User:Zhang Qi

2025-06-20T04:04:24Z

Zhang Qi:

=福建线面=
张琪 202470081588

==摘要==

[[File:61750391910_.pic.jpg|600px|thumb|left]]

福建线面是

==历史起源==

福建线面的历史可以追溯到唐末五代时期。据记载，唐末“十八姓随王入闽”时，北方的面食制作工艺传入福建。初期的面食工艺较为粗简，采用的是竖直拉法，也称之为“挂面”或者“索面”。“索面”的命名由来是因为面条粗短如绳索。至宋代，工艺逐渐精细化，线面的形态演化为“细如丝，长如线”。南宋时期，线面已广泛流行于福州地区，并形成独特的文化符号，至今已有800余年的历史。

民间传说也丰富了线面的起源故事，其一就是线面为九天玄女为贺王母寿辰所创，故福州线面工人尊九天玄女为“制面始祖”，家中供奉其神像。另一则传说与唐代武则天时期的食盐管制有关，一位大臣将盐混入面粉制成面条，南迁后改良为线面，成为解决生存难题的智慧结晶。

==制作工艺==

福建线面的制作堪称一门“手艺活”，需要历经十余小时，十七道复杂工序，且高度依赖经验与环境条件。线面以高筋面粉为主料，辅以食盐、薯粉、生油等。传统工艺包含和面、揉条、松条、串面、拉面、晾晒等步骤才可完成整个线面的制作工艺。其中最关键的两个步骤就是串面和拉面决定了线面的形态。串面是将面条搓成细条缠绕与两根竹竿上，形成面圈，悬挂于木架进行初步拉伸。拉面是指通过反复拉伸使面条逐渐变细，最终直径约为0.4-0.7毫米，长度可达七米以上。

福建线面的制作主要步骤如下：第一步：和面，将水，面粉放在盆里搅拌（盐和水的比例要考虑到当天的天气）；第二步：油条，取出搅拌过的面团揉成

拉面的过程中需要精准掌控力度和节奏，两名壮汉对拉一束线面亦难以扯断，足见其柔韧。线面的制作过程需要结合气温，湿度和风力。福建因丘陵地形、优质水源与通风条件成为线面生产的天然工坊。现如今，尽管部分环节辅以机械辅助，但手工线面仍以“丝细如发，柔韧滑润，久煮不烂”的品质著称。福安“穆阳线面”成为国家地理标志产品。线面相较于其他面条，最特别之处就是它在食用的过程中，如果你吃的很慢的话，它就会变多，具有无限繁殖的能力。

==文化象征==

福建线面在民俗中不仅是食物，更是承载祝福与仪式的文化符号，贯穿人生重要节点。线面的文化寓意有以下几种：其一，长寿与平安的寓意：第一种叫法是“长命面”，福建话中“长面”与“长命”谐音，线面细长的形态象征延年益寿。大年初一食线面，寿诞宴席首道菜必为线面，均寄托健康祈愿。第二种叫法是“太平面”，远行，归家或待客时，线面配以两枚鸭蛋（象征太平），寓意平安顺遂。其二，婚俗与节庆的纽带。线面作为“喜面”，在婚嫁时，男方赠女方线面，象征婚姻长久。

==总结==

福建线面融合了千年技艺传承与深厚文化内涵，从唐末北方面食的南迁改良到宋代诗意的“银丝乱”之美，再到现代非遗产业的勃兴，线面演变历程映射了闽地饮食文化的适应性和创造力。线面始终以柔韧之资，串联起福建人对生命的礼赞和传统的坚守。

==术语表达==

福建线面 Fujian Thin Noodles

北方面食制作工艺 Northern noodle-making technique

竖直拉法 vertical stretching method

拉面 hung noodles

串面 threading noodles

长命面 longevity noodles

地理标志产品 geographical indictation product

非遗产业 intangible cultural heritage industry

==问题==
1.你是否想象过为什么面条在中国菜中如此重要，而福建线面又有什么特别之处？

2.倘若我说有一种面条的历史可以追溯到唐末，至今也仍受喜爱，你能猜到是什么并说出有什么特别之处吗？

3.你知道面条在中国的某些传统中可以象征长寿，平安，你认为线面是如何体现这些象征意义？

==回答==
1.福建线面的特别之处在于它烹饪后，十分钟内没有吃完，线面会繁殖，越来越多。

2.福建线面，特别之处就是无限繁殖。

3.生日时吃的长寿面，冬至面，吉林延吉冷面。福建线面通过其形态体现。

==参考文献==

[1]陈楠.浅析民俗文化摄影-以福建福安传统手工线面制作摄影为例[C]//中国教育发展战略学会教育教学创新专业委员会.2020全国教育教学创新与发展高端论坛会议论文集(卷三).四川师范大学,2020:35-36.

[2]林东.福建线面[J].中国地名，2023,(03):43.

[3]王金植,戴雨萱."一座特别好吃的宝藏城市“[N].泉州晚报，2025-03-10(004).

[4]王金植,纪锦文.来泉州跟舌尖旅行[N].泉州晚报,2024-04-29(005)

=Fujian Thin Noodles=

==Abstract==
[[File:61750391910_.pic.jpg|600px|thumb|left]]

==Historical Origin==

The history of Fujian thin noodles dates back to the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties period.Records show that during the late Tang Dynasty, when the "eighteen surnames migrated to Fujian following the king",the northern noodle-making technique was introduced to Fujian. In the early stage, the noodle-making process was relatively simple and crude, employing the vertical stretching method, also known as "hung noodles"or "rope noodles". The term "rope noodles" originated from the thick and short appearance of the noodles, resembling ropes. By the Song dynasty, the process gradually became more refined, and the shape of thin noodles evolved to be "thin as silk and long as thread".During the Southern Song Dynasty, thin noodles had become widely popular in the Fuzhou area and developed into a unique cultural symbol, with a history of over 800 years to this day.

