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User:Zhang Rui3

2024-12-31T14:42:17Z

Zhang Rui3:

=Nov 6, 2024 =
I memorized 20 words.
=Nov 7, 2024 =
I read 3 passages on China Daily
=Nov 8, 2024 =
I memorized 20 words.
=Nov 9, 2024 =
I made an English-Chinese translation of about 200 words.
=Nov 10, 2024 =
I did't learn anything.

=Nov 11, 2024 =
I made a translation of about 100 words.

=Nov 12, 2024 =
I read 1 passage on China Daily and memorized 20 words.

=Nov 13, 2024 =
I memorized 30 new words.

=Nov 14, 2024 =
I did't learn anything.

=Nov 15, 2024 =
I read 3 passage on China Daily.

=Nov 16, 2024 =
I memorized 30 new words.

=Nov 17, 2024 =
I read 2 passage on China Daily and memorized 20 words.

=Nov 18, 2024 =
I made an English-Chinese translation of about 100 words.

=Nov 19, 2024 =
I did't learn anything.

=Nov 20, 2024 =
I memorized 20 new words and made an English-Chinese translation of about 50 words.

=Nov 21, 2024 =
I read 2 passage on China Daily and memorized 20 words.

=Nov 22, 2024 =
I made a C-E translation of about 200 words.

=Nov 23, 2024 =
I read 5 passage on China Daily.

=Nov 24, 2024 =
I did't learn anything.

=Nov 25, 2024 =
I made an E-C translation of about 100 words.

=Nov 26, 2024 =
I made an E-C translation of about 100 words.

=Nov 27, 2024 =
I read 1 passage on China Daily and memorized 20 words.

=Nov 28, 2024 =
I memorized 30 words.

=Nov 29, 2024 =
I read 1 passage on China Daily and memorized 20 words.

=Nov 30, 2024 =
I made an E-C translation of about 200 words.

Bronze Mirror

Abstract

Bronze mirrors were a common tool in the daily lives of ancient people, and their development history is extremely long. Bronze mirrors had already appeared in the Qijia Culture over 4000 years ago, and later developed during the Warring States period through the Shang, Western Zhou, and Spring and Autumn periods; Until the Han and Tang dynasties, it reached a brilliant and splendid state; It continued until the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, gradually being replaced by glass mirrors in modern times. The initial function of early bronze mirrors may have been imaging and lighting, and later gradually differentiated into religious and decorative functions. Chinese bronze mirrors are likely to have multiple functions at the same time, which should be analyzed specifically. Bronze mirrors are treasures of Chinese culture. In the development process of ancient bronze mirrors, due to historical, cultural, and casting techniques at that time, different forms of bronze mirrors were formed in different periods. This article mainly summarizes the development process of bronze mirrors by analyzing their characteristics in different periods.

The Characteristics and Cultural Connotations of Ancient Chinese Bronze Mirrors

Since the appearance of bronze mirrors in China four thousand years ago. The development history of ancient Chinese bronze mirrors has gone through several stages, including early (Qijia Culture and Shang and Zhou dynasties), popularity (Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period), peak (Han Dynasty), decline (Three Kingdoms, Jin, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties), prosperity (Sui and Tang Dynasties), and further decline (Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms, Song, Jin, Yuan Dynasty).From the aspects of its popularity, casting technology, artistic style, and achievements, the Warring States period, the Han Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty are the three most important periods of development. After the Qin and Han dynasties, the use of mirrors became more widespread. The production of mirrors is also more sophisticated. Its materials include gold, silver, bronze, iron, etc. Bronze is the most common. There are also those plated with gold and silver, those covered with gold and silver, or those embedded with gold and silver threads. Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, there have also been those with handles and square shapes. There are all kinds of patterns available. Until the end of the Ming Dynasty. Initially, there were mirrors made of glass. After the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, glass began to appear in the folk. But until the early years of the Republic of China, a few remote areas still used copper as a mirror. The production areas of bronze mirrors are most abundant in Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, and Anhui, all of which have now been excavated. Only occasional excavations have been made in Haozhou, Anhui.

The Characteristics of Bronze Mirrors throughout History

Only five bronze mirrors unearthed during the Yin and Shang dynasties have been discovered so far. A mirror has a bow shaped button on the back, decorated with patterns of mats and scales. The other four are all circular, with arch-shaped button on the back of the mirror and decorated with leaf veins or multiple raised string patterns. Fifteen bronze mirrors from the Western Zhou Dynasty have been discovered so far, all of which are circular. The mirror surface is flat or slightly convex, the mirror body is relatively thin, and the mirror button has various shapes such as olive, bow, rectangle, etc. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the use of plain mirrors was predominant. Bronze mirrors with decorative patterns appeared in the mid Western Zhou Dynasty. The decoration on the back of the mirror changed in the late stage, with the appearance of animal patterns, breaking the traditional style.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the era of the prevalence and development of bronze mirrors in China. Its characteristics are: lightweight shape, exquisite decoration, and smooth lines. Sweep away the childish and simple style of the bronze mirror in the early stage. Showcasing a new look of bronze craftsmanship. Mirror patterns are mostly dragon patterns, wind patterns, tiger patterns, and bird patterns. At this time, copper mirrors are mostly circular. There are various techniques for expressing decorative patterns, including shallow relief, high relief, stone inlay, and color painting. Although the mirror was mature during the Qin Dynasty, it was actually difficult to obtain a true Qin mirror. Because the Qin Dynasty was short, its products were limited, and the atmosphere of sacrificial burial was not as good as that of later dynasties. So most of the oldest mirrors obtained now are products of the Han Dynasty.

There are numerous exquisite varieties of bronze mirror craftsmanship in the Han Dynasty. During the Han Dynasty, bronze mirrors gradually became thicker and thicker, with mirror buttons often made into spherical or persimmon shaped shapes. The pattern layout and patterns have also undergone new changes, with simple theme decorations and simple pattern structures, changing the rigorous and meticulous style of the wartime period. At that time, the main popular mirrors were Grass Leaf Mirror, Star and Cloud Mirror, Tongguang Mirror, and Zhaoming Mirror. The production of Han mirrors is extremely exquisite, and many of them are embedded with jewelry. So the unearthed ancient mirrors have bright lacquer, bright patterns, even and flawless, clear strokes, and vertical and horizontal strokes.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to frequent wars and social unrest, China's copper mirror manufacturing industry entered a period of decline. During this period, the style still followed the Han style.

The Sui and Tang dynasties were a period of great prosperity and flourishing in China's feudal society. The bronze mirror craftsmanship has a strong sense of the times. It is the same as the entire culture. Not only has the casting process reached unprecedented heights. And unprecedented achievements have emerged in the field of decorative arts. In terms of craftsmanship, tin was added to the bronze alloy. The texture of the bronze mirror is silver bright, beautiful and applicable, with novel themes, gorgeous decorations, and exquisite craftsmanship. The great development of bronze mirrors in the Tang Dynasty was mainly due to the fact that porcelain had replaced copper at that time. Bronze technology was concentrated on bronze mirrors, and in addition, bronze mirrors were used as gifts at that time. Widely used in social interactions. There are many surviving Tang Dynasty bronze mirrors, some of which have been unearthed. There are also those that have been passed down through generations.

After the Song Dynasty, both in terms of production technology and texture, it was inferior to the Han and Tang Dynasties. The Song Dynasty was limited by the production of bronze. The Song Dynasty had a relatively strict ban on bronze, coupled with a large amount of bronze mirrors used. Therefore, Song mirrors were cast relatively thin. The alloy craftsmanship cannot keep up with the Tang Dynasty. After the prosperous society of the Tang Dynasty, the secular landlord class and literati class of the Song Dynasty shifted their aesthetic towards the natural world of mountains, waters, flowers, and birds. This aesthetic taste is naturally reflected in the decorative art of bronze mirrors. Therefore, the decorative themes of Song Dynasty mirrors are mostly intertwined flowers and plants, birds, animals, fish, insects, water pavilions, towers, small bridges, flowing water, and homes painted from life. Song mirrors have diverse shapes, especially those with handles that have appeared in large numbers. Some mirrors have imprints, mirror casting workshops, dates, names, and records of state and county inspectors, indicating that there were not only official mirror casting workshops in the Song Dynasty, but also many folk mirror casting workshops.

The bronze mirrors of the Yuan and Ming dynasties followed the style of Song mirrors, which not only did not develop but also tended to decline, which can be said to be the end of the development history of Chinese bronze mirrors. Especially in the Ming Dynasty, the decoration of bronze mirrors was very rough. After the mid Ming Dynasty, due to the widespread use of glass, copper mirrors lost their practical value and were generally used for warding off evil, known as Yasheng Mirrors. Their artistic value could not be considered.

Terms and Expressions:
Qijia Culture齐家文化storiform席纹Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period春秋战国时期arch-shaped button拱形环钮multiple raised string patterns多圈凸弦纹plain mirrors素镜shallow relief浅浮雕 high relief,高浮雕stone inlay,嵌石color painting彩绘mirror buttons镜钮Grass Leaf Mirror草叶镜Star and Cloud Mirror星云镜Tongguang Mirror同光镜Zhaomimg Mirror昭明镜the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties魏晋南北朝时期the Sui and Tang dynasties隋唐时期the Yuan and Ming dynasties元明时期Yasheng Mirror压胜镜

Reference
[1]Yin Zhao,Chen Li,Jin Guang.A Preliminary Study on Bronze Mirror Edge Decoration in the Han Dynasty[J].Dongfangshoucang,2017,(11):87-91.
[2]Dingpeisen.Exploration into the Craftsmanship and Production Process of Ancient Chinese Bronze Mirrors[J].Yishukeji,2017,30(11):170.
[3]Yu Shanshan.Ancient Bronze Mirrors Reflect the World[J].Jianchafengyun,2013,(03):92-95.
[4]Wang Yue,Zhao Fang.Bronze Mirror - The Perfect Combination of Art and Technology in Arts and Crafts[J].Canhua,2013,(04):92.
[5]Xiang W ,Ruiliang L ,Jun G , et al.Reconstructing the trade history: provenance study of Han bronze mirrors in and out of Han China[J].Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences,2024,16(7):

Questions
When did bronze mirrors first appear?
Was it popular in ancient China to use bronze mirrors as burial objects?
What was the prosperous period of the development of bronze mirrors?

