) .................... 1162

129.
Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China ..................................................... 1171

130.
Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies ..................................................................... 1191

131.
Silk and porcelain: Silk .................................................. 1206Xiaoyixuan(Yuki)

132.
Silk and porcelain: Porcelain ......................................... 1211

133.
Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 ............................................................................... 1217(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)

134.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road ....................................................................................... 1224

135.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road ....................................................................... 1229

136.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages .... 1233

137.
Social: The Long-life Lock ............................................ 1241

138.
Social: Round Table Culture .......................................... 1249（Yu Yi/Memo)

139.
Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 ............................. 1257

140.
Stage entertainment: Shadow Play ................................. 1264

141.
Traditional Crafts: Carving ............................................ 1272

142.
Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture ....................... 1280Zhang Yange(Mia)

143.
Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne ......................................... 1294

144.
Traditional Crafts: Embroidery ...................................... 1298

145.
Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) ....................................................................................... 1302

146.
Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery ........................... 1315

147.
Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting ..... 1329

148.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ............... 1336

149.
Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware .................................... 1344

150.
Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 ............... 1349

151.
Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette ............... 1362

152.
Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks ..................................... 1376

153.
Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China ...... 1381 (Chen Weiping/Jackie)

154.
Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines .... 1398

155.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan .......... 1404 Chen Shanshan /Rebecca

156.
Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick ....................................................................................... 1414

157.
Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot ............................................ 1423（Wang Yan/Doris）

158.
Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking .......... 1430

159.
Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes ...................... 1436

160.
Traditional Festivals ....................................................... 1440

161.
Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows ....................................................................................... 1447

162.
Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets ............. 1459

163.
Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning ....................................................................................... 1465

164.
Westernization: The Westernization Movement ............. 1471

165.
Worship: Chinese Incense Culture ................................. 1479

166.
Economy: Chinese Currency Changes ........................... 1489

167.
History: Wang Shouren .................................................. 1493

168.
Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit ........................ 1502

169.
Cuisine: Luosifen ........................................................... 1513(Wang Xuan/Cynthia)

170.
Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ................................... 1521

171.
Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ...................... 1531

172.
Traditional Craft: Bronze ............................................... 1541

173.
Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ................................. 1548

174.
Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi ............................................. 1561 (Liu Yi/Zer)

175.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China ............................................................. 1572

176.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella ....... 1581

177.
stage entertainment:Yuan drama .................................... 1592

178.
Music and instruments: Erhu ......................................... 1601(Chen Zilan/Landy)

179.
Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .. 1608(Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

180.
Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan ....................................... 1615 (Su Yi/Suri)

181.
Animals：Golden Monkey ............................................ 1625

182.
Chinese Economy: rich businessmen ............................. 1631

183.
Opera: Chinese Local Operas ........................................ 1639

184.
The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship ..................... 1651

185.
Opera: Huangmei opera ................................................. 1663

186.
The “reference” of Chinese Music........................... 1670(Huang Zechen/Zachary)

187.
Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance ........................................ 1676

188.
Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） ....... 1691 (Liu Peinan/Peter)

189.
Clothing: Vintage Clothing ............................................ 1697(Hu Shanshan/Maddy)

190.
Fine arts:Kunqu Opera ................................................... 1704

191.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers ....................................................................................... 1712

192.
National Belief: the Chinese Dream .............................. 1722

193.
Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) ............ 1729（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

194.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ................................................ 1748(Jiao Mengting/Sherry)

195.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Guangdong传统美食：广东早餐文化 ....................................................... 1753（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

196.
Telecast: Become a Farmer 种地吧 .............................. 1765（Sha Lijia/Reika）

197.
Animals: Chinese Rural Dogs 动物：中华田园犬 ...... 1773 (Zhao Jing/winnie)

198.
Clothing: Hanfu 汉服：揭示中国传统服饰之美 ........ 1781

199.
Music and instruments: Chime 音乐与乐器：编钟 ..... 1788

200.
Garden Culture: Suzhou Gardens 苏州园林 ................. 1795

201.
Traditional crafts: Moon-shaped Fans 传统技艺：团扇 1806

202.
Minority cultures: Miao Silver Ornaments Culture 苗族银饰文化 ................................................................... 1827