Folk legends have also enriched the origin stories of thin noodles. One such legend claims that thin noodles were created by hte Goddess Xuannv of the Nine Heavens to celebrate the Queen Mother's birthday. Hence, thin noodles workers in Fuzhou revere the Nine-Heavens Goddess Xuannv as the "ancestor of noodle-making" and worship her statue in her homes. Another legend is associated with the salt control during the Tang Dynasty 's Wu Zetian period. A minister mixed salt into flour to make noodles, which after migrating south region, were improved into thin noodles, representing a wise solution to survival challenges.

==Production Process==

The making of Fujian thin noodles is nothing short of a "craft“， requiringover ten hours and seventeen complex steps, with a high dependence on experience and environmental conditions. Thin noodles primarily use high-gluten wheat flour as main ingredient, along with auxiliary materials such as salt, sweet potato starch, and raw oil. The traditional process involves steps like kneading the dough, rolling the strips, loosening the strips, threading the noodles, stretching the noodles, and drying, to complete the entire thin noodle-making process.The two critical steps are threading and stretching the noodles, which determine the shape of the thin noodles.Threading involve rolling the noodles into thin strips and winding them around two bamboo rods to form moddle loops, which are thenhang on a wooden frame for initial stretching.Stretching refers to the process of gradually thinning the noodles through repeated stretching until they reach a diameter of approximately 0.4-0.7 millimeters and a length of over seven meters.During the stretch process, it is essential to precisely control the force and rhythm. Even two strong men pulling on a bundle of thin noodles find it difficult to break them, highlighting their remarkable flexibility.The production of thin noodles needs to take into account temperature, humidity and wind conditions.Fujian's hilly terrain, high-quality water sources, and ventilation conditions make it a natural workship for thin noodle production. Nowadays, although some steps are assisted by machinery , handmage thin no odles are still renowned for their qualities of "hair-thin" strands, flexible and smooth texture, and resistance to over-looking".The "Muyang Thin Noodles" from Fuan become a national geographical indication product. Compared with other noodles, the unique thing about Fujian Thin Nooodles is that they seem to increase in quantity during the eating process if you eat slowly, as if they have an infinite ability to reproduce.

==Cultural Symbolism==

In Fujian's folk culture, thin noodles are not merely food but also a cultural symbol carrying blessings and rituals, woven through the key moments of life.The cultural meanings of thin noodles are as follows: First,the symbolism of longevity and safety; one name is "longevity noodles", in the Fujian dialect,"long noodles" is a homophone for "long life", and the slender and long shape of thin noodles represents a long and healthy life. On Chinese New Year's Day, thin noodles are eaten, and at birthday banquets, the first dish is always thin noodles, both expressing wishes for health. Another name is "peace noodles",which are served with two duck eggs(symbolizing peace) when traveling, returning home, of hosting guests, signifying safety and smoothness. Second, they serve as a bond in wedding customs and festivals. As "Joyous noodles", thin noodles are given by the groom's family to the bride's family during marriage, symbolizing a lasting marriage.

==In conclusion==

Fujian thin noodles blend thousands of years of carft inheritance with profound cultural connotations.From the southern migration and improvement of northern noodles in the late Tang Dynasty, to the poetic "disordered silver threads " beauty in the Song Dynasty, and on the rise of modern intangible cultural heritage industries, theevolution of thin noodles reflects the adaptability and creativity of Min region food culture. Thin noodles, with their flexibility and resilience, continue to connect Fujian people's praise for life and their adherence to tradition.

==Terms==

福建线面 Fujian Thin Noodles

北方面食制作工艺 Northern noodle-making technique

竖直拉法 vertical stretching method
拉面 hung noodles

索面 rope noodles

串面 threading noodles

拉面 stretching noodles

长命面 longevity noodles

地理标志产品 geographical indication product

非遗产业 intangible cultural heritage industry

==Question==

1.Have you ever wondered why noodles are so significant in Chinese cuisine and what makes Fujian noodles so special?

2.If I told you there's a type of noodle with a history stretching back to the late Tang Dynasty and is still cherished today, can you guess what it might be and what makes it unique?

3.Did you know that noodles can symbolize longevity , peace in certain Chinese tradition? How do you think Fujian thread noodles embody these meanings?

==Answer==

1.Fujian thin noodles, they have an infinite ability to reproduce.

2.Fujian thin noodles, they have an infinite ability to reproduce.

3.Longevity noodles; winter solstice noodles; Yanji cold nooles.Fujian thin noodles like thinness noodles exemplify their characteristics through their unique form.

==Reference==

[1]陈楠.浅析民族文化摄影-以福建福安传统手工线面制作摄影为例[C]//中国教育发展战略学会教育教学创新专业委员会.2020全国教育教学创新与发展高端论坛会议论文集(卷三).四川师范大学,2020:35-36

[2]林东.福建线面[J].中国地名,2003,(03):43.

[3]王金植,戴雨萱."一座特别好吃的宝藏城市“[N].泉州晚报,2025-03-10(004).

[4]王金植,纪锦文.来泉州跟舌尖旅行[N].泉州晚报，2024-04-29(005).

AI Statement

User:Zhang Qi

2025-06-20T04:03:27Z

Zhang Qi:

=福建线面=
张琪 202470081588

==摘要==

[[File:61750391910_.pic.jpg|600px|thumb|center]]

福建线面是

==历史起源==

福建线面的历史可以追溯到唐末五代时期。据记载，唐末“十八姓随王入闽”时，北方的面食制作工艺传入福建。初期的面食工艺较为粗简，采用的是竖直拉法，也称之为“挂面”或者“索面”。“索面”的命名由来是因为面条粗短如绳索。至宋代，工艺逐渐精细化，线面的形态演化为“细如丝，长如线”。南宋时期，线面已广泛流行于福州地区，并形成独特的文化符号，至今已有800余年的历史。

民间传说也丰富了线面的起源故事，其一就是线面为九天玄女为贺王母寿辰所创，故福州线面工人尊九天玄女为“制面始祖”，家中供奉其神像。另一则传说与唐代武则天时期的食盐管制有关，一位大臣将盐混入面粉制成面条，南迁后改良为线面，成为解决生存难题的智慧结晶。