Answers
The Qijia Culture, dating back over 4000 years.
Yes.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties.

The AI statement:
I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of Al to write my final paper in this course.

铜镜

摘要

青铜镜是古人日常生活中的常备用具,其发展的历史极为漫长。在距今四千多年前的齐家文化中就已经有青铜镜出现,而后经过商、西周、春秋,在战国得以发展;至汉唐臻于灿烂辉煌;又延续至宋元明清,直至近代逐步被玻璃镜所取代。早期铜镜的初始功能有可能是成像照容，后来渐渐分化出宗教和装饰用品功能，中国铜镜很可能同时具有多种功能，应具体分析。铜镜是中国文化的瑰宝,在古代铜镜的发展过程中,因为历史的原因,文化的原因以及当时的铸造工艺的原因,铜镜的各个时期形成了各具特色的形式,本文主要通过对铜镜在各个时期的特点来总结出铜镜发展的过程。
我国古代铜镜的特征以及文化内涵

铜镜是古人用来照面的用具, 与古代人们的日常生活有着密切关系。到秦朝时期, 才开始铸造铜镜。铜镜在考古学研究中, 也占有重要地位。它是我国古代墓葬中常见的随葬品。因为古代人死后, 用镜赠于殓者, 即用镜殉葬, 世代沿袭成为风气，因此古代的名镜大多入土。古镜铜质好的, 人土多年, 都不会失去其良美的质地。由于各个历史时期的铜镜有着各自特征, 它又成为古代墓葬中断代的大标准器之一。

铜镜发展史概述

从四千年前我国出现铜镜以后。中国古代铜镜的发展历史, 经历了早期 (齐家文化与商周) 、流行 (春秋战国) 、鼎盛 (汉代) 、中衰 (三国、晋、魏、南北朝) 、繁荣 (隋唐) 、衰落 (五代、十国、宋、金、元) 等几个阶段。从其流行程度、铸造技术、艺术风格和其成就等几个方面来看, 战国、两汉、唐代是三个最重要的发展时期。秦汉以后, 镜的使用更加广泛。镜的制作也更加精良。它的质料包括金、银、铜、铁等。以铜最多。也有镀金银的、背面包金银的、或镶嵌金银丝的。隋唐以来, 还有带柄的、四方形的。各种花纹应有尽有。直到明代末期。开始有以玻璃为镜子的。清代乾隆以后, 玻璃开始出现于民间。但直至民国初年, 少数边远地区还有以铜为镜子的。铜镜的产地, 以山东、河南、陕西、安徽为最多, 现在各地均已挖绝。只有安徽毫州偶有出土。
历代铜镜的特点

殷商时代出土的铜镜至今发现的只有五面。一面镜背有弓形钮, 饰以席纹和鳞纹图案。另四面均为圆形, 镜背有拱形环钮, 且分别装饰以叶脉或多圈凸弦纹。西周铜镜迄今发现的有十五面, 均为圆形。镜面平直或微凸, 镜身较薄, 镜钮有橄榄形、弓形、长方形等多种。西周时期以素镜为主。西周中期出现了有纹饰的铜镜。晚期镜背的纹饰发生了变化, 出现了动物纹饰, 打破了传统的风格。
春秋战国时代是我国铜镜盛行发展时代。其特点是:形体轻巧, 纹饰精致, 线条流畅。一扫前期铜镜幼稚朴拙的风格。展现出青铜工艺的新面貌。镜面花纹以龙纹、风纹、虎纹、鸟纹居多。此时铜镜多为圆形。纹饰表现手法多样, 有浅浮雕、高浮雕、嵌石、彩绘等。镜虽成熟于秦朝, 但是真正的秦镜实际上却难以得到。因为秦朝短促, 产物也有限, 而且, 殉葬的风气也不比后朝。所以现在所得到的最古的镜大多是汉朝的产物。

汉代铜镜工艺精美品种众多。两汉时期, 铜镜逐渐厚重, 纽多作球形, 或作柿蒂形。图案布局和纹路也有新的变化, 主题纹饰素朴, 图案结构简单, 改变了战困时期那种严谨的细密风格。当时主要流行的镜子有草叶镜、星云镜、同光镜和昭明镜。汉镜的制作极为精巧，且多有嵌镶珠宝的。所以出土的古镜, 泽漆光明、花纹明丽、匀净无疵、字划清晰、笔势纵横。

魏晋南北朝时期, 由于战乱频繁, 社会动荡, 我国的铜镜制造业进入中衰期。这个时期风格仍沿袭汉镜。

隋唐时代是中国封建社会十分繁荣昌盛的时代。铜镜工艺有强烈的时代感。它同整个文化一样。不仅铸制工艺上攀登了空前的高峰。而且在装饰艺术上出现了前所未有的成就。工艺上, 在铜质的合金中加大了锡的成份。铜镜质地银亮, 美观适用，并且题材新颖, 纹饰华美, 精工细致。唐代铜镜大发展, 主要是因为当时瓷器已取代铜。青铜技术集中到铜镜上, 此外还因为当时铜镜作为礼品。广泛用于社会交往。唐代铜镜现存很多, 有出土的。也有传世的。

宋代以后无论是在制作工艺水平和质地上, 均不如汉唐时代。宋代由于铜的产量所限。宋朝铜禁比较严, 加上铜镜的用量大。因此宋镜铸造得比较薄。合金工艺赶不上唐代。宋代世俗地主阶级、士大夫阶层经过唐代繁华的社会之后, 他们的审美转向了山水花鸟的自然界。这种美学情趣很自然地就反映在铜镜的装饰艺术上了。因此, 宋镜的装饰题材中多为写生画的缠枝花草、鸟兽鱼虫、水榭楼台、小桥流水人家。宋镜在造型上多样, 特别是带柄镜已大量出现。有的镜上铸有印记、铸镜作坊、年月、姓名和州县检验官记等, 表明宋代不仅有官办铸镜作坊, 而且民间铸镜作坊也很多。

元明时代的铜镜沿用宋镜风格, 不但没有发展而且趋于衰退可以说是中国铜镜发展史上的尾声。特别是明代铜镜装饰十分粗糙。到明代中叶以后，由于玻璃的普遍使用, 铜镜就失去了实用价值, 一般用于避邪, 称为压胜镜, 其艺术价值就谈不上了。

术语与表达：
Qijia Culture齐家文化storiform席纹Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period春秋战国时期arch-shaped button拱形环钮multiple raised string patterns多圈凸弦纹plain mirrors素镜shallow relief浅浮雕 high relief,高浮雕stone inlay,嵌石color painting彩绘mirror buttons镜钮Grass Leaf Mirror草叶镜Star and Cloud Mirror星云镜Tongguang Mirror同光镜Zhaomimg Mirror昭明镜the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties魏晋南北朝时期the Sui and Tang dynasties隋唐时期the Yuan and Ming dynasties元明时期Yasheng Mirror压胜镜

参考文献
[1]尹钊,陈莉,金光.汉代青铜镜边饰的初探[J].东方收藏,2017,(11):87-91.
[2]丁培森.中国古代青铜镜的工艺与制作流程探究[J].艺术科技,2017,30(11):170.
[3]余姗姗.古青铜镜镜映乾坤[J].检察风云,2013,(03):92-95.
[4]王月,赵芳.青铜镜——工艺美术品中艺术与技术的完美结合[J].参花(下),2013,(04):92.
[5]Xiang W ,Ruiliang L ,Jun G , et al.Reconstructing the trade history: provenance study of Han bronze mirrors in and out of Han China[J].Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences,2024,16(7):

问题
铜镜最早出现于什么时期？
中国古代是否流行过用铜镜做殉葬品？
铜镜发展的繁荣时期是？

答案
距今4000多年的齐家文化
是的
隋唐时期

人工智能声明 :I hereby guarantee that I have not used the help of AI to write my final paper in this course.

User:Zhang Rui3

2024-12-31T14:34:16Z

Zhang Rui3:

=Nov 6, 2024 =
I memorized 20 words.
=Nov 7, 2024 =
I read 3 passages on China Daily
=Nov 8, 2024 =
I memorized 20 words.
=Nov 9, 2024 =
I made an English-Chinese translation of about 200 words.
=Nov 10, 2024 =
I did't learn anything.

=Nov 11, 2024 =
I made a translation of about 100 words.

=Nov 12, 2024 =
I read 1 passage on China Daily and memorized 20 words.

=Nov 13, 2024 =
I memorized 30 new words.

=Nov 14, 2024 =
I did't learn anything.

=Nov 15, 2024 =
I read 3 passage on China Daily.

=Nov 16, 2024 =
I memorized 30 new words.

=Nov 17, 2024 =
I read 2 passage on China Daily and memorized 20 words.

=Nov 18, 2024 =
I made an English-Chinese translation of about 100 words.

=Nov 19, 2024 =
I did't learn anything.

=Nov 20, 2024 =
I memorized 20 new words and made an English-Chinese translation of about 50 words.

=Nov 21, 2024 =
I read 2 passage on China Daily and memorized 20 words.

=Nov 22, 2024 =
I made a C-E translation of about 200 words.

=Nov 23, 2024 =
I read 5 passage on China Daily.

=Nov 24, 2024 =
I did't learn anything.

=Nov 25, 2024 =
I made an E-C translation of about 100 words.

=Nov 26, 2024 =
I made an E-C translation of about 100 words.

=Nov 27, 2024 =
I read 1 passage on China Daily and memorized 20 words.

=Nov 28, 2024 =
I memorized 30 words.

=Nov 29, 2024 =
I read 1 passage on China Daily and memorized 20 words.

=Nov 30, 2024 =
I made an E-C translation of about 200 words.