203.
Mysterious culture: Facial Physiognomy 相面术 ......... 1836(Zhou Xiaoqiao)（Guo Zibin/Anne）
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204.
Games: Chinese Chess 游戏：象棋 ............................. 1847

205.
Music and instruments: Guqin 古琴 ............................. 1863

206.
Music and instruments: The Spring Snow 音乐和乐器：《阳春白雪》 ........................................................................... 1878

207.
The "Four Gentlemen": Plum, Orchid Bamboo, Chrysanthemum “四君子”的象征意义 ....................... 1885 （Hu Zheng/ Leven）

208.
Traditional festivals: The Flower Fairy Festival 花朝节 1898

209.
Architecture: Shigu Academy 建筑：石鼓书院 .......... 1906

210.
Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1918

211.
Beverages: Sexy Tea 饮品：茶颜悦色 ........................ 1926 (Huang Qi/ Esther)

212.
Opera: Flower-drum Opera 花鼓戏 .............................. 1935

213.
Traditional Festivals: Shangsi Festival 上巳节 ............. 1943 （Li Jia/ Zoe）

214.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture: Ji Sor (Self-combing female) 自梳女 ................................................................. 1949 (Wu Jiaying Cathy)

215.
Cuisine: Dong'an chicken: The Premier Dish of Hunan Cuisine 东安鸡：湘菜之首 ........................................... 1962

216.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture：Nüshu (Women's Script) 女书 ................................................................................... 1970（He Chuwen/Lyra）

217.
Opera: Shaoxing Opera 越剧 ........................................ 1991

218.
Traditional Crafts: Jade Carving Art 玉雕 .................... 1997

219.
Chinese snack: spicy gluten 中国小吃：辣条 ............. 2003(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

220.
Social Phenomenon: Marriage: Women Being Urged to Get Married 婚姻：被催婚的女性 ........................................ 2010 Liu XinYu

221.
Chinese mythology: Chinese Dragon Culture 中国龙是什么
....................................................................................... 2019.

222.
Minority cultures: Laosicheng 老司城 ......................... 2028

223.
The Torch of Unity: Celebrating Torch Festival Among China's Ethnic Minorities 团结的火炬——中国少数民族庆祝火把节
........................................................................... 2041 Xiao Feiyan
224.
Chinese Painting: A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains 《千里江山图》 ............................................ 2048(Yao Yiyun/Olivia）

225.
Festival: Qixi Festival 七夕节 ...................................... 2055（Li Ru/Lee）

226.
Music and instruments: Yuge (Fishing song) 渔歌 ....... 2063

227.
Education: Chicken Child (Fired-up Child) 教育：鸡娃 2071(tao yu/mikansei)

228.
Chinese Science Fiction: The Three-Body Problem 中国科幻小说：《三体》 ............................................................. 2083(Zhang Mengzhe/Nine)

229.
Ganshi in Xiangxi: The Cycle of Life and Death under Ancient Witchcraft 湘西赶尸：古老巫术下的生死轮回 2092 (Liao Wenyao/Rose)

230.
Architecture: Chinese Memorial Archway (Paifang) 中国传统建筑：牌坊 ................................................................... 2098

231.
Chinese Animation 中国动画传统 ............................... 2110（pan yilin/ceci）

232.
Social Phenomenon: Military-style Travel 特种兵式旅游 2121

233.
Folk Art: Youshen Fairs 游神 ....................................... 2131

234.
Nuo Opera 傩戏 ............................................................ 2141

235.
Music and Instruments: Suona Horn 唢呐 .................... 2157（Liu Jieyu/Erica）

236.
Chinese Handicraft: Kesi 中国手工艺品：缂丝 .......... 2166

237.
Sangzhi Folk Songs 桑植民歌 ...................................... 2173

238.
Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale – Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu 五声音阶，汉族古代音律：宫—商—角—徵—羽 ............................................................... 2192

239.
Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population 社会现象：流动人口 ....................................................................................... 2204