==制作工艺==

福建线面的制作堪称一门“手艺活”，需要历经十余小时，十七道复杂工序，且高度依赖经验与环境条件。线面以高筋面粉为主料，辅以食盐、薯粉、生油等。传统工艺包含和面、揉条、松条、串面、拉面、晾晒等步骤才可完成整个线面的制作工艺。其中最关键的两个步骤就是串面和拉面决定了线面的形态。串面是将面条搓成细条缠绕与两根竹竿上，形成面圈，悬挂于木架进行初步拉伸。拉面是指通过反复拉伸使面条逐渐变细，最终直径约为0.4-0.7毫米，长度可达七米以上。

福建线面的制作主要步骤如下：第一步：和面，将水，面粉放在盆里搅拌（盐和水的比例要考虑到当天的天气）；第二步：油条，取出搅拌过的面团揉成

拉面的过程中需要精准掌控力度和节奏，两名壮汉对拉一束线面亦难以扯断，足见其柔韧。线面的制作过程需要结合气温，湿度和风力。福建因丘陵地形、优质水源与通风条件成为线面生产的天然工坊。现如今，尽管部分环节辅以机械辅助，但手工线面仍以“丝细如发，柔韧滑润，久煮不烂”的品质著称。福安“穆阳线面”成为国家地理标志产品。线面相较于其他面条，最特别之处就是它在食用的过程中，如果你吃的很慢的话，它就会变多，具有无限繁殖的能力。

==文化象征==

福建线面在民俗中不仅是食物，更是承载祝福与仪式的文化符号，贯穿人生重要节点。线面的文化寓意有以下几种：其一，长寿与平安的寓意：第一种叫法是“长命面”，福建话中“长面”与“长命”谐音，线面细长的形态象征延年益寿。大年初一食线面，寿诞宴席首道菜必为线面，均寄托健康祈愿。第二种叫法是“太平面”，远行，归家或待客时，线面配以两枚鸭蛋（象征太平），寓意平安顺遂。其二，婚俗与节庆的纽带。线面作为“喜面”，在婚嫁时，男方赠女方线面，象征婚姻长久。

==总结==

福建线面融合了千年技艺传承与深厚文化内涵，从唐末北方面食的南迁改良到宋代诗意的“银丝乱”之美，再到现代非遗产业的勃兴，线面演变历程映射了闽地饮食文化的适应性和创造力。线面始终以柔韧之资，串联起福建人对生命的礼赞和传统的坚守。

==术语表达==

福建线面 Fujian Thin Noodles

北方面食制作工艺 Northern noodle-making technique

竖直拉法 vertical stretching method

拉面 hung noodles

串面 threading noodles

长命面 longevity noodles

地理标志产品 geographical indictation product

非遗产业 intangible cultural heritage industry

==问题==
1.你是否想象过为什么面条在中国菜中如此重要，而福建线面又有什么特别之处？

2.倘若我说有一种面条的历史可以追溯到唐末，至今也仍受喜爱，你能猜到是什么并说出有什么特别之处吗？

3.你知道面条在中国的某些传统中可以象征长寿，平安，你认为线面是如何体现这些象征意义？

==回答==
1.福建线面的特别之处在于它烹饪后，十分钟内没有吃完，线面会繁殖，越来越多。

2.福建线面，特别之处就是无限繁殖。

3.生日时吃的长寿面，冬至面，吉林延吉冷面。福建线面通过其形态体现。

==参考文献==

[1]陈楠.浅析民俗文化摄影-以福建福安传统手工线面制作摄影为例[C]//中国教育发展战略学会教育教学创新专业委员会.2020全国教育教学创新与发展高端论坛会议论文集(卷三).四川师范大学,2020:35-36.

[2]林东.福建线面[J].中国地名，2023,(03):43.

[3]王金植,戴雨萱."一座特别好吃的宝藏城市“[N].泉州晚报，2025-03-10(004).

[4]王金植,纪锦文.来泉州跟舌尖旅行[N].泉州晚报,2024-04-29(005)

=Fujian Thin Noodles=

==Abstract==
[[File:61750391910_.pic.jpg]]

==Historical Origin==

The history of Fujian thin noodles dates back to the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties period.Records show that during the late Tang Dynasty, when the "eighteen surnames migrated to Fujian following the king",the northern noodle-making technique was introduced to Fujian. In the early stage, the noodle-making process was relatively simple and crude, employing the vertical stretching method, also known as "hung noodles"or "rope noodles". The term "rope noodles" originated from the thick and short appearance of the noodles, resembling ropes. By the Song dynasty, the process gradually became more refined, and the shape of thin noodles evolved to be "thin as silk and long as thread".During the Southern Song Dynasty, thin noodles had become widely popular in the Fuzhou area and developed into a unique cultural symbol, with a history of over 800 years to this day.

Folk legends have also enriched the origin stories of thin noodles. One such legend claims that thin noodles were created by hte Goddess Xuannv of the Nine Heavens to celebrate the Queen Mother's birthday. Hence, thin noodles workers in Fuzhou revere the Nine-Heavens Goddess Xuannv as the "ancestor of noodle-making" and worship her statue in her homes. Another legend is associated with the salt control during the Tang Dynasty 's Wu Zetian period. A minister mixed salt into flour to make noodles, which after migrating south region, were improved into thin noodles, representing a wise solution to survival challenges.

==Production Process==

The making of Fujian thin noodles is nothing short of a "craft“， requiringover ten hours and seventeen complex steps, with a high dependence on experience and environmental conditions. Thin noodles primarily use high-gluten wheat flour as main ingredient, along with auxiliary materials such as salt, sweet potato starch, and raw oil. The traditional process involves steps like kneading the dough, rolling the strips, loosening the strips, threading the noodles, stretching the noodles, and drying, to complete the entire thin noodle-making process.The two critical steps are threading and stretching the noodles, which determine the shape of the thin noodles.Threading involve rolling the noodles into thin strips and winding them around two bamboo rods to form moddle loops, which are thenhang on a wooden frame for initial stretching.Stretching refers to the process of gradually thinning the noodles through repeated stretching until they reach a diameter of approximately 0.4-0.7 millimeters and a length of over seven meters.During the stretch process, it is essential to precisely control the force and rhythm. Even two strong men pulling on a bundle of thin noodles find it difficult to break them, highlighting their remarkable flexibility.The production of thin noodles needs to take into account temperature, humidity and wind conditions.Fujian's hilly terrain, high-quality water sources, and ventilation conditions make it a natural workship for thin noodle production. Nowadays, although some steps are assisted by machinery , handmage thin no odles are still renowned for their qualities of "hair-thin" strands, flexible and smooth texture, and resistance to over-looking".The "Muyang Thin Noodles" from Fuan become a national geographical indication product. Compared with other noodles, the unique thing about Fujian Thin Nooodles is that they seem to increase in quantity during the eating process if you eat slowly, as if they have an infinite ability to reproduce.