Bronze Mirror
Abstract
Bronze mirrors were a common tool in the daily lives of ancient people, and their development history is extremely long. Bronze mirrors had already appeared in the Qijia Culture over 4000 years ago, and later developed during the Warring States period through the Shang, Western Zhou, and Spring and Autumn periods; Until the Han and Tang dynasties, it reached a brilliant and splendid state; It continued until the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, gradually being replaced by glass mirrors in modern times. The initial function of early bronze mirrors may have been imaging and lighting, and later gradually differentiated into religious and decorative functions. Chinese bronze mirrors are likely to have multiple functions at the same time, which should be analyzed specifically. Bronze mirrors are treasures of Chinese culture. In the development process of ancient bronze mirrors, due to historical, cultural, and casting techniques at that time, different forms of bronze mirrors were formed in different periods. This article mainly summarizes the development process of bronze mirrors by analyzing their characteristics in different periods.
The Characteristics and Cultural Connotations of Ancient Chinese Bronze Mirrors
Since the appearance of bronze mirrors in China four thousand years ago. The development history of ancient Chinese bronze mirrors has gone through several stages, including early (Qijia Culture and Shang and Zhou dynasties), popularity (Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period), peak (Han Dynasty), decline (Three Kingdoms, Jin, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties), prosperity (Sui and Tang Dynasties), and further decline (Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms, Song, Jin, Yuan Dynasty).From the aspects of its popularity, casting technology, artistic style, and achievements, the Warring States period, the Han Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty are the three most important periods of development. After the Qin and Han dynasties, the use of mirrors became more widespread. The production of mirrors is also more sophisticated. Its materials include gold, silver, bronze, iron, etc. Bronze is the most common. There are also those plated with gold and silver, those covered with gold and silver, or those embedded with gold and silver threads. Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, there have also been those with handles and square shapes. There are all kinds of patterns available. Until the end of the Ming Dynasty. Initially, there were mirrors made of glass. After the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, glass began to appear in the folk. But until the early years of the Republic of China, a few remote areas still used copper as a mirror. The production areas of bronze mirrors are most abundant in Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, and Anhui, all of which have now been excavated. Only occasional excavations have been made in Haozhou, Anhui.
The Characteristics of Bronze Mirrors throughout History
Only five bronze mirrors unearthed during the Yin and Shang dynasties have been discovered so far. A mirror has a bow shaped button on the back, decorated with patterns of mats and scales. The other four are all circular, with arch-shaped button on the back of the mirror and decorated with leaf veins or multiple raised string patterns. Fifteen bronze mirrors from the Western Zhou Dynasty have been discovered so far, all of which are circular. The mirror surface is flat or slightly convex, the mirror body is relatively thin, and the mirror button has various shapes such as olive, bow, rectangle, etc. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the use of plain mirrors was predominant. Bronze mirrors with decorative patterns appeared in the mid Western Zhou Dynasty. The decoration on the back of the mirror changed in the late stage, with the appearance of animal patterns, breaking the traditional style.
The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the era of the prevalence and development of bronze mirrors in China. Its characteristics are: lightweight shape, exquisite decoration, and smooth lines. Sweep away the childish and simple style of the bronze mirror in the early stage. Showcasing a new look of bronze craftsmanship. Mirror patterns are mostly dragon patterns, wind patterns, tiger patterns, and bird patterns. At this time, copper mirrors are mostly circular. There are various techniques for expressing decorative patterns, including shallow relief, high relief, stone inlay, and color painting. Although the mirror was mature during the Qin Dynasty, it was actually difficult to obtain a true Qin mirror. Because the Qin Dynasty was short, its products were limited, and the atmosphere of sacrificial burial was not as good as that of later dynasties. So most of the oldest mirrors obtained now are products of the Han Dynasty.
There are numerous exquisite varieties of bronze mirror craftsmanship in the Han Dynasty. During the Han Dynasty, bronze mirrors gradually became thicker and thicker, with mirror buttons often made into spherical or persimmon shaped shapes. The pattern layout and patterns have also undergone new changes, with simple theme decorations and simple pattern structures, changing the rigorous and meticulous style of the wartime period. At that time, the main popular mirrors were Grass Leaf Mirror, Star and Cloud Mirror, Tongguang Mirror, and Zhaoming Mirror. The production of Han mirrors is extremely exquisite, and many of them are embedded with jewelry. So the unearthed ancient mirrors have bright lacquer, bright patterns, even and flawless, clear strokes, and vertical and horizontal strokes.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to frequent wars and social unrest, China's copper mirror manufacturing industry entered a period of decline. During this period, the style still followed the Han style.
The Sui and Tang dynasties were a period of great prosperity and flourishing in China's feudal society. The bronze mirror craftsmanship has a strong sense of the times. It is the same as the entire culture. Not only has the casting process reached unprecedented heights. And unprecedented achievements have emerged in the field of decorative arts. In terms of craftsmanship, tin was added to the bronze alloy. The texture of the bronze mirror is silver bright, beautiful and applicable, with novel themes, gorgeous decorations, and exquisite craftsmanship. The great development of bronze mirrors in the Tang Dynasty was mainly due to the fact that porcelain had replaced copper at that time. Bronze technology was concentrated on bronze mirrors, and in addition, bronze mirrors were used as gifts at that time. Widely used in social interactions. There are many surviving Tang Dynasty bronze mirrors, some of which have been unearthed. There are also those that have been passed down through generations.
After the Song Dynasty, both in terms of production technology and texture, it was inferior to the Han and Tang Dynasties. The Song Dynasty was limited by the production of bronze. The Song Dynasty had a relatively strict ban on bronze, coupled with a large amount of bronze mirrors used. Therefore, Song mirrors were cast relatively thin. The alloy craftsmanship cannot keep up with the Tang Dynasty. After the prosperous society of the Tang Dynasty, the secular landlord class and literati class of the Song Dynasty shifted their aesthetic towards the natural world of mountains, waters, flowers, and birds. This aesthetic taste is naturally reflected in the decorative art of bronze mirrors. Therefore, the decorative themes of Song Dynasty mirrors are mostly intertwined flowers and plants, birds, animals, fish, insects, water pavilions, towers, small bridges, flowing water, and homes painted from life. Song mirrors have diverse shapes, especially those with handles that have appeared in large numbers. Some mirrors have imprints, mirror casting workshops, dates, names, and records of state and county inspectors, indicating that there were not only official mirror casting workshops in the Song Dynasty, but also many folk mirror casting workshops.
The bronze mirrors of the Yuan and Ming dynasties followed the style of Song mirrors, which not only did not develop but also tended to decline, which can be said to be the end of the development history of Chinese bronze mirrors. Especially in the Ming Dynasty, the decoration of bronze mirrors was very rough. After the mid Ming Dynasty, due to the widespread use of glass, copper mirrors lost their practical value and were generally used for warding off evil, known as Yasheng Mirrors. Their artistic value could not be considered.
Terms and Expressions:
Qijia Culture齐家文化storiform席纹Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period春秋战国时期arch-shaped button拱形环钮multiple raised string patterns多圈凸弦纹plain mirrors素镜shallow relief浅浮雕 high relief,高浮雕stone inlay,嵌石color painting彩绘mirror buttons镜钮Grass Leaf Mirror草叶镜Star and Cloud Mirror星云镜Tongguang Mirror同光镜Zhaomimg Mirror昭明镜the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties魏晋南北朝时期the Sui and Tang dynasties隋唐时期the Yuan and Ming dynasties元明时期Yasheng Mirror压胜镜
Reference
[1]Yin Zhao,Chen Li,Jin Guang.A Preliminary Study on Bronze Mirror Edge Decoration in the Han Dynasty[J].Dongfangshoucang,2017,(11):87-91.
[2]Dingpeisen.Exploration into the Craftsmanship and Production Process of Ancient Chinese Bronze Mirrors[J].Yishukeji,2017,30(11):170.
[3]Yu Shanshan.Ancient Bronze Mirrors Reflect the World[J].Jianchafengyun,2013,(03):92-95.
[4]Wang Yue,Zhao Fang.Bronze Mirror - The Perfect Combination of Art and Technology in Arts and Crafts[J].Canhua,2013,(04):92.
[5]Xiang W ,Ruiliang L ,Jun G , et al.Reconstructing the trade history: provenance study of Han bronze mirrors in and out of Han China[J].Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences,2024,16(7):
Questions
When did bronze mirrors first appear?
Was it popular in ancient China to use bronze mirrors as burial objects?
What was the prosperous period of the development of bronze mirrors?
Answers
The Qijia Culture, dating back over 4000 years.
Yes.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties.
铜镜
摘要
青铜镜是古人日常生活中的常备用具,其发展的历史极为漫长。在距今四千多年前的齐家文化中就已经有青铜镜出现,而后经过商、西周、春秋,在战国得以发展;至汉唐臻于灿烂辉煌;又延续至宋元明清,直至近代逐步被玻璃镜所取代。早期铜镜的初始功能有可能是成像照容，后来渐渐分化出宗教和装饰用品功能，中国铜镜很可能同时具有多种功能，应具体分析。铜镜是中国文化的瑰宝,在古代铜镜的发展过程中,因为历史的原因,文化的原因以及当时的铸造工艺的原因,铜镜的各个时期形成了各具特色的形式,本文主要通过对铜镜在各个时期的特点来总结出铜镜发展的过程。
我国古代铜镜的特征以及文化内涵
铜镜是古人用来照面的用具, 与古代人们的日常生活有着密切关系。到秦朝时期, 才开始铸造铜镜。铜镜在考古学研究中, 也占有重要地位。它是我国古代墓葬中常见的随葬品。因为古代人死后, 用镜赠于殓者, 即用镜殉葬, 世代沿袭成为风气，因此古代的名镜大多入土。古镜铜质好的, 人土多年, 都不会失去其良美的质地。由于各个历史时期的铜镜有着各自特征, 它又成为古代墓葬中断代的大标准器之一。
铜镜发展史概述
从四千年前我国出现铜镜以后。中国古代铜镜的发展历史, 经历了早期 (齐家文化与商周) 、流行 (春秋战国) 、鼎盛 (汉代) 、中衰 (三国、晋、魏、南北朝) 、繁荣 (隋唐) 、衰落 (五代、十国、宋、金、元) 等几个阶段。从其流行程度、铸造技术、艺术风格和其成就等几个方面来看, 战国、两汉、唐代是三个最重要的发展时期。秦汉以后, 镜的使用更加广泛。镜的制作也更加精良。它的质料包括金、银、铜、铁等。以铜最多。也有镀金银的、背面包金银的、或镶嵌金银丝的。隋唐以来, 还有带柄的、四方形的。各种花纹应有尽有。直到明代末期。开始有以玻璃为镜子的。清代乾隆以后, 玻璃开始出现于民间。但直至民国初年, 少数边远地区还有以铜为镜子的。铜镜的产地, 以山东、河南、陕西、安徽为最多, 现在各地均已挖绝。只有安徽毫州偶有出土。
历代铜镜的特点
殷商时代出土的铜镜至今发现的只有五面。一面镜背有弓形钮, 饰以席纹和鳞纹图案。另四面均为圆形, 镜背有拱形环钮, 且分别装饰以叶脉或多圈凸弦纹。西周铜镜迄今发现的有十五面, 均为圆形。镜面平直或微凸, 镜身较薄, 镜钮有橄榄形、弓形、长方形等多种。西周时期以素镜为主。西周中期出现了有纹饰的铜镜。晚期镜背的纹饰发生了变化, 出现了动物纹饰, 打破了传统的风格。
春秋战国时代是我国铜镜盛行发展时代。其特点是:形体轻巧, 纹饰精致, 线条流畅。一扫前期铜镜幼稚朴拙的风格。展现出青铜工艺的新面貌。镜面花纹以龙纹、风纹、虎纹、鸟纹居多。此时铜镜多为圆形。纹饰表现手法多样, 有浅浮雕、高浮雕、嵌石、彩绘等。镜虽成熟于秦朝, 但是真正的秦镜实际上却难以得到。因为秦朝短促, 产物也有限, 而且, 殉葬的风气也不比后朝。所以现在所得到的最古的镜大多是汉朝的产物。
汉代铜镜工艺精美品种众多。两汉时期, 铜镜逐渐厚重, 纽多作球形, 或作柿蒂形。图案布局和纹路也有新的变化, 主题纹饰素朴, 图案结构简单, 改变了战困时期那种严谨的细密风格。当时主要流行的镜子有草叶镜、星云镜、同光镜和昭明镜。汉镜的制作极为精巧，且多有嵌镶珠宝的。所以出土的古镜, 泽漆光明、花纹明丽、匀净无疵、字划清晰、笔势纵横。
魏晋南北朝时期, 由于战乱频繁, 社会动荡, 我国的铜镜制造业进入中衰期。这个时期风格仍沿袭汉镜。
隋唐时代是中国封建社会十分繁荣昌盛的时代。铜镜工艺有强烈的时代感。它同整个文化一样。不仅铸制工艺上攀登了空前的高峰。而且在装饰艺术上出现了前所未有的成就。工艺上, 在铜质的合金中加大了锡的成份。铜镜质地银亮, 美观适用，并且题材新颖, 纹饰华美, 精工细致。唐代铜镜大发展, 主要是因为当时瓷器已取代铜。青铜技术集中到铜镜上, 此外还因为当时铜镜作为礼品。广泛用于社会交往。唐代铜镜现存很多, 有出土的。也有传世的。
宋代以后无论是在制作工艺水平和质地上, 均不如汉唐时代。宋代由于铜的产量所限。宋朝铜禁比较严, 加上铜镜的用量大。因此宋镜铸造得比较薄。合金工艺赶不上唐代。宋代世俗地主阶级、士大夫阶层经过唐代繁华的社会之后, 他们的审美转向了山水花鸟的自然界。这种美学情趣很自然地就反映在铜镜的装饰艺术上了。因此, 宋镜的装饰题材中多为写生画的缠枝花草、鸟兽鱼虫、水榭楼台、小桥流水人家。宋镜在造型上多样, 特别是带柄镜已大量出现。有的镜上铸有印记、铸镜作坊、年月、姓名和州县检验官记等, 表明宋代不仅有官办铸镜作坊, 而且民间铸镜作坊也很多。
元明时代的铜镜沿用宋镜风格, 不但没有发展而且趋于衰退可以说是中国铜镜发展史上的尾声。特别是明代铜镜装饰十分粗糙。到明代中叶以后，由于玻璃的普遍使用, 铜镜就失去了实用价值, 一般用于避邪, 称为压胜镜, 其艺术价值就谈不上了。
术语与表达：
Qijia Culture齐家文化storiform席纹Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period春秋战国时期arch-shaped button拱形环钮multiple raised string patterns多圈凸弦纹plain mirrors素镜shallow relief浅浮雕 high relief,高浮雕stone inlay,嵌石color painting彩绘mirror buttons镜钮Grass Leaf Mirror草叶镜Star and Cloud Mirror星云镜Tongguang Mirror同光镜Zhaomimg Mirror昭明镜the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties魏晋南北朝时期the Sui and Tang dynasties隋唐时期the Yuan and Ming dynasties元明时期Yasheng Mirror压胜镜
参考文献
[1]尹钊,陈莉,金光.汉代青铜镜边饰的初探[J].东方收藏,2017,(11):87-91.
[2]丁培森.中国古代青铜镜的工艺与制作流程探究[J].艺术科技,2017,30(11):170.
[3]余姗姗.古青铜镜镜映乾坤[J].检察风云,2013,(03):92-95.
[4]王月,赵芳.青铜镜——工艺美术品中艺术与技术的完美结合[J].参花(下),2013,(04):92.
[5]Xiang W ,Ruiliang L ,Jun G , et al.Reconstructing the trade history: provenance study of Han bronze mirrors in and out of Han China[J].Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences,2024,16(7):
问题
铜镜最早出现于什么时期？
中国古代是否流行过用铜镜做殉葬品？
铜镜发展的繁荣时期是？
答案
距今4000多年的齐家文化
是的
隋唐时期