240.
Chinese tradition culture: Zanhua 簪花 ........................ 2213

241.
Incense Culture 香道文化 ............................................ 2221 （Zeng Xin）

242.
The Imperial Civil Examination System 科举制度 ...... 2230

243.
Literature: Qu Yuan 文学：屈原 .................................. 2238

244.
Games: pitch-pot game (Touhu) 投壶游戏 ................... 2244(Kuang Jing/Jin)

245.
Folk Art: Piao Se 民间艺术：飘色 .............................. 2253(Huang Mengyan/Mandy)

246.
Jingdezhen Porcelain 景德镇陶瓷 ................................ 2261(Le Yuxuan/Lydia)

247.
Folk Traditional Customs: Fireworks and Firecrackers 民间传统习俗：烟花和爆竹 ........................................... 2270 (Cao Jialong/caron)

248.
The Literati Painting of the Ming Dynasty: The Wu School 明代文人画：吴门画派 ................................................... 2278

249.
Thangka 唐卡 ............................................................... 2285（Yang Lingyue/Judy）

250.
Striking iron flower 打铁花 .......................................... 2294 (Fu Xinke/Finger)

251.
Chinese Cuisine: Xiang Cuisine – One of the Eight Major Cuisines 湘菜 ................................................................... 23029（Liu Li/Glen）

252.
The Evolution of the Official Selection System 仕进制度 2312

=Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper=

Chinese Language and Culture 2024

2024-09-05T11:27:41Z

Zeng Xin: /* Headline text */

Welcome to Chinese Language and Culture 2024

THU (19:00-19:45,19:55-20:40,20:50-21:35) 至善楼105 MA2 (23级笔译口译 Translation & Interpretation) 中国语言文化 Chinese Language and Culture 2024, Textbook: Woesler 2024, 1 5.9., 2 12.9., 3 19.9., 4 26.9., 5 10.10., 6 17.10., 7 24.10., 8 31.10., 9 7.11., 10 14.11., 11 21.11., 12 28.11., 13 5.12., 14 12.12., 15 19.12., 16 26.12.

== Headline text ==

----
[[Media:Example.ogg]]=簽到 Here you can sign in behind the topic you want to present in class=
*Yu Yi
*Memo
*Glen
*Liu Li
*Liu Zhuofan
*Drovan
*Wu Ziyi
*Andrew
*Wang Xuan
*Cynthia
*Wang Yan
*Doris
*Wu Jing
*Jennie
*Huang Qi
*Esther
*Xiao Feiyan
*He Chuwen
*Lyra
*Shu Lin
*Shirleen
*Tang Yuewei
*Zhou Xukai
*Eavan
*Jiao Mengting
*Sherry
*Le Yuxuan
*Lydia
*Wu Jiaying
*Cathy
*Jiang Yaping
*Sunny
*Li Jia
*Zoe
*Wang Yujiao
*Wendy
*Fu Xinke
*Finger
*Zeng Wenjing
*Zoey
*Chen Zilan
*Landy
*Yang Lingyue
*Yang Fan
*Liu Peinan
*Peter
*Pan Yilin
*ceci
*Chen Pingan
*Grace
*Huang Mengyan
*Mandy
*Rachel
*Guo Zibin
*Anne
*Xiao Yixuan
*Zeng Xin

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development .. 16

2.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs ............................................................................. 21

3.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting .......................................................................... 28

4.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan ......................................... 37

5.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia ................................................................................... 46

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason)

7.
Animals: Panda .................................................................. 68

8.
Architecture ....................................................................... 75

9.
Architecture: The Forbidden City .................................... 84

10.
Architecture: Four Famous Bridges ................................... 97

11.
Architecture: Four Great Pavilions .................................. 107

12.
Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace .......................... 118

13.
Architecture: Three Great Towers in China ..................... 125

14.
Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture .............. 138

15.
Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons ............... 147

16.
Army and weapons: Terracotta Army .............................. 155

17.
Astrology: Chinese Astrology .......................................... 162

18.
Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms ........................ 169

19.
Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac .......... 178

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia)

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）

23.
Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing .. 207

24.
Body movement performance: Stilts ................................ 211

25.
Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance
6
......................................................................................... 217

26.
Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush ................................................................................ 223

27.
Chinese Writing: Calligraphy ........................................... 232

28.
Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy ............... 238

29.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters ............................... 247

30.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts ............ 260

31.
Clothing: Chinese Clothing .............................................. 267

32.
Clothing: Batik (Lanran) .................................................. 275

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285

34.
Confucianism: Confucian Culture .................................... 293

35.
Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues .............................................................................. 307

36.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism ................................................................... 315