==Cultural Symbolism==

In Fujian's folk culture, thin noodles are not merely food but also a cultural symbol carrying blessings and rituals, woven through the key moments of life.The cultural meanings of thin noodles are as follows: First,the symbolism of longevity and safety; one name is "longevity noodles", in the Fujian dialect,"long noodles" is a homophone for "long life", and the slender and long shape of thin noodles represents a long and healthy life. On Chinese New Year's Day, thin noodles are eaten, and at birthday banquets, the first dish is always thin noodles, both expressing wishes for health. Another name is "peace noodles",which are served with two duck eggs(symbolizing peace) when traveling, returning home, of hosting guests, signifying safety and smoothness. Second, they serve as a bond in wedding customs and festivals. As "Joyous noodles", thin noodles are given by the groom's family to the bride's family during marriage, symbolizing a lasting marriage.

==In conclusion==

Fujian thin noodles blend thousands of years of carft inheritance with profound cultural connotations.From the southern migration and improvement of northern noodles in the late Tang Dynasty, to the poetic "disordered silver threads " beauty in the Song Dynasty, and on the rise of modern intangible cultural heritage industries, theevolution of thin noodles reflects the adaptability and creativity of Min region food culture. Thin noodles, with their flexibility and resilience, continue to connect Fujian people's praise for life and their adherence to tradition.

==Terms==

福建线面 Fujian Thin Noodles

北方面食制作工艺 Northern noodle-making technique

竖直拉法 vertical stretching method
拉面 hung noodles

索面 rope noodles

串面 threading noodles

拉面 stretching noodles

长命面 longevity noodles

地理标志产品 geographical indication product

非遗产业 intangible cultural heritage industry

==Question==

1.Have you ever wondered why noodles are so significant in Chinese cuisine and what makes Fujian noodles so special?

2.If I told you there's a type of noodle with a history stretching back to the late Tang Dynasty and is still cherished today, can you guess what it might be and what makes it unique?

3.Did you know that noodles can symbolize longevity , peace in certain Chinese tradition? How do you think Fujian thread noodles embody these meanings?

==Answer==

1.Fujian thin noodles, they have an infinite ability to reproduce.

2.Fujian thin noodles, they have an infinite ability to reproduce.

3.Longevity noodles; winter solstice noodles; Yanji cold nooles.Fujian thin noodles like thinness noodles exemplify their characteristics through their unique form.

==Reference==

[1]陈楠.浅析民族文化摄影-以福建福安传统手工线面制作摄影为例[C]//中国教育发展战略学会教育教学创新专业委员会.2020全国教育教学创新与发展高端论坛会议论文集(卷三).四川师范大学,2020:35-36

[2]林东.福建线面[J].中国地名,2003,(03):43.

[3]王金植,戴雨萱."一座特别好吃的宝藏城市“[N].泉州晚报,2025-03-10(004).

[4]王金植,纪锦文.来泉州跟舌尖旅行[N].泉州晚报，2024-04-29(005).

AI Statement

User:Zhang Qi

2025-06-20T04:02:50Z

Zhang Qi:

=福建线面=
张琪 202470081588

==摘要==

[[File:61750391910_.pic.jpg|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]

福建线面是

==历史起源==

福建线面的历史可以追溯到唐末五代时期。据记载，唐末“十八姓随王入闽”时，北方的面食制作工艺传入福建。初期的面食工艺较为粗简，采用的是竖直拉法，也称之为“挂面”或者“索面”。“索面”的命名由来是因为面条粗短如绳索。至宋代，工艺逐渐精细化，线面的形态演化为“细如丝，长如线”。南宋时期，线面已广泛流行于福州地区，并形成独特的文化符号，至今已有800余年的历史。

民间传说也丰富了线面的起源故事，其一就是线面为九天玄女为贺王母寿辰所创，故福州线面工人尊九天玄女为“制面始祖”，家中供奉其神像。另一则传说与唐代武则天时期的食盐管制有关，一位大臣将盐混入面粉制成面条，南迁后改良为线面，成为解决生存难题的智慧结晶。

==制作工艺==

福建线面的制作堪称一门“手艺活”，需要历经十余小时，十七道复杂工序，且高度依赖经验与环境条件。线面以高筋面粉为主料，辅以食盐、薯粉、生油等。传统工艺包含和面、揉条、松条、串面、拉面、晾晒等步骤才可完成整个线面的制作工艺。其中最关键的两个步骤就是串面和拉面决定了线面的形态。串面是将面条搓成细条缠绕与两根竹竿上，形成面圈，悬挂于木架进行初步拉伸。拉面是指通过反复拉伸使面条逐渐变细，最终直径约为0.4-0.7毫米，长度可达七米以上。

福建线面的制作主要步骤如下：第一步：和面，将水，面粉放在盆里搅拌（盐和水的比例要考虑到当天的天气）；第二步：油条，取出搅拌过的面团揉成

拉面的过程中需要精准掌控力度和节奏，两名壮汉对拉一束线面亦难以扯断，足见其柔韧。线面的制作过程需要结合气温，湿度和风力。福建因丘陵地形、优质水源与通风条件成为线面生产的天然工坊。现如今，尽管部分环节辅以机械辅助，但手工线面仍以“丝细如发，柔韧滑润，久煮不烂”的品质著称。福安“穆阳线面”成为国家地理标志产品。线面相较于其他面条，最特别之处就是它在食用的过程中，如果你吃的很慢的话，它就会变多，具有无限繁殖的能力。