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Chinese Language and Culture 2024

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Zhang Rui3:

Welcome to Chinese Language and Culture 2024

THU (19:00-19:45,19:55-20:40,20:50-21:35) 至善楼105 MA2 (23级笔译口译 Translation & Interpretation) 中国语言文化 Chinese Language and Culture 2024, Textbook: Woesler 2024, 1 5.9., 2 12.9., 3 19.9., 4 26.9., 5 10.10., 6 17.10., 7 24.10., 8 31.10., 9 7.11., 10 14.11., 11 21.11., 12 28.11., 13 5.12., 14 12.12., 15 19.12., 16 26.12.

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Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs ............................................................................. 21

3.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting .......................................................................... 28

4.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan ......................................... 37

5.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia ................................................................................... 46

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason)

7.
Animals: Panda .................................................................. 68

8.
Architecture ....................................................................... 75

9.
Architecture: The Forbidden City .................................... 84

10.
Architecture: Four Famous Bridges ................................... 97

11.
Architecture: Four Great Pavilions .................................. 107

12.
Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace .......................... 118

13.
Architecture: Three Great Towers in China ..................... 125

14.
Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture .............. 138

15.
Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons ............... 147

16.
Army and weapons: Terracotta Army .............................. 155

17.
Astrology: Chinese Astrology .......................................... 162

18.
Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms ........................ 169

19.
Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac .......... 178

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia)

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）

23.
Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing .. 207

24.
Body movement performance: Stilts ................................ 211
25.
Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance
6
......................................................................................... 217

26.
Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush ................................................................................ 223

27.
Chinese Writing: Calligraphy ........................................... 232

28.
Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy ............... 238

29.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters ............................... 247

30.
Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts ............ 260

31.
Clothing: Chinese Clothing .............................................. 267

32.
Clothing: Batik (Lanran) .................................................. 275

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285 (Tang Yuewei/ Eavan)

34.
Confucianism: Confucian Culture .................................... 293

35.
Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues .............................................................................. 307

36.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism ................................................................... 315

37.
Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects ......................................................................................... 322

38.
Education: Ancient Chinese Education ............................ 332

39.
Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China .................................................................. 343
40.
Education: Modern Chinese Education System ............... 353

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367（Hannah/Zhou Yicen）

42.
Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) .................................................... 376

43.
Facial Make-up ................................................................ 386

44.
Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up ......................................................................................... 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda)

45.
Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera .......... 409

46.
Fine Arts: Painting ........................................................... 418

47.
Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi ............................ 423

48.
Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day ......................................................................................... 429

49.
Fine Arts: Seal-cutting ..................................................... 436
7

50.
Games: Go 围棋 ........................................................... 439 (Peng Yixin/ Eason)

51.
Games: Kite Flying .......................................................... 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）

52.
Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play ............ 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)

53.
Garden Culture: Gardens ................................................. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian)

54.
Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) .................................. 486

55.
Garden Culture: The Summer Palace ............................... 493(Liu Zhehui/Mary)

56.
Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500 (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)

57.
Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China ................................................................................ 509
(Zhou Ranran/Jerry)
58.
History: Carl and Cixi ...................................................... 521

59.
Interieur: The Folding Screen .......................................... 525

60.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines ............ 534

61.
Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics ......................................................................................... 545

62.
Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains ........................................................................ 555（Wu Jing/Jennie）

63.
Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes ...................... 563

64.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai ....... 576

65.
Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） ........................ 591

66.
Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road .. 604

67.
Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties ................................................... 610

68.
Language: Chinese Language .......................................... 616

69.
Language: Chinese Dialects ............................................. 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara) (present first on Oct 10, Session 5)

70.
Language: Chinese Folk Argot ......................................... 635

71.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales ......................................................................................... 646

72.
Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology ......... 653

73.
Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature .......... 664

74.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China ................................................................... 671

75.
Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient
8
China
................................................................................ 680

76.
Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China ............................ 689

77.
Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas .................................................................................. 711

78.
Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu................................. 727

79.
Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels .................................................................................. 734

80.
Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations ............... 741

81.
Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio ................................................................. 747

82.
Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song.................... 755

83.
Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty ..................................... 783

84.
Literature: Modern Literature .......................................... 792

85.
Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) ....................................................................... 800

86.
Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy ............................................ 807

87.
Literature: Contemporary Literature ................................ 818(Chen Guangzi/Alan)

88.
Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia ................................................ 823

89.
Martial Arts: Qigong ........................................................ 826

Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing ................... 831

91.
Martial Arts: Wushu ......................................................... 842

92.
Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) ....... 847

93.
Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ............. 857

94.
Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion ............ 863

95.
Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology .............. 868

96.
Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine ......................................................................................... 873

97.
Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing ......................................................................... 880

98.
Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority
................................................................ 889

99.
Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes ....... 896(Zeng Man/Emily)

100.
Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) .................................................. 907