37.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects ......................................................................................... 322

38.
Education: Ancient Chinese Education ............................ 332

39.
Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China .................................................................. 343(Wang Xuan/Cynthia)

40.
Education: Modern Chinese Education System ............... 353

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367

42.
Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) .................................................... 376

43.
Facial Make-up ................................................................ 386

44.
Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up ......................................................................................... 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda)

45.
Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera .......... 409

46.
Fine Arts: Painting ........................................................... 418

47.
Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi ............................ 423

48.
Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day ......................................................................................... 429 （Rachel）

49.
Fine Arts: Seal-cutting ..................................................... 436
7

50.
Games: Go 围棋 ........................................................... 439

51.
Games: Kite Flying .......................................................... 445

52.
Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play ............ 452

53.
Garden Culture: Gardens ................................................. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian)

54.
Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) .................................. 486

55.
Garden Culture: The Summer Palace ............................... 493

56.
Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500

57.
Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ................................................................................ 509

58.
History: Carl and Cixi ...................................................... 521

59.
Interieur: The Folding Screen .......................................... 525

60.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines ............ 534

61.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics ......................................................................................... 545

62.
Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains ........................................................................ 555

63.
Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes ...................... 563

64.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai ....... 576

65.
Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） ........................ 591

66.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road .. 604

67.
Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties ................................................... 610

68.
Language: Chinese Language .......................................... 616

69.
Language: Chinese Dialects ............................................. 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara)

70.
Language: Chinese Folk Argot ......................................... 635

71.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales ......................................................................................... 646

72.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology ......... 653

73.
Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature .......... 664

74.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China ................................................................... 671

75.
Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient
8
China
................................................................................ 680

76.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China ............................ 689

77.
Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas .................................................................................. 711 (Gong Tao/Gisele)

78.
Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu................................. 727

79.
Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels .................................................................................. 734

80.
Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations ............... 741

81.
Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio ................................................................. 747

82.
Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song.................... 755

83.
Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty ..................................... 783

84.
Literature: Modern Literature .......................................... 792

85.
Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) ....................................................................... 800

86.
Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy ............................................ 807

87.
Literature: Contemporary Literature ................................ 818

88.
Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia ................................................ 823

89.
Martial Arts: Qigong ........................................................ 826

Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing ................... 831

91.
Martial Arts: Wushu ......................................................... 842

92.
Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) ....... 847

93.
Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ............. 857

94.
Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion ............ 863

95.
Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology .............. 868

96.
Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine ......................................................................................... 873

97.
Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing ......................................................................... 880

98.
Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
................................................................ 889

99.
Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes ....... 896

100.
Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) .................................................. 907

101.
Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ....................................................................... 917（Chen Pingan/Grace）

102.
Music and instruments: Guzheng ..................................... 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)

103.
Music and instruments: Pipa ............................................ 939

104.
Mythology: Gods and Immortals ..................................... 949

105.
Mythology: Huli-jing ....................................................... 958

106.
National Symbols: National Anthem ............................... 969

107.
National Symbols: National Flag ..................................... 976

108.
Opera: Peking Opera ........................................................ 984

109.
Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics ...................................... 992

110.
Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang ........................ 999

111.
Opera: Tea-picking Opera .............................................. 1004

112.
Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) ........ 1012

113.
Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools ....................................................................................... 1023

114.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism ...................................... 1032

115.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching ............... 1037

116.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng . 1043

117.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living ....................................................................................... 1049

118.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism ....................................................................... 1060

119.
Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture .... 1070

120.
Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture .............. 1082

121.
Religion: Buddhism ....................................................... 1096

122.
Religion: Daoism ........................................................... 1110

123.
Religion: Christianity ..................................................... 1115

124.
Religion: Islam ............................................................... 1121

125.
Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology ....................................................................................... 1125

126.
Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130

127.
Science and Technology: Compass ................................ 1154

128.
Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) .................... 1162

129.
Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China ..................................................... 1171

130.
Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies ..................................................................... 1191

131.
Silk and porcelain: Silk .................................................. 1206Xiaoyixuan(Yuki)

132.
Silk and porcelain: Porcelain ......................................... 1211Chen Shanshan(Rebecca)

133.
Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 ............................................................................... 1217(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)

134.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road ....................................................................................... 1224

135.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road ....................................................................... 1229