==文化象征==

福建线面在民俗中不仅是食物，更是承载祝福与仪式的文化符号，贯穿人生重要节点。线面的文化寓意有以下几种：其一，长寿与平安的寓意：第一种叫法是“长命面”，福建话中“长面”与“长命”谐音，线面细长的形态象征延年益寿。大年初一食线面，寿诞宴席首道菜必为线面，均寄托健康祈愿。第二种叫法是“太平面”，远行，归家或待客时，线面配以两枚鸭蛋（象征太平），寓意平安顺遂。其二，婚俗与节庆的纽带。线面作为“喜面”，在婚嫁时，男方赠女方线面，象征婚姻长久。

==总结==

福建线面融合了千年技艺传承与深厚文化内涵，从唐末北方面食的南迁改良到宋代诗意的“银丝乱”之美，再到现代非遗产业的勃兴，线面演变历程映射了闽地饮食文化的适应性和创造力。线面始终以柔韧之资，串联起福建人对生命的礼赞和传统的坚守。

==术语表达==

福建线面 Fujian Thin Noodles

北方面食制作工艺 Northern noodle-making technique

竖直拉法 vertical stretching method

拉面 hung noodles

串面 threading noodles

长命面 longevity noodles

地理标志产品 geographical indictation product

非遗产业 intangible cultural heritage industry

==问题==
1.你是否想象过为什么面条在中国菜中如此重要，而福建线面又有什么特别之处？

2.倘若我说有一种面条的历史可以追溯到唐末，至今也仍受喜爱，你能猜到是什么并说出有什么特别之处吗？

3.你知道面条在中国的某些传统中可以象征长寿，平安，你认为线面是如何体现这些象征意义？

==回答==
1.福建线面的特别之处在于它烹饪后，十分钟内没有吃完，线面会繁殖，越来越多。

2.福建线面，特别之处就是无限繁殖。

3.生日时吃的长寿面，冬至面，吉林延吉冷面。福建线面通过其形态体现。

==参考文献==

[1]陈楠.浅析民俗文化摄影-以福建福安传统手工线面制作摄影为例[C]//中国教育发展战略学会教育教学创新专业委员会.2020全国教育教学创新与发展高端论坛会议论文集(卷三).四川师范大学,2020:35-36.

[2]林东.福建线面[J].中国地名，2023,(03):43.

[3]王金植,戴雨萱."一座特别好吃的宝藏城市“[N].泉州晚报，2025-03-10(004).

[4]王金植,纪锦文.来泉州跟舌尖旅行[N].泉州晚报,2024-04-29(005)

=Fujian Thin Noodles=

==Abstract==
[[File:61750391910_.pic.jpg]]

==Historical Origin==

The history of Fujian thin noodles dates back to the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties period.Records show that during the late Tang Dynasty, when the "eighteen surnames migrated to Fujian following the king",the northern noodle-making technique was introduced to Fujian. In the early stage, the noodle-making process was relatively simple and crude, employing the vertical stretching method, also known as "hung noodles"or "rope noodles". The term "rope noodles" originated from the thick and short appearance of the noodles, resembling ropes. By the Song dynasty, the process gradually became more refined, and the shape of thin noodles evolved to be "thin as silk and long as thread".During the Southern Song Dynasty, thin noodles had become widely popular in the Fuzhou area and developed into a unique cultural symbol, with a history of over 800 years to this day.

Folk legends have also enriched the origin stories of thin noodles. One such legend claims that thin noodles were created by hte Goddess Xuannv of the Nine Heavens to celebrate the Queen Mother's birthday. Hence, thin noodles workers in Fuzhou revere the Nine-Heavens Goddess Xuannv as the "ancestor of noodle-making" and worship her statue in her homes. Another legend is associated with the salt control during the Tang Dynasty 's Wu Zetian period. A minister mixed salt into flour to make noodles, which after migrating south region, were improved into thin noodles, representing a wise solution to survival challenges.

==Production Process==

The making of Fujian thin noodles is nothing short of a "craft“， requiringover ten hours and seventeen complex steps, with a high dependence on experience and environmental conditions. Thin noodles primarily use high-gluten wheat flour as main ingredient, along with auxiliary materials such as salt, sweet potato starch, and raw oil. The traditional process involves steps like kneading the dough, rolling the strips, loosening the strips, threading the noodles, stretching the noodles, and drying, to complete the entire thin noodle-making process.The two critical steps are threading and stretching the noodles, which determine the shape of the thin noodles.Threading involve rolling the noodles into thin strips and winding them around two bamboo rods to form moddle loops, which are thenhang on a wooden frame for initial stretching.Stretching refers to the process of gradually thinning the noodles through repeated stretching until they reach a diameter of approximately 0.4-0.7 millimeters and a length of over seven meters.During the stretch process, it is essential to precisely control the force and rhythm. Even two strong men pulling on a bundle of thin noodles find it difficult to break them, highlighting their remarkable flexibility.The production of thin noodles needs to take into account temperature, humidity and wind conditions.Fujian's hilly terrain, high-quality water sources, and ventilation conditions make it a natural workship for thin noodle production. Nowadays, although some steps are assisted by machinery , handmage thin no odles are still renowned for their qualities of "hair-thin" strands, flexible and smooth texture, and resistance to over-looking".The "Muyang Thin Noodles" from Fuan become a national geographical indication product. Compared with other noodles, the unique thing about Fujian Thin Nooodles is that they seem to increase in quantity during the eating process if you eat slowly, as if they have an infinite ability to reproduce.

==Cultural Symbolism==

In Fujian's folk culture, thin noodles are not merely food but also a cultural symbol carrying blessings and rituals, woven through the key moments of life.The cultural meanings of thin noodles are as follows: First,the symbolism of longevity and safety; one name is "longevity noodles", in the Fujian dialect,"long noodles" is a homophone for "long life", and the slender and long shape of thin noodles represents a long and healthy life. On Chinese New Year's Day, thin noodles are eaten, and at birthday banquets, the first dish is always thin noodles, both expressing wishes for health. Another name is "peace noodles",which are served with two duck eggs(symbolizing peace) when traveling, returning home, of hosting guests, signifying safety and smoothness. Second, they serve as a bond in wedding customs and festivals. As "Joyous noodles", thin noodles are given by the groom's family to the bride's family during marriage, symbolizing a lasting marriage.

==In conclusion==

Fujian thin noodles blend thousands of years of carft inheritance with profound cultural connotations.From the southern migration and improvement of northern noodles in the late Tang Dynasty, to the poetic "disordered silver threads " beauty in the Song Dynasty, and on the rise of modern intangible cultural heritage industries, theevolution of thin noodles reflects the adaptability and creativity of Min region food culture. Thin noodles, with their flexibility and resilience, continue to connect Fujian people's praise for life and their adherence to tradition.

==Terms==

福建线面 Fujian Thin Noodles

北方面食制作工艺 Northern noodle-making technique

竖直拉法 vertical stretching method
拉面 hung noodles

索面 rope noodles

串面 threading noodles

拉面 stretching noodles

长命面 longevity noodles

地理标志产品 geographical indication product

非遗产业 intangible cultural heritage industry

==Question==

1.Have you ever wondered why noodles are so significant in Chinese cuisine and what makes Fujian noodles so special?

2.If I told you there's a type of noodle with a history stretching back to the late Tang Dynasty and is still cherished today, can you guess what it might be and what makes it unique?

3.Did you know that noodles can symbolize longevity , peace in certain Chinese tradition? How do you think Fujian thread noodles embody these meanings?

==Answer==

1.Fujian thin noodles, they have an infinite ability to reproduce.

2.Fujian thin noodles, they have an infinite ability to reproduce.

3.Longevity noodles; winter solstice noodles; Yanji cold nooles.Fujian thin noodles like thinness noodles exemplify their characteristics through their unique form.

==Reference==

[1]陈楠.浅析民族文化摄影-以福建福安传统手工线面制作摄影为例[C]//中国教育发展战略学会教育教学创新专业委员会.2020全国教育教学创新与发展高端论坛会议论文集(卷三).四川师范大学,2020:35-36

[2]林东.福建线面[J].中国地名,2003,(03):43.

[3]王金植,戴雨萱."一座特别好吃的宝藏城市“[N].泉州晚报,2025-03-10(004).

[4]王金植,纪锦文.来泉州跟舌尖旅行[N].泉州晚报，2024-04-29(005).

AI Statement

User:Zhang Qi

2025-06-20T04:01:12Z

Zhang Qi:

=福建线面=
张琪 202470081588

==摘要==

[[File:61750391910_.pic.jpg]]

福建线面是

==历史起源==

福建线面的历史可以追溯到唐末五代时期。据记载，唐末“十八姓随王入闽”时，北方的面食制作工艺传入福建。初期的面食工艺较为粗简，采用的是竖直拉法，也称之为“挂面”或者“索面”。“索面”的命名由来是因为面条粗短如绳索。至宋代，工艺逐渐精细化，线面的形态演化为“细如丝，长如线”。南宋时期，线面已广泛流行于福州地区，并形成独特的文化符号，至今已有800余年的历史。

民间传说也丰富了线面的起源故事，其一就是线面为九天玄女为贺王母寿辰所创，故福州线面工人尊九天玄女为“制面始祖”，家中供奉其神像。另一则传说与唐代武则天时期的食盐管制有关，一位大臣将盐混入面粉制成面条，南迁后改良为线面，成为解决生存难题的智慧结晶。

==制作工艺==

福建线面的制作堪称一门“手艺活”，需要历经十余小时，十七道复杂工序，且高度依赖经验与环境条件。线面以高筋面粉为主料，辅以食盐、薯粉、生油等。传统工艺包含和面、揉条、松条、串面、拉面、晾晒等步骤才可完成整个线面的制作工艺。其中最关键的两个步骤就是串面和拉面决定了线面的形态。串面是将面条搓成细条缠绕与两根竹竿上，形成面圈，悬挂于木架进行初步拉伸。拉面是指通过反复拉伸使面条逐渐变细，最终直径约为0.4-0.7毫米，长度可达七米以上。

福建线面的制作主要步骤如下：第一步：和面，将水，面粉放在盆里搅拌（盐和水的比例要考虑到当天的天气）；第二步：油条，取出搅拌过的面团揉成

拉面的过程中需要精准掌控力度和节奏，两名壮汉对拉一束线面亦难以扯断，足见其柔韧。线面的制作过程需要结合气温，湿度和风力。福建因丘陵地形、优质水源与通风条件成为线面生产的天然工坊。现如今，尽管部分环节辅以机械辅助，但手工线面仍以“丝细如发，柔韧滑润，久煮不烂”的品质著称。福安“穆阳线面”成为国家地理标志产品。线面相较于其他面条，最特别之处就是它在食用的过程中，如果你吃的很慢的话，它就会变多，具有无限繁殖的能力。

==文化象征==

福建线面在民俗中不仅是食物，更是承载祝福与仪式的文化符号，贯穿人生重要节点。线面的文化寓意有以下几种：其一，长寿与平安的寓意：第一种叫法是“长命面”，福建话中“长面”与“长命”谐音，线面细长的形态象征延年益寿。大年初一食线面，寿诞宴席首道菜必为线面，均寄托健康祈愿。第二种叫法是“太平面”，远行，归家或待客时，线面配以两枚鸭蛋（象征太平），寓意平安顺遂。其二，婚俗与节庆的纽带。线面作为“喜面”，在婚嫁时，男方赠女方线面，象征婚姻长久。

==总结==

福建线面融合了千年技艺传承与深厚文化内涵，从唐末北方面食的南迁改良到宋代诗意的“银丝乱”之美，再到现代非遗产业的勃兴，线面演变历程映射了闽地饮食文化的适应性和创造力。线面始终以柔韧之资，串联起福建人对生命的礼赞和传统的坚守。

==术语表达==

福建线面 Fujian Thin Noodles

北方面食制作工艺 Northern noodle-making technique

竖直拉法 vertical stretching method

拉面 hung noodles

串面 threading noodles

长命面 longevity noodles

地理标志产品 geographical indictation product

非遗产业 intangible cultural heritage industry

==问题==
1.你是否想象过为什么面条在中国菜中如此重要，而福建线面又有什么特别之处？

2.倘若我说有一种面条的历史可以追溯到唐末，至今也仍受喜爱，你能猜到是什么并说出有什么特别之处吗？

3.你知道面条在中国的某些传统中可以象征长寿，平安，你认为线面是如何体现这些象征意义？

==回答==
1.福建线面的特别之处在于它烹饪后，十分钟内没有吃完，线面会繁殖，越来越多。

2.福建线面，特别之处就是无限繁殖。

3.生日时吃的长寿面，冬至面，吉林延吉冷面。福建线面通过其形态体现。

==参考文献==

[1]陈楠.浅析民俗文化摄影-以福建福安传统手工线面制作摄影为例[C]//中国教育发展战略学会教育教学创新专业委员会.2020全国教育教学创新与发展高端论坛会议论文集(卷三).四川师范大学,2020:35-36.

[2]林东.福建线面[J].中国地名，2023,(03):43.

[3]王金植,戴雨萱."一座特别好吃的宝藏城市“[N].泉州晚报，2025-03-10(004).

[4]王金植,纪锦文.来泉州跟舌尖旅行[N].泉州晚报,2024-04-29(005)

=Fujian Thin Noodles=

==Abstract==
[[File:61750391910_.pic.jpg]]

==Historical Origin==

The history of Fujian thin noodles dates back to the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties period.Records show that during the late Tang Dynasty, when the "eighteen surnames migrated to Fujian following the king",the northern noodle-making technique was introduced to Fujian. In the early stage, the noodle-making process was relatively simple and crude, employing the vertical stretching method, also known as "hung noodles"or "rope noodles". The term "rope noodles" originated from the thick and short appearance of the noodles, resembling ropes. By the Song dynasty, the process gradually became more refined, and the shape of thin noodles evolved to be "thin as silk and long as thread".During the Southern Song Dynasty, thin noodles had become widely popular in the Fuzhou area and developed into a unique cultural symbol, with a history of over 800 years to this day.

Folk legends have also enriched the origin stories of thin noodles. One such legend claims that thin noodles were created by hte Goddess Xuannv of the Nine Heavens to celebrate the Queen Mother's birthday. Hence, thin noodles workers in Fuzhou revere the Nine-Heavens Goddess Xuannv as the "ancestor of noodle-making" and worship her statue in her homes. Another legend is associated with the salt control during the Tang Dynasty 's Wu Zetian period. A minister mixed salt into flour to make noodles, which after migrating south region, were improved into thin noodles, representing a wise solution to survival challenges.

==Production Process==

The making of Fujian thin noodles is nothing short of a "craft“， requiringover ten hours and seventeen complex steps, with a high dependence on experience and environmental conditions. Thin noodles primarily use high-gluten wheat flour as main ingredient, along with auxiliary materials such as salt, sweet potato starch, and raw oil. The traditional process involves steps like kneading the dough, rolling the strips, loosening the strips, threading the noodles, stretching the noodles, and drying, to complete the entire thin noodle-making process.The two critical steps are threading and stretching the noodles, which determine the shape of the thin noodles.Threading involve rolling the noodles into thin strips and winding them around two bamboo rods to form moddle loops, which are thenhang on a wooden frame for initial stretching.Stretching refers to the process of gradually thinning the noodles through repeated stretching until they reach a diameter of approximately 0.4-0.7 millimeters and a length of over seven meters.During the stretch process, it is essential to precisely control the force and rhythm. Even two strong men pulling on a bundle of thin noodles find it difficult to break them, highlighting their remarkable flexibility.The production of thin noodles needs to take into account temperature, humidity and wind conditions.Fujian's hilly terrain, high-quality water sources, and ventilation conditions make it a natural workship for thin noodle production. Nowadays, although some steps are assisted by machinery , handmage thin no odles are still renowned for their qualities of "hair-thin" strands, flexible and smooth texture, and resistance to over-looking".The "Muyang Thin Noodles" from Fuan become a national geographical indication product. Compared with other noodles, the unique thing about Fujian Thin Nooodles is that they seem to increase in quantity during the eating process if you eat slowly, as if they have an infinite ability to reproduce.

==Cultural Symbolism==

In Fujian's folk culture, thin noodles are not merely food but also a cultural symbol carrying blessings and rituals, woven through the key moments of life.The cultural meanings of thin noodles are as follows: First,the symbolism of longevity and safety; one name is "longevity noodles", in the Fujian dialect,"long noodles" is a homophone for "long life", and the slender and long shape of thin noodles represents a long and healthy life. On Chinese New Year's Day, thin noodles are eaten, and at birthday banquets, the first dish is always thin noodles, both expressing wishes for health. Another name is "peace noodles",which are served with two duck eggs(symbolizing peace) when traveling, returning home, of hosting guests, signifying safety and smoothness. Second, they serve as a bond in wedding customs and festivals. As "Joyous noodles", thin noodles are given by the groom's family to the bride's family during marriage, symbolizing a lasting marriage.

==In conclusion==

Fujian thin noodles blend thousands of years of carft inheritance with profound cultural connotations.From the southern migration and improvement of northern noodles in the late Tang Dynasty, to the poetic "disordered silver threads " beauty in the Song Dynasty, and on the rise of modern intangible cultural heritage industries, theevolution of thin noodles reflects the adaptability and creativity of Min region food culture. Thin noodles, with their flexibility and resilience, continue to connect Fujian people's praise for life and their adherence to tradition.

==Terms==

福建线面 Fujian Thin Noodles

北方面食制作工艺 Northern noodle-making technique

竖直拉法 vertical stretching method
拉面 hung noodles

索面 rope noodles

串面 threading noodles

拉面 stretching noodles

长命面 longevity noodles

地理标志产品 geographical indication product

非遗产业 intangible cultural heritage industry

==Question==

1.Have you ever wondered why noodles are so significant in Chinese cuisine and what makes Fujian noodles so special?