101.
Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money ....................................................................... 917（Chen Pingan/Grace）

102.
Music and instruments: Guzheng ..................................... 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)

103.
Music and instruments: Pipa ............................................ 939

104.
Mythology: Gods and Immortals ..................................... 949(Wang Yue/Nora)
(present in the end on Sep 26, Session 4)
105.
Mythology: Huli-jing ....................................................... 958(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)

106.
National Symbols: National Anthem ............................... 969

107.
National Symbols: National Flag ..................................... 976

108.
Opera: Peking Opera ........................................................ 984

109.
Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics ...................................... 992

110.
Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang ........................ 999

111.
Opera: Tea-picking Opera .............................................. 1004（Chen Kuanshun/Jason）

112.
Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) ........ 1012

113.
Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools ....................................................................................... 1023

114.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism ...................................... 1032

115.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching ............... 1037

116.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng . 1043

117.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living ....................................................................................... 1049

118.
Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism ....................................................................... 1060

119.
Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture .... 1070

120.
Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture .............. 1082

121.
Religion: Buddhism ....................................................... 1096

122.
Religion: Daoism ........................................................... 1110

123.
Religion: Christianity ..................................................... 1115

124.
Religion: Islam ............................................................... 1121

125.
Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology ....................................................................................... 1125

126.
Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130 (Wang Xudong/Hue)

127.
Science and Technology: Compass ................................ 1154

128.
Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) .................... 1162

129.
Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China ..................................................... 1171

130.
Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies ..................................................................... 1191

131.
Silk and porcelain: Silk .................................................. 1206

132.
Silk and porcelain: Porcelain ......................................... 1211

133.
Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 ............................................................................... 1217

134.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road ....................................................................................... 1224

135.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road ....................................................................... 1229

136.
Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages .... 1233

137.
Social: The Long-life Lock ............................................ 1241 （Shu Lin/Shirleen）

138.
Social: Round Table Culture .......................................... 1249（Yu Yi/Memo)

139.
Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 ............................. 1257(Lv Di/Ludy)

140.
Stage entertainment: Shadow Play ................................. 1264

141.
Traditional Crafts: Carving ............................................ 1272

142.
Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture ....................... 1280Zhang Yange(Mia)

143.
Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne ......................................... 1294

144.
Traditional Crafts: Embroidery ...................................... 1298

145.
Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) ....................................................................................... 1302

146.
Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery ........................... 1315

147.
Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting ..... 1329

148.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots ............... 1336(Chen Zilan/Landy)

149.
Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware .................................... 1344

150.
Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 ............... 1349

151.
Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette ............... 1362

152.
Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks ..................................... 1376(Peng Yingying/Becca)

153.
Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China ...... 1381 (Tang Xinyu/Eric)

154.
Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines .... 1398(Peng Jiayi/Eva)

155.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan .......... 1404 Chen Shanshan /Rebecca

156.
Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick .................................................................. 1414(Chen Mengzhu/Chris)

157.
Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot ............................................ 1423（Xiao Yixuan/Yuki)

158.
Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking .......... 1430(Liu Zhouli/ lovia)

159.
Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes ...................... 1436

160.
Traditional Festivals ....................................................... 1440

161.
Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows ....................................................................................... 1447

162.
Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets ............. 1459

163.
Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning ....................................................................................... 1465

164.
Westernization: The Westernization Movement ............. 1471

165.
Worship: Chinese Incense Culture ................................. 1479(Tang Xinyan/Estrella)

166.
Economy: Chinese Currency Changes ........................... 1489

167.
History: Wang Shouren .................................................. 1493

168.
Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit ........................ 1502(Zhang Rui)

169.
Cuisine: Luosifen ........................................................... 1513(Wang Xuan/Cynthia)

170.
Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ................................... 1521

171.
Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ...................... 1531（Li Songlin/Solin)

172.
Traditional Craft: Bronze ............................................... 1541

173.
Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ................................. 1548

174.
Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi ............................................. 1561 (Liu Yi/Zer)

175.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China ............................................................. 1572

176.
Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella ....... 1581（Wang Yan/Doris）

177.
stage entertainment:Yuan drama .................................... 1592

178.
Music and instruments: Erhu ......................................... 1601

179.
Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love .. 1608(Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

180.
Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan ....................................... 1615 (Su Yi/Suri)

181.
Animals：Golden Monkey ............................................ 1625

182.
Chinese Economy: rich businessmen ............................. 1631

183.
Opera: Chinese Local Operas ........................................ 1639

184.
The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship ..................... 1651(Shi Zhanning/Harper)

185.
Opera: Huangmei opera ................................................. 1663

186.
The “reference” of Chinese Music........................... 1670(Huang Zechen/Zachary)

187.
Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance ........................................ 1676

188.
Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） ....... 1691 (Liu Peinan/Peter)

189.
Clothing: Vintage Clothing ............................................ 1697(Hu Shanshan/Maddy)

190.
Fine arts:Kunqu Opera ................................................... 1704

191.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers ....................................................................................... 1712（Chen Weiping/Jackie）

192.
National Belief: the Chinese Dream .............................. 1722

193.
Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) ............ 1729（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

194.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ................................................ 1748(Jiao Mengting/Sherry)

195.
Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Guangdong传统美食：广东早餐文化 ....................................................... 1753（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

196.
Telecast: Become a Farmer 种地吧 .............................. 1765（Sha Lijia/Reika）

197.
Animals: Chinese Rural Dogs 动物：中华田园犬 ...... 1773 (Zhao Jing/Winnie)

198.
Clothing: Hanfu 汉服：揭示中国传统服饰之美 ........ 1781（Guo Zibin/Anne）

199.
Music and instruments: Chime 音乐与乐器：编钟 ..... 1788

200.
Garden Culture: Suzhou Gardens 苏州园林 ................. 1795(Liang Dan/Anne)

201.
Traditional crafts: Moon-shaped Fans 传统技艺：团扇 1806(Le Yuxuan/Lydia)

202.
Minority cultures: Miao Silver Ornaments Culture 苗族银饰文化 ................................................................... 1827(Yang Hanxu/Hansu)

203.
Mysterious culture: Facial Physiognomy 相面术 ......... 1836(Zhou Xiaoqiao）
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204.
Games: Chinese Chess 游戏：象棋 ............................. 1847(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)

205.
Music and instruments: Guqin 古琴 ............................. 1863

206.
Music and instruments: The Spring Snow 音乐和乐器：《阳春白雪》 ........................................................................... 1878

207.
The "Four Gentlemen": Plum, Orchid Bamboo, Chrysanthemum “四君子”的象征意义 ....................... 1885 （Hu Zheng/ Leven）

208.
Traditional festivals: The Flower Fairy Festival 花朝节 1898 （Gong Tao/Gisele)

209.
Architecture: Shigu Academy 建筑：石鼓书院 .......... 1906

210.
Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1918

211.
Beverages: Sexy Tea 饮品：茶颜悦色 ........................ 1926 (Huang Qi/ Esther)

212.
Opera: Flower-drum Opera 花鼓戏 .............................. 1935(Zhou Jing/ Amy)

213.
Traditional Festivals: Shangsi Festival 上巳节 ............. 1943 （Li Jia/ Zoe）

214.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture: Ji Sor (Self-combing female) 自梳女 ................................................................. 1949 (Wu Jiaying Cathy)

215.
Cuisine: Dong'an chicken: The Premier Dish of Hunan Cuisine 东安鸡：湘菜之首 ........................................... 1962

216.
Ancient Chinese Women's Culture：Nüshu (Women's Script) 女书 ................................................................................... 1970（He Chuwen/Lyra）

217.
Opera: Shaoxing Opera 越剧 ........................................ 1991

218.
Traditional Crafts: Jade Carving Art 玉雕 .................... 1997

219.
Chinese snack: spicy gluten 中国小吃：辣条 ............. 2003(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

220.
Social Phenomenon: Marriage: Women Being Urged to Get Married 婚姻：被催婚的女性 ........................................ 2010 Liu XinYu

221.
Chinese mythology: Chinese Dragon Culture 中国龙是什么
....................................................................................... 2019(Zhang Shuai / Andy)

222.
Minority cultures: Laosicheng 老司城 ......................... 2028

223.
The Torch of Unity: Celebrating Torch Festival Among China's Ethnic Minorities 团结的火炬——中国少数民族庆祝火把节
........................................................................... 2041 Xiao Feiyan
224.
Chinese Painting: A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains 《千里江山图》 ............................................ 2048(Yao Yiyun/Olivia）

225.
Festival: Qixi Festival 七夕节 ...................................... 2055（Li Ru/Lee）

226.
Music and instruments: Yuge (Fishing song) 渔歌 ....... 2063

227.
Education: Chicken Child (Fired-up Child) 教育：鸡娃 2071(tao yu/mikansei)

228.
Chinese Science Fiction: The Three-Body Problem 中国科幻小说：《三体》 ............................................................. 2083(Zhang Mengzhe/Nine)

229.
Ganshi in Xiangxi: The Cycle of Life and Death under Ancient Witchcraft 湘西赶尸：古老巫术下的生死轮回 2092 (Liao Wenyao/Rose)

230.
Architecture: Chinese Memorial Archway (Paifang) 中国传统建筑：牌坊 ................................................................... 2098

231.
Chinese Animation 中国动画传统 ............................... 2110（pan yilin/ceci）

232.
Social Phenomenon: Military-style Travel 特种兵式旅游 2121

233.
Folk Art: Youshen Fairs 游神 ....................................... 2131

234.
Nuo Opera 傩戏 ............................................................ 2141

235.
Music and Instruments: Suona Horn 唢呐 .................... 2157（Liu Jieyu/Erica）

236.
Chinese Handicraft: Kesi 中国手工艺品：缂丝 .......... 2166

237.
Sangzhi Folk Songs 桑植民歌 ...................................... 2173

238.
Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale – Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu 五声音阶，汉族古代音律：宫—商—角—徵—羽 ............................................................... 2192 (Han Yaxuan)

239.
Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population 社会现象：流动人口 ....................................................................................... 2204(Hu Zetao/Francis)