136.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages .... 1233

137.
Social: The Long-life Lock ............................................ 1241

138.
Social: Round Table Culture .......................................... 1249（Yu Yi/Memo)

139.
Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 ............................. 1257

140.
Stage entertainment: Shadow Play ................................. 1264

141.
Traditional Crafts: Carving ............................................ 1272

142.
Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture ....................... 1280

143.
Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne ......................................... 1294

144.
Traditional Crafts: Embroidery ...................................... 1298

145.
Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) ....................................................................................... 1302

146.
Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery ........................... 1315

147.
Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting ..... 1329

148.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ............... 1336(Wang Yue/Nora)

149.
Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware .................................... 1344

150.
Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 ............... 1349

151.
Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette ............... 1362

152.
Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks ..................................... 1376

153.
Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China ...... 1381

154.
Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines .... 1398

155.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan .......... 1404

156.
Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick ....................................................................................... 1414

157.
Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot ............................................ 1423（Wang Yan/Doris）

158.
Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking .......... 1430

159.
Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes ...................... 1436

160.
Traditional Festivals ....................................................... 1440

161.
Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows ....................................................................................... 1447

162.
Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets ............. 1459

163.
Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning ....................................................................................... 1465

164.
Westernization: The Westernization Movement ............. 1471

165.
Worship: Chinese Incense Culture ................................. 1479

166.
Economy: Chinese Currency Changes ........................... 1489

167.
History: Wang Shouren .................................................. 1493

168.
Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit ........................ 1502

169.
Cuisine: Luosifen ........................................................... 1513

170.
Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ................................... 1521

171.
Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ...................... 1531

172.
Traditional Craft: Bronze ............................................... 1541

173.
Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ................................. 1548

174.
Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi ............................................. 1561 (Liu Yi/Zer)

175.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China ............................................................. 1572

176.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella ....... 1581

177.
stage entertainment:Yuan drama .................................... 1592

178.
Music and instruments: Erhu ......................................... 1601

179.
Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .. 1608(Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

180.
Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan ....................................... 1615

181.
Animals：Golden Monkey ............................................ 1625

182.
Chinese Economy: rich businessmen ............................. 1631

183.
Opera: Chinese Local Operas ........................................ 1639

184.
The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship ..................... 1651

185.
Opera: Huangmei opera ................................................. 1663

186.
The “reference” of Chinese Music........................... 1670

187.
Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance ........................................ 1676

188.
Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） ....... 1691 (Liu Peinan/Peter)

189.
Clothing: Vintage Clothing ............................................ 1697

190.
Fine arts:Kunqu Opera ................................................... 1704

191.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers ....................................................................................... 1712

192.
National Belief: the Chinese Dream .............................. 1722

193.
Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) ............ 1729（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

194.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ................................................ 1748(Jiao Mengting/Sherry)

195.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Guangdong传统美食：广东早餐文化 ....................................................... 1753（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

196.
Telecast: Become a Farmer 种地吧 .............................. 1765（Sha Lijia/Reika）

197.
Animals: Chinese Rural Dogs 动物：中华田园犬 ...... 1773 (Zhao Jing/winnie)

198.
Clothing: Hanfu 汉服：揭示中国传统服饰之美 ........ 1781

199.
Music and instruments: Chime 音乐与乐器：编钟 ..... 1788

200.
Garden Culture: Suzhou Gardens 苏州园林 ................. 1795

201.
Traditional crafts: Moon-shaped Fans 传统技艺：团扇 1806

202.
Minority cultures: Miao Silver Ornaments Culture 苗族银饰文化 ................................................................... 1827

203.
Mysterious culture: Facial Physiognomy 相面术 ......... 1836

204.
Games: Chinese Chess 游戏：象棋 ............................. 1847

205.
Music and instruments: Guqin 古琴 ............................. 1863

206.
Music and instruments: The Spring Snow 音乐和乐器：《阳春白雪》 ........................................................................... 1878

207.
The "Four Gentlemen": Plum, Orchid Bamboo, Chrysanthemum “四君子”的象征意义 ....................... 1885 （Hu Zheng/ Leven）

208.
Traditional festivals: The Flower Fairy Festival 花朝节 1898

209.
Architecture: Shigu Academy 建筑：石鼓书院 .......... 1906

210.
Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1918

211.
Beverages: Sexy Tea 饮品：茶颜悦色 ........................ 1926 (Huang Qi/ Esther)

212.
Opera: Flower-drum Opera 花鼓戏 .............................. 1935

213.
Traditional Festivals: Shangsi Festival 上巳节 ............. 1943 （Li Jia/ Zoe）

214.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture: Ji Sor (Self-combing female) 自梳女 ................................................................. 1949 (Wu Jiaying Cathy)