2.If I told you there's a type of noodle with a history stretching back to the late Tang Dynasty and is still cherished today, can you guess what it might be and what makes it unique?

3.Did you know that noodles can symbolize longevity , peace in certain Chinese tradition? How do you think Fujian thread noodles embody these meanings?

==Answer==

1.Fujian thin noodles, they have an infinite ability to reproduce.

2.Fujian thin noodles, they have an infinite ability to reproduce.

3.Longevity noodles; winter solstice noodles; Yanji cold nooles.Fujian thin noodles like thinness noodles exemplify their characteristics through their unique form.

==Reference==

[1]陈楠.浅析民族文化摄影-以福建福安传统手工线面制作摄影为例[C]//中国教育发展战略学会教育教学创新专业委员会.2020全国教育教学创新与发展高端论坛会议论文集(卷三).四川师范大学,2020:35-36

[2]林东.福建线面[J].中国地名,2003,(03):43.

[3]王金植,戴雨萱."一座特别好吃的宝藏城市“[N].泉州晚报,2025-03-10(004).

[4]王金植,纪锦文.来泉州跟舌尖旅行[N].泉州晚报，2024-04-29(005).

AI Statement

2025-05-15T03:35:14Z

Zhang Qi:

Chinese Language and Culture, Spring 2025

2025-05-07T09:43:13Z

Zhang Qi: /* Session 13 Fri May 09 14:30-16:10 room 613 - Student presentations */

Chin Lang Cult Fin Exam Spring 2025

2025-04-29T14:07:49Z

Zhang Qi:

Final Exam Paper Titles
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Chao#Final_Paper 簪花 Zang Flowers ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tao_Yao 拔罐 Cupping Therapy ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zeng_Zhi 手串文化 Bead Bracelet Culture ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Jiaxin 哪吒 Cultural Implications of Nezha ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Ting2 湘西赶尸 The Corpse of Xiangxi Technique ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liao_Zuoyun 湘菜 Hunan Cuisine ok (please check if not yet in the text book)
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Qi 劝酒文化 Drinking Persuasion Culture ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Huifang 蔡伦与造纸术 Cai Lun invents the paper making ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cheng_Sixiang 月饼 Mooncake ok, but check if not yet in the text book
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Miao_Yunlong 女书 Women's Script Nvshu ok, but check if not yet in the text book
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Huang_Yixuan2 傩戏 Nuo Opera ok, but check if not yet in the textbook
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Mei 《易经》与阴阳八卦 ''The Book of Changes'', Yin-Yang, and the Eight Trigrams ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liao_Dan 剪纸 Paper-cutting no, this is already in the text book
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zheng_Jinlian 陈皮 Dried Orange Peel ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Lu_Jiahui 中国古代幻术 Ancient Chinese Art of Illusions ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Du_Yuan 点茶 Tea Whisking ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Ying 盲盒经济 Blind Box Economy ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Qin_Yi 八仙文化 The Culture of the Eight Immortals no, this is already in the text book
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cao_Yuan 蒙古族舞蹈 Mongolian Ethnic Dance ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Mai 汝瓷 Ru porcelain ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Luo_Yan 针灸 Acupuncture no, I think this is already in the text book, if not, it is ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Xu_Yangyang 打铁花 Striking Iron Flower ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Peini 灯芯糕 The Wick Cakes ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Song_Xin 剑门关 Jianmen Pass ok, but please only explain the culture, not landscape or material objects
#Cao Chunyang 胖东来 Pangdonglai Supermarket in a fourth-tier city
#Jin Yichen 吴越文化 Wuyue Culture
#Ye Sitong 温州话 Wenzhou Dialect
#Xiao Luyu 封神演义 Chinese classical novel The Investiture of the Gods
#Zhang Qi 福建线面 Fujian Thin Noddles

Chin Lang Cult Fin Exam Spring 2025

2025-04-29T14:06:55Z

Zhang Qi:

Final Exam Paper Titles
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Chao#Final_Paper 簪花 Zang Flowers ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tao_Yao 拔罐 Cupping Therapy ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zeng_Zhi 手串文化 Bead Bracelet Culture ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Jiaxin 哪吒 Cultural Implications of Nezha ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Ting2 湘西赶尸 The Corpse of Xiangxi Technique ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liao_Zuoyun 湘菜 Hunan Cuisine ok (please check if not yet in the text book)
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Qi 劝酒文化 Drinking Persuasion Culture ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Huifang 蔡伦与造纸术 Cai Lun invents the paper making ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cheng_Sixiang 月饼 Mooncake ok, but check if not yet in the text book
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Miao_Yunlong 女书 Women's Script Nvshu ok, but check if not yet in the text book
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Huang_Yixuan2 傩戏 Nuo Opera ok, but check if not yet in the textbook
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Mei 《易经》与阴阳八卦 ''The Book of Changes'', Yin-Yang, and the Eight Trigrams ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liao_Dan 剪纸 Paper-cutting no, this is already in the text book
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zheng_Jinlian 陈皮 Dried Orange Peel ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Lu_Jiahui 中国古代幻术 Ancient Chinese Art of Illusions ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Du_Yuan 点茶 Tea Whisking ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Ying 盲盒经济 Blind Box Economy ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Qin_Yi 八仙文化 The Culture of the Eight Immortals no, this is already in the text book
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cao_Yuan 蒙古族舞蹈 Mongolian Ethnic Dance ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Mai 汝瓷 Ru porcelain ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Luo_Yan 针灸 Acupuncture no, I think this is already in the text book, if not, it is ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Xu_Yangyang 打铁花 Striking Iron Flower ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Peini 灯芯糕 The Wick Cakes ok
#https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Song_Xin 剑门关 Jianmen Pass ok, but please only explain the culture, not landscape or material objects
Cao Chunyang 胖东来 Pangdonglai Supermarket in a fourth-tier city

Jin Yichen 吴越文化 Wuyue Culture

Ye Sitong 温州话 Wenzhou Dialect

Xiao Luyu 封神演义 Chinese classical novel The Investiture of the Gods

Zhang Qi 福建线面 Fujian Thin Noddles