240.
Chinese tradition culture: Zanhua 簪花 ........................ 2213 （Xie Ke）

241.
Incense Culture 香道文化 ............................................ 2221 （Zeng Xin）

242.
The Imperial Civil Examination System 科举制度 ...... 2230

243.
Literature: Qu Yuan 文学：屈原 .................................. 2238(Jiang Caiyun/Tony)

244.
Games: pitch-pot game (Touhu) 投壶游戏 ................... 2244(Kuang Jing/Jin)

245.
Folk Art: Piao Se 民间艺术：飘色 .............................. 2253(Huang Mengyan/Mandy)

246.
Jingdezhen Porcelain 景德镇陶瓷 ................................ 2261(Li Dinghao/Leo)

247.
Folk Traditional Customs: Fireworks and Firecrackers 民间传统习俗：烟花和爆竹 ........................................... 2270 (Cao Jialong/caron)

248.
The Literati Painting of the Ming Dynasty: The Wu School 明代文人画：吴门画派 ................................................... 2278

249.
Thangka 唐卡 ............................................................... 2285（Yang Lingyue/Judy）

250.
Striking iron flower 打铁花 .......................................... 2294 (Fu Xinke/Finger)

251.
Chinese Cuisine: Xiang Cuisine – One of the Eight Major Cuisines 湘菜 ................................................................... 23029（Liu Li/Glen）

252.
The Evolution of the Official Selection System 仕进制度 2312（Xia Rong/Sharon)

=Here you can suggest your topic for your final exam paper=
Deadline: Sep 15, 2024

1. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠)......（Liu Yi/Zer）

2. Science and Technology: Chinese Electrical Vehicles 中国电动汽车 ......(Cheng Linjia/Jason)

3. Chinese tradition culture: Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花………(Xiao Feiyan)

4. Stage entertainment: northeast Errenzhuan (二人转).........(Wu Jiaying/Cathy)

5. Traditional Crafts: Dough Sculpture 面塑 ...... (Zhao Jing/winnie)

6. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty (Yao Yiyun)

7. Grass cloth 夏布（Yu Yi/Memo）

8. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》(Yang Lingyue/ Judy)

9.Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片......(Zhou Xiaoqiao/ Summer)

10. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧......(Huang Zechen/ Zachary)

11. Bride-price（彩礼）……（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）

12. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片......（Liu Peinan/Peter）

13.SichuanEmbroidery蜀绣······（Liu Zhehui/Mary

14.Chinese traditional jewellery: Buyao(dangling ornament worn by women) （步摇）……（Shu Lin/Shirleen）

15. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) （Su Yi/Suri）

16. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) …… (Li Jia/Zoe)

17. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛）……（Li Ru/ Lee）

18. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班）……（Jiang Caiyun/Tony）

19. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) ……（Tao Yu/Mikansei）

20.Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班）……（Xiao Yixuan/Yuki）

21. Live-stream shopping（直播带货）……（Yang Fan/Shawn）

22.The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦）......(Sha Lijia/Reika)

23. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) …… （Fu Xinke/Finger）

23.Guangdong Herbal tea（广东凉茶）……（Huang Mengyan/Mandy）

24.Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻）……（Wang Yan/Doris ）

25.Rice cake(年糕）……（Chen Pingan/Grace）

26.Zhongyuan festival……(Pan Yilin/Ceci)

27.Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面)……（Zeng Xin）

27.The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格）……（Zeng Wenjing/Zoey）

28.Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜）……（Jiao Mengting/Sherry）

29. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛）……（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）

30. Chinese Musical Instrument: Konghou(箜篌)…… (Chen Zilan/Landy)

31. Chinese Bossy Fictions&Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧）……（Zhang Mengzhe/Nine）

32. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）……（Kuang Jing/Jin）<----- Please check if this topic is not already treated in the textbook. ——— Mortise and Tenon Joint（榫卯结构）

33. Jingdezhen Porcelain……(Le Yuxuan/Lydia) <----- Please check if this topic is not already treated under "porcellain" in the textbook.
The Emotional Bearings and Cultural Connotations of the Moon Imagery in Song Poems (宋词中“月”意象的情感承载和文化内涵）

34. Music and instruments: Erhu ……（Hu Zheng/Leven）<----- Please check if this topic is not already treated under "Erhu" in the textbook.（National Belief: the Chinese Dream ）

35.The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联）……（Jiang Chenmei/Lilian）

36. Sun Wukong（孙悟空）……（Liu Huixaun/ Polly）

37. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料）……(Liu Zhuofan/Drovan)

38. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯）……（Zhou Jing/Amy）

39. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） ......（Zeng Man/ Emily)

40. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) ...... (Chen Mengzhu/ Chris)

41. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan)……(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)

42. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山)......(Liang Dan/Anne) <----- Please check if this topic is not already treated in the textbook.

43. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian......(Zhou Ranran/Jerry) <----- Please check if this topic is not already treated in the textbook.

44. Hotpot(火锅）……(Liu Jieyu/Erica) <----- Please check if this topic is not already treated in the textbook.

45. Abacus(中国珠算）……(Zhang Yange/Mia)

46. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） ……(Cao Jialong/Caron)

47. Yao-Chinese folktales（中国奇谭）……(Chen Weiping/Jackie)

48. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”）……(Liu Xinyu/Layla)

49. Douzhi (豆汁儿) ……(Lv Di/Ludy)

50.New Year Wood-block Paintings(木版年画）......(Chen Shanshan/Rebecca)

51.The rural revitalization （乡村振兴）......（Liu Zhouli/lovia）

52. Jing Gang Mountain(井冈山）......(Chen Kuanshun/Jason)

53. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑）......（Peng Lu/Julia）

54. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话）……（Tang Yuewei/Eavan）

55. Rice noodle roll（肠粉）……（Zhou Yicen/Hannah）

56. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜）…… （Wang Yue/Nora)

57. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山)……(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)

58.Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染）……（Xie Ke）

59. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒）…… (Zhao Siyao/Caroline)

60. Fengshui (风水）…… (Zhang Shuai/Andy)

61.Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化）…… (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)

62.Indigo Dyeing(蓝染)……(Long Jiayu/Tara)

63.Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua……(Liao Wenyao/Rose)

64. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty(宋代婚服）……(Peng Yingying/Becca)

65.The great unification in ancient China(中国古代的大一统思想)……(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)

66. The Four Pillars of Destiny (八字).....（Li Dinghao / Leo）

67. Shaolin Temple (少林寺)......(Shi Zhanning/ Harper)

68. Single bamboo drifting（独竹漂）……(Guo Zibin/Binbin)

69. Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来……(Zhou Ranran/Jerry)

70. Hui Culture(徽文化)......（Chen Guangzi /Alan）

71. Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化）……（Liu Li/ Glen）

72. Table Manners …… (Tang Xinyu/Eric)

73. The Mongol nationality(蒙古族）...... ( Liu Zeyu/ Yew)

74. The Yingge Dance（英歌舞）......（Hu Zetao）

75. Palace Lantern（宫灯）......（He Chuwen/Lyra）

76. Chinese Term of Endearment（中国亲昵称谓）......（Huang Qi/Esther）

77. Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 ........（Wang Xuan/ Cynthia）

78.The God of Wealth(财神爷)......(Wu Jing/ Jennie)

79. Zhuazhou （抓周）......(Gong Tao/ Gisele)

80. Kingfisher feather art（点翠）……(Peng Yixin/ Eason)

81. Mirror(镜子)......（Zhang Rui）

=Session 1 Thursday Sep 5, 2024 19:00-21:35=
Please download the powerpoint presentation of the teacher here: [[Media:01_Chin_Lang_Cult_2024.pptx]].

=Session 2 Thursday Sep 12, 2024 19:00-21:35=
During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

6.
Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China ...................................... 60 (Cheng Linjia/Jason) [[Media:Handsome_Men_2024.pptx]]

20.
Beverages: Milk Tea ........................................................ 186 (Peng Lu/Julia) [[Media:Milk_Tea_2024.pptx]]

21.
Beverages: Tea ................................................................. 193（Yang Fan/Shawn）[[Media:Tea_2024_fall.pptx]] (Please compare with old presentation from Spring 2024: [[Media:Tea_2024.pptx]].)

22.
Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China ............ 198（Liu Zhuofan/Drovan）[[Media:Liquor_2024.pptx]]

33.
Clothing: Cheongsam ....................................................... 285 (Tang Yuewei/ Eavan) [[Media:Cheongsam_fall_2024.pptx]] (Please compare with old presentation from Spring 2024: [[Media:Cheongsam_2024.pptx]].)

41.
Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties .............................. 367（Hannah/Zhou Yicen）[[Media:Official_Selection_System_2024.pptx]]

=Session 3 Thursday Sep 19, 2024 19:00-21:35=

All students: Please prepare these three texts in the textbook for today.

During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up, p. 393 (Li Xiaosu/Jacinda) [[Media:Cosmetics_2024.pptx]]

50. Games: Go 围棋, p. 439 (Peng Yixin/ Eason) [[Media:Go_2024.pptx]]

51. Games: Kite Flying p. 445 （Liu Huixuan/ Polly）[[Media:Kite_2024.pptx]]

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play, p. 452(Zeng Wenjing/Zoey)[[Media:Mahjong_2024.pptx]]

53. Garden Culture: Gardens, p. 480(Jiang Chenmei/Lilian) [[Media:Gardens_2024.pptx]]

55. Garden culture: the Summer Palace, p. 493(Liu Zhehui/Mary) [[Media:Summer_Palace_2024.pptx]]

Homework:

1. Please read the six texts for next time in the textbook.

2. Please add your final exam paper topic and your name in the respective section above.

3. Take the surveys (EU: https://wn8ae3qwafbc11zv.mikecrm.com/9gdWrQT, 2024: https://wn8ae3qwafbc11zv.mikecrm.com/CTrdOjm).

=Session 4 Thursday Sep 26, 2024 19:00-21:35=

During the three hours today, the students are presenting the following 6 topics:

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 500 (Cai Yingchu/ Rachel)[[Media:Qingming_2024.pptx]]

57.Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China (Zhou Ranran/Jerry)[[Media:wuzetian.pptx]]

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains p. 555（Wu Jing/Jennie）[[Media:Five_Mountains 1_2024.pptx]]，[[Media:Five_Mountains 2_2024.pptx]]

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature p. 818 (Chen Guangzi/Alan) [[Media:Contemporary_Chinese_Literature_2024.pptx]]

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes p. 896(Zeng Man/Emily)[[Media:Costumes_2024.pptx]]

=Session 5 Thursday Oct 10, 2024 19:00-21:35=

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals p. 949 (Wang Yue/Nora) p.949 [[Media:Gods and Immortals1_2024.pptx]], [[Media:Gods and Immortals2_2024.pptx]], [[Media:Gods and Immortals3_2024.pptx]]

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 626 (Long Jiayu/Tara)[[Media:Dialects_2024.pptx]]

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money p. 917（Chen Pingan/Grace）[[Media:Red_Envelope_2024.pptx]]

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng p. 928 (Liu Zeyu/Yew)[[Media:Guzheng_2024.pptx]]

105. Mythology: Huli-jing p. 958(Ma Ruiqing/Raymond)[[Media:Huli-jing_2024.pptx]]

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera p. 1004（Chen Kuanshun/Jason）[[Media:Tea-picking_Opera_2024fall.pptx]]

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1130 (Wang Xudong/Hue) [[Media:Four_New_Inventions(1)_2024.pptx]][[Media:Four_New_Inventions(2)_2024.pptx]]

=Session 6 Thursday Oct 17, 2024 19:00-21:35=

137. Social: The Long-life Lock p. 1241 （Shu Lin/Shirleen） [[Media:Long-life Lock_2024_fall.pptx]]

138. Social: Round Table Culture p. 1249（Yu Yi/Memo) [[Media:Round Table_2024.pptx]] [[Media:Round Table_2024_fall.pptx]]

139. Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 p. 1257(Lv Di/Ludy) [[Media:Crosstalk_2024.pptx]] [[Media:Crosstalk_2024_fall.pptx]]

142. Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture p. 1280Zhang Yange(Mia) [[Media:Jade_2024.pptx]]

148. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots p. 1336(Chen Zilan/Landy) [[Media:Chinese Knots_2024.pptx]]

152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks p. 1376(Peng Yingying/Becca) [[Media:Chopsticks(1)_2024.pptx]][[Media:Chopsticks(2)_2024.pptx]]

=Session 7 Thursday Oct 24, 2024 19:00-21:35=

153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China p. 1381 (Tang Xinyu/Eric) [[Media:Eight_Cuisines_2024.pptx]]

154. Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines p. 1398(Peng Jiayi/Eva) [[Media:Regional_Cuisines_2024.pptx]]

155. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan p. 1404 Chen Shanshan /Rebecca [[Media:Breakfast1_2024.pptx]][[Media:Breakfast2_2024.pptx]]

156. Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick p. 1414(Chen Mengzhu/Chris) [[Media:Tanghulu_2024.pptx]]

157. Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot p. 1423（Xiao Yixuan/Yuki) [[Media:Hot Pot_Fall_2024.pptx]]

158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking p. 1430(Liu Zhouli/ lovia)[[Media:Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking_2024.pptx]]

=Student roll=
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cai_Yingchu -
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cao_Jialong a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Guangzi a
*Chen Kuanshun n
*Chen Mengzhu a
*Chen Pingan -
*Chen Shanshan a
*Chen Weiping a
*Chen Zilan a
*Cheng Linjia a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Fu_Xinke a
*Gong Tao n
*Guo Zibin n
*Han Yaxuan -
*He Chuwen n
*Hu ShanShan a
*Hu Zetao a
*Hu Zheng n
*Huang Mengyan -
*Huang Qi n
*Huang Zechen a
*Jiang Caiyun a
*Jiang Chenmei n
*Jiang Yaping a
*Jiao Mengting a
*Kuang Jing a
*Le Yuxuan a
*Li Dinghao a
*Li Jia a
*Li Ru a
*Li Songlin a
*Li Xiaosu a
*Liang Dan a
*Liao Wenyao a
*Liu Huixuan a
*Liu Jieyu a
*Liu Li2 -
*Liu Peinan a
*Liu Xinyu2 -
*Liu Yi2 a
*Liu Zeyu a
*Liu Zhehui -
*Liu Zhouli -
*Liu Zhuofan a
*Long Jiayu a
*Lv Di a
*Ma Ruiqing a
*Pan Yilin a
*Peng Jiayi -
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Peng_Jiayi n
*Peng Lu a
*Peng Yingying -
*Peng Yixin a
*Sha Lijia a
*Shi Zhanning a
*Shu Lin2 a
*Su Yi a
*Tang Xinyan a
*Tang Xinyu n
*Tang Yuewei a
*Tao Yu a
*Wang Xuan2 a
*Wang Xudong -
*Wang Yan2 a
*Wang Yue a
*Wang Yujiao a
*Wu Jiaying a
*Wu Jing a
*Wu Ziyi a
*Xia Rong -
*Xiao Feiyan a
*Xiao Yixuan a
*Xie Ke -
*Yang Fan a
*Yang Hanxu a
*Yang Lingyue a
*Yao Yiyun a
*Yu Yi n
*Zeng Man n
*Zeng Wenjing n
*Zeng Xin a
*Zhang Mengzhe n
*Zhang Rui3 n
*Zhang Shuai a
*Zhang Yange a
*Zhao Jing a
*Zhao Siyao a
*Zhou Jing a
*Zhou Ranran a
*Zhou Xiaoqiao n
*Zhou Xukai a
*Zhou Yicen n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Yicen -

=Session 8 Thursday Oct 31, 2024 19:00-21:35=

Today, we start a field research study under the HUNNU JM Research Centre of Excellence (EU grant).

The study is intended to compare learning a foreign language with AI and without AI.

By participating in the study, you agree that your data will be collected. However, the data will first be anonymized and only as anonymized data analyzed and compared with other sets of data. Some general information like study discipline, year and sex will also be used. The results are inteded to be published in scientific publications.

Task 1: Please decide whether you

- want to use

- or not want to use

an AI app with a daily dialogue of 7 phrases to improve your foreign (English, Korean, Japanese) language learning until end of the year.

The groups should almost be equally large.

The group that decides not to use an AI app to improve their language learning are not allowed to use any AI app to improve their language learning. It should not learn less, but try to learn more with humans and from books.

==AI group==
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cao_Jialong a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Guangzi a 95, 加分: 0, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Mengzhu a 90, 加分: 0,
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Shanshan a 91, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Weiping 90, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Zilan 95, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cheng_Linjia a 92, 加分: 5 = '''97''',
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Fu_Xinke a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Hu_Shanshan a 83, 加分: 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Hu_Zetao a,0,0,
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Huang_Zechen a 100, 加分: 5 = '''100'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Jiang_Caiyun a, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Jiang_Yaping a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Jiao_Mengting 91, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Kuang_Jing a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Le_Yuxuan 92, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Dinghao a, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Jia a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Ru a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Songlin a 70, 加分: 5 = '''75'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Xiaosu a 86, 加分: 0, 0,-1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liang_Dan 82, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liao_Wenyao a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Huixuan a 93, 加分: 5 = '''98'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Jieyu a, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Peinan a 90, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Yi2 a 100, 加分: 5 = '''100'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Zeyu a 90, 加分: 5 = '''95'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Zhuofan a 90, 加分: 5 = '''95'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Long_Jiayu a 90, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Lv_Di 88, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Ma_Ruiqing a 95, 加分: 0, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Pan_Yilin a, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Peng_Lu a 94, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Peng_Yixin a 89, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Sha_Lijia 85, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Shi_Zhanning a 92, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Shu_Lin2 91, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Su_Yi a 86, 加分: 5 = '''91'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tang_Xinyan a 90, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tang_Xinyu a 88, 加分: 0, -1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tang_Yuewei a 88, 加分: 5 = '''93'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tao_Yu a, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wu_Jing a, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Xuan2 a, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Yan2 a 91, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Yue a 89, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Yujiao 87, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wu_Jiaying a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wu_Jing a 96, 加分: 0, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wu_Ziyi 92, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Xiao_Feiyan a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Xiao_Yixuan a 92, 加分: 5 = '''97''', 0,
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Yang_Fan a 90, 加分: 0, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Yang_Hanxu a,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Yang_Lingyue a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Yao_Yiyun a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zeng_Xin a, 0,
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Shuai a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Yange 87, a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhao_Jing a, 80
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhao_Siyao a 93, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Jing a
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Xukai a, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Ranran a 100, 加分: 5 = '''100'''

==Human group==
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Cai_Yingchu 0, 86, 加分: 0, 0,0, -1,-1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Kuanshun n 85, 加分: 0, 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Pingan 0, 91, 加分: 5 = '''96''', 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Gong_Tao n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Guo_Zibin 88 n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Han_Yaxuan 0, 0,0, -1,-1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:He_Chuwen n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Hu_Zheng n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Huang_Mengyan 0,
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Huang_Qi n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Jiang_Chenmei n 91, 加分: 1 = '''92'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Li2 0, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Xinyu2 0, 0,0 , -1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Zhehui 0, 91, 加分: 1 = '''92''', 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Zhouli 0, 93, 加分: 0, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Peng_Jiayi n 88, 加分: 5 = '''93'''
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Peng_Yingying 87, 0, 0,0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Xudong 0, 85, 加分: 0, 0,0, -1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Xia_Rong n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Xie_Ke 0, 0,0, -1,-1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Yu_Yi 90, n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zeng_Man n 97, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zeng_Wenjing n 94, 加分: 0
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Mengzhe n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Rui3 n 85, 加分: 0, -1
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Xiaoqiao n
*https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Yicen 0, 89, 加分: 5 = '''94'''

==Task 2==
Every group should take some notes every day on your wiki homepage about your language learning. You can also write "Today I did not do anything for my language learning."

How to find your homepage?

https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tang_Yuewei

or

https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Yi2

Then click on edit. Input two new lines (leave one line free) and then write

Also, in the name list of the groups, please add "f" or "m" for female or male, your birth date, your study subject (incl. language), study year, if you come from "city" or "land", from "Changsha" or from a different city

\= Oct 31, 2024 \=

Today I talked with TalkAI about hobbys.

==Student Presentations today==
165. Worship: Chinese Incense Culture p. 1479(Tang Xinyan/Estrella)[[Media:Incense_2024.pptx]]

168. Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit p. 1502(Zhang Rui) [[Media:Swordsman_2024.pptx]]

169. Cuisine: Luosifen p. 1513(Wang Xuan/Cynthia)[[Media:Luosifen_2024.pptx]]

171. Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) p. 1531（Li Songlin/Solin)[[Media:Taobao(1)_2024.pptx]]
[[Media:Taobao(2)_2024.pptx]][[Media:Taobao(3)_2024.pptx]]

174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi p. 1561 (Liu Yi/Zer)[[Media:Jiaozi_2024.pptx]]

=Session 9 Thursday Nov 7, 2024 19:00-21:35=

176. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella p. 1581（Wang Yan/Doris）[[Media:Oil-paper_Umbrella_2024.pptx]]

179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love p. 1608(Zhao Siyao/Caroline) [[Media:Marriage_and_Love_(1)2024.pptx]][[Media:Marriage and love (2)]]

180. Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan p. 1615 (Su Yi/Suri) [[Media:Tangyuan_2024.pptx]]

184. The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship p. 1651(Shi Zhanning/Harper)[[Media:Ancestor_Worship_2024-.pptx]]

186. The “reference” of Chinese Music p. 1670(Huang Zechen/Zachary)[[Media:Chinese_Music_2024.pptx]]

188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） p. 1691 (Liu Peinan/Peter)[[Media:Mobile_Games_2024.pptx]]

189. Clothing: Vintage Clothing p. 1697(Hu Shanshan/Maddy)[[Media:Vintage_Clothing_2024.pptx]]

=Session 10 Thursday Nov 14, 2024 19:00-21:35=

191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers p. 1712（Chen Weiping/Jackie）[[Media:Flowers_2024.pptx]][[Media:Flowers_2024.pptx]]

193. Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) p. 1729（Wang Yujiao/Wendy）[[Media:PDD_2024.pptx]]

194. Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People p. 1748(Jiao Mengting/Sherry)[[Media:Marriage_and_Burial_2024.pptx]][[Media:Marriage_and_Burial(2)_2024.pptx]][[Media:Marriage_and_Burial(3)_2024.pptx]]

195. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Guangdong传统美食：广东早餐文化 p. 1753（Wu Ziyi/Andrew）[[Media:Breakfast_Culture_of_Guangdong_2024_(1).pptx]][[Media:Breakfast_Culture_of_Guangdong_2024_(2).pptx]] [[Media:Breakfast_Culture_of_Guangdong_2024_(3).pptx]]

196. Telecast: Become a Farmer 种地吧 p. 1765（Sha Lijia/Reika）[[Media:Become_a_Farmer_2024_(1).pptx]]
[[Media:Become_a_Farmer_2024_(2).pptx]]

197. Animals: Chinese Rural Dogs 动物：中华田园犬 p. 1773 (Zhao Jing/winnie)[[Media:Chinese_Rural_Dogs2024.pptx]]

=Session 11 Thursday Nov 21, 2024 19:00-21:35=

198. Clothing: Hanfu 汉服：揭示中国传统服饰之美 p. 1781（Guo Zibin/Anne）[[Media:Hanfu_2024.pptx]]

200. Garden Culture: Suzhou Gardens 苏州园林 p. 1795(Liang Dan/Anne)[[Media:Suzhou_Gardens_2024.pptx]]

201. Traditional crafts: Moon-shaped Fans 传统技艺：团扇 p.1806(Le Yuxuan/Lydia)[[Media:Moon-shaped_ Fans_2024.pptx]]

202. Minority cultures: Miao Silver Ornaments Culture 苗族银饰文化 p. 1827(Yang Hanxu/Hansu)[[Media:Miao_Silver_Ornaments_2024.pptx]]

203. Mysterious culture: Facial Physiognomy 相面术 p. 1836(Zhou Xiaoqiao）[[Media:Facial_ Physiognomy_2024.pptx]]

204. Games: Chinese Chess 游戏：象棋 p. 1847(Zhou Xukai/Kyrie)[[Media:Chinese_Chess_2024.pptx]]

=Session 12 Thursday Nov 28, 2024 19:00-21:35=

#Student roll
#Final Exam Paper: No AI. If AI: Prompt, adjustments at the References Section
#Language Learning Progress Diary
#Remaining presentations

207. The "Four Gentlemen": Plum, Orchid Bamboo, Chrysanthemum “四君子”的象征意义 p. 1885 （Hu Zheng/ Leven）[[Media:Four_Gentlemen_2024.pptx]]

208. Traditional festivals: The Flower Fairy Festival 花朝节 p.1898 （Gong Tao/Gisele) [[Media:Flower_Fairy_Festival_2024.pptx]]

211. Beverages: Sexy Tea 饮品：茶颜悦色 p. 1926 (Huang Qi/ Esther)[[Media:Sexy_Tea_2024.pptx]]

212. Opera: Flower-drum Opera 花鼓戏 p. 1935(Zhou Jing/ Amy)[[Media:Flower-drum_Opera_2024.pptx]]

213. Traditional Festivals: Shangsi Festival 上巳节 p. 1943 （Li Jia/ Zoe）[[Media:Shangsi_Festival_2024.pptx]]

214. Ancient Chinese Women's Culture: Ji Sor (Self-combing female) 自梳女 p. 1949 (Wu Jiaying Cathy)[[Media:Self-combing_female_2024.pptx]]
Homework: choose a final exam topic: deadline Dec 5 12:00 pm (noon)
=Session 13 Thursday Dec 5, 2024 19:00-21:35=
Today: 13 presentations, each 10 minutes, strict time control

216. Ancient Chinese Women's Culture：Nüshu (Women's Script) 女书 p. 1970（He Chuwen/Lyra）[[Media:Women's_Script_2024.pptx]]

219. Chinese snack: spicy gluten 中国小吃：辣条 p. 2003(Jiang Yaping/Sunny)[[Media:spicy_gluten_2024.pptx]]

220. Social Phenomenon: Marriage: Women Being Urged to Get Married 婚姻：被催婚的女性 p. 2010 Liu Xinyu[[Media: Urged_to_Get_Married_2024.pptx]]

221. Chinese mythology: Chinese Dragon Culture 中国龙是什么 p. 2019(Zhang Shuai / Andy)[[Media:Chinese_Dragon_2024.pptx]]

223. The Torch of Unity: Celebrating Torch Festival Among China's Ethnic Minorities 团结的火炬——中国少数民族庆祝火把节 p. 2041 Xiao Feiyan [[Media:Torch_Festival_2024.pptx]]

224. Chinese Painting: A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains 《千里江山图》 p. 2048(Yao Yiyun/Olivia）[[Media:Chinese_Painting_2024.pptx]]

225. Festival: Qixi Festival 七夕节 p. 2055（Li Ru/Lee）[[Media:Qixi_Festival_2024.pptx]]

227. Education: Chicken Child (Fired-up Child) 教育：鸡娃 p.2071(tao yu/mikansei)[[Media:Chicken_ Child_2024.pptx]]

228. Chinese Science Fiction: The Three-Body Problem 中国科幻小说：《三体》 p. 2083(Zhang Mengzhe/Nine)[[Media:The_Three-Body_Problem_2024.pptx]]

229. Ganshi in Xiangxi: The Cycle of Life and Death under Ancient Witchcraft 湘西赶尸：古老巫术下的生死轮回 p.2092 (Liao Wenyao/Rose)[[Media:Ganshi_2024.pptx]]

231. Chinese Animation 中国动画传统 p. 2110（pan yilin/ceci）[[Media:Animation_2024.pptx]]

235. Music and Instruments: Suona Horn 唢呐 p. 2157（Liu Jieyu/Erica）[[Media:Suona_Horn_2024.pptx]]

238. Music and instrument: Ancient Chinese pentatonic scale – Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, Yu 五声音阶，汉族古代音律：宫—商—角—徵—羽 p. 2192 (Han Yaxuan)[[Media:pentatonic_scale_2024.pptx]]

=Session 14 Thursday Dec 12, 2024 19:00-21:35=
Today: 12 presentations, each 10 minutes, strict time control

239. Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population 社会现象：流动人口 p. 2204(Hu Zetao/Francis)[[Media:Mobile_Population_2024.pptx]]

240. Chinese tradition culture: Zanhua 簪花 p. 2213 （Xie Ke）[[Media:Zanhua_2024.pptx]]

241. Incense Culture 香道文化 p. 2221 （Zeng Xin）[[Media:Incense_Culture_2024.pptx]]

243. Literature: Qu Yuan 文学：屈原 p. 2238(Jiang Caiyun/Tony)[[Media:Qu_Yuan_2024.pptx]]

244. Games: pitch-pot game (Touhu) 投壶游戏 p. 2244(Kuang Jing/Jin)[[Media:Touhu_2024.pptx]]

245. Folk Art: Piao Se 民间艺术：飘色 p. 2253(Huang Mengyan/Mandy)[[Media:Piao_Se_2024.pptx]]

246. Jingdezhen Porcelain 景德镇陶瓷 p. 2261(Li Dinghao/Leo)[[Media:Jingdezhen_Porcelain_2024.pptx]]

247. Folk Traditional Customs: Fireworks and Firecrackers 民间传统习俗：烟花和爆竹 p. 2270 (Cao Jialong/caron)[[Media:Fireworks_and_Firecrackers_2024.pptx]]

249. Thangka 唐卡 p. 2285（Yang Lingyue/Judy）[[Media:Thangka_2024.pptx]]

250. Striking iron flower 打铁花 p. 2294 (Fu Xinke/Finger)[[Media:Striking_iron_flower _2024.pptx]]

251. Chinese Cuisine: Xiang Cuisine – One of the Eight Major Cuisines 湘菜 ................................................................... 23029（Liu Li/Glen）[[Media:Xiang Cuisine_2024.pptx]]

252. The Evolution of the Official Selection System 仕进制度 2312（Xia Rong/Sharon)[[Media:Evolution_of_the_Official_Selection_System_2024.pptx]]

=Session 15 Thursday Dec 19, 2024 19:00-21:35=
Everybody gets a work sheet for today to finalise the research project

File:Swordsman 2024.pptx

2024-11-21T03:21:52Z

Zhang Rui3:

Chinese Language and Culture 2024

2024-09-09T05:49:54Z

Zhang Rui3: /* Headline text */