215.
Cuisine: Dong'an chicken: The Premier Dish of Hunan Cuisine 东安鸡：湘菜之首 ........................................... 1962

216.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture：Nüshu (Women's Script) 女书 ................................................................................... 1970（He Chuwen/Lyra）

217.
Opera: Shaoxing Opera 越剧 ........................................ 1991

218.
Traditional Crafts: Jade Carving Art 玉雕 .................... 1997

219.
Chinese snack: spicy gluten 中国小吃：辣条 ............. 2003(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

220.
Social Phenomenon: Marriage: Women Being Urged to Get Married 婚姻：被催婚的女性 ........................................ 2010 Liu XinYu

221.
Chinese mythology: Chinese Dragon Culture 中国龙是什么
....................................................................................... 2019

222.
Minority cultures: Laosicheng 老司城 ......................... 2028

223.
The Torch of Unity: Celebrating Torch Festival Among China's Ethnic Minorities 团结的火炬——中国少数民族庆祝火把节
........................................................................... 2041 Xiao Feiyan
224.
Chinese Painting: A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains 《千里江山图》 ............................................ 2048(Yao Yiyun/Olivia）

225.
Festival: Qixi Festival 七夕节 ...................................... 2055（Li Ru/Lee）

226.
Music and instruments: Yuge (Fishing song) 渔歌 ....... 2063

227.
Education: Chicken Child (Fired-up Child) 教育：鸡娃 2071

228.
Chinese Science Fiction: The Three-Body Problem 中国科幻小说：《三体》 ............................................................. 2083

229.
Ganshi in Xiangxi: The Cycle of Life and Death under Ancient Witchcraft 湘西赶尸：古老巫术下的生死轮回 2092

230.
Architecture: Chinese Memorial Archway (Paifang) 中国传统建筑：牌坊 ................................................................... 2098

231.
Chinese Animation 中国动画传统 ............................... 2110（pan yilin/ceci）

232.
Social Phenomenon: Military-style Travel 特种兵式旅游 2121

233.
Folk Art: Youshen Fairs 游神 ....................................... 2131

234.
Nuo Opera 傩戏 ............................................................ 2141

235.
Music and Instruments: Suona Horn 唢呐 .................... 2157（Liu Jieyu/Erica）

236.
Chinese Handicraft: Kesi 中国手工艺品：缂丝 .......... 2166

237.
Sangzhi Folk Songs 桑植民歌 ...................................... 2173

238.
Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale – Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu 五声音阶，汉族古代音律：宫—商—角—徵—羽 ............................................................... 2192

239.
Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population 社会现象：流动人口 ....................................................................................... 2204

240.
Chinese tradition culture: Zanhua 簪花 ........................ 2213 （Zeng Xin）

241.
Incense Culture 香道文化 ............................................ 2221

242.
The Imperial Civil Examination System 科举制度 ...... 2230

243.
Literature: Qu Yuan 文学：屈原 .................................. 2238

244.
Games: pitch-pot game (Touhu) 投壶游戏 ................... 2244

245.
Folk Art: Piao Se 民间艺术：飘色 .............................. 2253(Huang Mengyan/Mandy)

246.
Jingdezhen Porcelain 景德镇陶瓷 ................................ 2261

247.
Folk Traditional Customs: Fireworks and Firecrackers 民间传统习俗：烟花和爆竹 ........................................... 2270

248.
The Literati Painting of the Ming Dynasty: The Wu School 明代文人画：吴门画派 ................................................... 2278

249.
Thangka 唐卡 ............................................................... 2285（Yang Lingyue/Judy）

250.
Striking iron flower 打铁花 .......................................... 2294

251.
Chinese Cuisine: Xiang Cuisine – One of the Eight Major Cuisines 湘菜 ................................................................... 23029（Liu Li/Glen）

252.
The Evolution of the Official Selection System 仕进制度 2312

=Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper=