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Culture 2022 3

2022-06-30T09:21:20Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) */

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - The “reference” of Chinese Music==
May 20，2022，with the broadcast of the show "Sister Who Rides the Waves，the “Sweetheart hierarch” Cyndi Wang became popular again by singing her song Love You①. Actually the song Love You is not original，and it is adapted from PAPAYA（a South Korea girl group）’s song，Listen to Me②.
And since the last century, many Chinese singers or bands have the experience of "refer" songs from other countries. The famous nursery rhyme “Two Tigers”③ is adapted from French nursery rhyme "Brother Jacques"④. In the end of the last century，the Hong Kong music scene had become popular among Chinese youth.Some of their songs also have a certain popularity now. But after my research, many of their songs are covers, and their original songs are mainly Japanese. It was popular to buy the rights to songs and then cover them. You may wonder why they don't write their own songs. It is because they had a fast pace, and the singers had to release several albums every year, so they had to use other people's songs if they didn't have enough creative ability. Another reason was that communications at that time were not as developed as they are today, so their "reference" could not be easily detected by the public.So this method became the choice of most singers at that time. (Singers do that even now.) And this also aroused heated debate since then. Some people think that as long as the song sounds good, it doesn't matter whether it is original or not. Others think creation should be encouraged. But music is also a manifestation of culture. If we blindly follow the footsteps of others without our own innovation, the development of our musical culture will be limited. Encouraging creation is a need of cultural development. Here are some of the "borrowed" songs and their original songs：Priscilla Chan’s Thousands of Songs⑤ is adapted from Kondou Masahiko’s Yuyake no uta⑥. Aaron Kwok’s Good Times & Bad Times is a cover of kazumasa Oda's song of the same name. And Hacken Lee’s The Red Sun⑦ is adapted from the Japanese band Otaika Man’s famous song，What’s the most precious⑧...
In addition to Hong Kong, there are also covers in Taiwan's music scene.
==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance==

Introductions on Lion dance

The lion dance is a popular activity among Chinese people of all ethnic groups, and it is a must for festivals and gatherings. The lion dance is a symbol of good luck and good intentions of the people to get rid of disasters and seek good fortune.In May 2006, the Chinese lion dance was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council.
The lion dance has a long history, and the existing lion dances are divided into two categories: cultural lion and martial lion. The martial lion has more difficult acrobatic performances, and the lion is vigorous and fierce, looking at the tiger; the cultural lion is naive and cute, with a lovely form, and mainly performs the lion's life and attitude; according to the different materials and methods of lion modeling, there are many different types of lion dances around the world, and they are very colorful.
The lion dance is usually played by two people, the former holding the lion head props on his head with both hands, playing the lion's head, and the latter leaning over, holding the former's waist with both hands, wearing lion skin decorated with linen, cloth and other materials, playing the lion's body. Two people combined into one large lion, called "Large lion”. There is also a person wearing a lion mask, wearing a fake lion skin, playing a small lion, called "Small lion". In front of the lion, there is a lion, holding a colorful embroidered ball that can be turned to tease, and the dance ball movements include rolling the ball, turning the ball, throwing the ball, shaking the ball and dozens of other kinds, and the lion then makes various dance movements. In some places, the lion dancer wears a big-headed mask and plays a big-headed monk, holding a big fan or even a big knife instead of a ball.
Schools of Lion Dance :With the continuous development of the lion dance movement, the art of lion dance has also been perfected, but because of the different customs in the north and south, the dance method is not the same, so the north and south has formed two major schools, namely the southern school and the northern school, also known as the southern lion and the northern lion. The northern lion's movements are light, mainly jumping and tumbling, with small gongs, drums,and cymbals, etc., mainly in the Central Plains and North China, with representative lions from Hebei, Anhui and Hunan. The southern lion, on the other hand, is a big and powerful lion with big gongs, drums, cymbals, etc. The drum music is majestic and inspiring, and is mainly popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia.

The Origin of Lions

Regarding the origin of the lion, scholars of all generations have concluded that the lion in the early Middle Kingdom came from the West. There is a large number of documents for evidence, including Jin Guopu’s "Mu Tianzi".It said: " The lion is also called mythical creature , produced by the Western region." The scholar Li Shizhen wrote in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": " The lion is out of the Western countries" From the research records of experts and scholars of the past generations, it is clear that China did not produce lions, scholars of the past generations After the study of the literature, It is thought that the lion was introduced from the West as a tribute in the Han Dynasty. Before the Han Dynasty, people do not know what it looks like. According to historical records, the lion was considered useless when it first entered the Middle Kingdom, and was not accepted because of its fierce appearance and habits. During the long history, due to various reasons, especially religious influence, people gradually accepted the lion and made it a mythical beast, together with the legendary dragon, phoenix, and qilin, known as the four spiritual beasts.The lion is known as the king of beasts, but China is generally not affected by lions, so the people have a sense of affinity to the lion, regard it as a symbol of power and good luck, and hope to use the lion's powerful image to drive away evil spirits.

The Origin and Legend of Lion Dance

Regarding the origin of lion dance in ancient China, ancient literature and analysis by scholars over the ages show that the origin of lion dance in China is also recognized from the Han Dynasty, but the exact date cannot be determined. Through research and historical analysis, the following statements are more plausible.
The first theory: Chinese lion dance originated from the Han Dynasty, and the lion was imported from foreign countries only after Zhang Sai's mission to the West during the reign of Emperor Wu. Whenever the Western ambassadors visited, he set up songs and dances to cheer, so those dancers put on masks dressed as birds and animals, but the Western ambassadors found that these birds and animals only lacked of lions, after asking, we knew that at that time China had not yet lions. Later.Later the western envoys sent a pair of lions to China, and the lion trainers performed lion training. This lion training performance may be the predecessor of the Chinese lion dance.

The second theory: the lion dance originated in the Three Kingdoms period and was popular in the North and South Dynasties. Meng Kang, a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, wrote in The Elephant Man : If today's play is like shrimp, the lion is also. The Northern Wei Yang From it we can know, the lion not only protects the law to ward off evil, and can guide the way for the Buddha. If we look at the form, this lion guiding its front, very similar to the current lion guide, already slightly with the form of dance.

The third theory: According to the earliest historical records, the account of the real "lion dance" should be The Book of Ning - Zong Yi Zhuan. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the 22nd year of Emperor Wujia's reign (445 A.D.), when the Nanning Army occupied Linyi, and Yi asked to be the leader. The soldiers were unable to resist, saying, "I have heard that the lion is a powerful lion, so I made its shape and fought against the elephant, and the elephant just ran in fear and were scattered. After that, the lion dance was performed in the military and slowly spread to the people, becoming the origin of the lion dance, but at that time it was not called the lion dance but the "Taiping music".According to records, the Taiping music and the modern lion dance are very similar.
There are also various stories and legends about the lion dance in ancient China.
One of the legends is that the "New Year" beast eats green. According to the legend, in ancient times, plague often occurred in China, so countless people died, but fortunately, every time the plague occurred, a divine beast appeared, and the plague disappeared as soon as it appeared. Since this beast "Nian" is so helpful to people, people use bamboo scales and colored cloths to tie into the "Nian" beast during the farming season, and dance in front of each house with majestic drums and music, in order to suppress evil spirits and seek good luck. Because the "New Year" beast likes to eat vegetables, so every family places a plate of vegetables in front of the door for the "New Year" beast to eat. As time goes by, people find that the shape of the "New Year" is very much like a lion. So they called this kind of thing as the lion, and the vegetables were called "Caiqing".

The Value and Functions of Lion Dance

First, it connects with emotions. While it is a sport, its more obvious attribute is that it belongs to the category of folklore. The cultural accumulation of each nation is often expressed in folklore activities, and healthy folklore activities not only express the soul of the nation, but also convey the message code of mutual feeling and knowledge between the brothers of the nation. In the case of "lion dance", a folklore activity loaded with the accumulation of feelings of the children of Yanhuang, wherever there is a Chinese settlement, there is a lion dance and a lion dance culture. The lion dance for good luck is often the best way for Chinese people who are wandering around the world to share happiness and feelings.

Second, it can strengthen the body. The actual operation of lion dance requires good coordination among all the components, and it is a kind of project that combines multiple factors such as music and lion dance. Because of this integration, the lion dance has a strong ornamental and artistic value, which can fully meet people's entertainment and aesthetic needs. At the same time, for the performers, lion dance is a sport that strengthens the body and cultivates the emotions.

Third, it has educational significance. The lion dance is a traditional culture in China, and it is the inheritance of the culture to carry forward the lion dance. We can understand the history and culture of the region through lion dance.

Fourth, it has the commercial function. The performance nature of lion dance brings a lot of commercial benefits. In addition, the lion dance brings about the development of tourism and other related industries. In the author's opinion, the commercial function of lion dance is not only this, as the development of cultural industry is gaining momentum today, lion dance with deep cultural heritage will face better development opportunities.

Fifth, it enriches the spirit of the nation. The spirit of mutual cooperation and solidarity. The participation of dragon dance is very common, and the professional requirements are not very high. It shows a kind of momentum and team spirit, with a few people or even hundreds of people, dancing up and down, surging and inspiring. This requires more than one person to complete the whole set of interlacing, running and jumping, tumbling and other movements, mutual cooperation is particularly important, must maximize the team effect; inherit the spirit of tradition and innovation, although the dragon and lion dance has a long history, but also not unchanging, positive, innovative features nurtured in different ways of performance, reflecting the spirit of never-ending innovation

Historical Stages of the Development of Traditional Lion Dance
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the traditional lion dance developed to a deeper level
The skills of the Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties formed different performance styles and program focuses in the North and South due to geographical barriers and different environments. In the south, the Han regime inherited the 'orthodoxy', and the ideology of Confucianism was changed to Zhuanglao, and the social habits tended to be weak. Therefore, although the Southern Dynasty had the majestic 'White Tiger ' and other programs from the Northern Dynasty, its mainstream was slender and soft.The traditional lion dance began to be performed on the same stage with ceremonial music(the beginning of music) in the Sui Dynasty, and after the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, its artistic image became richer and had a strong folk base, and the court performance became more mature. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the nine music parts of Sui Dynasty were adjusted and increased into "ten music parts". One of the most famous "five lions", also known as "Taiping music".Performers danced and sang "Taiping music", taking the meaning of world peace and good fortune, which was basically the same as the symbolic meaning of today's lion dance. During the Song and Yuan dynasties - a turning point in the development of traditional lion dance technology, the performance form, performance team and program creation of lion dance in the Song dynasty underwent more profound changes. Techniques began to be divided into sections, prompting peer artists to gather for social fires; social fires further united the team and promoted the development of skills, as well as the formation of various genres, creating conditions for the prosperity of the folk lion dance movement. In Yuan Dynasty, "lion dance" also had innovation,.For instance,"high Cui lion dance" in the Yuan Dynasty first seen in the records. Although the Qing Dynasty Palace also had lion dance performances, generally speaking, the scale was not large. Southern and northern lion performances in the Qing Dynasty formed different images and different techniques of performance style. In the north, there were "Large lion" and "Small lion", whose images and performances resembled real lions, while the lion dance in the south had integrated dance, acrobatics and martial arts into one, which was quite new compared to the traditional lion dance methods.

The Development of Modern Lion Dance

(A) Before the liberation of the competition between the lion teams in the festive activities of the nature of the competition
In the 1920s and 1930s, the lion dance was generally preceded by the Shaolin and the Five tiger stick , followed by the lion , the vine , the rice-gale , the shuttlecock , and the kong Schools, which started from their respective villages and rushed to the temple. Along the way, whenever they encountered the roadside tea huts or tea points, they should get off the performance. To the temple they worshiped after the incense and performed martial arts. Then they returned along the way, if on the way the temple fair and several villages a few teams met together, this performance was often with the nature of the competition '; in some places gradually formed a regular tournament .In modern times during the festival have a relatively fixed lion team to perform and the lion team also competed and cut martial arts, with the nature of the competition. The lion dance has taken the form of a competitive lion dance.

(B) Lion dance became a traditional national sport
On February 28, 1934, the first Folk Games of Henan Province, there were more than 20 folk martial arts associations such as dry boat, dragon lantern, lion and kite flying to perform and compete. In 1978, the lion dance was invited as a special performance at the First Folk Games, and it became an official event at the Fourth Agricultural Games. Now there are different events such as National Lion Dance Championship and various kinds of North-South Lion King Competition, National Dragon and Lion Invitation Tournament and Elite Tournament every year, and it has become an official competition item in the National Agricultural Games, National Urban Games and the Third National Sports Congress.

(C) Lion dance shine on the acrobatic stage
In 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai personally watched the acrobatic performances of six large troupes in Beijing, including China, Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi'an and Warriors, and affirmed the skills of the "lion dance", which were partly choreographed according to the laws of acrobatics.They have been organized to visit Asian, African, American and European countries and become the first team of people's diplomacy. The lion dance skills have developed rapidly on the acrobatic stage, and a series of new and difficult skills have been developed on the basis of inherited traditions. The high skills of acrobatic lion dance have a great influence on the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance, and the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance have absorbed the performance style and props of acrobatic lion dance, enriched their own performance forms, and continuously improved the level of traditional lion dance and competitive lion dance.

Lion Dance Culture Development Problem
As it is not easy to cultivate talents to inherit the lion dance culture, and the props used to make the lion dance are expensive, the traditional lion dance culture is also facing the crisis of no one inheriting it. As a representative of the excellent traditional culture, how to survive and develop the lion dance culture in the intersection of modern technology and traditional culture is an important issue that contemporary lion dancers have to think about.

Measures for Solving the Problem
(A) Strengthen corooperation with colleges and universities to carry out lion dance classes
Youth is the future and hope of the country.Vigorously developing traditional culture education for youth, and incorporating lion dance culture into students' curriculum can not only enrich campus culture, but also greatly improve the popularity of lion dance culture and enhance youth's cultural identity and national pride. Students are the successors of the communist cause, the main body of education, and the main body of cultural inheritance and dissemination. Relying on school education to develop lion dance culture, more people can understand and inherit lion dance culture. The rejuvenation of traditional culture and its development on the basis of popularization are the needs of lion dance culture inheritance and the wishes of lion dance lovers.

(B) Promote the culture and spirit of lion dance through the Internet and mass media
In order to make the lion dance culture develop better, we make use of the development of the whole media to promote the beautiful connotation of the lion dance culture through the Internet and make use of the mass media to vigorously publicize it, so that more people really like the lion dance culture and really enter the lion dance culture; we rely on the Internet to strengthen the cultural exchange among the lion dance enthusiasts all over the country, so as to promote the spread and inheritance of the lion dance culture; we rely on the whole media to carry out the lion dance culture competition, formulate scientific competition rules and generous rewards to arouse people's enthusiasm for participation, so that more people can participate in the promotion of the lion dance culture and promote the spread of the lion dance culture.

(C) Accelerate the innovation to push the development of lion dance culture
The premise of traditional culture innovation is to first understand its cultural value, grasp the comprehensive traditional cultural content, and then promote the corresponding lion dance culture, so that the folk lion dance is known to more people, even to learn the skills, so that the lion dance is well inherited. In the traditional lion dance culture promotion at the same time, the lion dance team should also be committed to in-depth study of the lion dance culture with the times to drive the value of the economy to achieve the culture to give rise to the economy and the economy in turn to support the culture of mutual assistance and harmony. In such a way wa can break the situation that traditional culture has no successor due to the narrow market prospect, and provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional culture. With the rapid development of the times and the improvement of people's living standards, some connotations of traditional culture are no longer applicable to modern life, so it is necessary to accelerate the promotion of cultural innovation, promote the innovation of lion dance culture, and constantly innovate the form of lion dance culture development and inheritance, so as to attract more people to understand lion dance culture and inherit it.

(D) Cultivate lion dance culture talents,and pay attention to integration of local culture
To actively carry out lion dance culture promotion activities, select talents from young people who are interested in lion dance culture, make them receive professional training in lion dance culture, develop their interest into a profession, make them become the inheritors of lion dance culture, and promote the inheritance of lion dance culture. In the local lion dance culture, we dig deep into the local culture and explore the cultural heritage, so that the lion dance culture can be well inherited and developed, integrating the traditional lion dance into the local cultural connotation and giving it new vitality. In addition to the local culture, there is also a folk lion dance culture with local characteristics, establishing unique cultural programs, spreading unique cultural values, so that the traditional lion dance culture continues to be inherited.

(E) Define the cultural positioning, actively implement the "going out" strategy, and promote the lion dance culture to the world
The government should formulate relevant policies to support, position lion dance culture well, and support key projects to promote the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, so that more people can understand lion dance culture and participate in the inheritance of lion dance culture, thus enhancing the social status and influence of lion dance culture. While promoting the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, we should not only spread and develop the inheritance at home, but also actively promote the strategy of "going out" to promote Chinese traditional culture to the world, so that people around the world can understand lion dance culture, learn lion dance culture, inherit and spread lion dance culture, so that lion dance culture can be developed around the world and spread the beautiful connotation of China's excellent traditional culture. The beautiful connotation of excellent traditional culture.

Terms:

Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》
the four spiritual beasts 四大灵兽
national intangible cultural heritage 国家级非物质文化遗产
the State Council 国务院
gongs, drums,and cymbals 大锣、大鼓、大钹
Zhang Sai's mission to the West 张赛出使西域
The Elephant Man 《象人》
Caiqing 采青
orthodoxy 正统
High Cui lion dance 高毳舞狮
Acrobatic Stage 杂技舞台
National Agricultural Games 全国农运会
National Urban Games 全国城运会
The Third National Sports Congress. 第三届全国体育大会

References:

中国最独特的舞狮文化 The Most Unique Lion Dance Culture in China 宴姝下一代2019,(04),7
舞狮运动的起源与发展研究[J] The Origin and Development of lion Dance 郭绿杨.当代体育科技 . 2017 (22)
论舞龙舞狮运动塑造学生民族精神的功能[J]. Arguments on the function of dragon and Lion Dance to Shape students' national spirit曹虎愚.成功(教育) . 2012(11)
我国舞狮运动与文化的价值底蕴分析[J]. Analysis on the value of Lion dance and culture in China管罗红.企业家天地(理论版) . 2011(01)
新时代下传统舞狮的传承发展与问题[J]. Inheritance, development and problems of traditional lion Dance in the new era 杨晓坤,代继盟,林宵,于娇.中国民族博览 . 2019(06)

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

'''Development history of mobile games'''

'''The birth of mobile games'''
In 1997, Gluttonous Snake, preinstalled in Nokia 6110, officially started the history of mobile games. Long ago, Nokia was the dominant player in the mobile phone market. The physical keyboard and screen each occupied half of the mobile phone space. So at that time, mobile games did not get rid of the shackles of physical keyboard, such as early games: Gluttonous Snake(贪吃蛇), Pushing Boxes(推箱子), and Tetris（俄罗斯方块）.

'''Pre Android'''
After the release of Android phones, with the characteristics of the touch screen, games that need touch control, such as Fruit Ninja, became popular. There were many classic games in this period, including Plants vs. Zombies（植物大战僵尸）, Angry Birds（愤怒的小鸟）, Temple Escape（神庙逃亡）, Subway Parkour （地铁跑酷）and other classic games .At the same time, Minecraft （我的世界）was released on iphone, but due to the high price of iphone, its popularity is far less than Android games.

'''Pre Tencent period'''
In 2013, two Tencent games: Tiantian Cool Running（天天酷跑） and rhythm master（节奏大师） became popular, quickly surpassing Plants vs. Zombies and angry birds, and firmly ranked first in China's mobile games. At the same time, other Tencent games also took the opportunity to hype up and attract players. For a time, no game company could compete with Tencent.

'''Scuffle period'''
2011 was the year when smart phone games began to engage in scuffle. Mobile phone stand-alone games developed rapidly. Many players should have experienced Asphalt 5. At that time, the giants of mobile game manufacturers were definitely Gameloft. Modern war and Nova represented the peak of the picture quality of mobile games; In addition, "Assassin's Creed", "cell division 5", "ghost cry 4", "dead space" and other end games have also gradually landed on the mobile game platform; The online games of smart phones have also begun to test the market. A number of hardware manufacturers have begun to strengthen the graphics computing capacity of mobile phones, and the mobile game platform has officially taken shape.

'''Post Tencent period'''
By november2015, a game was born, breaking the balance in the mobile game industry. Its appearance has changed the pattern of the entire mobile game market. This game is "glory of the king"（王者荣耀）. This game dominates the mobile game rankings only two days after it was launched. Although it was attacked by CF of Netease(网易), it returned to the top in 16 years.
The success of this game also makes other companies start to think about how to make a high-quality mobile game. In 2018, a year of full bloom, various mobile games have sprung up, such as Onmyoji（阴阳师） of Netease，PUBG Mobile（刺激战场） of Tencent，Genshin（原神） impact of MiHoYo etc.. Both the picture quality and the game experience have made a qualitative leap.

'''Development status and trend of mobile games'''

With the rapid development of mobile games in China, the market scale has expanded rapidly, and the capital heat is highly focused. It has quickly surpassed end games and page games and become a mainstream game type. From January to June 2021, the actual sales revenue of China's mobile game market was 114.772 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.65%.

In recent years, the proportion of revenue from PC games and web games has continued to decline. On the contrary, the revenue share of mobile game industry has increased rapidly, and the revenue scale is expected to further expand. From 2014 to 2020, the proportion of mobile games in the sales revenue of the game industry increased rapidly from 24% to 75.2%, and the proportion reached 76.3% in the first half of 2021.

In the ranking of monthly active number of mobile game apps in September 2021, the monthly active number of glory of the king is far ahead, reaching 149million, followed by Game for peace（和平精英） and Fun Fest（开心消消乐）.

With the continuous improvement of the ecological environment of China's game industry, the continuous upgrading of the game industry chain, and the development of 5g, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data and other forward-looking technologies, a number of innovative cultural products and businesses have been created, including cloud games, e-sports, game live broadcasting, etc., which put forward higher development requirements for enterprises in the game industry.

'''Social impact of Chinese mobile games'''

1. The development of mobile games has created a large number of related industries and provided more employment opportunities for people.
2. Mobile games provide people with opportunities to have a pleasant mood, social communication and exercise their intelligence.
3. The development of mobile games has put forward higher requirements for mobile phone manufacturing and software engineering, which is conducive to promoting the development of domestic science and technology.
4. The external communication of Chinese mobile games is conducive to vigorously carrying forward Chinese culture and enhancing China's international influence.
5. The development of mobile games makes many people indulge in it, which is easy to waste money and time, and damage their eyesight.
6. The development of the game industry can, to a certain extent, alleviate the pressure of the epidemic on the economy. During the epidemic period, the game industry, which is not affected by the epidemic, will continue to maintain game production and development, which will also have a positive impact on the future economic recovery.

'''Reference：'''
[1] Development history of mobile games in China, published by China Science Daily on August 22, 2014
[2] Current situation of mobile game industry in 2021, published on Huajing information network on March 2, 2022 10:4
[3] Development history of mobile games in China (by 2021) in Bilibili.

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==
Clothing: Vintage Clothing

Introduction

Generally speaking, Vintage Clothing refers to garments produced between 1940 and 1980, which bear most typical characteristics of a particular period, such as the leggy pants worn by Audrey Hepburn in the 1950s, the plant pattern printed shirt designed by Emilio Pucci in the 1960s, and the suit skirt throughout all that era. These classic Vintage pieces are no longer mass-produced, and their unique fabrics, process details, tailoring and even usage, serve as the epitome of a particular era. And since the Vintage culture originated in Britain and Japan, many Vintage lovers have a special preference for Vintage markets or “Deadstock” in Europe, America and Japan. (Mr.Fashion Esquire: Observation| How far Vintage is from mainstream to popular)

Development

From the initial popularity to an overall prosperity, the development of Vintage Clothing can be roughly divided into three stages:
The first stage is between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. During that time, Europe was in full depression after the “World War II”, young people with nihilistic spirit were eager to break through the shackles of tradition and pronounce their own individuality. However, with the rapid rise of post-war industrialization, items in clothes were all homogenized and had no style at all. Because of this, they began to look for innovative dressing styles from garments produced before their age. Thus, Vintage dressing style began to take shape.
The second stage is born in the 1960s, when the popularity of hippies drove young people to look for weird foreign clothes in the second-hand market. At this time, Oriental films and kung fu movies were popular in Hollywood, and the bathrobes and jewelry with Oriental elements in movies were gradually imitated by western fashion lovers.
The third stage is the post-1980s, when Vintage Clothing is also referred to as Retro Clothing. Compared with normal garments sold in shopping mall, Vintage not only has a refined sense of age, but its style and craftsmanship are more in line with modern Clothing concepts. Even in today's fashion field, Vintage Clothing also occupies a place. (Mr.Fashion Esquire: Observation| How far Vintage is from mainstream to popular)
Reasons for the prevalence of Vintage Clothing
One reason boosts the popularity of Vintage Clothing is its major selling points, the “orphan” character. This factor is in line with the current trend of young people pursuing personalization, satisfied with the psychology of seeking differences and is favored by consumers. Also, this current fashion trend is in response to the phrase “fashion is a reincarnation”, which is an eternal truth. (Interface News: How long can the Vintage wind, which has quietly risen in Haikou, last)
Another reason is that the Vintage concept increases the publicity of environmental protection. Clothing is an aspect of daily life with a very high frequency of usage. According to the United Nations forecast, in 2030, the global population is expected to reach 8.5 billion, when clothing consumption will increase sharply from 62 million tons to 102 million tons. When more and more people realize the environmental pressure caused by their clothing, they will try to make a change. (Talks from Dr. Leng Yun, University of Hong Kong)

Vintage Clothing in China

In recent years, with contemporary Chinese youth looking for a “self” attitude in fashion, Vintage Clothing has gradually opened up the market in China. In economically developed cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, Vintage Clothing is leading a “new” fashion trend.

1.1major consumers

“Research Report on the Development of China's Second-hand Luxury Goods Market 2020” unveils that in 2019, more than 50% of the second-hand luxury goods consumers were under the age of 30. Also, according to the shopkeeper of發夢士多 (a Vintage shop located in Changsha), most of her customers are college students and high school students, who hope to express their personality and self through clothing and objects with unique marks of ancient times. The traces of the era of “ancient culture” just meet the individual aesthetic needs of niche groups, with their pursuit of “rebellion”and “difference”.

1.2 concerns

The gradual popularity of Vintage is a good thing, and there remains opportunities for a large-scale Vintage market in the future. However, there are still many problems plaguing Vintage at present. One major concern is a very realistic problem in front of some Vintage merchants: “If the business of Vintage stores loses their style, there will be no business. But if they keep their style, their business will not be popular or spread large-scale.” Besides, Though Vintage lovers always claim to pursue uniqueness, the fact is that most consumers only follow the trend blindly, which is a waist of Vintage culture.
Also, compared with foreign countries, the history of domestic Vintage market is relatively short, and due to the lack of social and cultural background, many consumers are not familiar with the concept of “Vintage”. In the imperfect market, whether the goods can be well preserved is a big challenge, and the domestic identification of Vintage clothes also lacks a set of corresponding standards, with there being a flood of fake goods in the market. (Interface News: How long can the Vintage wind, which has quietly risen in Haikou, last)
Beyond these, the current Vintage market is not standardized enough. It can’t be denied that there are unscrupulous merchants who have no real understanding about what “Vintage clothing” is casually refurbish and sell indiscriminate garbage clothes under the name of Vintage, tarnishing the entire industry. Thus scary stories about Vintage clothes scatteraround, such as Vintage clothes are clothes worn by dead people, second-hand clothes will bring bad luck, and people who wear Vintage will be haunted.

1.3 new development

Although the new industry is in the stage of “savage growth”, efforts made by Vintage fashion lovers for the development of Vintage fashion market can not be underestimated. At present, many cities in China have opened Vintage stores, mainly distributed in first-tier cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, Xiamen and other places.
Besides, compared with Japan, in addition to e-commerce platforms, China's Vintage clothing trading has established unique selling channels based on social platforms such as Wechat. Most commonly, the owner of a Vintage shop will not only sell Vintage clothes but also some handmade jewelry, such as glue earrings and beaded bags. Thus the store will not only open for Vintage customers, but for anyone who happen to find it, allowing more profits earned and the business maintained.
With more and more people popularizing Vintage culture, more and more Vintage shops with unique styles are emerging. In general, the market is getting better.

Terms and Expressions

Vintage Clothing 古着服饰

leggy pants紧身裤

suit skirt 套装裙

Deadstock 旧货仓库

Questions

1.What is Vintage Clothing？

2.How many stages can the development of Vintage Clothing be divided into?

3.Who are major consumers of Vintage clothes?

4.What are the scary stories about Vintage clothes?

5.Do you think Vintage Clothing has a bright future? Why?

References

Mr.Fashion Esquire: Observation| How far Vintage is from mainstream to popular

Interface News: How long can the Vintage wind, which has quietly risen in Haikou, last

Research Report on the Development of China's Second-hand Luxury Goods Market 2020

Talks from Dr. Leng Yun, University of Hong Kong

Interview with the shopkeeper of發夢士多

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs:Faggotry Culture in China:taking Da Sima(金轮) as an example==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

There are abundant flower resources in China. Early in ancient times, Chinese people noted the diversified value of flowers, and utilized flowers in various ways. Flowers could be used as ingredients for cuisine, herbal medicine, and decorative items. Moreover, the image of flowers always appeared in poems, proses and articles, highly praised by Chinese literary people for their beauty, fragrance as well as spirits. Throughout history, flowers are of both pragmatic and spiritual significance in Chinese culture.

'''Ⅰ. The pragmatic value of flowers in Chinese culture'''

'''1.As ingredients in food'''

As an old Chinese saying goes, “Food is the first necessity of the people.” Chinese people have always been interested and innovative in making food and drinks. Flowers normally used for its aesthetic value entered the kitchens and became a special ingredient in food and drinks.
Flowers were widely used in making alcohol at first. In pre-Qin Dynsaty, people would drink home-made chrysanthemum wine on the Double Ninth Festival in commemoration of their deceased beloved ones. In addition, “nine” has the same Chinese pronunciation as the character meaning “longevity”, and drinking chrysanthemum wine was considered beneficial to health and conducive to longevity. So it was popularized then and is still practiced in some parts of China nowadays. It was not until Tang Dynasty that flowers became the indispensable ingredients in cooking. People would use them in making cakes, pastry and porridge, especially at special festivals. For example, on the Tomb Sweeping Day, people would make osmanthus fragrans porridge.

'''2.As accessories'''

In ancient times, seasonal flowers were often seen to blossom in one’s hair or brim, bearing a touch of spring color. This custom of putting flowers on the head is called Zan Hua（簪花）or wearing flowers. Different from the exclusive modern view of women wearing flowers, this practice was not restricted to sex, age, and classes back in ancient times. Men and women, the old and the young, the noble and the ordinary alike, wore flowers. On the Double Ninth Festival people wore cornel or chrysanthemum to ward off evil spirits and avoid disasters. Another example famous in history was the four grand chancellors wearing flowers. In Northern Song Dynasty, there was a type of peony in Yangzhou. It was known for its exceptional looks with large, scarlet petals clustering round the golden yellow central, whose colors resembled that of the robes of the court officials that were scarlet gowns with golden yellow belt. Therefore, this flower was called Golden Belt. One day, Han Qi, the then prefecture chief of Yangzhou, invited Wang Gui, Wang Anshi and Chen Shengzhi to attend the banquet in his house and enjoy the beautiful scenery of various flowers in his garden. There he spotted one peculiar Golden Belt peony with four flowers on a single stem. Han Qi plucked the flowers, put three on his guests’ heads and wore one himself. In the later several decades, the four were all promoted to grand chancellors.

'''Ⅱ. The spiritual value of flowers in Chinese culture'''

'''1.The Four Gentlemen or Four Noble Ones'''

In Chinese culture, the Four Gentlemen or Four Noble Ones is an umbrella term referring to four plants: the plum blossom, the orchid, the bamboo and the chrysanthemum. They bloom in different seasons, thus representing each season (the plum blossom for winter, the orchid for spring, the bamboo for summer, and the chrysanthemum for autumn). These plants’ natural features have something in common with human personalities, which just indicates the literati's understanding of the alternation of time and the meaning of life. Gradually, the four plants become the most common theme in poetry, prose, painting, calligraphy and other art forms, carrying special symbolic meanings for uprightness, purity, integrity and modesty in human virtues.

Plum blossom always flowers in a world of ice and snow. Preceding green leaves, the plum flowers bloom when all the other flowers yield to the biting cold weather. The literary people love its spirits of bravery, righteousness and faithfulness, and utilize this imagery in writing. There is one household couplet: Honing makes a mighty sword, and cold makes fragrant plum blossoms.（宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来）
The orchid normally grow in unfrequented areas such as deep valleys or forests and crevices in rocks which are often unnoticed. But the small, delicate flowers still never stop giving out pleasant smell, just like gentlemen who never forsake the virtues.
The bamboo features ethereal, graceful leaves and hollow, upright stems. Its elegance without and its strength within accord with the qualities of gentlemen. Bamboo, together with plem blossom and pine is also known as the “Three Friends in Winter.” Here is a well-known poem written by Zheng Xie, a famous painter and scholar in the Qing Dynasty, and translated by Xu Yuanchong, a notable translator.

竹石
清·郑燮
咬定青山不放松，立根原在破岩中。
千磨万击还坚劲，任尔东西南北风。

BAMBOO IN THE ROCK
Translated by Xu Yuanchong
Upright stands the bamboo amid green mountains steep:
Its toothlike root in broken rock is planted deep.
It’s strong and firm through struck and beaten without rest,
Careless of the wind from north or south, east or west.

The chrysanthemum blooms in frost in autumn when other flowers wither. It has the spirits to endure loneliness and enjoy solitude as a hermit. It is the most beloved flower of Tao Yuanming, the creator of pastoral poetry in the Jin Dynasty. He wrote a lot of poems about it, among which the most popular sentence is “While picking asters’ neath the Eastern fence, my gaze upon the Southern mountains rest.”

'''2.Vanilla beauty'''

Qu Yuan (Ch’u Yuan 屈原), a minister of the Chu Kingdom, was exiled by the King of Chu. “Sorrow at Departure”, his signature poem of 373 lines, describes his journey of exile, passing through woods and forests and encountering deities. He wrote about eighteen plants in this poem (there are over 40 plants in his other poems such as “Nine Songs”): vanilla, clover, thyme, bluegrass, angelica, capers, cinnamon, magnolia, chrysanthemum, hibiscus, gladiolus, and wisteria that the goddesses wore around their heads. Sometimes he put the fragrant herbs on himself, a way of claiming purity against the corruption in the royal court.

I put on mint leaves as my shirt,
lotus flowers my skirt.
Nobody ever knows me—
my true interior nobility.
—from “Sorrow at Departure”

From this time on, fragrant herbs and beauty have become symbols of virtues and moralities, which are glued together as one compound word ‘Vanilla-beauty’ (vanilla representing all fragrant herbs and flowers). Vanilla-beauty poetry has since become a tradition in Chinese, its scope expanded over the two thousand years. This image for beauty has continued to the modern time.
【Vanilla beauty and the immortal Phoenix: exploring the poetry of Chu in China - Poetry International】
[https://www.poetryinternational.com/en/poets-poems/article/104-28919_Vanilla-beauty-and-the-immortal-Phoenix-exploring-the-poetry-of-Chu-in-China]

'''Ⅲ. Different views of flowers in Chinese and Western culture'''

The Chinese traditional philosophy upholds the unity of heaven and man, emphasizing the ties between nature and man are not to be severed. In literature, personal feelings are always integrated with the description of objects. Therefore, they are personified, and endowed with the emotion of the viewers. A common example is a sentence from Du Fu’s “Spring View”-- “Grieved over the years, flowers are moved to tears; Seeing us apart, birds cry with broken heart（感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心。）.” From the poet’s perspective, even the flowers and birds were dispirited by the turmoil of the times and sorrow of departure.

Different from Chinese thinking, Westerns tend to deem nature as objects of cognition, as an unknown field to explore and discover, or entertainment. In stead of uniting heaven and man, it is to distinguish mankind from heaven. In William Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, the host of golden daffodils the poet ran into in the forests gave him ecstasy, splashing the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion.

“A poet could not but be gay；
In such a jocund company;
I gazed—and gazed—but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude,
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.”

Qian Mu, one of the greatest historians and philosophers of 20th-century China, once commented, “The Western culture is mainly about objects, which can be described as scientific culture, whilst the Chinese culture is mainly about people and spirits, which can be called art culture.” But despite all the differences, with the increasingly frequent exchanges between different cultures, there are certain type of flowers with universal symbolic meanings, such as roses for love, olives for peace.

'''Terms and Expressions'''

cornel 茱萸
grand chancellor(zaixiang, tsai-hsiang), also translated as counselor-in-chief, imperial chancelor or prime minister 宰相
the four grand chancellors wearing flowers 四相簪花
Golden Belt 金缠腰/金带围
Han Qi 韩琦
Wang Gui 王珪
Wang Anshi 王安石
Chen Shengzhi 陈升之
the Four Gentlemen or Four Noble Ones 花中四君子
Three Friends in Winter 岁寒三友
Zheng Xie 郑燮
Xu Yuanchong 许渊冲
Qu Yuan (Ch’u Yuan) 屈原
“Sorrow at Departure” 《离骚》
“Nine Songs” 《九歌》
the unity of heaven and man 天人合一
“Spring View” 《春望》
distinguish mankind from heaven 天人相分
Qian Mu (Ch'ien Mu) 钱穆

'''References'''

·Guo Youwei 郭幼为. (2020.12.07) 《古今农业》一花一世界：日常生活视域下宋朝“花生活”

·沈括《梦溪笔谈·补笔谈》

·钱穆《现代中国学术论衡》

'''Questions'''

1.What were flowers first made as an ingredient in food and drinks?

2.Why would people drink chrysanthemum wine on the Double Ninth Festival?

3.Were only women allowed to wear flowers in ancient times?

4.What are the symbolic meanings of the Four Gentlemen?

5.What did vanilla beauty stand for?

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinese Dream==
What is the Chinese Dream?

In November of 2012, soon after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President Xi Jinping put forward, for the first time, the idea of the Chinese Dream on a visit to “The Road towards National Rejuvenation” exhibition at the National Museum of China. The Chinese dream meant for him the “great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation “is a dream of the whole nation, as well as of every individual”, he said. Since then, use of the phrase has become widespread in official announcements and as the embodiment of the leadership's political ideology under Xi Jinping.

General Secretary Xi Jinping defined the “Chinese Dream” as “realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation in modern times,” and said that this dream “will definitely be realized.” The core goals of the Chinese Dream can also be summarized as the “two centenary goals”, that is, by the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China in 2021 and the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 2049, gradually and finally successfully realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which is embodied in the prosperity of the country, the rejuvenation of the nation, and the happiness of the people. The way to achieve it is to take the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, carry forward the national spirit, and gather Chinese strength. The means of implementation are political, economic, The five-in-one construction of culture, society and ecological civilization.

What does “dream” mean in ancient China?

Dream is the subjective experience, which is the image, sound, thinking or feeling produced by people during sleep, usually involuntarily; at the same time, dream is also an image language.

The interpretation of dreams differs in English and Chinese. From the interpretation of “梦” and “dream” in Chinese and English dictionary, it can be seen that Chinese and Western countries have different views on the cultural connotation of dreams. In the ancient Chinese dictionary, a dream refers to an illusion in sleep. The interpretation of dreams in Origin of Chinese Characters is “unknown. The original meaning of dreams is unknown". Xinhua dictionary explained “‘梦’ is an associative compound character. The lesser seal character shape of which is composed of the three characters ‘宀’ (house), ‘爿’ (bed), and ‘梦’ (unknown).” It means sleeping in bed at night and seeing blurry vision, that is, dreaming. The metaphor of a dream means a fantasy, such as: dreamland, dream shadow and dream. Take Cao Xueqin’s A Dream in Red Mansions as an example. There were 32 dream images in the whole book which made it a classic full of metaphors. It used dreams as a narrative thread of the whole story and made meticulous description of the dreamland. The story ended up with tragedy, which corresponded with dream’s characteristic of “disillusionment and awakening.”
Definition of “dream” in the English Oxford Dictionary is “A series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep,” “A cherished aspiration, ambition, or ideal,” and “Joy，pleasure, gladness, mirth, rejoicing，jubilation; an instance of this” From this we can see that the elaboration of dreams in Chinese emphasizes their illusoriness and unreality, while the elaboration of dreams in English emphasizes their own beauty.
The proposal of “Chinese Dream” broke the false and desolate image of “dream” in traditional Chinese culture, and expounding “dream” as “beautiful things that need to be actively strived for,” adding a vivid and lively stroke to Chinese dream culture.

The lesser seal character shape of “梦”

What are the differences between the Chinese Dream and the American Dream?
The American Dream, in a broad sense, refers to equality, freedom, and democracy in the United States. Narrowly, it refers to an ideal that believes that a better life can be achieved through hard work in the United States, that people must prosper through their own hard work, courage, creativity, and determination, rather than depending on a particular social class and aid from others, often representing people's economic success or entrepreneurial spirit. The American Dream is the crystallization of all things in American history, and has a unique symbolic and representative meaning. Therefore, the American

Dream can also be seen as synonymous with American mythology.

The Chinese Dream was defined by Xi Jinping as “realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation in modern times.” The word “rejuvenation” has a special meaning especially for China. It was nurtured in the history of the suffering of the Chinese nation in modern times, and came into being with the shattering of the dream of the Celestial Empire. Before modern times, Chinese civilization was in the forefront of the development of world civilization and made contributions to the development and progress of world civilization. However, with the rise of the capitalist mode of production and the acceleration of the modern industrial revolution, the feudal and autocratic China was soon ruthlessly abandoned by the wheel of history. When the Opium War broke out in 1840, the Western powers represented by the United Kingdom not only opened the door of China by force, but also shattered the dream of the rulers who were intoxicated by it. Following the bloody war, a series of unequal treaties that humiliated the country were forced to sign, and China gradually fell into the abyss of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The journey of suffering has not only left a mark of humiliation on the minds of generations of Chinese people, but also inspired the national consciousness of the Chinese people who are united in their pursuit of survival. Since 1840, the Chinese nation has gone through 109 years in order to realize the Chinese Dream. The hundred years of humiliation has awakened the national consciousness and national spirit and lay the foundation of the “two centenary goals”. And the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation came into being.

The Chinese dream corresponds to the American dream, but it is clearly different from the American dream. The dream of a country and a nation are emphasized, and then the individual. In fact, this is a family-state relationship originating from agricultural civilization, and the value judgment is that “without a state, there is no family.” The proposal of the “Chinese Dream” goes against the traditional Chinese understanding of dreams and regards dreams as a kind of beautiful prayer and pursuit. This is different from the illusory dreams in most traditional literary works, and is a positive wish of the national rejuvenation.

Terms and Expressions
The Road towards National Rejuvenation “复兴之路”展览
the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 中华民族伟大复兴
the five-in-one construction 五位一体建设
Origin of Chinese Characters 《说文解字》
A Dream in Red Mansions 《红楼梦》
the Opium War 鸦片战争

Questions
1. What are the “two centenary goals?”
2. What is the special meaning of rejuvenation to China?
3. What does the word “dream” mean in ancient Chinese?

References
1.刘璐、路永令.中西方“梦”的文化内涵比较——以“美国梦”与“中国梦”为例[J].《名作欣赏》.2015年24期
2.欧阳秀敏. 窥探中国梦文化延续和发展的历史文化内涵——以宋词多“梦”为例[J]. 湖北第二师范学院学报 2009年06期. 3页 (第22-24页).
3.刘璐、刘宇红. “中国梦”的文化内涵研究[D]. 南京师范大学, 2016年.67页
4.臧峰宇. 中国梦的历史语境、文化内涵与哲学境界[J]. 中国井冈山干部学院学报 2013年05期
5.桁林. “中国梦”的文化内涵与精神价值[J]. 中共成都市委党校学报 2016年05期

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD)==

Buytogether(PDD), also called Pinduoduo in Chinese, is a mainstream e-commerce application of mobile Internet in China, and a third-party social e-commerce platform focusing on C2M(Customer-to-Manufacturer) group shopping. It was founded in September 2015. Users can buy goods at a lower price by buying them with their friends, families and neighbors together.

Buytogether aims to enable people to buy better goods at lower prices and gain more benefits and fun by gathering the strength of more people. Its idea in online shopping is unique in that it creates a brand new pattern of social e-commerce: Community E-Commerce.

'''A.The History of Development'''

After only three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018. In July 2020, Buytogether ranked the fourth in "The Hurun China’s Top 10 E-commerce 2020". By 2020, Buytogether 's annual active users reached nearly 800 million, and its operating revenue reached 59.492 billion yuan. Reviewing the developing course of Buytogether, we can mainly divide it into the following two stages :

1.Early Developing Period (2015-2018)

Aiming at the sinking market, Buytogether came into being. Although e-commerce has great market potential, the competition is also very fierce. After years of development, Taobao, JD and other well-known traditional e-commerce enterprises have occupied a huge market share for a long time. Although having a large market share, they are also bothered by various problems, such as product quality concerns, fake goods, deficient platform supervision and so on, which force them to proceed strategic improvement. For example, in 2015, Taobao cracked down on the fake goods appearing on the platform, hoping to enhance customers' confidence in it by improving the quality of products. But at the same time, the improvement of product quality has brought about the rising of product price, which makes Taobao break away from the highly price-sensitive consumers, who pay more attention to the price rather than the brand. Users in such a sinking market that was unoccupied have become targets of Buytogether.

In September 2015, Buytogether was officially launched. In February 2016, Buytogether 's monthly turnover exceeded 10 million, and its users exceeded 20 million. In July 2016, Buytogether had more than 100 million users and received a B round of $110 million financing. On October 10,2016, the single-day transaction volume of Buytogether 's anniversary celebration, a big shopping festival, exceeded 100 million yuan. In October 2017, Buytogether occupied the first place in the total number of iOS application downloads under the category of shopping for nearly one month. Buytogether is a dark horse in the early days, constantly showing its edge.

2.Growing Period (from 2018 to now)

After three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018, and has made remarkable achievements. According to CCTV, Buytogether had 385.5 million annual active users in 2018, surpassing JD, the second largest e-commerce platform with its 305.2 million users. In February 2019, Buytogether was included in the MSCI. In June 2019, the " Subsidy of Ten Billion Yuan " activity was launched, and Buytogether was selected as one of " The Forbes Most Innovative Enterprises in China 2019" in the same month. In December 2019, Buytogether launched the train ticket service on its App terminal. In 2019, Buytogether 's operating revenue was about 30.142 billion yuan, and the number of multiannual active users had reached 585.2 million by the end of 2019.According to the 2020 annual report released by Buytogether, it achieved operating revenue of about 59.492 billion yuan in 2020, with a growing rate of 97% compared with 2019. The achievements of Buytogether are amazing to all, creating a miracle among all the e-commerce platforms.

'''B.The Special Marketing Strategy'''

Buytogether's success is inseparable from its unique marketing strategy based on community .

Internet technology breaks the limitation of time and space; various social media provide interactive platforms, strengthening users’ connectivity. The essence of Buytogether's going viral is to take the social media as carriers to carry out e-commerce transactions, namely community e-commerce. Community e-commerce manages the users and potential users of the platform in a new way, paying more attention to providing users with more interactive communication and scenarios, so as to facilitate users to find groups where other people have similar interests and needs to their own and hence exchange shopping information and conduct group shopping at a much lower price. In Buytogether, users can get lower prices when they share the links of what they want to buy with their friends to form a group for shopping. The characteristics of Buytogether's community e-commerce are as follows:

1.Targeting customers in the sinking market.

The "internet traffic(data)-centered" competing mechanism of traditional e-commerce platforms represented by Taobao and JD makes the main market of online shopping be occupied by leading brands with abundant funds. In the early days of establishment, Buytogether effectively distinguished its main customers from those of traditional e-commerce platforms, and positioned the main customers in the sinking market to buffer competition in the industry. Buytogether supplies products at lower prices than other traditional e-commerce platforms by some strategies like “the more you buy, the lower prices are”, shopping in group and enabling users to bargain, thus attracting a large number of consumers in the sinking market and small cities.

The increase of the users attracts a larger number of sellers to flood into the platform in return. With its decentralized internet traffic(data) distribution and low-cost entry threshold, Buytogether has brought opportunities to start-ups and niche enterprises. Many little-known businesses including some self-employed ones have flooded into the platform as well. Both parties of a deal in the sinking market are attracted by Buytogether’s low prices and low costs. Consumers gain lower prices and suppliers acquire more customers; the trading system of Buytogether is gradually improved.

2.Popularizing based on users’ community.

Buytogether attracts more and more customers depending on social media and users’ social relations. Under the logic of community, the Internet economy is based on human.

Generally speaking, the formation of different groups is based on interests, kinship, etc. Through third-party social platforms such as WeChat and QQ, consumers establish and join groups where people have similar interests and needs to share and exchange information. In other words, users with similar interest or needs form a community. Buytogether manages these community members, analyzes the characteristics of different communities, captures their needs and interest points, so as to release marketing contents accurately and establish unlimited vertical market segments.

Also, consumers in the online communities will share their experience of using products with recommendation or criticism, which actually provides the stores and the platform itself with suggestions for improving, assistance in producing and innovative ideas. Consumers are not only loyal "buyers", but also enthusiastic "sharers" and innovative "producers".

3.Selling in the form of group.

Buytogether's "group enjoys discounts" selling strategy has attracted many consumers in pursuit of high cost performance. The "buying in group" model has grown full-bloom with the combined promotion of big data, the Internet and the community economy.

Group shopping brings more benefits to consumers. It is easy to arouse consumers’ desire to buy when their friends share the link of what they want to buy that they also need and has an affordable price. Then the virtuous cycle comes. In order to get lower price, it is inevitable to share the group link with friends. If this cycle continues, more and more people will download Buytogether and buy something. When consumers choose such a social platform where friends gather to share group shopping links, it is easier to form communities and develop the habit of sharing and shopping in group. Group shopping reflects the integration of network technology into real life, bringing mutual benefits and win-win results, which is also an upgrade of consumption form.

4.Reducing intermediary businesses.

Traditional e-commerce platforms have broadened online transaction channels, but have not effectively shortened the transaction process between suppliers and customers. Therefore, the profit space of suppliers and consumers has not been totally released.

By targeting the sinking market, Buytogether has attracted a large number of suppliers of different brands to the platform to talk with customers directly. Users can form groups and make orders on Buytogether according to their interests and needs. The platform will skip the procedure of channel distribution and feedback users’ needs to suppliers directly to shorten the decision-making time and reduce the inventory backlog.

The docking of transaction terminals reduces the profits middlemen can get, releasing the profit space for users and suppliers. Buytogether is committed to shortening the transaction process between users and suppliers, thus attracting more transaction terminals to enter the platform. So it becomes a main advantage of Buytogether that attracts stores and suppliers at lower operating costs.

'''C.The Advantages of Buytogether'''

1.Creating needs actively.

Under the model of traditional e-commerce, users mostly buy goods based on their own needs, which means the platform itself is not active enough in inspiring customers’ demands. But Buytogether attracts new consumers and promotes their demands actively through low prices, recommendation from friends, group shopping and many other ways.

Users in social media will browse the information of products when they receive links of group shopping from their friends. The products are usually affordable and practical that are necessities for consumers, so they are likely to buy the products as well. Therefore, depending on the relation network of community members, it is easy for Buytogether to dig out and inspire customers’ potential needs.

2.Connecting users in many ways.

User connection is a significant advantage of Buytogether. Under the mode of community e-commerce, the relationship between users and sellers or other users is much closer. What community members pursue is not only the material benefits brought by products themselves, but also the interactive communication and emotional connection with others. Therefore, they tend to have a high degree of involvement and loyalty to stores, and spontaneously participate in the activities that contribute to the prosperity of the whole community like collaborative production, reputation building and spreading, content producing and so on, forming a C2B model where users’ demands guide the production, so as to solve the problem of inventory redundancy and optimize trading processes. Under the guidance of opinion leaders, community members are more likely to develop a herd mentality, and gain a sense of belonging and a sense of achievement from their collective actions. Fan economy, opinion leaders and herd effect in community e-commerce open a new vision for businesses to drive users to respond.

3.Promoting social contacts.

Traditional e-commerce improves the shopping experiences of individual consumers by issuing allowances, coupons and cross-store discounts. But Buytogether fosters adhesiveness of users through interaction. Buytogether utilizes the interpersonal network of community to innovate forms of discounts, such as inviting friends to help bargain, gain free charge and group price, not only meeting the customers’ practical needs of information acquisition, price concessions and product purchases, but also enabling customers to improve their shopping experiences with interactive entertainment.

'''D.The problems of Buytogether'''

1.The crisis of confidence

Recently, Buytogether has launched zero yuan purchase, cash withdrawal with friends’ help(by sharing links) and other activities that require users to invite their friends to participate in. However, to gain the promised benefits, users have to obey complex procedures and sometimes they get nothing after it. So in the process of these activities, consumers will feel interested and inspired at the beginning, and then they are likely to be disappointed, or even give up midway. Even if they really complete the task, they will feel that the harvest and their efforts are not proportional. In this way, it is easy for users to feel bored about the activity of the platform, seriously affecting their confidence in it.

2.The problem of low quality

Since its establishment, Buytogether has been adopting the low-price marketing strategy based on social networking including a series of discount activities, which have continuously compressed the profit space of the settled stores. In order to conform with the platform's low-price strategy as much as possible, these stores have to reduce the costs of raw materials and production, thus causing quality problems. In addition, due to Buytogether’s low entry threshold and loose supervision, the qualifications of its sellers are not all official. Some sellers enter the platform to sell fake and shoddy products, which not only damages the rights and interests of consumers, but also destroys users' trust in the platform.

3.The damage of corporate image

The main way for Buytogether to realize its community marketing is to attract new users by making current users constantly share the platform links. Current users frequently forward links to invite friends to help them gain a discount or cash rewards, but sometimes such behavior will bother their friends, the potential customers of Buytogether, and even stir their antipathy for this platform. Therefore, this method of marketing is a double-edged sword, sometimes damaging its corporate image.

'''E.The Measures for Optimization'''

Buytogether takes advantage of its unique social e-commerce model to open up its own e-commerce field in the fiercely competitive Chinese e-commerce market with the sinking market as the starting-point. Due to the poor commodity quality, low price and most of the users are price-sensitive in the sinking market, the moat (based on Buffett's moat theory )in intangible assets and customer switching cost is weak. In comparison, it cooperates with WeChat APP and make use of its huge traffic. At the same time, the "social fission" approach to platform promotion and the adoption of the C2M sales model to operate the platform has made it possible for the company to use its unique social e-commerce model to create its blue ocean of e-commerce. Against this background, Buytogether has a deep and wide moat in network effect and cost advantage. Based on the above analysis of the current market environment and the moat theory, I propose the following strategies for the future development of Buytogether :

1.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.

After years of accumulation, Buytogether has had a large number of registered users, so the marketing rules can be appropriately optimized based on it. Nowadays, Buytogether no longer needs to rely on fission marketing methods like sharing links to expand the user scale, but needs to improve its own marketing policies, utilize social media more rationally, and formulate marketing activities from the perspective of users. Buytogether can take into consideration increasing the probability of consumers completing their tasks in marketing activities and giving consumers more subsidies and dividends to gain their confidence and foster their loyalty to the platform.

2.Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.

If Buytogether wants to reduce inferior products, it must supervise its sellers closely. When sellers enter, their qualification and product quality must be strictly checked. In addition, while strengthening the supervision of the sellers, Buytogether is also advised to give more welfare to these sellers to encourage them to pay more attention to product quality, so as to solve related problems from the source. Moreover, Buytogether should also establish an organic system of after-sales service, increase the number of personnel to serve customers, and handle all kinds of complaints from users properly.

3.Polish up users’comments and improve the corporate image.

Consumers tend to consider the platform’s corporate image when choosing products. Unfortunately, many consumers have linked Buytogether with "inferior products" at present, so it is emergent for Buytogether to regain users' confidence and trust by improving its corporate image.

4.Improve the supply chain structure and the back-end service system.

Although Buytogether's existing supply chain structure has made it possible for customers' demand to stimulate the upstream supply chain to carry out mass production, its accumulation is still not perfect. Besides, the existing investment in the upstream and the empowerment of the whole industry chain are also insufficient. The existing investment in upstream and empowerment of the whole industry chain is also insufficient. If it wants to grow further, Buytogether will need to spend some time and effort on improving its supply chain. In addition to partnering with third-party logistics, it could follow the example of the Yiatong 380 platform and set up hundreds of distribution networks across the country. Otherwise, learning from Alibaba's retail and village tao synergy system and the integrated logistics information management platform of Cainiao parcel even benchmark itself against Jingdong and create its own logistics system to have a more significant say in the upstream supply.

5.Stop blind expansion of incremental users, fine-tuned operation of stock users.

The Internet began to shift from a total market to a stock market as early as 2016, but the tapping of sinking traffic has slowed down the process. As the number of Buytogether 's users has reached 800 million, its future development strategy should no longer be to pursue incremental users number but to amplify the business value of individual users. Thus, it can refine the operation of its stock of users to repeat key actions through precise matching, increasing their stickiness and keeping them in a mature stage for a long time.

Although Buytogether's current single-user purchase level is still low, it also has the potential to improve within the system through live streaming, subsidies, and other actions to improve user stickiness. As its digital, household appliances, and fresh produce categories continue to enrich, the trend of increasing customer unit price is noticeable. Suppose it can maintain the existing scale and development direction. In that case, Buytogether has more room for growth to better cope with the Tao system and other Internet e-commerce. It will allow Buytogether to better cope with the competition between the Tao system and other internet e-commerce companies and continue growing and developing.

'''References'''

1.百度百科

2.梁艳.基于拼多多发展路径分析如何增强平台用户黏性[J].中国集体经济,2022(10):51-53.

3.徐佳宁.基于社群经济的电商企业商业模式创新——以拼多多为例[J].现代营销(下旬刊),2022(03):128-130.DOI:10.19932/j.cnki.22-1256/F.2022.03.128.

4.徐琴.拼多多的社交化营销策略研究[J].上海商业,2022(03):16-17.

5.Nie Cheng,Xinyu Huang,Jing Qian. Analysis on Pinduoduo Business Model and Future Development Strategy based on Sinking Market[C]//.Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Global Economy and Business Management (GEBM 2021).[出版者不详],2021:279-287.DOI:10.26914/c.cnkihy.2021.049927.

'''Terms and Expressions'''

NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价表)

"2020 Hurun China Top 10 E-commerce":《2020胡润中国10强电商》

Sinking market: Small-town and rural markets where the most Chinese population live.下沉市场

'''Questions'''

1.When was Buytogether founded?

2.When was Buytogether listed on NASDAQ?

3.What new type of e-commerce did Buytogether create?

4.Which market does Buytogether target?

5.What are advantages of Buytogether?

6.What are problems of Buytogether?

7.How to solve these problems?

'''Answers'''

1.In September 2015.

2.In July 2018.

3.Community e-commerce.

4.The sinking market.

5.Creating needs actively.
Connecting users in many ways.
Promoting social contacts.

6.The crisis of confidence;
The problem of low quality;
The damage of corporate image

7.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence;
Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products;
Polish up users’ comments and improve the corporate image.
Improve the supply chain structure and the back-end service system;
Stop blind expansion of incremental users, fine-tuned operation of stock users.

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People

The Tujia are a long-established ethnic group with their own language, but they do not have their own character and use the character of the Han. In October 1956, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission identified the Tujia as a single ethnic group through ethnic identification. The Tujia call themselves "Bizka（毕兹卡）", "Mikiqa（密基卡）" or "Bejinqa（贝锦卡）", which means "people born and raised in the land". Despite the fact that they do not have a written language, they still have their own cultural identity, especially in the form of marriage and burial customs.

'''Marriage customs'''
In the history of the Tujia, marriage was relatively free. A man and a woman could marry after free love, with the consent of both parents and the testimony of a Tujia teacher (wizard). On the 12th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, young men and women sang and danced, fell in love with each other and became lifelong partners.
After the reform and conform, the Tujia were forced to carry out arranged marriages by parents and matchmakers. Before liberation, there was the custom of aunts and uncles marrying in table and house marriages. In the case of aunts and uncles, the marriage of an aunt's daughter must marry the son of an uncle's family, also known as "return the bone seed(Huan Guzhong 还骨种)"; brother received sister-in-law after the brother’s death, known as "sitting bed(坐床)". But now these customs have ceased to exist in modern times.
After the nation’s liberation, the people's government promulgated a new marriage law, and since then, the Tujia people have truly enjoyed the happiness of marital autonomy. The marriage rituals of the Tujia family include "proofing（打样）", "marriage proposal（求婚）", "asking for red ginger（讨红庚）", "betrothal" （定亲）(commonly known as "inserting thatched incense"，插茅香), "seeing the date（看期）" and "welcoming the bride（亲迎）". This is similar to the six rites of the Han. The more characteristic marriage rituals are the accompanying of the ten sisters, the accompanying of the ten brothers and the weeping of the bride. As a unique wedding form of the Tujia wedding custom - crying marriage(哭嫁), in the Tujia settlement area for about two to three thousand years of history. According to the analysis of folklore experts, crying marriage is likely to be a matrilineal clan society to patrilineal clan society in the transition of the "bride snatching" customs of the remaining phenomenon. With the continuous progress of society, cry marriage has long lost the original meaning of bride kidnapping, but has become a traditional custom in the home life of the Tujia people to carry out ritual ethics and marriage education. In fact, it is not the bride alone who cries, but the collective cries of relatives within and outside the family, which is "familial". There are more than 20 procedures in the weeping marriage of the Tujia f, and for each item the bride cries, there are accompanying and opposite weepers. The weeping not only has a lot of content, but also has a long and strict procedure, which is "ceremonial".

'''Burial Customs'''
The connotation of Tujia funeral culture is rich, which is the attitude of people towards death, and the culture of different forms of funeral customs represents the composition of a nation's culture, which is a unique cultural phenomenon of Tujia. The way of Tujia funeral in the history of the first people to implement cremation, but also rock coffin burial（岩棺葬）, etc. The development of the Tujia funeral has formed a ritual with the characteristics of the nation.

'''1.The Funeral Dance'''
The funeral dance of the Tujia family has been recorded since the Sui and Tang dynasties, and the Tujia people sing and dance wildly in front of the dead, which has become an important way to pay tribute to the dead and comfort the living. The mourning dance has not only its cultural connotation, but also its distinctive artistic characteristics, which are mainly reflected in the musical composition and the singing and movement of the dance.
One of the most important steps of a funeral is Jumping mourning(跳丧).Jumping mourning is specifically when the neighbors in the neighborhood after the death of the elders, dark neighbors will go to this home for jumping mourning, the family of the deceased will vacate the place in advance as well as prepare the tobacco and wine. The coffin of the deceased is placed in the main hall, and then the cowry drum is placed in the wooden foot basin in front of the left side of the coffin. The mourning dance is led by the Taoist priest, and the eldest son holds the deceased father's or mother's spiritual tablet in his hands, leading dozens of mourning men and women to dance vigorously in the courtyard collapse, forming different formations during the dance.

'''2.The Mourning Hall Singing'''
The funeral form of the Tujia family is also the more important form of mourning and sitting mourning, also called mourning hall singing, which is only singing but not dancing mourning ceremony, sitting night may be several days and nights until the funeral and burial. During the sitting night, the mourning son sits around the pipe. The mourning son sits around the pipe and sings through one or two singers who beat the drums and say auspicious words, and then sings about the deceased's life experiences and achievements, including historical figures and historical allusions, by leading and helping the singers. This ritual song and dance was continued through the centuries, and the funeral song and dance became the main form of expression.

'''3.Funeral Culture Connotations'''
The mourning ceremony of the Tujia family has a distinct function of social edification and is passed on as a cultural phenomenon, mainly because it has a corresponding social function, and its function in expressing emotions is more significant. The descendants send the bones and souls of their ancestors to the Elysium, which is carried out in a rich jumping mourning, which can also be a great adjustment for the descendants' psychology to settle their souls. On the temporal as well as the spatial level, the selection of auspicious days for the funeral and the sending of the soul to the blissful world are all helpful to appease the soul of the descendants.

'''Questions'''
1. Do the Tujia have their own ethnic script?
2. Was marriage free in the historical Tujia family?
3. What are the marriage rites of the Tujia?
4. What are the main artistic features of mourning?

'''Reference：'''
［1］廖从刚.土家族婚俗中的哭嫁习俗.《寻根》,2005年.02期
［2］［2］余继平 . 大悲之日 , 欢歌——土家族特殊的丧葬习俗［J］. 中华手工 ,2015 （02）.
［3］关于武陵山区土家族葬礼文化探究邵启富 53_54·《长江丛刊》,2018年.31期
王刚 . 武陵山区土家族葬礼文化初探［J］. 铜仁职业技术学院学报 ,2017（03）
-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 07:20, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

Culture 2022 3

2022-06-30T09:20:09Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD) */

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - The “reference” of Chinese Music==
May 20，2022，with the broadcast of the show "Sister Who Rides the Waves，the “Sweetheart hierarch” Cyndi Wang became popular again by singing her song Love You①. Actually the song Love You is not original，and it is adapted from PAPAYA（a South Korea girl group）’s song，Listen to Me②.
And since the last century, many Chinese singers or bands have the experience of "refer" songs from other countries. The famous nursery rhyme “Two Tigers”③ is adapted from French nursery rhyme "Brother Jacques"④. In the end of the last century，the Hong Kong music scene had become popular among Chinese youth.Some of their songs also have a certain popularity now. But after my research, many of their songs are covers, and their original songs are mainly Japanese. It was popular to buy the rights to songs and then cover them. You may wonder why they don't write their own songs. It is because they had a fast pace, and the singers had to release several albums every year, so they had to use other people's songs if they didn't have enough creative ability. Another reason was that communications at that time were not as developed as they are today, so their "reference" could not be easily detected by the public.So this method became the choice of most singers at that time. (Singers do that even now.) And this also aroused heated debate since then. Some people think that as long as the song sounds good, it doesn't matter whether it is original or not. Others think creation should be encouraged. But music is also a manifestation of culture. If we blindly follow the footsteps of others without our own innovation, the development of our musical culture will be limited. Encouraging creation is a need of cultural development. Here are some of the "borrowed" songs and their original songs：Priscilla Chan’s Thousands of Songs⑤ is adapted from Kondou Masahiko’s Yuyake no uta⑥. Aaron Kwok’s Good Times & Bad Times is a cover of kazumasa Oda's song of the same name. And Hacken Lee’s The Red Sun⑦ is adapted from the Japanese band Otaika Man’s famous song，What’s the most precious⑧...
In addition to Hong Kong, there are also covers in Taiwan's music scene.
==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance==

Introductions on Lion dance

The lion dance is a popular activity among Chinese people of all ethnic groups, and it is a must for festivals and gatherings. The lion dance is a symbol of good luck and good intentions of the people to get rid of disasters and seek good fortune.In May 2006, the Chinese lion dance was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council.
The lion dance has a long history, and the existing lion dances are divided into two categories: cultural lion and martial lion. The martial lion has more difficult acrobatic performances, and the lion is vigorous and fierce, looking at the tiger; the cultural lion is naive and cute, with a lovely form, and mainly performs the lion's life and attitude; according to the different materials and methods of lion modeling, there are many different types of lion dances around the world, and they are very colorful.
The lion dance is usually played by two people, the former holding the lion head props on his head with both hands, playing the lion's head, and the latter leaning over, holding the former's waist with both hands, wearing lion skin decorated with linen, cloth and other materials, playing the lion's body. Two people combined into one large lion, called "Large lion”. There is also a person wearing a lion mask, wearing a fake lion skin, playing a small lion, called "Small lion". In front of the lion, there is a lion, holding a colorful embroidered ball that can be turned to tease, and the dance ball movements include rolling the ball, turning the ball, throwing the ball, shaking the ball and dozens of other kinds, and the lion then makes various dance movements. In some places, the lion dancer wears a big-headed mask and plays a big-headed monk, holding a big fan or even a big knife instead of a ball.
Schools of Lion Dance :With the continuous development of the lion dance movement, the art of lion dance has also been perfected, but because of the different customs in the north and south, the dance method is not the same, so the north and south has formed two major schools, namely the southern school and the northern school, also known as the southern lion and the northern lion. The northern lion's movements are light, mainly jumping and tumbling, with small gongs, drums,and cymbals, etc., mainly in the Central Plains and North China, with representative lions from Hebei, Anhui and Hunan. The southern lion, on the other hand, is a big and powerful lion with big gongs, drums, cymbals, etc. The drum music is majestic and inspiring, and is mainly popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia.

The Origin of Lions

Regarding the origin of the lion, scholars of all generations have concluded that the lion in the early Middle Kingdom came from the West. There is a large number of documents for evidence, including Jin Guopu’s "Mu Tianzi".It said: " The lion is also called mythical creature , produced by the Western region." The scholar Li Shizhen wrote in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": " The lion is out of the Western countries" From the research records of experts and scholars of the past generations, it is clear that China did not produce lions, scholars of the past generations After the study of the literature, It is thought that the lion was introduced from the West as a tribute in the Han Dynasty. Before the Han Dynasty, people do not know what it looks like. According to historical records, the lion was considered useless when it first entered the Middle Kingdom, and was not accepted because of its fierce appearance and habits. During the long history, due to various reasons, especially religious influence, people gradually accepted the lion and made it a mythical beast, together with the legendary dragon, phoenix, and qilin, known as the four spiritual beasts.The lion is known as the king of beasts, but China is generally not affected by lions, so the people have a sense of affinity to the lion, regard it as a symbol of power and good luck, and hope to use the lion's powerful image to drive away evil spirits.

The Origin and Legend of Lion Dance

Regarding the origin of lion dance in ancient China, ancient literature and analysis by scholars over the ages show that the origin of lion dance in China is also recognized from the Han Dynasty, but the exact date cannot be determined. Through research and historical analysis, the following statements are more plausible.
The first theory: Chinese lion dance originated from the Han Dynasty, and the lion was imported from foreign countries only after Zhang Sai's mission to the West during the reign of Emperor Wu. Whenever the Western ambassadors visited, he set up songs and dances to cheer, so those dancers put on masks dressed as birds and animals, but the Western ambassadors found that these birds and animals only lacked of lions, after asking, we knew that at that time China had not yet lions. Later.Later the western envoys sent a pair of lions to China, and the lion trainers performed lion training. This lion training performance may be the predecessor of the Chinese lion dance.

The second theory: the lion dance originated in the Three Kingdoms period and was popular in the North and South Dynasties. Meng Kang, a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, wrote in The Elephant Man : If today's play is like shrimp, the lion is also. The Northern Wei Yang From it we can know, the lion not only protects the law to ward off evil, and can guide the way for the Buddha. If we look at the form, this lion guiding its front, very similar to the current lion guide, already slightly with the form of dance.

The third theory: According to the earliest historical records, the account of the real "lion dance" should be The Book of Ning - Zong Yi Zhuan. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the 22nd year of Emperor Wujia's reign (445 A.D.), when the Nanning Army occupied Linyi, and Yi asked to be the leader. The soldiers were unable to resist, saying, "I have heard that the lion is a powerful lion, so I made its shape and fought against the elephant, and the elephant just ran in fear and were scattered. After that, the lion dance was performed in the military and slowly spread to the people, becoming the origin of the lion dance, but at that time it was not called the lion dance but the "Taiping music".According to records, the Taiping music and the modern lion dance are very similar.
There are also various stories and legends about the lion dance in ancient China.
One of the legends is that the "New Year" beast eats green. According to the legend, in ancient times, plague often occurred in China, so countless people died, but fortunately, every time the plague occurred, a divine beast appeared, and the plague disappeared as soon as it appeared. Since this beast "Nian" is so helpful to people, people use bamboo scales and colored cloths to tie into the "Nian" beast during the farming season, and dance in front of each house with majestic drums and music, in order to suppress evil spirits and seek good luck. Because the "New Year" beast likes to eat vegetables, so every family places a plate of vegetables in front of the door for the "New Year" beast to eat. As time goes by, people find that the shape of the "New Year" is very much like a lion. So they called this kind of thing as the lion, and the vegetables were called "Caiqing".

The Value and Functions of Lion Dance

First, it connects with emotions. While it is a sport, its more obvious attribute is that it belongs to the category of folklore. The cultural accumulation of each nation is often expressed in folklore activities, and healthy folklore activities not only express the soul of the nation, but also convey the message code of mutual feeling and knowledge between the brothers of the nation. In the case of "lion dance", a folklore activity loaded with the accumulation of feelings of the children of Yanhuang, wherever there is a Chinese settlement, there is a lion dance and a lion dance culture. The lion dance for good luck is often the best way for Chinese people who are wandering around the world to share happiness and feelings.

Second, it can strengthen the body. The actual operation of lion dance requires good coordination among all the components, and it is a kind of project that combines multiple factors such as music and lion dance. Because of this integration, the lion dance has a strong ornamental and artistic value, which can fully meet people's entertainment and aesthetic needs. At the same time, for the performers, lion dance is a sport that strengthens the body and cultivates the emotions.

Third, it has educational significance. The lion dance is a traditional culture in China, and it is the inheritance of the culture to carry forward the lion dance. We can understand the history and culture of the region through lion dance.

Fourth, it has the commercial function. The performance nature of lion dance brings a lot of commercial benefits. In addition, the lion dance brings about the development of tourism and other related industries. In the author's opinion, the commercial function of lion dance is not only this, as the development of cultural industry is gaining momentum today, lion dance with deep cultural heritage will face better development opportunities.

Fifth, it enriches the spirit of the nation. The spirit of mutual cooperation and solidarity. The participation of dragon dance is very common, and the professional requirements are not very high. It shows a kind of momentum and team spirit, with a few people or even hundreds of people, dancing up and down, surging and inspiring. This requires more than one person to complete the whole set of interlacing, running and jumping, tumbling and other movements, mutual cooperation is particularly important, must maximize the team effect; inherit the spirit of tradition and innovation, although the dragon and lion dance has a long history, but also not unchanging, positive, innovative features nurtured in different ways of performance, reflecting the spirit of never-ending innovation

Historical Stages of the Development of Traditional Lion Dance
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the traditional lion dance developed to a deeper level
The skills of the Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties formed different performance styles and program focuses in the North and South due to geographical barriers and different environments. In the south, the Han regime inherited the 'orthodoxy', and the ideology of Confucianism was changed to Zhuanglao, and the social habits tended to be weak. Therefore, although the Southern Dynasty had the majestic 'White Tiger ' and other programs from the Northern Dynasty, its mainstream was slender and soft.The traditional lion dance began to be performed on the same stage with ceremonial music(the beginning of music) in the Sui Dynasty, and after the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, its artistic image became richer and had a strong folk base, and the court performance became more mature. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the nine music parts of Sui Dynasty were adjusted and increased into "ten music parts". One of the most famous "five lions", also known as "Taiping music".Performers danced and sang "Taiping music", taking the meaning of world peace and good fortune, which was basically the same as the symbolic meaning of today's lion dance. During the Song and Yuan dynasties - a turning point in the development of traditional lion dance technology, the performance form, performance team and program creation of lion dance in the Song dynasty underwent more profound changes. Techniques began to be divided into sections, prompting peer artists to gather for social fires; social fires further united the team and promoted the development of skills, as well as the formation of various genres, creating conditions for the prosperity of the folk lion dance movement. In Yuan Dynasty, "lion dance" also had innovation,.For instance,"high Cui lion dance" in the Yuan Dynasty first seen in the records. Although the Qing Dynasty Palace also had lion dance performances, generally speaking, the scale was not large. Southern and northern lion performances in the Qing Dynasty formed different images and different techniques of performance style. In the north, there were "Large lion" and "Small lion", whose images and performances resembled real lions, while the lion dance in the south had integrated dance, acrobatics and martial arts into one, which was quite new compared to the traditional lion dance methods.

The Development of Modern Lion Dance

(A) Before the liberation of the competition between the lion teams in the festive activities of the nature of the competition
In the 1920s and 1930s, the lion dance was generally preceded by the Shaolin and the Five tiger stick , followed by the lion , the vine , the rice-gale , the shuttlecock , and the kong Schools, which started from their respective villages and rushed to the temple. Along the way, whenever they encountered the roadside tea huts or tea points, they should get off the performance. To the temple they worshiped after the incense and performed martial arts. Then they returned along the way, if on the way the temple fair and several villages a few teams met together, this performance was often with the nature of the competition '; in some places gradually formed a regular tournament .In modern times during the festival have a relatively fixed lion team to perform and the lion team also competed and cut martial arts, with the nature of the competition. The lion dance has taken the form of a competitive lion dance.

(B) Lion dance became a traditional national sport
On February 28, 1934, the first Folk Games of Henan Province, there were more than 20 folk martial arts associations such as dry boat, dragon lantern, lion and kite flying to perform and compete. In 1978, the lion dance was invited as a special performance at the First Folk Games, and it became an official event at the Fourth Agricultural Games. Now there are different events such as National Lion Dance Championship and various kinds of North-South Lion King Competition, National Dragon and Lion Invitation Tournament and Elite Tournament every year, and it has become an official competition item in the National Agricultural Games, National Urban Games and the Third National Sports Congress.

(C) Lion dance shine on the acrobatic stage
In 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai personally watched the acrobatic performances of six large troupes in Beijing, including China, Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi'an and Warriors, and affirmed the skills of the "lion dance", which were partly choreographed according to the laws of acrobatics.They have been organized to visit Asian, African, American and European countries and become the first team of people's diplomacy. The lion dance skills have developed rapidly on the acrobatic stage, and a series of new and difficult skills have been developed on the basis of inherited traditions. The high skills of acrobatic lion dance have a great influence on the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance, and the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance have absorbed the performance style and props of acrobatic lion dance, enriched their own performance forms, and continuously improved the level of traditional lion dance and competitive lion dance.

Lion Dance Culture Development Problem
As it is not easy to cultivate talents to inherit the lion dance culture, and the props used to make the lion dance are expensive, the traditional lion dance culture is also facing the crisis of no one inheriting it. As a representative of the excellent traditional culture, how to survive and develop the lion dance culture in the intersection of modern technology and traditional culture is an important issue that contemporary lion dancers have to think about.

Measures for Solving the Problem
(A) Strengthen corooperation with colleges and universities to carry out lion dance classes
Youth is the future and hope of the country.Vigorously developing traditional culture education for youth, and incorporating lion dance culture into students' curriculum can not only enrich campus culture, but also greatly improve the popularity of lion dance culture and enhance youth's cultural identity and national pride. Students are the successors of the communist cause, the main body of education, and the main body of cultural inheritance and dissemination. Relying on school education to develop lion dance culture, more people can understand and inherit lion dance culture. The rejuvenation of traditional culture and its development on the basis of popularization are the needs of lion dance culture inheritance and the wishes of lion dance lovers.

(B) Promote the culture and spirit of lion dance through the Internet and mass media
In order to make the lion dance culture develop better, we make use of the development of the whole media to promote the beautiful connotation of the lion dance culture through the Internet and make use of the mass media to vigorously publicize it, so that more people really like the lion dance culture and really enter the lion dance culture; we rely on the Internet to strengthen the cultural exchange among the lion dance enthusiasts all over the country, so as to promote the spread and inheritance of the lion dance culture; we rely on the whole media to carry out the lion dance culture competition, formulate scientific competition rules and generous rewards to arouse people's enthusiasm for participation, so that more people can participate in the promotion of the lion dance culture and promote the spread of the lion dance culture.

(C) Accelerate the innovation to push the development of lion dance culture
The premise of traditional culture innovation is to first understand its cultural value, grasp the comprehensive traditional cultural content, and then promote the corresponding lion dance culture, so that the folk lion dance is known to more people, even to learn the skills, so that the lion dance is well inherited. In the traditional lion dance culture promotion at the same time, the lion dance team should also be committed to in-depth study of the lion dance culture with the times to drive the value of the economy to achieve the culture to give rise to the economy and the economy in turn to support the culture of mutual assistance and harmony. In such a way wa can break the situation that traditional culture has no successor due to the narrow market prospect, and provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional culture. With the rapid development of the times and the improvement of people's living standards, some connotations of traditional culture are no longer applicable to modern life, so it is necessary to accelerate the promotion of cultural innovation, promote the innovation of lion dance culture, and constantly innovate the form of lion dance culture development and inheritance, so as to attract more people to understand lion dance culture and inherit it.

(D) Cultivate lion dance culture talents,and pay attention to integration of local culture
To actively carry out lion dance culture promotion activities, select talents from young people who are interested in lion dance culture, make them receive professional training in lion dance culture, develop their interest into a profession, make them become the inheritors of lion dance culture, and promote the inheritance of lion dance culture. In the local lion dance culture, we dig deep into the local culture and explore the cultural heritage, so that the lion dance culture can be well inherited and developed, integrating the traditional lion dance into the local cultural connotation and giving it new vitality. In addition to the local culture, there is also a folk lion dance culture with local characteristics, establishing unique cultural programs, spreading unique cultural values, so that the traditional lion dance culture continues to be inherited.

(E) Define the cultural positioning, actively implement the "going out" strategy, and promote the lion dance culture to the world
The government should formulate relevant policies to support, position lion dance culture well, and support key projects to promote the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, so that more people can understand lion dance culture and participate in the inheritance of lion dance culture, thus enhancing the social status and influence of lion dance culture. While promoting the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, we should not only spread and develop the inheritance at home, but also actively promote the strategy of "going out" to promote Chinese traditional culture to the world, so that people around the world can understand lion dance culture, learn lion dance culture, inherit and spread lion dance culture, so that lion dance culture can be developed around the world and spread the beautiful connotation of China's excellent traditional culture. The beautiful connotation of excellent traditional culture.

Terms:

Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》
the four spiritual beasts 四大灵兽
national intangible cultural heritage 国家级非物质文化遗产
the State Council 国务院
gongs, drums,and cymbals 大锣、大鼓、大钹
Zhang Sai's mission to the West 张赛出使西域
The Elephant Man 《象人》
Caiqing 采青
orthodoxy 正统
High Cui lion dance 高毳舞狮
Acrobatic Stage 杂技舞台
National Agricultural Games 全国农运会
National Urban Games 全国城运会
The Third National Sports Congress. 第三届全国体育大会

References:

中国最独特的舞狮文化 The Most Unique Lion Dance Culture in China 宴姝下一代2019,(04),7
舞狮运动的起源与发展研究[J] The Origin and Development of lion Dance 郭绿杨.当代体育科技 . 2017 (22)
论舞龙舞狮运动塑造学生民族精神的功能[J]. Arguments on the function of dragon and Lion Dance to Shape students' national spirit曹虎愚.成功(教育) . 2012(11)
我国舞狮运动与文化的价值底蕴分析[J]. Analysis on the value of Lion dance and culture in China管罗红.企业家天地(理论版) . 2011(01)
新时代下传统舞狮的传承发展与问题[J]. Inheritance, development and problems of traditional lion Dance in the new era 杨晓坤,代继盟,林宵,于娇.中国民族博览 . 2019(06)

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

'''Development history of mobile games'''

'''The birth of mobile games'''
In 1997, Gluttonous Snake, preinstalled in Nokia 6110, officially started the history of mobile games. Long ago, Nokia was the dominant player in the mobile phone market. The physical keyboard and screen each occupied half of the mobile phone space. So at that time, mobile games did not get rid of the shackles of physical keyboard, such as early games: Gluttonous Snake(贪吃蛇), Pushing Boxes(推箱子), and Tetris（俄罗斯方块）.

'''Pre Android'''
After the release of Android phones, with the characteristics of the touch screen, games that need touch control, such as Fruit Ninja, became popular. There were many classic games in this period, including Plants vs. Zombies（植物大战僵尸）, Angry Birds（愤怒的小鸟）, Temple Escape（神庙逃亡）, Subway Parkour （地铁跑酷）and other classic games .At the same time, Minecraft （我的世界）was released on iphone, but due to the high price of iphone, its popularity is far less than Android games.

'''Pre Tencent period'''
In 2013, two Tencent games: Tiantian Cool Running（天天酷跑） and rhythm master（节奏大师） became popular, quickly surpassing Plants vs. Zombies and angry birds, and firmly ranked first in China's mobile games. At the same time, other Tencent games also took the opportunity to hype up and attract players. For a time, no game company could compete with Tencent.

'''Scuffle period'''
2011 was the year when smart phone games began to engage in scuffle. Mobile phone stand-alone games developed rapidly. Many players should have experienced Asphalt 5. At that time, the giants of mobile game manufacturers were definitely Gameloft. Modern war and Nova represented the peak of the picture quality of mobile games; In addition, "Assassin's Creed", "cell division 5", "ghost cry 4", "dead space" and other end games have also gradually landed on the mobile game platform; The online games of smart phones have also begun to test the market. A number of hardware manufacturers have begun to strengthen the graphics computing capacity of mobile phones, and the mobile game platform has officially taken shape.

'''Post Tencent period'''
By november2015, a game was born, breaking the balance in the mobile game industry. Its appearance has changed the pattern of the entire mobile game market. This game is "glory of the king"（王者荣耀）. This game dominates the mobile game rankings only two days after it was launched. Although it was attacked by CF of Netease(网易), it returned to the top in 16 years.
The success of this game also makes other companies start to think about how to make a high-quality mobile game. In 2018, a year of full bloom, various mobile games have sprung up, such as Onmyoji（阴阳师） of Netease，PUBG Mobile（刺激战场） of Tencent，Genshin（原神） impact of MiHoYo etc.. Both the picture quality and the game experience have made a qualitative leap.

'''Development status and trend of mobile games'''

With the rapid development of mobile games in China, the market scale has expanded rapidly, and the capital heat is highly focused. It has quickly surpassed end games and page games and become a mainstream game type. From January to June 2021, the actual sales revenue of China's mobile game market was 114.772 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.65%.

In recent years, the proportion of revenue from PC games and web games has continued to decline. On the contrary, the revenue share of mobile game industry has increased rapidly, and the revenue scale is expected to further expand. From 2014 to 2020, the proportion of mobile games in the sales revenue of the game industry increased rapidly from 24% to 75.2%, and the proportion reached 76.3% in the first half of 2021.

In the ranking of monthly active number of mobile game apps in September 2021, the monthly active number of glory of the king is far ahead, reaching 149million, followed by Game for peace（和平精英） and Fun Fest（开心消消乐）.

With the continuous improvement of the ecological environment of China's game industry, the continuous upgrading of the game industry chain, and the development of 5g, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data and other forward-looking technologies, a number of innovative cultural products and businesses have been created, including cloud games, e-sports, game live broadcasting, etc., which put forward higher development requirements for enterprises in the game industry.

'''Social impact of Chinese mobile games'''

1. The development of mobile games has created a large number of related industries and provided more employment opportunities for people.
2. Mobile games provide people with opportunities to have a pleasant mood, social communication and exercise their intelligence.
3. The development of mobile games has put forward higher requirements for mobile phone manufacturing and software engineering, which is conducive to promoting the development of domestic science and technology.
4. The external communication of Chinese mobile games is conducive to vigorously carrying forward Chinese culture and enhancing China's international influence.
5. The development of mobile games makes many people indulge in it, which is easy to waste money and time, and damage their eyesight.
6. The development of the game industry can, to a certain extent, alleviate the pressure of the epidemic on the economy. During the epidemic period, the game industry, which is not affected by the epidemic, will continue to maintain game production and development, which will also have a positive impact on the future economic recovery.

'''Reference：'''
[1] Development history of mobile games in China, published by China Science Daily on August 22, 2014
[2] Current situation of mobile game industry in 2021, published on Huajing information network on March 2, 2022 10:4
[3] Development history of mobile games in China (by 2021) in Bilibili.

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==
Clothing: Vintage Clothing

Introduction

Generally speaking, Vintage Clothing refers to garments produced between 1940 and 1980, which bear most typical characteristics of a particular period, such as the leggy pants worn by Audrey Hepburn in the 1950s, the plant pattern printed shirt designed by Emilio Pucci in the 1960s, and the suit skirt throughout all that era. These classic Vintage pieces are no longer mass-produced, and their unique fabrics, process details, tailoring and even usage, serve as the epitome of a particular era. And since the Vintage culture originated in Britain and Japan, many Vintage lovers have a special preference for Vintage markets or “Deadstock” in Europe, America and Japan. (Mr.Fashion Esquire: Observation| How far Vintage is from mainstream to popular)

Development

From the initial popularity to an overall prosperity, the development of Vintage Clothing can be roughly divided into three stages:
The first stage is between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. During that time, Europe was in full depression after the “World War II”, young people with nihilistic spirit were eager to break through the shackles of tradition and pronounce their own individuality. However, with the rapid rise of post-war industrialization, items in clothes were all homogenized and had no style at all. Because of this, they began to look for innovative dressing styles from garments produced before their age. Thus, Vintage dressing style began to take shape.
The second stage is born in the 1960s, when the popularity of hippies drove young people to look for weird foreign clothes in the second-hand market. At this time, Oriental films and kung fu movies were popular in Hollywood, and the bathrobes and jewelry with Oriental elements in movies were gradually imitated by western fashion lovers.
The third stage is the post-1980s, when Vintage Clothing is also referred to as Retro Clothing. Compared with normal garments sold in shopping mall, Vintage not only has a refined sense of age, but its style and craftsmanship are more in line with modern Clothing concepts. Even in today's fashion field, Vintage Clothing also occupies a place. (Mr.Fashion Esquire: Observation| How far Vintage is from mainstream to popular)
Reasons for the prevalence of Vintage Clothing
One reason boosts the popularity of Vintage Clothing is its major selling points, the “orphan” character. This factor is in line with the current trend of young people pursuing personalization, satisfied with the psychology of seeking differences and is favored by consumers. Also, this current fashion trend is in response to the phrase “fashion is a reincarnation”, which is an eternal truth. (Interface News: How long can the Vintage wind, which has quietly risen in Haikou, last)
Another reason is that the Vintage concept increases the publicity of environmental protection. Clothing is an aspect of daily life with a very high frequency of usage. According to the United Nations forecast, in 2030, the global population is expected to reach 8.5 billion, when clothing consumption will increase sharply from 62 million tons to 102 million tons. When more and more people realize the environmental pressure caused by their clothing, they will try to make a change. (Talks from Dr. Leng Yun, University of Hong Kong)

Vintage Clothing in China

In recent years, with contemporary Chinese youth looking for a “self” attitude in fashion, Vintage Clothing has gradually opened up the market in China. In economically developed cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, Vintage Clothing is leading a “new” fashion trend.

1.1major consumers

“Research Report on the Development of China's Second-hand Luxury Goods Market 2020” unveils that in 2019, more than 50% of the second-hand luxury goods consumers were under the age of 30. Also, according to the shopkeeper of發夢士多 (a Vintage shop located in Changsha), most of her customers are college students and high school students, who hope to express their personality and self through clothing and objects with unique marks of ancient times. The traces of the era of “ancient culture” just meet the individual aesthetic needs of niche groups, with their pursuit of “rebellion”and “difference”.

1.2 concerns

The gradual popularity of Vintage is a good thing, and there remains opportunities for a large-scale Vintage market in the future. However, there are still many problems plaguing Vintage at present. One major concern is a very realistic problem in front of some Vintage merchants: “If the business of Vintage stores loses their style, there will be no business. But if they keep their style, their business will not be popular or spread large-scale.” Besides, Though Vintage lovers always claim to pursue uniqueness, the fact is that most consumers only follow the trend blindly, which is a waist of Vintage culture.
Also, compared with foreign countries, the history of domestic Vintage market is relatively short, and due to the lack of social and cultural background, many consumers are not familiar with the concept of “Vintage”. In the imperfect market, whether the goods can be well preserved is a big challenge, and the domestic identification of Vintage clothes also lacks a set of corresponding standards, with there being a flood of fake goods in the market. (Interface News: How long can the Vintage wind, which has quietly risen in Haikou, last)
Beyond these, the current Vintage market is not standardized enough. It can’t be denied that there are unscrupulous merchants who have no real understanding about what “Vintage clothing” is casually refurbish and sell indiscriminate garbage clothes under the name of Vintage, tarnishing the entire industry. Thus scary stories about Vintage clothes scatteraround, such as Vintage clothes are clothes worn by dead people, second-hand clothes will bring bad luck, and people who wear Vintage will be haunted.

1.3 new development

Although the new industry is in the stage of “savage growth”, efforts made by Vintage fashion lovers for the development of Vintage fashion market can not be underestimated. At present, many cities in China have opened Vintage stores, mainly distributed in first-tier cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, Xiamen and other places.
Besides, compared with Japan, in addition to e-commerce platforms, China's Vintage clothing trading has established unique selling channels based on social platforms such as Wechat. Most commonly, the owner of a Vintage shop will not only sell Vintage clothes but also some handmade jewelry, such as glue earrings and beaded bags. Thus the store will not only open for Vintage customers, but for anyone who happen to find it, allowing more profits earned and the business maintained.
With more and more people popularizing Vintage culture, more and more Vintage shops with unique styles are emerging. In general, the market is getting better.

Terms and Expressions

Vintage Clothing 古着服饰

leggy pants紧身裤

suit skirt 套装裙

Deadstock 旧货仓库

Questions

1.What is Vintage Clothing？

2.How many stages can the development of Vintage Clothing be divided into?

3.Who are major consumers of Vintage clothes?

4.What are the scary stories about Vintage clothes?

5.Do you think Vintage Clothing has a bright future? Why?

References

Mr.Fashion Esquire: Observation| How far Vintage is from mainstream to popular

Interface News: How long can the Vintage wind, which has quietly risen in Haikou, last

Research Report on the Development of China's Second-hand Luxury Goods Market 2020

Talks from Dr. Leng Yun, University of Hong Kong

Interview with the shopkeeper of發夢士多

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs:Faggotry Culture in China:taking Da Sima(金轮) as an example==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

There are abundant flower resources in China. Early in ancient times, Chinese people noted the diversified value of flowers, and utilized flowers in various ways. Flowers could be used as ingredients for cuisine, herbal medicine, and decorative items. Moreover, the image of flowers always appeared in poems, proses and articles, highly praised by Chinese literary people for their beauty, fragrance as well as spirits. Throughout history, flowers are of both pragmatic and spiritual significance in Chinese culture.

'''Ⅰ. The pragmatic value of flowers in Chinese culture'''

'''1.As ingredients in food'''

As an old Chinese saying goes, “Food is the first necessity of the people.” Chinese people have always been interested and innovative in making food and drinks. Flowers normally used for its aesthetic value entered the kitchens and became a special ingredient in food and drinks.
Flowers were widely used in making alcohol at first. In pre-Qin Dynsaty, people would drink home-made chrysanthemum wine on the Double Ninth Festival in commemoration of their deceased beloved ones. In addition, “nine” has the same Chinese pronunciation as the character meaning “longevity”, and drinking chrysanthemum wine was considered beneficial to health and conducive to longevity. So it was popularized then and is still practiced in some parts of China nowadays. It was not until Tang Dynasty that flowers became the indispensable ingredients in cooking. People would use them in making cakes, pastry and porridge, especially at special festivals. For example, on the Tomb Sweeping Day, people would make osmanthus fragrans porridge.

'''2.As accessories'''

In ancient times, seasonal flowers were often seen to blossom in one’s hair or brim, bearing a touch of spring color. This custom of putting flowers on the head is called Zan Hua（簪花）or wearing flowers. Different from the exclusive modern view of women wearing flowers, this practice was not restricted to sex, age, and classes back in ancient times. Men and women, the old and the young, the noble and the ordinary alike, wore flowers. On the Double Ninth Festival people wore cornel or chrysanthemum to ward off evil spirits and avoid disasters. Another example famous in history was the four grand chancellors wearing flowers. In Northern Song Dynasty, there was a type of peony in Yangzhou. It was known for its exceptional looks with large, scarlet petals clustering round the golden yellow central, whose colors resembled that of the robes of the court officials that were scarlet gowns with golden yellow belt. Therefore, this flower was called Golden Belt. One day, Han Qi, the then prefecture chief of Yangzhou, invited Wang Gui, Wang Anshi and Chen Shengzhi to attend the banquet in his house and enjoy the beautiful scenery of various flowers in his garden. There he spotted one peculiar Golden Belt peony with four flowers on a single stem. Han Qi plucked the flowers, put three on his guests’ heads and wore one himself. In the later several decades, the four were all promoted to grand chancellors.

'''Ⅱ. The spiritual value of flowers in Chinese culture'''

'''1.The Four Gentlemen or Four Noble Ones'''

In Chinese culture, the Four Gentlemen or Four Noble Ones is an umbrella term referring to four plants: the plum blossom, the orchid, the bamboo and the chrysanthemum. They bloom in different seasons, thus representing each season (the plum blossom for winter, the orchid for spring, the bamboo for summer, and the chrysanthemum for autumn). These plants’ natural features have something in common with human personalities, which just indicates the literati's understanding of the alternation of time and the meaning of life. Gradually, the four plants become the most common theme in poetry, prose, painting, calligraphy and other art forms, carrying special symbolic meanings for uprightness, purity, integrity and modesty in human virtues.

Plum blossom always flowers in a world of ice and snow. Preceding green leaves, the plum flowers bloom when all the other flowers yield to the biting cold weather. The literary people love its spirits of bravery, righteousness and faithfulness, and utilize this imagery in writing. There is one household couplet: Honing makes a mighty sword, and cold makes fragrant plum blossoms.（宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来）
The orchid normally grow in unfrequented areas such as deep valleys or forests and crevices in rocks which are often unnoticed. But the small, delicate flowers still never stop giving out pleasant smell, just like gentlemen who never forsake the virtues.
The bamboo features ethereal, graceful leaves and hollow, upright stems. Its elegance without and its strength within accord with the qualities of gentlemen. Bamboo, together with plem blossom and pine is also known as the “Three Friends in Winter.” Here is a well-known poem written by Zheng Xie, a famous painter and scholar in the Qing Dynasty, and translated by Xu Yuanchong, a notable translator.

竹石
清·郑燮
咬定青山不放松，立根原在破岩中。
千磨万击还坚劲，任尔东西南北风。

BAMBOO IN THE ROCK
Translated by Xu Yuanchong
Upright stands the bamboo amid green mountains steep:
Its toothlike root in broken rock is planted deep.
It’s strong and firm through struck and beaten without rest,
Careless of the wind from north or south, east or west.

The chrysanthemum blooms in frost in autumn when other flowers wither. It has the spirits to endure loneliness and enjoy solitude as a hermit. It is the most beloved flower of Tao Yuanming, the creator of pastoral poetry in the Jin Dynasty. He wrote a lot of poems about it, among which the most popular sentence is “While picking asters’ neath the Eastern fence, my gaze upon the Southern mountains rest.”

'''2.Vanilla beauty'''

Qu Yuan (Ch’u Yuan 屈原), a minister of the Chu Kingdom, was exiled by the King of Chu. “Sorrow at Departure”, his signature poem of 373 lines, describes his journey of exile, passing through woods and forests and encountering deities. He wrote about eighteen plants in this poem (there are over 40 plants in his other poems such as “Nine Songs”): vanilla, clover, thyme, bluegrass, angelica, capers, cinnamon, magnolia, chrysanthemum, hibiscus, gladiolus, and wisteria that the goddesses wore around their heads. Sometimes he put the fragrant herbs on himself, a way of claiming purity against the corruption in the royal court.

I put on mint leaves as my shirt,
lotus flowers my skirt.
Nobody ever knows me—
my true interior nobility.
—from “Sorrow at Departure”

From this time on, fragrant herbs and beauty have become symbols of virtues and moralities, which are glued together as one compound word ‘Vanilla-beauty’ (vanilla representing all fragrant herbs and flowers). Vanilla-beauty poetry has since become a tradition in Chinese, its scope expanded over the two thousand years. This image for beauty has continued to the modern time.
【Vanilla beauty and the immortal Phoenix: exploring the poetry of Chu in China - Poetry International】
[https://www.poetryinternational.com/en/poets-poems/article/104-28919_Vanilla-beauty-and-the-immortal-Phoenix-exploring-the-poetry-of-Chu-in-China]

'''Ⅲ. Different views of flowers in Chinese and Western culture'''

The Chinese traditional philosophy upholds the unity of heaven and man, emphasizing the ties between nature and man are not to be severed. In literature, personal feelings are always integrated with the description of objects. Therefore, they are personified, and endowed with the emotion of the viewers. A common example is a sentence from Du Fu’s “Spring View”-- “Grieved over the years, flowers are moved to tears; Seeing us apart, birds cry with broken heart（感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心。）.” From the poet’s perspective, even the flowers and birds were dispirited by the turmoil of the times and sorrow of departure.

Different from Chinese thinking, Westerns tend to deem nature as objects of cognition, as an unknown field to explore and discover, or entertainment. In stead of uniting heaven and man, it is to distinguish mankind from heaven. In William Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, the host of golden daffodils the poet ran into in the forests gave him ecstasy, splashing the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion.

“A poet could not but be gay；
In such a jocund company;
I gazed—and gazed—but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude,
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.”

Qian Mu, one of the greatest historians and philosophers of 20th-century China, once commented, “The Western culture is mainly about objects, which can be described as scientific culture, whilst the Chinese culture is mainly about people and spirits, which can be called art culture.” But despite all the differences, with the increasingly frequent exchanges between different cultures, there are certain type of flowers with universal symbolic meanings, such as roses for love, olives for peace.

'''Terms and Expressions'''

cornel 茱萸
grand chancellor(zaixiang, tsai-hsiang), also translated as counselor-in-chief, imperial chancelor or prime minister 宰相
the four grand chancellors wearing flowers 四相簪花
Golden Belt 金缠腰/金带围
Han Qi 韩琦
Wang Gui 王珪
Wang Anshi 王安石
Chen Shengzhi 陈升之
the Four Gentlemen or Four Noble Ones 花中四君子
Three Friends in Winter 岁寒三友
Zheng Xie 郑燮
Xu Yuanchong 许渊冲
Qu Yuan (Ch’u Yuan) 屈原
“Sorrow at Departure” 《离骚》
“Nine Songs” 《九歌》
the unity of heaven and man 天人合一
“Spring View” 《春望》
distinguish mankind from heaven 天人相分
Qian Mu (Ch'ien Mu) 钱穆

'''References'''

·Guo Youwei 郭幼为. (2020.12.07) 《古今农业》一花一世界：日常生活视域下宋朝“花生活”

·沈括《梦溪笔谈·补笔谈》

·钱穆《现代中国学术论衡》

'''Questions'''

1.What were flowers first made as an ingredient in food and drinks?

2.Why would people drink chrysanthemum wine on the Double Ninth Festival?

3.Were only women allowed to wear flowers in ancient times?

4.What are the symbolic meanings of the Four Gentlemen?

5.What did vanilla beauty stand for?

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinese Dream==
What is the Chinese Dream?

In November of 2012, soon after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President Xi Jinping put forward, for the first time, the idea of the Chinese Dream on a visit to “The Road towards National Rejuvenation” exhibition at the National Museum of China. The Chinese dream meant for him the “great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation “is a dream of the whole nation, as well as of every individual”, he said. Since then, use of the phrase has become widespread in official announcements and as the embodiment of the leadership's political ideology under Xi Jinping.

General Secretary Xi Jinping defined the “Chinese Dream” as “realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation in modern times,” and said that this dream “will definitely be realized.” The core goals of the Chinese Dream can also be summarized as the “two centenary goals”, that is, by the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China in 2021 and the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 2049, gradually and finally successfully realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which is embodied in the prosperity of the country, the rejuvenation of the nation, and the happiness of the people. The way to achieve it is to take the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, carry forward the national spirit, and gather Chinese strength. The means of implementation are political, economic, The five-in-one construction of culture, society and ecological civilization.

What does “dream” mean in ancient China?

Dream is the subjective experience, which is the image, sound, thinking or feeling produced by people during sleep, usually involuntarily; at the same time, dream is also an image language.

The interpretation of dreams differs in English and Chinese. From the interpretation of “梦” and “dream” in Chinese and English dictionary, it can be seen that Chinese and Western countries have different views on the cultural connotation of dreams. In the ancient Chinese dictionary, a dream refers to an illusion in sleep. The interpretation of dreams in Origin of Chinese Characters is “unknown. The original meaning of dreams is unknown". Xinhua dictionary explained “‘梦’ is an associative compound character. The lesser seal character shape of which is composed of the three characters ‘宀’ (house), ‘爿’ (bed), and ‘梦’ (unknown).” It means sleeping in bed at night and seeing blurry vision, that is, dreaming. The metaphor of a dream means a fantasy, such as: dreamland, dream shadow and dream. Take Cao Xueqin’s A Dream in Red Mansions as an example. There were 32 dream images in the whole book which made it a classic full of metaphors. It used dreams as a narrative thread of the whole story and made meticulous description of the dreamland. The story ended up with tragedy, which corresponded with dream’s characteristic of “disillusionment and awakening.”
Definition of “dream” in the English Oxford Dictionary is “A series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep,” “A cherished aspiration, ambition, or ideal,” and “Joy，pleasure, gladness, mirth, rejoicing，jubilation; an instance of this” From this we can see that the elaboration of dreams in Chinese emphasizes their illusoriness and unreality, while the elaboration of dreams in English emphasizes their own beauty.
The proposal of “Chinese Dream” broke the false and desolate image of “dream” in traditional Chinese culture, and expounding “dream” as “beautiful things that need to be actively strived for,” adding a vivid and lively stroke to Chinese dream culture.

The lesser seal character shape of “梦”

What are the differences between the Chinese Dream and the American Dream?
The American Dream, in a broad sense, refers to equality, freedom, and democracy in the United States. Narrowly, it refers to an ideal that believes that a better life can be achieved through hard work in the United States, that people must prosper through their own hard work, courage, creativity, and determination, rather than depending on a particular social class and aid from others, often representing people's economic success or entrepreneurial spirit. The American Dream is the crystallization of all things in American history, and has a unique symbolic and representative meaning. Therefore, the American

Dream can also be seen as synonymous with American mythology.

The Chinese Dream was defined by Xi Jinping as “realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation in modern times.” The word “rejuvenation” has a special meaning especially for China. It was nurtured in the history of the suffering of the Chinese nation in modern times, and came into being with the shattering of the dream of the Celestial Empire. Before modern times, Chinese civilization was in the forefront of the development of world civilization and made contributions to the development and progress of world civilization. However, with the rise of the capitalist mode of production and the acceleration of the modern industrial revolution, the feudal and autocratic China was soon ruthlessly abandoned by the wheel of history. When the Opium War broke out in 1840, the Western powers represented by the United Kingdom not only opened the door of China by force, but also shattered the dream of the rulers who were intoxicated by it. Following the bloody war, a series of unequal treaties that humiliated the country were forced to sign, and China gradually fell into the abyss of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The journey of suffering has not only left a mark of humiliation on the minds of generations of Chinese people, but also inspired the national consciousness of the Chinese people who are united in their pursuit of survival. Since 1840, the Chinese nation has gone through 109 years in order to realize the Chinese Dream. The hundred years of humiliation has awakened the national consciousness and national spirit and lay the foundation of the “two centenary goals”. And the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation came into being.

The Chinese dream corresponds to the American dream, but it is clearly different from the American dream. The dream of a country and a nation are emphasized, and then the individual. In fact, this is a family-state relationship originating from agricultural civilization, and the value judgment is that “without a state, there is no family.” The proposal of the “Chinese Dream” goes against the traditional Chinese understanding of dreams and regards dreams as a kind of beautiful prayer and pursuit. This is different from the illusory dreams in most traditional literary works, and is a positive wish of the national rejuvenation.

Terms and Expressions
The Road towards National Rejuvenation “复兴之路”展览
the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 中华民族伟大复兴
the five-in-one construction 五位一体建设
Origin of Chinese Characters 《说文解字》
A Dream in Red Mansions 《红楼梦》
the Opium War 鸦片战争

Questions
1. What are the “two centenary goals?”
2. What is the special meaning of rejuvenation to China?
3. What does the word “dream” mean in ancient Chinese?

References
1.刘璐、路永令.中西方“梦”的文化内涵比较——以“美国梦”与“中国梦”为例[J].《名作欣赏》.2015年24期
2.欧阳秀敏. 窥探中国梦文化延续和发展的历史文化内涵——以宋词多“梦”为例[J]. 湖北第二师范学院学报 2009年06期. 3页 (第22-24页).
3.刘璐、刘宇红. “中国梦”的文化内涵研究[D]. 南京师范大学, 2016年.67页
4.臧峰宇. 中国梦的历史语境、文化内涵与哲学境界[J]. 中国井冈山干部学院学报 2013年05期
5.桁林. “中国梦”的文化内涵与精神价值[J]. 中共成都市委党校学报 2016年05期

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD)==

Buytogether(PDD), also called Pinduoduo in Chinese, is a mainstream e-commerce application of mobile Internet in China, and a third-party social e-commerce platform focusing on C2M(Customer-to-Manufacturer) group shopping. It was founded in September 2015. Users can buy goods at a lower price by buying them with their friends, families and neighbors together.

Buytogether aims to enable people to buy better goods at lower prices and gain more benefits and fun by gathering the strength of more people. Its idea in online shopping is unique in that it creates a brand new pattern of social e-commerce: Community E-Commerce.

'''A.The History of Development'''

After only three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018. In July 2020, Buytogether ranked the fourth in "The Hurun China’s Top 10 E-commerce 2020". By 2020, Buytogether 's annual active users reached nearly 800 million, and its operating revenue reached 59.492 billion yuan. Reviewing the developing course of Buytogether, we can mainly divide it into the following two stages :

1.Early Developing Period (2015-2018)

Aiming at the sinking market, Buytogether came into being. Although e-commerce has great market potential, the competition is also very fierce. After years of development, Taobao, JD and other well-known traditional e-commerce enterprises have occupied a huge market share for a long time. Although having a large market share, they are also bothered by various problems, such as product quality concerns, fake goods, deficient platform supervision and so on, which force them to proceed strategic improvement. For example, in 2015, Taobao cracked down on the fake goods appearing on the platform, hoping to enhance customers' confidence in it by improving the quality of products. But at the same time, the improvement of product quality has brought about the rising of product price, which makes Taobao break away from the highly price-sensitive consumers, who pay more attention to the price rather than the brand. Users in such a sinking market that was unoccupied have become targets of Buytogether.

In September 2015, Buytogether was officially launched. In February 2016, Buytogether 's monthly turnover exceeded 10 million, and its users exceeded 20 million. In July 2016, Buytogether had more than 100 million users and received a B round of $110 million financing. On October 10,2016, the single-day transaction volume of Buytogether 's anniversary celebration, a big shopping festival, exceeded 100 million yuan. In October 2017, Buytogether occupied the first place in the total number of iOS application downloads under the category of shopping for nearly one month. Buytogether is a dark horse in the early days, constantly showing its edge.

2.Growing Period (from 2018 to now)

After three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018, and has made remarkable achievements. According to CCTV, Buytogether had 385.5 million annual active users in 2018, surpassing JD, the second largest e-commerce platform with its 305.2 million users. In February 2019, Buytogether was included in the MSCI. In June 2019, the " Subsidy of Ten Billion Yuan " activity was launched, and Buytogether was selected as one of " The Forbes Most Innovative Enterprises in China 2019" in the same month. In December 2019, Buytogether launched the train ticket service on its App terminal. In 2019, Buytogether 's operating revenue was about 30.142 billion yuan, and the number of multiannual active users had reached 585.2 million by the end of 2019.According to the 2020 annual report released by Buytogether, it achieved operating revenue of about 59.492 billion yuan in 2020, with a growing rate of 97% compared with 2019. The achievements of Buytogether are amazing to all, creating a miracle among all the e-commerce platforms.

'''B.The Special Marketing Strategy'''

Buytogether's success is inseparable from its unique marketing strategy based on community .

Internet technology breaks the limitation of time and space; various social media provide interactive platforms, strengthening users’ connectivity. The essence of Buytogether's going viral is to take the social media as carriers to carry out e-commerce transactions, namely community e-commerce. Community e-commerce manages the users and potential users of the platform in a new way, paying more attention to providing users with more interactive communication and scenarios, so as to facilitate users to find groups where other people have similar interests and needs to their own and hence exchange shopping information and conduct group shopping at a much lower price. In Buytogether, users can get lower prices when they share the links of what they want to buy with their friends to form a group for shopping. The characteristics of Buytogether's community e-commerce are as follows:

1.Targeting customers in the sinking market.

The "internet traffic(data)-centered" competing mechanism of traditional e-commerce platforms represented by Taobao and JD makes the main market of online shopping be occupied by leading brands with abundant funds. In the early days of establishment, Buytogether effectively distinguished its main customers from those of traditional e-commerce platforms, and positioned the main customers in the sinking market to buffer competition in the industry. Buytogether supplies products at lower prices than other traditional e-commerce platforms by some strategies like “the more you buy, the lower prices are”, shopping in group and enabling users to bargain, thus attracting a large number of consumers in the sinking market and small cities.

The increase of the users attracts a larger number of sellers to flood into the platform in return. With its decentralized internet traffic(data) distribution and low-cost entry threshold, Buytogether has brought opportunities to start-ups and niche enterprises. Many little-known businesses including some self-employed ones have flooded into the platform as well. Both parties of a deal in the sinking market are attracted by Buytogether’s low prices and low costs. Consumers gain lower prices and suppliers acquire more customers; the trading system of Buytogether is gradually improved.

2.Popularizing based on users’ community.

Buytogether attracts more and more customers depending on social media and users’ social relations. Under the logic of community, the Internet economy is based on human.

Generally speaking, the formation of different groups is based on interests, kinship, etc. Through third-party social platforms such as WeChat and QQ, consumers establish and join groups where people have similar interests and needs to share and exchange information. In other words, users with similar interest or needs form a community. Buytogether manages these community members, analyzes the characteristics of different communities, captures their needs and interest points, so as to release marketing contents accurately and establish unlimited vertical market segments.

Also, consumers in the online communities will share their experience of using products with recommendation or criticism, which actually provides the stores and the platform itself with suggestions for improving, assistance in producing and innovative ideas. Consumers are not only loyal "buyers", but also enthusiastic "sharers" and innovative "producers".

3.Selling in the form of group.

Buytogether's "group enjoys discounts" selling strategy has attracted many consumers in pursuit of high cost performance. The "buying in group" model has grown full-bloom with the combined promotion of big data, the Internet and the community economy.

Group shopping brings more benefits to consumers. It is easy to arouse consumers’ desire to buy when their friends share the link of what they want to buy that they also need and has an affordable price. Then the virtuous cycle comes. In order to get lower price, it is inevitable to share the group link with friends. If this cycle continues, more and more people will download Buytogether and buy something. When consumers choose such a social platform where friends gather to share group shopping links, it is easier to form communities and develop the habit of sharing and shopping in group. Group shopping reflects the integration of network technology into real life, bringing mutual benefits and win-win results, which is also an upgrade of consumption form.

4.Reducing intermediary businesses.

Traditional e-commerce platforms have broadened online transaction channels, but have not effectively shortened the transaction process between suppliers and customers. Therefore, the profit space of suppliers and consumers has not been totally released.

By targeting the sinking market, Buytogether has attracted a large number of suppliers of different brands to the platform to talk with customers directly. Users can form groups and make orders on Buytogether according to their interests and needs. The platform will skip the procedure of channel distribution and feedback users’ needs to suppliers directly to shorten the decision-making time and reduce the inventory backlog.

The docking of transaction terminals reduces the profits middlemen can get, releasing the profit space for users and suppliers. Buytogether is committed to shortening the transaction process between users and suppliers, thus attracting more transaction terminals to enter the platform. So it becomes a main advantage of Buytogether that attracts stores and suppliers at lower operating costs.

'''C.The Advantages of Buytogether'''

1.Creating needs actively.

Under the model of traditional e-commerce, users mostly buy goods based on their own needs, which means the platform itself is not active enough in inspiring customers’ demands. But Buytogether attracts new consumers and promotes their demands actively through low prices, recommendation from friends, group shopping and many other ways.

Users in social media will browse the information of products when they receive links of group shopping from their friends. The products are usually affordable and practical that are necessities for consumers, so they are likely to buy the products as well. Therefore, depending on the relation network of community members, it is easy for Buytogether to dig out and inspire customers’ potential needs.

2.Connecting users in many ways.

User connection is a significant advantage of Buytogether. Under the mode of community e-commerce, the relationship between users and sellers or other users is much closer. What community members pursue is not only the material benefits brought by products themselves, but also the interactive communication and emotional connection with others. Therefore, they tend to have a high degree of involvement and loyalty to stores, and spontaneously participate in the activities that contribute to the prosperity of the whole community like collaborative production, reputation building and spreading, content producing and so on, forming a C2B model where users’ demands guide the production, so as to solve the problem of inventory redundancy and optimize trading processes. Under the guidance of opinion leaders, community members are more likely to develop a herd mentality, and gain a sense of belonging and a sense of achievement from their collective actions. Fan economy, opinion leaders and herd effect in community e-commerce open a new vision for businesses to drive users to respond.

3.Promoting social contacts.

Traditional e-commerce improves the shopping experiences of individual consumers by issuing allowances, coupons and cross-store discounts. But Buytogether fosters adhesiveness of users through interaction. Buytogether utilizes the interpersonal network of community to innovate forms of discounts, such as inviting friends to help bargain, gain free charge and group price, not only meeting the customers’ practical needs of information acquisition, price concessions and product purchases, but also enabling customers to improve their shopping experiences with interactive entertainment.

'''D.The problems of Buytogether'''

1.The crisis of confidence

Recently, Buytogether has launched zero yuan purchase, cash withdrawal with friends’ help(by sharing links) and other activities that require users to invite their friends to participate in. However, to gain the promised benefits, users have to obey complex procedures and sometimes they get nothing after it. So in the process of these activities, consumers will feel interested and inspired at the beginning, and then they are likely to be disappointed, or even give up midway. Even if they really complete the task, they will feel that the harvest and their efforts are not proportional. In this way, it is easy for users to feel bored about the activity of the platform, seriously affecting their confidence in it.

2.The problem of low quality

Since its establishment, Buytogether has been adopting the low-price marketing strategy based on social networking including a series of discount activities, which have continuously compressed the profit space of the settled stores. In order to conform with the platform's low-price strategy as much as possible, these stores have to reduce the costs of raw materials and production, thus causing quality problems. In addition, due to Buytogether’s low entry threshold and loose supervision, the qualifications of its sellers are not all official. Some sellers enter the platform to sell fake and shoddy products, which not only damages the rights and interests of consumers, but also destroys users' trust in the platform.

3.The damage of corporate image

The main way for Buytogether to realize its community marketing is to attract new users by making current users constantly share the platform links. Current users frequently forward links to invite friends to help them gain a discount or cash rewards, but sometimes such behavior will bother their friends, the potential customers of Buytogether, and even stir their antipathy for this platform. Therefore, this method of marketing is a double-edged sword, sometimes damaging its corporate image.

'''E.The Measures for Optimization'''

Buytogether takes advantage of its unique social e-commerce model to open up its own e-commerce field in the fiercely competitive Chinese e-commerce market with the sinking market as the starting-point. Due to the poor commodity quality, low price and most of the users are price-sensitive in the sinking market, the moat (based on Buffett's moat theory )in intangible assets and customer switching cost is weak. In comparison, it cooperates with WeChat APP and make use of its huge traffic. At the same time, the "social fission" approach to platform promotion and the adoption of the C2M sales model to operate the platform has made it possible for the company to use its unique social e-commerce model to create its blue ocean of e-commerce. Against this background, Buytogether has a deep and wide moat in network effect and cost advantage. Based on the above analysis of the current market environment and the moat theory, I propose the following strategies for the future development of Buytogether :

1.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.

After years of accumulation, Buytogether has had a large number of registered users, so the marketing rules can be appropriately optimized based on it. Nowadays, Buytogether no longer needs to rely on fission marketing methods like sharing links to expand the user scale, but needs to improve its own marketing policies, utilize social media more rationally, and formulate marketing activities from the perspective of users. Buytogether can take into consideration increasing the probability of consumers completing their tasks in marketing activities and giving consumers more subsidies and dividends to gain their confidence and foster their loyalty to the platform.

2.Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.

If Buytogether wants to reduce inferior products, it must supervise its sellers closely. When sellers enter, their qualification and product quality must be strictly checked. In addition, while strengthening the supervision of the sellers, Buytogether is also advised to give more welfare to these sellers to encourage them to pay more attention to product quality, so as to solve related problems from the source. Moreover, Buytogether should also establish an organic system of after-sales service, increase the number of personnel to serve customers, and handle all kinds of complaints from users properly.

3.Polish up users’comments and improve the corporate image.

Consumers tend to consider the platform’s corporate image when choosing products. Unfortunately, many consumers have linked Buytogether with "inferior products" at present, so it is emergent for Buytogether to regain users' confidence and trust by improving its corporate image.

4.Improve the supply chain structure and the back-end service system.

Although Buytogether's existing supply chain structure has made it possible for customers' demand to stimulate the upstream supply chain to carry out mass production, its accumulation is still not perfect. Besides, the existing investment in the upstream and the empowerment of the whole industry chain are also insufficient. The existing investment in upstream and empowerment of the whole industry chain is also insufficient. If it wants to grow further, Buytogether will need to spend some time and effort on improving its supply chain. In addition to partnering with third-party logistics, it could follow the example of the Yiatong 380 platform and set up hundreds of distribution networks across the country. Otherwise, learning from Alibaba's retail and village tao synergy system and the integrated logistics information management platform of Cainiao parcel even benchmark itself against Jingdong and create its own logistics system to have a more significant say in the upstream supply.

5.Stop blind expansion of incremental users, fine-tuned operation of stock users.

The Internet began to shift from a total market to a stock market as early as 2016, but the tapping of sinking traffic has slowed down the process. As the number of Buytogether 's users has reached 800 million, its future development strategy should no longer be to pursue incremental users number but to amplify the business value of individual users. Thus, it can refine the operation of its stock of users to repeat key actions through precise matching, increasing their stickiness and keeping them in a mature stage for a long time.

Although Buytogether's current single-user purchase level is still low, it also has the potential to improve within the system through live streaming, subsidies, and other actions to improve user stickiness. As its digital, household appliances, and fresh produce categories continue to enrich, the trend of increasing customer unit price is noticeable. Suppose it can maintain the existing scale and development direction. In that case, Buytogether has more room for growth to better cope with the Tao system and other Internet e-commerce. It will allow Buytogether to better cope with the competition between the Tao system and other internet e-commerce companies and continue growing and developing.

'''References'''

1.百度百科

2.梁艳.基于拼多多发展路径分析如何增强平台用户黏性[J].中国集体经济,2022(10):51-53.

3.徐佳宁.基于社群经济的电商企业商业模式创新——以拼多多为例[J].现代营销(下旬刊),2022(03):128-130.DOI:10.19932/j.cnki.22-1256/F.2022.03.128.

4.徐琴.拼多多的社交化营销策略研究[J].上海商业,2022(03):16-17.

5.Nie Cheng,Xinyu Huang,Jing Qian. Analysis on Pinduoduo Business Model and Future Development Strategy based on Sinking Market[C]//.Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Global Economy and Business Management (GEBM 2021).[出版者不详],2021:279-287.DOI:10.26914/c.cnkihy.2021.049927.

'''Terms and Expressions'''

NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价表)

"2020 Hurun China Top 10 E-commerce":《2020胡润中国10强电商》

Sinking market: Small-town and rural markets where the most Chinese population live.下沉市场

'''Questions'''

1.When was Buytogether founded?

2.When was Buytogether listed on NASDAQ?

3.What new type of e-commerce did Buytogether create?

4.Which market does Buytogether target?

5.What are advantages of Buytogether?

6.What are problems of Buytogether?

7.How to solve these problems?

'''Answers'''

1.In September 2015.

2.In July 2018.

3.Community e-commerce.

4.The sinking market.

5.Creating needs actively.
Connecting users in many ways.
Promoting social contacts.

6.The crisis of confidence
The problem of low quality
The damage of corporate image

7.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.
Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.
Polish up users’ comments and improve the corporate image.
Improve the supply chain structure and the back-end service system.
Stop blind expansion of incremental users, fine-tuned operation of stock users.

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People

The Tujia are a long-established ethnic group with their own language, but they do not have their own character and use the character of the Han. In October 1956, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission identified the Tujia as a single ethnic group through ethnic identification. The Tujia call themselves "Bizka（毕兹卡）", "Mikiqa（密基卡）" or "Bejinqa（贝锦卡）", which means "people born and raised in the land". Despite the fact that they do not have a written language, they still have their own cultural identity, especially in the form of marriage and burial customs.

'''Marriage customs'''
In the history of the Tujia, marriage was relatively free. A man and a woman could marry after free love, with the consent of both parents and the testimony of a Tujia teacher (wizard). On the 12th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, young men and women sang and danced, fell in love with each other and became lifelong partners.
After the reform and conform, the Tujia were forced to carry out arranged marriages by parents and matchmakers. Before liberation, there was the custom of aunts and uncles marrying in table and house marriages. In the case of aunts and uncles, the marriage of an aunt's daughter must marry the son of an uncle's family, also known as "return the bone seed(Huan Guzhong 还骨种)"; brother received sister-in-law after the brother’s death, known as "sitting bed(坐床)". But now these customs have ceased to exist in modern times.
After the nation’s liberation, the people's government promulgated a new marriage law, and since then, the Tujia people have truly enjoyed the happiness of marital autonomy. The marriage rituals of the Tujia family include "proofing（打样）", "marriage proposal（求婚）", "asking for red ginger（讨红庚）", "betrothal" （定亲）(commonly known as "inserting thatched incense"，插茅香), "seeing the date（看期）" and "welcoming the bride（亲迎）". This is similar to the six rites of the Han. The more characteristic marriage rituals are the accompanying of the ten sisters, the accompanying of the ten brothers and the weeping of the bride. As a unique wedding form of the Tujia wedding custom - crying marriage(哭嫁), in the Tujia settlement area for about two to three thousand years of history. According to the analysis of folklore experts, crying marriage is likely to be a matrilineal clan society to patrilineal clan society in the transition of the "bride snatching" customs of the remaining phenomenon. With the continuous progress of society, cry marriage has long lost the original meaning of bride kidnapping, but has become a traditional custom in the home life of the Tujia people to carry out ritual ethics and marriage education. In fact, it is not the bride alone who cries, but the collective cries of relatives within and outside the family, which is "familial". There are more than 20 procedures in the weeping marriage of the Tujia f, and for each item the bride cries, there are accompanying and opposite weepers. The weeping not only has a lot of content, but also has a long and strict procedure, which is "ceremonial".

'''Burial Customs'''
The connotation of Tujia funeral culture is rich, which is the attitude of people towards death, and the culture of different forms of funeral customs represents the composition of a nation's culture, which is a unique cultural phenomenon of Tujia. The way of Tujia funeral in the history of the first people to implement cremation, but also rock coffin burial（岩棺葬）, etc. The development of the Tujia funeral has formed a ritual with the characteristics of the nation.

'''1.The Funeral Dance'''
The funeral dance of the Tujia family has been recorded since the Sui and Tang dynasties, and the Tujia people sing and dance wildly in front of the dead, which has become an important way to pay tribute to the dead and comfort the living. The mourning dance has not only its cultural connotation, but also its distinctive artistic characteristics, which are mainly reflected in the musical composition and the singing and movement of the dance.
One of the most important steps of a funeral is Jumping mourning(跳丧).Jumping mourning is specifically when the neighbors in the neighborhood after the death of the elders, dark neighbors will go to this home for jumping mourning, the family of the deceased will vacate the place in advance as well as prepare the tobacco and wine. The coffin of the deceased is placed in the main hall, and then the cowry drum is placed in the wooden foot basin in front of the left side of the coffin. The mourning dance is led by the Taoist priest, and the eldest son holds the deceased father's or mother's spiritual tablet in his hands, leading dozens of mourning men and women to dance vigorously in the courtyard collapse, forming different formations during the dance.

'''2.The Mourning Hall Singing'''
The funeral form of the Tujia family is also the more important form of mourning and sitting mourning, also called mourning hall singing, which is only singing but not dancing mourning ceremony, sitting night may be several days and nights until the funeral and burial. During the sitting night, the mourning son sits around the pipe. The mourning son sits around the pipe and sings through one or two singers who beat the drums and say auspicious words, and then sings about the deceased's life experiences and achievements, including historical figures and historical allusions, by leading and helping the singers. This ritual song and dance was continued through the centuries, and the funeral song and dance became the main form of expression.

'''3.Funeral Culture Connotations'''
The mourning ceremony of the Tujia family has a distinct function of social edification and is passed on as a cultural phenomenon, mainly because it has a corresponding social function, and its function in expressing emotions is more significant. The descendants send the bones and souls of their ancestors to the Elysium, which is carried out in a rich jumping mourning, which can also be a great adjustment for the descendants' psychology to settle their souls. On the temporal as well as the spatial level, the selection of auspicious days for the funeral and the sending of the soul to the blissful world are all helpful to appease the soul of the descendants.

'''Questions'''
1. Do the Tujia have their own ethnic script?
2. Was marriage free in the historical Tujia family?
3. What are the marriage rites of the Tujia?
4. What are the main artistic features of mourning?

'''Reference：'''
［1］廖从刚.土家族婚俗中的哭嫁习俗.《寻根》,2005年.02期
［2］［2］余继平 . 大悲之日 , 欢歌——土家族特殊的丧葬习俗［J］. 中华手工 ,2015 （02）.
［3］关于武陵山区土家族葬礼文化探究邵启富 53_54·《长江丛刊》,2018年.31期
王刚 . 武陵山区土家族葬礼文化初探［J］. 铜仁职业技术学院学报 ,2017（03）
-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 07:20, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

Culture 2022 3

2022-06-30T09:19:11Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD) */

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - The “reference” of Chinese Music==
May 20，2022，with the broadcast of the show "Sister Who Rides the Waves，the “Sweetheart hierarch” Cyndi Wang became popular again by singing her song Love You①. Actually the song Love You is not original，and it is adapted from PAPAYA（a South Korea girl group）’s song，Listen to Me②.
And since the last century, many Chinese singers or bands have the experience of "refer" songs from other countries. The famous nursery rhyme “Two Tigers”③ is adapted from French nursery rhyme "Brother Jacques"④. In the end of the last century，the Hong Kong music scene had become popular among Chinese youth.Some of their songs also have a certain popularity now. But after my research, many of their songs are covers, and their original songs are mainly Japanese. It was popular to buy the rights to songs and then cover them. You may wonder why they don't write their own songs. It is because they had a fast pace, and the singers had to release several albums every year, so they had to use other people's songs if they didn't have enough creative ability. Another reason was that communications at that time were not as developed as they are today, so their "reference" could not be easily detected by the public.So this method became the choice of most singers at that time. (Singers do that even now.) And this also aroused heated debate since then. Some people think that as long as the song sounds good, it doesn't matter whether it is original or not. Others think creation should be encouraged. But music is also a manifestation of culture. If we blindly follow the footsteps of others without our own innovation, the development of our musical culture will be limited. Encouraging creation is a need of cultural development. Here are some of the "borrowed" songs and their original songs：Priscilla Chan’s Thousands of Songs⑤ is adapted from Kondou Masahiko’s Yuyake no uta⑥. Aaron Kwok’s Good Times & Bad Times is a cover of kazumasa Oda's song of the same name. And Hacken Lee’s The Red Sun⑦ is adapted from the Japanese band Otaika Man’s famous song，What’s the most precious⑧...
In addition to Hong Kong, there are also covers in Taiwan's music scene.
==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance==

Introductions on Lion dance

The lion dance is a popular activity among Chinese people of all ethnic groups, and it is a must for festivals and gatherings. The lion dance is a symbol of good luck and good intentions of the people to get rid of disasters and seek good fortune.In May 2006, the Chinese lion dance was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council.
The lion dance has a long history, and the existing lion dances are divided into two categories: cultural lion and martial lion. The martial lion has more difficult acrobatic performances, and the lion is vigorous and fierce, looking at the tiger; the cultural lion is naive and cute, with a lovely form, and mainly performs the lion's life and attitude; according to the different materials and methods of lion modeling, there are many different types of lion dances around the world, and they are very colorful.
The lion dance is usually played by two people, the former holding the lion head props on his head with both hands, playing the lion's head, and the latter leaning over, holding the former's waist with both hands, wearing lion skin decorated with linen, cloth and other materials, playing the lion's body. Two people combined into one large lion, called "Large lion”. There is also a person wearing a lion mask, wearing a fake lion skin, playing a small lion, called "Small lion". In front of the lion, there is a lion, holding a colorful embroidered ball that can be turned to tease, and the dance ball movements include rolling the ball, turning the ball, throwing the ball, shaking the ball and dozens of other kinds, and the lion then makes various dance movements. In some places, the lion dancer wears a big-headed mask and plays a big-headed monk, holding a big fan or even a big knife instead of a ball.
Schools of Lion Dance :With the continuous development of the lion dance movement, the art of lion dance has also been perfected, but because of the different customs in the north and south, the dance method is not the same, so the north and south has formed two major schools, namely the southern school and the northern school, also known as the southern lion and the northern lion. The northern lion's movements are light, mainly jumping and tumbling, with small gongs, drums,and cymbals, etc., mainly in the Central Plains and North China, with representative lions from Hebei, Anhui and Hunan. The southern lion, on the other hand, is a big and powerful lion with big gongs, drums, cymbals, etc. The drum music is majestic and inspiring, and is mainly popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia.

The Origin of Lions

Regarding the origin of the lion, scholars of all generations have concluded that the lion in the early Middle Kingdom came from the West. There is a large number of documents for evidence, including Jin Guopu’s "Mu Tianzi".It said: " The lion is also called mythical creature , produced by the Western region." The scholar Li Shizhen wrote in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": " The lion is out of the Western countries" From the research records of experts and scholars of the past generations, it is clear that China did not produce lions, scholars of the past generations After the study of the literature, It is thought that the lion was introduced from the West as a tribute in the Han Dynasty. Before the Han Dynasty, people do not know what it looks like. According to historical records, the lion was considered useless when it first entered the Middle Kingdom, and was not accepted because of its fierce appearance and habits. During the long history, due to various reasons, especially religious influence, people gradually accepted the lion and made it a mythical beast, together with the legendary dragon, phoenix, and qilin, known as the four spiritual beasts.The lion is known as the king of beasts, but China is generally not affected by lions, so the people have a sense of affinity to the lion, regard it as a symbol of power and good luck, and hope to use the lion's powerful image to drive away evil spirits.

The Origin and Legend of Lion Dance

Regarding the origin of lion dance in ancient China, ancient literature and analysis by scholars over the ages show that the origin of lion dance in China is also recognized from the Han Dynasty, but the exact date cannot be determined. Through research and historical analysis, the following statements are more plausible.
The first theory: Chinese lion dance originated from the Han Dynasty, and the lion was imported from foreign countries only after Zhang Sai's mission to the West during the reign of Emperor Wu. Whenever the Western ambassadors visited, he set up songs and dances to cheer, so those dancers put on masks dressed as birds and animals, but the Western ambassadors found that these birds and animals only lacked of lions, after asking, we knew that at that time China had not yet lions. Later.Later the western envoys sent a pair of lions to China, and the lion trainers performed lion training. This lion training performance may be the predecessor of the Chinese lion dance.

The second theory: the lion dance originated in the Three Kingdoms period and was popular in the North and South Dynasties. Meng Kang, a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, wrote in The Elephant Man : If today's play is like shrimp, the lion is also. The Northern Wei Yang From it we can know, the lion not only protects the law to ward off evil, and can guide the way for the Buddha. If we look at the form, this lion guiding its front, very similar to the current lion guide, already slightly with the form of dance.

The third theory: According to the earliest historical records, the account of the real "lion dance" should be The Book of Ning - Zong Yi Zhuan. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the 22nd year of Emperor Wujia's reign (445 A.D.), when the Nanning Army occupied Linyi, and Yi asked to be the leader. The soldiers were unable to resist, saying, "I have heard that the lion is a powerful lion, so I made its shape and fought against the elephant, and the elephant just ran in fear and were scattered. After that, the lion dance was performed in the military and slowly spread to the people, becoming the origin of the lion dance, but at that time it was not called the lion dance but the "Taiping music".According to records, the Taiping music and the modern lion dance are very similar.
There are also various stories and legends about the lion dance in ancient China.
One of the legends is that the "New Year" beast eats green. According to the legend, in ancient times, plague often occurred in China, so countless people died, but fortunately, every time the plague occurred, a divine beast appeared, and the plague disappeared as soon as it appeared. Since this beast "Nian" is so helpful to people, people use bamboo scales and colored cloths to tie into the "Nian" beast during the farming season, and dance in front of each house with majestic drums and music, in order to suppress evil spirits and seek good luck. Because the "New Year" beast likes to eat vegetables, so every family places a plate of vegetables in front of the door for the "New Year" beast to eat. As time goes by, people find that the shape of the "New Year" is very much like a lion. So they called this kind of thing as the lion, and the vegetables were called "Caiqing".

The Value and Functions of Lion Dance

First, it connects with emotions. While it is a sport, its more obvious attribute is that it belongs to the category of folklore. The cultural accumulation of each nation is often expressed in folklore activities, and healthy folklore activities not only express the soul of the nation, but also convey the message code of mutual feeling and knowledge between the brothers of the nation. In the case of "lion dance", a folklore activity loaded with the accumulation of feelings of the children of Yanhuang, wherever there is a Chinese settlement, there is a lion dance and a lion dance culture. The lion dance for good luck is often the best way for Chinese people who are wandering around the world to share happiness and feelings.

Second, it can strengthen the body. The actual operation of lion dance requires good coordination among all the components, and it is a kind of project that combines multiple factors such as music and lion dance. Because of this integration, the lion dance has a strong ornamental and artistic value, which can fully meet people's entertainment and aesthetic needs. At the same time, for the performers, lion dance is a sport that strengthens the body and cultivates the emotions.

Third, it has educational significance. The lion dance is a traditional culture in China, and it is the inheritance of the culture to carry forward the lion dance. We can understand the history and culture of the region through lion dance.

Fourth, it has the commercial function. The performance nature of lion dance brings a lot of commercial benefits. In addition, the lion dance brings about the development of tourism and other related industries. In the author's opinion, the commercial function of lion dance is not only this, as the development of cultural industry is gaining momentum today, lion dance with deep cultural heritage will face better development opportunities.

Fifth, it enriches the spirit of the nation. The spirit of mutual cooperation and solidarity. The participation of dragon dance is very common, and the professional requirements are not very high. It shows a kind of momentum and team spirit, with a few people or even hundreds of people, dancing up and down, surging and inspiring. This requires more than one person to complete the whole set of interlacing, running and jumping, tumbling and other movements, mutual cooperation is particularly important, must maximize the team effect; inherit the spirit of tradition and innovation, although the dragon and lion dance has a long history, but also not unchanging, positive, innovative features nurtured in different ways of performance, reflecting the spirit of never-ending innovation

Historical Stages of the Development of Traditional Lion Dance
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the traditional lion dance developed to a deeper level
The skills of the Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties formed different performance styles and program focuses in the North and South due to geographical barriers and different environments. In the south, the Han regime inherited the 'orthodoxy', and the ideology of Confucianism was changed to Zhuanglao, and the social habits tended to be weak. Therefore, although the Southern Dynasty had the majestic 'White Tiger ' and other programs from the Northern Dynasty, its mainstream was slender and soft.The traditional lion dance began to be performed on the same stage with ceremonial music(the beginning of music) in the Sui Dynasty, and after the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, its artistic image became richer and had a strong folk base, and the court performance became more mature. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the nine music parts of Sui Dynasty were adjusted and increased into "ten music parts". One of the most famous "five lions", also known as "Taiping music".Performers danced and sang "Taiping music", taking the meaning of world peace and good fortune, which was basically the same as the symbolic meaning of today's lion dance. During the Song and Yuan dynasties - a turning point in the development of traditional lion dance technology, the performance form, performance team and program creation of lion dance in the Song dynasty underwent more profound changes. Techniques began to be divided into sections, prompting peer artists to gather for social fires; social fires further united the team and promoted the development of skills, as well as the formation of various genres, creating conditions for the prosperity of the folk lion dance movement. In Yuan Dynasty, "lion dance" also had innovation,.For instance,"high Cui lion dance" in the Yuan Dynasty first seen in the records. Although the Qing Dynasty Palace also had lion dance performances, generally speaking, the scale was not large. Southern and northern lion performances in the Qing Dynasty formed different images and different techniques of performance style. In the north, there were "Large lion" and "Small lion", whose images and performances resembled real lions, while the lion dance in the south had integrated dance, acrobatics and martial arts into one, which was quite new compared to the traditional lion dance methods.

The Development of Modern Lion Dance

(A) Before the liberation of the competition between the lion teams in the festive activities of the nature of the competition
In the 1920s and 1930s, the lion dance was generally preceded by the Shaolin and the Five tiger stick , followed by the lion , the vine , the rice-gale , the shuttlecock , and the kong Schools, which started from their respective villages and rushed to the temple. Along the way, whenever they encountered the roadside tea huts or tea points, they should get off the performance. To the temple they worshiped after the incense and performed martial arts. Then they returned along the way, if on the way the temple fair and several villages a few teams met together, this performance was often with the nature of the competition '; in some places gradually formed a regular tournament .In modern times during the festival have a relatively fixed lion team to perform and the lion team also competed and cut martial arts, with the nature of the competition. The lion dance has taken the form of a competitive lion dance.

(B) Lion dance became a traditional national sport
On February 28, 1934, the first Folk Games of Henan Province, there were more than 20 folk martial arts associations such as dry boat, dragon lantern, lion and kite flying to perform and compete. In 1978, the lion dance was invited as a special performance at the First Folk Games, and it became an official event at the Fourth Agricultural Games. Now there are different events such as National Lion Dance Championship and various kinds of North-South Lion King Competition, National Dragon and Lion Invitation Tournament and Elite Tournament every year, and it has become an official competition item in the National Agricultural Games, National Urban Games and the Third National Sports Congress.

(C) Lion dance shine on the acrobatic stage
In 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai personally watched the acrobatic performances of six large troupes in Beijing, including China, Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi'an and Warriors, and affirmed the skills of the "lion dance", which were partly choreographed according to the laws of acrobatics.They have been organized to visit Asian, African, American and European countries and become the first team of people's diplomacy. The lion dance skills have developed rapidly on the acrobatic stage, and a series of new and difficult skills have been developed on the basis of inherited traditions. The high skills of acrobatic lion dance have a great influence on the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance, and the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance have absorbed the performance style and props of acrobatic lion dance, enriched their own performance forms, and continuously improved the level of traditional lion dance and competitive lion dance.

Lion Dance Culture Development Problem
As it is not easy to cultivate talents to inherit the lion dance culture, and the props used to make the lion dance are expensive, the traditional lion dance culture is also facing the crisis of no one inheriting it. As a representative of the excellent traditional culture, how to survive and develop the lion dance culture in the intersection of modern technology and traditional culture is an important issue that contemporary lion dancers have to think about.

Measures for Solving the Problem
(A) Strengthen corooperation with colleges and universities to carry out lion dance classes
Youth is the future and hope of the country.Vigorously developing traditional culture education for youth, and incorporating lion dance culture into students' curriculum can not only enrich campus culture, but also greatly improve the popularity of lion dance culture and enhance youth's cultural identity and national pride. Students are the successors of the communist cause, the main body of education, and the main body of cultural inheritance and dissemination. Relying on school education to develop lion dance culture, more people can understand and inherit lion dance culture. The rejuvenation of traditional culture and its development on the basis of popularization are the needs of lion dance culture inheritance and the wishes of lion dance lovers.

(B) Promote the culture and spirit of lion dance through the Internet and mass media
In order to make the lion dance culture develop better, we make use of the development of the whole media to promote the beautiful connotation of the lion dance culture through the Internet and make use of the mass media to vigorously publicize it, so that more people really like the lion dance culture and really enter the lion dance culture; we rely on the Internet to strengthen the cultural exchange among the lion dance enthusiasts all over the country, so as to promote the spread and inheritance of the lion dance culture; we rely on the whole media to carry out the lion dance culture competition, formulate scientific competition rules and generous rewards to arouse people's enthusiasm for participation, so that more people can participate in the promotion of the lion dance culture and promote the spread of the lion dance culture.

(C) Accelerate the innovation to push the development of lion dance culture
The premise of traditional culture innovation is to first understand its cultural value, grasp the comprehensive traditional cultural content, and then promote the corresponding lion dance culture, so that the folk lion dance is known to more people, even to learn the skills, so that the lion dance is well inherited. In the traditional lion dance culture promotion at the same time, the lion dance team should also be committed to in-depth study of the lion dance culture with the times to drive the value of the economy to achieve the culture to give rise to the economy and the economy in turn to support the culture of mutual assistance and harmony. In such a way wa can break the situation that traditional culture has no successor due to the narrow market prospect, and provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional culture. With the rapid development of the times and the improvement of people's living standards, some connotations of traditional culture are no longer applicable to modern life, so it is necessary to accelerate the promotion of cultural innovation, promote the innovation of lion dance culture, and constantly innovate the form of lion dance culture development and inheritance, so as to attract more people to understand lion dance culture and inherit it.

(D) Cultivate lion dance culture talents,and pay attention to integration of local culture
To actively carry out lion dance culture promotion activities, select talents from young people who are interested in lion dance culture, make them receive professional training in lion dance culture, develop their interest into a profession, make them become the inheritors of lion dance culture, and promote the inheritance of lion dance culture. In the local lion dance culture, we dig deep into the local culture and explore the cultural heritage, so that the lion dance culture can be well inherited and developed, integrating the traditional lion dance into the local cultural connotation and giving it new vitality. In addition to the local culture, there is also a folk lion dance culture with local characteristics, establishing unique cultural programs, spreading unique cultural values, so that the traditional lion dance culture continues to be inherited.

(E) Define the cultural positioning, actively implement the "going out" strategy, and promote the lion dance culture to the world
The government should formulate relevant policies to support, position lion dance culture well, and support key projects to promote the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, so that more people can understand lion dance culture and participate in the inheritance of lion dance culture, thus enhancing the social status and influence of lion dance culture. While promoting the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, we should not only spread and develop the inheritance at home, but also actively promote the strategy of "going out" to promote Chinese traditional culture to the world, so that people around the world can understand lion dance culture, learn lion dance culture, inherit and spread lion dance culture, so that lion dance culture can be developed around the world and spread the beautiful connotation of China's excellent traditional culture. The beautiful connotation of excellent traditional culture.

Terms:

Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》
the four spiritual beasts 四大灵兽
national intangible cultural heritage 国家级非物质文化遗产
the State Council 国务院
gongs, drums,and cymbals 大锣、大鼓、大钹
Zhang Sai's mission to the West 张赛出使西域
The Elephant Man 《象人》
Caiqing 采青
orthodoxy 正统
High Cui lion dance 高毳舞狮
Acrobatic Stage 杂技舞台
National Agricultural Games 全国农运会
National Urban Games 全国城运会
The Third National Sports Congress. 第三届全国体育大会

References:

中国最独特的舞狮文化 The Most Unique Lion Dance Culture in China 宴姝下一代2019,(04),7
舞狮运动的起源与发展研究[J] The Origin and Development of lion Dance 郭绿杨.当代体育科技 . 2017 (22)
论舞龙舞狮运动塑造学生民族精神的功能[J]. Arguments on the function of dragon and Lion Dance to Shape students' national spirit曹虎愚.成功(教育) . 2012(11)
我国舞狮运动与文化的价值底蕴分析[J]. Analysis on the value of Lion dance and culture in China管罗红.企业家天地(理论版) . 2011(01)
新时代下传统舞狮的传承发展与问题[J]. Inheritance, development and problems of traditional lion Dance in the new era 杨晓坤,代继盟,林宵,于娇.中国民族博览 . 2019(06)

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

'''Development history of mobile games'''

'''The birth of mobile games'''
In 1997, Gluttonous Snake, preinstalled in Nokia 6110, officially started the history of mobile games. Long ago, Nokia was the dominant player in the mobile phone market. The physical keyboard and screen each occupied half of the mobile phone space. So at that time, mobile games did not get rid of the shackles of physical keyboard, such as early games: Gluttonous Snake(贪吃蛇), Pushing Boxes(推箱子), and Tetris（俄罗斯方块）.

'''Pre Android'''
After the release of Android phones, with the characteristics of the touch screen, games that need touch control, such as Fruit Ninja, became popular. There were many classic games in this period, including Plants vs. Zombies（植物大战僵尸）, Angry Birds（愤怒的小鸟）, Temple Escape（神庙逃亡）, Subway Parkour （地铁跑酷）and other classic games .At the same time, Minecraft （我的世界）was released on iphone, but due to the high price of iphone, its popularity is far less than Android games.

'''Pre Tencent period'''
In 2013, two Tencent games: Tiantian Cool Running（天天酷跑） and rhythm master（节奏大师） became popular, quickly surpassing Plants vs. Zombies and angry birds, and firmly ranked first in China's mobile games. At the same time, other Tencent games also took the opportunity to hype up and attract players. For a time, no game company could compete with Tencent.

'''Scuffle period'''
2011 was the year when smart phone games began to engage in scuffle. Mobile phone stand-alone games developed rapidly. Many players should have experienced Asphalt 5. At that time, the giants of mobile game manufacturers were definitely Gameloft. Modern war and Nova represented the peak of the picture quality of mobile games; In addition, "Assassin's Creed", "cell division 5", "ghost cry 4", "dead space" and other end games have also gradually landed on the mobile game platform; The online games of smart phones have also begun to test the market. A number of hardware manufacturers have begun to strengthen the graphics computing capacity of mobile phones, and the mobile game platform has officially taken shape.

'''Post Tencent period'''
By november2015, a game was born, breaking the balance in the mobile game industry. Its appearance has changed the pattern of the entire mobile game market. This game is "glory of the king"（王者荣耀）. This game dominates the mobile game rankings only two days after it was launched. Although it was attacked by CF of Netease(网易), it returned to the top in 16 years.
The success of this game also makes other companies start to think about how to make a high-quality mobile game. In 2018, a year of full bloom, various mobile games have sprung up, such as Onmyoji（阴阳师） of Netease，PUBG Mobile（刺激战场） of Tencent，Genshin（原神） impact of MiHoYo etc.. Both the picture quality and the game experience have made a qualitative leap.

'''Development status and trend of mobile games'''

With the rapid development of mobile games in China, the market scale has expanded rapidly, and the capital heat is highly focused. It has quickly surpassed end games and page games and become a mainstream game type. From January to June 2021, the actual sales revenue of China's mobile game market was 114.772 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.65%.

In recent years, the proportion of revenue from PC games and web games has continued to decline. On the contrary, the revenue share of mobile game industry has increased rapidly, and the revenue scale is expected to further expand. From 2014 to 2020, the proportion of mobile games in the sales revenue of the game industry increased rapidly from 24% to 75.2%, and the proportion reached 76.3% in the first half of 2021.

In the ranking of monthly active number of mobile game apps in September 2021, the monthly active number of glory of the king is far ahead, reaching 149million, followed by Game for peace（和平精英） and Fun Fest（开心消消乐）.

With the continuous improvement of the ecological environment of China's game industry, the continuous upgrading of the game industry chain, and the development of 5g, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data and other forward-looking technologies, a number of innovative cultural products and businesses have been created, including cloud games, e-sports, game live broadcasting, etc., which put forward higher development requirements for enterprises in the game industry.

'''Social impact of Chinese mobile games'''

1. The development of mobile games has created a large number of related industries and provided more employment opportunities for people.
2. Mobile games provide people with opportunities to have a pleasant mood, social communication and exercise their intelligence.
3. The development of mobile games has put forward higher requirements for mobile phone manufacturing and software engineering, which is conducive to promoting the development of domestic science and technology.
4. The external communication of Chinese mobile games is conducive to vigorously carrying forward Chinese culture and enhancing China's international influence.
5. The development of mobile games makes many people indulge in it, which is easy to waste money and time, and damage their eyesight.
6. The development of the game industry can, to a certain extent, alleviate the pressure of the epidemic on the economy. During the epidemic period, the game industry, which is not affected by the epidemic, will continue to maintain game production and development, which will also have a positive impact on the future economic recovery.

'''Reference：'''
[1] Development history of mobile games in China, published by China Science Daily on August 22, 2014
[2] Current situation of mobile game industry in 2021, published on Huajing information network on March 2, 2022 10:4
[3] Development history of mobile games in China (by 2021) in Bilibili.

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==
Clothing: Vintage Clothing

Introduction

Generally speaking, Vintage Clothing refers to garments produced between 1940 and 1980, which bear most typical characteristics of a particular period, such as the leggy pants worn by Audrey Hepburn in the 1950s, the plant pattern printed shirt designed by Emilio Pucci in the 1960s, and the suit skirt throughout all that era. These classic Vintage pieces are no longer mass-produced, and their unique fabrics, process details, tailoring and even usage, serve as the epitome of a particular era. And since the Vintage culture originated in Britain and Japan, many Vintage lovers have a special preference for Vintage markets or “Deadstock” in Europe, America and Japan. (Mr.Fashion Esquire: Observation| How far Vintage is from mainstream to popular)

Development

From the initial popularity to an overall prosperity, the development of Vintage Clothing can be roughly divided into three stages:
The first stage is between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. During that time, Europe was in full depression after the “World War II”, young people with nihilistic spirit were eager to break through the shackles of tradition and pronounce their own individuality. However, with the rapid rise of post-war industrialization, items in clothes were all homogenized and had no style at all. Because of this, they began to look for innovative dressing styles from garments produced before their age. Thus, Vintage dressing style began to take shape.
The second stage is born in the 1960s, when the popularity of hippies drove young people to look for weird foreign clothes in the second-hand market. At this time, Oriental films and kung fu movies were popular in Hollywood, and the bathrobes and jewelry with Oriental elements in movies were gradually imitated by western fashion lovers.
The third stage is the post-1980s, when Vintage Clothing is also referred to as Retro Clothing. Compared with normal garments sold in shopping mall, Vintage not only has a refined sense of age, but its style and craftsmanship are more in line with modern Clothing concepts. Even in today's fashion field, Vintage Clothing also occupies a place. (Mr.Fashion Esquire: Observation| How far Vintage is from mainstream to popular)
Reasons for the prevalence of Vintage Clothing
One reason boosts the popularity of Vintage Clothing is its major selling points, the “orphan” character. This factor is in line with the current trend of young people pursuing personalization, satisfied with the psychology of seeking differences and is favored by consumers. Also, this current fashion trend is in response to the phrase “fashion is a reincarnation”, which is an eternal truth. (Interface News: How long can the Vintage wind, which has quietly risen in Haikou, last)
Another reason is that the Vintage concept increases the publicity of environmental protection. Clothing is an aspect of daily life with a very high frequency of usage. According to the United Nations forecast, in 2030, the global population is expected to reach 8.5 billion, when clothing consumption will increase sharply from 62 million tons to 102 million tons. When more and more people realize the environmental pressure caused by their clothing, they will try to make a change. (Talks from Dr. Leng Yun, University of Hong Kong)

Vintage Clothing in China

In recent years, with contemporary Chinese youth looking for a “self” attitude in fashion, Vintage Clothing has gradually opened up the market in China. In economically developed cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, Vintage Clothing is leading a “new” fashion trend.

1.1major consumers

“Research Report on the Development of China's Second-hand Luxury Goods Market 2020” unveils that in 2019, more than 50% of the second-hand luxury goods consumers were under the age of 30. Also, according to the shopkeeper of發夢士多 (a Vintage shop located in Changsha), most of her customers are college students and high school students, who hope to express their personality and self through clothing and objects with unique marks of ancient times. The traces of the era of “ancient culture” just meet the individual aesthetic needs of niche groups, with their pursuit of “rebellion”and “difference”.

1.2 concerns

The gradual popularity of Vintage is a good thing, and there remains opportunities for a large-scale Vintage market in the future. However, there are still many problems plaguing Vintage at present. One major concern is a very realistic problem in front of some Vintage merchants: “If the business of Vintage stores loses their style, there will be no business. But if they keep their style, their business will not be popular or spread large-scale.” Besides, Though Vintage lovers always claim to pursue uniqueness, the fact is that most consumers only follow the trend blindly, which is a waist of Vintage culture.
Also, compared with foreign countries, the history of domestic Vintage market is relatively short, and due to the lack of social and cultural background, many consumers are not familiar with the concept of “Vintage”. In the imperfect market, whether the goods can be well preserved is a big challenge, and the domestic identification of Vintage clothes also lacks a set of corresponding standards, with there being a flood of fake goods in the market. (Interface News: How long can the Vintage wind, which has quietly risen in Haikou, last)
Beyond these, the current Vintage market is not standardized enough. It can’t be denied that there are unscrupulous merchants who have no real understanding about what “Vintage clothing” is casually refurbish and sell indiscriminate garbage clothes under the name of Vintage, tarnishing the entire industry. Thus scary stories about Vintage clothes scatteraround, such as Vintage clothes are clothes worn by dead people, second-hand clothes will bring bad luck, and people who wear Vintage will be haunted.

1.3 new development

Although the new industry is in the stage of “savage growth”, efforts made by Vintage fashion lovers for the development of Vintage fashion market can not be underestimated. At present, many cities in China have opened Vintage stores, mainly distributed in first-tier cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, Xiamen and other places.
Besides, compared with Japan, in addition to e-commerce platforms, China's Vintage clothing trading has established unique selling channels based on social platforms such as Wechat. Most commonly, the owner of a Vintage shop will not only sell Vintage clothes but also some handmade jewelry, such as glue earrings and beaded bags. Thus the store will not only open for Vintage customers, but for anyone who happen to find it, allowing more profits earned and the business maintained.
With more and more people popularizing Vintage culture, more and more Vintage shops with unique styles are emerging. In general, the market is getting better.

Terms and Expressions

Vintage Clothing 古着服饰

leggy pants紧身裤

suit skirt 套装裙

Deadstock 旧货仓库

Questions

1.What is Vintage Clothing？

2.How many stages can the development of Vintage Clothing be divided into?

3.Who are major consumers of Vintage clothes?

4.What are the scary stories about Vintage clothes?

5.Do you think Vintage Clothing has a bright future? Why?

References

Mr.Fashion Esquire: Observation| How far Vintage is from mainstream to popular

Interface News: How long can the Vintage wind, which has quietly risen in Haikou, last

Research Report on the Development of China's Second-hand Luxury Goods Market 2020

Talks from Dr. Leng Yun, University of Hong Kong

Interview with the shopkeeper of發夢士多

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs:Faggotry Culture in China:taking Da Sima(金轮) as an example==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

There are abundant flower resources in China. Early in ancient times, Chinese people noted the diversified value of flowers, and utilized flowers in various ways. Flowers could be used as ingredients for cuisine, herbal medicine, and decorative items. Moreover, the image of flowers always appeared in poems, proses and articles, highly praised by Chinese literary people for their beauty, fragrance as well as spirits. Throughout history, flowers are of both pragmatic and spiritual significance in Chinese culture.

'''Ⅰ. The pragmatic value of flowers in Chinese culture'''

'''1.As ingredients in food'''

As an old Chinese saying goes, “Food is the first necessity of the people.” Chinese people have always been interested and innovative in making food and drinks. Flowers normally used for its aesthetic value entered the kitchens and became a special ingredient in food and drinks.
Flowers were widely used in making alcohol at first. In pre-Qin Dynsaty, people would drink home-made chrysanthemum wine on the Double Ninth Festival in commemoration of their deceased beloved ones. In addition, “nine” has the same Chinese pronunciation as the character meaning “longevity”, and drinking chrysanthemum wine was considered beneficial to health and conducive to longevity. So it was popularized then and is still practiced in some parts of China nowadays. It was not until Tang Dynasty that flowers became the indispensable ingredients in cooking. People would use them in making cakes, pastry and porridge, especially at special festivals. For example, on the Tomb Sweeping Day, people would make osmanthus fragrans porridge.

'''2.As accessories'''

In ancient times, seasonal flowers were often seen to blossom in one’s hair or brim, bearing a touch of spring color. This custom of putting flowers on the head is called Zan Hua（簪花）or wearing flowers. Different from the exclusive modern view of women wearing flowers, this practice was not restricted to sex, age, and classes back in ancient times. Men and women, the old and the young, the noble and the ordinary alike, wore flowers. On the Double Ninth Festival people wore cornel or chrysanthemum to ward off evil spirits and avoid disasters. Another example famous in history was the four grand chancellors wearing flowers. In Northern Song Dynasty, there was a type of peony in Yangzhou. It was known for its exceptional looks with large, scarlet petals clustering round the golden yellow central, whose colors resembled that of the robes of the court officials that were scarlet gowns with golden yellow belt. Therefore, this flower was called Golden Belt. One day, Han Qi, the then prefecture chief of Yangzhou, invited Wang Gui, Wang Anshi and Chen Shengzhi to attend the banquet in his house and enjoy the beautiful scenery of various flowers in his garden. There he spotted one peculiar Golden Belt peony with four flowers on a single stem. Han Qi plucked the flowers, put three on his guests’ heads and wore one himself. In the later several decades, the four were all promoted to grand chancellors.

'''Ⅱ. The spiritual value of flowers in Chinese culture'''

'''1.The Four Gentlemen or Four Noble Ones'''

In Chinese culture, the Four Gentlemen or Four Noble Ones is an umbrella term referring to four plants: the plum blossom, the orchid, the bamboo and the chrysanthemum. They bloom in different seasons, thus representing each season (the plum blossom for winter, the orchid for spring, the bamboo for summer, and the chrysanthemum for autumn). These plants’ natural features have something in common with human personalities, which just indicates the literati's understanding of the alternation of time and the meaning of life. Gradually, the four plants become the most common theme in poetry, prose, painting, calligraphy and other art forms, carrying special symbolic meanings for uprightness, purity, integrity and modesty in human virtues.

Plum blossom always flowers in a world of ice and snow. Preceding green leaves, the plum flowers bloom when all the other flowers yield to the biting cold weather. The literary people love its spirits of bravery, righteousness and faithfulness, and utilize this imagery in writing. There is one household couplet: Honing makes a mighty sword, and cold makes fragrant plum blossoms.（宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来）
The orchid normally grow in unfrequented areas such as deep valleys or forests and crevices in rocks which are often unnoticed. But the small, delicate flowers still never stop giving out pleasant smell, just like gentlemen who never forsake the virtues.
The bamboo features ethereal, graceful leaves and hollow, upright stems. Its elegance without and its strength within accord with the qualities of gentlemen. Bamboo, together with plem blossom and pine is also known as the “Three Friends in Winter.” Here is a well-known poem written by Zheng Xie, a famous painter and scholar in the Qing Dynasty, and translated by Xu Yuanchong, a notable translator.

竹石
清·郑燮
咬定青山不放松，立根原在破岩中。
千磨万击还坚劲，任尔东西南北风。

BAMBOO IN THE ROCK
Translated by Xu Yuanchong
Upright stands the bamboo amid green mountains steep:
Its toothlike root in broken rock is planted deep.
It’s strong and firm through struck and beaten without rest,
Careless of the wind from north or south, east or west.

The chrysanthemum blooms in frost in autumn when other flowers wither. It has the spirits to endure loneliness and enjoy solitude as a hermit. It is the most beloved flower of Tao Yuanming, the creator of pastoral poetry in the Jin Dynasty. He wrote a lot of poems about it, among which the most popular sentence is “While picking asters’ neath the Eastern fence, my gaze upon the Southern mountains rest.”

'''2.Vanilla beauty'''

Qu Yuan (Ch’u Yuan 屈原), a minister of the Chu Kingdom, was exiled by the King of Chu. “Sorrow at Departure”, his signature poem of 373 lines, describes his journey of exile, passing through woods and forests and encountering deities. He wrote about eighteen plants in this poem (there are over 40 plants in his other poems such as “Nine Songs”): vanilla, clover, thyme, bluegrass, angelica, capers, cinnamon, magnolia, chrysanthemum, hibiscus, gladiolus, and wisteria that the goddesses wore around their heads. Sometimes he put the fragrant herbs on himself, a way of claiming purity against the corruption in the royal court.

I put on mint leaves as my shirt,
lotus flowers my skirt.
Nobody ever knows me—
my true interior nobility.
—from “Sorrow at Departure”

From this time on, fragrant herbs and beauty have become symbols of virtues and moralities, which are glued together as one compound word ‘Vanilla-beauty’ (vanilla representing all fragrant herbs and flowers). Vanilla-beauty poetry has since become a tradition in Chinese, its scope expanded over the two thousand years. This image for beauty has continued to the modern time.
【Vanilla beauty and the immortal Phoenix: exploring the poetry of Chu in China - Poetry International】
[https://www.poetryinternational.com/en/poets-poems/article/104-28919_Vanilla-beauty-and-the-immortal-Phoenix-exploring-the-poetry-of-Chu-in-China]

'''Ⅲ. Different views of flowers in Chinese and Western culture'''

The Chinese traditional philosophy upholds the unity of heaven and man, emphasizing the ties between nature and man are not to be severed. In literature, personal feelings are always integrated with the description of objects. Therefore, they are personified, and endowed with the emotion of the viewers. A common example is a sentence from Du Fu’s “Spring View”-- “Grieved over the years, flowers are moved to tears; Seeing us apart, birds cry with broken heart（感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心。）.” From the poet’s perspective, even the flowers and birds were dispirited by the turmoil of the times and sorrow of departure.

Different from Chinese thinking, Westerns tend to deem nature as objects of cognition, as an unknown field to explore and discover, or entertainment. In stead of uniting heaven and man, it is to distinguish mankind from heaven. In William Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, the host of golden daffodils the poet ran into in the forests gave him ecstasy, splashing the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion.

“A poet could not but be gay；
In such a jocund company;
I gazed—and gazed—but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude,
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.”

Qian Mu, one of the greatest historians and philosophers of 20th-century China, once commented, “The Western culture is mainly about objects, which can be described as scientific culture, whilst the Chinese culture is mainly about people and spirits, which can be called art culture.” But despite all the differences, with the increasingly frequent exchanges between different cultures, there are certain type of flowers with universal symbolic meanings, such as roses for love, olives for peace.

'''Terms and Expressions'''

cornel 茱萸
grand chancellor(zaixiang, tsai-hsiang), also translated as counselor-in-chief, imperial chancelor or prime minister 宰相
the four grand chancellors wearing flowers 四相簪花
Golden Belt 金缠腰/金带围
Han Qi 韩琦
Wang Gui 王珪
Wang Anshi 王安石
Chen Shengzhi 陈升之
the Four Gentlemen or Four Noble Ones 花中四君子
Three Friends in Winter 岁寒三友
Zheng Xie 郑燮
Xu Yuanchong 许渊冲
Qu Yuan (Ch’u Yuan) 屈原
“Sorrow at Departure” 《离骚》
“Nine Songs” 《九歌》
the unity of heaven and man 天人合一
“Spring View” 《春望》
distinguish mankind from heaven 天人相分
Qian Mu (Ch'ien Mu) 钱穆

'''References'''

·Guo Youwei 郭幼为. (2020.12.07) 《古今农业》一花一世界：日常生活视域下宋朝“花生活”

·沈括《梦溪笔谈·补笔谈》

·钱穆《现代中国学术论衡》

'''Questions'''

1.What were flowers first made as an ingredient in food and drinks?

2.Why would people drink chrysanthemum wine on the Double Ninth Festival?

3.Were only women allowed to wear flowers in ancient times?

4.What are the symbolic meanings of the Four Gentlemen?

5.What did vanilla beauty stand for?

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinese Dream==
What is the Chinese Dream?

In November of 2012, soon after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President Xi Jinping put forward, for the first time, the idea of the Chinese Dream on a visit to “The Road towards National Rejuvenation” exhibition at the National Museum of China. The Chinese dream meant for him the “great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” The great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation “is a dream of the whole nation, as well as of every individual”, he said. Since then, use of the phrase has become widespread in official announcements and as the embodiment of the leadership's political ideology under Xi Jinping.

General Secretary Xi Jinping defined the “Chinese Dream” as “realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation in modern times,” and said that this dream “will definitely be realized.” The core goals of the Chinese Dream can also be summarized as the “two centenary goals”, that is, by the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China in 2021 and the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in 2049, gradually and finally successfully realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which is embodied in the prosperity of the country, the rejuvenation of the nation, and the happiness of the people. The way to achieve it is to take the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, carry forward the national spirit, and gather Chinese strength. The means of implementation are political, economic, The five-in-one construction of culture, society and ecological civilization.

What does “dream” mean in ancient China?

Dream is the subjective experience, which is the image, sound, thinking or feeling produced by people during sleep, usually involuntarily; at the same time, dream is also an image language.

The interpretation of dreams differs in English and Chinese. From the interpretation of “梦” and “dream” in Chinese and English dictionary, it can be seen that Chinese and Western countries have different views on the cultural connotation of dreams. In the ancient Chinese dictionary, a dream refers to an illusion in sleep. The interpretation of dreams in Origin of Chinese Characters is “unknown. The original meaning of dreams is unknown". Xinhua dictionary explained “‘梦’ is an associative compound character. The lesser seal character shape of which is composed of the three characters ‘宀’ (house), ‘爿’ (bed), and ‘梦’ (unknown).” It means sleeping in bed at night and seeing blurry vision, that is, dreaming. The metaphor of a dream means a fantasy, such as: dreamland, dream shadow and dream. Take Cao Xueqin’s A Dream in Red Mansions as an example. There were 32 dream images in the whole book which made it a classic full of metaphors. It used dreams as a narrative thread of the whole story and made meticulous description of the dreamland. The story ended up with tragedy, which corresponded with dream’s characteristic of “disillusionment and awakening.”
Definition of “dream” in the English Oxford Dictionary is “A series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep,” “A cherished aspiration, ambition, or ideal,” and “Joy，pleasure, gladness, mirth, rejoicing，jubilation; an instance of this” From this we can see that the elaboration of dreams in Chinese emphasizes their illusoriness and unreality, while the elaboration of dreams in English emphasizes their own beauty.
The proposal of “Chinese Dream” broke the false and desolate image of “dream” in traditional Chinese culture, and expounding “dream” as “beautiful things that need to be actively strived for,” adding a vivid and lively stroke to Chinese dream culture.

The lesser seal character shape of “梦”

What are the differences between the Chinese Dream and the American Dream?
The American Dream, in a broad sense, refers to equality, freedom, and democracy in the United States. Narrowly, it refers to an ideal that believes that a better life can be achieved through hard work in the United States, that people must prosper through their own hard work, courage, creativity, and determination, rather than depending on a particular social class and aid from others, often representing people's economic success or entrepreneurial spirit. The American Dream is the crystallization of all things in American history, and has a unique symbolic and representative meaning. Therefore, the American

Dream can also be seen as synonymous with American mythology.

The Chinese Dream was defined by Xi Jinping as “realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation in modern times.” The word “rejuvenation” has a special meaning especially for China. It was nurtured in the history of the suffering of the Chinese nation in modern times, and came into being with the shattering of the dream of the Celestial Empire. Before modern times, Chinese civilization was in the forefront of the development of world civilization and made contributions to the development and progress of world civilization. However, with the rise of the capitalist mode of production and the acceleration of the modern industrial revolution, the feudal and autocratic China was soon ruthlessly abandoned by the wheel of history. When the Opium War broke out in 1840, the Western powers represented by the United Kingdom not only opened the door of China by force, but also shattered the dream of the rulers who were intoxicated by it. Following the bloody war, a series of unequal treaties that humiliated the country were forced to sign, and China gradually fell into the abyss of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The journey of suffering has not only left a mark of humiliation on the minds of generations of Chinese people, but also inspired the national consciousness of the Chinese people who are united in their pursuit of survival. Since 1840, the Chinese nation has gone through 109 years in order to realize the Chinese Dream. The hundred years of humiliation has awakened the national consciousness and national spirit and lay the foundation of the “two centenary goals”. And the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation came into being.

The Chinese dream corresponds to the American dream, but it is clearly different from the American dream. The dream of a country and a nation are emphasized, and then the individual. In fact, this is a family-state relationship originating from agricultural civilization, and the value judgment is that “without a state, there is no family.” The proposal of the “Chinese Dream” goes against the traditional Chinese understanding of dreams and regards dreams as a kind of beautiful prayer and pursuit. This is different from the illusory dreams in most traditional literary works, and is a positive wish of the national rejuvenation.

Terms and Expressions
The Road towards National Rejuvenation “复兴之路”展览
the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 中华民族伟大复兴
the five-in-one construction 五位一体建设
Origin of Chinese Characters 《说文解字》
A Dream in Red Mansions 《红楼梦》
the Opium War 鸦片战争

Questions
1. What are the “two centenary goals?”
2. What is the special meaning of rejuvenation to China?
3. What does the word “dream” mean in ancient Chinese?

References
1.刘璐、路永令.中西方“梦”的文化内涵比较——以“美国梦”与“中国梦”为例[J].《名作欣赏》.2015年24期
2.欧阳秀敏. 窥探中国梦文化延续和发展的历史文化内涵——以宋词多“梦”为例[J]. 湖北第二师范学院学报 2009年06期. 3页 (第22-24页).
3.刘璐、刘宇红. “中国梦”的文化内涵研究[D]. 南京师范大学, 2016年.67页
4.臧峰宇. 中国梦的历史语境、文化内涵与哲学境界[J]. 中国井冈山干部学院学报 2013年05期
5.桁林. “中国梦”的文化内涵与精神价值[J]. 中共成都市委党校学报 2016年05期

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD)==

Buytogether(PDD), also called Pinduoduo in Chinese, is a mainstream e-commerce application of mobile Internet in China, and a third-party social e-commerce platform focusing on C2M(Customer-to-Manufacturer) group shopping. It was founded in September 2015. Users can buy goods at a lower price by buying them with their friends, families and neighbors together.

Buytogether aims to enable people to buy better goods at lower prices and gain more benefits and fun by gathering the strength of more people. Its idea in online shopping is unique in that it creates a brand new pattern of social e-commerce: Community E-Commerce.

'''A.The History of Development'''

After only three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018. In July 2020, Buytogether ranked the fourth in "The Hurun China’s Top 10 E-commerce 2020". By 2020, Buytogether 's annual active users reached nearly 800 million, and its operating revenue reached 59.492 billion yuan. Reviewing the developing course of Buytogether, we can mainly divide it into the following two stages :

1.Early Developing Period (2015-2018)

Aiming at the sinking market, Buytogether came into being. Although e-commerce has great market potential, the competition is also very fierce. After years of development, Taobao, JD and other well-known traditional e-commerce enterprises have occupied a huge market share for a long time. Although having a large market share, they are also bothered by various problems, such as product quality concerns, fake goods, deficient platform supervision and so on, which force them to proceed strategic improvement. For example, in 2015, Taobao cracked down on the fake goods appearing on the platform, hoping to enhance customers' confidence in it by improving the quality of products. But at the same time, the improvement of product quality has brought about the rising of product price, which makes Taobao break away from the highly price-sensitive consumers, who pay more attention to the price rather than the brand. Users in such a sinking market that was unoccupied have become targets of Buytogether.

In September 2015, Buytogether was officially launched. In February 2016, Buytogether 's monthly turnover exceeded 10 million, and its users exceeded 20 million. In July 2016, Buytogether had more than 100 million users and received a B round of $110 million financing. On October 10,2016, the single-day transaction volume of Buytogether 's anniversary celebration, a big shopping festival, exceeded 100 million yuan. In October 2017, Buytogether occupied the first place in the total number of iOS application downloads under the category of shopping for nearly one month. Buytogether is a dark horse in the early days, constantly showing its edge.

2.Growing Period (from 2018 to now)

After three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018, and has made remarkable achievements. According to CCTV, Buytogether had 385.5 million annual active users in 2018, surpassing JD, the second largest e-commerce platform with its 305.2 million users. In February 2019, Buytogether was included in the MSCI. In June 2019, the " Subsidy of Ten Billion Yuan " activity was launched, and Buytogether was selected as one of " The Forbes Most Innovative Enterprises in China 2019" in the same month. In December 2019, Buytogether launched the train ticket service on its App terminal. In 2019, Buytogether 's operating revenue was about 30.142 billion yuan, and the number of multiannual active users had reached 585.2 million by the end of 2019.According to the 2020 annual report released by Buytogether, it achieved operating revenue of about 59.492 billion yuan in 2020, with a growing rate of 97% compared with 2019. The achievements of Buytogether are amazing to all, creating a miracle among all the e-commerce platforms.

'''B.The Special Marketing Strategy'''

Buytogether's success is inseparable from its unique marketing strategy based on community .

Internet technology breaks the limitation of time and space; various social media provide interactive platforms, strengthening users’ connectivity. The essence of Buytogether's going viral is to take the social media as carriers to carry out e-commerce transactions, namely community e-commerce. Community e-commerce manages the users and potential users of the platform in a new way, paying more attention to providing users with more interactive communication and scenarios, so as to facilitate users to find groups where other people have similar interests and needs to their own and hence exchange shopping information and conduct group shopping at a much lower price. In Buytogether, users can get lower prices when they share the links of what they want to buy with their friends to form a group for shopping. The characteristics of Buytogether's community e-commerce are as follows:

1.Targeting customers in the sinking market.

The "internet traffic(data)-centered" competing mechanism of traditional e-commerce platforms represented by Taobao and JD makes the main market of online shopping be occupied by leading brands with abundant funds. In the early days of establishment, Buytogether effectively distinguished its main customers from those of traditional e-commerce platforms, and positioned the main customers in the sinking market to buffer competition in the industry. Buytogether supplies products at lower prices than other traditional e-commerce platforms by some strategies like “the more you buy, the lower prices are”, shopping in group and enabling users to bargain, thus attracting a large number of consumers in the sinking market and small cities.

The increase of the users attracts a larger number of sellers to flood into the platform in return. With its decentralized internet traffic(data) distribution and low-cost entry threshold, Buytogether has brought opportunities to start-ups and niche enterprises. Many little-known businesses including some self-employed ones have flooded into the platform as well. Both parties of a deal in the sinking market are attracted by Buytogether’s low prices and low costs. Consumers gain lower prices and suppliers acquire more customers; the trading system of Buytogether is gradually improved.

2.Popularizing based on users’ community.

Buytogether attracts more and more customers depending on social media and users’ social relations. Under the logic of community, the Internet economy is based on human.

Generally speaking, the formation of different groups is based on interests, kinship, etc. Through third-party social platforms such as WeChat and QQ, consumers establish and join groups where people have similar interests and needs to share and exchange information. In other words, users with similar interest or needs form a community. Buytogether manages these community members, analyzes the characteristics of different communities, captures their needs and interest points, so as to release marketing contents accurately and establish unlimited vertical market segments.

Also, consumers in the online communities will share their experience of using products with recommendation or criticism, which actually provides the stores and the platform itself with suggestions for improving, assistance in producing and innovative ideas. Consumers are not only loyal "buyers", but also enthusiastic "sharers" and innovative "producers".

3.Selling in the form of group.

Buytogether's "group enjoys discounts" selling strategy has attracted many consumers in pursuit of high cost performance. The "buying in group" model has grown full-bloom with the combined promotion of big data, the Internet and the community economy.

Group shopping brings more benefits to consumers. It is easy to arouse consumers’ desire to buy when their friends share the link of what they want to buy that they also need and has an affordable price. Then the virtuous cycle comes. In order to get lower price, it is inevitable to share the group link with friends. If this cycle continues, more and more people will download Buytogether and buy something. When consumers choose such a social platform where friends gather to share group shopping links, it is easier to form communities and develop the habit of sharing and shopping in group. Group shopping reflects the integration of network technology into real life, bringing mutual benefits and win-win results, which is also an upgrade of consumption form.

4.Reducing intermediary businesses.

Traditional e-commerce platforms have broadened online transaction channels, but have not effectively shortened the transaction process between suppliers and customers. Therefore, the profit space of suppliers and consumers has not been totally released.

By targeting the sinking market, Buytogether has attracted a large number of suppliers of different brands to the platform to talk with customers directly. Users can form groups and make orders on Buytogether according to their interests and needs. The platform will skip the procedure of channel distribution and feedback users’ needs to suppliers directly to shorten the decision-making time and reduce the inventory backlog.

The docking of transaction terminals reduces the profits middlemen can get, releasing the profit space for users and suppliers. Buytogether is committed to shortening the transaction process between users and suppliers, thus attracting more transaction terminals to enter the platform. So it becomes a main advantage of Buytogether that attracts stores and suppliers at lower operating costs.

'''C.The Advantages of Buytogether'''

1.Creating needs actively.

Under the model of traditional e-commerce, users mostly buy goods based on their own needs, which means the platform itself is not active enough in inspiring customers’ demands. But Buytogether attracts new consumers and promotes their demands actively through low prices, recommendation from friends, group shopping and many other ways.

Users in social media will browse the information of products when they receive links of group shopping from their friends. The products are usually affordable and practical that are necessities for consumers, so they are likely to buy the products as well. Therefore, depending on the relation network of community members, it is easy for Buytogether to dig out and inspire customers’ potential needs.

2.Connecting users in many ways.

User connection is a significant advantage of Buytogether. Under the mode of community e-commerce, the relationship between users and sellers or other users is much closer. What community members pursue is not only the material benefits brought by products themselves, but also the interactive communication and emotional connection with others. Therefore, they tend to have a high degree of involvement and loyalty to stores, and spontaneously participate in the activities that contribute to the prosperity of the whole community like collaborative production, reputation building and spreading, content producing and so on, forming a C2B model where users’ demands guide the production, so as to solve the problem of inventory redundancy and optimize trading processes. Under the guidance of opinion leaders, community members are more likely to develop a herd mentality, and gain a sense of belonging and a sense of achievement from their collective actions. Fan economy, opinion leaders and herd effect in community e-commerce open a new vision for businesses to drive users to respond.

3.Promoting social contacts.

Traditional e-commerce improves the shopping experiences of individual consumers by issuing allowances, coupons and cross-store discounts. But Buytogether fosters adhesiveness of users through interaction. Buytogether utilizes the interpersonal network of community to innovate forms of discounts, such as inviting friends to help bargain, gain free charge and group price, not only meeting the customers’ practical needs of information acquisition, price concessions and product purchases, but also enabling customers to improve their shopping experiences with interactive entertainment.

'''D.The problems of Buytogether'''

1.The crisis of confidence

Recently, Buytogether has launched zero yuan purchase, cash withdrawal with friends’ help(by sharing links) and other activities that require users to invite their friends to participate in. However, to gain the promised benefits, users have to obey complex procedures and sometimes they get nothing after it. So in the process of these activities, consumers will feel interested and inspired at the beginning, and then they are likely to be disappointed, or even give up midway. Even if they really complete the task, they will feel that the harvest and their efforts are not proportional. In this way, it is easy for users to feel bored about the activity of the platform, seriously affecting their confidence in it.

2.The problem of low quality

Since its establishment, Buytogether has been adopting the low-price marketing strategy based on social networking including a series of discount activities, which have continuously compressed the profit space of the settled stores. In order to conform with the platform's low-price strategy as much as possible, these stores have to reduce the costs of raw materials and production, thus causing quality problems. In addition, due to Buytogether’s low entry threshold and loose supervision, the qualifications of its sellers are not all official. Some sellers enter the platform to sell fake and shoddy products, which not only damages the rights and interests of consumers, but also destroys users' trust in the platform.

3.The damage of corporate image

The main way for Buytogether to realize its community marketing is to attract new users by making current users constantly share the platform links. Current users frequently forward links to invite friends to help them gain a discount or cash rewards, but sometimes such behavior will bother their friends, the potential customers of Buytogether, and even stir their antipathy for this platform. Therefore, this method of marketing is a double-edged sword, sometimes damaging its corporate image.

'''E.The Measures for Optimization'''

Buytogether takes advantage of its unique social e-commerce model to open up its own e-commerce field in the fiercely competitive Chinese e-commerce market with the sinking market as the starting-point. Due to the poor commodity quality, low price and most of the users are price-sensitive in the sinking market, the moat (based on Buffett's moat theory )in intangible assets and customer switching cost is weak. In comparison, it cooperates with WeChat APP and make use of its huge traffic. At the same time, the "social fission" approach to platform promotion and the adoption of the C2M sales model to operate the platform has made it possible for the company to use its unique social e-commerce model to create its blue ocean of e-commerce. Against this background, Buytogether has a deep and wide moat in network effect and cost advantage. Based on the above analysis of the current market environment and the moat theory, I propose the following strategies for the future development of Buytogether :

1.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.

After years of accumulation, Buytogether has had a large number of registered users, so the marketing rules can be appropriately optimized based on it. Nowadays, Buytogether no longer needs to rely on fission marketing methods like sharing links to expand the user scale, but needs to improve its own marketing policies, utilize social media more rationally, and formulate marketing activities from the perspective of users. Buytogether can take into consideration increasing the probability of consumers completing their tasks in marketing activities and giving consumers more subsidies and dividends to gain their confidence and foster their loyalty to the platform.

2.Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.

If Buytogether wants to reduce inferior products, it must supervise its sellers closely. When sellers enter, their qualification and product quality must be strictly checked. In addition, while strengthening the supervision of the sellers, Buytogether is also advised to give more welfare to these sellers to encourage them to pay more attention to product quality, so as to solve related problems from the source. Moreover, Buytogether should also establish an organic system of after-sales service, increase the number of personnel to serve customers, and handle all kinds of complaints from users properly.

3.Polish up users’comments and improve the corporate image.

Consumers tend to consider the platform’s corporate image when choosing products. Unfortunately, many consumers have linked Buytogether with "inferior products" at present, so it is emergent for Buytogether to regain users' confidence and trust by improving its corporate image.

4.Improve the supply chain structure and the back-end service system.

Although Buytogether's existing supply chain structure has made it possible for customers' demand to stimulate the upstream supply chain to carry out mass production, its accumulation is still not perfect. Besides, the existing investment in the upstream and the empowerment of the whole industry chain are also insufficient. The existing investment in upstream and empowerment of the whole industry chain is also insufficient. If it wants to grow further, Buytogether will need to spend some time and effort on improving its supply chain. In addition to partnering with third-party logistics, it could follow the example of the Yiatong 380 platform and set up hundreds of distribution networks across the country. Otherwise, learning from Alibaba's retail and village tao synergy system and the integrated logistics information management platform of Cainiao parcel even benchmark itself against Jingdong and create its own logistics system to have a more significant say in the upstream supply.

5.Stop blind expansion of incremental users, fine-tuned operation of stock users.

The Internet began to shift from a total market to a stock market as early as 2016, but the tapping of sinking traffic has slowed down the process. As the number of Buytogether 's users has reached 800 million, its future development strategy should no longer be to pursue incremental users number but to amplify the business value of individual users. Thus, it can refine the operation of its stock of users to repeat key actions through precise matching, increasing their stickiness and keeping them in a mature stage for a long time.

Although Buytogether's current single-user purchase level is still low, it also has the potential to improve within the system through live streaming, subsidies, and other actions to improve user stickiness. As its digital, household appliances, and fresh produce categories continue to enrich, the trend of increasing customer unit price is noticeable. Suppose it can maintain the existing scale and development direction. In that case, Buytogether has more room for growth to better cope with the Tao system and other Internet e-commerce. It will allow Buytogether to better cope with the competition between the Tao system and other internet e-commerce companies and continue growing and developing.

'''References'''

1.百度百科

2.梁艳.基于拼多多发展路径分析如何增强平台用户黏性[J].中国集体经济,2022(10):51-53.

3.徐佳宁.基于社群经济的电商企业商业模式创新——以拼多多为例[J].现代营销(下旬刊),2022(03):128-130.DOI:10.19932/j.cnki.22-1256/F.2022.03.128.

4.徐琴.拼多多的社交化营销策略研究[J].上海商业,2022(03):16-17.

5.Nie Cheng,Xinyu Huang,Jing Qian. Analysis on Pinduoduo Business Model and Future Development Strategy based on Sinking Market[C]//.Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Global Economy and Business Management (GEBM 2021).[出版者不详],2021:279-287.DOI:10.26914/c.cnkihy.2021.049927.

'''Terms and Expressions'''

NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价表)

"2020 Hurun China Top 10 E-commerce":《2020胡润中国10强电商》

Sinking market: Small-town and rural markets where the most Chinese population live.下沉市场

'''Questions'''

1.When was Buytogether founded?

2.When was Buytogether listed on NASDAQ?

3.What new type of e-commerce did Buytogether create?

4.Which market does Buytogether target?

5.What are advantages of Buytogether?

6.What are problems of Buytogether?

7.How to solve these problems?

'''Answers'''

1.In September 2015.

2.In July 2018.

3.Community e-commerce.

4.The sinking market.

5.Creating needs actively.
Connecting users in many ways.
Promoting social contacts.

6.The crisis of confidence
The problem of low quality
The damage of corporate image

7.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.
Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.
Polish up users’ comments and improve the corporate image.
Improve the supply chain structure and the back-end service system.
Stop blind expansion of incremental users, fine-tuned operation of stock users.

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People

The Tujia are a long-established ethnic group with their own language, but they do not have their own character and use the character of the Han. In October 1956, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission identified the Tujia as a single ethnic group through ethnic identification. The Tujia call themselves "Bizka（毕兹卡）", "Mikiqa（密基卡）" or "Bejinqa（贝锦卡）", which means "people born and raised in the land". Despite the fact that they do not have a written language, they still have their own cultural identity, especially in the form of marriage and burial customs.

'''Marriage customs'''
In the history of the Tujia, marriage was relatively free. A man and a woman could marry after free love, with the consent of both parents and the testimony of a Tujia teacher (wizard). On the 12th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, young men and women sang and danced, fell in love with each other and became lifelong partners.
After the reform and conform, the Tujia were forced to carry out arranged marriages by parents and matchmakers. Before liberation, there was the custom of aunts and uncles marrying in table and house marriages. In the case of aunts and uncles, the marriage of an aunt's daughter must marry the son of an uncle's family, also known as "return the bone seed(Huan Guzhong 还骨种)"; brother received sister-in-law after the brother’s death, known as "sitting bed(坐床)". But now these customs have ceased to exist in modern times.
After the nation’s liberation, the people's government promulgated a new marriage law, and since then, the Tujia people have truly enjoyed the happiness of marital autonomy. The marriage rituals of the Tujia family include "proofing（打样）", "marriage proposal（求婚）", "asking for red ginger（讨红庚）", "betrothal" （定亲）(commonly known as "inserting thatched incense"，插茅香), "seeing the date（看期）" and "welcoming the bride（亲迎）". This is similar to the six rites of the Han. The more characteristic marriage rituals are the accompanying of the ten sisters, the accompanying of the ten brothers and the weeping of the bride. As a unique wedding form of the Tujia wedding custom - crying marriage(哭嫁), in the Tujia settlement area for about two to three thousand years of history. According to the analysis of folklore experts, crying marriage is likely to be a matrilineal clan society to patrilineal clan society in the transition of the "bride snatching" customs of the remaining phenomenon. With the continuous progress of society, cry marriage has long lost the original meaning of bride kidnapping, but has become a traditional custom in the home life of the Tujia people to carry out ritual ethics and marriage education. In fact, it is not the bride alone who cries, but the collective cries of relatives within and outside the family, which is "familial". There are more than 20 procedures in the weeping marriage of the Tujia f, and for each item the bride cries, there are accompanying and opposite weepers. The weeping not only has a lot of content, but also has a long and strict procedure, which is "ceremonial".

'''Burial Customs'''
The connotation of Tujia funeral culture is rich, which is the attitude of people towards death, and the culture of different forms of funeral customs represents the composition of a nation's culture, which is a unique cultural phenomenon of Tujia. The way of Tujia funeral in the history of the first people to implement cremation, but also rock coffin burial（岩棺葬）, etc. The development of the Tujia funeral has formed a ritual with the characteristics of the nation.

'''1.The Funeral Dance'''
The funeral dance of the Tujia family has been recorded since the Sui and Tang dynasties, and the Tujia people sing and dance wildly in front of the dead, which has become an important way to pay tribute to the dead and comfort the living. The mourning dance has not only its cultural connotation, but also its distinctive artistic characteristics, which are mainly reflected in the musical composition and the singing and movement of the dance.
One of the most important steps of a funeral is Jumping mourning(跳丧).Jumping mourning is specifically when the neighbors in the neighborhood after the death of the elders, dark neighbors will go to this home for jumping mourning, the family of the deceased will vacate the place in advance as well as prepare the tobacco and wine. The coffin of the deceased is placed in the main hall, and then the cowry drum is placed in the wooden foot basin in front of the left side of the coffin. The mourning dance is led by the Taoist priest, and the eldest son holds the deceased father's or mother's spiritual tablet in his hands, leading dozens of mourning men and women to dance vigorously in the courtyard collapse, forming different formations during the dance.

'''2.The Mourning Hall Singing'''
The funeral form of the Tujia family is also the more important form of mourning and sitting mourning, also called mourning hall singing, which is only singing but not dancing mourning ceremony, sitting night may be several days and nights until the funeral and burial. During the sitting night, the mourning son sits around the pipe. The mourning son sits around the pipe and sings through one or two singers who beat the drums and say auspicious words, and then sings about the deceased's life experiences and achievements, including historical figures and historical allusions, by leading and helping the singers. This ritual song and dance was continued through the centuries, and the funeral song and dance became the main form of expression.

'''3.Funeral Culture Connotations'''
The mourning ceremony of the Tujia family has a distinct function of social edification and is passed on as a cultural phenomenon, mainly because it has a corresponding social function, and its function in expressing emotions is more significant. The descendants send the bones and souls of their ancestors to the Elysium, which is carried out in a rich jumping mourning, which can also be a great adjustment for the descendants' psychology to settle their souls. On the temporal as well as the spatial level, the selection of auspicious days for the funeral and the sending of the soul to the blissful world are all helpful to appease the soul of the descendants.

'''Questions'''
1. Do the Tujia have their own ethnic script?
2. Was marriage free in the historical Tujia family?
3. What are the marriage rites of the Tujia?
4. What are the main artistic features of mourning?

'''Reference：'''
［1］廖从刚.土家族婚俗中的哭嫁习俗.《寻根》,2005年.02期
［2］［2］余继平 . 大悲之日 , 欢歌——土家族特殊的丧葬习俗［J］. 中华手工 ,2015 （02）.
［3］关于武陵山区土家族葬礼文化探究邵启富 53_54·《长江丛刊》,2018年.31期
王刚 . 武陵山区土家族葬礼文化初探［J］. 铜仁职业技术学院学报 ,2017（03）
-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 07:20, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-06-28T15:17:52Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD) */

Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]].

Every student needs to find a topic, which is not in the textbook and has not been presented in class. Please check your topics in regard of this. All topics are ok except for those with red marks. Please suggest a new topic instead and wait for the teacher to remove the red marks.

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 - Economy: Chinese Currency Changes==
China's currency not only has a long history, but also a wide variety, creating a unique currency culture.
China's earliest currency was sea shells. By the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, shell coins had completely receded from the historical stage.
The pre-Qin period was an important period in the occurrence and development of Chinese currency. With the expansion and refinement of the division of labour and the development of the commodity economy, primitive money began to appear in the late New Age, acting as a medium of exchange for goods; after that, it entered an era when primitive money, metal-weighed money and minted coins were used together.

==Chen Kun 陈锟 - History:Wang Yangming==

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰— Martial Arts:The Development of Chinese Swordsman Spirit==
--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 04:46, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

the outline of the first paragraph: a brief introduction of Chinese swordsman spirit+my basic understanding of Chinese swordsman spirit +the overall outline(perspectives)of the essays.

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡 - Cuisine: Luosifen==
Luosifen, also called Snail rice noodle, is a Chinese noodle dish with “offensive” oder and a speciality of the city of Liuzhou, in Guangzhou, southern China.

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露 - Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ==
'''Chinese Paper Cutting'''

Chinese paper-cutting is a folk art of cutting patterns on paper with scissors or carving knives to decorate life or to complement other folk activities. In China, paper-cutting has a wide popular base and is interwoven into the social life of people of all ethnic groups, and is an important part of various folklore activities. Its visual images and stylised formats, which continue to be passed down, contain rich cultural and historical information, express the social perceptions, moral concepts, practical experiences, life ideals and aesthetic interests of the general public, and have multiple social values such as cognition, edification, expression, expression, entertainment and communication.

'''Origin'''

Paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty, and the art of paper-cutting could not have existed before then, but the use of thin sheets of material to make crafts through the technique of hollowing and carving was popular long before paper appeared. The earliest paper cuttings found in China are five paper cuttings of flowers from the Northern Dynasties (386-581 AD), unearthed near the Flaming Mountains in Turpan, Xinjiang.

During the Tang Dynasty, paper-cutting was already in a period of great development, and folklore also made use of paper-cutting in the form of funnel printing plates, where people carved thick paper into flower plates and funneled dyes onto cloth to form beautiful patterns.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were already artists who cut paper as a profession. The maturity of the paper-making industry in the Song dynasty, with its wide range of paper products, provided the conditions for the popularity of paper-cutting. For example, they were used as gifts, as window flowers, or as decorations for lanterns and tealights.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the art of paper-cutting matured and reached its heyday. Although the art of paper-cutting came from the folk, it became a universal art in the Qing Dynasty.

In the early twentieth century, the May Fourth New Culture Movement, advocated by advanced intellectuals such as Cai Yuanpei, Lu Xun, Liu Hannong and Zhou Zuoren, established the beginnings of Chinese folklore studies. In the 1930s, the artist Chen Zhinong began his research and creation of folkloric paper cutouts in Beijing. He used sketches and silhouettes to depict a large number of customs and folklore in old Beijing, including street vendors, workshops and artisans, food stalls and tea stalls, fairs and temples, and idle people in the marketplace.

In the 1940s, paper cut-outs based on real-life themes began to appear, and in 1944, for the first time, new folk paper cut-outs from the north-west were exhibited in the Shaanxi-Ganjiang-Ningxia border area, kicking off the development of paper-cutting art after the founding of New China. It can be said that paper-cutting in Yan'an ushered in a new era of paper-cutting in China.

After the founding of New China, under the guidance of the literary and artistic policy of "blossoming of a hundred flowers, pushing out new ideas", artists created a large number of new paper cuts expressing new socialist ideas and events, opening up the path of paper cutting creation and enriching the form and content of Chinese folk decorative arts. In addition to paper cutouts expressing the new weather in all walks of life, children, sports, acrobatics, songs and dances have also become the most common subjects for paper cutting.

Since its inception, the art of paper-cutting has been uninterrupted throughout Chinese history. It is one of the richest art forms in Chinese folk history and culture, as it has been incorporated into various folklore activities.

'''Classification'''

1. Monochrome Paper Cuttings
Monochrome paper-cutting is the most basic form of paper-cutting, cut in various colours such as red, green, brown, black and gold, and is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. It is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. Paper cuttings used for embroidery base patterns are often combined with cut-and-stab techniques. The stabbing is done by using the point of a needle to make small dots in the fine details of the pattern, leaving a 'hidden knife' in some parts, which can be used as a basis for changing stitches when embroidering. Folding paper cuts, silhouettes and torn paper are all forms of monochrome paper cutting.

 Folding Paper-Cutting
Folding paper-cutting is one of the most common methods of folk expression. The so-called folding papercut is a papercut made by folding and cutting in different ways. Folding paper cuttings are simple, easy to make, labor-saving and time-saving, shape general and certain deformation, especially suitable for the performance of structural symmetry of the form and symmetrical pattern, such as people, frogs, butterflies, turtles, reflections, fish, etc., geometric patterns, flowers, scenery, utensils and other subjects can be adapted, and unfolded extremely symmetrical, and can change a variety of suitable shape, two-party continuous, four-party continuous or multi-party continuous, which is it can long be This is one of the main reasons for its longevity, and it has played an important role in the popularisation of paper-cutting and the modelling of craft patterns in China.

 the Silhouette
The silhouette is an ancient form of paper-cutting art, which expresses the shape of people and objects through their outer contours, so it focuses most on the beauty and shape of the outer contours. The tools are mainly scissors and a carving knife, and the paper is usually black or heavy-coloured paper. When expressing the silhouette of a figure, it is usually cut while looking at the object. Silhouettes are well suited to showing translucent effects and are a very distinctive type of paper cutting.

 Three, torn paper
Torn paper is a new type of paper cut out from the traditional folklore. The method is to use different types of paper, using the method of tearing by hand to tear the shape, by hand instead of cutting will naturally be very limited, not suitable to show the effect of delicate work, but it is this limitation, but also shows its unique artistic personality, there is a kind of ancient and elegant simple, bold and majestic tone. In the process of tearing paper there is often a kind of randomness, a natural and natural flavour.

2. Colourful paper-cutting
With the exploration and development of paper-cutting expression, the form and technique of colour paper-cutting is gradually increasing, with dot-dyeing, overlaying, colour separation, colour filling, wood printing, spray painting, outlining and colour weaving. Each form has its own characteristics and unique features: dot-dye paper cuttings nourishing, decorative strong; set of colour paper cuttings crisp, bright colour blocks; colour paper cuttings divided into distinctive, colourful; colour paper cuttings are simple, clean, sharp, all give people a different feeling.

3. Three-dimensional paper-cutting
The three-dimensional paper cut-out can be monochrome or coloured. It uses a combination of painting, cutting, folding, gluing and other techniques to produce a new type of paper-cutting close to sculpture, relief, which draws on the skills of modern art, fully embodies the characteristics of realism and art romance, so that paper-cutting from a flat sense into three-dimensional, can be used for ornamental modelling and children's handicrafts [12].

'''Methods and techniques'''

1. Folding
Folding paper to produce a repetitive pattern is one of the most basic paper-cutting techniques, and is also an expressive technique used in monochrome paper-cutting. The different effects it produces depend on the number and angle of the folds. When using this technique to cut flowers, the paper can be folded twice or three times before cutting, and the resulting pattern is a four-sided or six-sided flush shape. If you are cutting animals or people, the shape after folding once is symmetrical. The folding paper cut is a symmetrical pattern, so the resulting pattern has a more rhythmic feel. This technique is mostly used for cutting flowers and topiary flowers, etc.

2. Yin and Yang carving
The basic effect of paper cutting is obtained through the use of yin and yang lines alone or in a mixture.
Yin engraving, also known as engraving, is to carve away the outline of the structure of the object, the method of expressing lines in a large block, the effect is thick, strong, a strong sense of weight, a strong sense of black and white contrast, was cut to carve away the blank composition of the pattern, line and line are not connected.
Yang engraving, also known as hollowing, is the exact opposite of shading, where the blanks are removed and the outline lines are retained. The lines of the pattern are solid, and the lines are connected. This method is smooth, clear and lusciously detailed.
The combination of yin and yang is the best way to express paper cutting. The presence of both yin and yang carving methods in the same piece of work makes for a varied composition and a sharp contrast between black, white and grey in the picture, making it a highly expressive paper-cutting technique.

3. Three, piercing holes
The basic outline is cut out on the paper with a knife or scissors, and then holes are pierced in the pattern with a needle, mainly to allow multiple layers of paper to be joined, while at the same time seeing the detail in the roughness. This technique is often used to embroider patterns, sometimes symmetrical, such as pillow flowers, shoe flowers, sleeve flowers, etc. When two to four of the same pattern are needed, the paper is cut and pierced with Xuan paper, and when it is unglued, there are several of the same pattern at the same time. The reason for using Xuan paper is that it is easy to adhere and thin enough to be used underneath for embroidery without affecting the aesthetic appeal. A quick and easy alternative to stapling is to use staples and staples, which also have the effect of joining multiple layers of paper.

'''Significance of content'''

Folk paper-cutting is good at combining a variety of objects together to produce the desired result. Whether one or more images are used in combination, they are all modelled by "using the image to imply meaning" or "using the meaning to construct the image", rather than according to objective natural forms. The artist is also apt to use similes to create a variety of auspicious objects, combining conventional images to express his own psychology. The pursuit of auspicious metaphors became one of the ultimate aims of the imagery combinations. Geographical isolation and cultural limitations, as well as the intrusion of adversity such as natural disasters, inspired a desire for a happy and fulfilling life. People's simple wish for good food and clothing, prosperity, health and longevity, and for everything to be as it should be, is conveyed through paper-cutting.
There are many images reflecting productive life in folk paper-cutting, and one of the greatest similarities between these works is the exaggeration of the subject, such as a big fish, a big pepper, a big silkworm, a big grain, etc. Through paper-cutting, people make up beautiful images to comfort their hearts, to promote the great creativity of man in conquering nature, to build their ideal world, and to affirm the power of man and inspire the courage to continue the struggle

'''Questions'''

1.What are the earliest paper-cutting found in China?

2. What are the categories of paper-cutting?

3.What is Yin and Yang carving?

4.What is the greatest similarity between folk paper-cuttings?

'''References'''

• 赵辰昕. 唱响非物质文化遗产保护专家访谈录[M]. 北京：中国发展出版社, 2012:295-296

•“非遗保护”在中国．人民网．2009-10-20[引用日期2015-10-12

•教育部办公厅关于公布第一批全国普通高校中华优秀传统文化传承基地名单的通知． - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站[引用日期2018-12-06]

•流行于中国民间的剪纸艺术．中国国际广播电台国际在线．2008-12-04[引用日期2015-10-11]

•剪纸的历史．中华五千年[引用日期2015-10-11]

•漫话剪纸艺术．正北方网．2012-03-02[引用日期2015-10-11]

•刘魁立，张旭. 剪纸[M]. 北京：中国社会出版社, 2008:16-17

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣 - Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ==

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞 - Traditional Craft: Bronze ==

==Han Jingru 韩静茹 - Entertainment: Deyunshe ==
Deyunshe, originally named as the Beijing Conversation Conference, is one of the biggest Chinese crosstalk organizations and folk art performance groups in China. Established in 1995, Deyunshe has been the common abbreviation of Beijing Deyunshe Culture Communication Company Ltd. since its renaming in 2003. Following its key principle of "let the cross talk back to the theatre", in these years, Deyunshe has made important contributors to the inheritance and innovation of Chinese crosstalk, opera, pingshu and other forms of folk art performance.

==He Minghui 何明慧 - Traditional Cuisine: Dumpling ==

==Lei Heng 雷珩 - Photoshop technology culture in China ==
Outline: 1. the development of P.S. technology in China from the ancient time to present time; 2. The influence of it on China people; 3. The importance of it to China.

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==
===history===
The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Luban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

'''The Definition of Yuan Drama'''

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singlely as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

'''The Rise and development of Yuan Drama'''

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

'''Yuan Drama System'''

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

'''Representatives of Yuan Drama '''

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

'''Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama'''

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

'''Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama'''

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

'''Reference'''

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

1.A Brief Introduction
The erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

2.The Development of Erhu
The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.
During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers.
During the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing.
During Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread. During this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.
After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly.
In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

3.Construction

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:
Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.
Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.
Qín gan (琴杆), neck.
Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.
Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs
Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook
Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player
Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4
Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood
Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension
Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound
Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

4.Playing Technique
(1)Tuning
The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.
(2)Position
The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.
(3)Right hand
The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.
(4)Left hand
The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics
(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》
(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》
(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》
(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》
(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》
(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》
(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》
(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》
(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）
(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

Reference
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Wikipedia entry

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, college students' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==
'''1.Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meaning of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''2.The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China.

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also send them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors.

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [1]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''3. Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.
Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[2]

'''4. Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[3]

'''5. Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern Tangyuan fillngs can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage.

'''6. Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

[1][3]Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[2]Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

China’s rich businessmen amassed a combined fortune of more than $223 billion this year as the country enjoyed its fastest year of wealth accumulation, even as the world battles its worst economic crisis in decades.China had 60 billionaires below the age of 40 this year, according to the latest Hurun Rich List released last week. Of them, 14 joined the billionaire club for the first time in 2020, as a tech-fuelled stock market surged and a spate of IPOs paved the way for wealth growth amid the coronavirus downturn.
The uptick mirrors a wider unprecedented surge in the fortunes of China’s uber-wealthy, with the country now home to 878 billionaires with a combined wealth of $4 trillion. A decade ago in 2010, the country counted just 189 billionaires.“The world has never seen this much wealth created in just one year. China’s entrepreneurs have done much better than expected. Despite Covid-19, they have risen to record levels,” said Rupert Hoogewerf, Hurun Report chairman and chief researcher.
Now in its 22nd year, the annual Hurun ranking seeks to provide a “snapshot of wealth” in the world’s second-largest economy as of Aug. 28. Focusing on both wealthy individuals who were born and brought up in mainland China, as well as individuals born outside of mainland China but who reside there today, the report draws on data and interviews in what it labels “as much an art as it is a science.”
China’s rich businessmen

1. Huiyan Yang and family, 39, Country Garden

Net worth: $33.1 billion
Topping the list again this year is 39-year-old Huiyan Yang and her family. Also considered Asia’s richest woman, Yang is the majority shareholder of Country Garden, a property development company founded by her farmer father, Guoqiang Yang, in Guangdong in 1992.
Despite seeing her wealth surge 29% over the past year, Yang dropped one spot in 2020 to rank as China’s sixth-richest billionaire overall.

2. Zetian Zhang, 27, JD.com

Net worth: $23.5 billion
Zetian Zhang, 27, and her husband Qiangdong Liu, 41, saw their combined wealth surge 111% to $23.5 billion in 2020 largely thanks to the meteoric growth of Liu’s e-commerce company JD.com. A businesswoman in her own right, Zhang is an investor who also serves as chief fashion advisor of JD’s luxury business. At 24, she became China’s youngest female billionaire following her marriage to Liu in 2015.

3. Hao Yan, 34, Pacific Construction Group

Net worth: $21.3 billion
Hao Yan, 34, is the chairman of Xinjiang-headquartered construction company Pacific Construction Group, the company founded by his father, CEO JieHe Yan in 1986.

4. Yiming Zhang, 37, ByteDance

Net worth: $16.2 billion
37-year-old Yiming Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of ByteDance, the Chinese internet company behind video sharing platform TikTok. The platform has shot to prominence outside of China, now surpassing Facebook-owned Instagram to rank as U.S. teens’ preferred social media app after Snap. However, its rapid growth has also sparked national security concerns, prompting the proposed sale of its U.S. operations.

Zhang Yiming, founder of internet company ByteDance, the parent company of video sharing platform TikTok.

5. Bangxin Zhang, 39, TAL Education

Net worth: $14 billion
With an estimated net worth of $14 billion, Bangxin Zhang is the co-founder and chairman of Beijing-headquartered tutoring business TAL Education. Founded in 2003, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and has enjoyed rapid growth in 2020 under coronavirus-induced remote learning policies.

6. Gang Zhang and family, 39, Xinfalyudian

Net worth: $8.8 billion
39-year-old Gang Zhang of aluminum company Xinfalyudian has an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion, having grown his fortunes 100% in the past year and jumping up 32 places in the overall 2020 rich list.

7. Xiaosong Wang, 33, Seazen

Net worth: $6.4 billion
Xiaosong Wang is the 33-year-old chairman and president of real estate company Seazen. Wang shares the fortune with his father, Zhenhua, 58 whom he replaced in 2019 following accusations of sexual assault.

8. Qun Wu, 32, Yuwell

Net worth: $5.3 billion
Qun Wu, 32, is the son of Guangming Wu, 58, founder and chairman of medical equipment maker Yuwell. Together they have a fortune of $5.3 billion, up 50% from last year.

9. Gang Ye, 39, Sea

Net worth: $4.9 billion
New to this year’s list is China-born Gang Ye, who was raised in Singapore and made his fortune in the city-state as one of the co-founders of internet company Sea. As the developer behind popular gaming apps such as Free Fire, Sea has benefited from a surge in gaming under lockdowns this year, becoming the world’s best-performing large-cap stock in August.

10. Hua Su, 38, Kuaishou

Net worth: $3.8 billion
Chinese entrepreneur Hua Su founded Kuaishou as a GIF-making app in 2011 but later transformed it into a video sharing platform popular with users particularly in rural China. Before founding the company, he worked as a programmer at Google and Chinese internet search engine Baidu.

11. Meng Yang, 38, and Li He, 36, Anker

Net worth: $3.7 billion
Newly-minted billionaires Meng Yang and Li He saw their combined wealth catapult to $3.7 billion this year on the back of their consumer electronics company, Anker. The Apple charger-maker doubled in valuation when it debuted on the public market this August, hitting $8 billion.

12. Xiang Li, 39, Li Auto

Net worth: $3.5 billion
Dubbed “China’s Elon Musk,” 39-year-old Xiang Li is the founder of electric vehicle-maker Li Auto. Founded five years ago, the Beijing-headquartered manufacturer went public on the Nasdaq in July 2020 with a valuation of $10 billion, catapulting Li to billionaire status.

13. Liang Zhang, 38, R&F

Net worth: $3.45 billion
Liang Zhang is the 38 son of Li Zhang, 68, founder and co-chair of Guanzhou-based developer R&F. Together, their wealth totals more than $3.4 billion.

14. Tianshi Chen, 35, Cambricon Technologies

Net worth: $3.1 billion
Newcomer to this year’s list is Tianshi Chen, the 35-year-old co-founder and CEO of chipmaker Cambricon Technologies. Launched in 2016, the company’s artificial intelligence-enabled technology has been used in more than 100 million smartphones.

15. Yixiao Cheng, 35, Kuaishou

Net worth: $3.1 billion
Also new to the list is 35-year-old Yixiao Cheng, co-founder of short video platform Kuaishou. Cheng, who began his career as a software engineer at HP, now has an estimated net worth of more than $3 billion.

16. Yifeng Wang, 36, Zhejiang Century Huatong Group

Net worth: $3.1 billion
Yifeng Wang, 36, and father Miaotong Wang, 63, are the vice-chairman and chairman, respectively, of automaker Zhejiang Century Huatong Group. Having recently diversified into games development, the pair has seen their combined wealth surged 83% in the past year.

17. Wei Cheng, 37, DiDi

Net worth: $2.8 billion

37-year-old Wei Cheng is the founder and CEO of ride-hailing giant DiDi. Having spent eight years working at Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, Cheng launched DiDi in 2012. Today, the company ranks as one of China’s most valuable billion-dollar start-ups and Cheng is worth an estimated $2.8 billion.
Cheng Wei, CEO of taxi-hailing app Didi-Kuaidi, speaks during the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2015 at Dalian International Convention Center on Sept. 9, 2015 in Dalian, China.

18. Guoyuan Peng, 34, NWY

Net worth: $2.6 billion

Guoyuan Peng, 34, is the chairman of education group NWY, worth an estimated $2.6 billion, up 20% from 2019.

19. Zheng Cao, 37, Hangke Technology

Net worth: $2.5 billion
Zheng Cao, 37, is the vice president of Zhejiang Hanke Technology, the lithium battery producing company founded by his father Ji Cao, 68. With a shared 70% stake in the business, the pair is today worth an estimated $2.5 billion.

20. Yan Wu, 39, Hakim Unique

Net worth: $2.5 billion
Yan Wu, 39, and husband Qicheng Wang, 40, are the co-founders of Hakim Unique, an internet, media and real estate company. Together, their fortune is around $2.5 billion.

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas ==

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==

----

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==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - The “reference” of Chinese Music==
May 20，2022，with the broadcast of the show "Sister Who Rides the Waves，the “Sweetheart hierarch” Cyndi Wang became popular again by singing her song Love You①. Actually the song Love You is not original，and it was adapted from PAPAYA（a South Korea girl group）’s song，Listen to Me②.
And since the end of last century, many Chinese singers or bands have the experience of "refer" songs from other countries.

==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance==

Introductions on Lion dance

The lion dance is a popular activity among Chinese people of all ethnic groups, and it is a must for festivals and gatherings. The lion dance is a symbol of good luck and good intentions of the people to get rid of disasters and seek good fortune.In May 2006, the Chinese lion dance was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council.
The lion dance has a long history, and the existing lion dances are divided into two categories: cultural lion and martial lion. The martial lion has more difficult acrobatic performances, and the lion is vigorous and fierce, looking at the tiger; the cultural lion is naive and cute, with a lovely form, and mainly performs the lion's life and attitude; according to the different materials and methods of lion modeling, there are many different types of lion dances around the world, and they are very colorful.
The lion dance is usually played by two people, the former holding the lion head props on his head with both hands, playing the lion's head, and the latter leaning over, holding the former's waist with both hands, wearing lion skin decorated with linen, cloth and other materials, playing the lion's body. Two people combined into one large lion, called "Large lion”. There is also a person wearing a lion mask, wearing a fake lion skin, playing a small lion, called "Small lion". In front of the lion, there is a lion, holding a colorful embroidered ball that can be turned to tease, and the dance ball movements include rolling the ball, turning the ball, throwing the ball, shaking the ball and dozens of other kinds, and the lion then makes various dance movements. In some places, the lion dancer wears a big-headed mask and plays a big-headed monk, holding a big fan or even a big knife instead of a ball.
Schools of Lion Dance :With the continuous development of the lion dance movement, the art of lion dance has also been perfected, but because of the different customs in the north and south, the dance method is not the same, so the north and south has formed two major schools, namely the southern school and the northern school, also known as the southern lion and the northern lion. The northern lion's movements are light, mainly jumping and tumbling, with small gongs, drums,and cymbals, etc., mainly in the Central Plains and North China, with representative lions from Hebei, Anhui and Hunan. The southern lion, on the other hand, is a big and powerful lion with big gongs, drums, cymbals, etc. The drum music is majestic and inspiring, and is mainly popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia.

The Origin of Lions

Regarding the origin of the lion, scholars of all generations have concluded that the lion in the early Middle Kingdom came from the West. There is a large number of documents for evidence, including Jin Guopu’s "Mu Tianzi".It said: " The lion is also called mythical creature , produced by the Western region." The scholar Li Shizhen wrote in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": " The lion is out of the Western countries" From the research records of experts and scholars of the past generations, it is clear that China did not produce lions, scholars of the past generations After the study of the literature, It is thought that the lion was introduced from the West as a tribute in the Han Dynasty. Before the Han Dynasty, people do not know what it looks like. According to historical records, the lion was considered useless when it first entered the Middle Kingdom, and was not accepted because of its fierce appearance and habits. During the long history, due to various reasons, especially religious influence, people gradually accepted the lion and made it a mythical beast, together with the legendary dragon, phoenix, and qilin, known as the four spiritual beasts.The lion is known as the king of beasts, but China is generally not affected by lions, so the people have a sense of affinity to the lion, regard it as a symbol of power and good luck, and hope to use the lion's powerful image to drive away evil spirits.

The Origin and Legend of Lion Dance

Regarding the origin of lion dance in ancient China, ancient literature and analysis by scholars over the ages show that the origin of lion dance in China is also recognized from the Han Dynasty, but the exact date cannot be determined. Through research and historical analysis, the following statements are more plausible.
The first theory: Chinese lion dance originated from the Han Dynasty, and the lion was imported from foreign countries only after Zhang Sai's mission to the West during the reign of Emperor Wu. Whenever the Western ambassadors visited, he set up songs and dances to cheer, so those dancers put on masks dressed as birds and animals, but the Western ambassadors found that these birds and animals only lacked of lions, after asking, we knew that at that time China had not yet lions. Later.Later the western envoys sent a pair of lions to China, and the lion trainers performed lion training. This lion training performance may be the predecessor of the Chinese lion dance.

The second theory: the lion dance originated in the Three Kingdoms period and was popular in the North and South Dynasties. Meng Kang, a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, wrote in The Elephant Man : If today's play is like shrimp, the lion is also. The Northern Wei Yang From it we can know, the lion not only protects the law to ward off evil, and can guide the way for the Buddha. If we look at the form, this lion guiding its front, very similar to the current lion guide, already slightly with the form of dance.

The third theory: According to the earliest historical records, the account of the real "lion dance" should be The Book of Ning - Zong Yi Zhuan. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the 22nd year of Emperor Wujia's reign (445 A.D.), when the Nanning Army occupied Linyi, and Yi asked to be the leader. The soldiers were unable to resist, saying, "I have heard that the lion is a powerful lion, so I made its shape and fought against the elephant, and the elephant just ran in fear and were scattered. After that, the lion dance was performed in the military and slowly spread to the people, becoming the origin of the lion dance, but at that time it was not called the lion dance but the "Taiping music".According to records, the Taiping music and the modern lion dance are very similar.
There are also various stories and legends about the lion dance in ancient China.
One of the legends is that the "New Year" beast eats green. According to the legend, in ancient times, plague often occurred in China, so countless people died, but fortunately, every time the plague occurred, a divine beast appeared, and the plague disappeared as soon as it appeared. Since this beast "Nian" is so helpful to people, people use bamboo scales and colored cloths to tie into the "Nian" beast during the farming season, and dance in front of each house with majestic drums and music, in order to suppress evil spirits and seek good luck. Because the "New Year" beast likes to eat vegetables, so every family places a plate of vegetables in front of the door for the "New Year" beast to eat. As time goes by, people find that the shape of the "New Year" is very much like a lion. So they called this kind of thing as the lion, and the vegetables were called "Caiqing".

The Value and Functions of Lion Dance

First, it connects with emotions. While it is a sport, its more obvious attribute is that it belongs to the category of folklore. The cultural accumulation of each nation is often expressed in folklore activities, and healthy folklore activities not only express the soul of the nation, but also convey the message code of mutual feeling and knowledge between the brothers of the nation. In the case of "lion dance", a folklore activity loaded with the accumulation of feelings of the children of Yanhuang, wherever there is a Chinese settlement, there is a lion dance and a lion dance culture. The lion dance for good luck is often the best way for Chinese people who are wandering around the world to share happiness and feelings.

Second, it can strengthen the body. The actual operation of lion dance requires good coordination among all the components, and it is a kind of project that combines multiple factors such as music and lion dance. Because of this integration, the lion dance has a strong ornamental and artistic value, which can fully meet people's entertainment and aesthetic needs. At the same time, for the performers, lion dance is a sport that strengthens the body and cultivates the emotions.

Third, it has educational significance. The lion dance is a traditional culture in China, and it is the inheritance of the culture to carry forward the lion dance. We can understand the history and culture of the region through lion dance.

Fourth, it has the commercial function. The performance nature of lion dance brings a lot of commercial benefits. In addition, the lion dance brings about the development of tourism and other related industries. In the author's opinion, the commercial function of lion dance is not only this, as the development of cultural industry is gaining momentum today, lion dance with deep cultural heritage will face better development opportunities.

Fifth, it enriches the spirit of the nation. The spirit of mutual cooperation and solidarity. The participation of dragon dance is very common, and the professional requirements are not very high. It shows a kind of momentum and team spirit, with a few people or even hundreds of people, dancing up and down, surging and inspiring. This requires more than one person to complete the whole set of interlacing, running and jumping, tumbling and other movements, mutual cooperation is particularly important, must maximize the team effect; inherit the spirit of tradition and innovation, although the dragon and lion dance has a long history, but also not unchanging, positive, innovative features nurtured in different ways of performance, reflecting the spirit of never-ending innovation

Historical Stages of the Development of Traditional Lion Dance
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the traditional lion dance developed to a deeper level
The skills of the Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties formed different performance styles and program focuses in the North and South due to geographical barriers and different environments. In the south, the Han regime inherited the 'orthodoxy', and the ideology of Confucianism was changed to Zhuanglao, and the social habits tended to be weak. Therefore, although the Southern Dynasty had the majestic 'White Tiger ' and other programs from the Northern Dynasty, its mainstream was slender and soft.The traditional lion dance began to be performed on the same stage with ceremonial music(the beginning of music) in the Sui Dynasty, and after the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, its artistic image became richer and had a strong folk base, and the court performance became more mature. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the nine music parts of Sui Dynasty were adjusted and increased into "ten music parts". One of the most famous "five lions", also known as "Taiping music".Performers danced and sang "Taiping music", taking the meaning of world peace and good fortune, which was basically the same as the symbolic meaning of today's lion dance. During the Song and Yuan dynasties - a turning point in the development of traditional lion dance technology, the performance form, performance team and program creation of lion dance in the Song dynasty underwent more profound changes. Techniques began to be divided into sections, prompting peer artists to gather for social fires; social fires further united the team and promoted the development of skills, as well as the formation of various genres, creating conditions for the prosperity of the folk lion dance movement. In Yuan Dynasty, "lion dance" also had innovation,.For instance,"high Cui lion dance" in the Yuan Dynasty first seen in the records. Although the Qing Dynasty Palace also had lion dance performances, generally speaking, the scale was not large. Southern and northern lion performances in the Qing Dynasty formed different images and different techniques of performance style. In the north, there were "Large lion" and "Small lion", whose images and performances resembled real lions, while the lion dance in the south had integrated dance, acrobatics and martial arts into one, which was quite new compared to the traditional lion dance methods.

The Development of Modern Lion Dance

(A) Before the liberation of the competition between the lion teams in the festive activities of the nature of the competition
In the 1920s and 1930s, the lion dance was generally preceded by the Shaolin and the Five tiger stick , followed by the lion , the vine , the rice-gale , the shuttlecock , and the kong Schools, which started from their respective villages and rushed to the temple. Along the way, whenever they encountered the roadside tea huts or tea points, they should get off the performance. To the temple they worshiped after the incense and performed martial arts. Then they returned along the way, if on the way the temple fair and several villages a few teams met together, this performance was often with the nature of the competition '; in some places gradually formed a regular tournament .In modern times during the festival have a relatively fixed lion team to perform and the lion team also competed and cut martial arts, with the nature of the competition. The lion dance has taken the form of a competitive lion dance.

(B) Lion dance became a traditional national sport
On February 28, 1934, the first Folk Games of Henan Province, there were more than 20 folk martial arts associations such as dry boat, dragon lantern, lion and kite flying to perform and compete. In 1978, the lion dance was invited as a special performance at the First Folk Games, and it became an official event at the Fourth Agricultural Games. Now there are different events such as National Lion Dance Championship and various kinds of North-South Lion King Competition, National Dragon and Lion Invitation Tournament and Elite Tournament every year, and it has become an official competition item in the National Agricultural Games, National Urban Games and the Third National Sports Congress.

(C) Lion dance shine on the acrobatic stage
In 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai personally watched the acrobatic performances of six large troupes in Beijing, including China, Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi'an and Warriors, and affirmed the skills of the "lion dance", which were partly choreographed according to the laws of acrobatics.They have been organized to visit Asian, African, American and European countries and become the first team of people's diplomacy. The lion dance skills have developed rapidly on the acrobatic stage, and a series of new and difficult skills have been developed on the basis of inherited traditions. The high skills of acrobatic lion dance have a great influence on the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance, and the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance have absorbed the performance style and props of acrobatic lion dance, enriched their own performance forms, and continuously improved the level of traditional lion dance and competitive lion dance.

Lion Dance Culture Development Problem
As it is not easy to cultivate talents to inherit the lion dance culture, and the props used to make the lion dance are expensive, the traditional lion dance culture is also facing the crisis of no one inheriting it. As a representative of the excellent traditional culture, how to survive and develop the lion dance culture in the intersection of modern technology and traditional culture is an important issue that contemporary lion dancers have to think about.

Measures for Solving the Problem
(A) Strengthen corooperation with colleges and universities to carry out lion dance classes
Youth is the future and hope of the country.Vigorously developing traditional culture education for youth, and incorporating lion dance culture into students' curriculum can not only enrich campus culture, but also greatly improve the popularity of lion dance culture and enhance youth's cultural identity and national pride. Students are the successors of the communist cause, the main body of education, and the main body of cultural inheritance and dissemination. Relying on school education to develop lion dance culture, more people can understand and inherit lion dance culture. The rejuvenation of traditional culture and its development on the basis of popularization are the needs of lion dance culture inheritance and the wishes of lion dance lovers.

(B) Promote the culture and spirit of lion dance through the Internet and mass media
In order to make the lion dance culture develop better, we make use of the development of the whole media to promote the beautiful connotation of the lion dance culture through the Internet and make use of the mass media to vigorously publicize it, so that more people really like the lion dance culture and really enter the lion dance culture; we rely on the Internet to strengthen the cultural exchange among the lion dance enthusiasts all over the country, so as to promote the spread and inheritance of the lion dance culture; we rely on the whole media to carry out the lion dance culture competition, formulate scientific competition rules and generous rewards to arouse people's enthusiasm for participation, so that more people can participate in the promotion of the lion dance culture and promote the spread of the lion dance culture.

(C) Accelerate the innovation to push the development of lion dance culture
The premise of traditional culture innovation is to first understand its cultural value, grasp the comprehensive traditional cultural content, and then promote the corresponding lion dance culture, so that the folk lion dance is known to more people, even to learn the skills, so that the lion dance is well inherited. In the traditional lion dance culture promotion at the same time, the lion dance team should also be committed to in-depth study of the lion dance culture with the times to drive the value of the economy to achieve the culture to give rise to the economy and the economy in turn to support the culture of mutual assistance and harmony. In such a way wa can break the situation that traditional culture has no successor due to the narrow market prospect, and provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional culture. With the rapid development of the times and the improvement of people's living standards, some connotations of traditional culture are no longer applicable to modern life, so it is necessary to accelerate the promotion of cultural innovation, promote the innovation of lion dance culture, and constantly innovate the form of lion dance culture development and inheritance, so as to attract more people to understand lion dance culture and inherit it.

(D) Cultivate lion dance culture talents,and pay attention to integration of local culture
To actively carry out lion dance culture promotion activities, select talents from young people who are interested in lion dance culture, make them receive professional training in lion dance culture, develop their interest into a profession, make them become the inheritors of lion dance culture, and promote the inheritance of lion dance culture. In the local lion dance culture, we dig deep into the local culture and explore the cultural heritage, so that the lion dance culture can be well inherited and developed, integrating the traditional lion dance into the local cultural connotation and giving it new vitality. In addition to the local culture, there is also a folk lion dance culture with local characteristics, establishing unique cultural programs, spreading unique cultural values, so that the traditional lion dance culture continues to be inherited.

(E) Define the cultural positioning, actively implement the "going out" strategy, and promote the lion dance culture to the world
The government should formulate relevant policies to support, position lion dance culture well, and support key projects to promote the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, so that more people can understand lion dance culture and participate in the inheritance of lion dance culture, thus enhancing the social status and influence of lion dance culture. While promoting the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, we should not only spread and develop the inheritance at home, but also actively promote the strategy of "going out" to promote Chinese traditional culture to the world, so that people around the world can understand lion dance culture, learn lion dance culture, inherit and spread lion dance culture, so that lion dance culture can be developed around the world and spread the beautiful connotation of China's excellent traditional culture. The beautiful connotation of excellent traditional culture.

Terms:

Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》
the four spiritual beasts 四大灵兽
national intangible cultural heritage 国家级非物质文化遗产
the State Council 国务院
gongs, drums,and cymbals 大锣、大鼓、大钹
Zhang Sai's mission to the West 张赛出使西域
The Elephant Man 《象人》
Caiqing 采青
orthodoxy 正统
High Cui lion dance 高毳舞狮
Acrobatic Stage 杂技舞台
National Agricultural Games 全国农运会
National Urban Games 全国城运会
The Third National Sports Congress. 第三届全国体育大会

References:

中国最独特的舞狮文化 The Most Unique Lion Dance Culture in China 宴姝下一代2019,(04),7
舞狮运动的起源与发展研究[J] The Origin and Development of lion Dance 郭绿杨.当代体育科技 . 2017 (22)
论舞龙舞狮运动塑造学生民族精神的功能[J]. Arguments on the function of dragon and Lion Dance to Shape students' national spirit曹虎愚.成功(教育) . 2012(11)
我国舞狮运动与文化的价值底蕴分析[J]. Analysis on the value of Lion dance and culture in China管罗红.企业家天地(理论版) . 2011(01)
新时代下传统舞狮的传承发展与问题[J]. Inheritance, development and problems of traditional lion Dance in the new era 杨晓坤,代继盟,林宵,于娇.中国民族博览 . 2019(06)

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

'''Development history of mobile games'''

'''The birth of mobile games'''
In 1997, Gluttonous Snake, preinstalled in Nokia 6110, officially started the history of mobile games. Long ago, Nokia was the dominant player in the mobile phone market. The physical keyboard and screen each occupied half of the mobile phone space. So at that time, mobile games did not get rid of the shackles of physical keyboard, such as early games: Gluttonous Snake(贪吃蛇), Pushing Boxes(推箱子), and Tetris（俄罗斯方块）.

'''Pre Android'''
After the release of Android phones, with the characteristics of the touch screen, games that need touch control, such as Fruit Ninja, became popular. There were many classic games in this period, including Plants vs. Zombies（植物大战僵尸）, Angry Birds（愤怒的小鸟）, Temple Escape（神庙逃亡）, Subway Parkour （地铁跑酷）and other classic games .At the same time, Minecraft （我的世界）was released on iphone, but due to the high price of iphone, its popularity is far less than Android games.

'''Pre Tencent period'''
In 2013, two Tencent games: Tiantian Cool Running（天天酷跑） and rhythm master（节奏大师） became popular, quickly surpassing Plants vs. Zombies and angry birds, and firmly ranked first in China's mobile games. At the same time, other Tencent games also took the opportunity to hype up and attract players. For a time, no game company could compete with Tencent.

'''Scuffle period'''
2011 was the year when smart phone games began to engage in scuffle. Mobile phone stand-alone games developed rapidly. Many players should have experienced Asphalt 5. At that time, the giants of mobile game manufacturers were definitely Gameloft. Modern war and Nova represented the peak of the picture quality of mobile games; In addition, "Assassin's Creed", "cell division 5", "ghost cry 4", "dead space" and other end games have also gradually landed on the mobile game platform; The online games of smart phones have also begun to test the market. A number of hardware manufacturers have begun to strengthen the graphics computing capacity of mobile phones, and the mobile game platform has officially taken shape.

'''Post Tencent period'''
By november2015, a game was born, breaking the balance in the mobile game industry. Its appearance has changed the pattern of the entire mobile game market. This game is "glory of the king"（王者荣耀）. This game dominates the mobile game rankings only two days after it was launched. Although it was attacked by CF of Netease(网易), it returned to the top in 16 years.
The success of this game also makes other companies start to think about how to make a high-quality mobile game. In 2018, a year of full bloom, various mobile games have sprung up, such as Onmyoji（阴阳师） of Netease，PUBG Mobile（刺激战场） of Tencent，Genshin（原神） impact of MiHoYo etc.. Both the picture quality and the game experience have made a qualitative leap.

'''Development status and trend of mobile games'''

With the rapid development of mobile games in China, the market scale has expanded rapidly, and the capital heat is highly focused. It has quickly surpassed end games and page games and become a mainstream game type. From January to June 2021, the actual sales revenue of China's mobile game market was 114.772 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.65%.

In recent years, the proportion of revenue from PC games and web games has continued to decline. On the contrary, the revenue share of mobile game industry has increased rapidly, and the revenue scale is expected to further expand. From 2014 to 2020, the proportion of mobile games in the sales revenue of the game industry increased rapidly from 24% to 75.2%, and the proportion reached 76.3% in the first half of 2021.

In the ranking of monthly active number of mobile game apps in September 2021, the monthly active number of glory of the king is far ahead, reaching 149million, followed by Game for peace（和平精英） and Fun Fest（开心消消乐）.

With the continuous improvement of the ecological environment of China's game industry, the continuous upgrading of the game industry chain, and the development of 5g, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data and other forward-looking technologies, a number of innovative cultural products and businesses have been created, including cloud games, e-sports, game live broadcasting, etc., which put forward higher development requirements for enterprises in the game industry.

'''Social impact of Chinese mobile games'''

1. The development of mobile games has created a large number of related industries and provided more employment opportunities for people.
2. Mobile games provide people with opportunities to have a pleasant mood, social communication and exercise their intelligence.
3. The development of mobile games has put forward higher requirements for mobile phone manufacturing and software engineering, which is conducive to promoting the development of domestic science and technology.
4. The external communication of Chinese mobile games is conducive to vigorously carrying forward Chinese culture and enhancing China's international influence.
5. The development of mobile games makes many people indulge in it, which is easy to waste money and time, and damage their eyesight.
6. The development of the game industry can, to a certain extent, alleviate the pressure of the epidemic on the economy. During the epidemic period, the game industry, which is not affected by the epidemic, will continue to maintain game production and development, which will also have a positive impact on the future economic recovery.

'''Reference：'''
[1] Development history of mobile games in China, published by China Science Daily on August 22, 2014
[2] Current situation of mobile game industry in 2021, published on Huajing information network on March 2, 2022 10:4
[3] Development history of mobile games in China (by 2021) in Bilibili.

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs:Faggotry Culture in China:taking Da Sima(金轮) as an example==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

China enjoys great abundance in resources of flowers. Early in ancient times, Chinese people noted that the value of flowers was diversified, and utilized flowers in various ways. Flowers could be used as ingredients for cuisine, herbal medicine, and decorative items. Moreover, the image of flowers always appeared in poems, proses and articles, highly praised by Chinese literary men for the beauty, fragrance as well as spirits. Throughout history, flowers are of both pragmatic and spiritual significance in Chinese culture.

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinese Dream==

In November of 2012, soon after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President Xi Jinping put forward, for the first time, the idea of the Chinese Dream on a visit to “The Road towards National Rejuvenation” exhibition at the National Museum of China. The Chinese dream meant for him the “great renewal of the Chinese nation.” and “is a dream of the whole nation, as well as of every individual,” he said. Since then, use of the phrase has become widespread in official announcements and as the embodiment of the leadership's political ideology under Xi Jinping. Xi said that young people should “dare to dream, work assiduously to fulfill the dreams and contribute to the revitalization of the nation.” There are various connotations and interpretations of the term.

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD)==

Buytogether(PDD), also called Pinduoduo in Chinese, is a mainstream e-commerce application of mobile Internet in China, and a third-party social e-commerce platform focusing on C2M(Customer-to-Manufacturer) group shopping. It was founded in September 2015. Users can buy goods at a lower price by buying them with their friends, families and neighbors together.

Buytogether aims to enable people to buy better goods at lower prices and gain more benefits and fun by gathering the strength of more people. Its idea in online shopping is unique in that it creates a brand new pattern of social e-commerce: Community E-Commerce.

'''A.The History of Development'''

After only three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018. In July 2020, Buytogether ranked the fourth in "The Hurun China’s Top 10 E-commerce 2020". By 2020, Buytogether 's annual active users reached nearly 800 million, and its operating revenue reached 59.492 billion yuan. Reviewing the developing course of Buytogether, we can mainly divide it into the following two stages :

1.Early Developing Period (2015-2018)

Aiming at the sinking market, Buytogether came into being. Although e-commerce has great market potential, the competition is also very fierce. After years of development, Taobao, JD and other well-known traditional e-commerce enterprises have occupied a huge market share for a long time. Although having a large market share, they are also bothered by various problems, such as product quality concerns, fake goods, deficient platform supervision and so on, which force them to proceed strategic improvement. For example, in 2015, Taobao cracked down on the fake goods appearing on the platform, hoping to enhance customers' confidence in it by improving the quality of products. But at the same time, the improvement of product quality has brought about the rising of product price, which makes Taobao break away from the highly price-sensitive consumers, who pay more attention to the price rather than the brand. Users in such a sinking market that was unoccupied have become targets of Buytogether.

In September 2015, Buytogether was officially launched. In February 2016, Buytogether 's monthly turnover exceeded 10 million, and its users exceeded 20 million. In July 2016, Buytogether had more than 100 million users and received a B round of $110 million financing. On October 10,2016, the single-day transaction volume of Buytogether 's anniversary celebration, a big shopping festival, exceeded 100 million yuan. In October 2017, Buytogether occupied the first place in the total number of iOS application downloads under the category of shopping for nearly one month. Buytogether is a dark horse in the early days, constantly showing its edge.

2.Growing Period (from 2018 to now)

After three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018, and has made remarkable achievements. According to CCTV, Buytogether had 385.5 million annual active users in 2018, surpassing JD, the second largest e-commerce platform with its 305.2 million users. In February 2019, Buytogether was included in the MSCI. In June 2019, the " Subsidy of Ten Billion Yuan " activity was launched, and Buytogether was selected as one of " The Forbes Most Innovative Enterprises in China 2019" in the same month. In December 2019, Buytogether launched the train ticket service on its App terminal. In 2019, Buytogether 's operating revenue was about 30.142 billion yuan, and the number of multiannual active users had reached 585.2 million by the end of 2019.According to the 2020 annual report released by Buytogether, it achieved operating revenue of about 59.492 billion yuan in 2020, with a growing rate of 97% compared with 2019. The achievements of Buytogether are amazing to all, creating a miracle among all the e-commerce platforms.

'''B.The Special Marketing Strategy'''

Buytogether's success is inseparable from its unique marketing strategy based on community .

Internet technology breaks the limitation of time and space; various social media provide interactive platforms, strengthening users’ connectivity. The essence of Buytogether's going viral is to take the social media as carriers to carry out e-commerce transactions, namely community e-commerce. Community e-commerce manages the users and potential users of the platform in a new way, paying more attention to providing users with more interactive communication and scenarios, so as to facilitate users to find groups where other people have similar interests and needs to their own and hence exchange shopping information and conduct group shopping at a much lower price. In Buytogether, users can get lower prices when they share the links of what they want to buy with their friends to form a group for shopping. The characteristics of Buytogether's community e-commerce are as follows:

1.Targeting customers in the sink market.

The "internet traffic(data)-centered" competing mechanism of traditional e-commerce platforms represented by Taobao and JD makes the main market of online shopping be occupied by leading brands with abundant funds. In the early days of establishment, Buytogether effectively distinguished its main customers from those of traditional e-commerce platforms, and positioned the main customers in the sink market to buffer competition in the industry. Buytogether supplies products at lower prices than other traditional e-commerce platforms by some strategies like “the more you buy, the lower prices are”, shopping in group and enabling users to bargain, thus attracting a large number of consumers in the sink market and small cities.

The increase of the users attracts a larger number of sellers to flood into the platform in return. With its decentralized internet traffic(data) distribution and low-cost entry threshold, Buytogether has brought opportunities to start-ups and niche enterprises. Many little-known businesses including some self-employed ones have flooded into the platform as well. Both parties of a deal in the sink market are attracted by Buytogether’s low prices and low costs. Consumers gain lower prices and suppliers acquire more customers; the trading system of Buytogether is gradually improved.

2.Popularizing based on users’ community.

Buytogether attracts more and more customers depending on social media and users’ social relations. Under the logic of community, the Internet economy is based on human.

Generally speaking, the formation of different groups is based on interests, kinship, etc. Through third-party social platforms such as WeChat and QQ, consumers establish and join groups where people have similar interests and needs to share and exchange information. In other words, users with similar interest or needs form a community. Buytogether manages these community members, analyzes the characteristics of different communities, captures their needs and interest points, so as to release marketing contents accurately and establish unlimited vertical market segments.

Also, consumers in the online communities will share their experience of using products with recommendation or criticism, which actually provides the stores and the platform itself with suggestions for improving, assistance in producing and innovative ideas. Consumers are not only loyal "buyers", but also enthusiastic "sharers" and innovative "producers".

3.Selling in the form of group.

Buytogether's "group enjoys discounts" selling strategy has attracted many consumers in pursuit of high cost performance. The "buying in group" model has grown full-bloom with the combined promotion of big data, the Internet and the community economy.

Group shopping brings more benefits to consumers. It is easy to arouse consumers’ desire to buy when their friends share the link of what they want to buy that they also need and has an affordable price. Then the virtuous cycle comes. In order to get lower price, it is inevitable to share the group link with friends. If this cycle continues, more and more people will download Buytogether and buy something. When consumers choose such a social platform where friends gather to share group shopping links, it is easier to form communities and develop the habit of sharing and shopping in group. Group shopping reflects the integration of network technology into real life, bringing mutual benefits and win-win results, which is also an upgrade of consumption form.

4.Reducing intermediary businesses.

Traditional e-commerce platforms have broadened online transaction channels, but have not effectively shortened the transaction process between suppliers and customers. Therefore, the profit space of suppliers and consumers has not been totally released.

By targeting the sink market, Buytogether has attracted a large number of suppliers of different brands to the platform to talk with customers directly. Users can form groups and make orders on Buytogether according to their interests and needs. The platform will skip the procedure of channel distribution and feedback users’ needs to suppliers directly to shorten the decision-making time and reduce the inventory backlog.

The docking of transaction terminals reduces the profits middlemen can get, releasing the profit space for users and suppliers. Buytogether is committed to shortening the transaction process between users and suppliers, thus attracting more transaction terminals to enter the platform. So it becomes a main advantage of Buytogether that attracts stores and suppliers at lower operating costs.

'''C.The Advantages of Buytogether'''

1.Creating needs actively.

Under the model of traditional e-commerce, users mostly buy goods based on their own needs, which means the platform itself is not active enough in inspiring customers’ demands. But Buytogether attracts new consumers and promotes their demands actively through low prices, recommendation from friends, group shopping and many other ways.

Users in social media will browse the information of products when they receive links of group shopping from their friends. The products are usually affordable and practical that are necessities for consumers, so they are likely to buy the products as well. Therefore, depending on the relation network of community members, it is easy for Buytogether to dig out and inspire customers’ potential needs.

2.Connecting users in many ways.

User connection is a significant advantage of Buytogether. Under the mode of community e-commerce, the relationship between users and sellers or other users is much closer. What community members pursue is not only the material benefits brought by products themselves, but also the interactive communication and emotional connection with others. Therefore, they tend to have a high degree of involvement and loyalty to stores, and spontaneously participate in the activities that contribute to the prosperity of the whole community like collaborative production, reputation building and spreading, content producing and so on, forming a C2B model where users’ demands guide the production, so as to solve the problem of inventory redundancy and optimize trading processes. Under the guidance of opinion leaders, community members are more likely to develop a herd mentality, and gain a sense of belonging and a sense of achievement from their collective actions. Fan economy, opinion leaders and herd effect in community e-commerce open a new vision for businesses to drive users to respond.

3.Promoting social contacts.

Traditional e-commerce improves the shopping experiences of individual consumers by issuing allowances, coupons and cross-store discounts. But Buytogether fosters adhesiveness of users through interaction. Buytogether utilizes the interpersonal network of community to innovate forms of discounts, such as inviting friends to help bargain, gain free charge and group price, not only meeting the customers’ practical needs of information acquisition, price concessions and product purchases, but also enabling customers to improve their shopping experiences with interactive entertainment.

'''D.The problems of Buytogether'''

1.The crisis of confidence

Recently, Buytogether has launched zero yuan purchase, cash withdrawal with friends’ help(by sharing links) and other activities that require users to invite their friends to participate in. However, to gain the promised benefits, users have to obey complex procedures and sometimes they get nothing after it. So in the process of these activities, consumers will feel interested and inspired at the beginning, and then they are likely to be disappointed, or even give up midway. Even if they really complete the task, they will feel that the harvest and their efforts are not proportional. In this way, it is easy for users to feel bored about the activity of the platform, seriously affecting their confidence in it.

2.The problem of low quality

Since its establishment, Buytogether has been adopting the low-price marketing strategy based on social networking including a series of discount activities, which have continuously compressed the profit space of the settled stores. In order to conform with the platform's low-price strategy as much as possible, these stores have to reduce the costs of raw materials and production, thus causing quality problems. In addition, due to Buytogether’s low entry threshold and loose supervision, the qualifications of its sellers are not all official. Some sellers enter the platform to sell fake and shoddy products, which not only damages the rights and interests of consumers, but also destroys users' trust in the platform.

3.The damage of corporate image

The main way for Buytogether to realize its community marketing is to attract new users by making current users constantly share the platform links. Current users frequently forward links to invite friends to help them gain a discount or cash rewards, but sometimes such behavior will bother their friends, the potential customers of Buytogether, and even stir their antipathy for this platform. Therefore, this method of marketing is a double-edged sword, sometimes damaging its corporate image.

'''E.The Measures for Optimization'''

Buytogether takes advantage of its unique social e-commerce model to open up its own e-commerce field in the fiercely competitive Chinese e-commerce market with the sinking market as the starting-point. Due to the poor commodity quality, low price and most of the users are price-sensitive in the sinking market, the moat (based on Buffett's moat theory )in intangible assets and customer switching cost is weak. In comparison, it cooperates with WeChat APP and make use of its huge traffic. At the same time, the "social fission" approach to platform promotion and the adoption of the C2M sales model to operate the platform has made it possible for the company to use its unique social e-commerce model to create its blue ocean of e-commerce. Against this background, Buytogether has a deep and wide moat in network effect and cost advantage. Based on the above analysis of the current market environment and the moat theory, I propose the following strategies for the future development of Buytogether :

1.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.

After years of accumulation, Buytogether has had a large number of registered users, so the marketing rules can be appropriately optimized based on it. Nowadays, Buytogether no longer needs to rely on fission marketing methods like sharing links to expand the user scale, but needs to improve its own marketing policies, utilize social media more rationally, and formulate marketing activities from the perspective of users. Buytogether can take into consideration increasing the probability of consumers completing their tasks in marketing activities and giving consumers more subsidies and dividends to gain their confidence and foster their loyalty to the platform.

2.Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.

If Buytogether wants to reduce inferior products, it must supervise its sellers closely. When sellers enter, their qualification and product quality must be strictly checked. In addition, while strengthening the supervision of the sellers, Buytogether is also advised to give more welfare to these sellers to encourage them to pay more attention to product quality, so as to solve related problems from the source. Moreover, Buytogether should also establish an organic system of after-sales service, increase the number of personnel to serve customers, and handle all kinds of complaints from users properly.

3.Polish up users’comments and improve the corporate image.

Consumers tend to consider the platform’s corporate image when choosing products. Unfortunately, many consumers have linked Buytogether with "inferior products" at present, so it is emergent for Buytogether to regain users' confidence and trust by improving its corporate image.

4.Improve the supply chain structure and the back-end service system.

Although Buytogether's existing supply chain structure has made it possible for customers' demand to stimulate the upstream supply chain to carry out mass production, its accumulation is still not perfect. Besides, the existing investment in the upstream and the empowerment of the whole industry chain are also insufficient. The existing investment in upstream and empowerment of the whole industry chain is also insufficient. If it wants to grow further, Buytogether will need to spend some time and effort on improving its supply chain. In addition to partnering with third-party logistics, it could follow the example of the Yiatong 380 platform and set up hundreds of distribution networks across the country. Otherwise, learning from Alibaba's retail and village tao synergy system and the integrated logistics information management platform of Cainiao parcel even benchmark itself against Jingdong and create its own logistics system to have a more significant say in the upstream supply.

5.Stop blind expansion of incremental users, fine-tuned operation of stock users.

The Internet began to shift from a total market to a stock market as early as 2016, but the tapping of sinking traffic has slowed down the process. As the number of Buytogether 's users has reached 800 million, its future development strategy should no longer be to pursue incremental users number but to amplify the business value of individual users. Thus, it can refine the operation of its stock of users to repeat key actions through precise matching, increasing their stickiness and keeping them in a mature stage for a long time.

Although Buytogether's current single-user purchase level is still low, it also has the potential to improve within the system through live streaming, subsidies, and other actions to improve user stickiness. As its digital, household appliances, and fresh produce categories continue to enrich, the trend of increasing customer unit price is noticeable. Suppose it can maintain the existing scale and development direction. In that case, Buytogether has more room for growth to better cope with the Tao system and other Internet e-commerce. It will allow Buytogether to better cope with the competition between the Tao system and other internet e-commerce companies and continue growing and developing.

'''References'''

1.百度百科

2.梁艳.基于拼多多发展路径分析如何增强平台用户黏性[J].中国集体经济,2022(10):51-53.

3.徐佳宁.基于社群经济的电商企业商业模式创新——以拼多多为例[J].现代营销(下旬刊),2022(03):128-130.DOI:10.19932/j.cnki.22-1256/F.2022.03.128.

4.徐琴.拼多多的社交化营销策略研究[J].上海商业,2022(03):16-17.

5.Nie Cheng,Xinyu Huang,Jing Qian. Analysis on Pinduoduo Business Model and Future Development Strategy based on Sinking Market[C]//.Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Global Economy and Business Management (GEBM 2021).[出版者不详],2021:279-287.DOI:10.26914/c.cnkihy.2021.049927.

'''Terms'''

NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价表)

"2020 Hurun China Top 10 E-commerce":《2020胡润中国10强电商》

Sinking market: Small-town and rural markets where the most Chinese population live.

'''Questions'''

1.When was Buytogether founded?

2.When was Buytogether listed on NASDAQ?

3.What new type of e-commerce did Buytogether create?

4.Which market does Buytogether target?

5.What are advantages of Buytogether?

6.What are problems of Buytogether?

7.How to solve these problems?

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-06-28T15:15:55Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD) */

Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]].

Every student needs to find a topic, which is not in the textbook and has not been presented in class. Please check your topics in regard of this. All topics are ok except for those with red marks. Please suggest a new topic instead and wait for the teacher to remove the red marks.

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 - Economy: Chinese Currency Changes==
China's currency not only has a long history, but also a wide variety, creating a unique currency culture.
China's earliest currency was sea shells. By the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, shell coins had completely receded from the historical stage.
The pre-Qin period was an important period in the occurrence and development of Chinese currency. With the expansion and refinement of the division of labour and the development of the commodity economy, primitive money began to appear in the late New Age, acting as a medium of exchange for goods; after that, it entered an era when primitive money, metal-weighed money and minted coins were used together.

==Chen Kun 陈锟 - History:Wang Yangming==

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰— Martial Arts:The Development of Chinese Swordsman Spirit==
--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 04:46, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

the outline of the first paragraph: a brief introduction of Chinese swordsman spirit+my basic understanding of Chinese swordsman spirit +the overall outline(perspectives)of the essays.

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡 - Cuisine: Luosifen==
Luosifen, also called Snail rice noodle, is a Chinese noodle dish with “offensive” oder and a speciality of the city of Liuzhou, in Guangzhou, southern China.

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露 - Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ==
'''Chinese Paper Cutting'''

Chinese paper-cutting is a folk art of cutting patterns on paper with scissors or carving knives to decorate life or to complement other folk activities. In China, paper-cutting has a wide popular base and is interwoven into the social life of people of all ethnic groups, and is an important part of various folklore activities. Its visual images and stylised formats, which continue to be passed down, contain rich cultural and historical information, express the social perceptions, moral concepts, practical experiences, life ideals and aesthetic interests of the general public, and have multiple social values such as cognition, edification, expression, expression, entertainment and communication.

'''Origin'''

Paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty, and the art of paper-cutting could not have existed before then, but the use of thin sheets of material to make crafts through the technique of hollowing and carving was popular long before paper appeared. The earliest paper cuttings found in China are five paper cuttings of flowers from the Northern Dynasties (386-581 AD), unearthed near the Flaming Mountains in Turpan, Xinjiang.

During the Tang Dynasty, paper-cutting was already in a period of great development, and folklore also made use of paper-cutting in the form of funnel printing plates, where people carved thick paper into flower plates and funneled dyes onto cloth to form beautiful patterns.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were already artists who cut paper as a profession. The maturity of the paper-making industry in the Song dynasty, with its wide range of paper products, provided the conditions for the popularity of paper-cutting. For example, they were used as gifts, as window flowers, or as decorations for lanterns and tealights.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the art of paper-cutting matured and reached its heyday. Although the art of paper-cutting came from the folk, it became a universal art in the Qing Dynasty.

In the early twentieth century, the May Fourth New Culture Movement, advocated by advanced intellectuals such as Cai Yuanpei, Lu Xun, Liu Hannong and Zhou Zuoren, established the beginnings of Chinese folklore studies. In the 1930s, the artist Chen Zhinong began his research and creation of folkloric paper cutouts in Beijing. He used sketches and silhouettes to depict a large number of customs and folklore in old Beijing, including street vendors, workshops and artisans, food stalls and tea stalls, fairs and temples, and idle people in the marketplace.

In the 1940s, paper cut-outs based on real-life themes began to appear, and in 1944, for the first time, new folk paper cut-outs from the north-west were exhibited in the Shaanxi-Ganjiang-Ningxia border area, kicking off the development of paper-cutting art after the founding of New China. It can be said that paper-cutting in Yan'an ushered in a new era of paper-cutting in China.

After the founding of New China, under the guidance of the literary and artistic policy of "blossoming of a hundred flowers, pushing out new ideas", artists created a large number of new paper cuts expressing new socialist ideas and events, opening up the path of paper cutting creation and enriching the form and content of Chinese folk decorative arts. In addition to paper cutouts expressing the new weather in all walks of life, children, sports, acrobatics, songs and dances have also become the most common subjects for paper cutting.

Since its inception, the art of paper-cutting has been uninterrupted throughout Chinese history. It is one of the richest art forms in Chinese folk history and culture, as it has been incorporated into various folklore activities.

'''Classification'''

1. Monochrome Paper Cuttings
Monochrome paper-cutting is the most basic form of paper-cutting, cut in various colours such as red, green, brown, black and gold, and is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. It is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. Paper cuttings used for embroidery base patterns are often combined with cut-and-stab techniques. The stabbing is done by using the point of a needle to make small dots in the fine details of the pattern, leaving a 'hidden knife' in some parts, which can be used as a basis for changing stitches when embroidering. Folding paper cuts, silhouettes and torn paper are all forms of monochrome paper cutting.

 Folding Paper-Cutting
Folding paper-cutting is one of the most common methods of folk expression. The so-called folding papercut is a papercut made by folding and cutting in different ways. Folding paper cuttings are simple, easy to make, labor-saving and time-saving, shape general and certain deformation, especially suitable for the performance of structural symmetry of the form and symmetrical pattern, such as people, frogs, butterflies, turtles, reflections, fish, etc., geometric patterns, flowers, scenery, utensils and other subjects can be adapted, and unfolded extremely symmetrical, and can change a variety of suitable shape, two-party continuous, four-party continuous or multi-party continuous, which is it can long be This is one of the main reasons for its longevity, and it has played an important role in the popularisation of paper-cutting and the modelling of craft patterns in China.

 the Silhouette
The silhouette is an ancient form of paper-cutting art, which expresses the shape of people and objects through their outer contours, so it focuses most on the beauty and shape of the outer contours. The tools are mainly scissors and a carving knife, and the paper is usually black or heavy-coloured paper. When expressing the silhouette of a figure, it is usually cut while looking at the object. Silhouettes are well suited to showing translucent effects and are a very distinctive type of paper cutting.

 Three, torn paper
Torn paper is a new type of paper cut out from the traditional folklore. The method is to use different types of paper, using the method of tearing by hand to tear the shape, by hand instead of cutting will naturally be very limited, not suitable to show the effect of delicate work, but it is this limitation, but also shows its unique artistic personality, there is a kind of ancient and elegant simple, bold and majestic tone. In the process of tearing paper there is often a kind of randomness, a natural and natural flavour.

2. Colourful paper-cutting
With the exploration and development of paper-cutting expression, the form and technique of colour paper-cutting is gradually increasing, with dot-dyeing, overlaying, colour separation, colour filling, wood printing, spray painting, outlining and colour weaving. Each form has its own characteristics and unique features: dot-dye paper cuttings nourishing, decorative strong; set of colour paper cuttings crisp, bright colour blocks; colour paper cuttings divided into distinctive, colourful; colour paper cuttings are simple, clean, sharp, all give people a different feeling.

3. Three-dimensional paper-cutting
The three-dimensional paper cut-out can be monochrome or coloured. It uses a combination of painting, cutting, folding, gluing and other techniques to produce a new type of paper-cutting close to sculpture, relief, which draws on the skills of modern art, fully embodies the characteristics of realism and art romance, so that paper-cutting from a flat sense into three-dimensional, can be used for ornamental modelling and children's handicrafts [12].

'''Methods and techniques'''

1. Folding
Folding paper to produce a repetitive pattern is one of the most basic paper-cutting techniques, and is also an expressive technique used in monochrome paper-cutting. The different effects it produces depend on the number and angle of the folds. When using this technique to cut flowers, the paper can be folded twice or three times before cutting, and the resulting pattern is a four-sided or six-sided flush shape. If you are cutting animals or people, the shape after folding once is symmetrical. The folding paper cut is a symmetrical pattern, so the resulting pattern has a more rhythmic feel. This technique is mostly used for cutting flowers and topiary flowers, etc.

2. Yin and Yang carving
The basic effect of paper cutting is obtained through the use of yin and yang lines alone or in a mixture.
Yin engraving, also known as engraving, is to carve away the outline of the structure of the object, the method of expressing lines in a large block, the effect is thick, strong, a strong sense of weight, a strong sense of black and white contrast, was cut to carve away the blank composition of the pattern, line and line are not connected.
Yang engraving, also known as hollowing, is the exact opposite of shading, where the blanks are removed and the outline lines are retained. The lines of the pattern are solid, and the lines are connected. This method is smooth, clear and lusciously detailed.
The combination of yin and yang is the best way to express paper cutting. The presence of both yin and yang carving methods in the same piece of work makes for a varied composition and a sharp contrast between black, white and grey in the picture, making it a highly expressive paper-cutting technique.

3. Three, piercing holes
The basic outline is cut out on the paper with a knife or scissors, and then holes are pierced in the pattern with a needle, mainly to allow multiple layers of paper to be joined, while at the same time seeing the detail in the roughness. This technique is often used to embroider patterns, sometimes symmetrical, such as pillow flowers, shoe flowers, sleeve flowers, etc. When two to four of the same pattern are needed, the paper is cut and pierced with Xuan paper, and when it is unglued, there are several of the same pattern at the same time. The reason for using Xuan paper is that it is easy to adhere and thin enough to be used underneath for embroidery without affecting the aesthetic appeal. A quick and easy alternative to stapling is to use staples and staples, which also have the effect of joining multiple layers of paper.

'''Significance of content'''

Folk paper-cutting is good at combining a variety of objects together to produce the desired result. Whether one or more images are used in combination, they are all modelled by "using the image to imply meaning" or "using the meaning to construct the image", rather than according to objective natural forms. The artist is also apt to use similes to create a variety of auspicious objects, combining conventional images to express his own psychology. The pursuit of auspicious metaphors became one of the ultimate aims of the imagery combinations. Geographical isolation and cultural limitations, as well as the intrusion of adversity such as natural disasters, inspired a desire for a happy and fulfilling life. People's simple wish for good food and clothing, prosperity, health and longevity, and for everything to be as it should be, is conveyed through paper-cutting.
There are many images reflecting productive life in folk paper-cutting, and one of the greatest similarities between these works is the exaggeration of the subject, such as a big fish, a big pepper, a big silkworm, a big grain, etc. Through paper-cutting, people make up beautiful images to comfort their hearts, to promote the great creativity of man in conquering nature, to build their ideal world, and to affirm the power of man and inspire the courage to continue the struggle

'''Questions'''

1.What are the earliest paper-cutting found in China?

2. What are the categories of paper-cutting?

3.What is Yin and Yang carving?

4.What is the greatest similarity between folk paper-cuttings?

'''References'''

• 赵辰昕. 唱响非物质文化遗产保护专家访谈录[M]. 北京：中国发展出版社, 2012:295-296

•“非遗保护”在中国．人民网．2009-10-20[引用日期2015-10-12

•教育部办公厅关于公布第一批全国普通高校中华优秀传统文化传承基地名单的通知． - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站[引用日期2018-12-06]

•流行于中国民间的剪纸艺术．中国国际广播电台国际在线．2008-12-04[引用日期2015-10-11]

•剪纸的历史．中华五千年[引用日期2015-10-11]

•漫话剪纸艺术．正北方网．2012-03-02[引用日期2015-10-11]

•刘魁立，张旭. 剪纸[M]. 北京：中国社会出版社, 2008:16-17

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣 - Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ==

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞 - Traditional Craft: Bronze ==

==Han Jingru 韩静茹 - Entertainment: Deyunshe ==
Deyunshe, originally named as the Beijing Conversation Conference, is one of the biggest Chinese crosstalk organizations and folk art performance groups in China. Established in 1995, Deyunshe has been the common abbreviation of Beijing Deyunshe Culture Communication Company Ltd. since its renaming in 2003. Following its key principle of "let the cross talk back to the theatre", in these years, Deyunshe has made important contributors to the inheritance and innovation of Chinese crosstalk, opera, pingshu and other forms of folk art performance.

==He Minghui 何明慧 - Traditional Cuisine: Dumpling ==

==Lei Heng 雷珩 - Photoshop technology culture in China ==
Outline: 1. the development of P.S. technology in China from the ancient time to present time; 2. The influence of it on China people; 3. The importance of it to China.

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==
===history===
The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Luban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

'''The Definition of Yuan Drama'''

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singlely as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

'''The Rise and development of Yuan Drama'''

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

'''Yuan Drama System'''

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

'''Representatives of Yuan Drama '''

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

'''Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama'''

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

'''Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama'''

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

'''Reference'''

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

1.A Brief Introduction
The erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

2.The Development of Erhu
The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.
During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers.
During the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing.
During Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread. During this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.
After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly.
In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

3.Construction

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:
Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.
Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.
Qín gan (琴杆), neck.
Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.
Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs
Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook
Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player
Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4
Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood
Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension
Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound
Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

4.Playing Technique
(1)Tuning
The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.
(2)Position
The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.
(3)Right hand
The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.
(4)Left hand
The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics
(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》
(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》
(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》
(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》
(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》
(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》
(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》
(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》
(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）
(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

Reference
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Wikipedia entry

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, college students' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==
'''1.Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meaning of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''2.The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China.

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also send them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors.

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [1]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''3. Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.
Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[2]

'''4. Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[3]

'''5. Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern Tangyuan fillngs can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage.

'''6. Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

[1][3]Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[2]Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

China’s rich businessmen amassed a combined fortune of more than $223 billion this year as the country enjoyed its fastest year of wealth accumulation, even as the world battles its worst economic crisis in decades.China had 60 billionaires below the age of 40 this year, according to the latest Hurun Rich List released last week. Of them, 14 joined the billionaire club for the first time in 2020, as a tech-fuelled stock market surged and a spate of IPOs paved the way for wealth growth amid the coronavirus downturn.
The uptick mirrors a wider unprecedented surge in the fortunes of China’s uber-wealthy, with the country now home to 878 billionaires with a combined wealth of $4 trillion. A decade ago in 2010, the country counted just 189 billionaires.“The world has never seen this much wealth created in just one year. China’s entrepreneurs have done much better than expected. Despite Covid-19, they have risen to record levels,” said Rupert Hoogewerf, Hurun Report chairman and chief researcher.
Now in its 22nd year, the annual Hurun ranking seeks to provide a “snapshot of wealth” in the world’s second-largest economy as of Aug. 28. Focusing on both wealthy individuals who were born and brought up in mainland China, as well as individuals born outside of mainland China but who reside there today, the report draws on data and interviews in what it labels “as much an art as it is a science.”
China’s rich businessmen

1. Huiyan Yang and family, 39, Country Garden

Net worth: $33.1 billion
Topping the list again this year is 39-year-old Huiyan Yang and her family. Also considered Asia’s richest woman, Yang is the majority shareholder of Country Garden, a property development company founded by her farmer father, Guoqiang Yang, in Guangdong in 1992.
Despite seeing her wealth surge 29% over the past year, Yang dropped one spot in 2020 to rank as China’s sixth-richest billionaire overall.

2. Zetian Zhang, 27, JD.com

Net worth: $23.5 billion
Zetian Zhang, 27, and her husband Qiangdong Liu, 41, saw their combined wealth surge 111% to $23.5 billion in 2020 largely thanks to the meteoric growth of Liu’s e-commerce company JD.com. A businesswoman in her own right, Zhang is an investor who also serves as chief fashion advisor of JD’s luxury business. At 24, she became China’s youngest female billionaire following her marriage to Liu in 2015.

3. Hao Yan, 34, Pacific Construction Group

Net worth: $21.3 billion
Hao Yan, 34, is the chairman of Xinjiang-headquartered construction company Pacific Construction Group, the company founded by his father, CEO JieHe Yan in 1986.

4. Yiming Zhang, 37, ByteDance

Net worth: $16.2 billion
37-year-old Yiming Zhang is the co-founder and CEO of ByteDance, the Chinese internet company behind video sharing platform TikTok. The platform has shot to prominence outside of China, now surpassing Facebook-owned Instagram to rank as U.S. teens’ preferred social media app after Snap. However, its rapid growth has also sparked national security concerns, prompting the proposed sale of its U.S. operations.

Zhang Yiming, founder of internet company ByteDance, the parent company of video sharing platform TikTok.

5. Bangxin Zhang, 39, TAL Education

Net worth: $14 billion
With an estimated net worth of $14 billion, Bangxin Zhang is the co-founder and chairman of Beijing-headquartered tutoring business TAL Education. Founded in 2003, the company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 2010 and has enjoyed rapid growth in 2020 under coronavirus-induced remote learning policies.

6. Gang Zhang and family, 39, Xinfalyudian

Net worth: $8.8 billion
39-year-old Gang Zhang of aluminum company Xinfalyudian has an estimated net worth of $8.8 billion, having grown his fortunes 100% in the past year and jumping up 32 places in the overall 2020 rich list.

7. Xiaosong Wang, 33, Seazen

Net worth: $6.4 billion
Xiaosong Wang is the 33-year-old chairman and president of real estate company Seazen. Wang shares the fortune with his father, Zhenhua, 58 whom he replaced in 2019 following accusations of sexual assault.

8. Qun Wu, 32, Yuwell

Net worth: $5.3 billion
Qun Wu, 32, is the son of Guangming Wu, 58, founder and chairman of medical equipment maker Yuwell. Together they have a fortune of $5.3 billion, up 50% from last year.

9. Gang Ye, 39, Sea

Net worth: $4.9 billion
New to this year’s list is China-born Gang Ye, who was raised in Singapore and made his fortune in the city-state as one of the co-founders of internet company Sea. As the developer behind popular gaming apps such as Free Fire, Sea has benefited from a surge in gaming under lockdowns this year, becoming the world’s best-performing large-cap stock in August.

10. Hua Su, 38, Kuaishou

Net worth: $3.8 billion
Chinese entrepreneur Hua Su founded Kuaishou as a GIF-making app in 2011 but later transformed it into a video sharing platform popular with users particularly in rural China. Before founding the company, he worked as a programmer at Google and Chinese internet search engine Baidu.

11. Meng Yang, 38, and Li He, 36, Anker

Net worth: $3.7 billion
Newly-minted billionaires Meng Yang and Li He saw their combined wealth catapult to $3.7 billion this year on the back of their consumer electronics company, Anker. The Apple charger-maker doubled in valuation when it debuted on the public market this August, hitting $8 billion.

12. Xiang Li, 39, Li Auto

Net worth: $3.5 billion
Dubbed “China’s Elon Musk,” 39-year-old Xiang Li is the founder of electric vehicle-maker Li Auto. Founded five years ago, the Beijing-headquartered manufacturer went public on the Nasdaq in July 2020 with a valuation of $10 billion, catapulting Li to billionaire status.

13. Liang Zhang, 38, R&F

Net worth: $3.45 billion
Liang Zhang is the 38 son of Li Zhang, 68, founder and co-chair of Guanzhou-based developer R&F. Together, their wealth totals more than $3.4 billion.

14. Tianshi Chen, 35, Cambricon Technologies

Net worth: $3.1 billion
Newcomer to this year’s list is Tianshi Chen, the 35-year-old co-founder and CEO of chipmaker Cambricon Technologies. Launched in 2016, the company’s artificial intelligence-enabled technology has been used in more than 100 million smartphones.

15. Yixiao Cheng, 35, Kuaishou

Net worth: $3.1 billion
Also new to the list is 35-year-old Yixiao Cheng, co-founder of short video platform Kuaishou. Cheng, who began his career as a software engineer at HP, now has an estimated net worth of more than $3 billion.

16. Yifeng Wang, 36, Zhejiang Century Huatong Group

Net worth: $3.1 billion
Yifeng Wang, 36, and father Miaotong Wang, 63, are the vice-chairman and chairman, respectively, of automaker Zhejiang Century Huatong Group. Having recently diversified into games development, the pair has seen their combined wealth surged 83% in the past year.

17. Wei Cheng, 37, DiDi

Net worth: $2.8 billion

37-year-old Wei Cheng is the founder and CEO of ride-hailing giant DiDi. Having spent eight years working at Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group, Cheng launched DiDi in 2012. Today, the company ranks as one of China’s most valuable billion-dollar start-ups and Cheng is worth an estimated $2.8 billion.
Cheng Wei, CEO of taxi-hailing app Didi-Kuaidi, speaks during the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting of the New Champions 2015 at Dalian International Convention Center on Sept. 9, 2015 in Dalian, China.

18. Guoyuan Peng, 34, NWY

Net worth: $2.6 billion

Guoyuan Peng, 34, is the chairman of education group NWY, worth an estimated $2.6 billion, up 20% from 2019.

19. Zheng Cao, 37, Hangke Technology

Net worth: $2.5 billion
Zheng Cao, 37, is the vice president of Zhejiang Hanke Technology, the lithium battery producing company founded by his father Ji Cao, 68. With a shared 70% stake in the business, the pair is today worth an estimated $2.5 billion.

20. Yan Wu, 39, Hakim Unique

Net worth: $2.5 billion
Yan Wu, 39, and husband Qicheng Wang, 40, are the co-founders of Hakim Unique, an internet, media and real estate company. Together, their fortune is around $2.5 billion.

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas ==

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==

----

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==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - The “reference” of Chinese Music==
May 20，2022，with the broadcast of the show "Sister Who Rides the Waves，the “Sweetheart hierarch” Cyndi Wang became popular again by singing her song Love You①. Actually the song Love You is not original，and it was adapted from PAPAYA（a South Korea girl group）’s song，Listen to Me②.
And since the end of last century, many Chinese singers or bands have the experience of "refer" songs from other countries.

==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance==

Introductions on Lion dance

The lion dance is a popular activity among Chinese people of all ethnic groups, and it is a must for festivals and gatherings. The lion dance is a symbol of good luck and good intentions of the people to get rid of disasters and seek good fortune.In May 2006, the Chinese lion dance was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council.
The lion dance has a long history, and the existing lion dances are divided into two categories: cultural lion and martial lion. The martial lion has more difficult acrobatic performances, and the lion is vigorous and fierce, looking at the tiger; the cultural lion is naive and cute, with a lovely form, and mainly performs the lion's life and attitude; according to the different materials and methods of lion modeling, there are many different types of lion dances around the world, and they are very colorful.
The lion dance is usually played by two people, the former holding the lion head props on his head with both hands, playing the lion's head, and the latter leaning over, holding the former's waist with both hands, wearing lion skin decorated with linen, cloth and other materials, playing the lion's body. Two people combined into one large lion, called "Large lion”. There is also a person wearing a lion mask, wearing a fake lion skin, playing a small lion, called "Small lion". In front of the lion, there is a lion, holding a colorful embroidered ball that can be turned to tease, and the dance ball movements include rolling the ball, turning the ball, throwing the ball, shaking the ball and dozens of other kinds, and the lion then makes various dance movements. In some places, the lion dancer wears a big-headed mask and plays a big-headed monk, holding a big fan or even a big knife instead of a ball.
Schools of Lion Dance :With the continuous development of the lion dance movement, the art of lion dance has also been perfected, but because of the different customs in the north and south, the dance method is not the same, so the north and south has formed two major schools, namely the southern school and the northern school, also known as the southern lion and the northern lion. The northern lion's movements are light, mainly jumping and tumbling, with small gongs, drums,and cymbals, etc., mainly in the Central Plains and North China, with representative lions from Hebei, Anhui and Hunan. The southern lion, on the other hand, is a big and powerful lion with big gongs, drums, cymbals, etc. The drum music is majestic and inspiring, and is mainly popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia.

The Origin of Lions

Regarding the origin of the lion, scholars of all generations have concluded that the lion in the early Middle Kingdom came from the West. There is a large number of documents for evidence, including Jin Guopu’s "Mu Tianzi".It said: " The lion is also called mythical creature , produced by the Western region." The scholar Li Shizhen wrote in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": " The lion is out of the Western countries" From the research records of experts and scholars of the past generations, it is clear that China did not produce lions, scholars of the past generations After the study of the literature, It is thought that the lion was introduced from the West as a tribute in the Han Dynasty. Before the Han Dynasty, people do not know what it looks like. According to historical records, the lion was considered useless when it first entered the Middle Kingdom, and was not accepted because of its fierce appearance and habits. During the long history, due to various reasons, especially religious influence, people gradually accepted the lion and made it a mythical beast, together with the legendary dragon, phoenix, and qilin, known as the four spiritual beasts.The lion is known as the king of beasts, but China is generally not affected by lions, so the people have a sense of affinity to the lion, regard it as a symbol of power and good luck, and hope to use the lion's powerful image to drive away evil spirits.

The Origin and Legend of Lion Dance

Regarding the origin of lion dance in ancient China, ancient literature and analysis by scholars over the ages show that the origin of lion dance in China is also recognized from the Han Dynasty, but the exact date cannot be determined. Through research and historical analysis, the following statements are more plausible.
The first theory: Chinese lion dance originated from the Han Dynasty, and the lion was imported from foreign countries only after Zhang Sai's mission to the West during the reign of Emperor Wu. Whenever the Western ambassadors visited, he set up songs and dances to cheer, so those dancers put on masks dressed as birds and animals, but the Western ambassadors found that these birds and animals only lacked of lions, after asking, we knew that at that time China had not yet lions. Later.Later the western envoys sent a pair of lions to China, and the lion trainers performed lion training. This lion training performance may be the predecessor of the Chinese lion dance.

The second theory: the lion dance originated in the Three Kingdoms period and was popular in the North and South Dynasties. Meng Kang, a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, wrote in The Elephant Man : If today's play is like shrimp, the lion is also. The Northern Wei Yang From it we can know, the lion not only protects the law to ward off evil, and can guide the way for the Buddha. If we look at the form, this lion guiding its front, very similar to the current lion guide, already slightly with the form of dance.

The third theory: According to the earliest historical records, the account of the real "lion dance" should be The Book of Ning - Zong Yi Zhuan. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the 22nd year of Emperor Wujia's reign (445 A.D.), when the Nanning Army occupied Linyi, and Yi asked to be the leader. The soldiers were unable to resist, saying, "I have heard that the lion is a powerful lion, so I made its shape and fought against the elephant, and the elephant just ran in fear and were scattered. After that, the lion dance was performed in the military and slowly spread to the people, becoming the origin of the lion dance, but at that time it was not called the lion dance but the "Taiping music".According to records, the Taiping music and the modern lion dance are very similar.
There are also various stories and legends about the lion dance in ancient China.
One of the legends is that the "New Year" beast eats green. According to the legend, in ancient times, plague often occurred in China, so countless people died, but fortunately, every time the plague occurred, a divine beast appeared, and the plague disappeared as soon as it appeared. Since this beast "Nian" is so helpful to people, people use bamboo scales and colored cloths to tie into the "Nian" beast during the farming season, and dance in front of each house with majestic drums and music, in order to suppress evil spirits and seek good luck. Because the "New Year" beast likes to eat vegetables, so every family places a plate of vegetables in front of the door for the "New Year" beast to eat. As time goes by, people find that the shape of the "New Year" is very much like a lion. So they called this kind of thing as the lion, and the vegetables were called "Caiqing".

The Value and Functions of Lion Dance

First, it connects with emotions. While it is a sport, its more obvious attribute is that it belongs to the category of folklore. The cultural accumulation of each nation is often expressed in folklore activities, and healthy folklore activities not only express the soul of the nation, but also convey the message code of mutual feeling and knowledge between the brothers of the nation. In the case of "lion dance", a folklore activity loaded with the accumulation of feelings of the children of Yanhuang, wherever there is a Chinese settlement, there is a lion dance and a lion dance culture. The lion dance for good luck is often the best way for Chinese people who are wandering around the world to share happiness and feelings.

Second, it can strengthen the body. The actual operation of lion dance requires good coordination among all the components, and it is a kind of project that combines multiple factors such as music and lion dance. Because of this integration, the lion dance has a strong ornamental and artistic value, which can fully meet people's entertainment and aesthetic needs. At the same time, for the performers, lion dance is a sport that strengthens the body and cultivates the emotions.

Third, it has educational significance. The lion dance is a traditional culture in China, and it is the inheritance of the culture to carry forward the lion dance. We can understand the history and culture of the region through lion dance.

Fourth, it has the commercial function. The performance nature of lion dance brings a lot of commercial benefits. In addition, the lion dance brings about the development of tourism and other related industries. In the author's opinion, the commercial function of lion dance is not only this, as the development of cultural industry is gaining momentum today, lion dance with deep cultural heritage will face better development opportunities.

Fifth, it enriches the spirit of the nation. The spirit of mutual cooperation and solidarity. The participation of dragon dance is very common, and the professional requirements are not very high. It shows a kind of momentum and team spirit, with a few people or even hundreds of people, dancing up and down, surging and inspiring. This requires more than one person to complete the whole set of interlacing, running and jumping, tumbling and other movements, mutual cooperation is particularly important, must maximize the team effect; inherit the spirit of tradition and innovation, although the dragon and lion dance has a long history, but also not unchanging, positive, innovative features nurtured in different ways of performance, reflecting the spirit of never-ending innovation

Historical Stages of the Development of Traditional Lion Dance
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the traditional lion dance developed to a deeper level
The skills of the Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties formed different performance styles and program focuses in the North and South due to geographical barriers and different environments. In the south, the Han regime inherited the 'orthodoxy', and the ideology of Confucianism was changed to Zhuanglao, and the social habits tended to be weak. Therefore, although the Southern Dynasty had the majestic 'White Tiger ' and other programs from the Northern Dynasty, its mainstream was slender and soft.The traditional lion dance began to be performed on the same stage with ceremonial music(the beginning of music) in the Sui Dynasty, and after the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, its artistic image became richer and had a strong folk base, and the court performance became more mature. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the nine music parts of Sui Dynasty were adjusted and increased into "ten music parts". One of the most famous "five lions", also known as "Taiping music".Performers danced and sang "Taiping music", taking the meaning of world peace and good fortune, which was basically the same as the symbolic meaning of today's lion dance. During the Song and Yuan dynasties - a turning point in the development of traditional lion dance technology, the performance form, performance team and program creation of lion dance in the Song dynasty underwent more profound changes. Techniques began to be divided into sections, prompting peer artists to gather for social fires; social fires further united the team and promoted the development of skills, as well as the formation of various genres, creating conditions for the prosperity of the folk lion dance movement. In Yuan Dynasty, "lion dance" also had innovation,.For instance,"high Cui lion dance" in the Yuan Dynasty first seen in the records. Although the Qing Dynasty Palace also had lion dance performances, generally speaking, the scale was not large. Southern and northern lion performances in the Qing Dynasty formed different images and different techniques of performance style. In the north, there were "Large lion" and "Small lion", whose images and performances resembled real lions, while the lion dance in the south had integrated dance, acrobatics and martial arts into one, which was quite new compared to the traditional lion dance methods.

The Development of Modern Lion Dance

(A) Before the liberation of the competition between the lion teams in the festive activities of the nature of the competition
In the 1920s and 1930s, the lion dance was generally preceded by the Shaolin and the Five tiger stick , followed by the lion , the vine , the rice-gale , the shuttlecock , and the kong Schools, which started from their respective villages and rushed to the temple. Along the way, whenever they encountered the roadside tea huts or tea points, they should get off the performance. To the temple they worshiped after the incense and performed martial arts. Then they returned along the way, if on the way the temple fair and several villages a few teams met together, this performance was often with the nature of the competition '; in some places gradually formed a regular tournament .In modern times during the festival have a relatively fixed lion team to perform and the lion team also competed and cut martial arts, with the nature of the competition. The lion dance has taken the form of a competitive lion dance.

(B) Lion dance became a traditional national sport
On February 28, 1934, the first Folk Games of Henan Province, there were more than 20 folk martial arts associations such as dry boat, dragon lantern, lion and kite flying to perform and compete. In 1978, the lion dance was invited as a special performance at the First Folk Games, and it became an official event at the Fourth Agricultural Games. Now there are different events such as National Lion Dance Championship and various kinds of North-South Lion King Competition, National Dragon and Lion Invitation Tournament and Elite Tournament every year, and it has become an official competition item in the National Agricultural Games, National Urban Games and the Third National Sports Congress.

(C) Lion dance shine on the acrobatic stage
In 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai personally watched the acrobatic performances of six large troupes in Beijing, including China, Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi'an and Warriors, and affirmed the skills of the "lion dance", which were partly choreographed according to the laws of acrobatics.They have been organized to visit Asian, African, American and European countries and become the first team of people's diplomacy. The lion dance skills have developed rapidly on the acrobatic stage, and a series of new and difficult skills have been developed on the basis of inherited traditions. The high skills of acrobatic lion dance have a great influence on the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance, and the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance have absorbed the performance style and props of acrobatic lion dance, enriched their own performance forms, and continuously improved the level of traditional lion dance and competitive lion dance.

Lion Dance Culture Development Problem
As it is not easy to cultivate talents to inherit the lion dance culture, and the props used to make the lion dance are expensive, the traditional lion dance culture is also facing the crisis of no one inheriting it. As a representative of the excellent traditional culture, how to survive and develop the lion dance culture in the intersection of modern technology and traditional culture is an important issue that contemporary lion dancers have to think about.

Measures for Solving the Problem
(A) Strengthen corooperation with colleges and universities to carry out lion dance classes
Youth is the future and hope of the country.Vigorously developing traditional culture education for youth, and incorporating lion dance culture into students' curriculum can not only enrich campus culture, but also greatly improve the popularity of lion dance culture and enhance youth's cultural identity and national pride. Students are the successors of the communist cause, the main body of education, and the main body of cultural inheritance and dissemination. Relying on school education to develop lion dance culture, more people can understand and inherit lion dance culture. The rejuvenation of traditional culture and its development on the basis of popularization are the needs of lion dance culture inheritance and the wishes of lion dance lovers.

(B) Promote the culture and spirit of lion dance through the Internet and mass media
In order to make the lion dance culture develop better, we make use of the development of the whole media to promote the beautiful connotation of the lion dance culture through the Internet and make use of the mass media to vigorously publicize it, so that more people really like the lion dance culture and really enter the lion dance culture; we rely on the Internet to strengthen the cultural exchange among the lion dance enthusiasts all over the country, so as to promote the spread and inheritance of the lion dance culture; we rely on the whole media to carry out the lion dance culture competition, formulate scientific competition rules and generous rewards to arouse people's enthusiasm for participation, so that more people can participate in the promotion of the lion dance culture and promote the spread of the lion dance culture.

(C) Accelerate the innovation to push the development of lion dance culture
The premise of traditional culture innovation is to first understand its cultural value, grasp the comprehensive traditional cultural content, and then promote the corresponding lion dance culture, so that the folk lion dance is known to more people, even to learn the skills, so that the lion dance is well inherited. In the traditional lion dance culture promotion at the same time, the lion dance team should also be committed to in-depth study of the lion dance culture with the times to drive the value of the economy to achieve the culture to give rise to the economy and the economy in turn to support the culture of mutual assistance and harmony. In such a way wa can break the situation that traditional culture has no successor due to the narrow market prospect, and provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional culture. With the rapid development of the times and the improvement of people's living standards, some connotations of traditional culture are no longer applicable to modern life, so it is necessary to accelerate the promotion of cultural innovation, promote the innovation of lion dance culture, and constantly innovate the form of lion dance culture development and inheritance, so as to attract more people to understand lion dance culture and inherit it.

(D) Cultivate lion dance culture talents,and pay attention to integration of local culture
To actively carry out lion dance culture promotion activities, select talents from young people who are interested in lion dance culture, make them receive professional training in lion dance culture, develop their interest into a profession, make them become the inheritors of lion dance culture, and promote the inheritance of lion dance culture. In the local lion dance culture, we dig deep into the local culture and explore the cultural heritage, so that the lion dance culture can be well inherited and developed, integrating the traditional lion dance into the local cultural connotation and giving it new vitality. In addition to the local culture, there is also a folk lion dance culture with local characteristics, establishing unique cultural programs, spreading unique cultural values, so that the traditional lion dance culture continues to be inherited.

(E) Define the cultural positioning, actively implement the "going out" strategy, and promote the lion dance culture to the world
The government should formulate relevant policies to support, position lion dance culture well, and support key projects to promote the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, so that more people can understand lion dance culture and participate in the inheritance of lion dance culture, thus enhancing the social status and influence of lion dance culture. While promoting the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, we should not only spread and develop the inheritance at home, but also actively promote the strategy of "going out" to promote Chinese traditional culture to the world, so that people around the world can understand lion dance culture, learn lion dance culture, inherit and spread lion dance culture, so that lion dance culture can be developed around the world and spread the beautiful connotation of China's excellent traditional culture. The beautiful connotation of excellent traditional culture.

Terms:

Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》
the four spiritual beasts 四大灵兽
national intangible cultural heritage 国家级非物质文化遗产
the State Council 国务院
gongs, drums,and cymbals 大锣、大鼓、大钹
Zhang Sai's mission to the West 张赛出使西域
The Elephant Man 《象人》
Caiqing 采青
orthodoxy 正统
High Cui lion dance 高毳舞狮
Acrobatic Stage 杂技舞台
National Agricultural Games 全国农运会
National Urban Games 全国城运会
The Third National Sports Congress. 第三届全国体育大会

References:

中国最独特的舞狮文化 The Most Unique Lion Dance Culture in China 宴姝下一代2019,(04),7
舞狮运动的起源与发展研究[J] The Origin and Development of lion Dance 郭绿杨.当代体育科技 . 2017 (22)
论舞龙舞狮运动塑造学生民族精神的功能[J]. Arguments on the function of dragon and Lion Dance to Shape students' national spirit曹虎愚.成功(教育) . 2012(11)
我国舞狮运动与文化的价值底蕴分析[J]. Analysis on the value of Lion dance and culture in China管罗红.企业家天地(理论版) . 2011(01)
新时代下传统舞狮的传承发展与问题[J]. Inheritance, development and problems of traditional lion Dance in the new era 杨晓坤,代继盟,林宵,于娇.中国民族博览 . 2019(06)

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

'''Development history of mobile games'''

'''The birth of mobile games'''
In 1997, Gluttonous Snake, preinstalled in Nokia 6110, officially started the history of mobile games. Long ago, Nokia was the dominant player in the mobile phone market. The physical keyboard and screen each occupied half of the mobile phone space. So at that time, mobile games did not get rid of the shackles of physical keyboard, such as early games: Gluttonous Snake(贪吃蛇), Pushing Boxes(推箱子), and Tetris（俄罗斯方块）.

'''Pre Android'''
After the release of Android phones, with the characteristics of the touch screen, games that need touch control, such as Fruit Ninja, became popular. There were many classic games in this period, including Plants vs. Zombies（植物大战僵尸）, Angry Birds（愤怒的小鸟）, Temple Escape（神庙逃亡）, Subway Parkour （地铁跑酷）and other classic games .At the same time, Minecraft （我的世界）was released on iphone, but due to the high price of iphone, its popularity is far less than Android games.

'''Pre Tencent period'''
In 2013, two Tencent games: Tiantian Cool Running（天天酷跑） and rhythm master（节奏大师） became popular, quickly surpassing Plants vs. Zombies and angry birds, and firmly ranked first in China's mobile games. At the same time, other Tencent games also took the opportunity to hype up and attract players. For a time, no game company could compete with Tencent.

'''Scuffle period'''
2011 was the year when smart phone games began to engage in scuffle. Mobile phone stand-alone games developed rapidly. Many players should have experienced Asphalt 5. At that time, the giants of mobile game manufacturers were definitely Gameloft. Modern war and Nova represented the peak of the picture quality of mobile games; In addition, "Assassin's Creed", "cell division 5", "ghost cry 4", "dead space" and other end games have also gradually landed on the mobile game platform; The online games of smart phones have also begun to test the market. A number of hardware manufacturers have begun to strengthen the graphics computing capacity of mobile phones, and the mobile game platform has officially taken shape.

'''Post Tencent period'''
By november2015, a game was born, breaking the balance in the mobile game industry. Its appearance has changed the pattern of the entire mobile game market. This game is "glory of the king"（王者荣耀）. This game dominates the mobile game rankings only two days after it was launched. Although it was attacked by CF of Netease(网易), it returned to the top in 16 years.
The success of this game also makes other companies start to think about how to make a high-quality mobile game. In 2018, a year of full bloom, various mobile games have sprung up, such as Onmyoji（阴阳师） of Netease，PUBG Mobile（刺激战场） of Tencent，Genshin（原神） impact of MiHoYo etc.. Both the picture quality and the game experience have made a qualitative leap.

'''Development status and trend of mobile games'''

With the rapid development of mobile games in China, the market scale has expanded rapidly, and the capital heat is highly focused. It has quickly surpassed end games and page games and become a mainstream game type. From January to June 2021, the actual sales revenue of China's mobile game market was 114.772 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.65%.

In recent years, the proportion of revenue from PC games and web games has continued to decline. On the contrary, the revenue share of mobile game industry has increased rapidly, and the revenue scale is expected to further expand. From 2014 to 2020, the proportion of mobile games in the sales revenue of the game industry increased rapidly from 24% to 75.2%, and the proportion reached 76.3% in the first half of 2021.

In the ranking of monthly active number of mobile game apps in September 2021, the monthly active number of glory of the king is far ahead, reaching 149million, followed by Game for peace（和平精英） and Fun Fest（开心消消乐）.

With the continuous improvement of the ecological environment of China's game industry, the continuous upgrading of the game industry chain, and the development of 5g, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data and other forward-looking technologies, a number of innovative cultural products and businesses have been created, including cloud games, e-sports, game live broadcasting, etc., which put forward higher development requirements for enterprises in the game industry.

'''Social impact of Chinese mobile games'''

1. The development of mobile games has created a large number of related industries and provided more employment opportunities for people.
2. Mobile games provide people with opportunities to have a pleasant mood, social communication and exercise their intelligence.
3. The development of mobile games has put forward higher requirements for mobile phone manufacturing and software engineering, which is conducive to promoting the development of domestic science and technology.
4. The external communication of Chinese mobile games is conducive to vigorously carrying forward Chinese culture and enhancing China's international influence.
5. The development of mobile games makes many people indulge in it, which is easy to waste money and time, and damage their eyesight.
6. The development of the game industry can, to a certain extent, alleviate the pressure of the epidemic on the economy. During the epidemic period, the game industry, which is not affected by the epidemic, will continue to maintain game production and development, which will also have a positive impact on the future economic recovery.

'''Reference：'''
[1] Development history of mobile games in China, published by China Science Daily on August 22, 2014
[2] Current situation of mobile game industry in 2021, published on Huajing information network on March 2, 2022 10:4
[3] Development history of mobile games in China (by 2021) in Bilibili.

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs:Faggotry Culture in China:taking Da Sima(金轮) as an example==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

China enjoys great abundance in resources of flowers. Early in ancient times, Chinese people noted that the value of flowers was diversified, and utilized flowers in various ways. Flowers could be used as ingredients for cuisine, herbal medicine, and decorative items. Moreover, the image of flowers always appeared in poems, proses and articles, highly praised by Chinese literary men for the beauty, fragrance as well as spirits. Throughout history, flowers are of both pragmatic and spiritual significance in Chinese culture.

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinese Dream==

In November of 2012, soon after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President Xi Jinping put forward, for the first time, the idea of the Chinese Dream on a visit to “The Road towards National Rejuvenation” exhibition at the National Museum of China. The Chinese dream meant for him the “great renewal of the Chinese nation.” and “is a dream of the whole nation, as well as of every individual,” he said. Since then, use of the phrase has become widespread in official announcements and as the embodiment of the leadership's political ideology under Xi Jinping. Xi said that young people should “dare to dream, work assiduously to fulfill the dreams and contribute to the revitalization of the nation.” There are various connotations and interpretations of the term.

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD)==

Buytogether(PDD), also called Pinduoduo in Chinese, is a mainstream e-commerce application of mobile Internet in China, and a third-party social e-commerce platform focusing on C2M(Customer-to-Manufacturer) group shopping. It was founded in September 2015. Users can buy goods at a lower price by buying them with their friends, families and neighbors together.

Buytogether aims to enable people to buy better goods at lower prices and gain more benefits and fun by gathering the strength of more people. Its idea in online shopping is unique in that it creates a brand new pattern of social e-commerce: Community E-Commerce.

'''A.The History of Development'''

After only three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018. In July 2020, Buytogether ranked the fourth in "The Hurun China’s Top 10 E-commerce 2020". By 2020, Buytogether 's annual active users reached nearly 800 million, and its operating revenue reached 59.492 billion yuan. Reviewing the developing course of Buytogether, we can mainly divide it into the following two stages :

1.Early Developing Period (2015-2018)

Aiming at the sinking market, Buytogether came into being. Although e-commerce has great market potential, the competition is also very fierce. After years of development, Taobao, JD and other well-known traditional e-commerce enterprises have occupied a huge market share for a long time. Although having a large market share, they are also bothered by various problems, such as product quality concerns, fake goods, deficient platform supervision and so on, which force them to proceed strategic improvement. For example, in 2015, Taobao cracked down on the fake goods appearing on the platform, hoping to enhance customers' confidence in it by improving the quality of products. But at the same time, the improvement of product quality has brought about the rising of product price, which makes Taobao break away from the highly price-sensitive consumers, who pay more attention to the price rather than the brand. Users in such a sinking market that was unoccupied have become targets of Buytogether.

In September 2015, Buytogether was officially launched. In February 2016, Buytogether 's monthly turnover exceeded 10 million, and its users exceeded 20 million. In July 2016, Buytogether had more than 100 million users and received a B round of $110 million financing. On October 10,2016, the single-day transaction volume of Buytogether 's anniversary celebration, a big shopping festival, exceeded 100 million yuan. In October 2017, Buytogether occupied the first place in the total number of iOS application downloads under the category of shopping for nearly one month. Buytogether is a dark horse in the early days, constantly showing its edge.

2.Growing Period (from 2018 to now)

After three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018, and has made remarkable achievements. According to CCTV, Buytogether had 385.5 million annual active users in 2018, surpassing JD, the second largest e-commerce platform with its 305.2 million users. In February 2019, Buytogether was included in the MSCI. In June 2019, the " Subsidy of Ten Billion Yuan " activity was launched, and Buytogether was selected as one of " The Forbes Most Innovative Enterprises in China 2019" in the same month. In December 2019, Buytogether launched the train ticket service on its App terminal. In 2019, Buytogether 's operating revenue was about 30.142 billion yuan, and the number of multiannual active users had reached 585.2 million by the end of 2019.According to the 2020 annual report released by Buytogether, it achieved operating revenue of about 59.492 billion yuan in 2020, with a growing rate of 97% compared with 2019. The achievements of Buytogether are amazing to all, creating a miracle among all the e-commerce platforms.

'''B.The Special Marketing Strategy'''

Buytogether's success is inseparable from its unique marketing strategy based on community .

Internet technology breaks the limitation of time and space; various social media provide interactive platforms, strengthening users’ connectivity. The essence of Buytogether's going viral is to take the social media as carriers to carry out e-commerce transactions, namely community e-commerce. Community e-commerce manages the users and potential users of the platform in a new way, paying more attention to providing users with more interactive communication and scenarios, so as to facilitate users to find groups where other people have similar interests and needs to their own and hence exchange shopping information and conduct group shopping at a much lower price. In Buytogether, users can get lower prices when they share the links of what they want to buy with their friends to form a group for shopping. The characteristics of Buytogether's community e-commerce are as follows:

1.Targeting customers in the sink market.

The "internet traffic(data)-centered" competing mechanism of traditional e-commerce platforms represented by Taobao and JD makes the main market of online shopping be occupied by leading brands with abundant funds. In the early days of establishment, Buytogether effectively distinguished its main customers from those of traditional e-commerce platforms, and positioned the main customers in the sink market to buffer competition in the industry. Buytogether supplies products at lower prices than other traditional e-commerce platforms by some strategies like “the more you buy, the lower prices are”, shopping in group and enabling users to bargain, thus attracting a large number of consumers in the sink market and small cities.

The increase of the users attracts a larger number of sellers to flood into the platform in return. With its decentralized internet traffic(data) distribution and low-cost entry threshold, Buytogether has brought opportunities to start-ups and niche enterprises. Many little-known businesses including some self-employed ones have flooded into the platform as well. Both parties of a deal in the sink market are attracted by Buytogether’s low prices and low costs. Consumers gain lower prices and suppliers acquire more customers; the trading system of Buytogether is gradually improved.

2.Popularizing based on users’ community.

Buytogether attracts more and more customers depending on social media and users’ social relations. Under the logic of community, the Internet economy is based on human.

Generally speaking, the formation of different groups is based on interests, kinship, etc. Through third-party social platforms such as WeChat and QQ, consumers establish and join groups where people have similar interests and needs to share and exchange information. In other words, users with similar interest or needs form a community. Buytogether manages these community members, analyzes the characteristics of different communities, captures their needs and interest points, so as to release marketing contents accurately and establish unlimited vertical market segments.

Also, consumers in the online communities will share their experience of using products with recommendation or criticism, which actually provides the stores and the platform itself with suggestions for improving, assistance in producing and innovative ideas. Consumers are not only loyal "buyers", but also enthusiastic "sharers" and innovative "producers".

3.Selling in the form of group.

Buytogether's "group enjoys discounts" selling strategy has attracted many consumers in pursuit of high cost performance. The "buying in group" model has grown full-bloom with the combined promotion of big data, the Internet and the community economy.

Group shopping brings more benefits to consumers. It is easy to arouse consumers’ desire to buy when their friends share the link of what they want to buy that they also need and has an affordable price. Then the virtuous cycle comes. In order to get lower price, it is inevitable to share the group link with friends. If this cycle continues, more and more people will download Buytogether and buy something. When consumers choose such a social platform where friends gather to share group shopping links, it is easier to form communities and develop the habit of sharing and shopping in group. Group shopping reflects the integration of network technology into real life, bringing mutual benefits and win-win results, which is also an upgrade of consumption form.

4.Reducing intermediary businesses.

Traditional e-commerce platforms have broadened online transaction channels, but have not effectively shortened the transaction process between suppliers and customers. Therefore, the profit space of suppliers and consumers has not been totally released.

By targeting the sink market, Buytogether has attracted a large number of suppliers of different brands to the platform to talk with customers directly. Users can form groups and make orders on Buytogether according to their interests and needs. The platform will skip the procedure of channel distribution and feedback users’ needs to suppliers directly to shorten the decision-making time and reduce the inventory backlog.

The docking of transaction terminals reduces the profits middlemen can get, releasing the profit space for users and suppliers. Buytogether is committed to shortening the transaction process between users and suppliers, thus attracting more transaction terminals to enter the platform. So it becomes a main advantage of Buytogether that attracts stores and suppliers at lower operating costs.

'''C.The Advantages of Buytogether'''

1.Creating needs actively.

Under the model of traditional e-commerce, users mostly buy goods based on their own needs, which means the platform itself is not active enough in inspiring customers’ demands. But Buytogether attracts new consumers and promotes their demands actively through low prices, recommendation from friends, group shopping and many other ways.

Users in social media will browse the information of products when they receive links of group shopping from their friends. The products are usually affordable and practical that are necessities for consumers, so they are likely to buy the products as well. Therefore, depending on the relation network of community members, it is easy for Buytogether to dig out and inspire customers’ potential needs.

2.Connecting users in many ways.

User connection is a significant advantage of Buytogether. Under the mode of community e-commerce, the relationship between users and sellers or other users is much closer. What community members pursue is not only the material benefits brought by products themselves, but also the interactive communication and emotional connection with others. Therefore, they tend to have a high degree of involvement and loyalty to stores, and spontaneously participate in the activities that contribute to the prosperity of the whole community like collaborative production, reputation building and spreading, content producing and so on, forming a C2B model where users’ demands guide the production, so as to solve the problem of inventory redundancy and optimize trading processes. Under the guidance of opinion leaders, community members are more likely to develop a herd mentality, and gain a sense of belonging and a sense of achievement from their collective actions. Fan economy, opinion leaders and herd effect in community e-commerce open a new vision for businesses to drive users to respond.

3.Promoting social contacts.

Traditional e-commerce improves the shopping experiences of individual consumers by issuing allowances, coupons and cross-store discounts. But Buytogether fosters adhesiveness of users through interaction. Buytogether utilizes the interpersonal network of community to innovate forms of discounts, such as inviting friends to help bargain, gain free charge and group price, not only meeting the customers’ practical needs of information acquisition, price concessions and product purchases, but also enabling customers to improve their shopping experiences with interactive entertainment.

'''D.The problems of Buytogether'''

Buytogether takes advantage of its unique social e-commerce model to open up its own e-commerce field in the fiercely competitive Chinese e-commerce market with the sinking market as the starting-point. Due to the poor commodity quality, low price and most of the users are price-sensitive in the sinking market, the moat (based on Buffett's moat theory )in intangible assets and customer switching cost is weak. In comparison, it cooperates with WeChat APP and make use of its huge traffic. At the same time, the "social fission" approach to platform promotion and the adoption of the C2M sales model to operate the platform has made it possible for the company to use its unique social e-commerce model to create its blue ocean of e-commerce. Against this background, Buytogether has a deep and wide moat in network effect and cost advantage. Based on the above analysis of the current market environment and the moat theory, I propose the following strategies for the future development of Buytogether :

1.The crisis of confidence

Recently, Buytogether has launched zero yuan purchase, cash withdrawal with friends’ help(by sharing links) and other activities that require users to invite their friends to participate in. However, to gain the promised benefits, users have to obey complex procedures and sometimes they get nothing after it. So in the process of these activities, consumers will feel interested and inspired at the beginning, and then they are likely to be disappointed, or even give up midway. Even if they really complete the task, they will feel that the harvest and their efforts are not proportional. In this way, it is easy for users to feel bored about the activity of the platform, seriously affecting their confidence in it.

2.The problem of low quality

Since its establishment, Buytogether has been adopting the low-price marketing strategy based on social networking including a series of discount activities, which have continuously compressed the profit space of the settled stores. In order to conform with the platform's low-price strategy as much as possible, these stores have to reduce the costs of raw materials and production, thus causing quality problems. In addition, due to Buytogether’s low entry threshold and loose supervision, the qualifications of its sellers are not all official. Some sellers enter the platform to sell fake and shoddy products, which not only damages the rights and interests of consumers, but also destroys users' trust in the platform.

3.The damage of corporate image

The main way for Buytogether to realize its community marketing is to attract new users by making current users constantly share the platform links. Current users frequently forward links to invite friends to help them gain a discount or cash rewards, but sometimes such behavior will bother their friends, the potential customers of Buytogether, and even stir their antipathy for this platform. Therefore, this method of marketing is a double-edged sword, sometimes damaging its corporate image.

'''E.The Measures for Optimization'''

1.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.

After years of accumulation, Buytogether has had a large number of registered users, so the marketing rules can be appropriately optimized based on it. Nowadays, Buytogether no longer needs to rely on fission marketing methods like sharing links to expand the user scale, but needs to improve its own marketing policies, utilize social media more rationally, and formulate marketing activities from the perspective of users. Buytogether can take into consideration increasing the probability of consumers completing their tasks in marketing activities and giving consumers more subsidies and dividends to gain their confidence and foster their loyalty to the platform.

2.Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.

If Buytogether wants to reduce inferior products, it must supervise its sellers closely. When sellers enter, their qualification and product quality must be strictly checked. In addition, while strengthening the supervision of the sellers, Buytogether is also advised to give more welfare to these sellers to encourage them to pay more attention to product quality, so as to solve related problems from the source. Moreover, Buytogether should also establish an organic system of after-sales service, increase the number of personnel to serve customers, and handle all kinds of complaints from users properly.

3.Polish up users’comments and improve the corporate image.

Consumers tend to consider the platform’s corporate image when choosing products. Unfortunately, many consumers have linked Buytogether with "inferior products" at present, so it is emergent for Buytogether to regain users' confidence and trust by improving its corporate image.

4.Improve the supply chain structure and the back-end service system.

Although Buytogether's existing supply chain structure has made it possible for customers' demand to stimulate the upstream supply chain to carry out mass production, its accumulation is still not perfect. Besides, the existing investment in the upstream and the empowerment of the whole industry chain are also insufficient. The existing investment in upstream and empowerment of the whole industry chain is also insufficient. If it wants to grow further, Buytogether will need to spend some time and effort on improving its supply chain. In addition to partnering with third-party logistics, it could follow the example of the Yiatong 380 platform and set up hundreds of distribution networks across the country. Otherwise, learning from Alibaba's retail and village tao synergy system and the integrated logistics information management platform of Cainiao parcel even benchmark itself against Jingdong and create its own logistics system to have a more significant say in the upstream supply.

5.Stop blind expansion of incremental users, fine-tuned operation of stock users.

The Internet began to shift from a total market to a stock market as early as 2016, but the tapping of sinking traffic has slowed down the process. As the number of Buytogether 's users has reached 800 million, its future development strategy should no longer be to pursue incremental users number but to amplify the business value of individual users. Thus, it can refine the operation of its stock of users to repeat key actions through precise matching, increasing their stickiness and keeping them in a mature stage for a long time.

Although Buytogether's current single-user purchase level is still low, it also has the potential to improve within the system through live streaming, subsidies, and other actions to improve user stickiness. As its digital, household appliances, and fresh produce categories continue to enrich, the trend of increasing customer unit price is noticeable. Suppose it can maintain the existing scale and development direction. In that case, Buytogether has more room for growth to better cope with the Tao system and other Internet e-commerce. It will allow Buytogether to better cope with the competition between the Tao system and other internet e-commerce companies and continue growing and developing.

'''References'''

1.百度百科

2.梁艳.基于拼多多发展路径分析如何增强平台用户黏性[J].中国集体经济,2022(10):51-53.

3.徐佳宁.基于社群经济的电商企业商业模式创新——以拼多多为例[J].现代营销(下旬刊),2022(03):128-130.DOI:10.19932/j.cnki.22-1256/F.2022.03.128.

4.徐琴.拼多多的社交化营销策略研究[J].上海商业,2022(03):16-17.

5.Nie Cheng,Xinyu Huang,Jing Qian. Analysis on Pinduoduo Business Model and Future Development Strategy based on Sinking Market[C]//.Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Global Economy and Business Management (GEBM 2021).[出版者不详],2021:279-287.DOI:10.26914/c.cnkihy.2021.049927.

'''Terms'''

NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价表)

"2020 Hurun China Top 10 E-commerce":《2020胡润中国10强电商》

Sinking market: Small-town and rural markets where the most Chinese population live.

'''Questions'''

1.When was Buytogether founded?

2.When was Buytogether listed on NASDAQ?

3.What new type of e-commerce did Buytogether create?

4.Which market does Buytogether target?

5.What are advantages of Buytogether?

6.What are problems of Buytogether?

7.How to solve these problems?

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-06-28T04:13:07Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD) */

Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]].

Every student needs to find a topic, which is not in the textbook and has not been presented in class. Please check your topics in regard of this. All topics are ok except for those with red marks. Please suggest a new topic instead and wait for the teacher to remove the red marks.

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 - Economy: Chinese Currency Changes==
China's currency not only has a long history, but also a wide variety, creating a unique currency culture.
China's earliest currency was sea shells. By the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, shell coins had completely receded from the historical stage.
The pre-Qin period was an important period in the occurrence and development of Chinese currency. With the expansion and refinement of the division of labour and the development of the commodity economy, primitive money began to appear in the late New Age, acting as a medium of exchange for goods; after that, it entered an era when primitive money, metal-weighed money and minted coins were used together.

==Chen Kun 陈锟 - History:Wang Yangming==

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰— Martial Arts:The Development of Chinese Swordsman Spirit==
--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 04:46, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

the outline of the first paragraph: a brief introduction of Chinese swordsman spirit+my basic understanding of Chinese swordsman spirit +the overall outline(perspectives)of the essays.

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡 - Cuisine: Luosifen==
Luosifen, also called Snail rice noodle, is a Chinese noodle dish with “offensive” oder and a speciality of the city of Liuzhou, in Guangzhou, southern China.

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露 - Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ==
'''Chinese Paper Cutting'''

Chinese paper-cutting is a folk art of cutting patterns on paper with scissors or carving knives to decorate life or to complement other folk activities. In China, paper-cutting has a wide popular base and is interwoven into the social life of people of all ethnic groups, and is an important part of various folklore activities. Its visual images and stylised formats, which continue to be passed down, contain rich cultural and historical information, express the social perceptions, moral concepts, practical experiences, life ideals and aesthetic interests of the general public, and have multiple social values such as cognition, edification, expression, expression, entertainment and communication.

'''Origin'''

Paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty, and the art of paper-cutting could not have existed before then, but the use of thin sheets of material to make crafts through the technique of hollowing and carving was popular long before paper appeared. The earliest paper cuttings found in China are five paper cuttings of flowers from the Northern Dynasties (386-581 AD), unearthed near the Flaming Mountains in Turpan, Xinjiang.

During the Tang Dynasty, paper-cutting was already in a period of great development, and folklore also made use of paper-cutting in the form of funnel printing plates, where people carved thick paper into flower plates and funneled dyes onto cloth to form beautiful patterns.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were already artists who cut paper as a profession. The maturity of the paper-making industry in the Song dynasty, with its wide range of paper products, provided the conditions for the popularity of paper-cutting. For example, they were used as gifts, as window flowers, or as decorations for lanterns and tealights.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the art of paper-cutting matured and reached its heyday. Although the art of paper-cutting came from the folk, it became a universal art in the Qing Dynasty.

In the early twentieth century, the May Fourth New Culture Movement, advocated by advanced intellectuals such as Cai Yuanpei, Lu Xun, Liu Hannong and Zhou Zuoren, established the beginnings of Chinese folklore studies. In the 1930s, the artist Chen Zhinong began his research and creation of folkloric paper cutouts in Beijing. He used sketches and silhouettes to depict a large number of customs and folklore in old Beijing, including street vendors, workshops and artisans, food stalls and tea stalls, fairs and temples, and idle people in the marketplace.

In the 1940s, paper cut-outs based on real-life themes began to appear, and in 1944, for the first time, new folk paper cut-outs from the north-west were exhibited in the Shaanxi-Ganjiang-Ningxia border area, kicking off the development of paper-cutting art after the founding of New China. It can be said that paper-cutting in Yan'an ushered in a new era of paper-cutting in China.

After the founding of New China, under the guidance of the literary and artistic policy of "blossoming of a hundred flowers, pushing out new ideas", artists created a large number of new paper cuts expressing new socialist ideas and events, opening up the path of paper cutting creation and enriching the form and content of Chinese folk decorative arts. In addition to paper cutouts expressing the new weather in all walks of life, children, sports, acrobatics, songs and dances have also become the most common subjects for paper cutting.

Since its inception, the art of paper-cutting has been uninterrupted throughout Chinese history. It is one of the richest art forms in Chinese folk history and culture, as it has been incorporated into various folklore activities.

'''Classification'''

1. Monochrome Paper Cuttings
Monochrome paper-cutting is the most basic form of paper-cutting, cut in various colours such as red, green, brown, black and gold, and is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. It is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. Paper cuttings used for embroidery base patterns are often combined with cut-and-stab techniques. The stabbing is done by using the point of a needle to make small dots in the fine details of the pattern, leaving a 'hidden knife' in some parts, which can be used as a basis for changing stitches when embroidering. Folding paper cuts, silhouettes and torn paper are all forms of monochrome paper cutting.

 Folding Paper-Cutting
Folding paper-cutting is one of the most common methods of folk expression. The so-called folding papercut is a papercut made by folding and cutting in different ways. Folding paper cuttings are simple, easy to make, labor-saving and time-saving, shape general and certain deformation, especially suitable for the performance of structural symmetry of the form and symmetrical pattern, such as people, frogs, butterflies, turtles, reflections, fish, etc., geometric patterns, flowers, scenery, utensils and other subjects can be adapted, and unfolded extremely symmetrical, and can change a variety of suitable shape, two-party continuous, four-party continuous or multi-party continuous, which is it can long be This is one of the main reasons for its longevity, and it has played an important role in the popularisation of paper-cutting and the modelling of craft patterns in China.

 the Silhouette
The silhouette is an ancient form of paper-cutting art, which expresses the shape of people and objects through their outer contours, so it focuses most on the beauty and shape of the outer contours. The tools are mainly scissors and a carving knife, and the paper is usually black or heavy-coloured paper. When expressing the silhouette of a figure, it is usually cut while looking at the object. Silhouettes are well suited to showing translucent effects and are a very distinctive type of paper cutting.

 Three, torn paper
Torn paper is a new type of paper cut out from the traditional folklore. The method is to use different types of paper, using the method of tearing by hand to tear the shape, by hand instead of cutting will naturally be very limited, not suitable to show the effect of delicate work, but it is this limitation, but also shows its unique artistic personality, there is a kind of ancient and elegant simple, bold and majestic tone. In the process of tearing paper there is often a kind of randomness, a natural and natural flavour.

2. Colourful paper-cutting
With the exploration and development of paper-cutting expression, the form and technique of colour paper-cutting is gradually increasing, with dot-dyeing, overlaying, colour separation, colour filling, wood printing, spray painting, outlining and colour weaving. Each form has its own characteristics and unique features: dot-dye paper cuttings nourishing, decorative strong; set of colour paper cuttings crisp, bright colour blocks; colour paper cuttings divided into distinctive, colourful; colour paper cuttings are simple, clean, sharp, all give people a different feeling.

3. Three-dimensional paper-cutting
The three-dimensional paper cut-out can be monochrome or coloured. It uses a combination of painting, cutting, folding, gluing and other techniques to produce a new type of paper-cutting close to sculpture, relief, which draws on the skills of modern art, fully embodies the characteristics of realism and art romance, so that paper-cutting from a flat sense into three-dimensional, can be used for ornamental modelling and children's handicrafts [12].

'''Methods and techniques'''

1. Folding
Folding paper to produce a repetitive pattern is one of the most basic paper-cutting techniques, and is also an expressive technique used in monochrome paper-cutting. The different effects it produces depend on the number and angle of the folds. When using this technique to cut flowers, the paper can be folded twice or three times before cutting, and the resulting pattern is a four-sided or six-sided flush shape. If you are cutting animals or people, the shape after folding once is symmetrical. The folding paper cut is a symmetrical pattern, so the resulting pattern has a more rhythmic feel. This technique is mostly used for cutting flowers and topiary flowers, etc.

2. Yin and Yang carving
The basic effect of paper cutting is obtained through the use of yin and yang lines alone or in a mixture.
Yin engraving, also known as engraving, is to carve away the outline of the structure of the object, the method of expressing lines in a large block, the effect is thick, strong, a strong sense of weight, a strong sense of black and white contrast, was cut to carve away the blank composition of the pattern, line and line are not connected.
Yang engraving, also known as hollowing, is the exact opposite of shading, where the blanks are removed and the outline lines are retained. The lines of the pattern are solid, and the lines are connected. This method is smooth, clear and lusciously detailed.
The combination of yin and yang is the best way to express paper cutting. The presence of both yin and yang carving methods in the same piece of work makes for a varied composition and a sharp contrast between black, white and grey in the picture, making it a highly expressive paper-cutting technique.

3. Three, piercing holes
The basic outline is cut out on the paper with a knife or scissors, and then holes are pierced in the pattern with a needle, mainly to allow multiple layers of paper to be joined, while at the same time seeing the detail in the roughness. This technique is often used to embroider patterns, sometimes symmetrical, such as pillow flowers, shoe flowers, sleeve flowers, etc. When two to four of the same pattern are needed, the paper is cut and pierced with Xuan paper, and when it is unglued, there are several of the same pattern at the same time. The reason for using Xuan paper is that it is easy to adhere and thin enough to be used underneath for embroidery without affecting the aesthetic appeal. A quick and easy alternative to stapling is to use staples and staples, which also have the effect of joining multiple layers of paper.

'''Significance of content'''

Folk paper-cutting is good at combining a variety of objects together to produce the desired result. Whether one or more images are used in combination, they are all modelled by "using the image to imply meaning" or "using the meaning to construct the image", rather than according to objective natural forms. The artist is also apt to use similes to create a variety of auspicious objects, combining conventional images to express his own psychology. The pursuit of auspicious metaphors became one of the ultimate aims of the imagery combinations. Geographical isolation and cultural limitations, as well as the intrusion of adversity such as natural disasters, inspired a desire for a happy and fulfilling life. People's simple wish for good food and clothing, prosperity, health and longevity, and for everything to be as it should be, is conveyed through paper-cutting.
There are many images reflecting productive life in folk paper-cutting, and one of the greatest similarities between these works is the exaggeration of the subject, such as a big fish, a big pepper, a big silkworm, a big grain, etc. Through paper-cutting, people make up beautiful images to comfort their hearts, to promote the great creativity of man in conquering nature, to build their ideal world, and to affirm the power of man and inspire the courage to continue the struggle

'''Questions'''

1.What are the earliest paper-cutting found in China?

2. What are the categories of paper-cutting?

3.What is Yin and Yang carving?

4.What is the greatest similarity between folk paper-cuttings?

'''References'''

• 赵辰昕. 唱响非物质文化遗产保护专家访谈录[M]. 北京：中国发展出版社, 2012:295-296

•“非遗保护”在中国．人民网．2009-10-20[引用日期2015-10-12

•教育部办公厅关于公布第一批全国普通高校中华优秀传统文化传承基地名单的通知． - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站[引用日期2018-12-06]

•流行于中国民间的剪纸艺术．中国国际广播电台国际在线．2008-12-04[引用日期2015-10-11]

•剪纸的历史．中华五千年[引用日期2015-10-11]

•漫话剪纸艺术．正北方网．2012-03-02[引用日期2015-10-11]

•刘魁立，张旭. 剪纸[M]. 北京：中国社会出版社, 2008:16-17

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣 - Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ==

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞 - Traditional Craft: Bronze ==

==Han Jingru 韩静茹 - Entertainment: Deyunshe ==
Deyunshe, originally named as the Beijing Conversation Conference, is one of the biggest Chinese crosstalk organizations and folk art performance groups in China. Established in 1995, Deyunshe has been the common abbreviation of Beijing Deyunshe Culture Communication Company Ltd. since its renaming in 2003. Following its key principle of "let the cross talk back to the theatre", in these years, Deyunshe has made important contributors to the inheritance and innovation of Chinese crosstalk, opera, pingshu and other forms of folk art performance.

==He Minghui 何明慧 - Traditional Cuisine: Dumpling ==

==Lei Heng 雷珩 - Photoshop technology culture in China ==
Outline: 1. the development of P.S. technology in China from the ancient time to present time; 2. The influence of it on China people; 3. The importance of it to China.

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==
===history===
The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Luban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

'''The Definition of Yuan Drama'''

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singlely as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

'''The Rise and development of Yuan Drama'''

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

'''Yuan Drama System'''

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

'''Representatives of Yuan Drama '''

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

'''Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama'''

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

'''Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama'''

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

'''Reference'''

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

1.A Brief Introduction
The erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

2.The Development of Erhu
The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.
During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers.
During the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing.
During Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread. During this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.
After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly.
In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

3.Construction

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:
Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.
Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.
Qín gan (琴杆), neck.
Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.
Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs
Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook
Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player
Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4
Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood
Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension
Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound
Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

4.Playing Technique
(1)Tuning
The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.
(2)Position
The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.
(3)Right hand
The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.
(4)Left hand
The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics
(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》
(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》
(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》
(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》
(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》
(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》
(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》
(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》
(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）
(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

Reference
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Wikipedia entry

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, college students' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==
'''1.Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meaning of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''2.The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China.

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also send them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors.

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [1]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''3. Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.
Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[2]

'''4. Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[3]

'''5. Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern Tangyuan fillngs can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage.

'''6. Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

[1][3]Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[2]Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Politics: Increasing national seclusion and isolation of contemporary China ==

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==

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==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - The “reference” of Chinese Music==
May 20，2022，with the broadcast of the show "Sister Who Rides the Waves，the “Sweetheart hierarch” Cyndi Wang became popular again by singing her song Love You①. Actually the song Love You is not original，and it was adapted from PAPAYA（a South Korea girl group）’s song，Listen to Me②.
And since the end of last century, many Chinese singers or bands have the experience of "refer" songs from other countries.

==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance==

Introductions on Lion dance
The lion dance is a popular activity among Chinese people of all ethnic groups, and it is a must for festivals and gatherings. The lion dance is a symbol of good luck and good intentions of the people to get rid of disasters and seek good fortune.In May 2006, the Chinese lion dance was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council.
The lion dance has a long history, and the existing lion dances are divided into two categories: cultural lion and martial lion. The martial lion has more difficult acrobatic performances, and the lion is vigorous and fierce, looking at the tiger; the cultural lion is naive and cute, with a lovely form, and mainly performs the lion's life and attitude; according to the different materials and methods of lion modeling, there are many different types of lion dances around the world, and they are very colorful.
The lion dance is usually played by two people, the former holding the lion head props on his head with both hands, playing the lion's head, and the latter leaning over, holding the former's waist with both hands, wearing lion skin decorated with linen, cloth and other materials, playing the lion's body. Two people combined into one large lion, called "Large lion”. There is also a person wearing a lion mask, wearing a fake lion skin, playing a small lion, called "Small lion". In front of the lion, there is a lion, holding a colorful embroidered ball that can be turned to tease, and the dance ball movements include rolling the ball, turning the ball, throwing the ball, shaking the ball and dozens of other kinds, and the lion then makes various dance movements. In some places, the lion dancer wears a big-headed mask and plays a big-headed monk, holding a big fan or even a big knife instead of a ball.
Schools of Lion Dance :With the continuous development of the lion dance movement, the art of lion dance has also been perfected, but because of the different customs in the north and south, the dance method is not the same, so the north and south has formed two major schools, namely the southern school and the northern school, also known as the southern lion and the northern lion. The northern lion's movements are light, mainly jumping and tumbling, with small gongs, drums,and cymbals, etc., mainly in the Central Plains and North China, with representative lions from Hebei, Anhui and Hunan. The southern lion, on the other hand, is a big and powerful lion with big gongs, drums, cymbals, etc. The drum music is majestic and inspiring, and is mainly popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia.

The Origin of Lions
Regarding the origin of the lion, scholars of all generations have concluded that the lion in the early Middle Kingdom came from the West. There is a large number of documents for evidence, including Jin Guopu’s "Mu Tianzi".It said: " The lion is also called mythical creature , produced by the Western region." The scholar Li Shizhen wrote in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": " The lion is out of the Western countries" From the research records of experts and scholars of the past generations, it is clear that China did not produce lions, scholars of the past generations After the study of the literature, It is thought that the lion was introduced from the West as a tribute in the Han Dynasty. Before the Han Dynasty, people do not know what it looks like. According to historical records, the lion was considered useless when it first entered the Middle Kingdom, and was not accepted because of its fierce appearance and habits. During the long history, due to various reasons, especially religious influence, people gradually accepted the lion and made it a mythical beast, together with the legendary dragon, phoenix, and qilin, known as the four spiritual beasts.The lion is known as the king of beasts, but China is generally not affected by lions, so the people have a sense of affinity to the lion, regard it as a symbol of power and good luck, and hope to use the lion's powerful image to drive away evil spirits.

The Origin and Legend of Lion Dance
Regarding the origin of lion dance in ancient China, ancient literature and analysis by scholars over the ages show that the origin of lion dance in China is also recognized from the Han Dynasty, but the exact date cannot be determined. Through research and historical analysis, the following statements are more plausible.
The first theory: Chinese lion dance originated from the Han Dynasty, and the lion was imported from foreign countries only after Zhang Sai's mission to the West during the reign of Emperor Wu. Whenever the Western ambassadors visited, he set up songs and dances to cheer, so those dancers put on masks dressed as birds and animals, but the Western ambassadors found that these birds and animals only lacked of lions, after asking, we knew that at that time China had not yet lions. Later.Later the western envoys sent a pair of lions to China, and the lion trainers performed lion training. This lion training performance may be the predecessor of the Chinese lion dance.

The second theory: the lion dance originated in the Three Kingdoms period and was popular in the North and South Dynasties. Meng Kang, a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, wrote in The Elephant Man : If today's play is like shrimp, the lion is also. The Northern Wei Yang From it we can know, the lion not only protects the law to ward off evil, and can guide the way for the Buddha. If we look at the form, this lion guiding its front, very similar to the current lion guide, already slightly with the form of dance.

The third theory: According to the earliest historical records, the account of the real "lion dance" should be The Book of Ning - Zong Yi Zhuan. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the 22nd year of Emperor Wujia's reign (445 A.D.), when the Nanning Army occupied Linyi, and Yi asked to be the leader. The soldiers were unable to resist, saying, "I have heard that the lion is a powerful lion, so I made its shape and fought against the elephant, and the elephant just ran in fear and were scattered. After that, the lion dance was performed in the military and slowly spread to the people, becoming the origin of the lion dance, but at that time it was not called the lion dance but the "Taiping music".According to records, the Taiping music and the modern lion dance are very similar.
There are also various stories and legends about the lion dance in ancient China.
One of the legends is that the "New Year" beast eats green. According to the legend, in ancient times, plague often occurred in China, so countless people died, but fortunately, every time the plague occurred, a divine beast appeared, and the plague disappeared as soon as it appeared. Since this beast "Nian" is so helpful to people, people use bamboo scales and colored cloths to tie into the "Nian" beast during the farming season, and dance in front of each house with majestic drums and music, in order to suppress evil spirits and seek good luck. Because the "New Year" beast likes to eat vegetables, so every family places a plate of vegetables in front of the door for the "New Year" beast to eat. As time goes by, people find that the shape of the "New Year" is very much like a lion. So they called this kind of thing as the lion, and the vegetables were called "Caiqing".

The Value and Functions of Lion Dance
First, it connects with emotions. While it is a sport, its more obvious attribute is that it belongs to the category of folklore. The cultural accumulation of each nation is often expressed in folklore activities, and healthy folklore activities not only express the soul of the nation, but also convey the message code of mutual feeling and knowledge between the brothers of the nation. In the case of "lion dance", a folklore activity loaded with the accumulation of feelings of the children of Yanhuang, wherever there is a Chinese settlement, there is a lion dance and a lion dance culture. The lion dance for good luck is often the best way for Chinese people who are wandering around the world to share happiness and feelings.

Second, it can strengthen the body. The actual operation of lion dance requires good coordination among all the components, and it is a kind of project that combines multiple factors such as music and lion dance. Because of this integration, the lion dance has a strong ornamental and artistic value, which can fully meet people's entertainment and aesthetic needs. At the same time, for the performers, lion dance is a sport that strengthens the body and cultivates the emotions.

Third, it has educational significance. The lion dance is a traditional culture in China, and it is the inheritance of the culture to carry forward the lion dance. We can understand the history and culture of the region through lion dance.

Fourth, it has the commercial function. The performance nature of lion dance brings a lot of commercial benefits. In addition, the lion dance brings about the development of tourism and other related industries. In the author's opinion, the commercial function of lion dance is not only this, as the development of cultural industry is gaining momentum today, lion dance with deep cultural heritage will face better development opportunities.

Fifth, it enriches the spirit of the nation. The spirit of mutual cooperation and solidarity. The participation of dragon dance is very common, and the professional requirements are not very high. It shows a kind of momentum and team spirit, with a few people or even hundreds of people, dancing up and down, surging and inspiring. This requires more than one person to complete the whole set of interlacing, running and jumping, tumbling and other movements, mutual cooperation is particularly important, must maximize the team effect; inherit the spirit of tradition and innovation, although the dragon and lion dance has a long history, but also not unchanging, positive, innovative features nurtured in different ways of performance, reflecting the spirit of never-ending innovation

Historical Stages of the Development of Traditional Lion Dance
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the traditional lion dance developed to a deeper level
The skills of the Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties formed different performance styles and program focuses in the North and South due to geographical barriers and different environments. In the south, the Han regime inherited the 'orthodoxy', and the ideology of Confucianism was changed to Zhuanglao, and the social habits tended to be weak. Therefore, although the Southern Dynasty had the majestic 'White Tiger ' and other programs from the Northern Dynasty, its mainstream was slender and soft.The traditional lion dance began to be performed on the same stage with ceremonial music(the beginning of music) in the Sui Dynasty, and after the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, its artistic image became richer and had a strong folk base, and the court performance became more mature. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the nine music parts of Sui Dynasty were adjusted and increased into "ten music parts". One of the most famous "five lions", also known as "Taiping music".Performers danced and sang "Taiping music", taking the meaning of world peace and good fortune, which was basically the same as the symbolic meaning of today's lion dance. During the Song and Yuan dynasties - a turning point in the development of traditional lion dance technology, the performance form, performance team and program creation of lion dance in the Song dynasty underwent more profound changes. Techniques began to be divided into sections, prompting peer artists to gather for social fires; social fires further united the team and promoted the development of skills, as well as the formation of various genres, creating conditions for the prosperity of the folk lion dance movement. In Yuan Dynasty, "lion dance" also had innovation,.For instance,"high Cui lion dance" in the Yuan Dynasty first seen in the records. Although the Qing Dynasty Palace also had lion dance performances, generally speaking, the scale was not large. Southern and northern lion performances in the Qing Dynasty formed different images and different techniques of performance style. In the north, there were "Large lion" and "Small lion", whose images and performances resembled real lions, while the lion dance in the south had integrated dance, acrobatics and martial arts into one, which was quite new compared to the traditional lion dance methods.

The Development of Modern Lion Dance
(A) Before the liberation of the competition between the lion teams in the festive activities of the nature of the competition
In the 1920s and 1930s, the lion dance was generally preceded by the Shaolin and the Five tiger stick , followed by the lion , the vine , the rice-gale , the shuttlecock , and the kong Schools, which started from their respective villages and rushed to the temple. Along the way, whenever they encountered the roadside tea huts or tea points, they should get off the performance. To the temple they worshiped after the incense and performed martial arts. Then they returned along the way, if on the way the temple fair and several villages a few teams met together, this performance was often with the nature of the competition '; in some places gradually formed a regular tournament .In modern times during the festival have a relatively fixed lion team to perform and the lion team also competed and cut martial arts, with the nature of the competition. The lion dance has taken the form of a competitive lion dance.

(B) Lion dance became a traditional national sport
On February 28, 1934, the first Folk Games of Henan Province, there were more than 20 folk martial arts associations such as dry boat, dragon lantern, lion and kite flying to perform and compete. In 1978, the lion dance was invited as a special performance at the First Folk Games, and it became an official event at the Fourth Agricultural Games. Now there are different events such as National Lion Dance Championship and various kinds of North-South Lion King Competition, National Dragon and Lion Invitation Tournament and Elite Tournament every year, and it has become an official competition item in the National Agricultural Games, National Urban Games and the Third National Sports Congress.

(C) Lion dance shine on the acrobatic stage
In 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai personally watched the acrobatic performances of six large troupes in Beijing, including China, Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi'an and Warriors, and affirmed the skills of the "lion dance", which were partly choreographed according to the laws of acrobatics.They have been organized to visit Asian, African, American and European countries and become the first team of people's diplomacy. The lion dance skills have developed rapidly on the acrobatic stage, and a series of new and difficult skills have been developed on the basis of inherited traditions. The high skills of acrobatic lion dance have a great influence on the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance, and the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance have absorbed the performance style and props of acrobatic lion dance, enriched their own performance forms, and continuously improved the level of traditional lion dance and competitive lion dance.

Lion Dance Culture Development Problem
As it is not easy to cultivate talents to inherit the lion dance culture, and the props used to make the lion dance are expensive, the traditional lion dance culture is also facing the crisis of no one inheriting it. As a representative of the excellent traditional culture, how to survive and develop the lion dance culture in the intersection of modern technology and traditional culture is an important issue that contemporary lion dancers have to think about.

Measures for Solving the Problem
(A) Strengthen corooperation with colleges and universities to carry out lion dance classes
Youth is the future and hope of the country.Vigorously developing traditional culture education for youth, and incorporating lion dance culture into students' curriculum can not only enrich campus culture, but also greatly improve the popularity of lion dance culture and enhance youth's cultural identity and national pride. Students are the successors of the communist cause, the main body of education, and the main body of cultural inheritance and dissemination. Relying on school education to develop lion dance culture, more people can understand and inherit lion dance culture. The rejuvenation of traditional culture and its development on the basis of popularization are the needs of lion dance culture inheritance and the wishes of lion dance lovers.

(B) Promote the culture and spirit of lion dance through the Internet and mass media
In order to make the lion dance culture develop better, we make use of the development of the whole media to promote the beautiful connotation of the lion dance culture through the Internet and make use of the mass media to vigorously publicize it, so that more people really like the lion dance culture and really enter the lion dance culture; we rely on the Internet to strengthen the cultural exchange among the lion dance enthusiasts all over the country, so as to promote the spread and inheritance of the lion dance culture; we rely on the whole media to carry out the lion dance culture competition, formulate scientific competition rules and generous rewards to arouse people's enthusiasm for participation, so that more people can participate in the promotion of the lion dance culture and promote the spread of the lion dance culture.

(C) Accelerate the innovation to push the development of lion dance culture
The premise of traditional culture innovation is to first understand its cultural value, grasp the comprehensive traditional cultural content, and then promote the corresponding lion dance culture, so that the folk lion dance is known to more people, even to learn the skills, so that the lion dance is well inherited. In the traditional lion dance culture promotion at the same time, the lion dance team should also be committed to in-depth study of the lion dance culture with the times to drive the value of the economy to achieve the culture to give rise to the economy and the economy in turn to support the culture of mutual assistance and harmony. In such a way wa can break the situation that traditional culture has no successor due to the narrow market prospect, and provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional culture. With the rapid development of the times and the improvement of people's living standards, some connotations of traditional culture are no longer applicable to modern life, so it is necessary to accelerate the promotion of cultural innovation, promote the innovation of lion dance culture, and constantly innovate the form of lion dance culture development and inheritance, so as to attract more people to understand lion dance culture and inherit it.

(D) Cultivate lion dance culture talents,and pay attention to integration of local culture
To actively carry out lion dance culture promotion activities, select talents from young people who are interested in lion dance culture, make them receive professional training in lion dance culture, develop their interest into a profession, make them become the inheritors of lion dance culture, and promote the inheritance of lion dance culture. In the local lion dance culture, we dig deep into the local culture and explore the cultural heritage, so that the lion dance culture can be well inherited and developed, integrating the traditional lion dance into the local cultural connotation and giving it new vitality. In addition to the local culture, there is also a folk lion dance culture with local characteristics, establishing unique cultural programs, spreading unique cultural values, so that the traditional lion dance culture continues to be inherited.

(E) Define the cultural positioning, actively implement the "going out" strategy, and promote the lion dance culture to the world
The government should formulate relevant policies to support, position lion dance culture well, and support key projects to promote the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, so that more people can understand lion dance culture and participate in the inheritance of lion dance culture, thus enhancing the social status and influence of lion dance culture. While promoting the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, we should not only spread and develop the inheritance at home, but also actively promote the strategy of "going out" to promote Chinese traditional culture to the world, so that people around the world can understand lion dance culture, learn lion dance culture, inherit and spread lion dance culture, so that lion dance culture can be developed around the world and spread the beautiful connotation of China's excellent traditional culture. The beautiful connotation of excellent traditional culture.

Terms:
Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》
the four spiritual beasts 四大灵兽
national intangible cultural heritage 国家级非物质文化遗产
the State Council 国务院
gongs, drums,and cymbals 大锣、大鼓、大钹
Zhang Sai's mission to the West 张赛出使西域
The Elephant Man 《象人》
Caiqing 采青
orthodoxy 正统
High Cui lion dance 高毳舞狮
Acrobatic Stage 杂技舞台
National Agricultural Games 全国农运会
National Urban Games 全国城运会
The Third National Sports Congress. 第三届全国体育大会

References:
中国最独特的舞狮文化 The Most Unique Lion Dance Culture in China 宴姝下一代2019,(04),7
舞狮运动的起源与发展研究[J] The Origin and Development of lion Dance 郭绿杨.当代体育科技 . 2017 (22)
论舞龙舞狮运动塑造学生民族精神的功能[J]. Arguments on the function of dragon and Lion Dance to Shape students' national spirit曹虎愚.成功(教育) . 2012(11)
我国舞狮运动与文化的价值底蕴分析[J]. Analysis on the value of Lion dance and culture in China管罗红.企业家天地(理论版) . 2011(01)
新时代下传统舞狮的传承发展与问题[J]. Inheritance, development and problems of traditional lion Dance in the new era 杨晓坤,代继盟,林宵,于娇.中国民族博览 . 2019(06)

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

'''Development history of mobile games'''

'''The birth of mobile games'''
In 1997, Gluttonous Snake, preinstalled in Nokia 6110, officially started the history of mobile games. Long ago, Nokia was the dominant player in the mobile phone market. The physical keyboard and screen each occupied half of the mobile phone space. So at that time, mobile games did not get rid of the shackles of physical keyboard, such as early games: Gluttonous Snake(贪吃蛇), Pushing Boxes(推箱子), and Tetris（俄罗斯方块）.

'''Pre Android'''
After the release of Android phones, with the characteristics of the touch screen, games that need touch control, such as Fruit Ninja, became popular. There were many classic games in this period, including Plants vs. Zombies（植物大战僵尸）, Angry Birds（愤怒的小鸟）, Temple Escape（神庙逃亡）, Subway Parkour （地铁跑酷）and other classic games .At the same time, Minecraft （我的世界）was released on iphone, but due to the high price of iphone, its popularity is far less than Android games.

'''Pre Tencent period'''
In 2013, two Tencent games: Tiantian Cool Running（天天酷跑） and rhythm master（节奏大师） became popular, quickly surpassing Plants vs. Zombies and angry birds, and firmly ranked first in China's mobile games. At the same time, other Tencent games also took the opportunity to hype up and attract players. For a time, no game company could compete with Tencent.

'''Scuffle period'''
2011 was the year when smart phone games began to engage in scuffle. Mobile phone stand-alone games developed rapidly. Many players should have experienced Asphalt 5. At that time, the giants of mobile game manufacturers were definitely Gameloft. Modern war and Nova represented the peak of the picture quality of mobile games; In addition, "Assassin's Creed", "cell division 5", "ghost cry 4", "dead space" and other end games have also gradually landed on the mobile game platform; The online games of smart phones have also begun to test the market. A number of hardware manufacturers have begun to strengthen the graphics computing capacity of mobile phones, and the mobile game platform has officially taken shape.

'''Post Tencent period'''
By november2015, a game was born, breaking the balance in the mobile game industry. Its appearance has changed the pattern of the entire mobile game market. This game is "glory of the king"（王者荣耀）. This game dominates the mobile game rankings only two days after it was launched. Although it was attacked by CF of Netease(网易), it returned to the top in 16 years.
The success of this game also makes other companies start to think about how to make a high-quality mobile game. In 2018, a year of full bloom, various mobile games have sprung up, such as Onmyoji（阴阳师） of Netease，PUBG Mobile（刺激战场） of Tencent，Genshin（原神） impact of MiHoYo etc.. Both the picture quality and the game experience have made a qualitative leap.

'''Development status and trend of mobile games'''

With the rapid development of mobile games in China, the market scale has expanded rapidly, and the capital heat is highly focused. It has quickly surpassed end games and page games and become a mainstream game type. From January to June 2021, the actual sales revenue of China's mobile game market was 114.772 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.65%.

In recent years, the proportion of revenue from PC games and web games has continued to decline. On the contrary, the revenue share of mobile game industry has increased rapidly, and the revenue scale is expected to further expand. From 2014 to 2020, the proportion of mobile games in the sales revenue of the game industry increased rapidly from 24% to 75.2%, and the proportion reached 76.3% in the first half of 2021.

In the ranking of monthly active number of mobile game apps in September 2021, the monthly active number of glory of the king is far ahead, reaching 149million, followed by Game for peace（和平精英） and Fun Fest（开心消消乐）.

With the continuous improvement of the ecological environment of China's game industry, the continuous upgrading of the game industry chain, and the development of 5g, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data and other forward-looking technologies, a number of innovative cultural products and businesses have been created, including cloud games, e-sports, game live broadcasting, etc., which put forward higher development requirements for enterprises in the game industry.

'''Social impact of Chinese mobile games'''

1. The development of mobile games has created a large number of related industries and provided more employment opportunities for people.
2. Mobile games provide people with opportunities to have a pleasant mood, social communication and exercise their intelligence.
3. The development of mobile games has put forward higher requirements for mobile phone manufacturing and software engineering, which is conducive to promoting the development of domestic science and technology.
4. The external communication of Chinese mobile games is conducive to vigorously carrying forward Chinese culture and enhancing China's international influence.
5. The development of mobile games makes many people indulge in it, which is easy to waste money and time, and damage their eyesight.
6. The development of the game industry can, to a certain extent, alleviate the pressure of the epidemic on the economy. During the epidemic period, the game industry, which is not affected by the epidemic, will continue to maintain game production and development, which will also have a positive impact on the future economic recovery.

'''Reference：'''
[1] Development history of mobile games in China, published by China Science Daily on August 22, 2014
[2] Current situation of mobile game industry in 2021, published on Huajing information network on March 2, 2022 10:4
[3] Development history of mobile games in China (by 2021) in Bilibili.

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs:Faggotry Culture in China:taking Da Sima(金轮) as an example==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

China enjoys great abundance in resources of flowers. Early in ancient times, Chinese people noted that the value of flowers was diversified, and utilized flowers in various ways. Flowers could be used as ingredients for cuisine, herbal medicine, and decorative items. Moreover, the image of flowers always appeared in poems, proses and articles, highly praised by Chinese literary men for the beauty, fragrance as well as spirits. Throughout history, flowers are of both pragmatic and spiritual significance in Chinese culture.

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinese Dream==

In November of 2012, soon after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President Xi Jinping put forward, for the first time, the idea of the Chinese Dream on a visit to “The Road towards National Rejuvenation” exhibition at the National Museum of China. The Chinese dream meant for him the “great renewal of the Chinese nation.” and “is a dream of the whole nation, as well as of every individual,” he said. Since then, use of the phrase has become widespread in official announcements and as the embodiment of the leadership's political ideology under Xi Jinping. Xi said that young people should “dare to dream, work assiduously to fulfill the dreams and contribute to the revitalization of the nation.” There are various connotations and interpretations of the term.

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD)==

Buytogether(PDD), also called Pinduoduo in Chinese, is a mainstream e-commerce application of mobile Internet in China, and a third-party social e-commerce platform focusing on C2M(Customer-to-Manufacturer) group shopping. It was founded in September 2015. Users can buy goods at a lower price by buying them with their friends, families and neighbors together.

Buytogether aims to enable people to buy better goods at lower prices and gain more benefits and fun by gathering the strength of more people. Its idea in online shopping is unique in that it creates a brand new pattern of social e-commerce: Community E-Commerce.

'''A.The History of Development'''

After only three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018. In July 2020, Buytogether ranked the fourth in "The Hurun China’s Top 10 E-commerce 2020". By 2020, Buytogether 's annual active users reached nearly 800 million, and its operating revenue reached 59.492 billion yuan. Reviewing the developing course of Buytogether, we can mainly divide it into the following two stages :

1.Early Developing Period (2015-2018)

Aiming at the sinking market, Buytogether came into being. Although e-commerce has great market potential, the competition is also very fierce. After years of development, Taobao, JD and other well-known traditional e-commerce enterprises have occupied a huge market share for a long time. Although having a large market share, they are also bothered by various problems, such as product quality concerns, fake goods, deficient platform supervision and so on, which force them to proceed strategic improvement. For example, in 2015, Taobao cracked down on the fake goods appearing on the platform, hoping to enhance customers' confidence in it by improving the quality of products. But at the same time, the improvement of product quality has brought about the rising of product price, which makes Taobao break away from the highly price-sensitive consumers, who pay more attention to the price rather than the brand. Users in such a sinking market that was unoccupied have become targets of Buytogether.

In September 2015, Buytogether was officially launched. In February 2016, Buytogether 's monthly turnover exceeded 10 million, and its users exceeded 20 million. In July 2016, Buytogether had more than 100 million users and received a B round of $110 million financing. On October 10,2016, the single-day transaction volume of Buytogether 's anniversary celebration, a big shopping festival, exceeded 100 million yuan. In October 2017, Buytogether occupied the first place in the total number of iOS application downloads under the category of shopping for nearly one month. Buytogether is a dark horse in the early days, constantly showing its edge.

2.Growing Period (from 2018 to now)

After three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018, and has made remarkable achievements. According to CCTV, Buytogether had 385.5 million annual active users in 2018, surpassing JD, the second largest e-commerce platform with its 305.2 million users. In February 2019, Buytogether was included in the MSCI. In June 2019, the " Subsidy of Ten Billion Yuan " activity was launched, and Buytogether was selected as one of " The Forbes Most Innovative Enterprises in China 2019" in the same month. In December 2019, Buytogether launched the train ticket service on its App terminal. In 2019, Buytogether 's operating revenue was about 30.142 billion yuan, and the number of multiannual active users had reached 585.2 million by the end of 2019.According to the 2020 annual report released by Buytogether, it achieved operating revenue of about 59.492 billion yuan in 2020, with a growing rate of 97% compared with 2019. The achievements of Buytogether are amazing to all, creating a miracle among all the e-commerce platforms.

'''B.The Special Marketing Strategy'''

Buytogether's success is inseparable from its unique marketing strategy based on community .

Internet technology breaks the limitation of time and space; various social media provide interactive platforms, strengthening users’ connectivity. The essence of Buytogether's going viral is to take the social media as carriers to carry out e-commerce transactions, namely community e-commerce. Community e-commerce manages the users and potential users of the platform in a new way, paying more attention to providing users with more interactive communication and scenarios, so as to facilitate users to find groups where other people have similar interests and needs to their own and hence exchange shopping information and conduct group shopping at a much lower price. In Buytogether, users can get lower prices when they share the links of what they want to buy with their friends to form a group for shopping. The characteristics of Buytogether's community e-commerce are as follows:

1.Targeting customers in the sink market.

The "internet traffic(data)-centered" competing mechanism of traditional e-commerce platforms represented by Taobao and JD makes the main market of online shopping be occupied by leading brands with abundant funds. In the early days of establishment, Buytogether effectively distinguished its main customers from those of traditional e-commerce platforms, and positioned the main customers in the sink market to buffer competition in the industry. Buytogether supplies products at lower prices than other traditional e-commerce platforms by some strategies like “the more you buy, the lower prices are”, shopping in group and enabling users to bargain, thus attracting a large number of consumers in the sink market and small cities.

The increase of the users attracts a larger number of sellers to flood into the platform in return. With its decentralized internet traffic(data) distribution and low-cost entry threshold, Buytogether has brought opportunities to start-ups and niche enterprises. Many little-known businesses including some self-employed ones have flooded into the platform as well. Both parties of a deal in the sink market are attracted by Buytogether’s low prices and low costs. Consumers gain lower prices and suppliers acquire more customers; the trading system of Buytogether is gradually improved.

2.Popularizing based on users’ community.

Buytogether attracts more and more customers depending on social media and users’ social relations. Under the logic of community, the Internet economy is based on human.

Generally speaking, the formation of different groups is based on interests, kinship, etc. Through third-party social platforms such as WeChat and QQ, consumers establish and join groups where people have similar interests and needs to share and exchange information. In other words, users with similar interest or needs form a community. Buytogether manages these community members, analyzes the characteristics of different communities, captures their needs and interest points, so as to release marketing contents accurately and establish unlimited vertical market segments.

Also, consumers in the online communities will share their experience of using products with recommendation or criticism, which actually provides the stores and the platform itself with suggestions for improving, assistance in producing and innovative ideas. Consumers are not only loyal "buyers", but also enthusiastic "sharers" and innovative "producers".

3.Selling in the form of group.

Buytogether's "group enjoys discounts" selling strategy has attracted many consumers in pursuit of high cost performance. The "buying in group" model has grown full-bloom with the combined promotion of big data, the Internet and the community economy.

Group shopping brings more benefits to consumers. It is easy to arouse consumers’ desire to buy when their friends share the link of what they want to buy that they also need and has an affordable price. Then the virtuous cycle comes. In order to get lower price, it is inevitable to share the group link with friends. If this cycle continues, more and more people will download Buytogether and buy something. When consumers choose such a social platform where friends gather to share group shopping links, it is easier to form communities and develop the habit of sharing and shopping in group. Group shopping reflects the integration of network technology into real life, bringing mutual benefits and win-win results, which is also an upgrade of consumption form.

4.Reducing intermediary businesses.

Traditional e-commerce platforms have broadened online transaction channels, but have not effectively shortened the transaction process between suppliers and customers. Therefore, the profit space of suppliers and consumers has not been totally released.

By targeting the sink market, Buytogether has attracted a large number of suppliers of different brands to the platform to talk with customers directly. Users can form groups and make orders on Buytogether according to their interests and needs. The platform will skip the procedure of channel distribution and feedback users’ needs to suppliers directly to shorten the decision-making time and reduce the inventory backlog.

The docking of transaction terminals reduces the profits middlemen can get, releasing the profit space for users and suppliers. Buytogether is committed to shortening the transaction process between users and suppliers, thus attracting more transaction terminals to enter the platform. So it becomes a main advantage of Buytogether that attracts stores and suppliers at lower operating costs.

'''C.The Advantages of Buytogether'''

1.Creating needs actively.

Under the model of traditional e-commerce, users mostly buy goods based on their own needs, which means the platform itself is not active enough in inspiring customers’ demands. But Buytogether attracts new consumers and promotes their demands actively through low prices, recommendation from friends, group shopping and many other ways.

Users in social media will browse the information of products when they receive links of group shopping from their friends. The products are usually affordable and practical that are necessities for consumers, so they are likely to buy the products as well. Therefore, depending on the relation network of community members, it is easy for Buytogether to dig out and inspire customers’ potential needs.

2.Connecting users in many ways.

User connection is a significant advantage of Buytogether. Under the mode of community e-commerce, the relationship between users and sellers or other users is much closer. What community members pursue is not only the material benefits brought by products themselves, but also the interactive communication and emotional connection with others. Therefore, they tend to have a high degree of involvement and loyalty to stores, and spontaneously participate in the activities that contribute to the prosperity of the whole community like collaborative production, reputation building and spreading, content producing and so on, forming a C2B model where users’ demands guide the production, so as to solve the problem of inventory redundancy and optimize trading processes. Under the guidance of opinion leaders, community members are more likely to develop a herd mentality, and gain a sense of belonging and a sense of achievement from their collective actions. Fan economy, opinion leaders and herd effect in community e-commerce open a new vision for businesses to drive users to respond.

3.Promoting social contacts.

Traditional e-commerce improves the shopping experiences of individual consumers by issuing allowances, coupons and cross-store discounts. But Buytogether fosters adhesiveness of users through interaction. Buytogether utilizes the interpersonal network of community to innovate forms of discounts, such as inviting friends to help bargain, gain free charge and group price, not only meeting the customers’ practical needs of information acquisition, price concessions and product purchases, but also enabling customers to improve their shopping experiences with interactive entertainment.

'''D.The problems of Buytogether'''

1.The crisis of confidence

Recently, Buytogether has launched zero yuan purchase, cash withdrawal with friends’ help(by sharing links) and other activities that require users to invite their friends to participate in. However, to gain the promised benefits, users have to obey complex procedures and sometimes they get nothing after it. So in the process of these activities, consumers will feel interested and inspired at the beginning, and then they are likely to be disappointed, or even give up midway. Even if they really complete the task, they will feel that the harvest and their efforts are not proportional. In this way, it is easy for users to feel bored about the activity of the platform, seriously affecting their confidence in it.

2.The problem of low quality

Since its establishment, Buytogether has been adopting the low-price marketing strategy based on social networking including a series of discount activities, which have continuously compressed the profit space of the settled stores. In order to conform with the platform's low-price strategy as much as possible, these stores have to reduce the costs of raw materials and production, thus causing quality problems. In addition, due to Buytogether’s low entry threshold and loose supervision, the qualifications of its sellers are not all official. Some sellers enter the platform to sell fake and shoddy products, which not only damages the rights and interests of consumers, but also destroys users' trust in the platform.

3.The damage of corporate image

The main way for Buytogether to realize its community marketing is to attract new users by making current users constantly share the platform links. Current users frequently forward links to invite friends to help them gain a discount or cash rewards, but sometimes such behavior will bother their friends, the potential customers of Buytogether, and even stir their antipathy for this platform. Therefore, this method of marketing is a double-edged sword, sometimes damaging its corporate image.

'''E.The Measures for Optimization'''

1.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.

After years of accumulation, Buytogether has had a large number of registered users, so the marketing rules can be appropriately optimized based on it. Nowadays, Buytogether no longer needs to rely on fission marketing methods like sharing links to expand the user scale, but needs to improve its own marketing policies, utilize social media more rationally, and formulate marketing activities from the perspective of users. Buytogether can take into consideration increasing the probability of consumers completing their tasks in marketing activities and giving consumers more subsidies and dividends to gain their confidence and foster their loyalty to the platform.

2.Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.

If Buytogether wants to reduce inferior products, it must supervise its sellers closely. When sellers enter, their qualification and product quality must be strictly checked. In addition, while strengthening the supervision of the sellers, Buytogether is also advised to give more welfare to these sellers to encourage them to pay more attention to product quality, so as to solve related problems from the source. Moreover, Buytogether should also establish an organic system of after-sales service, increase the number of personnel to serve customers, and handle all kinds of complaints from users properly.

3.Polish up users’comments and improve the corporate image.

Consumers tend to consider the platform’s corporate image when choosing products. Unfortunately, many consumers have linked Buytogether with "inferior products" at present, so it is emergent for Buytogether to regain users' confidence and trust by improving its corporate image.

'''References'''

1.百度百科

2.梁艳.基于拼多多发展路径分析如何增强平台用户黏性[J].中国集体经济,2022(10):51-53.

3.徐佳宁.基于社群经济的电商企业商业模式创新——以拼多多为例[J].现代营销(下旬刊),2022(03):128-130.DOI:10.19932/j.cnki.22-1256/F.2022.03.128.

4.徐琴.拼多多的社交化营销策略研究[J].上海商业,2022(03):16-17.

'''Terms'''

NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价表)

"2020 Hurun China Top 10 E-commerce":《2020胡润中国10强电商》

Sinking market: Small-town and rural markets where the most Chinese population live.

'''Questions'''

1.When was Buytogether founded?

2.When was Buytogether listed on NASDAQ?

3.What new type of e-commerce did Buytogether create?

4.Which market does Buytogether target?

5.What are advantages of Buytogether?

6.What are problems of Buytogether?

7.How to solve these problems?

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-06-28T04:09:46Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD) */

Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]].

Every student needs to find a topic, which is not in the textbook and has not been presented in class. Please check your topics in regard of this. All topics are ok except for those with red marks. Please suggest a new topic instead and wait for the teacher to remove the red marks.

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 - Economy: Chinese Currency Changes==
China's currency not only has a long history, but also a wide variety, creating a unique currency culture.
China's earliest currency was sea shells. By the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, shell coins had completely receded from the historical stage.
The pre-Qin period was an important period in the occurrence and development of Chinese currency. With the expansion and refinement of the division of labour and the development of the commodity economy, primitive money began to appear in the late New Age, acting as a medium of exchange for goods; after that, it entered an era when primitive money, metal-weighed money and minted coins were used together.

==Chen Kun 陈锟 - History:Wang Yangming==

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰— Martial Arts:The Development of Chinese Swordsman Spirit==
--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 04:46, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

the outline of the first paragraph: a brief introduction of Chinese swordsman spirit+my basic understanding of Chinese swordsman spirit +the overall outline(perspectives)of the essays.

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡 - Cuisine: Luosifen==
Luosifen, also called Snail rice noodle, is a Chinese noodle dish with “offensive” oder and a speciality of the city of Liuzhou, in Guangzhou, southern China.

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露 - Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ==
'''Chinese Paper Cutting'''

Chinese paper-cutting is a folk art of cutting patterns on paper with scissors or carving knives to decorate life or to complement other folk activities. In China, paper-cutting has a wide popular base and is interwoven into the social life of people of all ethnic groups, and is an important part of various folklore activities. Its visual images and stylised formats, which continue to be passed down, contain rich cultural and historical information, express the social perceptions, moral concepts, practical experiences, life ideals and aesthetic interests of the general public, and have multiple social values such as cognition, edification, expression, expression, entertainment and communication.

'''Origin'''

Paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty, and the art of paper-cutting could not have existed before then, but the use of thin sheets of material to make crafts through the technique of hollowing and carving was popular long before paper appeared. The earliest paper cuttings found in China are five paper cuttings of flowers from the Northern Dynasties (386-581 AD), unearthed near the Flaming Mountains in Turpan, Xinjiang.

During the Tang Dynasty, paper-cutting was already in a period of great development, and folklore also made use of paper-cutting in the form of funnel printing plates, where people carved thick paper into flower plates and funneled dyes onto cloth to form beautiful patterns.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were already artists who cut paper as a profession. The maturity of the paper-making industry in the Song dynasty, with its wide range of paper products, provided the conditions for the popularity of paper-cutting. For example, they were used as gifts, as window flowers, or as decorations for lanterns and tealights.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the art of paper-cutting matured and reached its heyday. Although the art of paper-cutting came from the folk, it became a universal art in the Qing Dynasty.

In the early twentieth century, the May Fourth New Culture Movement, advocated by advanced intellectuals such as Cai Yuanpei, Lu Xun, Liu Hannong and Zhou Zuoren, established the beginnings of Chinese folklore studies. In the 1930s, the artist Chen Zhinong began his research and creation of folkloric paper cutouts in Beijing. He used sketches and silhouettes to depict a large number of customs and folklore in old Beijing, including street vendors, workshops and artisans, food stalls and tea stalls, fairs and temples, and idle people in the marketplace.

In the 1940s, paper cut-outs based on real-life themes began to appear, and in 1944, for the first time, new folk paper cut-outs from the north-west were exhibited in the Shaanxi-Ganjiang-Ningxia border area, kicking off the development of paper-cutting art after the founding of New China. It can be said that paper-cutting in Yan'an ushered in a new era of paper-cutting in China.

After the founding of New China, under the guidance of the literary and artistic policy of "blossoming of a hundred flowers, pushing out new ideas", artists created a large number of new paper cuts expressing new socialist ideas and events, opening up the path of paper cutting creation and enriching the form and content of Chinese folk decorative arts. In addition to paper cutouts expressing the new weather in all walks of life, children, sports, acrobatics, songs and dances have also become the most common subjects for paper cutting.

Since its inception, the art of paper-cutting has been uninterrupted throughout Chinese history. It is one of the richest art forms in Chinese folk history and culture, as it has been incorporated into various folklore activities.

'''Classification'''

1. Monochrome Paper Cuttings
Monochrome paper-cutting is the most basic form of paper-cutting, cut in various colours such as red, green, brown, black and gold, and is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. It is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. Paper cuttings used for embroidery base patterns are often combined with cut-and-stab techniques. The stabbing is done by using the point of a needle to make small dots in the fine details of the pattern, leaving a 'hidden knife' in some parts, which can be used as a basis for changing stitches when embroidering. Folding paper cuts, silhouettes and torn paper are all forms of monochrome paper cutting.

 Folding Paper-Cutting
Folding paper-cutting is one of the most common methods of folk expression. The so-called folding papercut is a papercut made by folding and cutting in different ways. Folding paper cuttings are simple, easy to make, labor-saving and time-saving, shape general and certain deformation, especially suitable for the performance of structural symmetry of the form and symmetrical pattern, such as people, frogs, butterflies, turtles, reflections, fish, etc., geometric patterns, flowers, scenery, utensils and other subjects can be adapted, and unfolded extremely symmetrical, and can change a variety of suitable shape, two-party continuous, four-party continuous or multi-party continuous, which is it can long be This is one of the main reasons for its longevity, and it has played an important role in the popularisation of paper-cutting and the modelling of craft patterns in China.

 the Silhouette
The silhouette is an ancient form of paper-cutting art, which expresses the shape of people and objects through their outer contours, so it focuses most on the beauty and shape of the outer contours. The tools are mainly scissors and a carving knife, and the paper is usually black or heavy-coloured paper. When expressing the silhouette of a figure, it is usually cut while looking at the object. Silhouettes are well suited to showing translucent effects and are a very distinctive type of paper cutting.

 Three, torn paper
Torn paper is a new type of paper cut out from the traditional folklore. The method is to use different types of paper, using the method of tearing by hand to tear the shape, by hand instead of cutting will naturally be very limited, not suitable to show the effect of delicate work, but it is this limitation, but also shows its unique artistic personality, there is a kind of ancient and elegant simple, bold and majestic tone. In the process of tearing paper there is often a kind of randomness, a natural and natural flavour.

2. Colourful paper-cutting
With the exploration and development of paper-cutting expression, the form and technique of colour paper-cutting is gradually increasing, with dot-dyeing, overlaying, colour separation, colour filling, wood printing, spray painting, outlining and colour weaving. Each form has its own characteristics and unique features: dot-dye paper cuttings nourishing, decorative strong; set of colour paper cuttings crisp, bright colour blocks; colour paper cuttings divided into distinctive, colourful; colour paper cuttings are simple, clean, sharp, all give people a different feeling.

3. Three-dimensional paper-cutting
The three-dimensional paper cut-out can be monochrome or coloured. It uses a combination of painting, cutting, folding, gluing and other techniques to produce a new type of paper-cutting close to sculpture, relief, which draws on the skills of modern art, fully embodies the characteristics of realism and art romance, so that paper-cutting from a flat sense into three-dimensional, can be used for ornamental modelling and children's handicrafts [12].

'''Methods and techniques'''

1. Folding
Folding paper to produce a repetitive pattern is one of the most basic paper-cutting techniques, and is also an expressive technique used in monochrome paper-cutting. The different effects it produces depend on the number and angle of the folds. When using this technique to cut flowers, the paper can be folded twice or three times before cutting, and the resulting pattern is a four-sided or six-sided flush shape. If you are cutting animals or people, the shape after folding once is symmetrical. The folding paper cut is a symmetrical pattern, so the resulting pattern has a more rhythmic feel. This technique is mostly used for cutting flowers and topiary flowers, etc.

2. Yin and Yang carving
The basic effect of paper cutting is obtained through the use of yin and yang lines alone or in a mixture.
Yin engraving, also known as engraving, is to carve away the outline of the structure of the object, the method of expressing lines in a large block, the effect is thick, strong, a strong sense of weight, a strong sense of black and white contrast, was cut to carve away the blank composition of the pattern, line and line are not connected.
Yang engraving, also known as hollowing, is the exact opposite of shading, where the blanks are removed and the outline lines are retained. The lines of the pattern are solid, and the lines are connected. This method is smooth, clear and lusciously detailed.
The combination of yin and yang is the best way to express paper cutting. The presence of both yin and yang carving methods in the same piece of work makes for a varied composition and a sharp contrast between black, white and grey in the picture, making it a highly expressive paper-cutting technique.

3. Three, piercing holes
The basic outline is cut out on the paper with a knife or scissors, and then holes are pierced in the pattern with a needle, mainly to allow multiple layers of paper to be joined, while at the same time seeing the detail in the roughness. This technique is often used to embroider patterns, sometimes symmetrical, such as pillow flowers, shoe flowers, sleeve flowers, etc. When two to four of the same pattern are needed, the paper is cut and pierced with Xuan paper, and when it is unglued, there are several of the same pattern at the same time. The reason for using Xuan paper is that it is easy to adhere and thin enough to be used underneath for embroidery without affecting the aesthetic appeal. A quick and easy alternative to stapling is to use staples and staples, which also have the effect of joining multiple layers of paper.

'''Significance of content'''

Folk paper-cutting is good at combining a variety of objects together to produce the desired result. Whether one or more images are used in combination, they are all modelled by "using the image to imply meaning" or "using the meaning to construct the image", rather than according to objective natural forms. The artist is also apt to use similes to create a variety of auspicious objects, combining conventional images to express his own psychology. The pursuit of auspicious metaphors became one of the ultimate aims of the imagery combinations. Geographical isolation and cultural limitations, as well as the intrusion of adversity such as natural disasters, inspired a desire for a happy and fulfilling life. People's simple wish for good food and clothing, prosperity, health and longevity, and for everything to be as it should be, is conveyed through paper-cutting.
There are many images reflecting productive life in folk paper-cutting, and one of the greatest similarities between these works is the exaggeration of the subject, such as a big fish, a big pepper, a big silkworm, a big grain, etc. Through paper-cutting, people make up beautiful images to comfort their hearts, to promote the great creativity of man in conquering nature, to build their ideal world, and to affirm the power of man and inspire the courage to continue the struggle

'''Questions'''

1.What are the earliest paper-cutting found in China?

2. What are the categories of paper-cutting?

3.What is Yin and Yang carving?

4.What is the greatest similarity between folk paper-cuttings?

'''References'''

• 赵辰昕. 唱响非物质文化遗产保护专家访谈录[M]. 北京：中国发展出版社, 2012:295-296

•“非遗保护”在中国．人民网．2009-10-20[引用日期2015-10-12

•教育部办公厅关于公布第一批全国普通高校中华优秀传统文化传承基地名单的通知． - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站[引用日期2018-12-06]

•流行于中国民间的剪纸艺术．中国国际广播电台国际在线．2008-12-04[引用日期2015-10-11]

•剪纸的历史．中华五千年[引用日期2015-10-11]

•漫话剪纸艺术．正北方网．2012-03-02[引用日期2015-10-11]

•刘魁立，张旭. 剪纸[M]. 北京：中国社会出版社, 2008:16-17

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣 - Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ==

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞 - Traditional Craft: Bronze ==

==Han Jingru 韩静茹 - Entertainment: Deyunshe ==
Deyunshe, originally named as the Beijing Conversation Conference, is one of the biggest Chinese crosstalk organizations and folk art performance groups in China. Established in 1995, Deyunshe has been the common abbreviation of Beijing Deyunshe Culture Communication Company Ltd. since its renaming in 2003. Following its key principle of "let the cross talk back to the theatre", in these years, Deyunshe has made important contributors to the inheritance and innovation of Chinese crosstalk, opera, pingshu and other forms of folk art performance.

==He Minghui 何明慧 - Traditional Cuisine: Dumpling ==

==Lei Heng 雷珩 - Photoshop technology culture in China ==
Outline: 1. the development of P.S. technology in China from the ancient time to present time; 2. The influence of it on China people; 3. The importance of it to China.

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==
===history===
The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Luban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

'''The Definition of Yuan Drama'''

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singlely as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

'''The Rise and development of Yuan Drama'''

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

'''Yuan Drama System'''

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

'''Representatives of Yuan Drama '''

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

'''Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama'''

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

'''Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama'''

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

'''Reference'''

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

1.A Brief Introduction
The erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

2.The Development of Erhu
The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.
During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers.
During the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing.
During Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread. During this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.
After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly.
In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

3.Construction

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:
Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.
Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.
Qín gan (琴杆), neck.
Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.
Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs
Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook
Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player
Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4
Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood
Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension
Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound
Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

4.Playing Technique
(1)Tuning
The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.
(2)Position
The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.
(3)Right hand
The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.
(4)Left hand
The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics
(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》
(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》
(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》
(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》
(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》
(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》
(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》
(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》
(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）
(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

Reference
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Wikipedia entry

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, college students' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==
'''1.Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meaning of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''2.The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China.

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also send them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors.

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [1]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''3. Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.
Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[2]

'''4. Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[3]

'''5. Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern Tangyuan fillngs can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage.

'''6. Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

[1][3]Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[2]Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Politics: Increasing national seclusion and isolation of contemporary China ==

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==

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==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - The “reference” of Chinese Music==
May 20，2022，with the broadcast of the show "Sister Who Rides the Waves，the “Sweetheart hierarch” Cyndi Wang became popular again by singing her song Love You①. Actually the song Love You is not original，and it was adapted from PAPAYA（a South Korea girl group）’s song，Listen to Me②.
And since the end of last century, many Chinese singers or bands have the experience of "refer" songs from other countries.

==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance==

Introductions on Lion dance
The lion dance is a popular activity among Chinese people of all ethnic groups, and it is a must for festivals and gatherings. The lion dance is a symbol of good luck and good intentions of the people to get rid of disasters and seek good fortune.In May 2006, the Chinese lion dance was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council.
The lion dance has a long history, and the existing lion dances are divided into two categories: cultural lion and martial lion. The martial lion has more difficult acrobatic performances, and the lion is vigorous and fierce, looking at the tiger; the cultural lion is naive and cute, with a lovely form, and mainly performs the lion's life and attitude; according to the different materials and methods of lion modeling, there are many different types of lion dances around the world, and they are very colorful.
The lion dance is usually played by two people, the former holding the lion head props on his head with both hands, playing the lion's head, and the latter leaning over, holding the former's waist with both hands, wearing lion skin decorated with linen, cloth and other materials, playing the lion's body. Two people combined into one large lion, called "Large lion”. There is also a person wearing a lion mask, wearing a fake lion skin, playing a small lion, called "Small lion". In front of the lion, there is a lion, holding a colorful embroidered ball that can be turned to tease, and the dance ball movements include rolling the ball, turning the ball, throwing the ball, shaking the ball and dozens of other kinds, and the lion then makes various dance movements. In some places, the lion dancer wears a big-headed mask and plays a big-headed monk, holding a big fan or even a big knife instead of a ball.
Schools of Lion Dance :With the continuous development of the lion dance movement, the art of lion dance has also been perfected, but because of the different customs in the north and south, the dance method is not the same, so the north and south has formed two major schools, namely the southern school and the northern school, also known as the southern lion and the northern lion. The northern lion's movements are light, mainly jumping and tumbling, with small gongs, drums,and cymbals, etc., mainly in the Central Plains and North China, with representative lions from Hebei, Anhui and Hunan. The southern lion, on the other hand, is a big and powerful lion with big gongs, drums, cymbals, etc. The drum music is majestic and inspiring, and is mainly popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia.

The Origin of Lions
Regarding the origin of the lion, scholars of all generations have concluded that the lion in the early Middle Kingdom came from the West. There is a large number of documents for evidence, including Jin Guopu’s "Mu Tianzi".It said: " The lion is also called mythical creature , produced by the Western region." The scholar Li Shizhen wrote in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": " The lion is out of the Western countries" From the research records of experts and scholars of the past generations, it is clear that China did not produce lions, scholars of the past generations After the study of the literature, It is thought that the lion was introduced from the West as a tribute in the Han Dynasty. Before the Han Dynasty, people do not know what it looks like. According to historical records, the lion was considered useless when it first entered the Middle Kingdom, and was not accepted because of its fierce appearance and habits. During the long history, due to various reasons, especially religious influence, people gradually accepted the lion and made it a mythical beast, together with the legendary dragon, phoenix, and qilin, known as the four spiritual beasts.The lion is known as the king of beasts, but China is generally not affected by lions, so the people have a sense of affinity to the lion, regard it as a symbol of power and good luck, and hope to use the lion's powerful image to drive away evil spirits.

The Origin and Legend of Lion Dance
Regarding the origin of lion dance in ancient China, ancient literature and analysis by scholars over the ages show that the origin of lion dance in China is also recognized from the Han Dynasty, but the exact date cannot be determined. Through research and historical analysis, the following statements are more plausible.
The first theory: Chinese lion dance originated from the Han Dynasty, and the lion was imported from foreign countries only after Zhang Sai's mission to the West during the reign of Emperor Wu. Whenever the Western ambassadors visited, he set up songs and dances to cheer, so those dancers put on masks dressed as birds and animals, but the Western ambassadors found that these birds and animals only lacked of lions, after asking, we knew that at that time China had not yet lions. Later.Later the western envoys sent a pair of lions to China, and the lion trainers performed lion training. This lion training performance may be the predecessor of the Chinese lion dance.

The second theory: the lion dance originated in the Three Kingdoms period and was popular in the North and South Dynasties. Meng Kang, a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, wrote in The Elephant Man : If today's play is like shrimp, the lion is also. The Northern Wei Yang From it we can know, the lion not only protects the law to ward off evil, and can guide the way for the Buddha. If we look at the form, this lion guiding its front, very similar to the current lion guide, already slightly with the form of dance.

The third theory: According to the earliest historical records, the account of the real "lion dance" should be The Book of Ning - Zong Yi Zhuan. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the 22nd year of Emperor Wujia's reign (445 A.D.), when the Nanning Army occupied Linyi, and Yi asked to be the leader. The soldiers were unable to resist, saying, "I have heard that the lion is a powerful lion, so I made its shape and fought against the elephant, and the elephant just ran in fear and were scattered. After that, the lion dance was performed in the military and slowly spread to the people, becoming the origin of the lion dance, but at that time it was not called the lion dance but the "Taiping music".According to records, the Taiping music and the modern lion dance are very similar.
There are also various stories and legends about the lion dance in ancient China.
One of the legends is that the "New Year" beast eats green. According to the legend, in ancient times, plague often occurred in China, so countless people died, but fortunately, every time the plague occurred, a divine beast appeared, and the plague disappeared as soon as it appeared. Since this beast "Nian" is so helpful to people, people use bamboo scales and colored cloths to tie into the "Nian" beast during the farming season, and dance in front of each house with majestic drums and music, in order to suppress evil spirits and seek good luck. Because the "New Year" beast likes to eat vegetables, so every family places a plate of vegetables in front of the door for the "New Year" beast to eat. As time goes by, people find that the shape of the "New Year" is very much like a lion. So they called this kind of thing as the lion, and the vegetables were called "Caiqing".

The Value and Functions of Lion Dance
First, it connects with emotions. While it is a sport, its more obvious attribute is that it belongs to the category of folklore. The cultural accumulation of each nation is often expressed in folklore activities, and healthy folklore activities not only express the soul of the nation, but also convey the message code of mutual feeling and knowledge between the brothers of the nation. In the case of "lion dance", a folklore activity loaded with the accumulation of feelings of the children of Yanhuang, wherever there is a Chinese settlement, there is a lion dance and a lion dance culture. The lion dance for good luck is often the best way for Chinese people who are wandering around the world to share happiness and feelings.

Second, it can strengthen the body. The actual operation of lion dance requires good coordination among all the components, and it is a kind of project that combines multiple factors such as music and lion dance. Because of this integration, the lion dance has a strong ornamental and artistic value, which can fully meet people's entertainment and aesthetic needs. At the same time, for the performers, lion dance is a sport that strengthens the body and cultivates the emotions.

Third, it has educational significance. The lion dance is a traditional culture in China, and it is the inheritance of the culture to carry forward the lion dance. We can understand the history and culture of the region through lion dance.

Fourth, it has the commercial function. The performance nature of lion dance brings a lot of commercial benefits. In addition, the lion dance brings about the development of tourism and other related industries. In the author's opinion, the commercial function of lion dance is not only this, as the development of cultural industry is gaining momentum today, lion dance with deep cultural heritage will face better development opportunities.

Fifth, it enriches the spirit of the nation. The spirit of mutual cooperation and solidarity. The participation of dragon dance is very common, and the professional requirements are not very high. It shows a kind of momentum and team spirit, with a few people or even hundreds of people, dancing up and down, surging and inspiring. This requires more than one person to complete the whole set of interlacing, running and jumping, tumbling and other movements, mutual cooperation is particularly important, must maximize the team effect; inherit the spirit of tradition and innovation, although the dragon and lion dance has a long history, but also not unchanging, positive, innovative features nurtured in different ways of performance, reflecting the spirit of never-ending innovation

Historical Stages of the Development of Traditional Lion Dance
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the traditional lion dance developed to a deeper level
The skills of the Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties formed different performance styles and program focuses in the North and South due to geographical barriers and different environments. In the south, the Han regime inherited the 'orthodoxy', and the ideology of Confucianism was changed to Zhuanglao, and the social habits tended to be weak. Therefore, although the Southern Dynasty had the majestic 'White Tiger ' and other programs from the Northern Dynasty, its mainstream was slender and soft.The traditional lion dance began to be performed on the same stage with ceremonial music(the beginning of music) in the Sui Dynasty, and after the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, its artistic image became richer and had a strong folk base, and the court performance became more mature. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the nine music parts of Sui Dynasty were adjusted and increased into "ten music parts". One of the most famous "five lions", also known as "Taiping music".Performers danced and sang "Taiping music", taking the meaning of world peace and good fortune, which was basically the same as the symbolic meaning of today's lion dance. During the Song and Yuan dynasties - a turning point in the development of traditional lion dance technology, the performance form, performance team and program creation of lion dance in the Song dynasty underwent more profound changes. Techniques began to be divided into sections, prompting peer artists to gather for social fires; social fires further united the team and promoted the development of skills, as well as the formation of various genres, creating conditions for the prosperity of the folk lion dance movement. In Yuan Dynasty, "lion dance" also had innovation,.For instance,"high Cui lion dance" in the Yuan Dynasty first seen in the records. Although the Qing Dynasty Palace also had lion dance performances, generally speaking, the scale was not large. Southern and northern lion performances in the Qing Dynasty formed different images and different techniques of performance style. In the north, there were "Large lion" and "Small lion", whose images and performances resembled real lions, while the lion dance in the south had integrated dance, acrobatics and martial arts into one, which was quite new compared to the traditional lion dance methods.

The Development of Modern Lion Dance
(A) Before the liberation of the competition between the lion teams in the festive activities of the nature of the competition
In the 1920s and 1930s, the lion dance was generally preceded by the Shaolin and the Five tiger stick , followed by the lion , the vine , the rice-gale , the shuttlecock , and the kong Schools, which started from their respective villages and rushed to the temple. Along the way, whenever they encountered the roadside tea huts or tea points, they should get off the performance. To the temple they worshiped after the incense and performed martial arts. Then they returned along the way, if on the way the temple fair and several villages a few teams met together, this performance was often with the nature of the competition '; in some places gradually formed a regular tournament .In modern times during the festival have a relatively fixed lion team to perform and the lion team also competed and cut martial arts, with the nature of the competition. The lion dance has taken the form of a competitive lion dance.

(B) Lion dance became a traditional national sport
On February 28, 1934, the first Folk Games of Henan Province, there were more than 20 folk martial arts associations such as dry boat, dragon lantern, lion and kite flying to perform and compete. In 1978, the lion dance was invited as a special performance at the First Folk Games, and it became an official event at the Fourth Agricultural Games. Now there are different events such as National Lion Dance Championship and various kinds of North-South Lion King Competition, National Dragon and Lion Invitation Tournament and Elite Tournament every year, and it has become an official competition item in the National Agricultural Games, National Urban Games and the Third National Sports Congress.

(C) Lion dance shine on the acrobatic stage
In 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai personally watched the acrobatic performances of six large troupes in Beijing, including China, Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi'an and Warriors, and affirmed the skills of the "lion dance", which were partly choreographed according to the laws of acrobatics.They have been organized to visit Asian, African, American and European countries and become the first team of people's diplomacy. The lion dance skills have developed rapidly on the acrobatic stage, and a series of new and difficult skills have been developed on the basis of inherited traditions. The high skills of acrobatic lion dance have a great influence on the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance, and the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance have absorbed the performance style and props of acrobatic lion dance, enriched their own performance forms, and continuously improved the level of traditional lion dance and competitive lion dance.

Lion Dance Culture Development Problem
As it is not easy to cultivate talents to inherit the lion dance culture, and the props used to make the lion dance are expensive, the traditional lion dance culture is also facing the crisis of no one inheriting it. As a representative of the excellent traditional culture, how to survive and develop the lion dance culture in the intersection of modern technology and traditional culture is an important issue that contemporary lion dancers have to think about.

Measures for Solving the Problem
(A) Strengthen corooperation with colleges and universities to carry out lion dance classes
Youth is the future and hope of the country.Vigorously developing traditional culture education for youth, and incorporating lion dance culture into students' curriculum can not only enrich campus culture, but also greatly improve the popularity of lion dance culture and enhance youth's cultural identity and national pride. Students are the successors of the communist cause, the main body of education, and the main body of cultural inheritance and dissemination. Relying on school education to develop lion dance culture, more people can understand and inherit lion dance culture. The rejuvenation of traditional culture and its development on the basis of popularization are the needs of lion dance culture inheritance and the wishes of lion dance lovers.

(B) Promote the culture and spirit of lion dance through the Internet and mass media
In order to make the lion dance culture develop better, we make use of the development of the whole media to promote the beautiful connotation of the lion dance culture through the Internet and make use of the mass media to vigorously publicize it, so that more people really like the lion dance culture and really enter the lion dance culture; we rely on the Internet to strengthen the cultural exchange among the lion dance enthusiasts all over the country, so as to promote the spread and inheritance of the lion dance culture; we rely on the whole media to carry out the lion dance culture competition, formulate scientific competition rules and generous rewards to arouse people's enthusiasm for participation, so that more people can participate in the promotion of the lion dance culture and promote the spread of the lion dance culture.

(C) Accelerate the innovation to push the development of lion dance culture
The premise of traditional culture innovation is to first understand its cultural value, grasp the comprehensive traditional cultural content, and then promote the corresponding lion dance culture, so that the folk lion dance is known to more people, even to learn the skills, so that the lion dance is well inherited. In the traditional lion dance culture promotion at the same time, the lion dance team should also be committed to in-depth study of the lion dance culture with the times to drive the value of the economy to achieve the culture to give rise to the economy and the economy in turn to support the culture of mutual assistance and harmony. In such a way wa can break the situation that traditional culture has no successor due to the narrow market prospect, and provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional culture. With the rapid development of the times and the improvement of people's living standards, some connotations of traditional culture are no longer applicable to modern life, so it is necessary to accelerate the promotion of cultural innovation, promote the innovation of lion dance culture, and constantly innovate the form of lion dance culture development and inheritance, so as to attract more people to understand lion dance culture and inherit it.

(D) Cultivate lion dance culture talents,and pay attention to integration of local culture
To actively carry out lion dance culture promotion activities, select talents from young people who are interested in lion dance culture, make them receive professional training in lion dance culture, develop their interest into a profession, make them become the inheritors of lion dance culture, and promote the inheritance of lion dance culture. In the local lion dance culture, we dig deep into the local culture and explore the cultural heritage, so that the lion dance culture can be well inherited and developed, integrating the traditional lion dance into the local cultural connotation and giving it new vitality. In addition to the local culture, there is also a folk lion dance culture with local characteristics, establishing unique cultural programs, spreading unique cultural values, so that the traditional lion dance culture continues to be inherited.

(E) Define the cultural positioning, actively implement the "going out" strategy, and promote the lion dance culture to the world
The government should formulate relevant policies to support, position lion dance culture well, and support key projects to promote the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, so that more people can understand lion dance culture and participate in the inheritance of lion dance culture, thus enhancing the social status and influence of lion dance culture. While promoting the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, we should not only spread and develop the inheritance at home, but also actively promote the strategy of "going out" to promote Chinese traditional culture to the world, so that people around the world can understand lion dance culture, learn lion dance culture, inherit and spread lion dance culture, so that lion dance culture can be developed around the world and spread the beautiful connotation of China's excellent traditional culture. The beautiful connotation of excellent traditional culture.

Terms:
Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》
the four spiritual beasts 四大灵兽
national intangible cultural heritage 国家级非物质文化遗产
the State Council 国务院
gongs, drums,and cymbals 大锣、大鼓、大钹
Zhang Sai's mission to the West 张赛出使西域
The Elephant Man 《象人》
Caiqing 采青
orthodoxy 正统
High Cui lion dance 高毳舞狮
Acrobatic Stage 杂技舞台
National Agricultural Games 全国农运会
National Urban Games 全国城运会
The Third National Sports Congress. 第三届全国体育大会

References:
中国最独特的舞狮文化 The Most Unique Lion Dance Culture in China 宴姝下一代2019,(04),7
舞狮运动的起源与发展研究[J] The Origin and Development of lion Dance 郭绿杨.当代体育科技 . 2017 (22)
论舞龙舞狮运动塑造学生民族精神的功能[J]. Arguments on the function of dragon and Lion Dance to Shape students' national spirit曹虎愚.成功(教育) . 2012(11)
我国舞狮运动与文化的价值底蕴分析[J]. Analysis on the value of Lion dance and culture in China管罗红.企业家天地(理论版) . 2011(01)
新时代下传统舞狮的传承发展与问题[J]. Inheritance, development and problems of traditional lion Dance in the new era 杨晓坤,代继盟,林宵,于娇.中国民族博览 . 2019(06)

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

'''Development history of mobile games'''

'''The birth of mobile games'''
In 1997, Gluttonous Snake, preinstalled in Nokia 6110, officially started the history of mobile games. Long ago, Nokia was the dominant player in the mobile phone market. The physical keyboard and screen each occupied half of the mobile phone space. So at that time, mobile games did not get rid of the shackles of physical keyboard, such as early games: Gluttonous Snake(贪吃蛇), Pushing Boxes(推箱子), and Tetris（俄罗斯方块）.

'''Pre Android'''
After the release of Android phones, with the characteristics of the touch screen, games that need touch control, such as Fruit Ninja, became popular. There were many classic games in this period, including Plants vs. Zombies（植物大战僵尸）, Angry Birds（愤怒的小鸟）, Temple Escape（神庙逃亡）, Subway Parkour （地铁跑酷）and other classic games .At the same time, Minecraft （我的世界）was released on iphone, but due to the high price of iphone, its popularity is far less than Android games.

'''Pre Tencent period'''
In 2013, two Tencent games: Tiantian Cool Running（天天酷跑） and rhythm master（节奏大师） became popular, quickly surpassing Plants vs. Zombies and angry birds, and firmly ranked first in China's mobile games. At the same time, other Tencent games also took the opportunity to hype up and attract players. For a time, no game company could compete with Tencent.

'''Scuffle period'''
2011 was the year when smart phone games began to engage in scuffle. Mobile phone stand-alone games developed rapidly. Many players should have experienced Asphalt 5. At that time, the giants of mobile game manufacturers were definitely Gameloft. Modern war and Nova represented the peak of the picture quality of mobile games; In addition, "Assassin's Creed", "cell division 5", "ghost cry 4", "dead space" and other end games have also gradually landed on the mobile game platform; The online games of smart phones have also begun to test the market. A number of hardware manufacturers have begun to strengthen the graphics computing capacity of mobile phones, and the mobile game platform has officially taken shape.

'''Post Tencent period'''
By november2015, a game was born, breaking the balance in the mobile game industry. Its appearance has changed the pattern of the entire mobile game market. This game is "glory of the king"（王者荣耀）. This game dominates the mobile game rankings only two days after it was launched. Although it was attacked by CF of Netease(网易), it returned to the top in 16 years.
The success of this game also makes other companies start to think about how to make a high-quality mobile game. In 2018, a year of full bloom, various mobile games have sprung up, such as Onmyoji（阴阳师） of Netease，PUBG Mobile（刺激战场） of Tencent，Genshin（原神） impact of MiHoYo etc.. Both the picture quality and the game experience have made a qualitative leap.

'''Development status and trend of mobile games'''

With the rapid development of mobile games in China, the market scale has expanded rapidly, and the capital heat is highly focused. It has quickly surpassed end games and page games and become a mainstream game type. From January to June 2021, the actual sales revenue of China's mobile game market was 114.772 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.65%.

In recent years, the proportion of revenue from PC games and web games has continued to decline. On the contrary, the revenue share of mobile game industry has increased rapidly, and the revenue scale is expected to further expand. From 2014 to 2020, the proportion of mobile games in the sales revenue of the game industry increased rapidly from 24% to 75.2%, and the proportion reached 76.3% in the first half of 2021.

In the ranking of monthly active number of mobile game apps in September 2021, the monthly active number of glory of the king is far ahead, reaching 149million, followed by Game for peace（和平精英） and Fun Fest（开心消消乐）.

With the continuous improvement of the ecological environment of China's game industry, the continuous upgrading of the game industry chain, and the development of 5g, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data and other forward-looking technologies, a number of innovative cultural products and businesses have been created, including cloud games, e-sports, game live broadcasting, etc., which put forward higher development requirements for enterprises in the game industry.

'''Social impact of Chinese mobile games'''

1. The development of mobile games has created a large number of related industries and provided more employment opportunities for people.
2. Mobile games provide people with opportunities to have a pleasant mood, social communication and exercise their intelligence.
3. The development of mobile games has put forward higher requirements for mobile phone manufacturing and software engineering, which is conducive to promoting the development of domestic science and technology.
4. The external communication of Chinese mobile games is conducive to vigorously carrying forward Chinese culture and enhancing China's international influence.
5. The development of mobile games makes many people indulge in it, which is easy to waste money and time, and damage their eyesight.
6. The development of the game industry can, to a certain extent, alleviate the pressure of the epidemic on the economy. During the epidemic period, the game industry, which is not affected by the epidemic, will continue to maintain game production and development, which will also have a positive impact on the future economic recovery.

'''Reference：'''
[1] Development history of mobile games in China, published by China Science Daily on August 22, 2014
[2] Current situation of mobile game industry in 2021, published on Huajing information network on March 2, 2022 10:4
[3] Development history of mobile games in China (by 2021) in Bilibili.

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs:Faggotry Culture in China:taking Da Sima(金轮) as an example==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

China enjoys great abundance in resources of flowers. Early in ancient times, Chinese people noted that the value of flowers was diversified, and utilized flowers in various ways. Flowers could be used as ingredients for cuisine, herbal medicine, and decorative items. Moreover, the image of flowers always appeared in poems, proses and articles, highly praised by Chinese literary men for the beauty, fragrance as well as spirits. Throughout history, flowers are of both pragmatic and spiritual significance in Chinese culture.

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinese Dream==

In November of 2012, soon after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President Xi Jinping put forward, for the first time, the idea of the Chinese Dream on a visit to “The Road towards National Rejuvenation” exhibition at the National Museum of China. The Chinese dream meant for him the “great renewal of the Chinese nation.” and “is a dream of the whole nation, as well as of every individual,” he said. Since then, use of the phrase has become widespread in official announcements and as the embodiment of the leadership's political ideology under Xi Jinping. Xi said that young people should “dare to dream, work assiduously to fulfill the dreams and contribute to the revitalization of the nation.” There are various connotations and interpretations of the term.

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD)==

Buytogether(PDD), also called Pinduoduo in Chinese, is a mainstream e-commerce application of mobile Internet in China, and a third-party social e-commerce platform focusing on C2M(Customer-to-Manufacturer) group shopping. It was founded in September 2015. Users can buy goods at a lower price by buying them with their friends, families and neighbors together.

Buytogether aims to enable people to buy better goods at lower prices and gain more benefits and fun by gathering the strength of more people. Its idea in online shopping is unique in that it creates a brand new pattern of social e-commerce: Community E-Commerce.

'''A.The History of Development'''

After only three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018. In July 2020, Buytogether ranked the fourth in "The Hurun China’s Top 10 E-commerce 2020". By 2020, Buytogether 's annual active users reached nearly 800 million, and its operating revenue reached 59.492 billion yuan. Reviewing the developing course of Buytogether, we can mainly divide it into the following two stages :

1.Early Developing Period (2015-2018)

Aiming at the sinking market, Buytogether came into being. Although e-commerce has great market potential, the competition is also very fierce. After years of development, Taobao, JD and other well-known traditional e-commerce enterprises have occupied a huge market share for a long time. Although having a large market share, they are also bothered by various problems, such as product quality concerns, fake goods, deficient platform supervision and so on, which force them to proceed strategic improvement. For example, in 2015, Taobao cracked down on the fake goods appearing on the platform, hoping to enhance customers' confidence in it by improving the quality of products. But at the same time, the improvement of product quality has brought about the rising of product price, which makes Taobao break away from the highly price-sensitive consumers, who pay more attention to the price rather than the brand. Users in such a sinking market that was unoccupied have become targets of Buytogether.

In September 2015, Buytogether was officially launched. In February 2016, Buytogether 's monthly turnover exceeded 10 million, and its users exceeded 20 million. In July 2016, Buytogether had more than 100 million users and received a B round of $110 million financing. On October 10,2016, the single-day transaction volume of Buytogether 's anniversary celebration, a big shopping festival, exceeded 100 million yuan. In October 2017, Buytogether occupied the first place in the total number of iOS application downloads under the category of shopping for nearly one month. Buytogether is a dark horse in the early days, constantly showing its edge.

2.Growing Period (from 2018 to now)

After three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018, and has made remarkable achievements. According to CCTV, Buytogether had 385.5 million annual active users in 2018, surpassing JD, the second largest e-commerce platform with its 305.2 million users. In February 2019, Buytogether was included in the MSCI. In June 2019, the " Subsidy of Ten Billion Yuan " activity was launched, and Buytogether was selected as one of " The Forbes Most Innovative Enterprises in China 2019" in the same month. In December 2019, Buytogether launched the train ticket service on its App terminal. In 2019, Buytogether 's operating revenue was about 30.142 billion yuan, and the number of multiannual active users had reached 585.2 million by the end of 2019.According to the 2020 annual report released by Buytogether, it achieved operating revenue of about 59.492 billion yuan in 2020, with a growing rate of 97% compared with 2019. The achievements of Buytogether are amazing to all, creating a miracle among all the e-commerce platforms.

'''B.The Special Marketing Strategy'''

Buytogether's success is inseparable from its unique marketing strategy based on community .

Internet technology breaks the limitation of time and space; various social media provide interactive platforms, strengthening users’ connectivity. The essence of Buytogether's going viral is to take the social media as carriers to carry out e-commerce transactions, namely community e-commerce. Community e-commerce manages the users and potential users of the platform in a new way, paying more attention to providing users with more interactive communication and scenarios, so as to facilitate users to find groups where other people have similar interests and needs to their own and hence exchange shopping information and conduct group shopping at a much lower price. In Buytogether, users can get lower prices when they share the links of what they want to buy with their friends to form a group for shopping. The characteristics of Buytogether's community e-commerce are as follows:

1.Targeting customers in the sink market.

The "internet traffic(data)-centered" competing mechanism of traditional e-commerce platforms represented by Taobao and JD makes the main market of online shopping be occupied by leading brands with abundant funds. In the early days of establishment, Buytogether effectively distinguished its main customers from those of traditional e-commerce platforms, and positioned the main customers in the sink market to buffer competition in the industry. Buytogether supplies products at lower prices than other traditional e-commerce platforms by some strategies like “the more you buy, the lower prices are”, shopping in group and enabling users to bargain, thus attracting a large number of consumers in the sink market and small cities.

The increase of the users attracts a larger number of sellers to flood into the platform in return. With its decentralized internet traffic(data) distribution and low-cost entry threshold, Buytogether has brought opportunities to start-ups and niche enterprises. Many little-known businesses including some self-employed ones have flooded into the platform as well. Both parties of a deal in the sink market are attracted by Buytogether’s low prices and low costs. Consumers gain lower prices and suppliers acquire more customers; the trading system of Buytogether is gradually improved.

2.Popularizing based on users’ community.

Buytogether attracts more and more customers depending on social media and users’ social relations. Under the logic of community, the Internet economy is based on human.

Generally speaking, the formation of different groups is based on interests, kinship, etc. Through third-party social platforms such as WeChat and QQ, consumers establish and join groups where people have similar interests and needs to share and exchange information. In other words, users with similar interest or needs form a community. Buytogether manages these community members, analyzes the characteristics of different communities, captures their needs and interest points, so as to release marketing contents accurately and establish unlimited vertical market segments.

Also, consumers in the online communities will share their experience of using products with recommendation or criticism, which actually provides the stores and the platform itself with suggestions for improving, assistance in producing and innovative ideas. Consumers are not only loyal "buyers", but also enthusiastic "sharers" and innovative "producers".

3.Selling in the form of group.

Buytogether's "group enjoys discounts" selling strategy has attracted many consumers in pursuit of high cost performance. The "buying in group" model has grown full-bloom with the combined promotion of big data, the Internet and the community economy.

Group shopping brings more benefits to consumers. It is easy to arouse consumers’ desire to buy when their friends share the link of what they want to buy that they also need and has an affordable price. Then the virtuous cycle comes. In order to get lower price, it is inevitable to share the group link with friends. If this cycle continues, more and more people will download Buytogether and buy something. When consumers choose such a social platform where friends gather to share group shopping links, it is easier to form communities and develop the habit of sharing and shopping in group. Group shopping reflects the integration of network technology into real life, bringing mutual benefits and win-win results, which is also an upgrade of consumption form.

4.Reducing intermediary businesses.

Traditional e-commerce platforms have broadened online transaction channels, but have not effectively shortened the transaction process between suppliers and customers. Therefore, the profit space of suppliers and consumers has not been totally released.

By targeting the sink market, Buytogether has attracted a large number of suppliers of different brands to the platform to talk with customers directly. Users can form groups and make orders on Buytogether according to their interests and needs. The platform will skip the procedure of channel distribution and feedback users’ needs to suppliers directly to shorten the decision-making time and reduce the inventory backlog.

The docking of transaction terminals reduces the profits middlemen can get, releasing the profit space for users and suppliers. Buytogether is committed to shortening the transaction process between users and suppliers, thus attracting more transaction terminals to enter the platform. So it becomes a main advantage of Buytogether that attracts stores and suppliers at lower operating costs.

'''C.The Advantages of Buytogether'''

1.Creating needs actively.

Under the model of traditional e-commerce, users mostly buy goods based on their own needs, which means the platform itself is not active enough in inspiring customers’ demands. But Buytogether attracts new consumers and promotes their demands actively through low prices, recommendation from friends, group shopping and many other ways.

Users in social media will browse the information of products when they receive links of group shopping from their friends. The products are usually affordable and practical that are necessities for consumers, so they are likely to buy the products as well. Therefore, depending on the relation network of community members, it is easy for Buytogether to dig out and inspire customers’ potential needs.

2.Connecting users in many ways.

User connection is a significant advantage of Buytogether. Under the mode of community e-commerce, the relationship between users and sellers or other users is much closer. What community members pursue is not only the material benefits brought by products themselves, but also the interactive communication and emotional connection with others. Therefore, they tend to have a high degree of involvement and loyalty to stores, and spontaneously participate in the activities that contribute to the prosperity of the whole community like collaborative production, reputation building and spreading, content producing and so on, forming a C2B model where users’ demands guide the production, so as to solve the problem of inventory redundancy and optimize trading processes. Under the guidance of opinion leaders, community members are more likely to develop a herd mentality, and gain a sense of belonging and a sense of achievement from their collective actions. Fan economy, opinion leaders and herd effect in community e-commerce open a new vision for businesses to drive users to respond.

3.Promoting social contacts.

Traditional e-commerce improves the shopping experiences of individual consumers by issuing allowances, coupons and cross-store discounts. But Buytogether fosters adhesiveness of users through interaction. Buytogether utilizes the interpersonal network of community to innovate forms of discounts, such as inviting friends to help bargain, gain free charge and group price, not only meeting the customers’ practical needs of information acquisition, price concessions and product purchases, but also enabling customers to improve their shopping experiences with interactive entertainment.

'''D.The problems of Buytogether'''

1.The crisis of confidence

Recently, Buytogether has launched zero yuan purchase, cash withdrawal with friends’ help(by sharing links) and other activities that require users to invite their friends to participate in. However, to gain the promised benefits, users have to obey complex procedures and sometimes they get nothing after it. So in the process of these activities, consumers will feel interested and inspired at the beginning, and then they are likely to be disappointed, or even give up midway. Even if they really complete the task, they will feel that the harvest and their efforts are not proportional. In this way, it is easy for users to feel bored about the activity of the platform, seriously affecting their confidence in it.

2.The problem of low quality

Since its establishment, Buytogether has been adopting the low-price marketing strategy based on social networking including a series of discount activities, which have continuously compressed the profit space of the settled stores. In order to conform with the platform's low-price strategy as much as possible, these stores have to reduce the costs of raw materials and production, thus causing quality problems. In addition, due to Buytogether’s low entry threshold and loose supervision, the qualifications of its sellers are not all official. Some sellers enter the platform to sell fake and shoddy products, which not only damages the rights and interests of consumers, but also destroys users' trust in the platform.

3.The damage of corporate image

The main way for Buytogether to realize its community marketing is to attract new users by making current users constantly share the platform links. Current users frequently forward links to invite friends to help them gain a discount or cash rewards, but sometimes such behavior will bother their friends, the potential customers of Buytogether, and even stir their antipathy for this platform. Therefore, this method of marketing is a double-edged sword, sometimes damaging its corporate image.

'''E.The Measures for Optimization'''

1.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.

After years of accumulation, Buytogether has had a large number of registered users, so the marketing rules can be appropriately optimized based on it. Nowadays, Buytogether no longer needs to rely on fission marketing methods like sharing links to expand the user scale, but needs to improve its own marketing policies, utilize social media more rationally, and formulate marketing activities from the perspective of users. Buytogether can take into consideration increasing the probability of consumers completing their tasks in marketing activities and giving consumers more subsidies and dividends to gain their confidence and foster their loyalty to the platform.

2.Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.

If Buytogether wants to reduce inferior products, it must supervise its sellers closely. When sellers enter, their qualification and product quality must be strictly checked. In addition, while strengthening the supervision of the sellers, Buytogether is also advised to give more welfare to these sellers to encourage them to pay more attention to product quality, so as to solve related problems from the source. Moreover, Buytogether should also establish an organic system of after-sales service, increase the number of personnel to serve customers, and handle all kinds of complaints from users properly.

3.Polish up users’ comments and improve the corporate image.

Consumers tend to consider the platform’s corporate image when choosing products. Unfortunately, many consumers have linked Buytogether with "inferior products" at present, so it is emergent for Buytogether to regain users' confidence and trust by improving its corporate image.

'''References'''

1.百度百科

2.梁艳.基于拼多多发展路径分析如何增强平台用户黏性[J].中国集体经济,2022(10):51-53.

3.徐佳宁.基于社群经济的电商企业商业模式创新——以拼多多为例[J].现代营销(下旬刊),2022(03):128-130.DOI:10.19932/j.cnki.22-1256/F.2022.03.128.

4.徐琴.拼多多的社交化营销策略研究[J].上海商业,2022(03):16-17.

'''Terms'''

NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价表)

"2020 Hurun China Top 10 E-commerce":《2020胡润中国10强电商》

Sinking market: Small-town and rural markets where the most Chinese population live.

'''Questions'''

1.When was Buytogether founded?

2.When was Buytogether listed on NASDAQ?

3.What new type of e-commerce did Buytogether create?

4.Which market does Buytogether target?

5.What are advantages of Buytogether?

6.What are problems of Buytogether?

7.How to solve these problems?

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-06-28T04:05:55Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD) */

Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]].

Every student needs to find a topic, which is not in the textbook and has not been presented in class. Please check your topics in regard of this. All topics are ok except for those with red marks. Please suggest a new topic instead and wait for the teacher to remove the red marks.

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 - Economy: Chinese Currency Changes==
China's currency not only has a long history, but also a wide variety, creating a unique currency culture.
China's earliest currency was sea shells. By the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, shell coins had completely receded from the historical stage.
The pre-Qin period was an important period in the occurrence and development of Chinese currency. With the expansion and refinement of the division of labour and the development of the commodity economy, primitive money began to appear in the late New Age, acting as a medium of exchange for goods; after that, it entered an era when primitive money, metal-weighed money and minted coins were used together.

==Chen Kun 陈锟 - History:Wang Yangming==

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰— Martial Arts:The Development of Chinese Swordsman Spirit==
--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 04:46, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

the outline of the first paragraph: a brief introduction of Chinese swordsman spirit+my basic understanding of Chinese swordsman spirit +the overall outline(perspectives)of the essays.

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡 - Cuisine: Luosifen==
Luosifen, also called Snail rice noodle, is a Chinese noodle dish with “offensive” oder and a speciality of the city of Liuzhou, in Guangzhou, southern China.

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露 - Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ==
'''Chinese Paper Cutting'''

Chinese paper-cutting is a folk art of cutting patterns on paper with scissors or carving knives to decorate life or to complement other folk activities. In China, paper-cutting has a wide popular base and is interwoven into the social life of people of all ethnic groups, and is an important part of various folklore activities. Its visual images and stylised formats, which continue to be passed down, contain rich cultural and historical information, express the social perceptions, moral concepts, practical experiences, life ideals and aesthetic interests of the general public, and have multiple social values such as cognition, edification, expression, expression, entertainment and communication.

'''Origin'''

Paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty, and the art of paper-cutting could not have existed before then, but the use of thin sheets of material to make crafts through the technique of hollowing and carving was popular long before paper appeared. The earliest paper cuttings found in China are five paper cuttings of flowers from the Northern Dynasties (386-581 AD), unearthed near the Flaming Mountains in Turpan, Xinjiang.

During the Tang Dynasty, paper-cutting was already in a period of great development, and folklore also made use of paper-cutting in the form of funnel printing plates, where people carved thick paper into flower plates and funneled dyes onto cloth to form beautiful patterns.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were already artists who cut paper as a profession. The maturity of the paper-making industry in the Song dynasty, with its wide range of paper products, provided the conditions for the popularity of paper-cutting. For example, they were used as gifts, as window flowers, or as decorations for lanterns and tealights.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the art of paper-cutting matured and reached its heyday. Although the art of paper-cutting came from the folk, it became a universal art in the Qing Dynasty.

In the early twentieth century, the May Fourth New Culture Movement, advocated by advanced intellectuals such as Cai Yuanpei, Lu Xun, Liu Hannong and Zhou Zuoren, established the beginnings of Chinese folklore studies. In the 1930s, the artist Chen Zhinong began his research and creation of folkloric paper cutouts in Beijing. He used sketches and silhouettes to depict a large number of customs and folklore in old Beijing, including street vendors, workshops and artisans, food stalls and tea stalls, fairs and temples, and idle people in the marketplace.

In the 1940s, paper cut-outs based on real-life themes began to appear, and in 1944, for the first time, new folk paper cut-outs from the north-west were exhibited in the Shaanxi-Ganjiang-Ningxia border area, kicking off the development of paper-cutting art after the founding of New China. It can be said that paper-cutting in Yan'an ushered in a new era of paper-cutting in China.

After the founding of New China, under the guidance of the literary and artistic policy of "blossoming of a hundred flowers, pushing out new ideas", artists created a large number of new paper cuts expressing new socialist ideas and events, opening up the path of paper cutting creation and enriching the form and content of Chinese folk decorative arts. In addition to paper cutouts expressing the new weather in all walks of life, children, sports, acrobatics, songs and dances have also become the most common subjects for paper cutting.

Since its inception, the art of paper-cutting has been uninterrupted throughout Chinese history. It is one of the richest art forms in Chinese folk history and culture, as it has been incorporated into various folklore activities.

'''Classification'''

1. Monochrome Paper Cuttings
Monochrome paper-cutting is the most basic form of paper-cutting, cut in various colours such as red, green, brown, black and gold, and is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. It is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. Paper cuttings used for embroidery base patterns are often combined with cut-and-stab techniques. The stabbing is done by using the point of a needle to make small dots in the fine details of the pattern, leaving a 'hidden knife' in some parts, which can be used as a basis for changing stitches when embroidering. Folding paper cuts, silhouettes and torn paper are all forms of monochrome paper cutting.

 Folding Paper-Cutting
Folding paper-cutting is one of the most common methods of folk expression. The so-called folding papercut is a papercut made by folding and cutting in different ways. Folding paper cuttings are simple, easy to make, labor-saving and time-saving, shape general and certain deformation, especially suitable for the performance of structural symmetry of the form and symmetrical pattern, such as people, frogs, butterflies, turtles, reflections, fish, etc., geometric patterns, flowers, scenery, utensils and other subjects can be adapted, and unfolded extremely symmetrical, and can change a variety of suitable shape, two-party continuous, four-party continuous or multi-party continuous, which is it can long be This is one of the main reasons for its longevity, and it has played an important role in the popularisation of paper-cutting and the modelling of craft patterns in China.

 the Silhouette
The silhouette is an ancient form of paper-cutting art, which expresses the shape of people and objects through their outer contours, so it focuses most on the beauty and shape of the outer contours. The tools are mainly scissors and a carving knife, and the paper is usually black or heavy-coloured paper. When expressing the silhouette of a figure, it is usually cut while looking at the object. Silhouettes are well suited to showing translucent effects and are a very distinctive type of paper cutting.

 Three, torn paper
Torn paper is a new type of paper cut out from the traditional folklore. The method is to use different types of paper, using the method of tearing by hand to tear the shape, by hand instead of cutting will naturally be very limited, not suitable to show the effect of delicate work, but it is this limitation, but also shows its unique artistic personality, there is a kind of ancient and elegant simple, bold and majestic tone. In the process of tearing paper there is often a kind of randomness, a natural and natural flavour.

2. Colourful paper-cutting
With the exploration and development of paper-cutting expression, the form and technique of colour paper-cutting is gradually increasing, with dot-dyeing, overlaying, colour separation, colour filling, wood printing, spray painting, outlining and colour weaving. Each form has its own characteristics and unique features: dot-dye paper cuttings nourishing, decorative strong; set of colour paper cuttings crisp, bright colour blocks; colour paper cuttings divided into distinctive, colourful; colour paper cuttings are simple, clean, sharp, all give people a different feeling.

3. Three-dimensional paper-cutting
The three-dimensional paper cut-out can be monochrome or coloured. It uses a combination of painting, cutting, folding, gluing and other techniques to produce a new type of paper-cutting close to sculpture, relief, which draws on the skills of modern art, fully embodies the characteristics of realism and art romance, so that paper-cutting from a flat sense into three-dimensional, can be used for ornamental modelling and children's handicrafts [12].

'''Methods and techniques'''

1. Folding
Folding paper to produce a repetitive pattern is one of the most basic paper-cutting techniques, and is also an expressive technique used in monochrome paper-cutting. The different effects it produces depend on the number and angle of the folds. When using this technique to cut flowers, the paper can be folded twice or three times before cutting, and the resulting pattern is a four-sided or six-sided flush shape. If you are cutting animals or people, the shape after folding once is symmetrical. The folding paper cut is a symmetrical pattern, so the resulting pattern has a more rhythmic feel. This technique is mostly used for cutting flowers and topiary flowers, etc.

2. Yin and Yang carving
The basic effect of paper cutting is obtained through the use of yin and yang lines alone or in a mixture.
Yin engraving, also known as engraving, is to carve away the outline of the structure of the object, the method of expressing lines in a large block, the effect is thick, strong, a strong sense of weight, a strong sense of black and white contrast, was cut to carve away the blank composition of the pattern, line and line are not connected.
Yang engraving, also known as hollowing, is the exact opposite of shading, where the blanks are removed and the outline lines are retained. The lines of the pattern are solid, and the lines are connected. This method is smooth, clear and lusciously detailed.
The combination of yin and yang is the best way to express paper cutting. The presence of both yin and yang carving methods in the same piece of work makes for a varied composition and a sharp contrast between black, white and grey in the picture, making it a highly expressive paper-cutting technique.

3. Three, piercing holes
The basic outline is cut out on the paper with a knife or scissors, and then holes are pierced in the pattern with a needle, mainly to allow multiple layers of paper to be joined, while at the same time seeing the detail in the roughness. This technique is often used to embroider patterns, sometimes symmetrical, such as pillow flowers, shoe flowers, sleeve flowers, etc. When two to four of the same pattern are needed, the paper is cut and pierced with Xuan paper, and when it is unglued, there are several of the same pattern at the same time. The reason for using Xuan paper is that it is easy to adhere and thin enough to be used underneath for embroidery without affecting the aesthetic appeal. A quick and easy alternative to stapling is to use staples and staples, which also have the effect of joining multiple layers of paper.

'''Significance of content'''

Folk paper-cutting is good at combining a variety of objects together to produce the desired result. Whether one or more images are used in combination, they are all modelled by "using the image to imply meaning" or "using the meaning to construct the image", rather than according to objective natural forms. The artist is also apt to use similes to create a variety of auspicious objects, combining conventional images to express his own psychology. The pursuit of auspicious metaphors became one of the ultimate aims of the imagery combinations. Geographical isolation and cultural limitations, as well as the intrusion of adversity such as natural disasters, inspired a desire for a happy and fulfilling life. People's simple wish for good food and clothing, prosperity, health and longevity, and for everything to be as it should be, is conveyed through paper-cutting.
There are many images reflecting productive life in folk paper-cutting, and one of the greatest similarities between these works is the exaggeration of the subject, such as a big fish, a big pepper, a big silkworm, a big grain, etc. Through paper-cutting, people make up beautiful images to comfort their hearts, to promote the great creativity of man in conquering nature, to build their ideal world, and to affirm the power of man and inspire the courage to continue the struggle

'''Questions'''

1.What are the earliest paper-cutting found in China?

2. What are the categories of paper-cutting?

3.What is Yin and Yang carving?

4.What is the greatest similarity between folk paper-cuttings?

'''References'''

• 赵辰昕. 唱响非物质文化遗产保护专家访谈录[M]. 北京：中国发展出版社, 2012:295-296

•“非遗保护”在中国．人民网．2009-10-20[引用日期2015-10-12

•教育部办公厅关于公布第一批全国普通高校中华优秀传统文化传承基地名单的通知． - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站[引用日期2018-12-06]

•流行于中国民间的剪纸艺术．中国国际广播电台国际在线．2008-12-04[引用日期2015-10-11]

•剪纸的历史．中华五千年[引用日期2015-10-11]

•漫话剪纸艺术．正北方网．2012-03-02[引用日期2015-10-11]

•刘魁立，张旭. 剪纸[M]. 北京：中国社会出版社, 2008:16-17

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣 - Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ==

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞 - Traditional Craft: Bronze ==

==Han Jingru 韩静茹 - Entertainment: Deyunshe ==
Deyunshe, originally named as the Beijing Conversation Conference, is one of the biggest Chinese crosstalk organizations and folk art performance groups in China. Established in 1995, Deyunshe has been the common abbreviation of Beijing Deyunshe Culture Communication Company Ltd. since its renaming in 2003. Following its key principle of "let the cross talk back to the theatre", in these years, Deyunshe has made important contributors to the inheritance and innovation of Chinese crosstalk, opera, pingshu and other forms of folk art performance.

==He Minghui 何明慧 - Traditional Cuisine: Dumpling ==

==Lei Heng 雷珩 - Photoshop technology culture in China ==
Outline: 1. the development of P.S. technology in China from the ancient time to present time; 2. The influence of it on China people; 3. The importance of it to China.

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==
===history===
The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Luban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

'''The Definition of Yuan Drama'''

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singlely as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

'''The Rise and development of Yuan Drama'''

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

'''Yuan Drama System'''

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

'''Representatives of Yuan Drama '''

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

'''Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama'''

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

'''Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama'''

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

'''Reference'''

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

1.A Brief Introduction
The erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

2.The Development of Erhu
The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.
During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers.
During the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing.
During Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread. During this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.
After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly.
In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

3.Construction

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:
Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.
Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.
Qín gan (琴杆), neck.
Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.
Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs
Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook
Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player
Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4
Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood
Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension
Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound
Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

4.Playing Technique
(1)Tuning
The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.
(2)Position
The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.
(3)Right hand
The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.
(4)Left hand
The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics
(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》
(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》
(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》
(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》
(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》
(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》
(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》
(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》
(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）
(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

Reference
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Wikipedia entry

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, college students' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==
'''1.Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meaning of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''2.The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China.

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also send them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors.

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [1]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''3. Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.
Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[2]

'''4. Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[3]

'''5. Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern Tangyuan fillngs can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage.

'''6. Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

[1][3]Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[2]Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Politics: Increasing national seclusion and isolation of contemporary China ==

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==

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==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - The “reference” of Chinese Music==
May 20，2022，with the broadcast of the show "Sister Who Rides the Waves，the “Sweetheart hierarch” Cyndi Wang became popular again by singing her song Love You①. Actually the song Love You is not original，and it was adapted from PAPAYA（a South Korea girl group）’s song，Listen to Me②.
And since the end of last century, many Chinese singers or bands have the experience of "refer" songs from other countries.

==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance==

Introductions on Lion dance
The lion dance is a popular activity among Chinese people of all ethnic groups, and it is a must for festivals and gatherings. The lion dance is a symbol of good luck and good intentions of the people to get rid of disasters and seek good fortune.In May 2006, the Chinese lion dance was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council.
The lion dance has a long history, and the existing lion dances are divided into two categories: cultural lion and martial lion. The martial lion has more difficult acrobatic performances, and the lion is vigorous and fierce, looking at the tiger; the cultural lion is naive and cute, with a lovely form, and mainly performs the lion's life and attitude; according to the different materials and methods of lion modeling, there are many different types of lion dances around the world, and they are very colorful.
The lion dance is usually played by two people, the former holding the lion head props on his head with both hands, playing the lion's head, and the latter leaning over, holding the former's waist with both hands, wearing lion skin decorated with linen, cloth and other materials, playing the lion's body. Two people combined into one large lion, called "Large lion”. There is also a person wearing a lion mask, wearing a fake lion skin, playing a small lion, called "Small lion". In front of the lion, there is a lion, holding a colorful embroidered ball that can be turned to tease, and the dance ball movements include rolling the ball, turning the ball, throwing the ball, shaking the ball and dozens of other kinds, and the lion then makes various dance movements. In some places, the lion dancer wears a big-headed mask and plays a big-headed monk, holding a big fan or even a big knife instead of a ball.
Schools of Lion Dance :With the continuous development of the lion dance movement, the art of lion dance has also been perfected, but because of the different customs in the north and south, the dance method is not the same, so the north and south has formed two major schools, namely the southern school and the northern school, also known as the southern lion and the northern lion. The northern lion's movements are light, mainly jumping and tumbling, with small gongs, drums,and cymbals, etc., mainly in the Central Plains and North China, with representative lions from Hebei, Anhui and Hunan. The southern lion, on the other hand, is a big and powerful lion with big gongs, drums, cymbals, etc. The drum music is majestic and inspiring, and is mainly popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia.

The Origin of Lions
Regarding the origin of the lion, scholars of all generations have concluded that the lion in the early Middle Kingdom came from the West. There is a large number of documents for evidence, including Jin Guopu’s "Mu Tianzi".It said: " The lion is also called mythical creature , produced by the Western region." The scholar Li Shizhen wrote in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": " The lion is out of the Western countries" From the research records of experts and scholars of the past generations, it is clear that China did not produce lions, scholars of the past generations After the study of the literature, It is thought that the lion was introduced from the West as a tribute in the Han Dynasty. Before the Han Dynasty, people do not know what it looks like. According to historical records, the lion was considered useless when it first entered the Middle Kingdom, and was not accepted because of its fierce appearance and habits. During the long history, due to various reasons, especially religious influence, people gradually accepted the lion and made it a mythical beast, together with the legendary dragon, phoenix, and qilin, known as the four spiritual beasts.The lion is known as the king of beasts, but China is generally not affected by lions, so the people have a sense of affinity to the lion, regard it as a symbol of power and good luck, and hope to use the lion's powerful image to drive away evil spirits.

The Origin and Legend of Lion Dance
Regarding the origin of lion dance in ancient China, ancient literature and analysis by scholars over the ages show that the origin of lion dance in China is also recognized from the Han Dynasty, but the exact date cannot be determined. Through research and historical analysis, the following statements are more plausible.
The first theory: Chinese lion dance originated from the Han Dynasty, and the lion was imported from foreign countries only after Zhang Sai's mission to the West during the reign of Emperor Wu. Whenever the Western ambassadors visited, he set up songs and dances to cheer, so those dancers put on masks dressed as birds and animals, but the Western ambassadors found that these birds and animals only lacked of lions, after asking, we knew that at that time China had not yet lions. Later.Later the western envoys sent a pair of lions to China, and the lion trainers performed lion training. This lion training performance may be the predecessor of the Chinese lion dance.

The second theory: the lion dance originated in the Three Kingdoms period and was popular in the North and South Dynasties. Meng Kang, a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, wrote in The Elephant Man : If today's play is like shrimp, the lion is also. The Northern Wei Yang From it we can know, the lion not only protects the law to ward off evil, and can guide the way for the Buddha. If we look at the form, this lion guiding its front, very similar to the current lion guide, already slightly with the form of dance.

The third theory: According to the earliest historical records, the account of the real "lion dance" should be The Book of Ning - Zong Yi Zhuan. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the 22nd year of Emperor Wujia's reign (445 A.D.), when the Nanning Army occupied Linyi, and Yi asked to be the leader. The soldiers were unable to resist, saying, "I have heard that the lion is a powerful lion, so I made its shape and fought against the elephant, and the elephant just ran in fear and were scattered. After that, the lion dance was performed in the military and slowly spread to the people, becoming the origin of the lion dance, but at that time it was not called the lion dance but the "Taiping music".According to records, the Taiping music and the modern lion dance are very similar.
There are also various stories and legends about the lion dance in ancient China.
One of the legends is that the "New Year" beast eats green. According to the legend, in ancient times, plague often occurred in China, so countless people died, but fortunately, every time the plague occurred, a divine beast appeared, and the plague disappeared as soon as it appeared. Since this beast "Nian" is so helpful to people, people use bamboo scales and colored cloths to tie into the "Nian" beast during the farming season, and dance in front of each house with majestic drums and music, in order to suppress evil spirits and seek good luck. Because the "New Year" beast likes to eat vegetables, so every family places a plate of vegetables in front of the door for the "New Year" beast to eat. As time goes by, people find that the shape of the "New Year" is very much like a lion. So they called this kind of thing as the lion, and the vegetables were called "Caiqing".

The Value and Functions of Lion Dance
First, it connects with emotions. While it is a sport, its more obvious attribute is that it belongs to the category of folklore. The cultural accumulation of each nation is often expressed in folklore activities, and healthy folklore activities not only express the soul of the nation, but also convey the message code of mutual feeling and knowledge between the brothers of the nation. In the case of "lion dance", a folklore activity loaded with the accumulation of feelings of the children of Yanhuang, wherever there is a Chinese settlement, there is a lion dance and a lion dance culture. The lion dance for good luck is often the best way for Chinese people who are wandering around the world to share happiness and feelings.

Second, it can strengthen the body. The actual operation of lion dance requires good coordination among all the components, and it is a kind of project that combines multiple factors such as music and lion dance. Because of this integration, the lion dance has a strong ornamental and artistic value, which can fully meet people's entertainment and aesthetic needs. At the same time, for the performers, lion dance is a sport that strengthens the body and cultivates the emotions.

Third, it has educational significance. The lion dance is a traditional culture in China, and it is the inheritance of the culture to carry forward the lion dance. We can understand the history and culture of the region through lion dance.

Fourth, it has the commercial function. The performance nature of lion dance brings a lot of commercial benefits. In addition, the lion dance brings about the development of tourism and other related industries. In the author's opinion, the commercial function of lion dance is not only this, as the development of cultural industry is gaining momentum today, lion dance with deep cultural heritage will face better development opportunities.

Fifth, it enriches the spirit of the nation. The spirit of mutual cooperation and solidarity. The participation of dragon dance is very common, and the professional requirements are not very high. It shows a kind of momentum and team spirit, with a few people or even hundreds of people, dancing up and down, surging and inspiring. This requires more than one person to complete the whole set of interlacing, running and jumping, tumbling and other movements, mutual cooperation is particularly important, must maximize the team effect; inherit the spirit of tradition and innovation, although the dragon and lion dance has a long history, but also not unchanging, positive, innovative features nurtured in different ways of performance, reflecting the spirit of never-ending innovation

Historical Stages of the Development of Traditional Lion Dance
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the traditional lion dance developed to a deeper level
The skills of the Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties formed different performance styles and program focuses in the North and South due to geographical barriers and different environments. In the south, the Han regime inherited the 'orthodoxy', and the ideology of Confucianism was changed to Zhuanglao, and the social habits tended to be weak. Therefore, although the Southern Dynasty had the majestic 'White Tiger ' and other programs from the Northern Dynasty, its mainstream was slender and soft.The traditional lion dance began to be performed on the same stage with ceremonial music(the beginning of music) in the Sui Dynasty, and after the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, its artistic image became richer and had a strong folk base, and the court performance became more mature. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the nine music parts of Sui Dynasty were adjusted and increased into "ten music parts". One of the most famous "five lions", also known as "Taiping music".Performers danced and sang "Taiping music", taking the meaning of world peace and good fortune, which was basically the same as the symbolic meaning of today's lion dance. During the Song and Yuan dynasties - a turning point in the development of traditional lion dance technology, the performance form, performance team and program creation of lion dance in the Song dynasty underwent more profound changes. Techniques began to be divided into sections, prompting peer artists to gather for social fires; social fires further united the team and promoted the development of skills, as well as the formation of various genres, creating conditions for the prosperity of the folk lion dance movement. In Yuan Dynasty, "lion dance" also had innovation,.For instance,"high Cui lion dance" in the Yuan Dynasty first seen in the records. Although the Qing Dynasty Palace also had lion dance performances, generally speaking, the scale was not large. Southern and northern lion performances in the Qing Dynasty formed different images and different techniques of performance style. In the north, there were "Large lion" and "Small lion", whose images and performances resembled real lions, while the lion dance in the south had integrated dance, acrobatics and martial arts into one, which was quite new compared to the traditional lion dance methods.

The Development of Modern Lion Dance
(A) Before the liberation of the competition between the lion teams in the festive activities of the nature of the competition
In the 1920s and 1930s, the lion dance was generally preceded by the Shaolin and the Five tiger stick , followed by the lion , the vine , the rice-gale , the shuttlecock , and the kong Schools, which started from their respective villages and rushed to the temple. Along the way, whenever they encountered the roadside tea huts or tea points, they should get off the performance. To the temple they worshiped after the incense and performed martial arts. Then they returned along the way, if on the way the temple fair and several villages a few teams met together, this performance was often with the nature of the competition '; in some places gradually formed a regular tournament .In modern times during the festival have a relatively fixed lion team to perform and the lion team also competed and cut martial arts, with the nature of the competition. The lion dance has taken the form of a competitive lion dance.

(B) Lion dance became a traditional national sport
On February 28, 1934, the first Folk Games of Henan Province, there were more than 20 folk martial arts associations such as dry boat, dragon lantern, lion and kite flying to perform and compete. In 1978, the lion dance was invited as a special performance at the First Folk Games, and it became an official event at the Fourth Agricultural Games. Now there are different events such as National Lion Dance Championship and various kinds of North-South Lion King Competition, National Dragon and Lion Invitation Tournament and Elite Tournament every year, and it has become an official competition item in the National Agricultural Games, National Urban Games and the Third National Sports Congress.

(C) Lion dance shine on the acrobatic stage
In 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai personally watched the acrobatic performances of six large troupes in Beijing, including China, Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi'an and Warriors, and affirmed the skills of the "lion dance", which were partly choreographed according to the laws of acrobatics.They have been organized to visit Asian, African, American and European countries and become the first team of people's diplomacy. The lion dance skills have developed rapidly on the acrobatic stage, and a series of new and difficult skills have been developed on the basis of inherited traditions. The high skills of acrobatic lion dance have a great influence on the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance, and the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance have absorbed the performance style and props of acrobatic lion dance, enriched their own performance forms, and continuously improved the level of traditional lion dance and competitive lion dance.

Lion Dance Culture Development Problem
As it is not easy to cultivate talents to inherit the lion dance culture, and the props used to make the lion dance are expensive, the traditional lion dance culture is also facing the crisis of no one inheriting it. As a representative of the excellent traditional culture, how to survive and develop the lion dance culture in the intersection of modern technology and traditional culture is an important issue that contemporary lion dancers have to think about.

Measures for Solving the Problem
(A) Strengthen corooperation with colleges and universities to carry out lion dance classes
Youth is the future and hope of the country.Vigorously developing traditional culture education for youth, and incorporating lion dance culture into students' curriculum can not only enrich campus culture, but also greatly improve the popularity of lion dance culture and enhance youth's cultural identity and national pride. Students are the successors of the communist cause, the main body of education, and the main body of cultural inheritance and dissemination. Relying on school education to develop lion dance culture, more people can understand and inherit lion dance culture. The rejuvenation of traditional culture and its development on the basis of popularization are the needs of lion dance culture inheritance and the wishes of lion dance lovers.

(B) Promote the culture and spirit of lion dance through the Internet and mass media
In order to make the lion dance culture develop better, we make use of the development of the whole media to promote the beautiful connotation of the lion dance culture through the Internet and make use of the mass media to vigorously publicize it, so that more people really like the lion dance culture and really enter the lion dance culture; we rely on the Internet to strengthen the cultural exchange among the lion dance enthusiasts all over the country, so as to promote the spread and inheritance of the lion dance culture; we rely on the whole media to carry out the lion dance culture competition, formulate scientific competition rules and generous rewards to arouse people's enthusiasm for participation, so that more people can participate in the promotion of the lion dance culture and promote the spread of the lion dance culture.

(C) Accelerate the innovation to push the development of lion dance culture
The premise of traditional culture innovation is to first understand its cultural value, grasp the comprehensive traditional cultural content, and then promote the corresponding lion dance culture, so that the folk lion dance is known to more people, even to learn the skills, so that the lion dance is well inherited. In the traditional lion dance culture promotion at the same time, the lion dance team should also be committed to in-depth study of the lion dance culture with the times to drive the value of the economy to achieve the culture to give rise to the economy and the economy in turn to support the culture of mutual assistance and harmony. In such a way wa can break the situation that traditional culture has no successor due to the narrow market prospect, and provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional culture. With the rapid development of the times and the improvement of people's living standards, some connotations of traditional culture are no longer applicable to modern life, so it is necessary to accelerate the promotion of cultural innovation, promote the innovation of lion dance culture, and constantly innovate the form of lion dance culture development and inheritance, so as to attract more people to understand lion dance culture and inherit it.

(D) Cultivate lion dance culture talents,and pay attention to integration of local culture
To actively carry out lion dance culture promotion activities, select talents from young people who are interested in lion dance culture, make them receive professional training in lion dance culture, develop their interest into a profession, make them become the inheritors of lion dance culture, and promote the inheritance of lion dance culture. In the local lion dance culture, we dig deep into the local culture and explore the cultural heritage, so that the lion dance culture can be well inherited and developed, integrating the traditional lion dance into the local cultural connotation and giving it new vitality. In addition to the local culture, there is also a folk lion dance culture with local characteristics, establishing unique cultural programs, spreading unique cultural values, so that the traditional lion dance culture continues to be inherited.

(E) Define the cultural positioning, actively implement the "going out" strategy, and promote the lion dance culture to the world
The government should formulate relevant policies to support, position lion dance culture well, and support key projects to promote the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, so that more people can understand lion dance culture and participate in the inheritance of lion dance culture, thus enhancing the social status and influence of lion dance culture. While promoting the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, we should not only spread and develop the inheritance at home, but also actively promote the strategy of "going out" to promote Chinese traditional culture to the world, so that people around the world can understand lion dance culture, learn lion dance culture, inherit and spread lion dance culture, so that lion dance culture can be developed around the world and spread the beautiful connotation of China's excellent traditional culture. The beautiful connotation of excellent traditional culture.

Terms:
Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》
the four spiritual beasts 四大灵兽
national intangible cultural heritage 国家级非物质文化遗产
the State Council 国务院
gongs, drums,and cymbals 大锣、大鼓、大钹
Zhang Sai's mission to the West 张赛出使西域
The Elephant Man 《象人》
Caiqing 采青
orthodoxy 正统
High Cui lion dance 高毳舞狮
Acrobatic Stage 杂技舞台
National Agricultural Games 全国农运会
National Urban Games 全国城运会
The Third National Sports Congress. 第三届全国体育大会

References:
中国最独特的舞狮文化 The Most Unique Lion Dance Culture in China 宴姝下一代2019,(04),7
舞狮运动的起源与发展研究[J] The Origin and Development of lion Dance 郭绿杨.当代体育科技 . 2017 (22)
论舞龙舞狮运动塑造学生民族精神的功能[J]. Arguments on the function of dragon and Lion Dance to Shape students' national spirit曹虎愚.成功(教育) . 2012(11)
我国舞狮运动与文化的价值底蕴分析[J]. Analysis on the value of Lion dance and culture in China管罗红.企业家天地(理论版) . 2011(01)
新时代下传统舞狮的传承发展与问题[J]. Inheritance, development and problems of traditional lion Dance in the new era 杨晓坤,代继盟,林宵,于娇.中国民族博览 . 2019(06)

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

'''Development history of mobile games'''

'''The birth of mobile games'''
In 1997, Gluttonous Snake, preinstalled in Nokia 6110, officially started the history of mobile games. Long ago, Nokia was the dominant player in the mobile phone market. The physical keyboard and screen each occupied half of the mobile phone space. So at that time, mobile games did not get rid of the shackles of physical keyboard, such as early games: Gluttonous Snake(贪吃蛇), Pushing Boxes(推箱子), and Tetris（俄罗斯方块）.

'''Pre Android'''
After the release of Android phones, with the characteristics of the touch screen, games that need touch control, such as Fruit Ninja, became popular. There were many classic games in this period, including Plants vs. Zombies（植物大战僵尸）, Angry Birds（愤怒的小鸟）, Temple Escape（神庙逃亡）, Subway Parkour （地铁跑酷）and other classic games .At the same time, Minecraft （我的世界）was released on iphone, but due to the high price of iphone, its popularity is far less than Android games.

'''Pre Tencent period'''
In 2013, two Tencent games: Tiantian Cool Running（天天酷跑） and rhythm master（节奏大师） became popular, quickly surpassing Plants vs. Zombies and angry birds, and firmly ranked first in China's mobile games. At the same time, other Tencent games also took the opportunity to hype up and attract players. For a time, no game company could compete with Tencent.

'''Scuffle period'''
2011 was the year when smart phone games began to engage in scuffle. Mobile phone stand-alone games developed rapidly. Many players should have experienced Asphalt 5. At that time, the giants of mobile game manufacturers were definitely Gameloft. Modern war and Nova represented the peak of the picture quality of mobile games; In addition, "Assassin's Creed", "cell division 5", "ghost cry 4", "dead space" and other end games have also gradually landed on the mobile game platform; The online games of smart phones have also begun to test the market. A number of hardware manufacturers have begun to strengthen the graphics computing capacity of mobile phones, and the mobile game platform has officially taken shape.

'''Post Tencent period'''
By november2015, a game was born, breaking the balance in the mobile game industry. Its appearance has changed the pattern of the entire mobile game market. This game is "glory of the king"（王者荣耀）. This game dominates the mobile game rankings only two days after it was launched. Although it was attacked by CF of Netease(网易), it returned to the top in 16 years.
The success of this game also makes other companies start to think about how to make a high-quality mobile game. In 2018, a year of full bloom, various mobile games have sprung up, such as Onmyoji（阴阳师） of Netease，PUBG Mobile（刺激战场） of Tencent，Genshin（原神） impact of MiHoYo etc.. Both the picture quality and the game experience have made a qualitative leap.

'''Development status and trend of mobile games'''

With the rapid development of mobile games in China, the market scale has expanded rapidly, and the capital heat is highly focused. It has quickly surpassed end games and page games and become a mainstream game type. From January to June 2021, the actual sales revenue of China's mobile game market was 114.772 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.65%.

In recent years, the proportion of revenue from PC games and web games has continued to decline. On the contrary, the revenue share of mobile game industry has increased rapidly, and the revenue scale is expected to further expand. From 2014 to 2020, the proportion of mobile games in the sales revenue of the game industry increased rapidly from 24% to 75.2%, and the proportion reached 76.3% in the first half of 2021.

In the ranking of monthly active number of mobile game apps in September 2021, the monthly active number of glory of the king is far ahead, reaching 149million, followed by Game for peace（和平精英） and Fun Fest（开心消消乐）.

With the continuous improvement of the ecological environment of China's game industry, the continuous upgrading of the game industry chain, and the development of 5g, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data and other forward-looking technologies, a number of innovative cultural products and businesses have been created, including cloud games, e-sports, game live broadcasting, etc., which put forward higher development requirements for enterprises in the game industry.

'''Social impact of Chinese mobile games'''

1. The development of mobile games has created a large number of related industries and provided more employment opportunities for people.
2. Mobile games provide people with opportunities to have a pleasant mood, social communication and exercise their intelligence.
3. The development of mobile games has put forward higher requirements for mobile phone manufacturing and software engineering, which is conducive to promoting the development of domestic science and technology.
4. The external communication of Chinese mobile games is conducive to vigorously carrying forward Chinese culture and enhancing China's international influence.
5. The development of mobile games makes many people indulge in it, which is easy to waste money and time, and damage their eyesight.
6. The development of the game industry can, to a certain extent, alleviate the pressure of the epidemic on the economy. During the epidemic period, the game industry, which is not affected by the epidemic, will continue to maintain game production and development, which will also have a positive impact on the future economic recovery.

'''Reference：'''
[1] Development history of mobile games in China, published by China Science Daily on August 22, 2014
[2] Current situation of mobile game industry in 2021, published on Huajing information network on March 2, 2022 10:4
[3] Development history of mobile games in China (by 2021) in Bilibili.

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs:Faggotry Culture in China:taking Da Sima(金轮) as an example==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

China enjoys great abundance in resources of flowers. Early in ancient times, Chinese people noted that the value of flowers was diversified, and utilized flowers in various ways. Flowers could be used as ingredients for cuisine, herbal medicine, and decorative items. Moreover, the image of flowers always appeared in poems, proses and articles, highly praised by Chinese literary men for the beauty, fragrance as well as spirits. Throughout history, flowers are of both pragmatic and spiritual significance in Chinese culture.

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinese Dream==

In November of 2012, soon after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President Xi Jinping put forward, for the first time, the idea of the Chinese Dream on a visit to “The Road towards National Rejuvenation” exhibition at the National Museum of China. The Chinese dream meant for him the “great renewal of the Chinese nation.” and “is a dream of the whole nation, as well as of every individual,” he said. Since then, use of the phrase has become widespread in official announcements and as the embodiment of the leadership's political ideology under Xi Jinping. Xi said that young people should “dare to dream, work assiduously to fulfill the dreams and contribute to the revitalization of the nation.” There are various connotations and interpretations of the term.

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD)==

Buytogether(PDD), also called Pinduoduo in Chinese, is a mainstream e-commerce application of mobile Internet in China, and a third-party social e-commerce platform focusing on C2M(Customer-to-Manufacturer) group shopping. It was founded in September 2015. Users can buy goods at a lower price by buying them with their friends, families and neighbors together.

Buytogether aims to enable people to buy better goods at lower prices and gain more benefits and fun by gathering the strength of more people. Its idea in online shopping is unique in that it creates a brand new pattern of social e-commerce: Community E-Commerce.

'''A.The History of Development'''
After only three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018. In July 2020, Buytogether ranked the fourth in "The Hurun China’s Top 10 E-commerce 2020". By 2020, Buytogether 's annual active users reached nearly 800 million, and its operating revenue reached 59.492 billion yuan. Reviewing the developing course of Buytogether, we can mainly divide it into the following two stages :

1.Early Developing Period (2015-2018)
Aiming at the sinking market, Buytogether came into being. Although e-commerce has great market potential, the competition is also very fierce. After years of development, Taobao, JD and other well-known traditional e-commerce enterprises have occupied a huge market share for a long time. Although having a large market share, they are also bothered by various problems, such as product quality concerns, fake goods, deficient platform supervision and so on, which force them to proceed strategic improvement. For example, in 2015, Taobao cracked down on the fake goods appearing on the platform, hoping to enhance customers' confidence in it by improving the quality of products. But at the same time, the improvement of product quality has brought about the rising of product price, which makes Taobao break away from the highly price-sensitive consumers, who pay more attention to the price rather than the brand. Users in such a sinking market that was unoccupied have become targets of Buytogether.

In September 2015, Buytogether was officially launched. In February 2016, Buytogether 's monthly turnover exceeded 10 million, and its users exceeded 20 million. In July 2016, Buytogether had more than 100 million users and received a B round of $110 million financing. On October 10,2016, the single-day transaction volume of Buytogether 's anniversary celebration, a big shopping festival, exceeded 100 million yuan. In October 2017, Buytogether occupied the first place in the total number of iOS application downloads under the category of shopping for nearly one month. Buytogether is a dark horse in the early days, constantly showing its edge.

2.Growing Period (from 2018 to now)
After three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018, and has made remarkable achievements. According to CCTV, Buytogether had 385.5 million annual active users in 2018, surpassing JD, the second largest e-commerce platform with its 305.2 million users. In February 2019, Buytogether was included in the MSCI. In June 2019, the " Subsidy of Ten Billion Yuan " activity was launched, and Buytogether was selected as one of " The Forbes Most Innovative Enterprises in China 2019" in the same month. In December 2019, Buytogether launched the train ticket service on its App terminal. In 2019, Buytogether 's operating revenue was about 30.142 billion yuan, and the number of multiannual active users had reached 585.2 million by the end of 2019.According to the 2020 annual report released by Buytogether, it achieved operating revenue of about 59.492 billion yuan in 2020, with a growing rate of 97% compared with 2019. The achievements of Buytogether are amazing to all, creating a miracle among all the e-commerce platforms.

'''B.The Special Marketing Strategy'''
Buytogether's success is inseparable from its unique marketing strategy based on community .

Internet technology breaks the limitation of time and space; various social media provide interactive platforms, strengthening users’ connectivity. The essence of Buytogether's going viral is to take the social media as carriers to carry out e-commerce transactions, namely community e-commerce. Community e-commerce manages the users and potential users of the platform in a new way, paying more attention to providing users with more interactive communication and scenarios, so as to facilitate users to find groups where other people have similar interests and needs to their own and hence exchange shopping information and conduct group shopping at a much lower price. In Buytogether, users can get lower prices when they share the links of what they want to buy with their friends to form a group for shopping. The characteristics of Buytogether's community e-commerce are as follows:

1.Targeting customers in the sink market.
The "internet traffic(data)-centered" competing mechanism of traditional e-commerce platforms represented by Taobao and JD makes the main market of online shopping be occupied by leading brands with abundant funds. In the early days of establishment, Buytogether effectively distinguished its main customers from those of traditional e-commerce platforms, and positioned the main customers in the sink market to buffer competition in the industry. Buytogether supplies products at lower prices than other traditional e-commerce platforms by some strategies like “the more you buy, the lower prices are”, shopping in group and enabling users to bargain, thus attracting a large number of consumers in the sink market and small cities.

The increase of the users attracts a larger number of sellers to flood into the platform in return. With its decentralized internet traffic(data) distribution and low-cost entry threshold, Buytogether has brought opportunities to start-ups and niche enterprises. Many little-known businesses including some self-employed ones have flooded into the platform as well. Both parties of a deal in the sink market are attracted by Buytogether’s low prices and low costs. Consumers gain lower prices and suppliers acquire more customers; the trading system of Buytogether is gradually improved.

2.Popularizing based on users’ community.
Buytogether attracts more and more customers depending on social media and users’ social relations. Under the logic of community, the Internet economy is based on human.

Generally speaking, the formation of different groups is based on interests, kinship, etc. Through third-party social platforms such as WeChat and QQ, consumers establish and join groups where people have similar interests and needs to share and exchange information. In other words, users with similar interest or needs form a community. Buytogether manages these community members, analyzes the characteristics of different communities, captures their needs and interest points, so as to release marketing contents accurately and establish unlimited vertical market segments.

Also, consumers in the online communities will share their experience of using products with recommendation or criticism, which actually provides the stores and the platform itself with suggestions for improving, assistance in producing and innovative ideas. Consumers are not only loyal "buyers", but also enthusiastic "sharers" and innovative "producers".

3.Selling in the form of group.
Buytogether's "group enjoys discounts" selling strategy has attracted many consumers in pursuit of high cost performance. The "buying in group" model has grown full-bloom with the combined promotion of big data, the Internet and the community economy.

Group shopping brings more benefits to consumers. It is easy to arouse consumers’ desire to buy when their friends share the link of what they want to buy that they also need and has an affordable price. Then the virtuous cycle comes. In order to get lower price, it is inevitable to share the group link with friends. If this cycle continues, more and more people will download Buytogether and buy something. When consumers choose such a social platform where friends gather to share group shopping links, it is easier to form communities and develop the habit of sharing and shopping in group. Group shopping reflects the integration of network technology into real life, bringing mutual benefits and win-win results, which is also an upgrade of consumption form.

4.Reducing intermediary businesses.
Traditional e-commerce platforms have broadened online transaction channels, but have not effectively shortened the transaction process between suppliers and customers. Therefore, the profit space of suppliers and consumers has not been totally released.

By targeting the sink market, Buytogether has attracted a large number of suppliers of different brands to the platform to talk with customers directly. Users can form groups and make orders on Buytogether according to their interests and needs. The platform will skip the procedure of channel distribution and feedback users’ needs to suppliers directly to shorten the decision-making time and reduce the inventory backlog.

The docking of transaction terminals reduces the profits middlemen can get, releasing the profit space for users and suppliers. Buytogether is committed to shortening the transaction process between users and suppliers, thus attracting more transaction terminals to enter the platform. So it becomes a main advantage of Buytogether that attracts stores and suppliers at lower operating costs.

'''C.The Advantages of Buytogether'''
1.Creating needs actively.
Under the model of traditional e-commerce, users mostly buy goods based on their own needs, which means the platform itself is not active enough in inspiring customers’ demands. But Buytogether attracts new consumers and promotes their demands actively through low prices, recommendation from friends, group shopping and many other ways.

Users in social media will browse the information of products when they receive links of group shopping from their friends. The products are usually affordable and practical that are necessities for consumers, so they are likely to buy the products as well. Therefore, depending on the relation network of community members, it is easy for Buytogether to dig out and inspire customers’ potential needs.

2.Connecting users in many ways.
User connection is a significant advantage of Buytogether. Under the mode of community e-commerce, the relationship between users and sellers or other users is much closer. What community members pursue is not only the material benefits brought by products themselves, but also the interactive communication and emotional connection with others. Therefore, they tend to have a high degree of involvement and loyalty to stores, and spontaneously participate in the activities that contribute to the prosperity of the whole community like collaborative production, reputation building and spreading, content producing and so on, forming a C2B model where users’ demands guide the production, so as to solve the problem of inventory redundancy and optimize trading processes. Under the guidance of opinion leaders, community members are more likely to develop a herd mentality, and gain a sense of belonging and a sense of achievement from their collective actions. Fan economy, opinion leaders and herd effect in community e-commerce open a new vision for businesses to drive users to respond.

3.Promoting social contacts.
Traditional e-commerce improves the shopping experiences of individual consumers by issuing allowances, coupons and cross-store discounts. But Buytogether fosters adhesiveness of users through interaction. Buytogether utilizes the interpersonal network of community to innovate forms of discounts, such as inviting friends to help bargain, gain free charge and group price, not only meeting the customers’ practical needs of information acquisition, price concessions and product purchases, but also enabling customers to improve their shopping experiences with interactive entertainment.

'''D.The problems of Buytogether'''
1.The crisis of confidence
Recently, Buytogether has launched zero yuan purchase, cash withdrawal with friends’ help(by sharing links) and other activities that require users to invite their friends to participate in. However, to gain the promised benefits, users have to obey complex procedures and sometimes they get nothing after it. So in the process of these activities, consumers will feel interested and inspired at the beginning, and then they are likely to be disappointed, or even give up midway. Even if they really complete the task, they will feel that the harvest and their efforts are not proportional. In this way, it is easy for users to feel bored about the activity of the platform, seriously affecting their confidence in it.

2.The problem of low quality
Since its establishment, Buytogether has been adopting the low-price marketing strategy based on social networking including a series of discount activities, which have continuously compressed the profit space of the settled stores. In order to conform with the platform's low-price strategy as much as possible, these stores have to reduce the costs of raw materials and production, thus causing quality problems. In addition, due to Buytogether’s low entry threshold and loose supervision, the qualifications of its sellers are not all official. Some sellers enter the platform to sell fake and shoddy products, which not only damages the rights and interests of consumers, but also destroys users' trust in the platform.

3.The damage of corporate image
The main way for Buytogether to realize its community marketing is to attract new users by making current users constantly share the platform links. Current users frequently forward links to invite friends to help them gain a discount or cash rewards, but sometimes such behavior will bother their friends, the potential customers of Buytogether, and even stir their antipathy for this platform. Therefore, this method of marketing is a double-edged sword, sometimes damaging its corporate image.

'''E.The Measures for Optimization'''
1.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.
After years of accumulation, Buytogether has had a large number of registered users, so the marketing rules can be appropriately optimized based on it. Nowadays, Buytogether no longer needs to rely on fission marketing methods like sharing links to expand the user scale, but needs to improve its own marketing policies, utilize social media more rationally, and formulate marketing activities from the perspective of users. Buytogether can take into consideration increasing the probability of consumers completing their tasks in marketing activities and giving consumers more subsidies and dividends to gain their confidence and foster their loyalty to the platform.

2.Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.
If Buytogether wants to reduce inferior products, it must supervise its sellers closely. When sellers enter, their qualification and product quality must be strictly checked. In addition, while strengthening the supervision of the sellers, Buytogether is also advised to give more welfare to these sellers to encourage them to pay more attention to product quality, so as to solve related problems from the source. Moreover, Buytogether should also establish an organic system of after-sales service, increase the number of personnel to serve customers, and handle all kinds of complaints from users properly.

3.Polish up users’ comments and improve the corporate image.
Consumers tend to consider the platform’s corporate image when choosing products. Unfortunately, many consumers have linked Buytogether with "inferior products" at present, so it is emergent for Buytogether to regain users' confidence and trust by improving its corporate image.

'''References'''
1.百度百科
2.梁艳.基于拼多多发展路径分析如何增强平台用户黏性[J].中国集体经济,2022(10):51-53.
3.徐佳宁.基于社群经济的电商企业商业模式创新——以拼多多为例[J].现代营销(下旬刊),2022(03):128-130.DOI:10.19932/j.cnki.22-1256/F.2022.03.128.
4.徐琴.拼多多的社交化营销策略研究[J].上海商业,2022(03):16-17.

'''Terms'''
NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价表)
"2020 Hurun China Top 10 E-commerce":《2020胡润中国10强电商》
Sinking market: Small-town and rural markets where the most Chinese population live.

'''Questions'''
1.When was Buytogether founded?
2.When was Buytogether listed on NASDAQ?
3.What new type of e-commerce did Buytogether create?
4.Which market does Buytogether target?
5.What are advantages of Buytogether?
6.What are problems of Buytogether?
7.How to solve these problems?

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-06-28T03:56:58Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD) */

Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]].

Every student needs to find a topic, which is not in the textbook and has not been presented in class. Please check your topics in regard of this. All topics are ok except for those with red marks. Please suggest a new topic instead and wait for the teacher to remove the red marks.

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 - Economy: Chinese Currency Changes==
China's currency not only has a long history, but also a wide variety, creating a unique currency culture.
China's earliest currency was sea shells. By the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, shell coins had completely receded from the historical stage.
The pre-Qin period was an important period in the occurrence and development of Chinese currency. With the expansion and refinement of the division of labour and the development of the commodity economy, primitive money began to appear in the late New Age, acting as a medium of exchange for goods; after that, it entered an era when primitive money, metal-weighed money and minted coins were used together.

==Chen Kun 陈锟 - History:Wang Yangming==

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰— Martial Arts:The Development of Chinese Swordsman Spirit==
--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 04:46, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

the outline of the first paragraph: a brief introduction of Chinese swordsman spirit+my basic understanding of Chinese swordsman spirit +the overall outline(perspectives)of the essays.

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡 - Cuisine: Luosifen==
Luosifen, also called Snail rice noodle, is a Chinese noodle dish with “offensive” oder and a speciality of the city of Liuzhou, in Guangzhou, southern China.

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露 - Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ==
'''Chinese Paper Cutting'''

Chinese paper-cutting is a folk art of cutting patterns on paper with scissors or carving knives to decorate life or to complement other folk activities. In China, paper-cutting has a wide popular base and is interwoven into the social life of people of all ethnic groups, and is an important part of various folklore activities. Its visual images and stylised formats, which continue to be passed down, contain rich cultural and historical information, express the social perceptions, moral concepts, practical experiences, life ideals and aesthetic interests of the general public, and have multiple social values such as cognition, edification, expression, expression, entertainment and communication.

'''Origin'''

Paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty, and the art of paper-cutting could not have existed before then, but the use of thin sheets of material to make crafts through the technique of hollowing and carving was popular long before paper appeared. The earliest paper cuttings found in China are five paper cuttings of flowers from the Northern Dynasties (386-581 AD), unearthed near the Flaming Mountains in Turpan, Xinjiang.

During the Tang Dynasty, paper-cutting was already in a period of great development, and folklore also made use of paper-cutting in the form of funnel printing plates, where people carved thick paper into flower plates and funneled dyes onto cloth to form beautiful patterns.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were already artists who cut paper as a profession. The maturity of the paper-making industry in the Song dynasty, with its wide range of paper products, provided the conditions for the popularity of paper-cutting. For example, they were used as gifts, as window flowers, or as decorations for lanterns and tealights.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the art of paper-cutting matured and reached its heyday. Although the art of paper-cutting came from the folk, it became a universal art in the Qing Dynasty.

In the early twentieth century, the May Fourth New Culture Movement, advocated by advanced intellectuals such as Cai Yuanpei, Lu Xun, Liu Hannong and Zhou Zuoren, established the beginnings of Chinese folklore studies. In the 1930s, the artist Chen Zhinong began his research and creation of folkloric paper cutouts in Beijing. He used sketches and silhouettes to depict a large number of customs and folklore in old Beijing, including street vendors, workshops and artisans, food stalls and tea stalls, fairs and temples, and idle people in the marketplace.

In the 1940s, paper cut-outs based on real-life themes began to appear, and in 1944, for the first time, new folk paper cut-outs from the north-west were exhibited in the Shaanxi-Ganjiang-Ningxia border area, kicking off the development of paper-cutting art after the founding of New China. It can be said that paper-cutting in Yan'an ushered in a new era of paper-cutting in China.

After the founding of New China, under the guidance of the literary and artistic policy of "blossoming of a hundred flowers, pushing out new ideas", artists created a large number of new paper cuts expressing new socialist ideas and events, opening up the path of paper cutting creation and enriching the form and content of Chinese folk decorative arts. In addition to paper cutouts expressing the new weather in all walks of life, children, sports, acrobatics, songs and dances have also become the most common subjects for paper cutting.

Since its inception, the art of paper-cutting has been uninterrupted throughout Chinese history. It is one of the richest art forms in Chinese folk history and culture, as it has been incorporated into various folklore activities.

'''Classification'''

1. Monochrome Paper Cuttings
Monochrome paper-cutting is the most basic form of paper-cutting, cut in various colours such as red, green, brown, black and gold, and is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. It is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. Paper cuttings used for embroidery base patterns are often combined with cut-and-stab techniques. The stabbing is done by using the point of a needle to make small dots in the fine details of the pattern, leaving a 'hidden knife' in some parts, which can be used as a basis for changing stitches when embroidering. Folding paper cuts, silhouettes and torn paper are all forms of monochrome paper cutting.

 Folding Paper-Cutting
Folding paper-cutting is one of the most common methods of folk expression. The so-called folding papercut is a papercut made by folding and cutting in different ways. Folding paper cuttings are simple, easy to make, labor-saving and time-saving, shape general and certain deformation, especially suitable for the performance of structural symmetry of the form and symmetrical pattern, such as people, frogs, butterflies, turtles, reflections, fish, etc., geometric patterns, flowers, scenery, utensils and other subjects can be adapted, and unfolded extremely symmetrical, and can change a variety of suitable shape, two-party continuous, four-party continuous or multi-party continuous, which is it can long be This is one of the main reasons for its longevity, and it has played an important role in the popularisation of paper-cutting and the modelling of craft patterns in China.

 the Silhouette
The silhouette is an ancient form of paper-cutting art, which expresses the shape of people and objects through their outer contours, so it focuses most on the beauty and shape of the outer contours. The tools are mainly scissors and a carving knife, and the paper is usually black or heavy-coloured paper. When expressing the silhouette of a figure, it is usually cut while looking at the object. Silhouettes are well suited to showing translucent effects and are a very distinctive type of paper cutting.

 Three, torn paper
Torn paper is a new type of paper cut out from the traditional folklore. The method is to use different types of paper, using the method of tearing by hand to tear the shape, by hand instead of cutting will naturally be very limited, not suitable to show the effect of delicate work, but it is this limitation, but also shows its unique artistic personality, there is a kind of ancient and elegant simple, bold and majestic tone. In the process of tearing paper there is often a kind of randomness, a natural and natural flavour.

2. Colourful paper-cutting
With the exploration and development of paper-cutting expression, the form and technique of colour paper-cutting is gradually increasing, with dot-dyeing, overlaying, colour separation, colour filling, wood printing, spray painting, outlining and colour weaving. Each form has its own characteristics and unique features: dot-dye paper cuttings nourishing, decorative strong; set of colour paper cuttings crisp, bright colour blocks; colour paper cuttings divided into distinctive, colourful; colour paper cuttings are simple, clean, sharp, all give people a different feeling.

3. Three-dimensional paper-cutting
The three-dimensional paper cut-out can be monochrome or coloured. It uses a combination of painting, cutting, folding, gluing and other techniques to produce a new type of paper-cutting close to sculpture, relief, which draws on the skills of modern art, fully embodies the characteristics of realism and art romance, so that paper-cutting from a flat sense into three-dimensional, can be used for ornamental modelling and children's handicrafts [12].

'''Methods and techniques'''

1. Folding
Folding paper to produce a repetitive pattern is one of the most basic paper-cutting techniques, and is also an expressive technique used in monochrome paper-cutting. The different effects it produces depend on the number and angle of the folds. When using this technique to cut flowers, the paper can be folded twice or three times before cutting, and the resulting pattern is a four-sided or six-sided flush shape. If you are cutting animals or people, the shape after folding once is symmetrical. The folding paper cut is a symmetrical pattern, so the resulting pattern has a more rhythmic feel. This technique is mostly used for cutting flowers and topiary flowers, etc.

2. Yin and Yang carving
The basic effect of paper cutting is obtained through the use of yin and yang lines alone or in a mixture.
Yin engraving, also known as engraving, is to carve away the outline of the structure of the object, the method of expressing lines in a large block, the effect is thick, strong, a strong sense of weight, a strong sense of black and white contrast, was cut to carve away the blank composition of the pattern, line and line are not connected.
Yang engraving, also known as hollowing, is the exact opposite of shading, where the blanks are removed and the outline lines are retained. The lines of the pattern are solid, and the lines are connected. This method is smooth, clear and lusciously detailed.
The combination of yin and yang is the best way to express paper cutting. The presence of both yin and yang carving methods in the same piece of work makes for a varied composition and a sharp contrast between black, white and grey in the picture, making it a highly expressive paper-cutting technique.

3. Three, piercing holes
The basic outline is cut out on the paper with a knife or scissors, and then holes are pierced in the pattern with a needle, mainly to allow multiple layers of paper to be joined, while at the same time seeing the detail in the roughness. This technique is often used to embroider patterns, sometimes symmetrical, such as pillow flowers, shoe flowers, sleeve flowers, etc. When two to four of the same pattern are needed, the paper is cut and pierced with Xuan paper, and when it is unglued, there are several of the same pattern at the same time. The reason for using Xuan paper is that it is easy to adhere and thin enough to be used underneath for embroidery without affecting the aesthetic appeal. A quick and easy alternative to stapling is to use staples and staples, which also have the effect of joining multiple layers of paper.

'''Significance of content'''

Folk paper-cutting is good at combining a variety of objects together to produce the desired result. Whether one or more images are used in combination, they are all modelled by "using the image to imply meaning" or "using the meaning to construct the image", rather than according to objective natural forms. The artist is also apt to use similes to create a variety of auspicious objects, combining conventional images to express his own psychology. The pursuit of auspicious metaphors became one of the ultimate aims of the imagery combinations. Geographical isolation and cultural limitations, as well as the intrusion of adversity such as natural disasters, inspired a desire for a happy and fulfilling life. People's simple wish for good food and clothing, prosperity, health and longevity, and for everything to be as it should be, is conveyed through paper-cutting.
There are many images reflecting productive life in folk paper-cutting, and one of the greatest similarities between these works is the exaggeration of the subject, such as a big fish, a big pepper, a big silkworm, a big grain, etc. Through paper-cutting, people make up beautiful images to comfort their hearts, to promote the great creativity of man in conquering nature, to build their ideal world, and to affirm the power of man and inspire the courage to continue the struggle

'''Questions'''

1.What are the earliest paper-cutting found in China?

2. What are the categories of paper-cutting?

3.What is Yin and Yang carving?

4.What is the greatest similarity between folk paper-cuttings?

'''References'''

• 赵辰昕. 唱响非物质文化遗产保护专家访谈录[M]. 北京：中国发展出版社, 2012:295-296

•“非遗保护”在中国．人民网．2009-10-20[引用日期2015-10-12

•教育部办公厅关于公布第一批全国普通高校中华优秀传统文化传承基地名单的通知． - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站[引用日期2018-12-06]

•流行于中国民间的剪纸艺术．中国国际广播电台国际在线．2008-12-04[引用日期2015-10-11]

•剪纸的历史．中华五千年[引用日期2015-10-11]

•漫话剪纸艺术．正北方网．2012-03-02[引用日期2015-10-11]

•刘魁立，张旭. 剪纸[M]. 北京：中国社会出版社, 2008:16-17

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣 - Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ==

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞 - Traditional Craft: Bronze ==

==Han Jingru 韩静茹 - Entertainment: Deyunshe ==
Deyunshe, originally named as the Beijing Conversation Conference, is one of the biggest Chinese crosstalk organizations and folk art performance groups in China. Established in 1995, Deyunshe has been the common abbreviation of Beijing Deyunshe Culture Communication Company Ltd. since its renaming in 2003. Following its key principle of "let the cross talk back to the theatre", in these years, Deyunshe has made important contributors to the inheritance and innovation of Chinese crosstalk, opera, pingshu and other forms of folk art performance.

==He Minghui 何明慧 - Traditional Cuisine: Dumpling ==

==Lei Heng 雷珩 - Photoshop technology culture in China ==
Outline: 1. the development of P.S. technology in China from the ancient time to present time; 2. The influence of it on China people; 3. The importance of it to China.

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==
===history===
The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Luban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

'''The Definition of Yuan Drama'''

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singlely as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

'''The Rise and development of Yuan Drama'''

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

'''Yuan Drama System'''

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

'''Representatives of Yuan Drama '''

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

'''Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama'''

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

'''Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama'''

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

'''Reference'''

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

1.A Brief Introduction
The erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

2.The Development of Erhu
The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.
During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers.
During the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing.
During Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread. During this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.
After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly.
In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

3.Construction

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:
Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.
Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.
Qín gan (琴杆), neck.
Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.
Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs
Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook
Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player
Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4
Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood
Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension
Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound
Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

4.Playing Technique
(1)Tuning
The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.
(2)Position
The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.
(3)Right hand
The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.
(4)Left hand
The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics
(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》
(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》
(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》
(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》
(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》
(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》
(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》
(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》
(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）
(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

Reference
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Wikipedia entry

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, college students' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==
'''1.Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meaning of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''2.The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China.

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also send them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors.

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [1]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''3. Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.
Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[2]

'''4. Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[3]

'''5. Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern Tangyuan fillngs can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage.

'''6. Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

[1][3]Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[2]Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Politics: Increasing national seclusion and isolation of contemporary China ==

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==

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==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - The “reference” of Chinese Music==
May 20，2022，with the broadcast of the show "Sister Who Rides the Waves，the “Sweetheart hierarch” Cyndi Wang became popular again by singing her song Love You①. Actually the song Love You is not original，and it was adapted from PAPAYA（a South Korea girl group）’s song，Listen to Me②.
And since the end of last century, many Chinese singers or bands have the experience of "refer" songs from other countries.

==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance==

Introductions on Lion dance
The lion dance is a popular activity among Chinese people of all ethnic groups, and it is a must for festivals and gatherings. The lion dance is a symbol of good luck and good intentions of the people to get rid of disasters and seek good fortune.In May 2006, the Chinese lion dance was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council.
The lion dance has a long history, and the existing lion dances are divided into two categories: cultural lion and martial lion. The martial lion has more difficult acrobatic performances, and the lion is vigorous and fierce, looking at the tiger; the cultural lion is naive and cute, with a lovely form, and mainly performs the lion's life and attitude; according to the different materials and methods of lion modeling, there are many different types of lion dances around the world, and they are very colorful.
The lion dance is usually played by two people, the former holding the lion head props on his head with both hands, playing the lion's head, and the latter leaning over, holding the former's waist with both hands, wearing lion skin decorated with linen, cloth and other materials, playing the lion's body. Two people combined into one large lion, called "Large lion”. There is also a person wearing a lion mask, wearing a fake lion skin, playing a small lion, called "Small lion". In front of the lion, there is a lion, holding a colorful embroidered ball that can be turned to tease, and the dance ball movements include rolling the ball, turning the ball, throwing the ball, shaking the ball and dozens of other kinds, and the lion then makes various dance movements. In some places, the lion dancer wears a big-headed mask and plays a big-headed monk, holding a big fan or even a big knife instead of a ball.
Schools of Lion Dance :With the continuous development of the lion dance movement, the art of lion dance has also been perfected, but because of the different customs in the north and south, the dance method is not the same, so the north and south has formed two major schools, namely the southern school and the northern school, also known as the southern lion and the northern lion. The northern lion's movements are light, mainly jumping and tumbling, with small gongs, drums,and cymbals, etc., mainly in the Central Plains and North China, with representative lions from Hebei, Anhui and Hunan. The southern lion, on the other hand, is a big and powerful lion with big gongs, drums, cymbals, etc. The drum music is majestic and inspiring, and is mainly popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia.

The Origin of Lions
Regarding the origin of the lion, scholars of all generations have concluded that the lion in the early Middle Kingdom came from the West. There is a large number of documents for evidence, including Jin Guopu’s "Mu Tianzi".It said: " The lion is also called mythical creature , produced by the Western region." The scholar Li Shizhen wrote in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": " The lion is out of the Western countries" From the research records of experts and scholars of the past generations, it is clear that China did not produce lions, scholars of the past generations After the study of the literature, It is thought that the lion was introduced from the West as a tribute in the Han Dynasty. Before the Han Dynasty, people do not know what it looks like. According to historical records, the lion was considered useless when it first entered the Middle Kingdom, and was not accepted because of its fierce appearance and habits. During the long history, due to various reasons, especially religious influence, people gradually accepted the lion and made it a mythical beast, together with the legendary dragon, phoenix, and qilin, known as the four spiritual beasts.The lion is known as the king of beasts, but China is generally not affected by lions, so the people have a sense of affinity to the lion, regard it as a symbol of power and good luck, and hope to use the lion's powerful image to drive away evil spirits.

The Origin and Legend of Lion Dance
Regarding the origin of lion dance in ancient China, ancient literature and analysis by scholars over the ages show that the origin of lion dance in China is also recognized from the Han Dynasty, but the exact date cannot be determined. Through research and historical analysis, the following statements are more plausible.
The first theory: Chinese lion dance originated from the Han Dynasty, and the lion was imported from foreign countries only after Zhang Sai's mission to the West during the reign of Emperor Wu. Whenever the Western ambassadors visited, he set up songs and dances to cheer, so those dancers put on masks dressed as birds and animals, but the Western ambassadors found that these birds and animals only lacked of lions, after asking, we knew that at that time China had not yet lions. Later.Later the western envoys sent a pair of lions to China, and the lion trainers performed lion training. This lion training performance may be the predecessor of the Chinese lion dance.

The second theory: the lion dance originated in the Three Kingdoms period and was popular in the North and South Dynasties. Meng Kang, a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, wrote in The Elephant Man : If today's play is like shrimp, the lion is also. The Northern Wei Yang From it we can know, the lion not only protects the law to ward off evil, and can guide the way for the Buddha. If we look at the form, this lion guiding its front, very similar to the current lion guide, already slightly with the form of dance.

The third theory: According to the earliest historical records, the account of the real "lion dance" should be The Book of Ning - Zong Yi Zhuan. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the 22nd year of Emperor Wujia's reign (445 A.D.), when the Nanning Army occupied Linyi, and Yi asked to be the leader. The soldiers were unable to resist, saying, "I have heard that the lion is a powerful lion, so I made its shape and fought against the elephant, and the elephant just ran in fear and were scattered. After that, the lion dance was performed in the military and slowly spread to the people, becoming the origin of the lion dance, but at that time it was not called the lion dance but the "Taiping music".According to records, the Taiping music and the modern lion dance are very similar.
There are also various stories and legends about the lion dance in ancient China.
One of the legends is that the "New Year" beast eats green. According to the legend, in ancient times, plague often occurred in China, so countless people died, but fortunately, every time the plague occurred, a divine beast appeared, and the plague disappeared as soon as it appeared. Since this beast "Nian" is so helpful to people, people use bamboo scales and colored cloths to tie into the "Nian" beast during the farming season, and dance in front of each house with majestic drums and music, in order to suppress evil spirits and seek good luck. Because the "New Year" beast likes to eat vegetables, so every family places a plate of vegetables in front of the door for the "New Year" beast to eat. As time goes by, people find that the shape of the "New Year" is very much like a lion. So they called this kind of thing as the lion, and the vegetables were called "Caiqing".

The Value and Functions of Lion Dance
First, it connects with emotions. While it is a sport, its more obvious attribute is that it belongs to the category of folklore. The cultural accumulation of each nation is often expressed in folklore activities, and healthy folklore activities not only express the soul of the nation, but also convey the message code of mutual feeling and knowledge between the brothers of the nation. In the case of "lion dance", a folklore activity loaded with the accumulation of feelings of the children of Yanhuang, wherever there is a Chinese settlement, there is a lion dance and a lion dance culture. The lion dance for good luck is often the best way for Chinese people who are wandering around the world to share happiness and feelings.

Second, it can strengthen the body. The actual operation of lion dance requires good coordination among all the components, and it is a kind of project that combines multiple factors such as music and lion dance. Because of this integration, the lion dance has a strong ornamental and artistic value, which can fully meet people's entertainment and aesthetic needs. At the same time, for the performers, lion dance is a sport that strengthens the body and cultivates the emotions.

Third, it has educational significance. The lion dance is a traditional culture in China, and it is the inheritance of the culture to carry forward the lion dance. We can understand the history and culture of the region through lion dance.

Fourth, it has the commercial function. The performance nature of lion dance brings a lot of commercial benefits. In addition, the lion dance brings about the development of tourism and other related industries. In the author's opinion, the commercial function of lion dance is not only this, as the development of cultural industry is gaining momentum today, lion dance with deep cultural heritage will face better development opportunities.

Fifth, it enriches the spirit of the nation. The spirit of mutual cooperation and solidarity. The participation of dragon dance is very common, and the professional requirements are not very high. It shows a kind of momentum and team spirit, with a few people or even hundreds of people, dancing up and down, surging and inspiring. This requires more than one person to complete the whole set of interlacing, running and jumping, tumbling and other movements, mutual cooperation is particularly important, must maximize the team effect; inherit the spirit of tradition and innovation, although the dragon and lion dance has a long history, but also not unchanging, positive, innovative features nurtured in different ways of performance, reflecting the spirit of never-ending innovation

Historical Stages of the Development of Traditional Lion Dance
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the traditional lion dance developed to a deeper level
The skills of the Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties formed different performance styles and program focuses in the North and South due to geographical barriers and different environments. In the south, the Han regime inherited the 'orthodoxy', and the ideology of Confucianism was changed to Zhuanglao, and the social habits tended to be weak. Therefore, although the Southern Dynasty had the majestic 'White Tiger ' and other programs from the Northern Dynasty, its mainstream was slender and soft.The traditional lion dance began to be performed on the same stage with ceremonial music(the beginning of music) in the Sui Dynasty, and after the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, its artistic image became richer and had a strong folk base, and the court performance became more mature. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the nine music parts of Sui Dynasty were adjusted and increased into "ten music parts". One of the most famous "five lions", also known as "Taiping music".Performers danced and sang "Taiping music", taking the meaning of world peace and good fortune, which was basically the same as the symbolic meaning of today's lion dance. During the Song and Yuan dynasties - a turning point in the development of traditional lion dance technology, the performance form, performance team and program creation of lion dance in the Song dynasty underwent more profound changes. Techniques began to be divided into sections, prompting peer artists to gather for social fires; social fires further united the team and promoted the development of skills, as well as the formation of various genres, creating conditions for the prosperity of the folk lion dance movement. In Yuan Dynasty, "lion dance" also had innovation,.For instance,"high Cui lion dance" in the Yuan Dynasty first seen in the records. Although the Qing Dynasty Palace also had lion dance performances, generally speaking, the scale was not large. Southern and northern lion performances in the Qing Dynasty formed different images and different techniques of performance style. In the north, there were "Large lion" and "Small lion", whose images and performances resembled real lions, while the lion dance in the south had integrated dance, acrobatics and martial arts into one, which was quite new compared to the traditional lion dance methods.

The Development of Modern Lion Dance
(A) Before the liberation of the competition between the lion teams in the festive activities of the nature of the competition
In the 1920s and 1930s, the lion dance was generally preceded by the Shaolin and the Five tiger stick , followed by the lion , the vine , the rice-gale , the shuttlecock , and the kong Schools, which started from their respective villages and rushed to the temple. Along the way, whenever they encountered the roadside tea huts or tea points, they should get off the performance. To the temple they worshiped after the incense and performed martial arts. Then they returned along the way, if on the way the temple fair and several villages a few teams met together, this performance was often with the nature of the competition '; in some places gradually formed a regular tournament .In modern times during the festival have a relatively fixed lion team to perform and the lion team also competed and cut martial arts, with the nature of the competition. The lion dance has taken the form of a competitive lion dance.

(B) Lion dance became a traditional national sport
On February 28, 1934, the first Folk Games of Henan Province, there were more than 20 folk martial arts associations such as dry boat, dragon lantern, lion and kite flying to perform and compete. In 1978, the lion dance was invited as a special performance at the First Folk Games, and it became an official event at the Fourth Agricultural Games. Now there are different events such as National Lion Dance Championship and various kinds of North-South Lion King Competition, National Dragon and Lion Invitation Tournament and Elite Tournament every year, and it has become an official competition item in the National Agricultural Games, National Urban Games and the Third National Sports Congress.

(C) Lion dance shine on the acrobatic stage
In 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai personally watched the acrobatic performances of six large troupes in Beijing, including China, Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi'an and Warriors, and affirmed the skills of the "lion dance", which were partly choreographed according to the laws of acrobatics.They have been organized to visit Asian, African, American and European countries and become the first team of people's diplomacy. The lion dance skills have developed rapidly on the acrobatic stage, and a series of new and difficult skills have been developed on the basis of inherited traditions. The high skills of acrobatic lion dance have a great influence on the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance, and the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance have absorbed the performance style and props of acrobatic lion dance, enriched their own performance forms, and continuously improved the level of traditional lion dance and competitive lion dance.

Lion Dance Culture Development Problem
As it is not easy to cultivate talents to inherit the lion dance culture, and the props used to make the lion dance are expensive, the traditional lion dance culture is also facing the crisis of no one inheriting it. As a representative of the excellent traditional culture, how to survive and develop the lion dance culture in the intersection of modern technology and traditional culture is an important issue that contemporary lion dancers have to think about.

Measures for Solving the Problem
(A) Strengthen corooperation with colleges and universities to carry out lion dance classes
Youth is the future and hope of the country.Vigorously developing traditional culture education for youth, and incorporating lion dance culture into students' curriculum can not only enrich campus culture, but also greatly improve the popularity of lion dance culture and enhance youth's cultural identity and national pride. Students are the successors of the communist cause, the main body of education, and the main body of cultural inheritance and dissemination. Relying on school education to develop lion dance culture, more people can understand and inherit lion dance culture. The rejuvenation of traditional culture and its development on the basis of popularization are the needs of lion dance culture inheritance and the wishes of lion dance lovers.

(B) Promote the culture and spirit of lion dance through the Internet and mass media
In order to make the lion dance culture develop better, we make use of the development of the whole media to promote the beautiful connotation of the lion dance culture through the Internet and make use of the mass media to vigorously publicize it, so that more people really like the lion dance culture and really enter the lion dance culture; we rely on the Internet to strengthen the cultural exchange among the lion dance enthusiasts all over the country, so as to promote the spread and inheritance of the lion dance culture; we rely on the whole media to carry out the lion dance culture competition, formulate scientific competition rules and generous rewards to arouse people's enthusiasm for participation, so that more people can participate in the promotion of the lion dance culture and promote the spread of the lion dance culture.

(C) Accelerate the innovation to push the development of lion dance culture
The premise of traditional culture innovation is to first understand its cultural value, grasp the comprehensive traditional cultural content, and then promote the corresponding lion dance culture, so that the folk lion dance is known to more people, even to learn the skills, so that the lion dance is well inherited. In the traditional lion dance culture promotion at the same time, the lion dance team should also be committed to in-depth study of the lion dance culture with the times to drive the value of the economy to achieve the culture to give rise to the economy and the economy in turn to support the culture of mutual assistance and harmony. In such a way wa can break the situation that traditional culture has no successor due to the narrow market prospect, and provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional culture. With the rapid development of the times and the improvement of people's living standards, some connotations of traditional culture are no longer applicable to modern life, so it is necessary to accelerate the promotion of cultural innovation, promote the innovation of lion dance culture, and constantly innovate the form of lion dance culture development and inheritance, so as to attract more people to understand lion dance culture and inherit it.

(D) Cultivate lion dance culture talents,and pay attention to integration of local culture
To actively carry out lion dance culture promotion activities, select talents from young people who are interested in lion dance culture, make them receive professional training in lion dance culture, develop their interest into a profession, make them become the inheritors of lion dance culture, and promote the inheritance of lion dance culture. In the local lion dance culture, we dig deep into the local culture and explore the cultural heritage, so that the lion dance culture can be well inherited and developed, integrating the traditional lion dance into the local cultural connotation and giving it new vitality. In addition to the local culture, there is also a folk lion dance culture with local characteristics, establishing unique cultural programs, spreading unique cultural values, so that the traditional lion dance culture continues to be inherited.

(E) Define the cultural positioning, actively implement the "going out" strategy, and promote the lion dance culture to the world
The government should formulate relevant policies to support, position lion dance culture well, and support key projects to promote the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, so that more people can understand lion dance culture and participate in the inheritance of lion dance culture, thus enhancing the social status and influence of lion dance culture. While promoting the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, we should not only spread and develop the inheritance at home, but also actively promote the strategy of "going out" to promote Chinese traditional culture to the world, so that people around the world can understand lion dance culture, learn lion dance culture, inherit and spread lion dance culture, so that lion dance culture can be developed around the world and spread the beautiful connotation of China's excellent traditional culture. The beautiful connotation of excellent traditional culture.

Terms:
Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》
the four spiritual beasts 四大灵兽
national intangible cultural heritage 国家级非物质文化遗产
the State Council 国务院
gongs, drums,and cymbals 大锣、大鼓、大钹
Zhang Sai's mission to the West 张赛出使西域
The Elephant Man 《象人》
Caiqing 采青
orthodoxy 正统
High Cui lion dance 高毳舞狮
Acrobatic Stage 杂技舞台
National Agricultural Games 全国农运会
National Urban Games 全国城运会
The Third National Sports Congress. 第三届全国体育大会

References:
中国最独特的舞狮文化 The Most Unique Lion Dance Culture in China 宴姝下一代2019,(04),7
舞狮运动的起源与发展研究[J] The Origin and Development of lion Dance 郭绿杨.当代体育科技 . 2017 (22)
论舞龙舞狮运动塑造学生民族精神的功能[J]. Arguments on the function of dragon and Lion Dance to Shape students' national spirit曹虎愚.成功(教育) . 2012(11)
我国舞狮运动与文化的价值底蕴分析[J]. Analysis on the value of Lion dance and culture in China管罗红.企业家天地(理论版) . 2011(01)
新时代下传统舞狮的传承发展与问题[J]. Inheritance, development and problems of traditional lion Dance in the new era 杨晓坤,代继盟,林宵,于娇.中国民族博览 . 2019(06)

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

'''Development history of mobile games'''

'''The birth of mobile games'''
In 1997, Gluttonous Snake, preinstalled in Nokia 6110, officially started the history of mobile games. Long ago, Nokia was the dominant player in the mobile phone market. The physical keyboard and screen each occupied half of the mobile phone space. So at that time, mobile games did not get rid of the shackles of physical keyboard, such as early games: Gluttonous Snake(贪吃蛇), Pushing Boxes(推箱子), and Tetris（俄罗斯方块）.

'''Pre Android'''
After the release of Android phones, with the characteristics of the touch screen, games that need touch control, such as Fruit Ninja, became popular. There were many classic games in this period, including Plants vs. Zombies（植物大战僵尸）, Angry Birds（愤怒的小鸟）, Temple Escape（神庙逃亡）, Subway Parkour （地铁跑酷）and other classic games .At the same time, Minecraft （我的世界）was released on iphone, but due to the high price of iphone, its popularity is far less than Android games.

'''Pre Tencent period'''
In 2013, two Tencent games: Tiantian Cool Running（天天酷跑） and rhythm master（节奏大师） became popular, quickly surpassing Plants vs. Zombies and angry birds, and firmly ranked first in China's mobile games. At the same time, other Tencent games also took the opportunity to hype up and attract players. For a time, no game company could compete with Tencent.

'''Scuffle period'''
2011 was the year when smart phone games began to engage in scuffle. Mobile phone stand-alone games developed rapidly. Many players should have experienced Asphalt 5. At that time, the giants of mobile game manufacturers were definitely Gameloft. Modern war and Nova represented the peak of the picture quality of mobile games; In addition, "Assassin's Creed", "cell division 5", "ghost cry 4", "dead space" and other end games have also gradually landed on the mobile game platform; The online games of smart phones have also begun to test the market. A number of hardware manufacturers have begun to strengthen the graphics computing capacity of mobile phones, and the mobile game platform has officially taken shape.

'''Post Tencent period'''
By november2015, a game was born, breaking the balance in the mobile game industry. Its appearance has changed the pattern of the entire mobile game market. This game is "glory of the king"（王者荣耀）. This game dominates the mobile game rankings only two days after it was launched. Although it was attacked by CF of Netease(网易), it returned to the top in 16 years.
The success of this game also makes other companies start to think about how to make a high-quality mobile game. In 2018, a year of full bloom, various mobile games have sprung up, such as Onmyoji（阴阳师） of Netease，PUBG Mobile（刺激战场） of Tencent，Genshin（原神） impact of MiHoYo etc.. Both the picture quality and the game experience have made a qualitative leap.

'''Development status and trend of mobile games'''

With the rapid development of mobile games in China, the market scale has expanded rapidly, and the capital heat is highly focused. It has quickly surpassed end games and page games and become a mainstream game type. From January to June 2021, the actual sales revenue of China's mobile game market was 114.772 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.65%.

In recent years, the proportion of revenue from PC games and web games has continued to decline. On the contrary, the revenue share of mobile game industry has increased rapidly, and the revenue scale is expected to further expand. From 2014 to 2020, the proportion of mobile games in the sales revenue of the game industry increased rapidly from 24% to 75.2%, and the proportion reached 76.3% in the first half of 2021.

In the ranking of monthly active number of mobile game apps in September 2021, the monthly active number of glory of the king is far ahead, reaching 149million, followed by Game for peace（和平精英） and Fun Fest（开心消消乐）.

With the continuous improvement of the ecological environment of China's game industry, the continuous upgrading of the game industry chain, and the development of 5g, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data and other forward-looking technologies, a number of innovative cultural products and businesses have been created, including cloud games, e-sports, game live broadcasting, etc., which put forward higher development requirements for enterprises in the game industry.

'''Social impact of Chinese mobile games'''

1. The development of mobile games has created a large number of related industries and provided more employment opportunities for people.
2. Mobile games provide people with opportunities to have a pleasant mood, social communication and exercise their intelligence.
3. The development of mobile games has put forward higher requirements for mobile phone manufacturing and software engineering, which is conducive to promoting the development of domestic science and technology.
4. The external communication of Chinese mobile games is conducive to vigorously carrying forward Chinese culture and enhancing China's international influence.
5. The development of mobile games makes many people indulge in it, which is easy to waste money and time, and damage their eyesight.
6. The development of the game industry can, to a certain extent, alleviate the pressure of the epidemic on the economy. During the epidemic period, the game industry, which is not affected by the epidemic, will continue to maintain game production and development, which will also have a positive impact on the future economic recovery.

'''Reference：'''
[1] Development history of mobile games in China, published by China Science Daily on August 22, 2014
[2] Current situation of mobile game industry in 2021, published on Huajing information network on March 2, 2022 10:4
[3] Development history of mobile games in China (by 2021) in Bilibili.

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs:Faggotry Culture in China:taking Da Sima(金轮) as an example==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

China enjoys great abundance in resources of flowers. Early in ancient times, Chinese people noted that the value of flowers was diversified, and utilized flowers in various ways. Flowers could be used as ingredients for cuisine, herbal medicine, and decorative items. Moreover, the image of flowers always appeared in poems, proses and articles, highly praised by Chinese literary men for the beauty, fragrance as well as spirits. Throughout history, flowers are of both pragmatic and spiritual significance in Chinese culture.

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinese Dream==

In November of 2012, soon after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President Xi Jinping put forward, for the first time, the idea of the Chinese Dream on a visit to “The Road towards National Rejuvenation” exhibition at the National Museum of China. The Chinese dream meant for him the “great renewal of the Chinese nation.” and “is a dream of the whole nation, as well as of every individual,” he said. Since then, use of the phrase has become widespread in official announcements and as the embodiment of the leadership's political ideology under Xi Jinping. Xi said that young people should “dare to dream, work assiduously to fulfill the dreams and contribute to the revitalization of the nation.” There are various connotations and interpretations of the term.

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD)==

Buytogether(PDD), also called Pinduoduo in Chinese, is a mainstream e-commerce application of mobile Internet in China, and a third-party social e-commerce platform focusing on C2M(Customer-to-Manufacturer) group shopping. It was founded in September 2015. Users can buy goods at a lower price by buying them with their friends, families and neighbors together.
Buytogether aims to enable people to buy better goods at lower prices and gain more benefits and fun by gathering the strength of more people. Its idea in online shopping is unique in that it creates a brand new pattern of social e-commerce: Community E-Commerce
'''A.The History of Development'''
After only three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018. In July 2020, Buytogether ranked the fourth in "The Hurun China’s Top 10 E-commerce 2020". By 2020, Buytogether 's annual active users reached nearly 800 million, and its operating revenue reached 59.492 billion yuan. Reviewing the developing course of Buytogether, we can mainly divide it into the following two stages :
1.Early Developing Period (2015-2018)
Aiming at the sinking market, Buytogether came into being. Although e-commerce has great market potential, the competition is also very fierce. After years of development, Taobao, JD and other well-known traditional e-commerce enterprises have occupied a huge market share for a long time. Although having a large market share, they are also bothered by various problems, such as product quality concerns, fake goods, deficient platform supervision and so on, which force them to proceed strategic improvement. For example, in 2015, Taobao cracked down on the fake goods appearing on the platform, hoping to enhance customers' confidence in it by improving the quality of products. But at the same time, the improvement of product quality has brought about the rising of product price, which makes Taobao break away from the highly price-sensitive consumers, who pay more attention to the price rather than the brand. Users in such a sinking market that was unoccupied have become targets of Buytogether.
In September 2015, Buytogether was officially launched. In February 2016, Buytogether 's monthly turnover exceeded 10 million, and its users exceeded 20 million. In July 2016, Buytogether had more than 100 million users and received a B round of $110 million financing. On October 10,2016, the single-day transaction volume of Buytogether 's anniversary celebration, a big shopping festival, exceeded 100 million yuan. In October 2017, Buytogether occupied the first place in the total number of iOS application downloads under the category of shopping for nearly one month. Buytogether is a dark horse in the early days, constantly showing its edge.
2.Growing Period (from 2018 to now)
After three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018, and has made remarkable achievements. According to CCTV, Buytogether had 385.5 million annual active users in 2018, surpassing JD, the second largest e-commerce platform with its 305.2 million users. In February 2019, Buytogether was included in the MSCI. In June 2019, the " Subsidy of Ten Billion Yuan " activity was launched, and Buytogether was selected as one of " The Forbes Most Innovative Enterprises in China 2019" in the same month. In December 2019, Buytogether launched the train ticket service on its App terminal. In 2019, Buytogether 's operating revenue was about 30.142 billion yuan, and the number of multiannual active users had reached 585.2 million by the end of 2019.According to the 2020 annual report released by Buytogether, it achieved operating revenue of about 59.492 billion yuan in 2020, with a growing rate of 97% compared with 2019. The achievements of Buytogether are amazing to all, creating a miracle among all the e-commerce platforms.
'''B.The Special Marketing Strategy'''
Buytogether's success is inseparable from its unique marketing strategy based on community .
Internet technology breaks the limitation of time and space; various social media provide interactive platforms, strengthening users’ connectivity. The essence of Buytogether's going viral is to take the social media as carriers to carry out e-commerce transactions, namely community e-commerce. Community e-commerce manages the users and potential users of the platform in a new way, paying more attention to providing users with more interactive communication and scenarios, so as to facilitate users to find groups where other people have similar interests and needs to their own and hence exchange shopping information and conduct group shopping at a much lower price. In Buytogether, users can get lower prices when they share the links of what they want to buy with their friends to form a group for shopping. The characteristics of Buytogether's community e-commerce are as follows:
1.Targeting customers in the sink market.
The "internet traffic(data)-centered" competing mechanism of traditional e-commerce platforms represented by Taobao and JD makes the main market of online shopping be occupied by leading brands with abundant funds. In the early days of establishment, Buytogether effectively distinguished its main customers from those of traditional e-commerce platforms, and positioned the main customers in the sink market to buffer competition in the industry. Buytogether supplies products at lower prices than other traditional e-commerce platforms by some strategies like “the more you buy, the lower prices are”, shopping in group and enabling users to bargain, thus attracting a large number of consumers in the sink market and small cities.
The increase of the users attracts a larger number of sellers to flood into the platform in return. With its decentralized internet traffic(data) distribution and low-cost entry threshold, Buytogether has brought opportunities to start-ups and niche enterprises. Many little-known businesses including some self-employed ones have flooded into the platform as well. Both parties of a deal in the sink market are attracted by Buytogether’s low prices and low costs. Consumers gain lower prices and suppliers acquire more customers; the trading system of Buytogether is gradually improved.
2.Popularizing based on users’ community.
Buytogether attracts more and more customers depending on social media and users’ social relations. Under the logic of community, the Internet economy is based on human.
Generally speaking, the formation of different groups is based on interests, kinship, etc. Through third-party social platforms such as WeChat and QQ, consumers establish and join groups where people have similar interests and needs to share and exchange information. In other words, users with similar interest or needs form a community. Buytogether manages these community members, analyzes the characteristics of different communities, captures their needs and interest points, so as to release marketing contents accurately and establish unlimited vertical market segments.
Also, consumers in the online communities will share their experience of using products with recommendation or criticism, which actually provides the stores and the platform itself with suggestions for improving, assistance in producing and innovative ideas. Consumers are not only loyal "buyers", but also enthusiastic "sharers" and innovative "producers".
3.Selling in the form of group.
Buytogether's "group enjoys discounts" selling strategy has attracted many consumers in pursuit of high cost performance. The "buying in group" model has grown full-bloom with the combined promotion of big data, the Internet and the community economy.
Group shopping brings more benefits to consumers. It is easy to arouse consumers’ desire to buy when their friends share the link of what they want to buy that they also need and has an affordable price. Then the virtuous cycle comes. In order to get lower price, it is inevitable to share the group link with friends. If this cycle continues, more and more people will download Buytogether and buy something. When consumers choose such a social platform where friends gather to share group shopping links, it is easier to form communities and develop the habit of sharing and shopping in group. Group shopping reflects the integration of network technology into real life, bringing mutual benefits and win-win results, which is also an upgrade of consumption form.
4.Reducing intermediary businesses.
Traditional e-commerce platforms have broadened online transaction channels, but have not effectively shortened the transaction process between suppliers and customers. Therefore, the profit space of suppliers and consumers has not been totally released.
By targeting the sink market, Buytogether has attracted a large number of suppliers of different brands to the platform to talk with customers directly. Users can form groups and make orders on Buytogether according to their interests and needs. The platform will skip the procedure of channel distribution and feedback users’ needs to suppliers directly to shorten the decision-making time and reduce the inventory backlog.
The docking of transaction terminals reduces the profits middlemen can get, releasing the profit space for users and suppliers. Buytogether is committed to shortening the transaction process between users and suppliers, thus attracting more transaction terminals to enter the platform. So it becomes a main advantage of Buytogether that attracts stores and suppliers at lower operating costs.
'''C.The Advantages of Buytogether'''
1.Creating needs actively.
Under the model of traditional e-commerce, users mostly buy goods based on their own needs, which means the platform itself is not active enough in inspiring customers’ demands. But Buytogether attracts new consumers and promotes their demands actively through low prices, recommendation from friends, group shopping and many other ways.
Users in social media will browse the information of products when they receive links of group shopping from their friends. The products are usually affordable and practical that are necessities for consumers, so they are likely to buy the products as well. Therefore, depending on the relation network of community members, it is easy for Buytogether to dig out and inspire customers’ potential needs.
2.Connecting users in many ways.
User connection is a significant advantage of Buytogether. Under the mode of community e-commerce, the relationship between users and sellers or other users is much closer. What community members pursue is not only the material benefits brought by products themselves, but also the interactive communication and emotional connection with others. Therefore, they tend to have a high degree of involvement and loyalty to stores, and spontaneously participate in the activities that contribute to the prosperity of the whole community like collaborative production, reputation building and spreading, content producing and so on, forming a C2B model where users’ demands guide the production, so as to solve the problem of inventory redundancy and optimize trading processes. Under the guidance of opinion leaders, community members are more likely to develop a herd mentality, and gain a sense of belonging and a sense of achievement from their collective actions. Fan economy, opinion leaders and herd effect in community e-commerce open a new vision for businesses to drive users to respond.
3.Promoting social contacts.
Traditional e-commerce improves the shopping experiences of individual consumers by issuing allowances, coupons and cross-store discounts. But Buytogether fosters adhesiveness of users through interaction. Buytogether utilizes the interpersonal network of community to innovate forms of discounts, such as inviting friends to help bargain, gain free charge and group price, not only meeting the customers’ practical needs of information acquisition, price concessions and product purchases, but also enabling customers to improve their shopping experiences with interactive entertainment.
'''D.The problems of Buytogether'''
1.The crisis of confidence
Recently, Buytogether has launched zero yuan purchase, cash withdrawal with friends’ help(by sharing links) and other activities that require users to invite their friends to participate in. However, to gain the promised benefits, users have to obey complex procedures and sometimes they get nothing after it. So in the process of these activities, consumers will feel interested and inspired at the beginning, and then they are likely to be disappointed, or even give up midway. Even if they really complete the task, they will feel that the harvest and their efforts are not proportional. In this way, it is easy for users to feel bored about the activity of the platform, seriously affecting their confidence in it.
2.The problem of low quality
Since its establishment, Buytogether has been adopting the low-price marketing strategy based on social networking including a series of discount activities, which have continuously compressed the profit space of the settled stores. In order to conform with the platform's low-price strategy as much as possible, these stores have to reduce the costs of raw materials and production, thus causing quality problems. In addition, due to Buytogether’s low entry threshold and loose supervision, the qualifications of its sellers are not all official. Some sellers enter the platform to sell fake and shoddy products, which not only damages the rights and interests of consumers, but also destroys users' trust in the platform.
3.The damage of corporate image
The main way for Buytogether to realize its community marketing is to attract new users by making current users constantly share the platform links. Current users frequently forward links to invite friends to help them gain a discount or cash rewards, but sometimes such behavior will bother their friends, the potential customers of Buytogether, and even stir their antipathy for this platform. Therefore, this method of marketing is a double-edged sword, sometimes damaging its corporate image.
'''E.The Measures for Optimization'''
1.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.
After years of accumulation, Buytogether has had a large number of registered users, so the marketing rules can be appropriately optimized based on it. Nowadays, Buytogether no longer needs to rely on fission marketing methods like sharing links to expand the user scale, but needs to improve its own marketing policies, utilize social media more rationally, and formulate marketing activities from the perspective of users. Buytogether can take into consideration increasing the probability of consumers completing their tasks in marketing activities and giving consumers more subsidies and dividends to gain their confidence and foster their loyalty to the platform.
2.Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.
If Buytogether wants to reduce inferior products, it must supervise its sellers closely. When sellers enter, their qualification and product quality must be strictly checked. In addition, while strengthening the supervision of the sellers, Buytogether is also advised to give more welfare to these sellers to encourage them to pay more attention to product quality, so as to solve related problems from the source. Moreover, Buytogether should also establish an organic system of after-sales service, increase the number of personnel to serve customers, and handle all kinds of complaints from users properly.
3.Polish up users'comments and improve the corporate image.
Consumers tend to consider the platform’s corporate image when choosing products. Unfortunately, many consumers have linked Buytogether with "inferior products" at present, so it is emergent for Buytogether to regain users' confidence and trust by improving its corporate image.

'''References'''
1.百度百科
2.梁艳.基于拼多多发展路径分析如何增强平台用户黏性[J].中国集体经济,2022(10):51-53.
3.徐佳宁.基于社群经济的电商企业商业模式创新——以拼多多为例[J].现代营销(下旬刊),2022(03):128-130.DOI:10.19932/j.cnki.22-1256/F.2022.03.128.
4.徐琴.拼多多的社交化营销策略研究[J].上海商业,2022(03):16-17.

'''Terms'''
1.NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价表)
2."2020 Hurun China Top 10 E-commerce":《2020胡润中国10强电商》
3.Sinking market: Small-town and rural markets where the most Chinese population live.下沉市场

'''Questions'''
1.When was Buytogether founded?
2.When was Buytogether listed on NASDAQ?
3.What new type of e-commerce did Buytogether create?
4.Which market does Buytogether target?
5.What are advantages of Buytogether?
6.What are problems of Buytogether?
7.How to solve these problems?

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-06-28T03:53:58Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD) */

Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]].

Every student needs to find a topic, which is not in the textbook and has not been presented in class. Please check your topics in regard of this. All topics are ok except for those with red marks. Please suggest a new topic instead and wait for the teacher to remove the red marks.

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 - Economy: Chinese Currency Changes==
China's currency not only has a long history, but also a wide variety, creating a unique currency culture.
China's earliest currency was sea shells. By the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, shell coins had completely receded from the historical stage.
The pre-Qin period was an important period in the occurrence and development of Chinese currency. With the expansion and refinement of the division of labour and the development of the commodity economy, primitive money began to appear in the late New Age, acting as a medium of exchange for goods; after that, it entered an era when primitive money, metal-weighed money and minted coins were used together.

==Chen Kun 陈锟 - History:Wang Yangming==

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰— Martial Arts:The Development of Chinese Swordsman Spirit==
--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 04:46, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

the outline of the first paragraph: a brief introduction of Chinese swordsman spirit+my basic understanding of Chinese swordsman spirit +the overall outline(perspectives)of the essays.

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡 - Cuisine: Luosifen==
Luosifen, also called Snail rice noodle, is a Chinese noodle dish with “offensive” oder and a speciality of the city of Liuzhou, in Guangzhou, southern China.

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露 - Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ==
'''Chinese Paper Cutting'''

Chinese paper-cutting is a folk art of cutting patterns on paper with scissors or carving knives to decorate life or to complement other folk activities. In China, paper-cutting has a wide popular base and is interwoven into the social life of people of all ethnic groups, and is an important part of various folklore activities. Its visual images and stylised formats, which continue to be passed down, contain rich cultural and historical information, express the social perceptions, moral concepts, practical experiences, life ideals and aesthetic interests of the general public, and have multiple social values such as cognition, edification, expression, expression, entertainment and communication.

'''Origin'''

Paper was invented in the Western Han Dynasty, and the art of paper-cutting could not have existed before then, but the use of thin sheets of material to make crafts through the technique of hollowing and carving was popular long before paper appeared. The earliest paper cuttings found in China are five paper cuttings of flowers from the Northern Dynasties (386-581 AD), unearthed near the Flaming Mountains in Turpan, Xinjiang.

During the Tang Dynasty, paper-cutting was already in a period of great development, and folklore also made use of paper-cutting in the form of funnel printing plates, where people carved thick paper into flower plates and funneled dyes onto cloth to form beautiful patterns.

During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were already artists who cut paper as a profession. The maturity of the paper-making industry in the Song dynasty, with its wide range of paper products, provided the conditions for the popularity of paper-cutting. For example, they were used as gifts, as window flowers, or as decorations for lanterns and tealights.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the art of paper-cutting matured and reached its heyday. Although the art of paper-cutting came from the folk, it became a universal art in the Qing Dynasty.

In the early twentieth century, the May Fourth New Culture Movement, advocated by advanced intellectuals such as Cai Yuanpei, Lu Xun, Liu Hannong and Zhou Zuoren, established the beginnings of Chinese folklore studies. In the 1930s, the artist Chen Zhinong began his research and creation of folkloric paper cutouts in Beijing. He used sketches and silhouettes to depict a large number of customs and folklore in old Beijing, including street vendors, workshops and artisans, food stalls and tea stalls, fairs and temples, and idle people in the marketplace.

In the 1940s, paper cut-outs based on real-life themes began to appear, and in 1944, for the first time, new folk paper cut-outs from the north-west were exhibited in the Shaanxi-Ganjiang-Ningxia border area, kicking off the development of paper-cutting art after the founding of New China. It can be said that paper-cutting in Yan'an ushered in a new era of paper-cutting in China.

After the founding of New China, under the guidance of the literary and artistic policy of "blossoming of a hundred flowers, pushing out new ideas", artists created a large number of new paper cuts expressing new socialist ideas and events, opening up the path of paper cutting creation and enriching the form and content of Chinese folk decorative arts. In addition to paper cutouts expressing the new weather in all walks of life, children, sports, acrobatics, songs and dances have also become the most common subjects for paper cutting.

Since its inception, the art of paper-cutting has been uninterrupted throughout Chinese history. It is one of the richest art forms in Chinese folk history and culture, as it has been incorporated into various folklore activities.

'''Classification'''

1. Monochrome Paper Cuttings
Monochrome paper-cutting is the most basic form of paper-cutting, cut in various colours such as red, green, brown, black and gold, and is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. It is mainly used for window decorations and embroidery base patterns. Paper cuttings used for embroidery base patterns are often combined with cut-and-stab techniques. The stabbing is done by using the point of a needle to make small dots in the fine details of the pattern, leaving a 'hidden knife' in some parts, which can be used as a basis for changing stitches when embroidering. Folding paper cuts, silhouettes and torn paper are all forms of monochrome paper cutting.

 Folding Paper-Cutting
Folding paper-cutting is one of the most common methods of folk expression. The so-called folding papercut is a papercut made by folding and cutting in different ways. Folding paper cuttings are simple, easy to make, labor-saving and time-saving, shape general and certain deformation, especially suitable for the performance of structural symmetry of the form and symmetrical pattern, such as people, frogs, butterflies, turtles, reflections, fish, etc., geometric patterns, flowers, scenery, utensils and other subjects can be adapted, and unfolded extremely symmetrical, and can change a variety of suitable shape, two-party continuous, four-party continuous or multi-party continuous, which is it can long be This is one of the main reasons for its longevity, and it has played an important role in the popularisation of paper-cutting and the modelling of craft patterns in China.

 the Silhouette
The silhouette is an ancient form of paper-cutting art, which expresses the shape of people and objects through their outer contours, so it focuses most on the beauty and shape of the outer contours. The tools are mainly scissors and a carving knife, and the paper is usually black or heavy-coloured paper. When expressing the silhouette of a figure, it is usually cut while looking at the object. Silhouettes are well suited to showing translucent effects and are a very distinctive type of paper cutting.

 Three, torn paper
Torn paper is a new type of paper cut out from the traditional folklore. The method is to use different types of paper, using the method of tearing by hand to tear the shape, by hand instead of cutting will naturally be very limited, not suitable to show the effect of delicate work, but it is this limitation, but also shows its unique artistic personality, there is a kind of ancient and elegant simple, bold and majestic tone. In the process of tearing paper there is often a kind of randomness, a natural and natural flavour.

2. Colourful paper-cutting
With the exploration and development of paper-cutting expression, the form and technique of colour paper-cutting is gradually increasing, with dot-dyeing, overlaying, colour separation, colour filling, wood printing, spray painting, outlining and colour weaving. Each form has its own characteristics and unique features: dot-dye paper cuttings nourishing, decorative strong; set of colour paper cuttings crisp, bright colour blocks; colour paper cuttings divided into distinctive, colourful; colour paper cuttings are simple, clean, sharp, all give people a different feeling.

3. Three-dimensional paper-cutting
The three-dimensional paper cut-out can be monochrome or coloured. It uses a combination of painting, cutting, folding, gluing and other techniques to produce a new type of paper-cutting close to sculpture, relief, which draws on the skills of modern art, fully embodies the characteristics of realism and art romance, so that paper-cutting from a flat sense into three-dimensional, can be used for ornamental modelling and children's handicrafts [12].

'''Methods and techniques'''

1. Folding
Folding paper to produce a repetitive pattern is one of the most basic paper-cutting techniques, and is also an expressive technique used in monochrome paper-cutting. The different effects it produces depend on the number and angle of the folds. When using this technique to cut flowers, the paper can be folded twice or three times before cutting, and the resulting pattern is a four-sided or six-sided flush shape. If you are cutting animals or people, the shape after folding once is symmetrical. The folding paper cut is a symmetrical pattern, so the resulting pattern has a more rhythmic feel. This technique is mostly used for cutting flowers and topiary flowers, etc.

2. Yin and Yang carving
The basic effect of paper cutting is obtained through the use of yin and yang lines alone or in a mixture.
Yin engraving, also known as engraving, is to carve away the outline of the structure of the object, the method of expressing lines in a large block, the effect is thick, strong, a strong sense of weight, a strong sense of black and white contrast, was cut to carve away the blank composition of the pattern, line and line are not connected.
Yang engraving, also known as hollowing, is the exact opposite of shading, where the blanks are removed and the outline lines are retained. The lines of the pattern are solid, and the lines are connected. This method is smooth, clear and lusciously detailed.
The combination of yin and yang is the best way to express paper cutting. The presence of both yin and yang carving methods in the same piece of work makes for a varied composition and a sharp contrast between black, white and grey in the picture, making it a highly expressive paper-cutting technique.

3. Three, piercing holes
The basic outline is cut out on the paper with a knife or scissors, and then holes are pierced in the pattern with a needle, mainly to allow multiple layers of paper to be joined, while at the same time seeing the detail in the roughness. This technique is often used to embroider patterns, sometimes symmetrical, such as pillow flowers, shoe flowers, sleeve flowers, etc. When two to four of the same pattern are needed, the paper is cut and pierced with Xuan paper, and when it is unglued, there are several of the same pattern at the same time. The reason for using Xuan paper is that it is easy to adhere and thin enough to be used underneath for embroidery without affecting the aesthetic appeal. A quick and easy alternative to stapling is to use staples and staples, which also have the effect of joining multiple layers of paper.

'''Significance of content'''

Folk paper-cutting is good at combining a variety of objects together to produce the desired result. Whether one or more images are used in combination, they are all modelled by "using the image to imply meaning" or "using the meaning to construct the image", rather than according to objective natural forms. The artist is also apt to use similes to create a variety of auspicious objects, combining conventional images to express his own psychology. The pursuit of auspicious metaphors became one of the ultimate aims of the imagery combinations. Geographical isolation and cultural limitations, as well as the intrusion of adversity such as natural disasters, inspired a desire for a happy and fulfilling life. People's simple wish for good food and clothing, prosperity, health and longevity, and for everything to be as it should be, is conveyed through paper-cutting.
There are many images reflecting productive life in folk paper-cutting, and one of the greatest similarities between these works is the exaggeration of the subject, such as a big fish, a big pepper, a big silkworm, a big grain, etc. Through paper-cutting, people make up beautiful images to comfort their hearts, to promote the great creativity of man in conquering nature, to build their ideal world, and to affirm the power of man and inspire the courage to continue the struggle

'''Questions'''

1.What are the earliest paper-cutting found in China?

2. What are the categories of paper-cutting?

3.What is Yin and Yang carving?

4.What is the greatest similarity between folk paper-cuttings?

'''References'''

• 赵辰昕. 唱响非物质文化遗产保护专家访谈录[M]. 北京：中国发展出版社, 2012:295-296

•“非遗保护”在中国．人民网．2009-10-20[引用日期2015-10-12

•教育部办公厅关于公布第一批全国普通高校中华优秀传统文化传承基地名单的通知． - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站[引用日期2018-12-06]

•流行于中国民间的剪纸艺术．中国国际广播电台国际在线．2008-12-04[引用日期2015-10-11]

•剪纸的历史．中华五千年[引用日期2015-10-11]

•漫话剪纸艺术．正北方网．2012-03-02[引用日期2015-10-11]

•刘魁立，张旭. 剪纸[M]. 北京：中国社会出版社, 2008:16-17

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣 - Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ==

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞 - Traditional Craft: Bronze ==

==Han Jingru 韩静茹 - Entertainment: Deyunshe ==
Deyunshe, originally named as the Beijing Conversation Conference, is one of the biggest Chinese crosstalk organizations and folk art performance groups in China. Established in 1995, Deyunshe has been the common abbreviation of Beijing Deyunshe Culture Communication Company Ltd. since its renaming in 2003. Following its key principle of "let the cross talk back to the theatre", in these years, Deyunshe has made important contributors to the inheritance and innovation of Chinese crosstalk, opera, pingshu and other forms of folk art performance.

==He Minghui 何明慧 - Traditional Cuisine: Dumpling ==

==Lei Heng 雷珩 - Photoshop technology culture in China ==
Outline: 1. the development of P.S. technology in China from the ancient time to present time; 2. The influence of it on China people; 3. The importance of it to China.

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==
===history===
The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Luban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.

==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

'''The Definition of Yuan Drama'''

Yuan drama is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure-house of the Chinese nation, which embodies unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements. Tang and Song poetry and Yuan drama have become three important milestones of the history of Chinese literature. 　　

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of the Yuan drama. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama, and both use north drama as a singing form. Non-dramatic song is the main body of Yuan Dynasty literature. However, the achievements and influence of poetic drama far exceed that of non-dramatic song,so some people refer to Yuan drama singlely as "poetic drama", which is also "yuan dynasty opera".[1]

'''The Rise and development of Yuan Drama'''

Reasons of rise
The rise and development of Yuan drama has complex reasons. First of all, the fundation of the previous society was the basis for the rise of the Yuanqu.The vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the prosperity of the city economy, the grand theater, the active book club and the countless audience laid the foundation for the rise of the Yuanqu; Secondly, the cultures of various ethnic groups in Yuan Dynasty exchanged and melted with each other, promoting the formation of Yuan drama; Third, Yuan drama isthe inevitable result of the inheritance and development of the literary tradition and the inherent law of poetry itself.

Development of Yuan drama
The development of Yuan drama can be divided into three periods.
Early period: The duriation between the founding of Yuan Dynasty and the destruction of Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuan drama had just entered the poetry world from folk colloquial slang, and had distinct colloquial characteristics and a cheerful, simple and natural sentiment.Most of the authors in that period are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun and Bai Pu had the highest achievements.
Middle period: from Zhiyuan period to post-Zhiyuan period. The creation of Yuan darama in this period began to make a comprehensive transition to literalization and specialization. Non-dramatic song became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui Jingchen, Qiao Ji, Zhang Kejiu and so on.
End: From Zhizheng period to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, the composers of non-dramatic song were specialized in composing. They paid attention to the rhythm of words, deliberately seeking work in art and advocating elegance and delicacy, elegance and beauty. The represented writers are Zhang Yanghao and Xu Zaisi. [2]

'''Yuan Drama System'''

The system of Yuan drama is embodied in the following six aspects.

1.Temple(宫调): Temple refers to the mode of ancient Chinese music, the tune and temple are from court banquet music of Sui and Tang Dynasty.The north and south drama commonly used are five temples and four tones, including Zheng Gong(正宫), Zhonglu Gong(中吕宫), Nanlu Gong(南吕宫), Xianlu Gong(仙吕宫), Huangzhong Gong(黄钟宫) (five temples)(五宫), Damian tone(大面调), Double tone(双调), Shang tone(商调),Yue tone(越调) (four tones)(四调), each temple and tune has its own style. The number of opera sets and non-dramatic song sets in the yuanqu is formed by connecting two different song cards in the same palace key.

2.Qupai(曲牌): Commonly known as "Quzi", is a general name for various tunes, each with a special name, such as "Dot the red lip"(点绛唇), "Shan Po Yang"(山坡羊), etc. The total number is numerous, and there are 335 North Drama in Yuan Dynasty,each of which has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, and pingshu of the song. According to this, people can fill in the new song lyrics, most of the song cards are from the folk, some of them are developed from the words, so Qupai is also the same as Cipai, but the content is not completely consistent. In addition, there are specially played Qupai, but most of them only have tunes and no lyrics.

3.Rhyme(曲韵): Yuan drama strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of the "Central China phonology" in terms of rhyme and divides it into flat, up, and go, and has the following characteristics in rhyme: flat rhyme, not avoiding heavy rhyme. It usually uses one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme, and losing rhyme.

4.Level and oblique tones(平仄):Qu is more strict in the use of words than in Ci poetry, and pays special attention to the flatness of each last sentence.

5.Antithesis(对仗）：The Antithesis of Qu is relatively free, , that means it can use level tone to paralle with oblique tone, and level tone to parallel with level tone. There are thirteen kinds of confrontation forms of qu, such as "two-word pair"(两字对), "end-to-end pair"(首尾对), "serif pair"(衬字对), etc. and there are many characteristics in the use of language and word order combination, mainly manifested in that there are Gong Dui(a neat antithesis) and Kuan Dui(an untidy antithesis), but the phenomenon of Kuan Dui is more common; The sentence is self-contained,such as "loyal subjects are not afraid of death, afraid of death are not disloyal subjects".

'''Representatives of Yuan Drama '''

1.Guan Hanqing(关汉卿)

Guan Hanqing (1234 – c.1300), with courtesy name Hanqing and alias Yizhai(已斋), was a native of Xiezhou(解州) (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi), and was also from Dadu(大都) (present-day Beijing) and Qizhou(祁州) (present-day Anguo, Hebei). The founder of Yuan drama, the first of the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama"(元曲四大家), together with Bai Pu(白朴), Ma Zhiyuan(马致远) and Zheng Guangzu(郑光祖), is known as the "Four Greats of Yuan Drama", and is known as "Qu sheng"(曲圣).

Guan Hanqing has the greatest achievement in poetic drama, with 67 now known and 18 extant, the most famous of which is "Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》). There are more than 40 Xiaoling(a short form of Yuan drama 小令) and more than 10 sets of scattered songs.
Representatives of his work: "Snow in Summer","Rescued by a courtesan"(《救风尘》),"River-veiwing Pavilion"(《望江亭》),"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》)

2.Ma Zhiyuan(马致远)

Ma Zhiyuan, from Dadu (present-day Beijing), according to other research, Ma Zhiyuan is a native of Ma Citang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province, and the Dongguang County Chronicle and the Dongguang Ma Clan Genealogy are recorded. His courtesy name is Qianli(千里), which means "thousand miles" and in his later years, he used "East Fence"(东篱) as his alias to show his admiration for Tao Yuanming's ambition. The representative work is "Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》).

3.Zheng Guanzu(郑光祖)

His courtesy name is Dehui(德辉). He was a famous miscellaneous dramatist and composer inYuan Dynasty, and his miscellaneous dramas were "famous in the world and amaze boudoir"(名闻天下，声振闺阁) at that time.18 kinds ofpoetic dramas can be examined.The representative work is "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》).

4.Bai Pu(白朴)

His original name was Heng(恒),and courtesy name was Renfu(仁甫), and later he changed his name to Pu(朴) and courtesy name to Taisu(太素), and his alias is Langu(兰谷). His ancestral home was Suizhou (隩州, near present-day Hequ, Shanxi), later migrated to Zhending(真定) (present-day Zhengding County, Hebei), and lived in Jinling(金陵) (present-day Nanjing) in his later years. He was a famous writer and miscellaneous dramatist of Yuan Dynasty, and one of "Four Greats of Yuan Drama". The masterpiece of him is "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》).[3]

'''Four Tragedies of Yuan Drama'''

"Snow in Summer"(《窦娥冤》) Guan Hanqing

"Wu Tong Rain"(《梧桐雨》) Bai Pu

"Han Gong Qiu"(《汉宫秋》) Ma Zhiyuan

"Chinese Orphan"(《赵氏孤儿》) Ji Junxiang

'''Four Love Dramas of Yuan Drama'''

"Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion"(《拜月亭》) Guan Hanqing

"The West Chamber"(《西厢记》) Wang Shifu(王实甫)

"Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun"(《墙头马上》) Bai Pu

"Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"(《倩女离魂》) Zheng Guanzu

'''Reference'''

[1].https://baike.sogou.com/v144704.htm[Z].

[2].唐定耀.元曲针砭时弊[J].神州学人,2019,(03):01-02.

[3].唱念做打生旦净末——中国戏曲[J].万象,2019(01):34-37.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==
Music and Instruments:Erhu

1.A Brief Introduction
The erhu is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument. It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is one of the main bowed string instruments in the Chinese musical family used by various ethnic groups of China. The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二, èr, two) is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second highest huqin in pitch to the gaohu（高胡） in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, hú) indicates that it is a member of the Huqin family, with Hu commonly meaning barbarians. The name Huqin literally means "instrument of the Hu peoples", suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

2.The Development of Erhu
The Erhu, with a history more than one thousand years, originated from an ethnic minority in northeast China during the Tang Dynasty. And at that time, Erhu was called as Xiqin.
During the Song Dynasty, it was called as Jiqin and had achieved a high level of performance according to scholar Shen Kuo, it is said that a minister Xu Yan’s had finished his playing with one of the string broken in front of the emperor and other ministers.
During the Yuan Dynasty, people could accurately illustrate the principle of making a huqin, which pave the way for its further development.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, Huqin became a main accompaniment instrument for opera which began prevailing.
During Chinese modern times, the instrument was called as Erhu, and its performance has reached a very high level after more than half a century of development and spread. During this period, Liu Tianhua（刘天华） was the one who created Erhu’s new era and was seen as the father of the modern Erhu school. He assured five positions and created the vibrato(huaxian) technique, which expanded Erhu’s register, enriched its expression and made it sound more soft and smooth. He also departed it from accompaniments which laid the foundation for Erhu to enter the hall of elegance.
After the founding of New China, ethnic and folk music developed rapidly. In order to vigorously explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, Hua Yanjun（华彦钧）, Liu Beimao（刘北茂） and other folk artists’ Erhu music was made into records, making the art of Erhu performance mushroom and develop rapidly.
In the 1950s and 1960s, a group of erhu educators and performers represented by Zhang Rui（张锐）, Zhang Shao（张韶） and Wang Yi （王乙）emerged successively. Under their influence, new erhu performers such as Min Huifen（闵惠芬） and Wang Guotong（王国潼） were cultivated. For example, Erhu composer Liu Wenjin's（刘文金） Great Wall Capriccio （《长城随想曲》）gave full play to the performance of the Erhu and deliberately innovated to make the Erhu glow with new vitality and splendor.

3.Construction

The Erhu consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (Qian Jin) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The parts of the Erhu:
Qín tong (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (liu jiao, southern), octagonal (ba jiao, northern), or, less commonly, round.
Qín pí/She pí (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the erhu its characteristic sound.
Qín gan (琴杆), neck.
Qín tou (琴头), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.
Qín zhou (琴轴). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs
Qiān jin (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook
Nèi xián (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player
Wai xián (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4
Qín ma (琴码), bridge, the medium in the vibration between the strings and the skin , made from wood
Qín Gong (琴弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension
Qín diàn (琴垫), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound
Qín tuō (琴托) – base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the qín tong to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

4.Playing Technique
(1)Tuning
The erhu is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.
(2)Position
The Erhu is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.
(3)Right hand
The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the outside string, and pulls it inwards when bowing the inside string.
Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the Erhu can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces.
(4)Left hand
The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include hua yin (slides滑音), rou xian (vibrato揉弦), and huan ba (changing positions换把).

5.Ten Chinese Erhu Classics
(1)Er Quan Ying Yue (Moon reflection in Erquan)《二泉映月》
(2)Liang Xiao (The Enchant Evening)《良宵》
(3)Ting Song (Listen to the Pines) 《听松》
(4)Kong Shan Niao Yu (The Birds Sing in Countryside)《空山鸟语》
(5)Han Chun Feng Qu (Cold Spring Wind Song)《寒春风曲》
(6)Yue Ye (Moonlight Night)《月夜》
(7)Liu Bo Qu (Flowing Wave Song)《流波曲》
(8)Bing Zhong Yin (Song by a Sick Man)《病中吟》
(9)San Bao Fo (Buddha Sambo)（三宝佛）
(10)Guang Ming Xing (Marching Toward Brightness)《光明行》

Reference
[1]赵雪涵.二胡的发展历史与风格[J].北方音乐,2020(03):107-108.
[2]Wikipedia entry

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love==

The concept of marriage and love is people's views and attitudes towards marriage and love. The views on marriage and love are not invariable, and people's views on marriage and love are different in different periods. The formation of the view of love and marriage has its complicated social and historical factors as well as individual subjective factors.In recent years, due to the influence of China's social and economic development and diversified changes in values, college students' views and understanding of love and marriage have undergone great changes, and many new phenomena have appeared in any previous period.

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==
'''1.Introduction'''

Tangyuan, also known as Yuanxiao, is both a traditional Chinese dessert made from glutinous rice flour and a festive food during the Lantern Festival. Tangyuan is sticky, sweet and round in shape. It is made with glutinous rice flour as the skin and the filling is made of sesame, peanuts, red beans, and even fruits. In Chinese, the pronunciation of Tangyuan is similar to "tuanyuan", which has the meaning of reunion, happiness, togetherness and harmony in Chinese, expressing people's hope for a fulfilling and blissful life.

'''2.The origin of Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan was originally developed in the Song dynasty(960-1279) in Mingzhou (明州) (current Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province). It was also called Yuanxiao, the same name as the Lantern Festival (Yuanxiao Festival) in China.

The Winter Solstice is an important festival before the Chinese Lunar New Year. There was a saying in ancient China, “The Winter Solstice is as significant as the Spring Festival”, which shows that the ancient people paid much attention to this festival. Eating Tangyuan during the winter solstice is a traditional custom in Jiangnan (the region south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River), which symbolizes reunion with family members and good fortune. Eating Tangyuan on the winter solstice is also called “winter solstice dumpling”. There was a saying among the folks that "eating Tangyuan to grow one year older". People not only made them for themselves, but they also send them to relatives and friends to express blessings. During the festival, Chinese people also used Tangyuan as one of the sacrifices to show their respect to Heaven and their ancestors.

Historically, a number of different names were used to refer to Tangyuan. During the Yongle era of the Ming Dynasty, the name was officially settled as Yuanxiao (derived from the Yuanxiao Festival), which is usually used in northern China. “Yuanxiao” in Chinese means the first full moon night in the new year, so the festival has a remarkable meaning to people in China.

Regarding the relations between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao, there was a legend in South China. During the regime of Yuan Shikai (1912–1916), he hated the name Yuanxiao because it sounded identical to “remove Yuan” (“袁消”), in Chinese, and thus he gave orders to change the name to Tangyuan (soup balls). [1]

Nowadays, Tangyuan usually refers to the southern style, while Yuanxiao refers to the northern style.

'''3. Differences between Tangyuan and Yuanxiao'''

The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage.
Yuanxiao has sweet and solid fillings and is served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft and has a short shelf life. The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved.
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft fillings that are either sweet or salty, and is served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and can be stored frozen for a long time. Tangyuan is made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth is used for savory fillings, or tong sui, which is "sugar water," for sweeter options.[2]

'''4. Types of Tangyuan'''

There are many types of featured Tangyuan and Yuanxiao throughout China. Here are some of the most prestigious ones:

1)Ling Tangyuan of Chongqing

In the 1930s, Mr. Lin Minghe, the founder of Lin Tangyuan, carried his vendor stand selling Tangyuan on the street of Chongqing. As his Tangyuan tasted so well that it soon became a popular snack of the town. Later, Mr. Lin worked with others to expand his business in Chongqing and opened branch restaurants in other cities like Chengdu, Kunming, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanning. Later he became a business tycoon. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, Mr. Lin vigorously funded the then government to fight against Japanese army. And his brand of Lin Tangyuan was renamed to Ling Tangyuan. Up to now, it has become one of the favorite snacks of the people in Chongqing.

2)Five-colored Tangyuan in Suzhou

Wumen Rice Noodle Restaurant in Suzhou serves its unique Tangyuan in five colors, which are stuffed with 5 kinds of fillings respectively, including pork, rose with lard, bean paste, sesame, and osmanthus flower with lard. The snack is both sweet and salty with the five colors: pink, green, golden, creamy and deep brown, which come from the natural ingredients like pumpkin, carrot, tea, wheat, etc.

3)4-flavor Tangyuan in Guangdong Province

The locals firstly boil or steam mung beans, red beans, candied white gourds, and taro roots respectively. Then peel them, add sugar, sesame, cooked lard and other seasonings to make four kinds of sweet fillings, and stuff them into the glutinous rice balls with different marks on the surface. Cook all the four types of Tangyuan in a pot of boiling water. When it is ready, every bowl will have 4 balls with different fillings. This style of Tangyuan originated in the late Qing Dynasty.

4)Sisters’ Tangyuan in Changsha

Sisters’ Tangyuan is a well-known snack in Changsha with a history of 70 years. It was named after the two sisters of Jiang’s family who ran the business years ago. They use hawthorn paste, white sugar, dried osmanthus flowers as filling. The rice balls look snowy white and translucent with a smaller size and exquisite sweet taste.

5)Chicken Tangyuan in Xingyi of Guizhou Province

Founded in the late Qing Dynasty and passed down by four generations, it has a history of more than one hundred years and has become one of the four famous snacks in Xingyi area of Guizhou today. Unlike most of the other Tangyuan, the Xingyi Chicken Tangyuan is unique with a salty taste. The sticky rice balls are filled with minced chicken, pork, chicken soup, and sesame paste.[3]

'''5. Different flavors and fillings for Tangyuan'''

Tangyuan is a versatile food that can be served plain as glutinous rice balls or stuffed with different fillings. It has both sweet and savory fillings. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, nutlet（果仁）, sesame, osmanthus flowers（桂花）, red beans, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣泥）. Modern Tangyuan fillngs can include chocolate, rose, matcha, and various fruit such as strawberry or durian. A single ingredient or any combination can be used for the filling. Savory fillings are made of crushed peanuts, minced meat, mushroom and cabbage.

'''6. Steps of making Tangyuan'''

Making Tangyuan is rather time-consuming, but the results are impressive.

First, mix black sesame powder with pork belly fat or lard and sugar, heat the mixture a little bit, and put it on the plate. Next, you add some hot or cold water to the glutinous rice flour to form a wet dough and slowly mix it evenly. Then cut the dough into small pieces of similar weight, use hands to roll these pieces into small balls. Then make a hole in the ball, insert the sesame fillings you prepare before and knead it into a ball again in your palm. These balls are then placed into the boiled water one by one. When they float on the soup, turn the flame down and continue to boil for about one minute. Finally, turn the heat off, transfer these lovely balls into a soup bowl and enjoy your delicious meal!

[1][3]Tang Yuan (Yunanxiao) Recipe, Chinese Glutinous Rice Balls - Easy Tour China

[2]Tangyuan (food) - Wikipedia

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

Outside of Internet success stories such as Alibaba’s Jack Ma or Baidu’s Robin Li, China has few if any widely internationally known rich businessmen. Here are some brief introduction to the rich businessmen in China.

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Politics: Increasing national seclusion and isolation of contemporary China ==

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==

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==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - The “reference” of Chinese Music==
May 20，2022，with the broadcast of the show "Sister Who Rides the Waves，the “Sweetheart hierarch” Cyndi Wang became popular again by singing her song Love You①. Actually the song Love You is not original，and it was adapted from PAPAYA（a South Korea girl group）’s song，Listen to Me②.
And since the end of last century, many Chinese singers or bands have the experience of "refer" songs from other countries.

==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance==

Introductions on Lion dance
The lion dance is a popular activity among Chinese people of all ethnic groups, and it is a must for festivals and gatherings. The lion dance is a symbol of good luck and good intentions of the people to get rid of disasters and seek good fortune.In May 2006, the Chinese lion dance was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list by the State Council.
The lion dance has a long history, and the existing lion dances are divided into two categories: cultural lion and martial lion. The martial lion has more difficult acrobatic performances, and the lion is vigorous and fierce, looking at the tiger; the cultural lion is naive and cute, with a lovely form, and mainly performs the lion's life and attitude; according to the different materials and methods of lion modeling, there are many different types of lion dances around the world, and they are very colorful.
The lion dance is usually played by two people, the former holding the lion head props on his head with both hands, playing the lion's head, and the latter leaning over, holding the former's waist with both hands, wearing lion skin decorated with linen, cloth and other materials, playing the lion's body. Two people combined into one large lion, called "Large lion”. There is also a person wearing a lion mask, wearing a fake lion skin, playing a small lion, called "Small lion". In front of the lion, there is a lion, holding a colorful embroidered ball that can be turned to tease, and the dance ball movements include rolling the ball, turning the ball, throwing the ball, shaking the ball and dozens of other kinds, and the lion then makes various dance movements. In some places, the lion dancer wears a big-headed mask and plays a big-headed monk, holding a big fan or even a big knife instead of a ball.
Schools of Lion Dance :With the continuous development of the lion dance movement, the art of lion dance has also been perfected, but because of the different customs in the north and south, the dance method is not the same, so the north and south has formed two major schools, namely the southern school and the northern school, also known as the southern lion and the northern lion. The northern lion's movements are light, mainly jumping and tumbling, with small gongs, drums,and cymbals, etc., mainly in the Central Plains and North China, with representative lions from Hebei, Anhui and Hunan. The southern lion, on the other hand, is a big and powerful lion with big gongs, drums, cymbals, etc. The drum music is majestic and inspiring, and is mainly popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia.

The Origin of Lions
Regarding the origin of the lion, scholars of all generations have concluded that the lion in the early Middle Kingdom came from the West. There is a large number of documents for evidence, including Jin Guopu’s "Mu Tianzi".It said: " The lion is also called mythical creature , produced by the Western region." The scholar Li Shizhen wrote in the "Compendium of Materia Medica": " The lion is out of the Western countries" From the research records of experts and scholars of the past generations, it is clear that China did not produce lions, scholars of the past generations After the study of the literature, It is thought that the lion was introduced from the West as a tribute in the Han Dynasty. Before the Han Dynasty, people do not know what it looks like. According to historical records, the lion was considered useless when it first entered the Middle Kingdom, and was not accepted because of its fierce appearance and habits. During the long history, due to various reasons, especially religious influence, people gradually accepted the lion and made it a mythical beast, together with the legendary dragon, phoenix, and qilin, known as the four spiritual beasts.The lion is known as the king of beasts, but China is generally not affected by lions, so the people have a sense of affinity to the lion, regard it as a symbol of power and good luck, and hope to use the lion's powerful image to drive away evil spirits.

The Origin and Legend of Lion Dance
Regarding the origin of lion dance in ancient China, ancient literature and analysis by scholars over the ages show that the origin of lion dance in China is also recognized from the Han Dynasty, but the exact date cannot be determined. Through research and historical analysis, the following statements are more plausible.
The first theory: Chinese lion dance originated from the Han Dynasty, and the lion was imported from foreign countries only after Zhang Sai's mission to the West during the reign of Emperor Wu. Whenever the Western ambassadors visited, he set up songs and dances to cheer, so those dancers put on masks dressed as birds and animals, but the Western ambassadors found that these birds and animals only lacked of lions, after asking, we knew that at that time China had not yet lions. Later.Later the western envoys sent a pair of lions to China, and the lion trainers performed lion training. This lion training performance may be the predecessor of the Chinese lion dance.

The second theory: the lion dance originated in the Three Kingdoms period and was popular in the North and South Dynasties. Meng Kang, a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, wrote in The Elephant Man : If today's play is like shrimp, the lion is also. The Northern Wei Yang From it we can know, the lion not only protects the law to ward off evil, and can guide the way for the Buddha. If we look at the form, this lion guiding its front, very similar to the current lion guide, already slightly with the form of dance.

The third theory: According to the earliest historical records, the account of the real "lion dance" should be The Book of Ning - Zong Yi Zhuan. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in the 22nd year of Emperor Wujia's reign (445 A.D.), when the Nanning Army occupied Linyi, and Yi asked to be the leader. The soldiers were unable to resist, saying, "I have heard that the lion is a powerful lion, so I made its shape and fought against the elephant, and the elephant just ran in fear and were scattered. After that, the lion dance was performed in the military and slowly spread to the people, becoming the origin of the lion dance, but at that time it was not called the lion dance but the "Taiping music".According to records, the Taiping music and the modern lion dance are very similar.
There are also various stories and legends about the lion dance in ancient China.
One of the legends is that the "New Year" beast eats green. According to the legend, in ancient times, plague often occurred in China, so countless people died, but fortunately, every time the plague occurred, a divine beast appeared, and the plague disappeared as soon as it appeared. Since this beast "Nian" is so helpful to people, people use bamboo scales and colored cloths to tie into the "Nian" beast during the farming season, and dance in front of each house with majestic drums and music, in order to suppress evil spirits and seek good luck. Because the "New Year" beast likes to eat vegetables, so every family places a plate of vegetables in front of the door for the "New Year" beast to eat. As time goes by, people find that the shape of the "New Year" is very much like a lion. So they called this kind of thing as the lion, and the vegetables were called "Caiqing".

The Value and Functions of Lion Dance
First, it connects with emotions. While it is a sport, its more obvious attribute is that it belongs to the category of folklore. The cultural accumulation of each nation is often expressed in folklore activities, and healthy folklore activities not only express the soul of the nation, but also convey the message code of mutual feeling and knowledge between the brothers of the nation. In the case of "lion dance", a folklore activity loaded with the accumulation of feelings of the children of Yanhuang, wherever there is a Chinese settlement, there is a lion dance and a lion dance culture. The lion dance for good luck is often the best way for Chinese people who are wandering around the world to share happiness and feelings.

Second, it can strengthen the body. The actual operation of lion dance requires good coordination among all the components, and it is a kind of project that combines multiple factors such as music and lion dance. Because of this integration, the lion dance has a strong ornamental and artistic value, which can fully meet people's entertainment and aesthetic needs. At the same time, for the performers, lion dance is a sport that strengthens the body and cultivates the emotions.

Third, it has educational significance. The lion dance is a traditional culture in China, and it is the inheritance of the culture to carry forward the lion dance. We can understand the history and culture of the region through lion dance.

Fourth, it has the commercial function. The performance nature of lion dance brings a lot of commercial benefits. In addition, the lion dance brings about the development of tourism and other related industries. In the author's opinion, the commercial function of lion dance is not only this, as the development of cultural industry is gaining momentum today, lion dance with deep cultural heritage will face better development opportunities.

Fifth, it enriches the spirit of the nation. The spirit of mutual cooperation and solidarity. The participation of dragon dance is very common, and the professional requirements are not very high. It shows a kind of momentum and team spirit, with a few people or even hundreds of people, dancing up and down, surging and inspiring. This requires more than one person to complete the whole set of interlacing, running and jumping, tumbling and other movements, mutual cooperation is particularly important, must maximize the team effect; inherit the spirit of tradition and innovation, although the dragon and lion dance has a long history, but also not unchanging, positive, innovative features nurtured in different ways of performance, reflecting the spirit of never-ending innovation

Historical Stages of the Development of Traditional Lion Dance
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, the traditional lion dance developed to a deeper level
The skills of the Wei, Jin and Northern Dynasties formed different performance styles and program focuses in the North and South due to geographical barriers and different environments. In the south, the Han regime inherited the 'orthodoxy', and the ideology of Confucianism was changed to Zhuanglao, and the social habits tended to be weak. Therefore, although the Southern Dynasty had the majestic 'White Tiger ' and other programs from the Northern Dynasty, its mainstream was slender and soft.The traditional lion dance began to be performed on the same stage with ceremonial music(the beginning of music) in the Sui Dynasty, and after the Northern Wei Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, its artistic image became richer and had a strong folk base, and the court performance became more mature. In the eleventh year of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the nine music parts of Sui Dynasty were adjusted and increased into "ten music parts". One of the most famous "five lions", also known as "Taiping music".Performers danced and sang "Taiping music", taking the meaning of world peace and good fortune, which was basically the same as the symbolic meaning of today's lion dance. During the Song and Yuan dynasties - a turning point in the development of traditional lion dance technology, the performance form, performance team and program creation of lion dance in the Song dynasty underwent more profound changes. Techniques began to be divided into sections, prompting peer artists to gather for social fires; social fires further united the team and promoted the development of skills, as well as the formation of various genres, creating conditions for the prosperity of the folk lion dance movement. In Yuan Dynasty, "lion dance" also had innovation,.For instance,"high Cui lion dance" in the Yuan Dynasty first seen in the records. Although the Qing Dynasty Palace also had lion dance performances, generally speaking, the scale was not large. Southern and northern lion performances in the Qing Dynasty formed different images and different techniques of performance style. In the north, there were "Large lion" and "Small lion", whose images and performances resembled real lions, while the lion dance in the south had integrated dance, acrobatics and martial arts into one, which was quite new compared to the traditional lion dance methods.

The Development of Modern Lion Dance
(A) Before the liberation of the competition between the lion teams in the festive activities of the nature of the competition
In the 1920s and 1930s, the lion dance was generally preceded by the Shaolin and the Five tiger stick , followed by the lion , the vine , the rice-gale , the shuttlecock , and the kong Schools, which started from their respective villages and rushed to the temple. Along the way, whenever they encountered the roadside tea huts or tea points, they should get off the performance. To the temple they worshiped after the incense and performed martial arts. Then they returned along the way, if on the way the temple fair and several villages a few teams met together, this performance was often with the nature of the competition '; in some places gradually formed a regular tournament .In modern times during the festival have a relatively fixed lion team to perform and the lion team also competed and cut martial arts, with the nature of the competition. The lion dance has taken the form of a competitive lion dance.

(B) Lion dance became a traditional national sport
On February 28, 1934, the first Folk Games of Henan Province, there were more than 20 folk martial arts associations such as dry boat, dragon lantern, lion and kite flying to perform and compete. In 1978, the lion dance was invited as a special performance at the First Folk Games, and it became an official event at the Fourth Agricultural Games. Now there are different events such as National Lion Dance Championship and various kinds of North-South Lion King Competition, National Dragon and Lion Invitation Tournament and Elite Tournament every year, and it has become an official competition item in the National Agricultural Games, National Urban Games and the Third National Sports Congress.

(C) Lion dance shine on the acrobatic stage
In 1972, Premier Zhou Enlai personally watched the acrobatic performances of six large troupes in Beijing, including China, Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xi'an and Warriors, and affirmed the skills of the "lion dance", which were partly choreographed according to the laws of acrobatics.They have been organized to visit Asian, African, American and European countries and become the first team of people's diplomacy. The lion dance skills have developed rapidly on the acrobatic stage, and a series of new and difficult skills have been developed on the basis of inherited traditions. The high skills of acrobatic lion dance have a great influence on the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance, and the traditional folk lion dance and competitive lion dance have absorbed the performance style and props of acrobatic lion dance, enriched their own performance forms, and continuously improved the level of traditional lion dance and competitive lion dance.

Lion Dance Culture Development Problem
As it is not easy to cultivate talents to inherit the lion dance culture, and the props used to make the lion dance are expensive, the traditional lion dance culture is also facing the crisis of no one inheriting it. As a representative of the excellent traditional culture, how to survive and develop the lion dance culture in the intersection of modern technology and traditional culture is an important issue that contemporary lion dancers have to think about.

Measures for Solving the Problem
(A) Strengthen corooperation with colleges and universities to carry out lion dance classes
Youth is the future and hope of the country.Vigorously developing traditional culture education for youth, and incorporating lion dance culture into students' curriculum can not only enrich campus culture, but also greatly improve the popularity of lion dance culture and enhance youth's cultural identity and national pride. Students are the successors of the communist cause, the main body of education, and the main body of cultural inheritance and dissemination. Relying on school education to develop lion dance culture, more people can understand and inherit lion dance culture. The rejuvenation of traditional culture and its development on the basis of popularization are the needs of lion dance culture inheritance and the wishes of lion dance lovers.

(B) Promote the culture and spirit of lion dance through the Internet and mass media
In order to make the lion dance culture develop better, we make use of the development of the whole media to promote the beautiful connotation of the lion dance culture through the Internet and make use of the mass media to vigorously publicize it, so that more people really like the lion dance culture and really enter the lion dance culture; we rely on the Internet to strengthen the cultural exchange among the lion dance enthusiasts all over the country, so as to promote the spread and inheritance of the lion dance culture; we rely on the whole media to carry out the lion dance culture competition, formulate scientific competition rules and generous rewards to arouse people's enthusiasm for participation, so that more people can participate in the promotion of the lion dance culture and promote the spread of the lion dance culture.

(C) Accelerate the innovation to push the development of lion dance culture
The premise of traditional culture innovation is to first understand its cultural value, grasp the comprehensive traditional cultural content, and then promote the corresponding lion dance culture, so that the folk lion dance is known to more people, even to learn the skills, so that the lion dance is well inherited. In the traditional lion dance culture promotion at the same time, the lion dance team should also be committed to in-depth study of the lion dance culture with the times to drive the value of the economy to achieve the culture to give rise to the economy and the economy in turn to support the culture of mutual assistance and harmony. In such a way wa can break the situation that traditional culture has no successor due to the narrow market prospect, and provide a reference for the inheritance and development of Chinese traditional culture. With the rapid development of the times and the improvement of people's living standards, some connotations of traditional culture are no longer applicable to modern life, so it is necessary to accelerate the promotion of cultural innovation, promote the innovation of lion dance culture, and constantly innovate the form of lion dance culture development and inheritance, so as to attract more people to understand lion dance culture and inherit it.

(D) Cultivate lion dance culture talents,and pay attention to integration of local culture
To actively carry out lion dance culture promotion activities, select talents from young people who are interested in lion dance culture, make them receive professional training in lion dance culture, develop their interest into a profession, make them become the inheritors of lion dance culture, and promote the inheritance of lion dance culture. In the local lion dance culture, we dig deep into the local culture and explore the cultural heritage, so that the lion dance culture can be well inherited and developed, integrating the traditional lion dance into the local cultural connotation and giving it new vitality. In addition to the local culture, there is also a folk lion dance culture with local characteristics, establishing unique cultural programs, spreading unique cultural values, so that the traditional lion dance culture continues to be inherited.

(E) Define the cultural positioning, actively implement the "going out" strategy, and promote the lion dance culture to the world
The government should formulate relevant policies to support, position lion dance culture well, and support key projects to promote the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, so that more people can understand lion dance culture and participate in the inheritance of lion dance culture, thus enhancing the social status and influence of lion dance culture. While promoting the inheritance and development of lion dance culture, we should not only spread and develop the inheritance at home, but also actively promote the strategy of "going out" to promote Chinese traditional culture to the world, so that people around the world can understand lion dance culture, learn lion dance culture, inherit and spread lion dance culture, so that lion dance culture can be developed around the world and spread the beautiful connotation of China's excellent traditional culture. The beautiful connotation of excellent traditional culture.

Terms:
Compendium of Materia Medica 《本草纲目》
the four spiritual beasts 四大灵兽
national intangible cultural heritage 国家级非物质文化遗产
the State Council 国务院
gongs, drums,and cymbals 大锣、大鼓、大钹
Zhang Sai's mission to the West 张赛出使西域
The Elephant Man 《象人》
Caiqing 采青
orthodoxy 正统
High Cui lion dance 高毳舞狮
Acrobatic Stage 杂技舞台
National Agricultural Games 全国农运会
National Urban Games 全国城运会
The Third National Sports Congress. 第三届全国体育大会

References:
中国最独特的舞狮文化 The Most Unique Lion Dance Culture in China 宴姝下一代2019,(04),7
舞狮运动的起源与发展研究[J] The Origin and Development of lion Dance 郭绿杨.当代体育科技 . 2017 (22)
论舞龙舞狮运动塑造学生民族精神的功能[J]. Arguments on the function of dragon and Lion Dance to Shape students' national spirit曹虎愚.成功(教育) . 2012(11)
我国舞狮运动与文化的价值底蕴分析[J]. Analysis on the value of Lion dance and culture in China管罗红.企业家天地(理论版) . 2011(01)
新时代下传统舞狮的传承发展与问题[J]. Inheritance, development and problems of traditional lion Dance in the new era 杨晓坤,代继盟,林宵,于娇.中国民族博览 . 2019(06)

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

'''Development history of mobile games'''

'''The birth of mobile games'''
In 1997, Gluttonous Snake, preinstalled in Nokia 6110, officially started the history of mobile games. Long ago, Nokia was the dominant player in the mobile phone market. The physical keyboard and screen each occupied half of the mobile phone space. So at that time, mobile games did not get rid of the shackles of physical keyboard, such as early games: Gluttonous Snake(贪吃蛇), Pushing Boxes(推箱子), and Tetris（俄罗斯方块）.

'''Pre Android'''
After the release of Android phones, with the characteristics of the touch screen, games that need touch control, such as Fruit Ninja, became popular. There were many classic games in this period, including Plants vs. Zombies（植物大战僵尸）, Angry Birds（愤怒的小鸟）, Temple Escape（神庙逃亡）, Subway Parkour （地铁跑酷）and other classic games .At the same time, Minecraft （我的世界）was released on iphone, but due to the high price of iphone, its popularity is far less than Android games.

'''Pre Tencent period'''
In 2013, two Tencent games: Tiantian Cool Running（天天酷跑） and rhythm master（节奏大师） became popular, quickly surpassing Plants vs. Zombies and angry birds, and firmly ranked first in China's mobile games. At the same time, other Tencent games also took the opportunity to hype up and attract players. For a time, no game company could compete with Tencent.

'''Scuffle period'''
2011 was the year when smart phone games began to engage in scuffle. Mobile phone stand-alone games developed rapidly. Many players should have experienced Asphalt 5. At that time, the giants of mobile game manufacturers were definitely Gameloft. Modern war and Nova represented the peak of the picture quality of mobile games; In addition, "Assassin's Creed", "cell division 5", "ghost cry 4", "dead space" and other end games have also gradually landed on the mobile game platform; The online games of smart phones have also begun to test the market. A number of hardware manufacturers have begun to strengthen the graphics computing capacity of mobile phones, and the mobile game platform has officially taken shape.

'''Post Tencent period'''
By november2015, a game was born, breaking the balance in the mobile game industry. Its appearance has changed the pattern of the entire mobile game market. This game is "glory of the king"（王者荣耀）. This game dominates the mobile game rankings only two days after it was launched. Although it was attacked by CF of Netease(网易), it returned to the top in 16 years.
The success of this game also makes other companies start to think about how to make a high-quality mobile game. In 2018, a year of full bloom, various mobile games have sprung up, such as Onmyoji（阴阳师） of Netease，PUBG Mobile（刺激战场） of Tencent，Genshin（原神） impact of MiHoYo etc.. Both the picture quality and the game experience have made a qualitative leap.

'''Development status and trend of mobile games'''

With the rapid development of mobile games in China, the market scale has expanded rapidly, and the capital heat is highly focused. It has quickly surpassed end games and page games and become a mainstream game type. From January to June 2021, the actual sales revenue of China's mobile game market was 114.772 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.65%.

In recent years, the proportion of revenue from PC games and web games has continued to decline. On the contrary, the revenue share of mobile game industry has increased rapidly, and the revenue scale is expected to further expand. From 2014 to 2020, the proportion of mobile games in the sales revenue of the game industry increased rapidly from 24% to 75.2%, and the proportion reached 76.3% in the first half of 2021.

In the ranking of monthly active number of mobile game apps in September 2021, the monthly active number of glory of the king is far ahead, reaching 149million, followed by Game for peace（和平精英） and Fun Fest（开心消消乐）.

With the continuous improvement of the ecological environment of China's game industry, the continuous upgrading of the game industry chain, and the development of 5g, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data and other forward-looking technologies, a number of innovative cultural products and businesses have been created, including cloud games, e-sports, game live broadcasting, etc., which put forward higher development requirements for enterprises in the game industry.

'''Social impact of Chinese mobile games'''

1. The development of mobile games has created a large number of related industries and provided more employment opportunities for people.
2. Mobile games provide people with opportunities to have a pleasant mood, social communication and exercise their intelligence.
3. The development of mobile games has put forward higher requirements for mobile phone manufacturing and software engineering, which is conducive to promoting the development of domestic science and technology.
4. The external communication of Chinese mobile games is conducive to vigorously carrying forward Chinese culture and enhancing China's international influence.
5. The development of mobile games makes many people indulge in it, which is easy to waste money and time, and damage their eyesight.
6. The development of the game industry can, to a certain extent, alleviate the pressure of the epidemic on the economy. During the epidemic period, the game industry, which is not affected by the epidemic, will continue to maintain game production and development, which will also have a positive impact on the future economic recovery.

'''Reference：'''
[1] Development history of mobile games in China, published by China Science Daily on August 22, 2014
[2] Current situation of mobile game industry in 2021, published on Huajing information network on March 2, 2022 10:4
[3] Development history of mobile games in China (by 2021) in Bilibili.

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs:Faggotry Culture in China:taking Da Sima(金轮) as an example==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

China enjoys great abundance in resources of flowers. Early in ancient times, Chinese people noted that the value of flowers was diversified, and utilized flowers in various ways. Flowers could be used as ingredients for cuisine, herbal medicine, and decorative items. Moreover, the image of flowers always appeared in poems, proses and articles, highly praised by Chinese literary men for the beauty, fragrance as well as spirits. Throughout history, flowers are of both pragmatic and spiritual significance in Chinese culture.

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinese Dream==

In November of 2012, soon after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President Xi Jinping put forward, for the first time, the idea of the Chinese Dream on a visit to “The Road towards National Rejuvenation” exhibition at the National Museum of China. The Chinese dream meant for him the “great renewal of the Chinese nation.” and “is a dream of the whole nation, as well as of every individual,” he said. Since then, use of the phrase has become widespread in official announcements and as the embodiment of the leadership's political ideology under Xi Jinping. Xi said that young people should “dare to dream, work assiduously to fulfill the dreams and contribute to the revitalization of the nation.” There are various connotations and interpretations of the term.

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD)==

Buytogether(PDD), also called Pinduoduo in Chinese, is a mainstream e-commerce application of mobile Internet in China, and a third-party social e-commerce platform focusing on C2M(Customer-to-Manufacturer) group shopping. It was founded in September 2015. Users can buy goods at a lower price by buying them with their friends, families and neighbors together.
Buytogether aims to enable people to buy better goods at lower prices and gain more benefits and fun by gathering the strength of more people. Its idea in online shopping is unique in that it creates a brand new pattern of social e-commerce: Community E-Commerce

A.The History of Development
After only three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018. In July 2020, Buytogether ranked the fourth in "The Hurun China’s Top 10 E-commerce 2020". By 2020, Buytogether 's annual active users reached nearly 800 million, and its operating revenue reached 59.492 billion yuan. Reviewing the developing course of Buytogether, we can mainly divide it into the following two stages :
1.Early Developing Period (2015-2018)
Aiming at the sinking market, Buytogether came into being. Although e-commerce has great market potential, the competition is also very fierce. After years of development, Taobao, JD and other well-known traditional e-commerce enterprises have occupied a huge market share for a long time. Although having a large market share, they are also bothered by various problems, such as product quality concerns, fake goods, deficient platform supervision and so on, which force them to proceed strategic improvement. For example, in 2015, Taobao cracked down on the fake goods appearing on the platform, hoping to enhance customers' confidence in it by improving the quality of products. But at the same time, the improvement of product quality has brought about the rising of product price, which makes Taobao break away from the highly price-sensitive consumers, who pay more attention to the price rather than the brand. Users in such a sinking market that was unoccupied have become targets of Buytogether.
In September 2015, Buytogether was officially launched. In February 2016, Buytogether 's monthly turnover exceeded 10 million, and its users exceeded 20 million. In July 2016, Buytogether had more than 100 million users and received a B round of $110 million financing. On October 10,2016, the single-day transaction volume of Buytogether 's anniversary celebration, a big shopping festival, exceeded 100 million yuan. In October 2017, Buytogether occupied the first place in the total number of iOS application downloads under the category of shopping for nearly one month. Buytogether is a dark horse in the early days, constantly showing its edge.
2.Growing Period (from 2018 to now)
After three years of development, Buytogether was successfully listed on NASDAQ in July 2018, and has made remarkable achievements. According to CCTV, Buytogether had 385.5 million annual active users in 2018, surpassing JD, the second largest e-commerce platform with its 305.2 million users. In February 2019, Buytogether was included in the MSCI. In June 2019, the " Subsidy of Ten Billion Yuan " activity was launched, and Buytogether was selected as one of " The Forbes Most Innovative Enterprises in China 2019" in the same month. In December 2019, Buytogether launched the train ticket service on its App terminal. In 2019, Buytogether 's operating revenue was about 30.142 billion yuan, and the number of multiannual active users had reached 585.2 million by the end of 2019.According to the 2020 annual report released by Buytogether, it achieved operating revenue of about 59.492 billion yuan in 2020, with a growing rate of 97% compared with 2019. The achievements of Buytogether are amazing to all, creating a miracle among all the e-commerce platforms.

B.The Special Marketing Strategy
Buytogether's success is inseparable from its unique marketing strategy based on community .
Internet technology breaks the limitation of time and space; various social media provide interactive platforms, strengthening users’ connectivity. The essence of Buytogether's going viral is to take the social media as carriers to carry out e-commerce transactions, namely community e-commerce. Community e-commerce manages the users and potential users of the platform in a new way, paying more attention to providing users with more interactive communication and scenarios, so as to facilitate users to find groups where other people have similar interests and needs to their own and hence exchange shopping information and conduct group shopping at a much lower price. In Buytogether, users can get lower prices when they share the links of what they want to buy with their friends to form a group for shopping. The characteristics of Buytogether's community e-commerce are as follows:
1.Targeting customers in the sink market.
The "internet traffic(data)-centered" competing mechanism of traditional e-commerce platforms represented by Taobao and JD makes the main market of online shopping be occupied by leading brands with abundant funds. In the early days of establishment, Buytogether effectively distinguished its main customers from those of traditional e-commerce platforms, and positioned the main customers in the sink market to buffer competition in the industry. Buytogether supplies products at lower prices than other traditional e-commerce platforms by some strategies like “the more you buy, the lower prices are”, shopping in group and enabling users to bargain, thus attracting a large number of consumers in the sink market and small cities.
The increase of the users attracts a larger number of sellers to flood into the platform in return. With its decentralized internet traffic(data) distribution and low-cost entry threshold, Buytogether has brought opportunities to start-ups and niche enterprises. Many little-known businesses including some self-employed ones have flooded into the platform as well. Both parties of a deal in the sink market are attracted by Buytogether’s low prices and low costs. Consumers gain lower prices and suppliers acquire more customers; the trading system of Buytogether is gradually improved.
2.Popularizing based on users’ community.
Buytogether attracts more and more customers depending on social media and users’ social relations. Under the logic of community, the Internet economy is based on human.
Generally speaking, the formation of different groups is based on interests, kinship, etc. Through third-party social platforms such as WeChat and QQ, consumers establish and join groups where people have similar interests and needs to share and exchange information. In other words, users with similar interest or needs form a community. Buytogether manages these community members, analyzes the characteristics of different communities, captures their needs and interest points, so as to release marketing contents accurately and establish unlimited vertical market segments.
Also, consumers in the online communities will share their experience of using products with recommendation or criticism, which actually provides the stores and the platform itself with suggestions for improving, assistance in producing and innovative ideas. Consumers are not only loyal "buyers", but also enthusiastic "sharers" and innovative "producers".
3.Selling in the form of group.
Buytogether's "group enjoys discounts" selling strategy has attracted many consumers in pursuit of high cost performance. The "buying in group" model has grown full-bloom with the combined promotion of big data, the Internet and the community economy.
Group shopping brings more benefits to consumers. It is easy to arouse consumers’ desire to buy when their friends share the link of what they want to buy that they also need and has an affordable price. Then the virtuous cycle comes. In order to get lower price, it is inevitable to share the group link with friends. If this cycle continues, more and more people will download Buytogether and buy something. When consumers choose such a social platform where friends gather to share group shopping links, it is easier to form communities and develop the habit of sharing and shopping in group. Group shopping reflects the integration of network technology into real life, bringing mutual benefits and win-win results, which is also an upgrade of consumption form.
4.Reducing intermediary businesses.
Traditional e-commerce platforms have broadened online transaction channels, but have not effectively shortened the transaction process between suppliers and customers. Therefore, the profit space of suppliers and consumers has not been totally released.
By targeting the sink market, Buytogether has attracted a large number of suppliers of different brands to the platform to talk with customers directly. Users can form groups and make orders on Buytogether according to their interests and needs. The platform will skip the procedure of channel distribution and feedback users’ needs to suppliers directly to shorten the decision-making time and reduce the inventory backlog.
The docking of transaction terminals reduces the profits middlemen can get, releasing the profit space for users and suppliers. Buytogether is committed to shortening the transaction process between users and suppliers, thus attracting more transaction terminals to enter the platform. So it becomes a main advantage of Buytogether that attracts stores and suppliers at lower operating costs.

C.The Advantages of Buytogether
1.Creating needs actively.
Under the model of traditional e-commerce, users mostly buy goods based on their own needs, which means the platform itself is not active enough in inspiring customers’ demands. But Buytogether attracts new consumers and promotes their demands actively through low prices, recommendation from friends, group shopping and many other ways.
Users in social media will browse the information of products when they receive links of group shopping from their friends. The products are usually affordable and practical that are necessities for consumers, so they are likely to buy the products as well. Therefore, depending on the relation network of community members, it is easy for Buytogether to dig out and inspire customers’ potential needs.
2.Connecting users in many ways.
User connection is a significant advantage of Buytogether. Under the mode of community e-commerce, the relationship between users and sellers or other users is much closer. What community members pursue is not only the material benefits brought by products themselves, but also the interactive communication and emotional connection with others. Therefore, they tend to have a high degree of involvement and loyalty to stores, and spontaneously participate in the activities that contribute to the prosperity of the whole community like collaborative production, reputation building and spreading, content producing and so on, forming a C2B model where users’ demands guide the production, so as to solve the problem of inventory redundancy and optimize trading processes. Under the guidance of opinion leaders, community members are more likely to develop a herd mentality, and gain a sense of belonging and a sense of achievement from their collective actions. Fan economy, opinion leaders and herd effect in community e-commerce open a new vision for businesses to drive users to respond.
3.Promoting social contacts.
Traditional e-commerce improves the shopping experiences of individual consumers by issuing allowances, coupons and cross-store discounts. But Buytogether fosters adhesiveness of users through interaction. Buytogether utilizes the interpersonal network of community to innovate forms of discounts, such as inviting friends to help bargain, gain free charge and group price, not only meeting the customers’ practical needs of information acquisition, price concessions and product purchases, but also enabling customers to improve their shopping experiences with interactive entertainment.

D.The problems of Buytogether
1.The crisis of confidence
Recently, Buytogether has launched zero yuan purchase, cash withdrawal with friends’ help(by sharing links) and other activities that require users to invite their friends to participate in. However, to gain the promised benefits, users have to obey complex procedures and sometimes they get nothing after it. So in the process of these activities, consumers will feel interested and inspired at the beginning, and then they are likely to be disappointed, or even give up midway. Even if they really complete the task, they will feel that the harvest and their efforts are not proportional. In this way, it is easy for users to feel bored about the activity of the platform, seriously affecting their confidence in it.
2.The problem of low quality
Since its establishment, Buytogether has been adopting the low-price marketing strategy based on social networking including a series of discount activities, which have continuously compressed the profit space of the settled stores. In order to conform with the platform's low-price strategy as much as possible, these stores have to reduce the costs of raw materials and production, thus causing quality problems. In addition, due to Buytogether’s low entry threshold and loose supervision, the qualifications of its sellers are not all official. Some sellers enter the platform to sell fake and shoddy products, which not only damages the rights and interests of consumers, but also destroys users' trust in the platform.
3.The damage of corporate image
The main way for Buytogether to realize its community marketing is to attract new users by making current users constantly share the platform links. Current users frequently forward links to invite friends to help them gain a discount or cash rewards, but sometimes such behavior will bother their friends, the potential customers of Buytogether, and even stir their antipathy for this platform. Therefore, this method of marketing is a double-edged sword, sometimes damaging its corporate image.

E.The Measures for Optimization
1.Optimize marketing rules and enhance users’ confidence.
After years of accumulation, Buytogether has had a large number of registered users, so the marketing rules can be appropriately optimized based on it. Nowadays, Buytogether no longer needs to rely on fission marketing methods like sharing links to expand the user scale, but needs to improve its own marketing policies, utilize social media more rationally, and formulate marketing activities from the perspective of users. Buytogether can take into consideration increasing the probability of consumers completing their tasks in marketing activities and giving consumers more subsidies and dividends to gain their confidence and foster their loyalty to the platform.
2.Reinforce supervision and improve the quality of products.
If Buytogether wants to reduce inferior products, it must supervise its sellers closely. When sellers enter, their qualification and product quality must be strictly checked. In addition, while strengthening the supervision of the sellers, Buytogether is also advised to give more welfare to these sellers to encourage them to pay more attention to product quality, so as to solve related problems from the source. Moreover, Buytogether should also establish an organic system of after-sales service, increase the number of personnel to serve customers, and handle all kinds of complaints from users properly.
3.Polish up users'comments and improve the corporate image.
Consumers tend to consider the platform’s corporate image when choosing products. Unfortunately, many consumers have linked Buytogether with "inferior products" at present, so it is emergent for Buytogether to regain users' confidence and trust by improving its corporate image.

References
1.百度百科
2.梁艳.基于拼多多发展路径分析如何增强平台用户黏性[J].中国集体经济,2022(10):51-53.
3.徐佳宁.基于社群经济的电商企业商业模式创新——以拼多多为例[J].现代营销(下旬刊),2022(03):128-130.DOI:10.19932/j.cnki.22-1256/F.2022.03.128.
4.徐琴.拼多多的社交化营销策略研究[J].上海商业,2022(03):16-17.

Terms
1.NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations(美国全国证券交易商协会自动报价表)
2."2020 Hurun China Top 10 E-commerce":《2020胡润中国10强电商》
3.Sinking market: Small-town and rural markets where the most Chinese population live.下沉市场

Questions
1.When was Buytogether founded?
2.When was Buytogether listed on NASDAQ?
3.What new type of e-commerce did Buytogether create?
4.Which market does Buytogether target?
5.What are advantages of Buytogether?
6.What are problems of Buytogether?
7.How to solve these problems?

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-05-30T06:29:26Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD) */

CULTURE2022 20220523 homework

2022-05-28T02:09:30Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

CULTURE2022 20220523 homework

2022-05-24T14:27:09Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

CULTURE2022 20220516 homework

2022-05-20T09:53:15Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

CULTURE2022 20220516 homework

2022-05-17T09:22:45Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

Culture2022 final exam papers

2022-05-16T07:28:40Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: bilibili（哔哩哔哩） */

Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|course homepage]].

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 - Economy: Chinese Currency Changes==

==Chen Kun 陈锟-History:Wang Yangming===

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰 - Please choose a topic.==

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡 - Cuisine: Luosifen==

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露 - Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣 - Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) ==

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞 - Philosophical Schools: Mohism ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Han Jingru 韩静茹 - Entertainment: Deyunshe ==

==He Minghui 何明慧 - Traditional Cuisine: Dumpling ==

==Lei Heng 雷珩 - Photoshop technology culture in China ==

==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==

==Li Siwen 李思文 - Chinese painting: Chinese landscape painting ==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instrument: Erhu==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪 - Please choose a topic.==

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪 - Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan==

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣 - Animals：Golden Monkey==

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲 - Chinese Economy: rich businessmen==

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Politics: Increasing national seclusion and isolation of contemporary China ==

==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远 - Please choose a topic.==

==Yan Ni 燕妮 - Please choose a topic.==

==Yang Lei 杨磊 - Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）==

==You Xinning 由馨凝 - Clothing: Vintage Clothing ==

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博-Aesthetic ideals and social customs:Faggotry Culture in China:taking Da Sima(金轮) as an example==

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪 - Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers==

==Yuan Ling 袁灵 - National Belief: the Chinesse Dream==
Please report on this from a scholarly, not from a political perspective.

== Headline text ==
==Zhou Sirui 周思睿 - Science and Technology: BuyTogether（PDD)==
This is already existing, please choose a new topic.

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿 -Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People ==

CULTURE2022 20220509 homework

2022-05-13T10:16:13Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220307_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Mar 14]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220314_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Mar 21]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220321_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Mar 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220328_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Apr 4]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220404_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8 Apr 11]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220411_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9 Apr 18]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220418_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10 Apr 25]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220425_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11 May 2]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220502_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12 May 9]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220509_homework|homework of session 12 for session 13 May 16]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220516_homework|homework of session 13 for session 14 May 23]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

When you have finished writing your homework, please do not forget to click the "save" button and type in the password "wikicaptcha".

Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
<nowiki></nowiki>

==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
大夫又说好生静养才好，谁还肯烦他做呢？旧年好一年的工夫，做了个香袋儿；今年半年，还没见拿针线呢。”正说着，有人来回说：“兴隆街的大爷来了，老爷叫二爷出去会。”宝玉听了，便知贾雨村来了，心中好不自在。袭人忙去拿衣服。宝玉一面登着靴子，一面抱怨道：“有老爷和他坐着就罢了，回回定要见我。”史湘云一边摇着扇子，笑道：“自然你能会宾接客，老爷才叫你出去呢。”宝玉道：“那里是老爷？都是他自己要请我见的。”湘云笑道：“‘主雅客来勤’，自然你有些警动他的好处，他才要会你。”
==Chen Kun 陈锟==
宝玉道：“罢，罢！我也不称雅，俗中又俗的一个俗人，并不愿同这些人往来。”湘云笑道：“还是这个情性，改不了。如今大了，你就不愿读书去考举人进士的，也该常会会这些为官作宰的，谈讲谈讲那些仕途经济的学同，也好将来应酬庶务，日后也有个朋友。没见你成年家只在我们队里搅些什么？”宝玉听了，道：“姑娘请别的屋里坐坐，我这里仔细腌臜了你知经济学问的人！”袭人道：“姑娘快别说这话。上回也是宝姑娘也说过一回，他也不管人脸上过得去过不去，他就‘咳’了一声，拿起脚来走了。
==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
这里宝姑娘的话也没说完，见他走了，登时羞得脸通红．说又不是，不说又不是。幸而是宝姑娘，那要是林姑娘，不知又闹得怎么样，哭得怎么样呢！提起这些话来，宝姑娘叫人敬重，自己过了一会子去了。我倒过不去，只当他恼了，谁知过后还是照旧一样，真真是有涵养，心地宽大的。谁知这一个反倒同他生分了。那林姑娘见他赌气不理，他后来不知赔多少不是呢。”宝玉道：“林姑娘从来说过这些混账话不曾？若他也说过这些混账话，我早和他生分了。”

Seeing he left, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass hadn't finished her words and suddenly became so shy that her face was burning. It seems neither speaking it out nor shutting her mouth is right. It's lucky that it was Precious Hairpin Marshgrass instead of Mascara Jade Forest, who is very likely to be mad and cry in this case. Went it comes to this, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass is worthy of respect. She just ignored it later on. But I can't neglect it and take it as she was mad. And I was surprised that she was just as the same after this thing. How gentle and tolerant she is! But who knows this one had become mad and alienated to him. Mascara Jade Forest seeing him and ignoring him coldly. You have no ideas how many times he had apologized to her!" Precious Jade said " Did Mascara Jade Forest say something rude like this before? If she did, I wouldn't be close to her."--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 02:20, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
袭人和湘云都点头笑道：“这原是混帐话？”原来林黛玉知道史湘云在这里，宝玉一定又赶来说麒麟的原故，因心下忖度着，近日宝玉弄来的外传野史，多半才子佳人，都因小巧玩物上撮合，或有鸳鸯，或有凤凰，或玉环金佩，或鲛帕鸾绦：皆由小物而遂终身之愿。今忽见宝玉亦有麟麟，便恐借此生隙，同史湘云也做出那些风流佳事来，因而悄悄走来，见机行事，以察二人之意。不想刚走来，正听见史湘云说“经济”一事，宝玉又说：“林妹妹不说这样混账话，若说这话，我也同他生分了。”
==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
林黛玉听了这话，不觉又喜又惊，又悲又叹。所喜者，果然自己眼力不错，素日认他是个知己，果然是个知己。所惊者，他在人前一片私心称扬于我，其亲热厚密，竟不避嫌疑。所叹者，你既为我之知己，自然我亦可为你的知己，既你我为知己，则又何必有“金玉”之论呢？既有“金玉”之论，也该你我有之，又何必来一宝钗呢？所悲者，父母早逝，虽有铭心刻骨之言，无人为我主张；况近日每觉神思恍惚，病已渐成，医者更云：“气弱血亏，恐致劳怯之症。”
==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
我虽为你的知己，但恐不能久待；你纵为我知己，奈我薄命何！想到此间，不禁滚下泪来。待进去相见，自觉无味，便一面拭泪，一面抽身回去了。这里宝玉忙忙的穿了衣裳出来，忽见黛玉在前面慢慢的走着，似乎有拭泪之状，便忙赶着上来笑道：“妹妹往那里去？怎么又哭了？又是谁得罪了你？”林黛玉回头见是宝玉，便勉强笑道：“好好的，我何曾哭了。”宝玉笑道：“你瞧瞧，眼睛上的泪珠儿未干，还撒谎呢。”一面说，一面禁不住抬起手来，替他拭泪。

Although I am your true love, I fear I may not be able to stay there. And even though you are mine, you can do nothing to alter my fate. At that point in her reflections she began to weep. Feeling in no fit state to be seen, she turned away from the door and began to make her way back again. Precious Jade had finished his hasty dressing and now came out of the house. He saw Mascara Jade slowly walking on ahead of him and, judging by her appearance from behind, wiping her eyes. He hurried forward to catch up with her. “Where are you off to? Are you crying again? Who has upset you this time?” Mascara Jade turned and saw that it was Precious Jade. “I’m perfectly all right,” she said, forcing a smile. “How could I be crying.” “Look at yourself! The tears are still wet on your face. How can you tell such lies?” Impulsively he stretched out his hand to wipe them.--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 06:10, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
林黛玉忙向后退了几步，说道：“你又要死了！做什么，这么动手动脚的。”宝玉笑道：“说话忘了情，不觉的动了手，也就顾不得死活。”林黛玉道：“死了倒不值什么，只是丢下了什么‘金’，又是什么‘麒麟’，可怎么好呢！”一句话，又把宝玉说急了，赶上来问道：“你还说这话，到底是咒我还是气我呢？”林黛玉见问，方想起前日的事来，遂自悔自己又说造次了，忙笑道：“你别着急，我原说错了。这有什么，筋都叠暴起来，急得一脸汗！”一面说，一面禁不住近前伸手着他拭面上的汗。
==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
宝玉瞅了半天，方说道：“你放心。”黛玉听了，怔了半天，说道：“我有什么不放心？我不明白你这话。你倒说说，怎么放心不放心？”宝玉叹了一口气，问道：“你果然不明白这话？难道我素日在你身上的心都用错了？连你的意思若体贴不着，就难怪你天天为我生气了！”林黛玉道：“果然我不明白放心不放心的话。”宝玉点头叹道：“好妹妹，你别哄我；果然不明白这话，不但我素日之意白用了，且连你素日待我之意也都辜负了。你皆因多是不放心的原故，才弄了一身的病。
==He Minghui 何明慧==
但凡宽慰些，这病也不得一日重似一日。”林黛玉听了这话，如轰雷掣电，细细思之，竟比自己肺腑中掏出来的还觉恳切，竟有万句言语，满心要说，只是半个字也不能吐，却怔怔的望着他。此时宝玉心中有万句言词，不知一时从那一句说起，却也怔怔的望着黛玉。两个人怔了半天，林黛玉只“咳”了一声，两眼不觉滚下泪来，回身便要走。宝玉忙上前拉住道：“好妹妹，且略站住，我说一句话再走。”黛玉一面拭泪，一面将手推开，说道：“有什么可说的？你的话我都知道了。”
==Lei Heng 雷珩==
口里说着，却头也不回，竟去了。宝玉望着只管发起呆来。原来方才出来慌忙，不曾带得扇子，袭人怕他热，忙拿了扇子，赶来送与他；忽抬头见了林黛玉和他站着，一时黛玉走了，他还站着不动，因而赶上来说道：“你也不带了扇子去，亏我看见，赶了送来。”宝玉出了神，见袭人和他说话，并未看出是何人来，便一把拉住，说道：“好妹妹，我的这心事，从来也不敢说，今日我胆大说出来，死也甘心！我为你也弄了一身的病，在这里又不敢告诉人，只好捱着。
==Li LinYu 李琳玉==
等你的病好了，只怕我的病才得好呢。睡里梦里也忘不了你！”袭人听了，吓得惊疑不止，只叫“神天菩萨，坑死我了！”便推他道：“这是那里的话，敢是中了邪？还不快去！”宝玉一时醒过来，方知是袭人送扇；宝玉羞得满面紫涨，夺了扇子，便抽身的跑了。这里袭人见他去了，自思方才之言，一定是因林黛玉而起，如此看来，将来难免不才之事，令人可惊可畏。想到此间，也不觉怔怔的滴下泪来。心下暗度如何处治，方能免此丑祸。正裁疑问，忽有宝钗从那里走来，笑道：“大毒日头地下，出什么神？”
==Li Siwen 李思文==
袭人见问，忙笑道：“那两个雀儿打架，倒也好玩儿，我就看住了。”宝钗道：“宝兄弟这会子穿了衣服，忙忙的那里去了？我才看见走过去，倒要叫住问他呢。他如今说话越发没了经纬，我故此没叫他，由他过去罢。”袭人道：“老爷叫他出去。”宝钗听了，忙说道：“嗳哟！这么黄天暑热的，叫他做什么？别是想起什么来，生了气，叫他出去教训一场罢？”袭人笑道：“不是这个，想是有客要会。”宝钗笑道：“这个客也没意思，这么热天，不在家里凉快，还跑些什么！”

Having seen that, Aroma laughed,"The two birds was fighting. It is so funny and attracted me." Precious Hairpin said,"Brother Precious was dressing just now. But where is he now? I was seeing him passing and wanted to call him to stop. But thinking about that his words are increasingly ridiculous so I didn't do that. Let him go!" Aroma said, "Milord called him out." Precious Hairpin heard that, saying immediately," Oh! Why did milord call him? It's so hot! The milord couldn't think of something, angering and had called him to blame?" Aroma laughed," No. Maybe they were to receive a visitor." Precious Hairpin smiled," How bored the visitor is! You see such a hot day, why doesn't he just stay at home but visit us now!"--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 17:03, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
袭人笑道：“你可说么！”宝钗因而问道：“云丫头在你们家做什么呢？”袭人笑道：“才说了一会子闲话，你瞧，我前日粘的那双鞋子，明日求他做去。”宝钗听见这话，便两边回头，看无人来往，笑道：“你这么个明白人，怎么一时半刻的就不会体谅人情？我近来看着云姑娘的神情，风里言风里语的，听起来，在家里一点点做不得主。他们家嫌费用大，竟不用那些针线上的人，差不多儿的东西都是他们娘儿们动手。为什么这几次他来了，他和我说话儿，见没人在跟前，他就说家里累得很。
==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
我再问他两句家常过日子的话，他就连眼圈儿都红了，嘴里含含糊糊，待说不说的。想其形景，自然从小没爹娘的苦。我看他也不觉的伤起心来。”袭人见说这话，将手一拍，道：“是了，是了。怪道上月我求他打十根蝴蝶儿结子，过了那些日子，才打发人送来，还说：‘这是粗打的，且在别处将就使罢；要匀净的，等明日来住着，再好生打罢。’如今听姑娘这话，想来我们求他，他不好推辞不知他在家里怎么三更半夜的做呢！可是我也糊涂了，早知道是这样，我也不该求他的。”
==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
宝钗道：“上次他告诉我，说在家里做活做到三更天，若是替别人做一点半点，他家的那些奶奶太太们，还不受用呢。”袭人道：“偏生我们那个牛心左性的小爷，凭着小的大的活计，一概不要家里这些活计上的人做，我又弄不开这些。”宝钗笑道：“你理他呢！只管叫人做去，就是了。”袭人道：“那里哄得过他？他才是认得出来呢。说不得我只好慢慢的累去罢了。”宝钗笑道：“你不必忙，我替你做些何如？”袭人笑道：“当真的？这样就是我的造化了。晚上我亲自过来。”

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
一句话未了，忽见一个老婆子忙忙走来，说道：“这是那里说起！金钏儿姑娘好好投井死了！”袭人听得，唬了一跳，忙问：“那个金钏儿？”那老婆子道：“那里还有两个金钏儿呢？就是太太屋里的。前日不知为什么撵他出去，在家里哭天抹沮的，也都不理会他，谁知找不着他，才有打水的人说：‘那东南角上井里打水，见一个尸首。’赶着叫人打捞起来，谁知是他。他们还只管乱着要救活，那里中用了？”宝钗道：“这也奇了。”袭人听说，点头赞叹，想素日同气之情，不觉流下泪来。

Before saying a word, suddenly an old woman hurried up and said, "that's where it comes from!
Golden Bracelet threw herself into the well and died!" After hearing this, Aroma startled and hurriedly asked, "which Golden Bracelet?" The old woman said, "Are there still two gold bracelets? She is the one of Lady King. They drove her out for some reason the day before yesterday. She cried at home but everyone ignored her. When they couldn't find her, then someone who drew water said, 'I drew water from the well in the southeast corner and saw a corpse.' they hurried to salvage, but who knew it was her. They just wanted to hurriedly save her. This is certainly not feasible" Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, "it's strange." Aroma nodded and thought of the friendship of colleagues in the past. She couldn't help bursting into tears.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 02:36, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
宝钗听见这话，忙向王夫人处来安慰。这里袭人回去不提。却说宝钗来至王夫人房里，只见鸦雀无闻，独有王夫人在里间房内坐着垂泪。宝钗便不好提这事，只得一旁坐了。王夫人便问：“你从那里来？”宝钗道：“从园里来。”王夫人道：你从园里来，可曾见你宝兄弟？”宝钗道：“才倒看见了他，穿着衣服出去了，不知那里去。”王夫人点头叹道：“你可知道一桩奇事？金钏儿忽然投井死了！”宝钗见说，道：“怎么好好的投井？这也奇了。”王夫人道：“原是前日他把我一件东西弄坏了，我一时生气，打了一下，撵了他下去。
==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
我只说气他几天，还叫他上来，谁知他这么气性大，就投井死了，岂不是我的罪过。”宝钗笑道：“姨娘是慈善人，固然是这样想；据我看来，他并不是赌气投井，多半他下去住着，或是在井跟前玩，失了脚掉下去的。他在上头拘束惯了，这一出去，自然要到各处去玩玩逛逛，岂有这样大气的理？纵然有这样大气，也不过是个糊涂人，也不为可惜。”王夫人点头叹道：“这话虽然如此，到底我心不安。”宝钗笑道：“姨娘也不劳关心，十分过不去，不过多赏他几两银子，发送他，也就尽主仆之情了。”
==Wang Rou 汪柔==
王夫人道：“才刚我赏了五十两银子与他娘，原要还把你姊妹们的新衣服给他装裹，谁知各丫头可巧都没有什么新做的衣服，只有你林妹妹做生日的两套。我想你林妹妹那个孩子，素日是个有心的，况且他原也三灾八难的，既说了给他过生日，这会子又给人去装裹，岂不忌讳？因为这么样，我才现叫裁缝赶着做一套给他。要是别的丫头，赏他几两银子，也就完了。金钏儿虽然是个丫头，素日在我跟前，比我的女儿也差不多。”口里说着，不觉流下泪来。

Miss Wang syas, I just gave her mother five hundred ounces of silver as a reward, and was to give your sisters' cloth to her as decoration, Not considering that the girls happen to not have any new clothes, But for Lin's, which was made for her birthday. Lin is always serious, besides, she's gone through so many difficulties in the past. Now that I promised To give her those clothes for her birthday celebration, but now take those for other's death decoration, how can that not be offensive? Due to this, I made the dressmaker rush to make a new set for her. If it's other girls, I'll give her some money, And it's all over. But Jinchuaner, though is a maid-servent, she was always by my side, and Is just like my own daughter. Talking about all this, Miss Wang can't help weeping.--[[User:Wang Rou|Wang Rou]] ([[User talk:Wang Rou|talk]]) 03:33, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

Miss Wang syas, I just gave her mother five hundred ounces of silver as a reward, and was to give your sisters' cloth to her as decoration, Not considering that the girls happen to not have any new clothes, But for Lin's, which was made for her birthday. Lin is always serious, besides, she's gone through so many difficulties in the past. Now that I promised To give her those clothes for her birthday celebration, but now take those for other's death decoration, how can that not be offensive? Due to this, I made the dressmaker rush to make a new set for her. If it's other girls, I'll give her some money, And it's all over. But Jinchuaner, though is a maid-servent, she was always by my side, and Is just like my own daughter. Talking about all this, Miss Wang can't help weeping.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 09:34, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷==
宝钗忙道：“姨娘这会子又何用叫裁缝赶去，我前日倒做了两套，拿来给他，岂不省事？况且他活的时候也穿过我的旧衣服，身量又相对。”王夫人道：“虽然这样，难道你不忌讳？”宝钗笑道：“姨娘放心，我从来不计较这些。”一面说，一面起身就走。王夫人忙叫了两个人跟宝姑娘去。一时宝钗取了衣服回来，只见宝玉在王夫人旁边坐着垂泪。王夫人正才说他，因见宝钗来了，就掩住口不说了。宝钗见此景况，察言观色，早知觉了七八分。于是将衣服交明，王夫人将他母亲叫来拿了去。再看下回分解。

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said in a hurry:"Aunt, it is useless to order the tailor to make clothes as soon as possible. I made clothes a few days ago, it will be convenient if I give which to him. Moreover, he wore my old clothes when he was alive. The size fits him." Mrs. King said:"Though it is appropriate to do so, will you abstain from that?" Precious Hairpin Marshgrass smiled:" Please feel at ease. I never bargain about these." saying and leaving. Mrs King hurried to call two servants to go with Precious Hairpin Marshgrass. After Precious Hairpin Marshgrass fetched the clothes, she saw Baoyu crying beside Mrs.King. Mrs. King was talking about him but stopped for seeing Precious Hairpin Marshgrass's coming. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass saw the situation, observed her closely and knew seven or eight over ten. So she gave the clothes to her. Mrs.Wang called his mother to take it away. Please watch it from the next round--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 14:27, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
◎第三十三回手足眈眈小动唇舌不肖种种大承笞挞却说王夫人唤上他母亲来，拿几件簪环，当面赏与，又吩咐：“请几众僧人念经超度他。”他母亲磕头，谢了出去。原来宝玉会过雨村回来，听见了金钏儿含羞自尽，心中早已五内摧伤，进来又被王夫人教说教训了一番，也无可回说。看见宝钗进来，方得便走出，茫然不知何往，背着手，低若头，一面感叹，一面慢慢的信步来至厅上。刚转过屏门，不想对面来了一人，正往里走，可巧撞了一个满怀。
==Yan Ni 燕妮==
只听那人喝一声：“站住！”宝玉唬了一跳，抬头看时，不是别人，却是他父亲，早不觉倒抽了一口气，只得垂手一旁站了。贾政道：“好端端的，你垂头丧气嗐些什么？方才雨村来了，要见你，那半天才出来；既出来了，全无一点慷慨挥洒的谈吐，仍是葳葳蕤蕤的。我看你脸上一团私欲愁闷气色，这会子又嗳声叹气，你那些还不足，还不自在？无故这样，却是为何？”宝玉素日虽然口角伶俐，只是此时一心总为金钏儿感伤，恨不得此时也身亡命殒，跟了金钏儿去，如今见他父亲说这些话，究竟不曾听见，只是怔怔的站着。
==Yang Lei 杨磊==
贾政见他惶悚，应对不似往日，原本无气的，这一来，倒生了三分气。方欲说话，忽有回事人来回：“忠顺亲王府里有人来，要见老爷。”贾政听了，心下疑惑，暗暗思忖道：“素日并不与忠顺府来往，为什么今日打发人来？”一面想，一面命：“快请厅上坐。”急忙进内更衣。出来接见时，却是忠顺府长府官，一面彼此见了礼，归坐献茶。未及叙谈，那长府官先就说道：“下官此来，并非擅造潭府，皆因奉命而来，有一件事相求。看王爷面上，敢烦老先生做主。不但王爷知情，且连下官辈亦感谢不尽。”
==You Xinning 由馨凝==
贾政听了这话，摸不着头脑，忙陪笑起身问道：“大人既奉王命而来，不知有何见谕？望大人宣明，学生好遵谕承办。”那长府官冷笑道：“也不必承办，只用老先生一句话就完了。我们府里有一个做小旦的琪官，一向好好在府，如今竟三五日不见回去，各处去找，又摸不着他的道路，因此各处察访。这一城内，十停人倒有八停人都说，他近日和衔玉的那位令郎相与甚厚。下官辈听了，尊府不比别家，可以擅来索取，因此启明王爷。王爷亦说：‘若是别的戏子呢，一百个也罢了；
==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
只是这琪官，随机应答，谨慎老成，甚合我老人家的心境，断断少不得此人。’故此求老先生转达令郎，请将琪官放回，一则可慰王爷谆谆奉恳之意，二则下官辈也可免操劳求觅之苦。”说毕，忙打一躬。贾政听了这话，又惊又气，即命唤宝玉出来。宝玉也不知是何原故，忙忙赶来，贾政便问：“该死的奴才！你在家不读书也罢了，怎么又做出这些无法无天的事来！那琪官现是忠顺王爷驾前承奉的人，你是何等草莽，无故引逗他出来，如今祸及于我。”

The Jade Organ responded with shrewdness and was tactful and deft,which is to my liking.We must hold this guy.Hence,we beg you to convey our kindess to your son and to send him(Jade Organ) back.For onething,it is a good way to recieve and apprehend lord's earness and sincerity.For another thing,the official career of youur next life would go well and far away from the pain of toiling and bustling around.Saying this ,He bowed in respect.Merchant Polictics was suprised and indignant after hearing this and called Precious Jade out at once.PreciousJade came hastily obviously having no idea of what was going on .Merchant Politics reprimanded him severely:"you little bastard.It is tolerable that you stayed at home and idle away time not coming to books.But how dare you are to have done such rude and impertinent things.the Jade Organ is the very person flattering LOrd ZhongShun.It is extremely reckless of you to tease him out for no reason and bring misfortune to me"--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 03:39, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
宝玉听了，唬了一跳，忙回道：“实在不知此事。究竟‘琪官’两个字，不知为何物，况更加以‘引逗’二字！”说着便哭。贾政木及开口，只见那长府官冷笑道：“公子也不必隐饰，或藏在家，或知其下落，早说了出来，我们也不受些辛苦，岂不念公子之德？”宝玉连说：“实在不知。恐是讹传，也未见得。”那长府官冷笑两声道：“现有证据，必定当着老大人说了出来，公子岂不吃亏？既说不知此人，那红汗巾子怎得到了公子腰里？”宝玉听了这话，不觉轰了魂魄，目瞪口呆，心下自思：
==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
“这话他如何得知？他既连这样机密事都知道了，大约别的瞒他不过，不如打发他去了，免得再说出别的事来。”因说道：“大人既知他的底细，如何连他置买房舍这样大事倒不晓得了？听得说，他如今在东郊离城二十里有个什么紫檀堡，他在那里置了几亩田地，几间房舍。想是在那里，也未可知。”那长府官听了，笑道：“这样说，一定是在那里。我且去找一回，若有了便罢；若没有，还要来请教。”说着，便忙忙的告辞走了。贾政此时气得目瞪口歪，一面送那官员，一面回头命宝玉：“不许动！回来有话同你！”

“How has he come to know this! But since he knows all these secrets, I cannot, I expect, put him off in other points; so wouldn’t it be better for me to pack him off, in order to obviate his blubbering anything more?” “Sir,” he consequently remarked, “how is it that despite your knowledge with all these details, you have no idea of the essential point that he has purchased a house? I’ve heard that he’s, at present, staying in the eastern suburbs at a distance of twenty li from the city; at some place or other called Red Sandalwood Fort, and that he has bought there several acres of land and a few houses. So I presume he’s to be found in that locality; but of course there’s no sure.” “According to that,” smiled the senior officer, as soon as he heard his explanation, “he must for be there. I shall therefore go and look for him. If he’s there, well and good; but if not, I shall come again and request you.” While saying so, he took his leave walked off with hurried step. Master Merchant was by this time so angry that his eyes stared, and his mouth opened; and as he escorted the officer out, he turned his head and asked Precious Jade not budge. “I have,” he said, “to ask you something on my return.”--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

“How has he come to know this! But since he knows all these secrets, I cannot, I expect, put him off in other points; so wouldn’t it be better for me to pack him off, in order to obviate his blubbering anything more?” “Sir,” he consequently remarked, “how is it that you knowing all these details, but you have no idea of the essential point that he has purchased a house? I’ve heard that he’s, at present, staying in the eastern suburbs at a distance of twenty li from the city; at some place or other called Red Sandalwood Fort, and that he has bought there several acres of land and a few houses. So I presume he’s to be found there; but of course there’s no sure.” “According to that,” smiled the senior officer, as soon as he heard his explanation, “he must be there. I shall therefore go and look for him. If he’s there, well and good; but if not, I shall come again and request you.” While saying so, he took his leave with hurried step. Master Merchant is by this time so angry that glares, and his mouth opened; and as he escorted the officer out, he turned his head and asked Precious Jade not to budge. “I have,” he said, “something to ask you when return .”—[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 10:16, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
一直送那官员去了。才回身，忽见贾环带着几个小厮一阵乱跑，贾政喝命小厮：“给我快打！”贾环见了他父亲，吓得骨软筋酥，赶忙低头站住。贾政便问：“你跑什么？带着你的那些人都不管你，不知往那里去，由你野马一般！”喝叫：“跟上学的人呢？”贾环见他父亲甚怒，便乘机说道：“方才原不曾跑，只因从那井边一过，那井里淹死了一个丫头，我看人头这样大，身子这样粗，泡得实在可怕，所以才赶着跑了过来。”贾政听了，惊疑问道：“好端端，谁去跳井？我家从无这样事情，自祖宗以来，皆是宽柔待下。

After seeing the officer off, Master Merchant turned around. Suddenly, he catches Ring Merchant running hurriedly with several maids and then he shouts to the maids," Plank him right now!" Seeing his father, Ring Merchant is terrified to nearly paralyzed and standing still with his head ducked. Master Merchant asks him," Why are you running? Those with you just let you go and you are hence like a wild horse that run aimlessly!" He shouts angrily," Where are those going to school with you!" Seeing his father so raged,Ring Merchant says seizing this chance,"I didn't run just now. I run because I have seen a girl drowned in that well when I passed. Her head and body are swollen in water! It is so horrifying that I wanna escape as quicky as possible!" Hearing it,Master Merchant asks with shock and doubt," While everything goes well, who would jump into the well? Such a thing never happened before in my house. We masters have been treating all maids tolerantly and gently just as what our ancestors did."—[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 09:35, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
大约我近年于家务疏懒，自然执事人操克夺之权，致使弄出这暴殒轻生的祸患。若外人知道，祖宗的颜面何在！”喝命：“叫贾琏、赖大来！”小厮们答应了一声，方欲去叫，贾环忙上前，拉住贾政袍襟，贴膝跪下，道：“父亲不用生气。此事除太太房里的人，别人一点也不知道，我听见我母亲说……”说到这句，便回头四顾一看；贾政知其意，将眼色一丢，小厮们明白，都往两边后面退去。贾环便悄悄说道：“我母亲告诉我说，宝玉哥哥前日在太太房里，拉着太太的丫头金钏儿，强奸不遂，打了一顿，金钏儿便赌气投井死了。”

CULTURE2022 20220509 homework

2022-05-10T09:35:21Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

CULTURE2022 20220502 homework

2022-05-06T09:26:46Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

CULTURE2022 20220502 homework

2022-05-03T14:22:29Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

Final exam

2022-05-01T02:00:36Z

Zhou Sirui: /* topic: */

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 ==
===topic: ===

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
===topic: ===

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
===topic: ===

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
===topic: ===

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
===topic: ===

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
===topic: ===

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
===topic: ===

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
===topic: ===

==He Minghui 何明慧==
===topic: ===

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
===topic: ===

==Li LinYu 李琳玉==
===topic: ===

==Li Siwen 李思文==
===topic: Chinese landscape painting ===

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
===topic: ===

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
===topic: ===

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
===topic: ===

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
===topic: ===

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
===topic: ===

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
===topic: ===

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
===topic: ===

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷==
===topic: ===

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
===topic: ===

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
===topic: ===

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
===topic: ===

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
===topic: ===

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
===topic: ===

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
===topic: ===

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
===topic: ===

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
===topic: Science and Technology: bilibili（哔哩哔哩） ===

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
===topic: ===

Final exam

2022-05-01T01:59:37Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 ==
===topic: ===

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
===topic: ===

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
===topic: ===

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
===topic: ===

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
===topic: ===

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
===topic: ===

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
===topic: ===

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
===topic: ===

==He Minghui 何明慧==
===topic: ===

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
===topic: ===

==Li LinYu 李琳玉==
===topic: ===

==Li Siwen 李思文==
===topic: Chinese landscape painting ===

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
===topic: ===

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
===topic: ===

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
===topic: ===

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
===topic: ===

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
===topic: ===

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
===topic: ===

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
===topic: ===

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷==
===topic: ===

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
===topic: ===

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
===topic: ===

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
===topic: ===

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
===topic: ===

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
===topic: ===

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
===topic: ===

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
===topic: ===

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
===topic: ===
Science and Technology: bilibili（哔哩哔哩）

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
===topic: ===

Final exam

2022-05-01T01:58:34Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 ==
===topic: ===

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
===topic: ===

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
===topic: ===

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
===topic: ===

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
===topic: ===

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
===topic: ===

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
===topic: ===

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
===topic: ===

==He Minghui 何明慧==
===topic: ===

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
===topic: ===

==Li LinYu 李琳玉==
===topic: ===

==Li Siwen 李思文==
===topic: Chinese landscape painting ===

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
===topic: ===

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
===topic: ===

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
===topic: ===

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
===topic: ===

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
===topic: ===

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
===topic: ===

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
===topic: ===

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷==
===topic: ===

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
===topic: ===

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
===topic: ===

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
===topic: ===

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
===topic: ===

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
===topic: ===

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
===topic: ===

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
===topic: ===

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
topic: Science and Technology: bilibili（哔哩哔哩）

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
===topic: ===

Final exam

2022-05-01T01:57:15Z

Zhou Sirui: /* topic: */

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 ==
===topic: ===

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
===topic: ===

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
===topic: ===

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
===topic: ===

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
===topic: ===

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
===topic: ===

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
===topic: ===

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
===topic: ===

==He Minghui 何明慧==
===topic: ===

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
===topic: ===

==Li LinYu 李琳玉==
===topic: ===

==Li Siwen 李思文==
===topic: Chinese landscape painting ===

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
===topic: ===

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
===topic: ===

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
===topic: ===

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
===topic: ===

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
===topic: ===

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
===topic: ===

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
===topic: ===

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷==
===topic: ===

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
===topic: ===

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
===topic: ===

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
===topic: ===

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
===topic: ===

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
===topic: ===

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
===topic: ===

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
===topic: ===

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
===topic: ===Science and Technology: bilibili（哔哩哔哩）

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
===topic: ===

Final exam

2022-05-01T01:56:20Z

Zhou Sirui: /* topic: */

1. Every student should write a new English text on a phenomenon in Chinese culture as a new chapter in the text book.

2. Please find a paper you want to proof read, contact the author, proof read (by copying each paragraph and make corrections/suggestions in the copy) . Please proof read a fellow students' paper by copying each paragraph and make your corrections in the paragraph. In a final step, the original author of the paper has to decide, what of the corrections he/she will accept and work into the paper. The final version submitted on the deadline should not carry any of the fellow student's paragraphs and comments.

*You can use the texts in the coursebook as an example (like Unit 1, Text A). You only need to write Text A (like "Longevity Noodles") or Text B ("Mooncakes"), not a whole Unit. But please try to find fellow students who topics fit under the same Unit title ("Festival Meals") and arrange it accordingly.
*In the topic, please write the category, then the topic - your name and student no.
*For the text, please indicate ALL SOURCES with bibliographical references. That means: At least for every paragraph, sometimes for single sentences, you have to indicate at the end, where you have found this information. E.g. (Liu Miqing 2010, 17). This means you have found it in the book or paper written by Ms Liu on page 17.
*Add a section at the end called "References".
*Please also add a list "Terms and Expressions".
*Please add a "Questions" section.
*Please add a "Answers" section.

==Chen Cheng 陈诚 ==
===topic: ===

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
===topic: ===

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
===topic: ===

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
===topic: ===

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
===topic: ===

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
===topic: ===

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
===topic: ===

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
===topic: ===

==He Minghui 何明慧==
===topic: ===

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
===topic: ===

==Li LinYu 李琳玉==
===topic: ===

==Li Siwen 李思文==
===topic: Chinese landscape painting ===

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
===topic: ===

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
===topic: ===

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
===topic: ===

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
===topic: ===

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
===topic: ===

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
===topic: ===

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
===topic: ===

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷==
===topic: ===

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
===topic: ===

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
===topic: ===

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
===topic: ===

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
===topic: ===

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
===topic: ===

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
===topic: ===

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
===topic: ===

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
===topic: ===
Science and Technology: bilibili（哔哩哔哩）

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
===topic: ===

CULTURE2022 20220425 homework

2022-04-29T10:27:27Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220307_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Mar 14]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220314_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Mar 21]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220321_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Mar 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220328_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Apr 4]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220404_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8 Apr 11]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220411_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9 Apr 18]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220418_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10 Apr 25]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220425_homework|homework of session 10 for session 11 May 2]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220502_homework|homework of session 11 for session 12 May 9]]
PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

When you have finished writing your homework, please do not forget to click the "save" button and type in the password "wikicaptcha".

Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
<nowiki></nowiki>

==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
二人正说着，可巧小丫头靓儿因不见了扇子，和宝钗笑道：“必是宝姑娘藏了我的。好姑娘，赏我罢。”宝钗指他道：“你要仔细！我和谁玩过，你来疑我？和你素日嘻皮笑脸的那些姑娘们，你该问他们去。”说的靓儿跑了。宝玉自知又把话说造次了，当着许多人，更比才在黛玉跟前更不好意思，便急回身，又同别人搭赸去了。黛玉听见宝玉奚落宝钗，心中着实得意，才要搭言，也趁势取个笑，不想靓儿因找扇子，宝钗又发了两句话，他便改口说道：“宝姐姐，你听了两出什么戏？
==Chen Kun 陈锟==
”宝钗因见黛玉面上有得意之态，一定是听了宝玉方才奚落之言，遂了他的心愿，忽又见问他这话，便笑道：“我看的是李逵骂了宋江，后来又赔不是。”宝玉便笑道：“姐姐通今博古，色色都知道，怎么连这一出戏的名儿也不知道，就说了这么一串。这叫做‘负荆请罪’。”宝钗笑道：“原来这叫‘负荆请罪’！你们通今博古，才知道‘负荆请罪’，我不知什么叫‘负荆请罪’。”一句话未说了，宝玉黛玉二人心里有病，听了这话，早把脸羞红了。
==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
凤姐这些上虽不通，但只看他三人形景，便知其意，也笑问道：“这们大热的天，谁还吃生姜呢？”众人不解，便说道：“没有吃生姜的。”凤姐故意用手摸着腮，咤异道：“既没人吃生姜，怎么这样辣辣的？”宝玉黛玉二人听见这话，越发不好意思了。宝钗再欲说话，见宝玉十分羞愧，形景改变，也就不好再说，只得一笑收住。别人总未解得他四个人的言语，因此付之一笑。一时宝钗凤姐去了，黛玉笑向宝玉道：“你也试着比我利害的人了。谁都象我心拙口夯的，由着人说呢！

Though Sister Phoenix didn't know much about this thing, she figured it out only by looking at these three and laughed " Who is eating ginger in such a hot day?" Everyone puzzled and said " Nobody is eating ginger." Sister Phoenix deliberately touched her cheeks and said surprisedly "Then why is it so hot if no one is eating ginger?" Precious Jade and Jade Forests felt more shy after listening to this. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass was about to say something but seeing Precious Jade felt ashamed she had no choice but to swallowed it down and replaced it with a decent smile. After Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and Sister Phoenix left, Jade Forests said to Precious Jade, joking " Everyone is more eloquent than me. Nobody's so inexpressive like me and could bear whatever others say."--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 02:04, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
”宝玉正因宝钗多心，自己没趣，又见黛玉问着他，越发没好气起来。欲待要说两句，又怕黛玉多心，说不得忍气，无精打彩，一直出来。谁知目今盛暑之际，又当早饭已过，各处主仆人等多半都因日长神倦，宝玉背着手，到一处，一处鸦雀无声。从贾母这里出来，往西走过了穿堂，便是凤姐的院落。到他院门前，只见院门掩着，知道凤姐素日的规矩，每到天热，午间要歇一个时辰的，进去不便，遂进角门，来到王夫人上房内。只见几个丫头手里拿着针线，却打盹儿。
==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
王夫人在里间凉床上睡着，金钏儿坐在傍边捶腿，也乜斜着眼乱恍。宝玉轻轻的走到跟前，把他耳上带的坠子一摘，金钏儿睁跟，见是宝玉。宝玉便悄悄的笑道：“就困的这么着？”金钏抿嘴一笑，摆手令他出去，仍合上眼。宝玉见了他，就有些恋恋不舍的，悄悄的探头瞧瞧王夫人合着眼，便自己向身边荷包里带的香雪润津丹掏了一丸出来，便向金钏儿口里一送，金钏儿并不睁眼，只管噙了。宝玉上来，便拉着手，悄悄的笑道：“我和太太讨你，咱们在一处吧。”金钏儿不答。
==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
宝玉又道：“不然，等太太醒来，我就讨。”金钏儿睁开眼，将宝玉一推，笑道：“你忙什么？‘金簪儿掉在井里头，有你的只是有你的。’连这句俗语难道也不明白？我告诉你个巧方儿，你往东小院子里拿环哥儿同彩云去。”宝玉笑道：“凭他怎么去罢，我只守着你。”只见王夫人翻身起来，照盘钏儿脸上就打了一个嘴巴子，指着骂道：“下作小娼妇！好好爷们，都叫你们教坏了！”宝玉见王夫人起来，早一溜烟去了。这里金钏儿半边脸火热，一声不敢言语。
==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
登时众丫头们听见王夫人醒了，都忙进来。王夫人便叫：“玉钏儿，把你妈叫上来，带出你姐姐去。”金钏儿听见，忙跪下哭道：“我再不敢了！太太要打要骂，只管发落，别叫我出去，就是天恩了。我跟了太太十来年，这会子撵出去，我还见人不见人呢！”王夫人固然是个宽仁慈厚的人，从来不曾打过丫头们一下，今忽见金钏儿行此无耻之事，此乃平生最恨者，故气忿不过，打了一下子，骂了几句。虽金钏儿苦求，也不肯收留；到底唤了金钏儿之母白老媳妇领了下去。
==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
那金制儿含羞忍辱的出去，不在话下。且说宝玉见王夫人醒了，自己没趣，忙进大观园来。只见赤日当无，树阴合地，满耳蝉声，静无人语。刚到了蔷薇架，只听见有人哽噎之声，宝玉心中疑惑，便站住细听，果然架下那边有人。此时正是五月，那蔷薇花叶茂盛之际，宝玉悄悄的隔着篱笆洞儿一看，只见一个女孩子蹲在花下，手里拿着根绾头的簪子在地下抠土，一面悄悄的流泪呢。宝玉心中想道：“难道这也是十痴丫头，又象颦儿来葬花不成！
==He Minghui 何明慧==
”因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓‘东施效颦’，不但不为新特，而且更是可厌了。”想毕，便要叫那女子，说：“你不用跟着林姑娘学了。”话未出口，幸而再看时，这女孩子面生，不是个侍儿，倒像是那十二个学戏的女孩子之内一个，却辨不出他是生、旦、净、丑那一个脚色来。宝玉忙忙把舌头一伸，将口掩住，自己想道：“幸而不曾造次，上两回皆因造次了，颦儿也生气，宝儿也多心，如今再得罪了他们，越发没意思了。”一面想，一面又恨认不得这个是谁。
==Lei Heng 雷珩==
再留神细看，只见这女孩子眉蹙春山，眼颦秋水，面薄腰纤，袅袅婷婷，大有林黛玉之态。宝玉早又不忍弃他而去，只管痴看，只见他虽然用金簪画地，并不是掘士埋花，竟是向土上画字。宝玉用眼随着簪子的起落，一直到底，一画、一点、一勾的看了去，数一数，十八笔，自己又在手心里用指头接着他方才下笔的规矩写了，猜是个什么字。写成一想，原来就是个蔷薇花的“蔷”字。宝玉想道：“必定是他也要做诗填词，这会子见这花，因有所感，或者偶成一两句，一时兴至，怕忘，在地下画着推敲，也未可知。
==Li LinYu 李琳玉==
且看他底下再写什么。”一面想，一面又看，只见那女孩子还在那里画呢。画来画去，还是个“蔷”字。再看，还是个“蔷”字。里面的原是早已痴了，画完一个“蔷”又画一个“蔷”，已经画了有几十个。外面的不觉也看痴了，两个眼睛珠儿只管随着簪子动，心里却想：“这女孩子一定有什么说不出的大心事，才这么个形景。外面他既是这个形景，心里不知怎么熬煎呢！看他的横样儿，这般单薄，心里那里还搁得住熬煎？可恨我不能替你分些过来。”
==Li Siwen 李思文==
伏中阴晴不定，片云可以致雨，忽然凉风过了，飒飒的落下一阵雨来。宝玉看那女子头上滴下水来，纱衣裳登时湿了。宝玉想道：“这是下雨了，他这个身子，如何禁得骧雨一激。”因此禁不住便说道：“不用写了。你看下大雨，身上都湿了。”那女孩子听说，倒唬了一跳，抬头一看，只见花外一个人叫他“不要写下大雨了”，一则宝玉脸面俊秀；二则花叶繁茂，上下俱被枝叶隐住，刚露着半边脸，那女孩子只当是个丫头，再不想是宝玉，因笑道：“多谢姐姐提醒了我，难道姐姐在外头有什么遮雨的？”

The weather was very mixed in midsummer. A few clouds could bring about precipitation. Suddenly, a cool breeze blew, the rain falling. Seeing some raindrops dripped down from the girl's head and wetted her tissue embroidered, Precious Jade thought," It is raining. How can her delicate body withstand such a heavy rain." Therefore, he couldn't help saying,"Don't continue writing! It is raining so heavily and you have already got wet." That girl was startled by his voice, looking up and seeing a man was reminding her that "stop writing. It is raining heavily." Due to Precious Jade's handsome appearance, and the luxuriant trees and flowers, by which Precious Jade was almost hidden, baring only half of his face,that girl just thought him as a servant girl but Precious Jade. So she laughed," Thanks for your reminding. But do you have something to shelter form the rian?"--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 06:39, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
一句提醒了宝玉，“嗳哟”了一声，才觉得浑身冰凉。低头看看自己身上，也都湿了。说：“不好！”只得一气跑回怡红院去了，心里却还记挂着那女孩子没处避雨。原来明日是端阳节，那文官等十二个女孩子都放了学，进园来各处玩耍，可巧小生宝官正旦玉官两个女孩子，正在怡红院和袭人玩笑，被雨阻住，大家把沟堵了，水积在院内，把些绿头鸭、花???、彩鸳鸯，捉的捉，赶的赶，缝了翅膀，放在院内玩耍，将院门关了。袭人等都在游廊上嘻笑。
==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
宝玉见关着门，便用手扣门，里面诸人只顾笑，那里听见？叫了半日，拍得门山响，里面方听见了。料着宝玉这会子再不回来的，袭人笑道：“谁这会子叫门？没人开去。”宝玉道：“是我。”麝月道：“是宝姑娘的声音。”晴雯道：“胡说！宝姑娘这会子做什么来？”袭人道：“让我隔着门缝儿瞧瞧，可开就开，别叫他淋着回击。”说着，便顺着游廊到门前往外一瞧，只见宝玉淋得“雨打鸡”一般。袭人见了，又是着忙，又足可笑，忙开了门，笑着，弯腰拍手道：“那里知道是爷回来了！你怎么大雨里跑了来？”
==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
宝玉一肚子没好气，满心里要把开门的踢几脚，方开了门，并不看真是谁，还只当是那些小丫头们，便抬腿踢在肋上，袭人“嗳哟”了一声。宝玉还骂道：“下流东西们！我素日担待你们得了意，一点儿也不怕，越发拿着我取笑儿了！”口里说着，一低头见是袭人哭了，方知踢错了。忙笑道：“嗳哟”是你来了！踢在那里了？”袭人从来不曾受过一句大话儿的，今忽见宝玉生气踢他一下，又当着许多人，又是羞，又是气，又是疼，真一时置身无地。
==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
待要怎么样，料着宝玉未必是安心踢他，少不得忍着说道：“没有踢着，还不换衣裳去！”宝玉一面进房来解衣，一面笑道：“我长了这么大，今日是头一遭儿生气打人，不想偏生遇见了你！”袭人一面忍痛换衣裳，一面笑道：“我是个起头儿的人，也不论事大事小，是好是歹，自然也该从我起。但只是别说打了我，明日顺了手，也打起别人来。”宝玉道：“我才也不是安心。”袭人道：“谁说是安心呢！素日开门关门的都是那起小丫头们的事，他们是憨皮惯了的，早已恨得人牙痒痒，他们也没个怕惧，你打量是他们，踢一下子唬唬也好。

What will the Aroma do？Precious Jade Merchant wasn't consciously to kick. Aroma had to bear to say, "Change your clothes, you haven't kicked me !" Precious Jade Merchant came into the room to undress and said with a smile, "Till now, today is the first time I beat. To my surprise, I meet you!" Aroma helped change clothes in pain and said with a smile: "I'm the person who starts. No matter what's big or small, good or bad, it should start from me. But you don't hit me today, and tomorrow hit others." Precious Jade Merchant said, "I'm not at ease." Aroma: "who says it's reassuring! It's all about the little girls who open and close the door in the past. They were naughty and hated by people. They don't have any fear. You can look at them and kick them to make them scared at once.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 07:10, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
刚才是我淘气，不叫开门的。”说着，那雨已住了，宝官玉官也早去了。袭人只觉肋上疼得心里发闹，晚饭也不曾吃。至晚间洗澡脱了衣服，只见肋上青了碗大一块，自己倒唬了一跳，又不好声张。一时睡下，梦中作痛，由不得“嗳哟”之声，从睡中哼出。宝玉虽说不是安心，因见袭人懒懒的，也不安稳。忽夜里闻得“嗳哟”，便知踢重了，自己下床来，悄悄的秉灯来照。刚到床前，只见袭人嗽了两声，吐出一口痰来，“嗳哟”一声，睁眼见了宝玉，倒唬一跳，道：“作什么？”
==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
宝玉道：“你梦里‘嗳哟’，必是踢重了，我瞧瞧。”袭人道：“我头上发晕，嗓子里又腥又甜，你倒照一照地下罢。”宝玉听说，果然持灯向地下一照，只见一口鲜血在地。宝玉慌了，只说：“了不得了！”袭人见了，也就心冷了半截。要知端的，下回分解。◎第三十一回撕扇子作千金一笑因麒麟伏白首双星话说袭人见了自己吐的鲜血在地，也就冷了半截，想着往日常听人说：“少年吐血，年月不保；纵然命长，终是废人了。”想起此言，不觉将素日想着后来争荣夸耀之心，尽皆灰了，眼中不觉的滴下泪来。
==Wang Rou 汪柔==
宝玉见他哭了，也不觉心酸起来，因问道：“你心里觉着怎么样？”袭人勉强笑道：“好好的，觉怎么样呢。”宝玉的意思即刻便要叫人烫黄酒，要山羊血黎峒丸来。袭人拉了他的手，笑道：“你这一闹不大紧，闹起多少人来，倒抱怨我轻狂。分明人不知道，倒闹得人知道了，你也不好，我也不好。正经明日你打发小子问问王太医去，弄点子药吃吃就好了。人不知鬼不觉的，可不好？”宝玉听了有理，也只得罢了；向案上斟了茶来，给袭人漱了口。

Seeing her cry, Precious Merchant Jade can't help feeling sad. Thus, he asks, "What do you think deep in heart?" "So fine am I. How else could I feel?" Precious Merchant Jade wants to get her some warm yellow rice wine as well as the Goat blood Lidong pill. Xiren takes his hand and says with a smile, "It does not matter that you bother to do this. What if we wake up all others? They will complain that I'm frivolous. People didn't know about it, but this will inform them, and that's good for neither of us. Tomorrow, you send the boy to ask Dr. Wang to get some medicine to eat. It's not good for people to go unnoticed? " Precious Merchant Jade was justified, but he had to pour tea on the case and wash Xiren's mouth.--[[User:Wang Rou|Wang Rou]] ([[User talk:Wang Rou|talk]]) 03:06, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

Seeing her cry, Precious Merchant Jade can't help feeling sad. Thus, he asks, "What do you think deep in heart?" "So fine am I. How else could I feel?" Precious Merchant Jade wants to get her some warm yellow rice wine as well as the Goat blood Lidong pill. Xiren takes his hand and says with a smile, "It does not matter that you bother to do this. What if we wake up all others? They will complain that I'm frivolous. People didn't know about it, but this will inform them, and that's good for neither of us. Tomorrow, you send the boy to ask Dr. Wang to get some medicine to eat. It's not good for people to go unnoticed? " Precious Merchant Jade was justified, but he had to pour tea on the case and wash Xiren's mouth.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 03:34, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

==Wei Jingting 魏静婷==
袭人知宝玉心内也不安稳的，待要不叫他伏侍，他又必不依；二则定要惊动别人，小如且由他去罢：因此倚在榻上，由宝玉去伏侍。一交五更，宝玉也顾不得梳洗，忙穿衣出来，将王济仁叫来，亲自确问。王济仁问其原故，不过是伤损，便说了个丸药的名字，怎么服，怎么敷。宝玉记了，回园来，依方调治，不在话下。这日正是端阳佳节，蒲艾簪门，虎符系臂，午间王夫人治了酒席，请薛家母女等赏午。宝玉见宝锓淡淡的，也不和他说话，自知是昨日的原故。

Aroma knew that Precious Jade Merchant felt nervous but if she asked him not to stay here for taking care, he would have rejected. Moreover, it may horrify others so it would be better to let him feel free to do so: thus, she lounged on the bed and Precious Jade Merchant attended to her. Time passed quickly and it was 5 o'clock. Precious Jade Merchant had no time to tidy up himself and quickly wore his clothes asking Wang Ji'ren to come to confirm in his person. Wang JI'ren asked the reason and said that it was merely small hurt then mentioned the name of a pill which he told Baoyu how to take in and apply to. Baoyu forgot it. After coming back to his dwelling, he made the pill according to the prescription easily. It was the Dragon Boat Festival that day, every household put mugwort upon the lintel and everyone applied tiger tally onto arms.During the noon, Mrs. Wang prepared a banquet for mother and daughter of Xue and so on to admire the noon. Baoyu saw that Baoqin was quite indifferent and unwilling to talk to him. He knew it was the sake of yesterday that fumed her.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 02:35, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
王夫人见宝玉没精打彩。也只当是昨日金钏儿之事，他没好意思的，越发不理他。林黛玉见宝玉懒懒的，只当是他因为得罪了宝钗的原故，心中不自在，形容也就懒懒的。凤姐昨日晚问王夫人就告诉了他宝玉金钏的事，知道王夫人不自在，自己如何敢说笑，也就随着王夫人气色行事，更觉淡淡的。迎春姐妹见众人无意思，也都无意思了。因此，大家坐了一坐，就散了。林黛玉天性喜散不喜聚，他想得也有个道理。他说：“人有聚就有散，聚时欢喜，到散时岂不清冷？
==Yan Ni 燕妮==
既清冷则生感伤，所以不如倒是不聚的好。比如那花开时令人爱慕，谢时便增惆怅，所以倒是不开的好。”故此，人以为欢喜时，他反以为悲。那宝玉的情性只愿常聚，生怕一时散了；那花只愿常开，生怕一时谢了；只到筵散花谢，虽有万种悲伤，也就无可如何了。因此今日之筵，大家无兴散了，林黛玉倒不觉得，倒是宝玉心中闷闷不乐，回至自己房中，长吁短叹。偏生晴雯上来换衣服，不防又把扇子失了手，掉在地下，将骨子跌折。
==Yang Lei 杨磊==
宝玉因叹道：“蠢才，蠢才！将来怎么样？明日你自己当家立业，难道也是这么顾前不顾后的？”晴雯冷笑道：“二爷近来气大得很，行动就给脸子瞧。前日连袭人都打了，今日又来寻我们的不是。要踢要打凭爷去。就是跌了扇子，也是平常的事；先时连那么样的玻璃缸、玛瑙碗，不知弄坏了多少，也没见个大气儿。这会子一把扇子就这么着了。何苦来！嫌我们就打发了我们，再挑好的使。好离好散的倒不好？”宝玉听了这些话，气的浑身乱战。

Therefore, Precious Jade sighed, "fool, fool! What will happen in the future? In the future, you will be in charge of your own family and business. Is it that you care about the past and ignore what will happen in the future?" Sunny Cloud Formation sneered: "Master, you've been so testy recently that you always show us how angry you are. You even hit Aroma before, and now you're in trouble with us again. You can beat me or kick me away if you want. It's normal to break the fan. I don't know how many glass jars and agate bowls were broken by you before. It's Just a fan which was broken again. Why do you bother? If you dislike us, send us away and choose the right person for yourself. Can't we be separated well? " Precious Jade trembled with anger after hearing these words.--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 10:42, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
因此说道：“你不用忙，将来有散的日子！”袭人在那边早已听见，忙赶过来，向宝玉道：“好好的，又怎么了？可是我说的：‘一时我不到就有事故儿。’”晴雯听了冷笑道：“姐姐既会说，就该早来，也省了爷生气。自古以来，就只是你一个人伏侍爷的，我们原没伏侍过。因为你伏侍的好，昨日才挨窝心脚；我们不会伏侍的，明日还不知是个什么罪呢？”袭人听了这话，又是恼，又是愧；待要说几句话，因见宝玉已经气的黄了脸，少不得自己忍个性子，推晴雯道：“好妹妹，你出去逛逛，原是我们的不是。”
==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
晴雯听了他说“我们”两字，自然是他和宝玉了，不觉又添了醋意，冷笑几声道：“我倒不知道，你们是谁？别叫我替你们害臊了！便是你们鬼鬼祟祟干的那事，也瞒不过我去。那里就称起‘我们’来了！那明公正道，连个姑娘还没挣上去呢，也不过和我似的，那里就称上‘我们’了！”袭人羞得脸紫涨起来，想一想，原是自己把话说错了。宝玉一面说道：“你们气不忿，我明日偏抬举他。”袭人忙拉了宝玉的手道：“他一个糊涂人，你和他分证什么？况且你素日又是有担待的，比这大的，过去了多少，今日是怎么了？”

QingWen heard him say "we",she is aware that it naturally refers to Precious Jade and him and unconsciously felt jealous,sneering and saying:"I have no idea of who you are?don't make me feel ashamed of you.It makes no sense that you could hide those sneaky things from me.How dare you are to claim "we"the god is watching and you are no more than a humble servant with no status and on a par with me,hpw dare you are to proclaim "we"." Attacker felt bashful and blushed instantaneously.after a quick consideration she realized that she had sayed the wrong words.Precious Jade defended that:"You are unreasonbly jealous and outrageous,and I would continue to vibe with her and be partial to her."Attacker held his hand and sayed:"She is a woodenhead and there is no need to quarrel with her.You are a benevolent person with a lot of torlerance.what's wrong with you to fuss at such a trifle"--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 11:11, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
晴雯冷笑道：“我原是糊涂人，那里配和我说话！我不过奴才罢咧。”袭人听说，道：“姑娘到底是和我拌嘴，是和二爷拌嘴呢？要是心里恼我，你只和我说，不犯着当着二爷吵；要是恼二爷，不该这么吵的万人知道。我才也不过为了事，进来劝开了，大家保重。姑娘倒寻上我的晦气！又不像是恼我，又不像是恼二爷，夹枪带棒，终久是个什么主意？我就不说，让你说去。”说着便往外走。宝玉向晴雯道：“你也不用生气，我也猜着你的心事了。我回太太去，你也大了，打发你出去，可好不好？”

Sunny Cloud Formation gave a cynical smile and said, "Such a fool I am who doesn't deserve speaking to, just a servant." Aroma replied, "I don't you're bickering with me or the Young Master. If you're angry with me, just tell me, and there's no need to stage a play in front of the Young Master. If you're annoyed with the Young Master, save the noisy fuss that reaches everyone. For settling the matter I come to mediate, doing everyone's good. Unexpectedly you target at me. It seems like it is neither the Young Master nor me who you're mad at. For all those bitter, biting wording, what on earth are you contemplating? I'm no longer saying anything. You can say whatever pleases you." She said while heading outside. Precious Jade said to Sunny Cloud Formation, "You don't need to be this inflamed. I know your thoughts and I will tell to the Lady this matter that you're old enough to be dismissed from the Mansion to for your benefit. All right?"--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 05:52, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
晴雯听了这话，不觉又伤起心来，含泪说道：“我为什么出去？要嫌我，变着法儿打发我去，也不能够的。”宝玉道：“我何曾经过这样吵闹？一定是你要出去了。不如回太太，打发你去罢。”说着，站起来就要走。袭人忙回身拦住，笑道：“往那里去？”宝玉道：“回太太去！”袭人笑道：“好没意思！认真的去回，你也不怕臊了他？便是他认真要去，也等把这气下去了，等无事中说话儿回了太太也不迟。这会子急急的当一件正经事去回，岂不叫太太犯疑？”

This allusion makes Sunny Cloud Formation unconsciously feel again hurt at heart. “Why should I leave?” she asks with tears, “Even if you so dislike me as to pack me off in various means, you won’t succeed.” “I’ve never seen such brawling!” Precious Jade exclaims. “You’re definitely bent on leaving! I might as well let lady know so as to send you off!” While saying, he stands up and is about to go at once. Aroma immediately turns round and stops him. “Where are you off to?” she smiles. “I’m going to tell my lady.” answers Precious Jade. “What do you mean?” Aroma smiles, “Aren’t you afraid of shaming her if you go and tell lady in earnest? Even if she truly means to leave, you can as well wait until you have calmed from that anger. It won’t be late for you to explain until later during talking, the whole case to our lady. But if you now go hastily and tell her as an urgent matter, will it not misgive our lady?”--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

This allusion makes Sunny Cloud Formation unconsciously feel hurt and heartbroken again . “Why should I leave?” she asks with tears, “Even if you so dislike me as to pack me off in various means, you won’t succeed.” “I’ve never seen such brawling!” Precious Jade exclaims, “You’re definitely bent on leaving! I might as well let lady know so as to send you off!” While saying, he stands up and is about to go at once. Aroma immediately turns round and stops him. “Where are you off to?” she smiles. “I’m going to tell my lady.” answers Precious Jade. “What do you mean?” Aroma smiles, “Aren’t you afraid of shaming her if you go and tell lady in earnest? Even if she truly means to leave, you can as well wait until you have calmed from that anger. It won’t be late for you to reply until you calm down , the whole case to our lady. But if you now go hastily and tell her as an urgent matter, will not it misgive our lady?”—[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 10:27, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
宝玉道：“太太必不犯疑，我只明说是他闹着要去的。”晴雯哭道：“我多早晚闹着要去了？饶生了气，还拿话压派我。只管去回，我一头碰死了，也不出这门儿。”宝玉道：“这又奇了。你又不去，你又闹些什么？我经不起这吵，不如去了，倒干净。”说着，一定要去回。袭人见拦不住，只得跪下了。碧痕、秋纹、麝月等众丫鬟见吵闹得利害，都鸦雀无闻的在外头听消息，这会子听见袭人跪下央求，便一齐进来，都跪下了。宝玉忙把袭人拉起来，叹了一声，在床上坐下，叫众人起去。

Precious Jade says,"The Mistress will trust me definitely for I am going to tell her it is Sunny Cloud Formation herself that cries for leave.” Sunny Cloud Formation is crying,"When did I cry for leave? Not only is you angry but also threaten me with such words. Ok, go and tell the Mistress! I would crash myself to death here rather than get out of this room." Precious Jade says," I am curious about it. If you aren't willing to leave, what are you making a noise for? Your noise is so bothering and intolerable for me that you'd better leave to make it peaceful and harmonious." It is obvious that he insists on telling the Mistress that Sunny Cloud Formation wants to leave. Failing to stop Precious Jade, Aroma goes down her kneels. The argument so heated, maidgirls including Turquoise Mark,Autumn Vein, Deer Month were waiting outside silently and paying close attention to them. Aware that Aroma is begging Precious Jade and kneeling down, they all enter the room and put their kneels down. Precious Jade pulls up Aroma in a hurry, sighing and sitting on the bed, and then asks everyone to get up and out of the room.—[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 08:06, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
向袭人道：“叫我怎么样才好！这个心使碎了，也没人知道。”说着，不觉滴下泪来。袭人见宝玉流下泪来，自己也就哭了。晴雯在旁哭着，方欲说话，只见黛玉进来，便出去了。林黛玉笑道：“大节下，怎么好好的哭起来？难道是为争粽子吃，争恼了不成？”宝玉和袭人“嗤”的一笑。林黛玉道：“二哥哥不告诉我，我不问你也就知道了。”一面说，一面拍着袭人的肩，笑道：“好嫂子，你告诉我，必定是你们两个拌了嘴。告诉妹妹，替你们和劝和劝。”

CULTURE2022 20220425 homework

2022-04-29T08:06:25Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

CULTURE2022 20220418 homework

2022-04-22T09:46:15Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

CULTURE2022 20220418 homework

2022-04-22T09:44:50Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

CULTURE2022 20220418 homework

2022-04-19T09:12:24Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

CULTURE2022 20220411 homework

2022-04-16T02:29:47Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

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Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220307_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Mar 14]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220314_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Mar 21]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220321_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Mar 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220328_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Apr 4]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220404_homework|homework of session 7 for session 8 Apr 11]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220418_homework|homework of session 8 for session 9 Apr 17]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220425_homework|homework of session 9 for session 10 Apr 25]]
PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

When you have finished writing your homework, please do not forget to click the "save" button and type in the password "wikicaptcha".

Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
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==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
黛玉听他这话，便知他心里动了疑，忙又笑道：“好没意思，白白的说什么誓？管你什么‘金’什么‘玉’的呢！”宝玉道：“我心里的事也难对你说，日后自然明白。除了老太太、老爷、太太这三个人，第四个就是妹妹了。要有第五个人，我也起个誓。”林黛玉道：“你也不用起誓，我很知道，你心里有‘妹妹’，但只是见了‘姐姐’，就把‘妹妹’忘了。”宝玉道：“那是你多心，我再不是这样的。”林黛玉道：“昨儿宝丫头不替你圆谎，你为什么问着我呢？那要是我，你又不知怎么样了。”
==Chen Kun 陈锟==
正说着，只见宝钗从那边来了，二人便走开了。宝钗分明看见，只装看不见，低头过去了。到了王夫人那里，坐了一回，然后到了贾母这边，只见宝玉也在这里呢。宝钗因往日母亲对王夫人等曾提过“金锁是个和尚给的，等日后有玉的方可结为婚姻”等语，所以总远着宝玉。昨日见元春所赐的东西，独他与宝玉一样，心里越发没意思起来。幸亏宝玉被一个林黛玉缠绵住了，心心念念只记挂着林黛玉，并不理论这事。

Just then,Precious Hairpin Mashgrass turned up and Precious Jade and Mascara Jade Forest left. Precious Hairpin Mashgrass saw them but pretended have not see them and bowed his head. He went to Lady King and sat there for a while. Then he went to Grandma Merchant and found Precious Jade there, too. Precious Hairpin Mashgrass always kept himself far away from Precious Jade because her mother had mentioned to Lady King, "The golden lock was given by a monk, and he was supposed to marry a person with jade in the future." Yesterday, when he saw First Spring Merchant's gifts, only he and Precious Jade were the same, he felt it so boring. Fortunately, Precious Jade was fascinated by a Mascara Jade Forest and paid no attention to the matter, only caring about Mascara Jade Forest.--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 11:14, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
此刻忽见宝玉笑道：“宝姐姐，我瞧瞧你的那香串子？”可巧宝钗左腕上笼着一串，见宝玉问他，少不得褪了下来。宝钗原生的肌肤丰泽，容易褪不下来，宝玉在傍边看着雪白的臂膊，不觉动了羡慕之心，暗暗想道：“这个膀子，若长在林姑娘身上，或者还得摸一摸；偏长在他身上，正是恨我没福。”忽然想起“金玉”一事来，再看看宝钗形容，只见脸若银盆，眼同水杏；唇不点而红，眉不画而翠：比林黛玉另具一种妩媚风流，不觉就呆了，宝钗褪下串子来递与他也忘了接。

Now Precious Jade suddenly laughed "Sister Marshgrass,may I have a look at your bracelet?" Precious Hairpin Marshgrass happened to have one on her left wrist.She took it down when Precious Jade asked for it.The original skin of Precious Hairpin Marshgrass is smooth and flawless, which makes the bracelet hard to take down. Seeing the radiant wrist aside, Precious Jade couldn't help his admiration and whispered deep in his heart "If this arm belongs to Mascara Jade Forest, I will probably touch it. Unfortunately, it's hers. I just don't have this luck!" It then suddenly occurs to him the "Golden Jade" event. He look at Precious Hairpin Marshgrass--Her rosy and smooth cheek is like a sliver plate.Her eyes are like the apricot;The lips and the eyebrows, though haven't been made up, are red and bold, slender and beautiful.Compared with Mascara Jade Forest, she is more charming and lovely.Precious Jade stunned and paused. He didn't even notice that the bracelet had already been taken down and passed to him.

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
宝钗见他呆了，自己倒不好意思的，丢下串子，回身才要走，只见林黛玉蹬着门槛子，嘴里咬着手帕子笑呢。宝钗道：“你又禁不得风吹，怎么又站在那风口里？”林黛玉笑道：“何曾不是在房里的。只因听见天上一声叫，出来瞧了瞧，原来是个呆雁。”宝钗道：“呆雁在那里呢？我也瞧瞧。”林黛玉道：“我才出来，他就‘忒儿’一声飞了。”口里说着，将手里绢子一甩，向宝玉脸上甩来，宝玉
知，正打在眼上，“嗳哟”了一声。
==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
话说宝玉正自发怔，不想黛玉将手帕子甩了来，正磞在眼睛上，倒唬了一跳，问：“是谁？”林黛玉摇着头儿笑道：“不敢，是我失了手，因为宝姐姐要看呆雁，我比给他看，不想失了手。”宝玉揉着眼睛，待要说什么，又不好说的。一时凤姐儿来了，因说起初一日在清虚观打醮的事来，约着宝钗、宝玉、黛玉等看戏去。宝钗笑道：“罢，罢！怪热的，什么没看过的戏，我不去的。”凤姐
道：“他们那里凉快，两边又有楼。
==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
咱们要去，我头几天先打发人去，把那些道士都赶出去，把楼上打扫了，挂起帘子来，一个闲人不许放进庙去，才是好呢。我已经回了太太了，你们不去，我自家去。这些日子也闷的很了，家里唱动戏，我又不得舒舒服服的看。”贾母听说，就笑道：“既这么着，我同你去。”凤姐听说,笑道：“老祖宗也去，敢仔好！可就是我又不得受用了。”贾母道：“到明儿我在正面楼上，你在傍边楼上，你也不用到我这边来立规矩，可好不好？”
==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
凤姐笑道：“这就是老祖宗疼我了。”贾母因向宝钗道：“你也去，连你母亲也去；长天老日的，在家里也是睡觉。”宝钗只得答应着。贾母又打发人去请了薛姨妈，顺路告诉王夫人，要带了他们姊妹去。王夫人因一则身上不好，二则预备元春有人出来，早已回了不去的；听贾母如此说，笑道：“还是这么高兴。打发人去到园里告诉，有要逛去的，只管初一跟老太太逛去。”这个话一传开了，别人还可已，只是那些丫头们，天天不得出门槛儿，听了这话，谁不要去！

Sister Phoenix smiled: "This is the way ancestor cares me." Grandma Merchant said to Precious Hairpin, "You go, too, with your mother,or just sleeping at home all day long." Precious Hairpin had to agree. Grandma Merchant also sent maid for Aunt Marshgrass, who went on her way to tell Lady King that she would take their sisters with her. Lady King was not only weak, but also preparing for First Spring ased someone to come out , so she could not go. Hearing This, Lady King said with a smile, "I am still so happy. Send someone to the garden and tell anyone who wants to stroll there to follow the old ladies." As soon as this word became known, the others did well, except that the girls did not let out of the house every day.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 15:20, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
便是各人的主子懒怠去，他也百般的撺摄了去，因此李宫裁等都说去。贾母越发心中喜欢，早已吩咐人去打扫安置，都不必细说。单表到了初一这一日，荣国府门前车辆纷纷，人马簇簇，那底下凡执事人等，闻得是贵妃做好事，贾母亲自拈香，正是初一日乃月之首日，况是端阳节间，因此凡动用的什物，一色都是齐全的，不同往日。少时贾母等出来。贾母坐一乘八人大轿，李氏、凤姐、薛姨妈每人一乘四人轿，宝钗、黛玉二人共坐一辆翠盖珠缨八宝车，

Although their masters were too tired to go to the court at the beginning, the maids tried almost everything to encourage them to go, so even Silk Plum and so on all said to go. Grandma Merchant became more and more delighted and asked servants to clean and arrange ahead. In the first day of that month, there were clutered vehicles, horses and servants in the front of the door of Ring-guo-Anwesen. Heared that the concubine do charity and Grandma Merchant offered incense to buddha in person, plus, it was the first day of the month that during the Dragon Boat Festival, so all the things used were complete and well prepared that were different from the past. After a few moments, Grandma Merchant and so on went out. Grandma Merchant took an eight people's sedan, Silk Plum, Sister Phoenix, and Aunt Marshgrass took four people's sedans respectively, and Precious Hairpin and Precious Hairpin sat in an eight treasure car worked with kingfisher's feathers together.

==He Minghui 何明慧==
迎春、探春、惜春三人共坐一辆朱轮华盖车。然后贾母的丫头鸳鸯、鹦鹉、琥珀、珍珠，黛玉的丫头紫鹃、雪雁、春纤，宝钗的丫头莺儿、文杏，迎春的丫头司棋、绣橘，探春的丫头侍书、翠墨，惜春的丫头人画、彩屏，薛姨妈的丫头同喜、同贵，外带香菱，香菱的丫头臻儿，李氏的丫头素云、碧月，凤姐儿的丫头平儿、丰儿、小红，并王夫人的两个丫头金钏、彩云，也跟了凤姐儿来。奶子抱着大姐儿，另在一车上。
==Lei Heng 雷珩==
还有两个丫头，一共又连上各房的老嬷嬷奶娘，并跟出门的家人媳妇子，黑压压的站了一街的车。贾母等已经坐轿去了多远，这门前尚未坐完。这个说“我不同你在一处”，那个说“你压了我们奶奶的包袱”，那边车上又说“招了我的花儿”，这边又说“磞了我的扇子”，咭咭呱呱，说笑不绝。周瑞家的走来过去的说道：“姑娘们，这是街上，看人笑话。”说了两遍，方见好了。前头的全副执事摆开，早已到了清虚观门口。

And another two girls, along with old mothers and wet nurses from different kins, with families and daughters-in-low going outdoors, densely ouccpied a row of vehicles. Grandma Merchant and other’s sedans had gone far away while those sedans in front of the door were still empty. Some said, “I’m not being together with you.”, and others said, “You sit on our master’s pack.” from there came, “My flowers are spoiled.”, and from here shouted, “My fan is broken.” There were clamous everywhere and laughter unceasing. Servants of Auspicous Surrounding moved around, shouting, “Girls, you are in the street. Don’t behave stupidly and be mocked by others.” The words being spoken twice, it became quiet. The deacons ahead were already in front of the Freshness and Nothingness Temple.--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 16:07, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Li LinYu 李琳玉==
宝玉骑着马，在贾母轿前。街上人都站在两边。将至观前，只听钟鸣鼓响，早有张法官执香披衣，带领众道士在路旁迎接。贾母的轿刚至山门以内，见了土地本境城隍各位泥塑圣像，便命住轿。贾珍带领各子弟上来迎接。凤姐儿知道鸳鸯等在后面赶不上，贾母自己下了轿，忙要上来搀，可巧有个十二三岁的小道士儿，拿着剪筒，照管剪各处蜡花，正欲得便且藏出去，不想一头撞在凤姐儿怀里，凤姐便一扬手，照脸一下，把那小孩子打了一个斤斗，骂道：“小野杂种！往那里跑？”

Precious Jade was riding a horse in front of Grandma Merchant's sedan, while people in the street were all standing on both sides. About to arrive at the temple, bells ringing and drums beating, they were welcomed by Taoist Zhang beside the road who held a joss-stick and draped clothes, along with other taoists. After seeing every icons of clay sculpture in local Chenghuang, Grandma Merchant stopped her sedan which just entered the temple's door. At the same time, Treasure Merchant led generations to greet her. Sister Phoenix knew that Mandarin Duck who kept following behind can't keep up with Grandma Merchant, so after Grandma Merchant got off her sedan herself, Sister Phoenix hurried to support her with her hands. Meanwhile, a little taoist, twelve or thirteen years old, who held scissors to snuff the candles and wanted to sneak out at his convenience, happened to run into the hug of Sister Phoenix. Therefore, Sister Phoenix slapped him with a swish of her hand. And that little taoist got knocked over and turned a somersault. "Shit! Where are you running?" scolded Sister Phoenix.--[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 12:09, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
那小道士也不顾拾烛剪，爬起来往外还要跑，正值宝钗等下车，众婆娘媳妇正围随的风雨不透，但见一个小道士滚了出来，都喝声叫：“拿，拿！打，打！”贾母听了，忙问：“是怎么了？”贾珍忙出来问。凤姐上去搀住贾母，就回说：“一个小道士儿剪烛花的，没躲出去，这会子混钻呢。”贾母听说，忙道：“快带了那孩子来，别唬着他。小门小户的孩子，都是矫生惯养惯了的，那里见过这个势派？

The little taoist didn't care the snuffer, picking himself up and running outside while Precious Hairpin was getting off the carriage, followed and surrounded very tightly by so servants and wives. Seeing a little Taoist rolling out, they all shouted,"Catch him! Catch him! Hit him! Hit him!"Hearing that, Grandma Merchant asked,"What was happened?" Treasure Merchant went outside to ask on Grandma Merchant's behalf. Sister Phoenix supported Grandma Merchant with her hand and responded,"A little candle-snuffed taoist, who didn't slide out was stampeding now." She hearing that, said immediately," Bring that child here quickly! Don't frighten him! Kids who are brought up in small families are usually spoiled.How have he seen such a scene!"--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 09:01, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

The little taoist picked himself up leaving the candle snuffer there and runed outside. At that time, Precious Hairpin was getting off the carriage, followed and surrounded very tightly by many servants and wives. Seeing a little Taoist rolling out, they all shouted,"Catch him! Catch him! Hit him! Hit him!"Hearing that, Grandma Merchant asked ,"What happened?" Treasure Merchant went outside to ask. Sister Phoenix supported Grandma Merchant with her hand and responded,"A little candle-snuffed taoist, he didn't get out and was stampeding now." She hearing that, said immediately," Bring that child here quickly! Don't frighten him! Kids who are brought up in small families are usually spoiled.How have he seen such a scene!" --[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 10:42, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
倘或唬着他，倒怪可怜见儿的，他老子娘岂不疼的慌？”说着，便叫贾珍：“去，好生带了来。”贾珍只得去拉了那孩子，一手拿着蜡剪，跪在地下乱颤。贾母命贾珍拉起来，叫他：“不要怕。”问他：“几岁了？”那孩子总说不出话来。贾母还说：“可怜见儿的！”又向贾珍道：“珍阿哥带他去罢。给他些钱买果子吃，叫人别难为了他。”贾珍答应，领他去了。这里贾母带着众人，一层一层的瞻拜观玩。

“It would be too poor for him to be frightened, how upset his parents will be!”as saying, she called for Treasure Merchant , “Go and get him here carefully.”He had to fetch that Taoist by hand. The kid knelt down with that candle snuffer and trembled dreadfully. She asked Treasure Merchant to help him to his feet. “Don’t be afraid,”she said, “how old are you?”But the kid cannot spell out even a word. “Poor little thing!”she told Treasure Merchant , “Then take him away and give him some money to buy some sweeties, remind others not to grumble at him.” Treasure Merchant agreed and precede him away while Grandma show her people around floor by floor.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 10:33, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
外面小厮们见贾母等进入二层山门，忽见贾珍领了一个小道士出来，叫人来带去，给他几百钱，不要难为了他。家人听说，忙上来领了下去。贾珍站在台矶上，因问：“管家在那里？”底下站的小厮们见问，都一齐喝声说：“叫管家！”登时林之孝一手整理着帽子，跑了来，到贾珍跟前。贾珍道：“虽说这里地方大，今儿咱们人多，你使的人，你就带了在这院里罢；使不着的，打发到那院里去。把小么儿们多挑几个在这二层门上同两边的角门上，伺候着要东西传话。
==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
你可知道不知道？今儿姑娘奶奶们都出来，一个闲人也不许到这里来。”林之孝忙答应：“晓得。”又说了几个“是”。贾珍道：“去罢。”又问：“怎么不见蓉儿？”一声未了，只见贾蓉从钟楼里跑了出来。贾珍道：“你瞧瞧他，我这里也没热，他倒乘凉去了！”喝命家人啐他。那小厮们都知道贾珍索日的性子，违拗不得，便有个小厮上来向贾蓉脸上啐了一口。贾珍还眼向着他，那小厮便问贾蓉道：“爷还不怕热，哥儿怎么先乘凉去了？”
==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
贾蓉垂着手，一声不敢说。那贾芸、贾萍、贾芹等听见了，不但他们慌了，亦且连贾琏、贾?、贾琼等也都忙了，一个一个都从墙根下慢慢的溜下来。贾珍又向贾蓉道：“你站着做什么？还不骑了马跑到家里告诉你娘母子去？老太太同姑娘们都来了，叫他们快来伺候！”贾蓉听说，忙跑了出来，一叠连声的要马，一面抱怨道：“早都不知做什么的，这会子寻趁我。”一面又骂小子：“捆着手呢么？马也拉不来。”要打发小厮去，又恐怕后来对出来，说不得亲自走一趟，骑马去了。

Prosperity Merchant hung her hands and dared not say anything. When Rue Merchant，Lemna Merchant，and Celery Merchant heard this, not only did they panic, but also Romance Merchant, Jade Merchant and others were also flustered, and one by one slipped down slowly from the root of the wall. Treasure Merchant said to Jade Merchant , "what are you doing standing? Don't you ride a horse and run home and tell your mother and son to go? The old lady and the girls are coming and tell the servants to serve quickly!" Prosperity Merchant heard，he hurriedly ran out and asked for a pile of horses. He complained, "I didn't know what you were doing. Now you will take advantage of me." He scolded the boy: "Did you tying your hands? You can't even pull the horses." He wanted to send the servant, but afraid of it coming out later and need to go there himself, so he rided a horse to go away.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 01:26, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

Prosperity Merchant hung her hands and dared not say anything. When Rue Merchant, Lemna Merchant, and Celery Merchant heard this, not only did they panic, but also Romance Merchant, Jade Merchant and others were also flustered, and one by one slipped down slowly from the root of the wall. Treasure Merchant said to Jade Merchant , "why are you standing there? Don't you ride a horse and run home and tell your mother and son to go? The old lady and the girls are coming and tell the servants to serve quickly!" Prosperity Merchant heard，he hurriedly ran out and asked for a pile of horses. He complained, "I didn't know what you were doing. Now you will take advantage of me." He scolded the boy: "why tying your hands? You can't even pull the horses." He wanted to send the servant, but afraid of it coming out later and need to go there himself, so he rode a horse to go away.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 15:45, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
且说贾珍方要抽身进来，只见张道士站在傍边，陪笑说道：“论理，我不比别人，应该里头伺候；只因天气炎热，众位千金都出来了，法官不敢擅入，请爷的示下。恐老太太问，或要随喜那里，我只在这里伺候罢。”贾珍知道这张道士虽然是当日荣国公的替身，曾经先皇御口亲呼为“大幻仙人”，如今现掌“道录司”印，又是当今封为“终了真人”，现今王公藩镇都称为“神仙”，所以不敢轻慢。

Just Treasure Merchant wanted to come back, only to find Taoist priest standing beside him. Then the Taoist priest smiled:“ I can not argue this in terms of reasoning. But it is hot and ladies should be there. Without your permission I will not do that. I am just afraid that Grandma Merchant once comes, I will not be right here and serve her. Treasure Merchant knew the Taoist was the duke’s substitute, once called by the previous emperor “allusion saint,” now holding the “Taoist” seal and entitled as “final saint.” Now all people here called him “saint,” and nobody would dare to offend him.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 15:41, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
二则他又常往两个府里去，凡夫人小姐都是见的。今见他如此说，便笑道：“咱们自己，你又说起这话来；再多说，我把你这胡子还揪了你的呢！还不跟我进来。”那张道士呵呵大笑着，跟了贾珍进来。贾珍到贾母跟前，控身陪笑，说着：“张爷爷进来请安。”贾母听了，忙道：“搀他来。”贾珍忙去搀过来。那张道士先呵呵笑道：“无量寿佛！老祖宗一向福寿康宁！众位奶奶小姐纳福！一向没到府里请安，老太太气色越发好了。”
==Wang Rou 汪柔==
贾母笑道：“老神仙，你好？”张道士笑道：“托老太太的万福，小道也还康健。别的倒罢了，只记挂着哥儿，一向身上好？前日四月二十六，我这里做遮天大王的圣诞，人也来的少，东西也很干净，我说请哥儿来逛逛，怎么说不在家？”贾母说道：“果真不在家。”一面回头叫宝玉。谁知宝玉解手去了，才来，忙忙上前问：“张爷爷好？”张道士也抱住问了好，又向贾母笑道：“哥儿越发发福了。”
==Wei Jingting 魏静婷==
贾母道：“他外头好，里头弱。又搭着他老子逼着他念书，生生的把个孩子逼出病来了。”张道士道：“前日我在好几处看见哥儿写的字，做的诗，都好的了不得。怎么老爷还抱怨说哥儿不大喜欢念书呢？依小道看来，也就罢了。”又叹道：“我看见哥儿的这个形容身段，言谈举动，怎么就同当日国公爷一个稿子！”说着，两眼流下泪来。贾母听了，也由不得满脸泪痕，说道：”正是呢！我养了这些儿子孙子，也没一个象他爷爷的，就只这玉儿象他爷爷。

Grandma Merchant said:"He looks strong but actually weak. Moreover, his father forced him to study almost driving him sick."Taoist priest said:"A few days ago, I saw his writings and poems in several places which are very excellent! Why does the master complain about Precious Jade Merchant's dislike of study. As far as I am concerned, it is not a big deal. "And he sighed:"I think the behavior of Bao Master is the same as the national duke on that day." He said shedding tears. After Grandma Merchant heard that, she could not help shed tears through all her face. She said:"Indeed, among the grandchildren I adopt no one looks like their grandfather except Bao. " --[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 09:40, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
那张道士又向贾珍道：“当日国公爷的模样儿，爷们一辈的不用说了，自然没赶上；大约连大老爷、二老爷也记不清楚了。”说毕，又呵呵大笑道：“前日在一个人家，看见一位小姐，今年十五岁了，生的倒也好个模样儿。我想着哥儿也该寻亲事了。若论这个小姐模样儿，聪明智慧，根基家当，倒也配的过。但不知老太太怎么样？小道也不敢造次，等请了老太太示下，才敢向人去张口呢。”贾母道：“上回有个和尚说了，这孩子命里不该早娶，等再大一大儿再定罢。

That Taoist priest also said to Treasure Merchant that，“The Bao Master’s appearance in that day，let alone the grandpa generation，even the first master and the second master can’t remember.” After that，he laught and said，“The day before yesterday，I saw a 15-year-old girl in one’s house，and she is pretty.I think that it’s time for you to find a couple. If it comes to the girl，she is smart. And her family is worthy of yours. But I don’t know your opinion.I dare not to make choice for him. Only when ask for your opinion can I introduce the girl to him.” Grandma Merchant said，“Last time one monk told me that it was not his destiny to marry early. Just decide this when he grow several years.”
--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 13:12, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
你如今也讯听着，不管他根基富贵，只要模样儿配的上，就来告诉我。便是那家子穷，不过给他几两银子。只是模样儿、性格儿，难得好的。说毕，只见凤姐儿笑道：“张爷爷，我们丫头的寄名符儿，你也不换去。前儿亏你还有那么大脸，打发人和我要鹅黄缎子去！要不给你，又恐怕你那老脸上过不去。”张道士哈哈大笑道：“你瞧，我眼花了！也没见奶奶在这里，也没道谢。寄名符早已有了，前日原想送去的，不知道娘娘来做好事，也就混忘了。
==Yang Lei 杨磊==
还在佛前镇着。待我取来。”说着，跑到大殿上去，一时拿了一个茶盘，搭着大红蟒缎经袱子，托出符来。大姐儿的奶子接了符，张道士方欲抱过大姐儿来，只见凤姐笑道：“你就手里章出来罢了，又用个盘子托着。”张道士道：“手里不干不净的，怎么拿？用盘子洁净些。”凤姐笑道：“你只顾拿出盘子，倒唬我一跳，我不说你是为送符，倒像是和我们化布施来了。”众人听说，哄然一笑，连贾珍也掌不住笑了。贾母回头道：“猴儿，猴儿！你不怕下剖舌地狱？”

The name card was still placed in front of the Buddha. I'll get it. " As he spoke, he ran to the hall and took a tea plate. With a big red satin package, he used the plate to show the token. The nanny of the sister took the card. Taoist Zhang was about to carry sister in his arms, but Splendid Phoenix King smiled and said, "you can just take it out with your hands. Why are you still holding it with a plate?" Taoist Zhang said, "my hands are dirty. How can I take them? It's cleaner to put them on a plate." Phoenix smiled and said, "you just took out the plate, which startled me. If I didn't say that you were delivering tokens, you seemed to be begging us." When the crowd heard that, they burst into laughter, and even Treasure Merchant couldn't help laughing. Grandma Merchant turned around and said, "silly girl, silly girl! Aren't you afraid that your tongue will be cut when you go to hell?"--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 03:08, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
凤姐笑道：“我们爷儿们不相干，他怎么常常的说我该积阴骘，迟了就短命呢？” 张道士也笑道：“我拿出盘子来，一举两用，倒不为化布施，倒要将哥儿的这玉请了下来，托出去给那些远来的道友并徒子徒孙们见识见识。”贾母道：“既这么着，你老人家老天拔地的，跑什么，带他去瞧了叫他进来，岂不省事？”张道士道：“老太太不知道，看着小道是八十岁的人，托老太太的福，倒还健朗；二则外面的人多气味难闻，况是个暑热的天，哥儿受不惯，倘或哥儿中了腌臜气味，倒值多了。”

Sister Phoenix laughed, “If it has nothing to do with our boys, why dose he always tell me to to accumulate merits or I would die young?” Taoist Zhang also laughed, “I am taking the plate for two uses. I am not going to hand out food or money but to ask for young master’s jade to allow the fellow far from and apprentices to have a look.” Grandma Merchant said, “How would it bother you to run hither and thither. It would be much more convenience for you to take him to show around.” Taoist Zhang answered, “My lady there is something you didn’t know. Thanks to you, though I am around eighty I am still quiet healthy; and in such a hot weather with so many people outside, the air is not fresh. I am afraid young master can’t stand these.”--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 15:28, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
贾母听说，便命宝玉摘下“通灵玉”来，放在盘内。那张道士兢兢业业的用蟒袱子垫着，捧了出去。这里贾母与众人各处游玩一回。方去上楼，只见贾珍回说：“张老爷送了玉。”刚说着，张道士捧了盘子走到跟前，笑道：“众人托小道的福，见了哥儿的玉，实在稀罕，都没什么敬贺，这是他们各人传道的法器，都愿意为敬贺之礼。哥儿便不稀罕，只留着玩耍赏人。”贾母听说，向盘内看时，只见也有金璜，也有玉块，或有“事事如意”，或有“岁岁平安”，皆是珠穿宝嵌，玉琢金镂，共有三五十件。

Grandma Merchant heard of it and asked Precious Jade to pick off the"Psychic Jade" and to place it on the salver.Taoist Zhang padded it with snakeskin headscarf scrupulously and carried it out.Grandma Merchant is playing around with the multitude.She was going upstairs when Jewellery Merchant turned around and said:"Lord Zhang has sent jades."while speaking,Taoist Zhang carried the salver and went up to Lord Zhang,smiling and saying；“You guys have the chance to take a look at the jade all thanks to me,It is such a rare thing that no words for congratulation could be uesd.These are the instruments they implemented for preaching.They are all willing to make congraulations.But the big brother didn't really appreaciate it and kept it just for entertainment and awarding.”Grandma Merchant heard of this and looked inside the salver,seeing there were golden jades and jades nuggets and there were also "everything goes well"and "peace all year round".All the objects are resplendent with jewels and bedecked with gold,and there are 35 pieces in total.--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 11:51, 15 April 2022 (UTC)
--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 11:51, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
因说道：“你也胡闹。他们出家人，是那里来的，何必这样？这断不能收。”张道士笑道：“这是他们一点敬意，小道也不能阻挡。老太太若不留下，岂不叫他们看着小道微薄，不像是门下出身了。”贾母听如此说，方命人接下了。宝玉笑道：“老太太，张爷爷既这么说，又推辞不得，我要这个也无用，不如叫小子捧了这个，跟着我出去散给穷人罢。”贾母笑道：“这话说的是。”张道士又忙拦道：“哥儿虽要行好，但这些东西虽说不甚稀罕，到底也是几件器皿。

Grandma Merchant said, "Nonsense. They monks may not much wealth. There's no need to be like this. I can not take this." Taoist Zhang grinned and said, "Reverence drove them so, and I can not stop it. If Your Old Lady doesn't accept it, they will think I am too humble and meager to be Your Old Lady's acquaintance." Hearing this, Grandma Merchant let someone take the gifts. Precious Jade smiled and said, "Grandma, now that Mr. Zhang said so, we cannot decline it, but it's of no use to me, why not ask the servant, along with me, to give out them to the poor?" Grandma Merchant smiled and agreed, "It's very sensible." Taoist Zhang stopped him quickly and explained, "Though Your Young Master is charitable, these are precious items yet not exceedingly rare."--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 15:55, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
若给了乞丐，一则与他们也无益，二则反倒遭塌了这些东西。要舍给穷人，何不就散钱与他们？”宝玉听说，便命：“收下，等晚间拿钱施舍罢。”说毕，张道士方才退出。这里贾母与众人上了楼，在正面楼上归坐。凤姐等上了东楼。众丫头等在西楼轮流伺候。贾珍一时来回道：“神前拈了戏，头一本《白蛇记》。”贾母问：“《白蛇记》是什么故事？”贾珍道：“汉高祖斩蛇方起首的故事。第二本是《满床笏》。”贾母道：“这倒是第二本也还罢了。神佛要这样，也只得罢了。”

If given to beggars, none of the better for them is one thing; the unexpecting treatment of being deserted without cherishing is another! If you want to distribute anything among the poor, why don’t you just assist them with money?” “Take them,” orders Precious Jade after this persuasion, “and take some money and distribute them later tonight.” After these direction, Taoist Zhang exits out of the place. Now Grandma Merchant and her companions walk upstairs and seated in the front building. Lady Phoenix and some go upstairs to the eastern building, while maids remain in the western portion, and take their turns in waiting for calling. Before long, Treasure Merchant came back. “The plays were picked out before the god. The first one is the ‘Record of the White Snake.’” “What’s the story in ‘the Record of the White Snake?’”, inquired Grandma Merchant. “The story is about killing a snake and then taking the throne.,” replied Treasure Merchant, “The second play is, ‘the Bed covered with ivory tablets.’” “Have this been assigned the second one?” asks Grandma Merchant, “Yet never mind; For as the gods’ will, there is no other way than taking it."--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

If given to beggars, they are of no merit for them;and those beggars will not cherish them! If you want to distribute anything to the poor, why don’t you just provide them with money?” “Take them,” orders Precious Jade after this persuasion, “and take some money and distribute them later tonight.” After these directions, Taoist Zhang exits out of the place. Now Grandma Merchant and her companions walk upstairs and sit in the front building. Lady Phoenix and some go upstairs to the eastern building, while maids remain in the western portion and wait to take their turns for calling. Before long, Treasure Merchant came back. “The plays were picked out before the god. The first one is the ‘Record of the White Snake.’” “What’s the story in ‘the Record of the White Snake?’”, inquired Grandma Merchant. “The story is about killing a snake and then taking the throne.,” replied Treasure Merchant, “The second play is, ‘the Bed covered with ivory tablets.’” “Has this been assigned as the second one?” asks Grandma Merchant, “Yet never mind; For the gods’ will, there is no other way than taking it."—[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 02:29, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
又问：“第三本？”贾珍道：“第三本是《南柯梦》。”贾母听了，便不言语。贾珍退了下来，走至外边，预备着申表、焚钱粮、开戏，不在话下。且说宝玉在楼上，坐在贾母傍边，因叫个小丫头子，捧着方才那一盘子贺物，将自己的玉带上，用手翻弄寻拨，一件一件的挑与贾母看。贾母因看见有个赤金点翠的麒麟，便伸手拿起来，笑道：“这件东西，好象是我看见谁家的孩子也带着一个的。”宝钗笑道：“史大妹妹有一个，比这个小些。”

Then she asks again," How about the third one?" Treasure Merchant repiles," The third play is called A Imaginary Dream." Getting it,Grandma Merchant has no more to ask or say. Then Treasure Merchant gets out from the room and prepares for messages written to God,money and food for worship and beginning of plays. That is all about him. At the same time,Precious Jade is sitting besides Grandma Merchant on the upstairs. He asks a maid girl to hold that plate of presents given just now and he adorns his own jade again. Then he moves back and forth these presents and shows each of them to Grandma Merchant. Seeing a gold kylin spotted with emerald, Grandma Merchant picks it up from the plate and says with smile," It occurs to me that someone has kept a similar one to it." Precious Hairpin replies," The Elderest Sister. History has a similar one that is just smaller than it."—[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 13:39, 14 April 2022 (UTC)

Then she asks again," How about the third one?" Treasure Merchant repiles," The third play is called A Imaginary Dream." Getting it,Grandma Merchant has no more to ask or say. Then Treasure Merchant gets out from the room and prepares for messages written to God,money and food for worship and beginning of plays. That is all about him. At the same time,Precious Jade is sitting besides Grandma Merchant on the upstairs. He asks a maid girl to hold that plate of presents given just now and he adorns his own jade again. Then he moves back and forth these presents and shows each of them to Grandma Merchant. Seeing a gold kylin spotted with emerald, Grandma Merchant picks it up from the plate and says with smile," It occurs to me that someone has kept a similar one to it." Precious Hairpin replies," The Elderest Sister. History has a similar one that is just smaller than it."-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 13:26, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
贾母道：“原来是云儿有这个。”宝玉道：“他这么往我们家去住着，我也没看见。”探春笑道：“宝姐姐有心，不管什么他都记得。”黛玉冷笑道：“他在别的上头心还有限，惟有这些人带的东西上，越发留心。”宝钗听说，便回头装没听见。宝玉听见史湘云有这件东西，自已便将那麒麟忙拿起来，揣在怀里。一面心里又想到怕人看见他听是史湘云有了，他就留着这件，因此，手里揣着，却拿眼睛瞟人。

"Is it indeed Yun-er who has it?" exclaimed Grandma Marchant. "Now that she lives in our house," remarked Precious Jade, "how is it that even I haven't seen anything of it?" "Cousin Pao" rejoined Seeking-Spring laughingly, "has the power of observation; no matter what she sees, she remembers." Mascara Jade gave a sardonic smile. "As far as other matters are concerned," she insinuated," her observation isn't worth speaking of; where she's extra-observant is in articles people may wear about their persons." Precious Hair upon catching this sneering remark, at once turned her head round, and pretended she had not heard. But as soon as Precious Jade learnt that Fragrant-cloud History possessed a similar trinket, he speedily picked up the unicorn, and hid it in his breast, indulging, at the same time, in further reflection. Yet, fearing lest people might have noticed that he kept back that particular thing the moment he discovered that Fragrant-cloud History had one identical with it, he fixed his eyes intently upon all around while clutching it.-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 13:25, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220411 homework

2022-04-14T13:39:08Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

CULTURE2022 20220404 homework

2022-04-08T14:07:01Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

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This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]
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*[[CULTURE2022_20220314_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Mar 21]]
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PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

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==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
王夫人听了道：“阿弥陀佛！不当家花拉的，就是坟里有，人家死了几百年，这会子翻尸倒骨的，作了药也不灵！”宝玉因向黛玉说道：“你听见了没有？难道二姐姐也跟着我撒谎不成？”脸望着林黛玉说，却拿眼腈瞟着宝钗。林黛玉便拉王夫人道：“舅母听听，宝姐姐不替他圆谎，他只问着我。”王夫人也道：“宝玉很会欺负你妹妹。”宝玉笑道：“太太不知道这个原故。宝姐姐先在家里住着，那薛大哥的事，他也不知道，何况如今在里头住着呢？自然是越发不知道了。林妹妹才在背后，以为是我撒谎，就羞我。”

After listening to him, Lady King said: "Amitabha Buddha! It is such a sin! The medicine won't work if it were in its grave because the man or woman had died for several hundred years and some people open it. Precious Jade Merchant said to Mascara Jade Forest: "Did you hear that? Does Precious Hairpin Marshgrass also follow me to lie?" His face looked at Mascara Jade Forest said, but he took a nitrile glance at Precious Hairpin Marshgrass. Mascara Jade Forest then pulled Lady King and said: "Please listen to me, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass does not round up lying for him, and he only asked me." Lady King also said, "Precious Jade Merchant is very good at bullying your sister." Precious Jade Merchant laughed and said, "Madam doesn't know this reason. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass lived at home, that Dragon Marshgrass, he also did not know, let alone he is living in it now. It is common that she doesn't know. So Mascara Jade Forest joked on me because she thought I lying behind me."--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 12:12, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
正说着，见贾母房里的丫头找宝玉和林黛玉去吃饭。林黛玉也不叫宝玉，便起身拉了那丫头走。那丫头说：“等着宝二爷一块儿走。”林黛玉道：“他不吃饭，不同咱何走，我先走了。”说着，便出去了。宝玉道：“我今儿还跟着太太吃罢。”王夫人道：“罢，罢！我今儿吃斋，你正经吃你的去罢。”宝玉道：“我也跟着吃斋。”说着，便叫那丫头：“去罢。”自己跑到桌子上坐了。王夫人向宝钗等笑道：“你们只管吃你们的，由他去罢。”

Meanwhile Grandma Merchant's maid asks Precious Jade and Mascara Jade Forest to have a meal together. Mascara Jade did not call Precious Jade, she got up pulling the maid away. The maid said,"Shouldn't I wait for Precious Jade?"Mascara Jade Forest said, "He doesn't eat,how can we eat together with him?I'll go first." Then she went out.Precious Jade said, "Well,I'd like to eat with Lady Kint today."Lady King said, "No,no! I'll practise vegetarianism today and you can eat what you like as usual." Precious Jade said, "I will follow your practice as a vegetarian."Then he informed the maid,"Go for your meal",and rushed to sat down beside the table. Lady King smiled at him and said to the maid and Mascara Jade Forest,"You can eat what you like and just leave him there."

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
宝钗因笑道：“你正经去罢。吃不吃，陪着林妹妹走一趟，他心里打紧的不自在呢。”宝玉道：“理他呢，过一会子就好了。” 一时吃过饭，宝玉一则怕贾母记挂着，二则也记挂着林黛玉，忙忙的要茶漱口。探春惜春都笑道：“二哥哥，你成日家忙些什么？吃饭吃茶也是这么忙碌碌的。”宝钗笑道：“你叫他快吃了瞧黛玉妹妹去罢，叫他在这里胡闹些什么。”宝玉吃了茶，便出来，一直往西院来，可巧走到凤姐儿院前，只见凤姐在门前站着，蹬着门槛子，拿耳挖子剔牙，看着十来个小厮们挪花盆呢。

Maid Wealth then laughed" You'd better go. No matter you eat or not, you can accompany Mascara. She is quite uncomfortable now!" Precious Jade said" Whatever, she'll get better soon." Later when they were having lunch, Precious Jade at one side feared Grandma Merchant to worry about that , at the other side worried about Mascara, asking for tea to brush his teeth hurriedly.Seeking Spring Merchant and Cherishing Spring Merchant both laughed" Jade bro, what are you busy with all days? Why are you so rushed even when you are having meals?" Precious Hairpin Marshgrass laughed " Just let him to finish eating quickly and see sis Mascara.Don't leave him here to be naughty."Precious Jade finished his tea and walked outside to western courtyard, He arrived at the front door of Splendid Phoenix King's room accidentally, seeing her standing at the door, stepping on the doorsill,cleaning her teeth with ear pick and watching 10 or so servants moving flowerpots.--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 02:34, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
见宝玉来了，笑道：“你来的好。进来，进来，替我写几个字儿。”宝玉只得跟了进来，到了房里，凤姐命人取过笔砚纸来，向宝玉道：“大红妆缎四十匹，蟒缎四十匹，各色上用纱一百匹，金项圈四个。”宝玉道：“这算什么？又不是账，又不是礼物，怎么个写法？”凤姐儿道：“你只管写上，横竖我自己明白就罢了。”宝玉听说，只得写了。凤姐一面收起来，一面笑道：“还有句话告诉你，不知依不依？你屋里有个丫头叫小红的，我要叫了来使唤，明儿我再替你挑几个，可使得么？”

After Precious Jade Merchant’s coming, Sister Phoenix smiled, “It is high time you came. Welcome! Come in and write some words for me.” Precious Jade Merchant had no way but to follow, entering her room. Sister Phoenix indicated people to take brush, ink stone and papers, telling to Precious Jade Merchant, “Forty red flowery satin, forty satin weaved with the pattern of boa and one hundred yarn in each color and four golden chaplets.” Precious Jade Merchant said, “What’s it? It is neither bookkeeping nor a gift. How should I write?” Sister Phoenix said, “You just need to write down. I got everything.” Precious Jade Merchant got it and reluctantly did. Sister Phoenix collected when she smiled, “There is other things to tell you that Little Red once working in your house was taken to be my maidservant. Are you willing? I’ll select others for you other days. Do you agree?”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 13:55, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
宝玉道：“我屋里的人也多的很，姐姐喜欢谁，只管叫了来，何必问我？”凤姐笑道：“既这么着，我就叫人带他去了。”宝玉道：“只管带去。”说着便要走。凤奶道：“你回来，我还有一句话呢。”宝玉道：“老太太叫我呢，有话等回来罢。”说着，便至贾母这边，只见都已吃完饭了。贾母因问他：“跟着你娘吃了什么好的？”宝玉笑道：“也没什么好的，我倒多吃了一碗饭。”因问：“林姑娘在那里？”贾母道：“里头屋里呢。”宝玉进来，只见地下一个丫头吹熨斗，炕上两个丫头打粉线，黛玉弯着腰章剪子裁什么呢。
==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
宝玉走进来，笑道：“哦！这是做什么呢？才吃了饭，这么控着头，一会子又头疼了。”黛玉并不理，只管裁他的。有一个丫头说道：“那块绸子角儿还不好呢，再熨他一熨。”黛玉便把剪子一撂，说道：“‘理他呢，过一会子就好了。’”宝玉听了，自是纳闷。只见宝钗探春等也来了，和贾母说了一回话，宝钗也进来问：“林妹妹做什么呢？”因见林黛玉裁剪，笑道：“越发能干了，连裁剪都会了。”黛玉笑道：“这也不过是撒谎哄人罢了。”
==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
钗笑道：“我告诉你个笑话儿，才刚为那个药，我说了个不知道，宝兄弟心里不受用了。”林黛玉道：“‘理他呢，过会子就好了。’”宝玉向宝钗道：“老太太要抹骨牌，正没人，你抹骨牌去罢。”宝钗听说，便笑道：“我是为抹骨牌才来么？”说着便走了。林黛玉道：“你倒是去罢，这里有老虎，看吃了你！”说着又裁。宝玉见他不理，只得还陪笑说道：“你也去逛逛，再裁不迟。”黛玉总不理。宝玉便问丫头们：“这是谁叫他裁的？”黛玉见问丫头们，便说道：“凭他谁叫我裁，也不管二爷的事！”
==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
宝玉方欲说话，只见有人进来回说：“外头有人请。”宝玉听了，忙撤身出来。黛玉向外头说道：“阿弥陀佛！赶你回来，我死了也罢了！”宝玉出来到外面，只见焙茗说：“冯大爷家请。”宝玉听了，知道是昨日的话，便说：“要衣裳去。”就自己往书房里来。焙茗一直到了二门前等人，只见出来了一个老婆子，焙茗上去说道：“宝二爷在书房里等出门的衣裳，你老人家进去带个儿。”那婆子道：“放你娘的屁！倒好，宝二爷如今在园里住着，跟他的人都在园里，你又跑了这里来带信儿！”

When Precious Jade Merchant was about to speak, a servant came in and said, "There is someone inviting you outside." Hearing this, Precious Jade hurriedly went out. Mascara Jade said outside, "Amitabha! I'd rather die than drive you back!" Precious Jade went out and heard Peiming
said, "Uncle Feng is welcoming you." Precious Jade realized that it was the things happened yesterday and said, "Bring my clothes here." Then he went to the study by yourself. When Peiming arrived at the second door, he saw an old servant come out. Peiming went up and said, "Second Master Precious is waiting in his study for his clothes to go out. Could you bring them to him?" The old servant answered:"Bullshit! Well, Second Master Precious is now living in the garden and all his servants are there! You come here to bring the message!"——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 13:37, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==He Minghui 何明慧==
焙茗听了笑道：“骂的是，我也糊涂了！”说着，一径往东边二门前来，可巧门上小厮在甬路底下踢球，焙茗将原故说了，有个小厮跑了进去，半日，才抱了一个包袱出来，递与焙茗，回到书房里。宝玉换了，命人备马，只带着焙茗、锄药、双瑞、寿儿四个小厮去了。一径到了冯紫英门口，有人报与冯紫英，出来迎接进去。只见薛蟠早已在那里久候了，还有许多唱曲儿的小厮们，并唱小旦的蒋玉函，锦香院的妓女云儿。大家都见过了，然后吃茶。宝玉擎茶笑道：“前儿所言‘幸与不幸’之事，我昼夜悬想，今日一闻呼唤即至。”
==Lei Heng 雷珩==
冯紫英笑道：“你们令姑表弟兄倒都心实。前日不过是我的设辞，诚心请你们一饮，恐又推托，故说下这句话。今日一邀即至，谁知都信真了。”说毕，大家一笑。然后摆上酒来，依次坐定。冯紫英先命唱曲儿的小厮过来让酒，然后命云儿也来敬。那薛蟠三杯下肚，不觉忘了情，拉着云儿的手，笑道：“你把那体己新样儿的曲子唱个我听，我吃一坛，如何？”云儿听说，只得拿起琵琶来，唱道：两个冤家，都难丢下，想着你来又记挂着他。两个人，形容俊俏都难描画。

Feng Ziying smiled, “Anyway, you made cousins feel at ease. The other day I gave some excuses, genuinely expecting you to come and have a drink. However, I was afraid of your refusal so I said so. Today I invited you and you were here soon, not expectting that you would take those excuses seriously. Once he finished talking, all of them started to laugh. As the beverages were presented, they took a seat in sequence. Feng Ziying firstly called the manservant who sang ditty to toast, then called Nuageuse. After three drinks, Dragon Marshgrass lost his awareness, subconsciously taking Nuageuse’s hands and grinning, “You sing the new song to me and in return, I drink a bowl of wine. What do you think?” After hearing this, Nuageuse had to start to play the Pipa, singing: Two friedns, both of whom I’m reluctant to desert. Miss you while worry about him. Both of your beauty defies description.--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 09:15, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Li LinYu 李琳玉==
想昨宵，幽期私订在茶架，一个偷情，一个寻拿；拿住了，三曹对案我也无回话。唱毕，笑道：“你喝一坛子罢了。”薛蟠听说，笑道：“不值一坛，再唱好的来。”宝玉笑道：“听我说来：这么滥饮，易醉而无味。我先喝一大海，发一个新令，有不遵者，连罚十大海，逐出席外，与人斟酒。”冯紫英蒋玉函等都道：“有理，有理。”宝玉拿起海来，一气饮尽，说道：“如今要说‘悲’‘愁’‘喜’‘乐’四字，却要说出‘女儿’来，还要注明这四个字原故。

“Looking back on last night, I got a date beside the tea shelf in secret. And it turned out that I was having a love affair stealthily but caught in the act. Now that you know it, facing the three parties concerned confronted in court, I have nothing to say.” When the song ended, she smiled, “You should drink a jar of wine.” Hearing of that, Dragon Marshgrass laughed, “It doesn’t worth, unless you sing a better one.” “Listen to me! Binge drinking is boring and we are likely to get drunk. I’m thinking that I drink a large cup of wine first and set a new drinker’s wager game. Anyone who doesn’t follow will be punished with ten large cups, being excluded from our feast and pouring wine for the rest of us.”smiled Precious Jade. The other people like Feng Ziying and Jiang Yuhan all responded, “It makes sense.” So Precious Jade held a large cup of wine and chugged it. Then he said, “There should be four words of ‘sad’, ‘worried’, ‘delightful’ and ‘happy’ in your following sentences. And ‘daughter’ is also indispensable. What’s more, you have to indicate the original sources of those four words.”-[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 12:25, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
说完了，喝门杯，酒面要唱一个新鲜时样曲子，酒底要席上生风一样东西，或古诗、旧对、《四书》《五经》成语。”薛蟠未等说完，先站起来拦道：“我不来，别算我。这竟是玩弄我呢！”云儿也站起来，推他坐下，笑道：“怕什么？这还亏你天天吃酒呢，难道连我也不如？我回来还说呢。说是了，罢；不是了，不过罚上几杯，那里就醉死了。你如今一乱令，倒喝十大海，下去斟酒不成？”众人都拍手道：“妙！”薛蟠听说无法，只得坐了。

"And after saying that, you are supposed to drink the glass of alcohol in front of everyone. You should sing a current and trendy song before you drink it while play a Shengfeng wager game after drinking it, such as poems, old couplets,idioms in the Confucian classics." Dragon Marshgrass stood up to interrupt him, saying,"I won't join you. Don't invole me in this game. You want to trick me!" Nuageuse stood up too and push him to sit down, laughing,"what are you afraid of? You drink everyday. Can you be more delicate than me? Even I also join them. If I can answer the question, it will be ok; if not, just drink several glasses as a punishment. How could it be possible to be drunk? Now if you break the rule, you will drink 10 bowls of alcohol. Do you want to be the person who refilled our drink?" Everyone applauded to say,"Wonderful!" Having heard that,Dragon Marshgrass had no choice but to sit down.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 03:11, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
听宝玉说道：“女儿悲，青春已大守空闺；女儿愁，悔教夫婿觅封侯；女儿喜，对镜晨妆颜色美；女儿乐，秋千架上春衫薄。”众人听了，都说道：“好！”薛蟠独扬着脸，摇头说：“不好，该罚！”众人问：“如何该罚！”薛蟠道：“他说的我全不懂，怎么不该罚？”云儿便拧他一把，笑道：“你悄悄的想你的罢。回来说不出，又该罚了。”于是拿琵琶听宝玉唱道：滴不尽相思血泪抛红豆，开不完春柳春花满画楼，
==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
睡不稳纱窗风雨黄昏后，忘不了新愁与旧愁，咽不下玉粒金波噎满喉，照不尽菱花镜里形容瘦。展不开的眉头，捱不明的更漏。呀！恰便似遮不住的青山隐隐，流不断的绿水悠悠。唱完，大家齐声喝彩，独薛蟠说：“无板。”宝玉饮了门杯，便拈起一片梨来，说道：“‘雨打梨花深闭门’。”完令。
==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
下该冯紫英，说道：“女儿喜，头胎养了双生子；女儿乐，私向花园掏蟋蟀；女儿悲，儿夫染病在垂危；女儿愁，大风吹倒梳妆楼。”说毕，端起酒来，唱道：你是个可人，你是个多情，你是个刁钻古怪鬼灵精，你是个神仙也不灵。我说的话儿你全不信，只叫你去背地里细打听，才知道我疼你不疼！唱完，饮了门杯，说道：“‘鸡声茅店月’。”令完，下该云儿。

Feng Ziying then said:" The girl is excited to give birth to twins; the girl is glad to look for crickets in the garden secretly; the girl is sad to have sons and husband ill at bed; the girl is worried that wind blows down the dresser." She then picked up the wine and sang:"you are lovely; you are amorous; you are tricky、strange and smart；but it's no use you being an immortal. You did not believe what I said. You would know I loved you dearly if you asked others behind my back!" After singing, she drunk the wine and said:"Standing near the hut in the moonlight, I hear the cock crowing." Then came Nuageuse.--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 06:18, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

Then it turns to Feng Ziying:" The girl is excited to give birth to twins; the girl is glad to look for crickets in the garden secretly; the girl is sad to have sons and husband ill at bed; the girl is worried that wind blows down the dresser." She then picked up the wine and sang:"you are lovely; you are amorous; you are tricky、strange and smart；but it's no use you being an immortal. You did not believe what I said. You would know I loved you dearly if you asked others behind my back!" After singing, she drunk the wine and said:"Standing near the hut in the moonlight, I hear the cock crowing." Then came to Nuageuse.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 07:05, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
云儿便说道：“女儿悲，将来终身倚靠谁？”薛蟠笑道：“我的儿，有你薛大爷在，你怕什么？”众人都道：“别混他，别混他！”云儿又道：“女儿愁，妈妈打骂何时休？”薛蟠道：“前儿我见了你妈，还吩咐他，不叫他打你呢。”众人都道：“再多言者，罚酒十杯！”薛蟠连忙自己打了一个嘴巴子，说道：“没耳性，再不许说了。”云儿又道：“女儿喜，情郎不舍还家里；女儿乐，住了萧管弄弦索。”

Nuageuse said, "I am sad. Who will I rely on all my life in the future?" Dragon Marshgrass laughed and said, "my son, what are you afraid of when I am here?" Everyone said, "don't answer him, don't answer him!" "When will my mother stop scolding me?" Nuageuse asked, "I saw your mother and told her not to beat you." Dragon Marshgrass responsed. Everyone said, "if you talk more, you will be fined ten cups of wine!" Dragon Marshgrass quickly slapped himself in the mouth and said, "I don't have ears. Don't talk anymore." Nuageuse said again, "I am happy, and my lover hates to part with me but only to return home; I am glad, and I can play the instruments."--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 07:01, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

Nuageuse said, "I am sad. Who will I rely on all my life in the future?" Dragon Marshgrass laughed and said, "my son, you got nothing to worry about since I will always be there for you!" Everyone said, "don't answer him, don't answer him!" "When will my mother stop scolding me?" Nuageuse asked, "I saw your mother and told her not to beat you." Dragon Marshgrass responsed. Everyone said, "if you talk again, you will be fined ten cups of wine!" Dragon Marshgrass quickly slapped himself and said, "I swear I will not say that." Nuageuse said again, "I am happy, and my lover hates to part with me but only to return home; I am glad, and I can play the instruments."—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 13:52, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
说完，便唱道：豆蔻花开三月三，一个虫儿往里钻；钻了半日钻不进去，爬到花儿上打秋千。肉儿小心肝，我不开了．你怎么钻？唱毕，饮了门杯，说道：“‘桃之夭夭’。“令完，下该薛蟠。薛蟠道：“我可要说了：女儿悲……”说了半日，不见说底下的。冯紫英笑道：“悲什么？快些说。”薛蟠登时急的眼睛铃铛一般，便说道：“女儿悲……”又咳嗽了两声，方说道：“女儿悲，嫁了个男人是乌龟。”众人听了都大笑起来。薛蟠道：“笑什么？难道我说的不是？一个女儿嫁了汉子，要做忘八，怎么不伤心呢？”

She sang:“Flowers are like young girls. They bloom around March 3, which an insect wants to creep into it. Failing to do it, the stupid insect crawls to the petals and swings. My dear! I will not let you in. There is low odds and almost no circumstances!” Finishing this song, she drank some wine, again said:“A peach tree in blossom , it is beautiful as you are.” It is Dragon Marshgrass’s turn. “Okay, Let me do this: girls are in agony…” Here comes a long pause. “What is the matter? Just go ahead and say what is on your mind.”Feng Ziying prompted him. With eyes bulged like doorbells, Marshgrass became anxious and cleared his throat:“Girls are in agony after getting married, and they are not like themselves and even turn to jerks.” Laughter went up. Marshgrass explained:“What are you laughing about? I am speaking the truth: Girls, once getting married and becoming jerks, soon fall in a mood of despair.”—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 13:43, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
众人笑的弯腰说道：“你说的是！快说底下的罢。”薛蟠瞪了瞪眼，又说道：“女儿愁……”说了这句，又不言语了。众人道：“怎么愁？”薛蟠道：“绣房钻出个大马猴。”众人哈哈笑道：“该罚，该罚！先还可恕，这句更不通。”说着，便要斟酒。宝玉笑道：“押韵就好。”薛蟠道：“令官都准了，你们闹什么？”众人听说，方罢了。云道：“下两句越发难说了，我替你说罢。”薛蟠道：“胡说！当真我就没好的了！听我说罢：女儿喜，洞房花烛朝慵起。”
==Wang Rou 汪柔==
众人听了，都咤异道：“这句何其太雅？”薛蟠道：“女儿乐，一根????往里戳。”众人听了，都回头说道：“该死，该死！快唱了罢。”薛蟠便唱道：“一个蚊子哼哼哼。”众人都怔了，说道：“这是个什么曲儿？”薛蟠还唱道：“两个苍蝇嗡嗡嗡。”众人都道：“罢，罢，罢！”薛蟠道：“爱听不听！这是新鲜曲儿，叫做‘哼哼韵’儿，你们要懒怠听，连酒底都免了，我就不唱。”众人都道：“免了罢，倒别耽误了别人家。”
==Wei Jingting 魏静婷==
于是蒋玉函说道：“女儿悲，丈夫一去不回归；女儿愁，无钱去打桂花油；女儿喜，灯花并头结双蕊；女儿乐，夫唱妇随真和合。”说毕，唱道：可喜你天生成百媚姣，恰便似活神仙离碧霄。度青春，年正小；配鸾凤，真也巧。呀！看天河正高，听谯楼鼓敲；剔银灯，同入鸳帏悄。唱毕，饮了门杯，笑道：“这诗词上我倒有限，幸而昨日见了一副对子，只记得这句，可巧席上还有这件东西。”说毕，便干了酒；拿起一朵木樨来，念道：“‘花气袭人知昼暖’。”

Then Jiang Yuhan said, "The lady is sad for her husband will not return; the lady is worried for she has no money to buy osmanthus oil; the lady is glad for there are two stamens on the head of the lamp; the lady is satisfied for the conjugal harmony . After saying this, he sings: "I am glad that you are a pretty lady, just like a living god who has left the sky. You are so young, so youthful. You are so lucky to have a satisfying marriage. Oh! Look at the high river in the sky, listen to the drums beating in the Qiao Tower; pick the silver lamp and enter the bedroom together. After singing, he drank from the cup and laughed, "I'm not very good at this kind of poetry.However, I happened to see a couplet and I can only remember this sentence. It occurs to me that there is such a thing on the banquet." After saying this, he drank his wine; he picked up a mignonette and read, "'The flowers perceives the warmth of the day striking people. "--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 06:05, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
众人倒都依了，完令。薛蟠又跳了起来喧嚷道：“了不得，了不得！该罚，该罚！这席上并没有宝贝，你怎么说起宝贝来？”蒋玉函忙说道：“何曾有宝贝？”薛蟠道：“你还赖呢？你再念来。”蒋玉函只得又念了一遍。薛蟠遭：“‘袭人’可不是宝贝是什么？你们不信只问他。”说毕，指着宝玉。宝玉没好意思起来，说：“薛大哥，你该罚多少？”薛蟠道：“该罚，该罚！”说着，拿起酒来，一饮而尽。冯紫英与蒋玉函等犹问他原故，云儿便告诉了出来，蒋玉函忙起身陪罪。众人都道：“不知者不作罪。”
==Yan Ni 燕妮==
少刻，宝玉出席解手，蒋玉函随了出来，二人站在廊檐下，蒋玉函又赔不是。宝玉见他妩媚温柔，心中十分留恋，便紧紧的搭着他的手，叫他：“闲了往我们那里去。还有一句话问你，也是你们贵班中，有一个叫琪官儿的，他如今名驰天下，可惜我独无缘一见。”蒋玉函笑道：“就是我的小名儿。”宝玉听说，不觉欣然跌足笑道：“有幸，有幸！果然名不虚传。今儿初会，便怎么样呢？”想了一想，向袖中取出扇子，将一个玉玦扇坠解下来，递与琪官，道：“微物不堪，略表今日之谊。”
==Yang Lei 杨磊==
琪官接了，笑道：“无功受禄，何以克当？也罢，我这里也得了一件奇物，今日早起方系上，还是簇新，聊可表我一点亲热之意。”说毕，撩衣将系小衣儿一条大红汗巾子解了下来，递与宝玉，道：“这汗巾子是茜香国女国王所贡之物，夏天系着肌肤生香，不生汗渍。昨日北静王给的，今日才上身。若是别人，我断不肯相赠。二爷请把自己系的解下来给我系着。”宝玉听说，喜不自禁，连忙接了，将自己一条松花汗巾解下来，递与琪官。二人方束好，只听一声大叫：“我可拿住了！”

Qiguan answered and said with a smile, "how can I afford to get benefits without credit? Anyway, I got a strange but wonderful thing here. I tied it when I got up early today. It's still new. This represents my intention." Speaking, he lifted his clothes, took off a red scarf tied to his underwear, handed it to Precious Jade, and said, "this scarf is a tribute from the Queen of Qianxiang Country. In summer, it has a sweet smell on the skin and make you do not sweat. It was given by King Beijing yesterday and I put it on today. If it was someone else, I would never give it away. Please take off the scarf and tie it to me." Precious Jade was overjoyed when he heard about it, so he quickly answered it, took off a pine flower scarf and handed it to Qi Guan. The two of them tied up and just heard a loud cry: "I finally got you guys!"--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 13:30, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
只见薛蟠跳了出来，拉着二人道：“放着酒不吃，两个人逃席出来，干什么？快拿出来我瞧瞧。”二人都道：“没有什么。”薛蟠那里肯依？还是冯紫英出来，才解开了。复又归坐饮酒，至晚方散。宝玉回至园中，宽衣吃茶，袭人见扇子上的扇坠儿没了，便问他：“往那里去了？”宝玉道：“马上丢了。”睡觉时，只见腰里一条血点似的大红汗巾子，袭人便猜了八九分，因说道：“你有了好的系裤子，把我的那条还我罢。”宝玉听了，方想起那条汗巾子，原是袭人的，不该给人才是。
==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
心里后悔，口里说不出来，只得笑道：“我赔你一条罢。”袭人听了，点头叹道：‘我就知道又干这些事！也不该拿我的东西给那起混账人，也难为你心里没个算计儿。”欲再说几句，又恐怄上他的酒来，少不得也睡了。一宿无话。至次日天明方才醒了，只见宝玉笑道：“夜里失了盗也不晓得，你瞧瞧裤子上。”袭人低头一看，只见昨日宝玉系的那条汗巾子，系在自己腰里呢，便知是宝玉夜间换了，忙一顿就解下来，说道：“我不希罕这行子，趁早儿拿了去！”宝玉见他如此，只得委婉解劝了一回。

There were profuse regret in his heart,nevertheless, he couldn't speak them out but smile bitterly and say:"I would pay you a new one."Hearing this ,Attackers nodded and sighed:"I should have expected that he would do such rash things again.And I shouldn't lend my treasured objject to that bastard.It is also hard for you to keep an eye on him and get prepared." She wanted to say a few more words but fearing that the conversation would be endless under his growing drunkness,She went to bed shortly afterwards followed by a sedate night without a word.She enjoyed a sound sleep till the break of the day.Precious Jade smiled and said:"You knew nothing and even were not aware of being stolen.Take a look at what is on your pants"
Attackers lowered her head and saw the sweat towel precious jade tied to himself yesterday was tied to her own waist.Finding Precious Jade has swapped it for her,She huried to untie the towel and said :"I don't want for it,you'd take it away as early as possible."Seeing this ,Precious Jade had to ease the embarrassment akwardly by condoning this leniently.--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 10:59, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
袭人无法，只得系上。过后宝玉出去，终久解下来，掷在个空箱子里，自己又换了一条系着。宝玉并未理论，因问起：“昨日可有什么事情？”袭人便回说：“二奶奶打发人叫了小红去了。他原要等你来着，我想什么要紧，我就做了主，打发他去了。”宝玉道：“很是。我已经知道了，不必等我罢了。”袭人又道：“昨日贵妃打发夏太监出来送了一百二十两银子，叫在清虚观初一到初三打三天平安醮，唱戏献供，叫珍大爷领着众位爷们跪香拜佛呢。还有端午儿的节礼也赏了。”

Aroma had nothing to do but tie the scarf. After Precious Jade went out, she undid the scarf, cast it into an empty box, and changed a new one herself. Precious Jade let it slide and asked, "Was there anything special yesterday?" Aroma replied, "Lady Phoenix sent Little Red on an errand. Little Red was meant to wait for you, but I thought it might be something important, so I made decision to send her do so. Precious Jade said, "Exactly, I'm told about it. There's no need to let me know." Aroma added, "Yesterday 120 Liang silver was delivered by Eunuch Summer from the Imperial Concubine. She demanded chanting for blessing and off evils in the Nihility Temple from the first to third day of the fifth lunar month. Opera performance was requested. It was also asked that Master Treasure along with other masters burns incense, kneels and worships. Presents for the Dragon Boat Festival were granted as well.--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 03:16, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
说着，命小丫头来，将昨日的所赐之物取了出来，只见上等宫扇两柄，红麝香珠二串，凤尾罗二端，芙蓉簟一领。宝玉见了，喜不自胜，问：“别人的也都是这个？”袭人道：“老太太多着一个香玉如意，一个玛瑙枕。老爷、太太、姨太太的，只多着一个香玉如意。你的同宝姑娘的一样。林姑娘同二姑娘、三蛄娘、四姑娘只单有扇子和数珠儿，别的都没有。大奶奶、二奶奶他两个是每人两匹纱，两匹罗，两个香袋儿，两个锭子药。”

Then, she orders a little maid to fetch the presents granted yesterday—two first-class mandarin fans, two strings of musk red beads, two bolts of phenix tail design voile fabric, and a lotus mat. Precious Jade takes the greatest delights after seeing that and asks, “Do others get the same?”. Aroma replies, “An extra fine jade ruyi (scepter) and agate pillow for Grandma Merchant. Master, Madam, and concubine Ladies just get an extra fine jade ruyi. Yours are the same as Miss Precious’. Miss Mascara, together with the second Miss, the third Miss, and the fourth Miss get nothing else but fans and beads. The first Mistress and the second Mistress have two bolts of gauze fabric, two bolts of voile fabric, two perfume satchels, and two spindles of medicine.”--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

Then, she orders a little maid to fetch the presents granted yesterday—two high–quality mandarin fans, two strings of musk red beads, two bolts of phenix tail design voile fabric, and a lotus mat. Precious Jade takes the greatest delights after seeing these and asks, “Do others get the same?”. Aroma replies, “An extra fine jade ruyi (scepter) and agate pillow for Grandma Merchant. Master, Madam, and concubine Ladies just get an extra fine jade ruyi. Yours are the same as Miss Precious’. Miss Mascara, together with the second Miss, the third Miss, and the fourth Miss get nothing else but fans and beads. The first Mistress and the second Mistress have two bolts of gauze fabric, two bolts of voile fabric, two perfume satchels, and two spindles of medicine.”—[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 14:07, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
宝玉听了，笑道：“这是怎么个原故？怎么林姑娘的倒不同我的一样，倒是宝姐姐的同我一样？别是传错了罢？”袭人道：“昨儿拿出来，都是一分一分的写着签字，怎么就错了！你的是在老太太屋里的，我去拿了来了。老太太说了，明儿叫你一个五更天进去谢恩呢。”宝玉道：“自然要走一趟。”说着，便叫了紫鹃来：“拿了这个到你们姑娘那里去，就说是昨儿我得的，爱什么留下什么。”紫鹃答应了，拿了去。不一时回来，说：“姑娘说了，昨儿也得了，二爷留着罢。”宝玉听说，便命人收了。

Hearing it, Precious Jade says with smile," Why is it? Why are what I get are different from Miss.Froest’s but are the same as Miss.Precious’s? Don't you muddle them?"Aroma replies," I took them out yesterday and there were paralleled names on each of them. How can I muddle them with these names? Yours were in the Old Mistress's and I have fetched them.Old Mistress has asked you to pay gratitude at five a.m tomorrow."Precious Jade says,"Of course I am obliged to do that." Then he calls Nightingale, saying," Take these to your Miss.Tell her that I got them yesterday and feel easy to keep anything she likes." Nightingale promises and delivers them to her Miss. Just for a while, she comes back and says," My Miss has said that she also got presents yesterday and you'd better keep what you have got." Then Precious Jade keeps them after hearing it.—[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 13:16, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

Hearing it, Precious Jade says with smile," Why is it? Why are what I get are different from Miss.Froest’s but are the same as Miss.Precious’s? Don't you muddle them?"Aroma replies," I took them out yesterday and there were paralleled names on each of them. How can I muddle them with these names? Yours were in the Old Mistress's and I have fetched them.Old Mistress has asked you to pay gratitude at five a.m tomorrow."Precious Jade says,"Of course I am obliged to do that." Then he calls Nightingale, saying," Take these to your Miss.Tell her that I got them yesterday and feel easy to keep anything she likes." Nightingale promises and delivers them to her Miss. Just for a while, she comes back and says," My Miss has said that she also got presents yesterday and you'd better keep what you have got." Then Precious Jade keeps them after hearing it.-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 13:54, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
刚洗了脸出来要往贾母那里请安去，只见黛玉顶头来了，宝玉赶上去笑道：“我的东西叫你拣，你怎么不拣？”黛玉昨儿所恼宝玉的心事，早又丢开，只顾今日的事了，因说道：“我没这么大福气禁受。比不得宝姑娘，什么‘金’什么‘玉’的！我们不过是个草木之人罂了。”宝玉听他提出“金玉”二字来，不觉心动疑猜，便说道：“除了别人说什么‘金’什么‘玉’，我心里要有这个想头，天诛地灭，万世不得人身！”

But when he had washed his face and stepped out of doors, bent upon going to his grandmother's on the other side, in order to pay his obeisance, he caught sight of Mascara Jade Forest coming along towards him. Precious Jade hurriedly walked up to her, "I told you," he smiled, "to select those you liked from my things; how is it you didn't choose any?" Mascara Jade Forest had long before banished from her recollection the incident of the previous day, which had made her angry with Precious Jade and was only exercised about the occurrence of this present occasion. "I'm not gifted with such extreme good fortune," she consequently answered, "as to be able to accept them. I can't compete with Miss Jade, in connection with whom something or other about gold or about jade is mentioned. We are simply beings connected with the vegetable kingdom." The allusion to the two words "gold and jade," aroused, of a sudden, much emotion in the heart of Precious Jade. "If beyond what people say about gold or jade," he protested, "the idea of any such things ever crosses my mind, may the heavens annihilate me, and may the earth extinguish me, and may I for ten thousand generations never assume human form!"-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 13:53, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220404 homework

2022-04-07T13:16:31Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

CULTURE2022 20220404 homework

2022-04-07T13:14:34Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

CULTURE2022 20220328 homework

2022-04-01T13:22:50Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220307_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Mar 14]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220314_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Mar 21]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220321_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Mar 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220328_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Apr 4]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

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Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
晴雯冷笑道：“怪道呢！原来爬上高枝儿去了，把我们不放在眼里了。不知说了一句话半句话，名儿姓儿知道了不曾，就把他兴头的这个样！这一遭儿半遭儿的算不得什么；过了后儿,还得听呵！有本事从今儿出了这园子，长长远远的在高枝儿上才算得。”一面说着去了。这里小红听说，不便分证，只得忍着气来找凤姐儿。到了李氏房中，果见凤姐在这里和李氏说话儿呢。小红上来回道：“平姐姐说，奶奶刚出来了，他就把银子收起来了；才张材家的来取，当面秤了给他拿去了。”

Sunny Cloud Formation sneered, "No wonder! It is because she has 'married up' that she spurns us. She might not know Precious whether Jade Merchant knows her name after talking with him for some time. And then how happy she is! It doesn't count at all for this period. We have to wait for a longer period to see what her future is like. It only counts if she succeeded in marrying the noble and got out of here." She left with these sentences. Hearing from the massage, Little Red endured her anger and ignored to investigate to look for Sister Phoenix. When she arrived at Lady Lee's room, Sister Phoenix was talking with Lee as expected. Little Red walked to them and said, Patience says that she put away the silver when you got out. The lady of Zhang Cai came to take it after Patience weighed it." --[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 11:23, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
说着，将荷包递了上去，又道：“平姐姐叫我来回奶奶：才旺儿进来讨奶奶的示下，好往那家子去的，平姐姐就把那话按着奶奶的主意打发他去了。”凤姐笑道：“他怎么接着我的主意打发去了？”小红道：“平姐姐说：‘我们奶奶问这里奶奶好。原是我们二爷不在家，虽然迟了两天，只管请奶奶放心。等五奶奶好些，我们奶奶还会了五奶奶来瞧奶奶呢。五奶奶前儿打发了人来说：舅奶奶带了信来了，问奶奶好，还要和这里的姑奶奶寻两丸延年神验万金丹；若有了，奶奶打发人来，只管送在我们奶奶这里。

Holding up the purse, she said, "Patience asked me to reply:Cai Wanger came in and asked for your permission to get into the facility, and Patience found an excuse to sent him away just as you wanted." Sister Phoenix laughed. "How did she do what I wanted?" "Patience said, 'Our grandma sends her greeting to you. It was our second grandpa who was not at home. Although it would be two days later, please don't worry. When fifth grandma is better, our grandma will invite her to see you. Fifth grandma sent a person to tell: uncle grandma brought a letter to say hello to you, and also asked the aunt grandma for two pills to prolong life,named tested-by-god Wangjin Dan; If there is, she will send one pill to you."--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 12:32, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
明儿有人去，就顺路给那边舅奶奶带去的。’”话未说完，车氏道：“嗳哟哟！这话我就不懂了，什么‘奶奶’‘爷爷’的一大堆。”凤姐笑道：”怨不得你不懂，这是四五门子的话呢。”说着，又向小红笑道：“好孩子，难为你说的齐全，不象他们扭扭捏捏蚊子似的。嫂子不知道，如今除了我随手使的这几个丫头老婆子之外，我就怕和别人说话。他们必定把一句话拉长了，作两三截儿，咬文嚼字，拿着腔儿，哼哼唧唧的，急的我冒火，他们那里知道！先是我们平儿也是这么着，我就问着他：难道必定妆蚊子哼哼就是美人了？说了几遭，才好些了。”

If there's someone go tomorrow, then take it for the wife of granma's brother by the way. Haven't finishing her words, Che interrupts"Oh, I can't understand these words, what 'Grandma,grandpa'…" Splendid Phoenix King laughs" It's not you to blame for not understanding the words.It's about 4 and 5 families." Says she and then smiles to Little Red" Good girl, it must not be easy to say comprehensively. You're not like them too shy to act like mosquitoes. Sis has no idea that how much it annoys me to say to other people expect the servants I'm having now. They must lengthen the sentence and cut it into 2 or 3 sections, verbose and nerdy.They have no idea how annoyed I am!!! Our Patience was also like this at first, I then asked her 'Will it definitely make you a beauty if you pretend to say like mosquitoes?' After saying something times, things became better."--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 02:07, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

“If there's someone go tomorrow, then take it for the wife of granma's brother by the way.” Haven't finishing her words, Che interrupted, “Oh, I can't understand these words, what are these 'Grandma,grandpa'…meaning?” Splendid Phoenix King laughed, “It's not you to blame for not understanding the words.It's about 4 and 5 rounds of conversation ." Said she and then smiled to Little Red" Good girl, it must not be easy to say comprehensively. You're not like them too shy to act like mosquitoes. Sis has no idea that how much it annoys me to say to other people expect the servants I'm having now. They must lengthen the sentence and cut it into 2 or 3 sections, verbose and nerdy.They have no idea how annoyed I am!!! Our Patience was also like this at first, I then asked her 'Will it definitely make you a beauty if you pretend to say like mosquitoes?' After criticizing that many times, things became better."—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 12:45, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
李宫裁笑道：“都像你泼辣货才好！”凤姐道：“这一个丫头就好。方才这两遭说话虽不多，听那口角就很剪断。”说着，又向小红笑道：“明儿你伏侍我去罢，我认你做女儿。我一调理，你就出息了。”小红听了，“扑哧”一笑。凤姐道：“你怎么笑？你说我年轻，比你能大几岁，就做你的妈了？你做春梦呢！你打听打听，这些人比你大的赶着我叫妈，我还不理他呢！今儿抬举了你了。”小红笑道：“我不是笑这个，我笑奶奶认错了辈数儿了，我妈是奶奶的女儿,这会子又认我做女儿！”凤姐道；“谁是你妈？”

Official sewer Plum smiled, “It would be wonderful if she is as forceful as you!” Sister Phoenix said, “The girl is good enough. Judging from the words she said these two times, I think she is deft,” and smiled to Little Red, “Come and serve me tomorrow. I’ll adopt you as my daughter. Upon my recuperating, you would be promoted.” After listening, Little Red laughed out. Sister Phoenix said, “Why do you smile? You praised for my youthful appearance. But how could I, the one is just a few years older to be your mon? What a wonderful dream! You’d better investigate that there are a lot of people who are older than you and want to be my daughters though ignored by me. You’re in favor today!” Little Red giggled, “I wasn’t laughing at this, but the wrong seniority you hold. My mother is your daughter, but you want to adopt me as your daughter!” Sister Phoenix asked, “who’s your mother?”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 12:02, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
李宫裁笑道：“你原来不认的他？他是林之孝的女儿。”凤姐听了，十分咤异，因说道：“哦！是他的丫头！”又笑道：“林之孝两口子，都是锥子扎不出一声儿来的。我成日家说，他们倒是配就了的一对夫妻：一个天聋，一个地哑。那里承望养出这么个伶俐丫头来！你十几岁了？”小红道：“十七岁了。”又问名字，小红道：“原叫‘红玉’，因为重了宝二爷，如今只叫红儿了。” 凤姐听说，将眉一皱，把头一回，说道：“讨人嫌的很！得了‘玉’的便宜似的，你也‘玉’，我也‘玉’。”
==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
因说：“嫂子不知道，我和他妈说：‘赖大家的如今事多，也不知这府里谁是谁，你替我好好的挑两个丫头我使。’他一般的答应着；他饶不挑，倒把他这女孩子送了别处去。难道跟我必定不好？”李纨笑道：“你可是又多心了。进来在先，你说在后，怎么怨的他妈？”凤姐说道：“你这么着，明儿我和宝玉说，叫他再要人，叫这丫头跟我去。可不知本人愿意不愿意？”小红笑道：“愿意不愿意，我们也不敢说。只是跟奶奶，我们学些眉眼高低，出入上下，大小的事儿，也得见识见识。”
==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
刚说着，只见王夫人的丫头来请，凤姐便辞了李宫裁去了。小红自回怡红院去，不在话下。如今且说林黛玉因夜间失寐，次日起来迟了，闻得众姊妹都在园中做饯花会，恐人笑他痴懒，连忙梳洗了出来。刚到了院中，只见宝玉进门来了便笑道：“好妹妹，你昨儿可告了我了不曾？我悬了一夜心。”黛玉便回头叫紫鹃道：“把屋子收抬了，下一扇纱屉；看那大燕子回来，把帘子放了下来，拿狮子倚住；烧了香，就把炉罩上。”一面说，一面又往外走。宝玉见他这样，还认作是昨日晌午的事，那知晚间的这件公案，还打恭作揖的。
==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
林黛玉正眼也不看，各自出了院门，一直找别的姊妹去了。宝玉心中纳闷，自己猜疑：“看起这样光景来，不像是为昨儿的事。但只昨日我回来得晚了，又没有见他，再没有冲撞他的去处了。”一面想，一面由不得随后追了来。只见宝钗探春，正在那边看鹤舞，见黛玉来了，三个一同站着说话儿。又见宝玉来了，探春便笑道：“宝哥哥，身上好？我整整的三天没见你了。”宝玉笑道：“妹妹身上好？我前儿还在大嫂子跟前问你呢。”探春道：“宝哥哥，你往这里来，我和你说话。”宝玉听说，便跟了他，离了钗玉两个，到了一棵石榴树下。

Mascara Jade Forest looked at him askance, and walked out of the court alone to find other sisters. Precious Jade Merchant was so puzzled that he wondered that according to her attitude, it is probably not because of the thing that happened yesterday, but because I came back late yesterday and didn't visit her, since besides this there is no other points that I may offend her. Precious Jade was wondering while chasing after Mascara Jade. When Seeking-Spring and Precious Hairpin saw Mascara Jade came, they were admiring cranes' dancing. Then the three stood together, chatting, as Precious Jade came. Seeking-Spring said with smile, "Brother Mascara, your recent body OK? I haven't seen you for three days." Precious Jade laughed and answered, "How are you my sister? I asked elder sister-in-law your condition the day before yesterday." Seeking-Spring said, "Brother Precious, come here. I have something to say to you." After hearing that, Precious Jade followed her to a pomegranate tree, leaving Precious Hairpin and Mascara Jade in situ.——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 10:26, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==He Minghui 何明慧==
探春因说道：“这几天，老爷可曾叫你？”宝玉笑道：“没有叫。”探春道：“昨儿我恍惚听见说，老爷叫你出去的。”宝玉笑道：“那想是别人听错了，并没叫的。”探春又笑道：“这几个月，我又攒下有十来吊钱了。你还拿了去，明儿出门逛去的时候,或是好字画，好轻巧玩意儿，替我带些来。”宝玉道：“我这么逛去，城里城外大廊太庙的逛，也没见个新奇精致东西，总不过是那些金、玉、铜、磁器，没处撂的古董；再就是绸缎、吃食、衣服了。”

==Lei Hneg 雷珩==
探春道：“谁要这些。怎么象你上回买的那柳枝儿编的小篮子，真竹子根儿挖的香盒儿，胶泥垛的风炉儿，这就好了。我喜欢的什么似的，谁知他们都爱上了，都当宝贝似的抢了去了。”宝玉笑道：“原来要这个。这不值什么，拿几百钱出去给小子们，管拉两车来。”探春道：“小厮们知道什么？你拣那朴而不俗直而不拙的这些东西，你多多替我带了来，我还像上回的鞋做一双你穿，比那双还加工夫，如何呢？”

Seeking-spring said, “Who wants those? I don’t care about those gadgets. Stuff that you bought last time like the small basket knot from willow, the pomander dug by real bamboo root and the blast furnace made from clay are quite acceptable. God knows why what I fancy are all wanted by those guys and they all scramble for those merchandise, deeming them to be precious.” Precious Jade laughed, “It turns out you just want these things. Money doesn’t matter. Give servants hundreds of coppers and order them to buy two carriages of those goods.” Seeking-spring uttered, “How do them know what to buy? You just pick up something simple but not crude, unadorned but not clumsy. If you sent me some of them, I will make a pair of shoes for you like the last one I send you, but with more delicacy. What do you think?”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 13:00, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Li Linyu 李琳玉==
宝玉笑道：“你提起鞋来，我想起故事来了：一回穿着，可巧遇见了老爷，老爷就不受用，问：‘是谁做的？’我那里敢提三妹妹三个字？我就回说，是前儿我生日舅母给的。老爷听了是舅母给的，才不好说什么的。半日还说：‘何苦来！虚耗人力，作践绫罗，做这样的东西。’我回来告诉了袭人，袭人说：‘这还罢了，赵姨娘气的抱怨的了不得：正经兄弟，鞋塌拉袜塌拉的，没人看得见，且做这些东西！’”

Precious Jade smiled, “As soon as you refer to the shoes, a thing occurs to me: once I put on that pair of shoes and accidentally met my father, who disliked them. So he asked, ‘Who is the person making the shoes for you?’ How dare I speak of your name? Then my answer was that my aunt gave them to me in my previous birthday. It was hearing of the shoes coming from my aunt that he didn’t criticize much. What’s more, after a while, he resumed, ‘How unworthy! Waste time and good cloth to make such a thing.’ When I went back, I told Aroma and she said, ‘That’s good enough. Aunt Walk complained constantly with anger: someone can’t see her real brother who hasn’t appropriate shoes and socks but made the shoes for other person.”—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 09:42, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
探春听说，登时沉下脸来道：“你说，这话糊涂到什么田地！怎么我是该做鞋的人么？环儿难道没有分倒的？衣裳是衣裳，鞋袜是鞋抹，丫头老婆一屋子，怎么抱怨这些话，给谁听呢！我不过闲着没事作一双半双，爱给那个哥哥兄弟，随我的心。谁敢管我不成！这也是他瞎气。”宝玉听了，点头笑道：“你不知道，他心里自然又有个想头了。”探春听说，一发动了气，将头一扭，说道：“连你也糊涂了！他那想头，自然是有的，不过是那阴微鄙贱的见识。他只管这么想，我只管认得老爷太太两个人，别人我一概不管。

Having heard about that, Seeking-spring frowned immediately and said,"You see! How unreasonable the words are! Am I born to make shoes? Didn't Ring get his one? Clothes are clothes and shoes are shoes. How could she complain about this in the presence of so many servants! To whom was she aimed at telling it! I just sew a few pairs of shoes in my spare time. Giving them to whom depends on my own will. Who are dare to intervene me! She is angry for something totally meaningless." Precious Jade nodded and smiled after hearing that and said,"What you don't know is that it has become an idea in her mind." Seeking-spring became much angrier when hearing his words. She turned around and said,"You are muddled too! Of course she had that mind but that is superficial and vile. Just let her go. I only take orders from the milord and madam and don't care about others."--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 03:39, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
就是姊妹弟兄跟前，谁和我好，我就和谁好，什么偏的，庶的，我也不知道。论理，我不该说他，但他忒昏愦得不像了！还有笑话几呢：就是上回我给你那钱，替我带那玩耍的东西，过了两天，他见了我，也是说没钱，便怎么难处，我也不理论。谁知后来丫头们出去了，他就抱怨起我来，说我攒的钱，为什么给你使，倒不给环儿使了。我听见这话，又好笑，又好气。我就出来往太太跟前去了。”正说着，只见宝钗那边笑道：“说完了，来罢。显见得是哥哥妹妹了，丢下别人，且说体己去。我们听一句儿就使不得了？”

"Even for brothers and sisters, I choose my friends not by who he is, but if he can get along well with me! I know that I should not talk about her, but she is too ridiculous! There is another thing: last time I give you some money to bring me back something. Several days later, she complained her lack of money and how difficult she was. I did not respond. However, when the maids got out, she began to accuse me of giving the money I saved to you rather than to Ring. After hearing this, I did not know to laugh or to be angry, then I went out to see Lady King." As saying, Precious Hairpin Marshgrass appeared and smiled:"Have finished your talking? You are obviously brother and sister. Leave others and talk secretly. Is it unacceptable to hear you talking?" --[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 11:18, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
说着，探春宝玉二人方笑着来了。宝玉因不见了林黛玉，便知他躲了别处去了。想了一想：“索性迟两日，等他的气息一息再去也罢了。”因低头看去，许多凤仙石榴等各色落花，锦重重的落了一地，因叹道：“这是他心里生了气，也不收拾这花儿来了。等我送了去，明儿再问着他。”说着，只见宝钗约着他们往外头去。宝玉道：“我就来。”等他二人去远，把那花儿兜了起来，登山渡水，过树穿花．一直奔了那日同林黛玉葬桃花的去处来。将已到了花冢，犹未转过山坡，只听山坡那边有呜咽之声，一面数落着，哭的好不伤心。
==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
宝玉心下想道：“这不知是那房里的丫头，受了委屈，跑到这个地方来哭。”一面想，一面煞住脚步，听他哭道是：花谢花飞飞满天，红消香断有谁怜？游丝软系飘春榭，落絮轻沾扑绣帘。闺中女儿惜春暮，愁绪满怀无释处；手把花锄出绣帘，忍踏落花来复去。柳丝榆荚自芳菲，不管桃飘与李飞；桃李明年能再发，明年闺中知有谁？三月香巢已垒成，梁间燕子太无情！明年花发虽可啄，却不道人去槊空巢已倾。

Precious Jade thought: Whose room does the slave girl who is crying over here for not being treated well belong to? He stopped as he thought and heard a cry of her: As blossoms fade and fly in the sky, who pities the faded red, the scent that has been? The soft spider silk seems to be broken and connected, floating among the trees in spring. The falling catkins lightly attach on embroidered door curtains. The girl in the boudoir is so sorry to face the scenery of late spring. But there is no place to repose her full melancholy. She carries the hoe out of her boudoir but went back for not bringing herself to trample fallen blossoms. Catkins and elm money only know to show off their fragrance ,leaving alone the falling peach blossoms and the flying plum blossoms. In the boudoir, who will have chance to admire when these two kinds of flowers blossom next year? In March of the new year, swallows have already built nests with the fragrance of flowers holding flowers in their mouths on the beams. How ruthless they are for wasting too many flowers! As flowers will still be in full bloom next year for swallows to hold, but this house and their nests maybe will be empty as people leave.--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 12:19, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
一年三百六十日，风刀霜剑严相逼；明媚鲜妍能几时，一朝飘泊难寻觅。花开易见落难寻，阶前闷杀葬花人；独把花锄泪暗洒，洒上空枝见血痕。杜鹃无语正黄昏，荷锄归去掩重门；青灯照壁人初睡，冷雨敲窗被未温。怪依底事倍伤神？半为怜春半恼春：怜春忽至恼忽去，至又无言去不闻。昨宵庭外悲歌发，知是花魂与鸟魂？花魂鸟魂总难留，鸟自无言花自羞；

Three hundred and sixty days in a year which is filled with wind and frost; How long can bright and beautiful last? Once wandering, it's hard to find it. Flowers are easy to see but difficult to find when it fades. People who bury flowers are bored in front of the steps; The flower hoe alone shed tears, and there were blood stains on the branches above. The cuckoo is speechless. At dusk, the lotus hoe returns to cover the heavy door; The green light shines on the wall, and the cold rain knocks on the window. Why so sad? Half of pity spring and half of annoy spring: pity spring suddenly goes to annoyance, and then goes without words and doesn't hear it. Last night, there was a sad song outside the court. Do you know it's the soul of flowers or the soul of birds? The soul of flowers and birds is always hard to stay. Birds are silent and flowers are shy--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 08:23, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

Three hundred and sixty days in a year is filled with wind and frost; How long can bright and beautiful days last? Once wandering, it's hard to find. Bosoms are easy to see while falling flowers do not. People who bury flowers are melancholy in front of the steps; The flower hoe alone shed tears, and there were blood stains on the branches above. The cuckoo is speechless. At dusk, the lotus hoe returns to cover the heavy door; The green light shines on the wall, and the cold rain knocks on the window. Why so sad? Half of pity spring and half of annoy spring: pity spring suddenly goes to annoyance, and then goes without words and doesn't hear it. Last night, there was a sad song outside the court. Do you know whether it's the soul of flowers or the soul of birds? The soul of flowers and birds is always hard to stay. Birds are silent and flowers are shy. —[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 12:56, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
愿奴胁下生双翼，随花飞到天尽头。天尽头，何处有香丘？未若锦囊收艳骨，一抔净土掩风流。质木洁来还洁去，强于污淖陷渠沟。尔今死去侬收葬，未卜侬身何日丧？依今葬花人笑痴，他年葬侬知是谁？试看春残花渐落，便是红颜老死时。一朝春尽红颜老，花落人亡两不知！宝玉听了，不觉痴倒。

Flowers! Wish you could have wings so that you could fly with petals to where sky ends. There a resting place is hard to find. Whatever glory is, it does vanish into thin air when the dead body ends up being a cup of ashes even before exquisite bags come to hold you. Wish you could have kept the dignity so that you will not be contaminated and deserted to a dirty ditch. Who will predict when your last days come and bury your body although you once did for somebody? Once laughing at others burying fallen flowers, you do not know who will bury for you when you leave the world. Human life is like flowers. When flowers falter, men falter. When that happens, the past is the past, no matter how stunning a flower or a person was and they two went to two worlds. Hearing this, Precious Jade Merchant stunned.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 12:42, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
蒋玉函情赠茜香罗薛宝钗羞笼红麝串话说林黛玉只因昨夜晴雯不开门一事，错疑在宝玉身上。次日又可巧遇见饯花之期，正在一腔无明，未曾发泄，又勾起伤春愁思，因把些残花落瓣去掩埋，由不得感花伤己，哭了几声，便随口念了几句。不想宝玉在山坡上听见，先不过点头感叹；次又听到“侬今葬花人笑痴，他年葬侬知是谁？……一朝春尽红颜老，花落人亡两不知”等句，不觉恸倒山坡上，怀里兜的落花撒了一地。试想林黛玉的花颜月貌，将来亦到无可寻觅之时，宁不心碎肠断！
==Wang Rou 汪柔==
既黛玉终归无可寻觅之时，推之于他人，如宝钗、香菱、袭人等，亦可以到无可寻觅之时矣。宝钗等终归无可寻觅之时，则自己又安在哉？且自身尚不知何在何往，将来斯处、斯园、斯花、斯柳，又不知当属谁姓矣。因此一而二，二而三，反复推求了去，真不知此时此际，如何解释这段悲伤！正是：花影不离身左右，鸟声只在耳东西。那林黛玉正自伤感，忽听山坡上也有悲声，心下想道：“人人都笑我有痴病，难道还有一个痴子不成？”抬头一看，见是宝玉，黛玉便啐道：“呸！我当是谁，原来是逸个狠心短命的……”
==Wei Jingting 魏静婷==
刚说到“短命”二宇，又把口掩住，长叹一声，自己抽身便走了。这里宝玉悲恸了一回，见黛玉去了，便知黛玉看见他，躲开了。自己也觉无味，抖抖土起来，下山寻归旧路，往怡红院来。可巧看见黛玉在前头走，连忙赶上去，说道：“你且站着。我知你不理我，我只说一句话，从今以后．撩开手。”林黛玉回头见是宝玉，待要不理他，听他说“只说一句话”，便道：“请说来。”宝玉笑道：“两句话．说了你听不听？”黛玉听说，回头就走。宝玉在身后面叹道：“既有今日，何必当初！”

While saying the word" short life", put his hands on his mouth, sighing and leaving. Here Precious Jade Merchant cried.He knew Lin Daiyu saw him because she went away to elude him. He felt dull and shook his body to keep ashes away, going downhill to find his way towards Yihong Garden. It occured to him that he saw Daiyu walking in front him. So he went forward and said:" You stand here. I know you will not talk to me.But I have nothing more than a sentence to say. From now on,please take hands away."Daiyu turned around and saw it was Baoyu and she didn't want to talk. Hearing him say "only one sentence", so Daiyu said:"You can tell me now." Baoyu smiled and said," Two sentence.Will you listen to me?" Hearing that, Daiyu was leaving. Baoyu sighed after Daiyu and said:"If I know the circumstances of today, I would not have done that in the past. "--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 09:55, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
黛玉听见这话，由不得站住，回头道：“当初怎么样？今日怎么样？”宝玉道：“嗳！当初姑娘来了，那不是我陪着玩笑？凭我心爱的，姑娘要，就拿去；我爱吃的，听见姑娘也爱吃．连忙收拾的干干净净收着，等了姑娘到来。一个桌子上吃饭，一个床儿上睡觉。丫头们想不到的，我怕姑娘生气，替丫头们都想到。我心里想着：姊妹们从小儿长大，亲也罢，热也罢，和气到了儿，才见得比别人好。如今谁承望姑娘人大心大，不把我放在眼睛里，倒把外四路儿的什么‘宝姐姐’‘凤姐姐’的放在心坎儿上，倒把我三日不理、四日不见的。

After hearing this，Mascara Jade stopped and turned back，asked，“What do you mean by now and the past？” Precious Jade said，“Ei，wasn't I your playmate when you first came？ You get what you want.I knew you fancied a favourite dish of mine, I put it away in a clean place till you came. We ate at the same table and slept on the same bed. I took care that the maids did nothing to upset you; for I thought cousins growing up together as such good friends should be kinder to each other than anyone else. I never expected you to grow so proud that flow you have no use for me while you're so fond of outsiders like Precious Hairpin Marshgrass and Splendid Phoenix King. You ignore me or cut me for three of four days at a time. ”--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 12:57, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
我又没个亲兄弟、亲妹妹，虽然有两个，你难道不知道是我隔母的？我也和你是独出，只怕同我的心一样，谁知我是白操了这一番心，有冤无处诉！”说着，不觉滴下泪来。那时黛玉耳内听了这话，眼内见了这形景，心内不觉灰了大半，也不觉滴下泪来，低头不语。宝玉见这般形象，遂又说道：“我也知道，我如今不好了；但只任凭着我怎么不好，万不敢在妹妹跟前有错处。便有一二分错处，你或是教导我，戒我下次，或骂我几句，打我几下，我都不灰心。谁知你总不理我，叫我摸不着头脑，少魂失魄，不知怎么样才是。就是死了，也是个‘屈死鬼’。
==Yang Lei 杨磊==
任凭高僧高道忏悔，也不能超脱，还得你申明了原故，我才得托生呢！”黛玉听了这话，不觉将昨晚的事都忘在九霄云外了，便说道：“你既这么说，为什么我去了，你不叫丫头开门？”宝玉咤异道：“这话从那里说起？我要是这样，立刻就死了！”黛玉啐道：“大清早起‘死’呀‘活’的，也不忌讳。你说有呢就有，没有就没有，起什么誓呢！”宝玉道：“实在没有见你去，就是宝姐姐坐了一坐，就出来了。”黛玉想了一想，笑道：“是了。必是你丫头们懒怠动，丧声歪气的，也是有的。”

Even a good monk and a good Taoist priest can't make me free. Only if you declare the cause will I be free!" When Mascara Jade Forest heard this, she forgot all about the night before and said, "If you say so, why didn't you ask your maid to open the door when I came?" "How could this happen?" Precious Jade said."If I do so, I shall die at once!"Mascara Jade Forest said, "You don't mind saying 'dead' or 'alive' so early in the morning. I will take it whether you say yes or no. Why swear?" Precious Jade said, "I really did not see you, but sister sat down for a while and then came out."Mascara Jade Forest thought for a moment and smiled."Yes.It may be that your ladies are lazy and sulky.It's possible."--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 04:09, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
宝玉道：“想必是这个原故。等我回去问了是谁，教训教训他们就好了。”黛玉道：“你的那些姑娘们，也该教训教训，只是论理我不该说。今儿得罪了我的事小，倘或明儿‘宝姑娘’来，什么‘贝姑娘’来，也得罪了，事情岂不大了。”说着，抿着嘴儿笑。宝玉听了，又是咬牙，又是笑。二人正说话，见丫头来请吃饭，遂都往前头来了。王夫人见了黛玉，因问道：“大姑娘，你吃那鲍太医的药可好些？”黛玉道：“也不过这么着。老太太还叫我吃王大夫的药呢。”

Precious Jade said, “I assume this is the reason. I will give them a lesson when I come back.” Mascara Jade said, “Normally this is not my thing, but truly you should indoctrinate your girls. It is not a big issue when they offend me, but what if tomorrow they annoyed “Miss Bao” or “Miss Bei”? That is not going to be fine.” Saying this, Mascara Jade puckered her face in a smile. Precious Jade ground his teeth and smiled to hear this. While the two are talking, a maid invited them to dinner. They both came forward. Ms.Wang saw Mascara Jade and asked, “My girl, are you feeling better after taking the medicine form Doctor Bao?” Mascara answered, “Hard to say. Grandma has asked me to take Doctor Wang’s prescription.”--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 11:25, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade said, “I assume this is the reason. I will kick their butts and give them a lesson when I come back.” Mascara Jade said, “Normally this is not my thing, but truly you should indoctrinate your girls.Offending me is not a big issue but what if tomorrow they annoyed “Miss Bao” or “Miss Bei”? That consequence is irreversible.” Saying this, Mascara Jade puckered her face in a smile.Hearing this,Precious Jade ground his teeth and smiled. While the two are talking, a maid invited them to dinner. They both came forward. Ms.Wang saw Mascara Jade and asked, “My girl, are you feeling better after taking the medicine form Doctor Bao?” Mascara answered, “It is Hard to say. Grandma has asked me to take Doctor Wang’s medicine.”--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 13:14, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
宝玉道：“太太不知道，林妹妹是内症，先天生的弱，所以禁不住一点儿风寒；不过吃两剂煎药，疏散了风寒，还是吃丸药的好。”王夫人道：“前儿大夫说了个丸药名字儿，我也忘了。”宝玉道：“我知道那些丸药，不过叫他吃什么人参养荣丸。”王夫人道：“不是。”宝玉又道：“八珍益母丸？左归、右归？再不就是八味地黄丸？”王夫人道：“都不是。我只记得有个‘金刚’两个字的。”宝玉拍手笑道：“从来没听见有个什么‘金刚丸’！若有了‘金刚丸’，自然有‘菩萨散’了。”说的满屋里人都笑了。

Precious Jade said:"Grandma did not understand the position.Mascara Jade Forest had internal illness and was weak from birth ,so she could not suffer even a slight cold.She had already took two decoctions and the cold had been eased.But I thought she had better took some pill medicine,"Mrs.Wang commented:"A doctor mentioned a name of some kind of pill but I failed to remember,too "Precious Jade said:"I knew those pills,was the pill named so-called Ginseng`Gingsen pill."Mrs.Wang replied "No,it wasn't"Precous said:"Was it BaZhen-good for mother pills or left angelica-right angelica? or was it Rehmanniae Bolus of Eight Ingredients? "Mrs.Wang replied:"No,all of these names were wrong.I remembered there are KingKong inside its name"Precious Jade clapped his hands and said with a burst of laughter:"I have never heard of any KingKong pills before.IF there were KingKong pill,there should be Bodhisattva San as well"hearing this,the crowd in parlour burst into a hearty laugh.--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 15:07, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
宝钗抿嘴笑道：“想是天王补心丹。”王夫人笑道：“是这个名儿。如今我也糊涂了。”宝玉道：“太太倒不糊涂，都是叫‘金刚’‘菩萨’支使糊涂了。”王夫人道：“扯你娘的臊！又欠你老子捶你了。”宝玉笑道：“我老子再不为这个捶我。”王夫人又道：“既有这个名儿，明儿就叫人买些来吃。”宝玉道：“这些药都是不中用的。太太给我三百六十两银子，我替妹妹配一料丸药，包管一料不完就好了。”王夫人道：“放屁！什么药就这么贵？”

Precious Hairpin chuckled and said, "It must be the Heavenly King heart nourishing pill (Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan)." Lady King smiled and said, "That's it. Now I'm in my dotage." Precious Jade said, "Lady is not in the dotage but is bewildered by the name of King Kong and Bodhisattva." Lady King replied, "Nonsense! Your father will clout you again!" Precious Jade giggled, "My father never beat me for that." Lady King continued, "Now that the name of the medicine is known, it can be brought back by servants." Precious Jade said, "All these medicines are futile. If Lady gives me 360 Liang silver, I will dispense a drug which I'm sure will cure her disease within one dose." Lady King was cross, "Rubbish! What drug costs such much?"--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 15:43, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
宝玉笑道：“当真的呢。我这个方子比别的不同，那个药名儿也古怪，一时也说不清，只讲那头胎紫河车，人形带叶参，三百六十两不足龟，大何首乌，千年松根茯苓胆，诸如此类的药，不算为奇。只在群药里算那为君的药，说起来唬人一跳。前年薛大哥哥求了我一二年，我才给了他这方子。他拿了方子去，又寻了二三年，花了有上千的银子，才配成了。太太不信，只问宝姐姐。”宝钗听说，笑着摇手儿说道：“我不知道，也没所见。你别叫姨娘问我。”王夫人笑道：“到底是宝丫头好孩子，不撒谎。”

Precious Jade laughs, “I mean it. My prescription is not like others, which also has a strange name that is hard to say off-hand. The drugs, for example the firstborn placenta hominis and the humanoid leafed ginseng, just these won’t be covered in three hundred and sixty liang, let alone the turtle, the big polygonum multiflorum, and the millennium poria with hostwood under pine stump. These kinds of drug are still classic, however, the predominant drug in all these is of shock to say. Brother Marshgrass asked me for one or two years before I gave him the prescription the year before last. After got the prescription, he sought for another two or three years, spending thousands of silvers before he finally filled it. Just ask sister Precious if Mistress don’t believe me.” Hearing that, Precious Harpin waves her hand, laughing, “I don’t know, and I never heard of it. Don’t you tell aunt to ask me.” Mrs. Wang laughs, “Precious Harpin is truly a good girl. she never lies.”--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

Precious Jade laughs, “I mean it. My prescription is not like any others, which also has a strange name that is hard to say off-hand. The drugs, for example the firstborn placenta hominis and the humanoid leafed ginseng, just these won’t be covered in three hundred and sixty liang, let alone the turtle, the big polygonum multiflorum, and the millennium poria with hostwood under pine stump. These kinds of drug are still classic, however, the predominant drug in all these is appalling to say. Brother Marshgrass had pleaded me for one or two years before I gave him the prescription the year before last. After getting the prescription, he sought for another two or three years, spending thousands of silvers to make up it. Just ask sister Precious if Mistress don’t believe me.” Hearing that, Precious Harpin waves her hand, laughing, “I don’t know, and I never heard of it. Don’t let aunt ask me.” Mrs. Wang laughs, “Precious Harpin is truly a good girl. she never lies.”—[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 13:22, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
宝玉站在当地，听见如此说，一回身把手一拍，说道：“我说的倒是真话呢．倒说撒谎！”口里说着，忽一回身，只见林黛玉坐在宝钗身后，抿着嘴笑，用手指头在脸上画着羞他。凤姐因在里间房里，看着人放桌子，听如此说，便走来笑道：“宝兄弟不是撒谎，这倒是有的。前日薛大爷亲自和我来寻珍珠，我问他：‘做什么？’他说：‘配药。’他还抱怨说：‘不配也罢了，如今那里知道这么费事。’我问：‘什么药？’他说是宝兄弟的方子，说了许多药，我也不记得。

Standing there, Precious Jade turns around and claps after hearing it, saying that," I tell you the truth! You should regard me lying!" While saying it, he suddenly turns around, to find Mascara Jade Forest sitting behind Precious Hairpin and she is smiling gently while making some lovely grimace to laugh at him. Splendid Phoenix King was supervisimg maids placing tables in inner room initially, but she comes as well after hearing what they are taking about. She comes and says with smile," It can be true that Brother Precious Jade isn't lying. A few days ago, Dragon Marshgrass came to me in person for pearls. I asked him,' What do these pearls for?'He relied,' For making up a prescription.' He even complained,' It is ok not making up this prescription. I didn't expect that it can be so troublesome.' Then I asked,'What is the prescription？' He said this prescription was given by Brother Precious Jade and he listed many medicines in it but I failed to memorize them.”--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 09:06, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

Standing there, Precious Jade turns around and claps after hearing it, saying that," I tell you the truth! You should regard me lying!" While saying it, he suddenly turns around, to find Mascara Jade Forest sitting behind Precious Hairpin and she is smiling gently while making some lovely grimace to laugh at him. Splendid Phoenix King was supervisimg maids placing tables in inner room initially, but she comes as well after hearing what they are taking about. She comes and says with smile," It can be true that Brother Precious Jade isn't lying. A few days ago, Dragon Marshgrass came to me in person for pearls. I asked him,' What do these pearls for?'He relied,' For making up a prescription.' He even complained,' It is ok not making up this prescription. I didn't expect that it can be so troublesome.' Then I asked,'What is the prescription？' He said this prescription was given by Brother Precious Jade and he listed many medicines in it but I failed to memorize them.”-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 12:13, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
他又说：‘不然，我也买几颗珍珠了，只是定要头上戴过的，所以来和妹妹寻。妹妹就没散的花儿，那上头拆下来的也使得。过后儿我拣好的再给妹妹穿了来。‘我没法儿，把两枝珠花儿现拆了给他。还要一块三尺长、上用的大红纱，拿乳钵乳了面子呢。”凤姐说一句，宝玉念一句佛，说：“太阳在屋子里呢！”凤姐说完了，宝玉又道：“太太想，这不
过是将就呢。正经按方子，这珍珠宝石定要在古坟里的，有那古时富贵人家装裹的头面拿了来才好。如今那里为这个去刨坟掘墓？所以只是活人带过的，也可以使得。”

He went on to say, 'I would have purchased a few pearls, but what are absolutely wanted are such pearls as have been worn on the head; and that's why I come to ask you, cousin, for some. If, cousin, you've got no broken ornaments at hand, in the shape of flowers, why, those that you have on your head will do as well; and by and bye I'll choose a few good ones and give them to you, to wear.' I had no other course therefore than to snap a couple of twigs from some flowers I have, made of pearls, and to let him take them away. One also requires a piece of deep red gauze, three feet in length of the best quality; and the pearls must be triturated to powder in a mortar." After each sentence expressed by Lady Phoenix, Precious Jade muttered an invocation to Buddha. "The thing is as clear as sunlight now," he remarked.The moment Lady Phoenix had done speaking, Precious Jade put in his word. "Mother," he added, "you should know that this is a mere makeshift, for really, according to the letter of the prescription, these pearls and precious stones should, properly speaking, consist of such as had been obtained from, some old grave and been worn as head-ornaments by some wealthy and honourable person of bygone days. But how could one go now on this account and dig up graves, and open tombs! Hence it is that such as are simply in use among living persons can equally well be substituted."-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 12:12, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220328 homework

2022-03-30T09:06:36Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

CULTURE2022 20220321 homework

2022-03-25T12:42:16Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220307_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Mar 14]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220314_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Mar 21]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220321_homework|homework of session 5 for session 6 Mar 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220328_homework|homework of session 6 for session 7 Apr 4]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

When you have finished writing your homework, please do not forget to click the "save" button and type in the password "wikicaptcha".

Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
薛蟠自觉没意思，笑道：“谁知他是‘糖银’是‘果银’的。” 正说着，小厮来回：“冯大爷来了。”宝玉便知是神武将军冯唐之子冯紫英来了。薛蟠等一齐都叫“快请”。说犹未了，只见冯紫英一路说笑，已进来了，众人忙起席让坐。冯紫英笑道：“好呀！也不出门了，在家里高乐罢。”宝玉薛蟠都笑道：“一向少会。老世伯身上康健？”

Boring as Dragon Marshgrass felt, he laughed, "who knows 'Tangyin'or 'Yintang'?" A manservant came to reply when he was talking, "Purple Flower is coming!" So, Precious Jade knew it was Purple Flower that came. Dragon Marshgrass and the other people all called, "please get him in as soon as possible." Before they finished their sentences, Purple Flower, talking and laughing, came in. People rushed to stand up to invite him to sit. Smiling, Purple Flower said, "Ok! All of you are sure to stay indoors and have a good time, aren't you?" Precious Jade and Dragon Marshgrass both laughed again, "We meet each other not frequently. Dear uncle, have you been healthy recently?"--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 11:03, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
紫英答道：“家父倒也托庇康健，近来家母偶着了些风寒，不好了两天。” 薛蟠见他面上有些青伤，便笑道：“这脸上，又和谁挥拳来？挂了幌子了！”冯紫英笑道：“从那一遭把仇都尉的儿子打伤了，我记了，再不怄气，如何又挥拳？这脸上是前日打围，在铁网山叫兔鹘梢了一翅膀。”宝玉道：“几时的话？”紫英道：“三月二十八日去的，前儿也就回来了。”

Purple Flower replied, "My father owes his health to your prayer,but my mother has caught a cold for two days now." Seeing some bruises on his face, Dragon Marshgrass laughed, "Who did you fight with that there are some bruises on your face?"Purple Flower said with a smile, "After I wounded the son of Commandant Revenge, I remembered that I would never sulk again. How could it be a fist fight? The bruises on my face were hit by the wing of a falco cherrug in the Iron Net Mountain while hunting a few days ago."Precious Jade asked, "When did that happen?" Zi Ying said, "I went there on March 28 and came back soon."--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 10:08, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
宝玉道：“怪道前儿初三四儿我在沈世兄家赴席不见你呢。我要问，不知怎么忘了。单你去了，还是老世伯也去了？”紫英道：“可不是家父去，我没法儿，去罢了。难道我闲疯了？咱们几个人吃酒听唱的不乐，寻那个苦恼去？这一次大不幸之中却有大幸。” 薛蟠众人见他吃完了茶，都说道：“且入席，有话慢慢的说。”

Precious Jade said "No wonder I didn't see you in brother Shen's feast in earlier third and forth. I was about to ask but didn't know why I have forgot to. Is it only you have gone there or your father has gone too?" Purple flower answers "My father has been there, I have no choice but quit going. Do I get too idle so that I get insane? Aren't we happy to drink, play and watch operas? Why we bother to go? This time it's indeed the best out of the worst." Dragon Marshgrass and other people notice that he has finished his tea, so they said " Go and take a seat at first and then talk slowly if you get anything to say."--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 13:35, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
冯紫英听说，便立起身来说道：“论理，我该陪饮几杯才是，只是今儿有一件大大要紧事，回去还要见家父面回，实不敢领。”薛蟠宝玉众人那里肯依，死拉着不放。冯紫英笑道：“这又奇了。你我这些年，那一回有这个道理的？果然不能遵命。若必定叫我领，拿大杯来，我领两杯就是了。”众人听说，只得罢了，薛蟠执壶，宝玉把盏，斟了两大海。那冯紫英站着，一气而尽。
==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
宝玉道：“你到底把这个‘不幸之幸’说完了再走。”冯紫英笑道：“今儿说的也不尽兴，我为这个，还要特治一个东儿，请你们去细谈一谈；二则还有奉恳之处”。说着撒手就走。薛蟠道：“越发说的人热刺刺的丢不下，多早晚才请我们？告诉了也免的人犹豫。”冯紫英道：“多则十日，少则八天。”一面说，一面出门上马去了。
==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
众人回来，依席又饮了一回方散。宝玉回至园中，袭人正记挂着他去见贾政，不知是祸是福，只见宝玉醉醺醺回来，因问其原故，宝玉一一向他说了，袭人道：“人家牵肠挂肚的等着，你且高乐去，也到底打发个人来给个信儿。”宝玉道：“我何尝不要送信儿，因冯世兄来了，就混忘了。” 正说着，只见宝钗走进来，笑道：“偏了我们新鲜东西了！”

Coming back, the other people didn’t break up until resumed their potations. Precious Jade returned to the Garden in a state of cheerful inebriation. Aroma, who had had no idea what the summons from Master Merchant might portend and was still wondering anxiously what had become of him, at once demanded to know the cause of his condition. He gave her a full account of what had happened. Aroma said, “Here were we practically beside ourselves with anxiety, and all the time you were there enjoying yourself! You might at least have sent word to let us know you were all tight.” “I was going to send word,” said Precious Jade. “Of course I was. But then Purple Flower arrived and it put it out of my mind.” At that moment Precious Hairpin Marshgrass walked in, all smiles. “I hear you’ve made a start on the famous present,” she said.--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 11:54, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
宝玉笑道：“姐姐家的东西，自然先偏了我们了。”宝钗摇头笑道：“昨儿哥哥倒特特的请我吃，我不吃，我叫他留着送与别人罢。我知道我的命小福薄，不配吃那个。”说着，丫鬟倒了茶来，吃茶说闲话儿，不在话下。却说那黛玉听见贾政叫了宝玉去了一日不回来，心中也替他忧虑。至晚饭后，闻得宝玉来了，心里要找他问问是怎么样了。
==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
一步步行来，见宝钗进宝玉的园内去了，自己也随后走了来。刚到了沁芳桥，只见各色水禽尽都在池中浴水，也认不出名色来，但见一个个文彩闪灼，好看异常，因而站住，看了一回。再往怡红院来，门已关了，黛玉即便叩门。谁知晴雯和碧痕二人正拌了嘴，没好气，忽见宝钗来了，那晴雯正把气移在宝钗身上，正在院内报怨说：“有事没事，跑了来生着，叫我们三更半夜的不得睡觉。”

Walking step by step, Mascara Jade Forest then came after seeing Precious Hairpin Marshgrass go to Precious Jade's court. When Mascara Jade came to Qingfang Bridge, seeing all kinds of waterfowl that she could hardly name but were all sheen and glossy with extreme beauty bath in the pool, She stood and admired for a while. Then she came to the Happy Red Court where its door had already closed. When Mascara Jade knocked the door, Sunny Cloud Formation had just ended a quarrel with Turquoise Mark and was still in no mood. Seeing Precious Hairpin come, Sunny Cloud Formation just vented her anger on her and complained, "What's wrong with her? Why she always rocks the beat and doesn't allow us to sleep in the dead of night?"

==He Minghui 何明慧==
忽听又有人叫门，晴雯越发动了气，也并不问是谁，便说道：“都睡下了，明儿再来罢！” 黛玉素知丫头们的情性，他们彼此玩耍惯了，恐怕院内的丫头没听见是他的声音，只当别的丫头们了，所以不开门，因而又高声说道：“是我，还不开门么？”晴雯偏生还没听见，便使性子说道：“凭你是谁，二爷吩咐的，一概不许放人进来呢！”
==Lei Heng 雷珩==
黛玉听了，不觉气怔在门外，待要高声问他，逗起气来，自己又回思一番：“虽说是舅母家如同自己家一样，到底是客边。如今父母双亡，无依无靠，现在他家依栖，如今认真怄气，也觉没趣。”一面想，一面又滚下泪珠来了。真是回去不是，站着不是。正没主意，只听里面一阵笑语之声，细听一听，竟是宝玉宝钗二人。

Hearing that, Mascara Jade could not help being vexed outside the door. When she was about to raise her voice and question him, angrily, she started to rethink about what was happening just now. “Although I was taught to perceive Aunt’s home as my own home, I was still a guest basically. Bereft of parents and alone, I now lived in other’s house. It was nonsensical of me to take it seriously and argue with him.” While she was thinking, tears were rolling down. She found herself was caught in a dilemma of leaving or staying. As she did not know what to do, from indoors came a burst of laughter. She listened carefully and found the laughter came from Precious Jade and Precious Hairpin.--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 11:07, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Linyu 李琳玉==
黛玉心中越发动了气，左思右想，忽然想起早起的事来：“必竟是宝玉恼我告他的原故。但只我何尝告你去了，你也不打听打听，就恼我到这步田地！你今儿不叫我进来，难道明儿就不见面了！”越想越觉伤感起来，也不顾苍苔露冷，花径风寒，独立墙角边花阴之下，悲悲切切，呜咽起来。

Mascara Jade was more angrier. She constantly thought wildly in mind and suddenly the morning’s event occurred to her. “Precious Jade must be mad about my criticizing him. However, there wasn’t only me doing that. You don’t ask clearly but take offense at me to such an extent! Today you don’t open the door for me, so won’t we meet tomorrow?”she felt more upset as thinking of it. So regardless of the cold weather, standing alone at the corner beside the flowers, Mascara Jade began to cry.—[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 11:46, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
原来这黛玉秉绝代姿容，具稀世俊美，不期这一哭，那附近柳枝花朵上宿鸟栖鸦，一闻此声，俱“忒楞楞”飞起远避，不忍再听。正是：花魂点点无情绪，鸟梦痴痴何处惊。因有一首诗道：颦儿才貌世应稀，独抱幽芳出绣闱；呜咽一声犹未了，落花满地鸟惊飞。那林黛玉正自啼哭，忽听“吱喽”一声，院门开处，不知是那一个出来。

Mascara Jade possessed a unparalleled beauty. Unexpectedly, the birds resting on nearby trees and flowers flew away as soon as heard her cry, not bear to listen to. Flowers had emotions and souls but kept silent ; birds woke up from dreams and were at a loss. Just as a poem saying, such superior talent and appearance Frowner owned;She went out of her boudoir with fragrant flowers in her arms; As the first sob passed her lips, flowers fell into soil and birds were frightened and flew away. Mascara Jade was whimpering, suddenly hearing the door open and having no idea who was out.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 11:46, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
滴翠亭杨妃戏彩蝶埋香冢飞燕泣残红话说黛玉正自悲泣，忽听院门响处，只见宝钗出来了，宝玉袭人一群人送了出来。待要上去问着宝玉，又恐当着众人问羞了宝玉不便，因而闪过一旁，让宝钗去了，宝玉等进去关了门，方转过来，尚望着门洒了几点泪。自觉无味，转身回来，无精打彩的卸了残妆。

Yang Fei played with butterflies by the Raindrop Pavilion, Fei Yan weeps for withered flowers by the Flowers' Grave. As Mascara Jade Forest was weeping, there was a sudden sound at the courtyard gate and Precious Hairpin Marshgrass came in, and was accompanied by Precious Jade Merchant and Aroma with servants. She had meant to ask Precious Jade, but held back and let Precious Hairpin pass out of fear of embarrassing him in front of so many people. Until Precious Jade went back in and closed the door, she turned around, sheding some tears. Feeling it meaningless, she come back and took off her ornaments listlessly.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 12:21, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
紫鹃雪雁索日知道黛玉的情性：无事闷坐，不是愁眉，便是长叹，且好端端的，不知为了什么，常常的便自泪不干的。先时还有人解劝，或怕他思父母，想家乡，受委屈，用话来宽慰解劝。谁知后来一年一月的，竟是常常如此，把这个样儿看惯了，也都不理论了。所以也没人去理，由他闷坐，只管睡觉去了。那林黛玉倚着床栏杆，两手抱着膝，眼腈含着泪，好似木雕泥塑的一般，直坐到二更多天，方才睡了。一宿无话。

Nightingale and Snowgoose have already known Mascara Jade's character: at loose, she sat depressedly, either frowned or sighed. With noting wrong, she kept crying for no reason. At first, someone tried to persuade her; or afraid that she missed her parents and hometown and was wronged, someone comforted her by soft words. It is unexpected that in the years that followed she has been always like this. Be accustomed to seeing this scene, people didn't make comments on her. So everyone paid no attention to her, went to sleep, and just let her sit alone. Mascara Jade Forest leaned against the rail of the bed and clasped her hands over her knees with tears in her eyes, looking like a wood carving or a stone statue. She sat up until the midnight before she went to bed. No one spoke all night. --[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 12:38, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
至次日乃是四月二十六日，原来这日未时交芒种节。尚古风俗：凡交芒种节的这日，都要设摆各色礼物，祭饯花神，言芒种一过，便是夏日了，众花皆卸，花神退位，须要饯行。闺中更兴这件风俗，所以大观园中之人，都早起来了。那些女孩子们，或用花瓣柳枝编成轿马的，或用绫锦纱罗叠成干旄旌幢的，都用彩线系了。每一棵树，每一枝花上，都系了这些物事。满园里绣带飘飘，花枝招展。

Tomorrow was April 26th. Grain in Ear started during the period of the day from1 p.m. to 3 p.m. There were some ancient customs that day: people need to prepare different kinds of presents to sacrifice flora. After the Grain in Ear, summer days came. People in Grand View Garden all got up early because they attached great importance to this custom. As all the flowers withered and the flora stepped down, a farewell dinner was needed. Those girls used colorful ribbons, which were made of blossoms and willow branches to weave into horses or silk and satin folded into shields and flags, to tie on every tree and every flower. Ribbons fluttered and branches stuck out in the garden.--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 08:49, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
更兼这些人打扮的桃羞杏让，燕妒莺惭，一时也道不尽。且说宝钗、迎春、探春、惜春、李纨、凤姐等并大姐儿、香菱与众丫鬟们，都在园里玩耍，独不见林黛玉，迎春因说道：“林妹妹怎么不见？好个懒丫头！这会子还睡觉不成？”宝钗道：“你们等着，等我去闹了他来。”说着，便丢了众人，一直往潇湘馆来。正走着，只见文官等十二个女孩子也来了，上来问了好，说了一回闲话。

What's more, these people dress up like peaches and apricots, and the swallow is jealous and the warbler is ashamed. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass、Spring Pleasure Merchant、Seeking-Spring Merchant、Spring-cherish Merchant、Silk Plum、Splendid Phoenix King, together with eldest sister, Wiselotus Potterymaker and all the servant girls, were playing in the garden, but only Mascara Jade Forest was not seen. Spring Pleasure Merchant said, "why is Mascara Jade Forest missing? What a lazy girl! Can't you sleep at this meeting?" Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, "wait until I make him come." Then she got rid of the crowd and went directly to Xiaoxiang hall. As she was walking, twelve girls, including civil servants, coming up to say hello and gossip.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 12:11, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

What's more, these people dressed up so stunning and shining as if they were peaches and apricots, and the swallow was jealous and the warbler was ashamed. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass、Spring Pleasure Merchant、Seeking-Spring Merchant、Spring-cherish Merchant、Silk Plum、Splendid Phoenix King, together with eldest sister, Wiselotus Potterymaker and all the servant girls, were playing in the garden, but only Mascara Jade Forest has not turned up yet. Spring Pleasure Merchant said, "why did not Mascara Jade Forest come? She must be a lazy girl! Should she be sleeping now?" Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, "Just wait. If so, I will wake her up and take her here." Then she left the crowd and went straight to Xiaoxiang hall. As she was walking, twelve girls, including civil servants, came up to say hello and gossip.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 12:15, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei马菲菲==
宝钗回身指道：“他们都在那里呢，你们找他们去；我找林姑娘去，就来。”说着，逶迤往潇湘馆来。忽然抬头见宝玉进去了，宝钗便站住，低头想了一想：“宝玉和林黛玉是从小儿一处长大，他兄妹间多有不避嫌疑之处，嘲笑不忌，喜怒无常；况且黛玉素昔猜忌，好弄小性儿的，此刻自己也跟了进去，一则宝玉不便，二则黛玉嫌疑，倒是回来的妙。”想毕，抽身回来。

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass turned her back and pointed:“They are all out there; You can go there and find them. I will come to find Mascara Jade Forest. Just wait for a second, and I will come back soon.” As Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, she wound her way up to Xiaoxiang hall. She was rearing her head when Precious Jade Merchant entered the room. Seeing this, she thought it twice and said to herself:“ Mascara Jade Forest and Precious Jade Merchant have known each other since childhood. They grew up as if they were brothers and sisters, so it is clear that they both do not have a sense of personal boundaries for each other and share with all feelings together including changeable temperature. Also, Mascara Jade Fores tended to be suspicious and paranoid. If I follow him into the house right now, causing inconvenience to Precious Jade Merchant for we are not that familiar with each other is one thing, and suspicion and jealousy from Mascara Jade Forest is another. So I had better return right now.” Then, she decided to come back.—[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 11:56, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
刚要寻别的姊妹去，忽见面前一双玉色蝴蝶，大如团扇，一上一下，迎风翩跹，十分有趣。宝钗意欲扑了来玩耍，遂向袖中取出扇子来，向草地下来扑。只见那一双蝴蝶，忽起忽落，来来往往，将欲过河去了。倒引的宝钗蹑手蹑脚的，一直跟到池边滴翠亭上，香汗淋漓，娇喘细细。宝钗也无心扑了，刚欲回来，只听那亭里边嘁嘁喳喳有人说话。原来这亭子四面俱是游廊曲栏，盖在池中水上，四面雕镂槅子，糊着纸。
==Wang Rou 汪柔==
宝钗在亭外听见说话，便煞住脚，往里细听，只听说道：“你瞧这手帕子果然是你丢的那块，你就拿着；要不是，就还芸二爷去。”又有一人说话：“可不是我那块！拿来给我罢。”又听道：“你拿什么谢我呢？难道白找了来不成？”又答道：“我已经许了谢你，自然是不哄你的。”又听说道：“我找了来给你，自然谢我；但只是那拣的人，你就不谢他么？”

==Wei jingting 魏静婷==
那一个又说道：“你别胡说。他是个爷们家，拣了我们的东西，自然该还的。叫我拿什么谢他呢？”又听说道：“你不谢他，我怎么回他呢？况且他再三再四的和我说了，若没谢的，不许我给你呢。”半晌，又听说道：“也罢，拿我这个给他，算谢他的罢。你要告诉别人呢？须说一个誓。”又听说道：“我要告诉人，嘴上就长一个疔，日后不得好死！”

Another one said again:"Don't speak arbitrarily. He is a good man. He picked our things, he should return which to to us. What should I give to him to thanks for him?" Heard again:"If you don't thanks for him, what should I tell about him? And he said to me over and over again. If you don't express your thanks, he will not allow me to give things to you." A moment later, heard again:"Whatever, picking mine for him to express my thanks. In case you tell others, you must swear."
heard again:"If I tell others about this, there will be a blister on my mouth and I will be not able to die a natural death."--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 11:27, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
又听说道：“嗳呀！咱们只顾说话，看有人来悄悄的在外头听见。不如把这槅子都推开了，便是人见咱们在这里，他们只当我们说玩话呢。走到跟前，咱们也看的见，就别说了。”宝钗外面听见这话，心中吃惊，想道：“怪道从古至今那些奸淫狗盗的人，心机都不错。这一开了，见我在这里，他们岂不臊了？况且说话的语音，大似宝玉房里红儿的言语。
==Yan Ni 燕妮==
他素昔眼空心大，是个头等刁钻古怪东西，今儿我听了他的短儿，‘人急造反，狗急跳墙’，不但生事，而且我还没趣。如今便赶着躲了，料也躲不及，少不得要使个‘金蝉脱壳’的法子。”犹未想完，只听“咯吱”一声，宝钗便故意放重了脚步，笑着叫道：“颦儿！我看你往那里藏！”一面说，一面故意往前赶。那亭内的小红坠儿刚一推窗，只听宝钗如此说着往前赶，两个人都唬怔了。
==Yang Lei 杨磊==
宝钗反向他二人笑道：“你们把林姑娘藏在那里了？”坠儿道：“何曾见林姑娘了？”宝钗道：“我才在河那边看着林姑娘在这里蹲着弄水儿呢。我要悄悄的唬他一跳，还没有走到跟前，他倒看见我了，朝东一绕，就不见了。别是藏在里头了？”一面说，一面故意进去，寻了一寻，抽身就走，口内说道：“一定又钻在山子洞里去了。遇见蛇，咬一口也罢了。”

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass smiled at them and said, "Where have you hidden Mascara Jade?" "Have we ever seen her here?" said Lassock Drop.Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said, "I was just watching Jade on the other side of the river. I wanted to frighten her quietly, but before I came to the front, she saw me first, turned east, and disappeared. She's not hiding in there, is she?" As she spoke she went to look for it on purpose, and then went away, saying, "I am sure she is hiding in the cave again. Be careful not to touch the snake inside and get bitten."--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 08:39, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Hairpin smiled at them and said, "Where have you hidden Mascara Jade?" "Have we ever seen her here?" said Lassock Drop. Precious Hairpin said, "I just saw Miss Lin squatting here splashing water. I wanted to play a trick on her quietly, but she saw me first before I came to the front. Then she turned east and went away. So she's not hiding in there, is she?" Speaking, she wormed in on purpose. Looking around for a second, she turned back and then went away. "I am sure she is hiding in the cave again. Be careful not to touch the snake inside and get bitten," said Precious Hairpin.--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 10:30, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
一面说，一面走，心中又好笑：“这件事算遮过去了，不知他二人是怎样？” 谁知小红听了宝钗的话，便信以为真，让宝钗去远，便拉坠儿道：“了不得了！林姑娘蹲在这里，一定听了话去了！”坠儿听了，也半日不言语。小红又道：“这可怎么样呢？”坠儿道：“便听见了，管谁筋疼，各人干各人的就完了。”小红道：“若是宝姑娘听见还倒罢了；林姑娘嘴里又爱克薄人，心里又细，他一听见了，倘或走露了，怎么样呢？”

Saying and walking, Precious Hairpin found it funny, “Now this thing could be bluffed, but what will they think about it?”God knows Little Red would have believed what Precious Hairpin had said. Watching Precious Hairpin going beyond, Little Red pulled at Lassock Drop and said, “Oh! How can we deal with it! Miss Lin must have heard the whole thing if she had been squatting here!” Hearing this, Lassock Drop kept silence for a long period. Again Little Red said, “What should we do!” Lassock Drop answered, “She would hear it when she hear it. Just accomplish our own work and leave others alone.” Little Red affirmed, “It would be much better for Miss Bao to hear this. Miss Lin is undermining in mouth and scrupulous in heart. If she had heard about this and disclose it to others, what should we do?”--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 10:22, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
二人正说看，只见文官、香菱、司棋、侍书等上亭子来了。二人只得掩住这话，且和他们玩笑。只见凤姐儿站在山坡上招手叫，小红连忙弃了众人，跑至凤姐前，堆着笑问：“奶奶使唤做什么事？”凤姐打量了一回，见他生的干净俏丽，说话知趣，因笑道：“我的丫头们今儿没跟进我来。我这会子想起一件事来，要使唤个人出去，不知你能干不能干？说的齐全不齐全？”

While the two were talking ,Literal Officer,Controling Board and Book Server went over to the pavilion.The two had to stop talking and joined them for fun.Seeing Sister Phonix waving and shouting in the hillside ,Little Red left the crowd hurriedly and ran to Phonix,asked with a piled smile :"What does Grandma call me to do ?"Phonix looked him up and down and found that he was a handsome and clean boy with humorous and interesting manners of speaking.She goggled and said :"My girl maids didn't follow me today.A thing occured to me and I would love to call someone out to go on errands.I wandered whether you could do it for me and whether you could speak coherently and neatly"--[[User:Yu Jinbo|Yu Jinbo]] ([[User talk:Yu Jinbo|talk]]) 09:58, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
小红笑道：“奶奶有什么话，只管吩咐我说去；若说的不齐全，误了奶奶的事，任凭奶奶责罚就是了。”凤姐笑道：“你是那位姑娘房里的？我使你出去，他回来找你，我好替你说。”小红道：“我是宝二爷房里的。”凤姐听了笑道：“嗳哟！你原来是宝玉房里的，怪道呢。也罢了，等他问，我替你说。你到我们家告诉你平姐姐，外头屋里桌子上汝窑盘子架儿底下放着一卷银子，那是一百二十两，给绣匠的工价，等张材家的来，当面秤给他瞧了，再给他拿去。

Little Red smiled and replied, "If Lady wants to pass on meaasges, just order me to. If the word is not properly, wholly sent and delays Lady's business, Lady can punish me as you wish." Sister Phoenix asked, smiling, "Whose room are you serving in? I asked you out and if he can't find you, I can say it for you." Little Red replied, "I serve in Young Master Precious Jade's room." Sister Phoenix smiled again, "Aye! You serve in his room, no wonder you're clever. OK, if he asks, I will tell him. Now you go to my house and tell Patience that there's some silver under the Ru kiln plates rack on the outer house table, 120 liang in total. It's the wage for the embroiderers. When Zhang Cai's wife comes, the money must be weighted in the presence of her wife before she takes the money."--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 08:31, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
再里头床头儿上有个小荷包，拿了来。” 小红听说，答应着，撤身去了。不多时回来了，只见凤姐不在这山坡上了，因见司棋从山洞里出来，站着系带子，便赶来问道：“姐姐，不知道二奶奶往那里去了？”司棋道：“没理论。”小红听了，回身又往四下里一看，只见那边探春宝钗在池边看鱼，小红上来陪笑道：“姑娘们可知道二奶奶刚才那里去了？”探春道：“往你大奶奶院里找去。”

And there is a small pouch in the bed of the inner room--You then go and fetch me that.” On hearing of Sister Phonix’s demand, Little Red promises and leaves, then comes back shortly after without seeing Sister Phonix on the slope. She rushes to Controlling Board who just came out of the cave and stops now lacing stress. “Sister, do you know where did the young mistress go?” asks Little Red. “I didn’t notice.” Controlling Board replies. Hearing that, Little Red turns back, looks around again and finds that Seeking-Spring and Precious Hairpin are watching fish out there by a pond. Little Red approaches and asks with courteous smile: “Ladies, I wondered if you would know where the young mistress went just now?” “Try your old mistress’s house.” Seeking-Spring replies.--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

And there is a small pouch in the bed of the inner room--You then go to fetch me that.” On hearing of Sister Phonix’s demand, Little Red promises and leaves, then comes back shortly after without seeing Sister Phonix on the slope. She rushes to Controlling Board who just came out of the cave and stops now lacing stress. “Sister, do you know where did the young mistress go?” asks Little Red. “I didn’t notice.” Controlling Board replies. Hearing that, Little Red turns back, looks around again and finds that Seeking-Spring and Precious Hairpin are watching by a pond. Little Red approaches and asks with courteous smile, “Ladies, I wondered if you would know where the young mistress went just now?” “Try your old mistress’s house.” Seeking-Spring replies.--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 12:42, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
小红听了，再往稻香村来，顶头只见晴雯、绮霞、碧痕、秋纹、麝月、侍书、入画、莺儿等一群人来了。晴雯一见小红，便说道：“你只是疯罢！院子里花儿也不浇，雀儿也不喂，茶炉子也不弄，就在外头逛。”小红道：“昨儿二爷说了，今儿不用浇花，过一日浇一回罢。我喂雀儿的时候，姐姐还睡觉呢。”

Hearing it,Little Red intends to make her way to Rice Garden but meets a coming group of people coincidentally including Sunny Cloud Formation,Beautiful Sunset,Turquoise Mark,Autumn Vein,Musk Deer Month,Book Server,Beautiful Senery and Maid Oriole.Sunny Cloud Formation blames Little Red as soon as she notices her that,"You are nearly insane!You didn't water the flowers,feed the birds or prepare the tea pot! Wandering outside is the only thing you have done!"Little Red retorted," Yesterday,the second youngest master of the house told me that I don't have to water flowers today. Instead, they should be watered every two days. As for the birds feeding, while I was doing it, you were asleep!"--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 14:49, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Hearing it,Little Red intends to make her way to Rice Garden but meets a coming group of people coincidentally including Sunny Cloud Formation,Beautiful Sunset,Turquoise Mark,Autumn Vein,Musk Deer Month,Book Server,Beautiful Senery and Maid Oriole.Sunny Cloud Formation blames Little Red as soon as she notices her that,"You are nearly insane!You didn't water the flowers,feed the birds or prepare the tea pot! Wandering outside is the only thing you have done!"Little Red retorted," Yesterday,the second youngest master of the house told me that I don't have to water flowers today. Instead, they should be watered every two days. As for the birds feeding, while I was doing it, you were asleep!"-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 06:32, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
碧痕道：“茶炉子呢？”小红道：“今儿不该我的班儿，有茶没茶，你问我。”绮霞道：“你听听他的嘴！你们别说了，让他逛罢。”小红道：“你们再问问，我逛了没逛？二奶奶才使唤我说话取东西去的。”说着，将荷包举给他们看，方没言语了。大家走开。晴雯冷笑道：“怪道呢！原来爬上高枝儿去了，把我们不放在眼里了。”

Turquoise Mark said, “where is the teapot?” Little Red replied, “I'm not on duty today. I don't know if there's tea.” Beautiful Sunset said, “Listen to what he has to say! Stop talking and let him browse.” Little Red said, “you ask this again. Did I browse? The second youngest lady asked me to take it.” "She said, holding out the pouch for them to see, and then fell silent. Everyone was went away. Sunny Cloud Formation laughed at her, “so that’s it. It turns out you get upgraded, so you don't take us seriously.”-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 06:31, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Turquoise Mark said, “where is the teapot?” Little Red replied, “I'm not on duty today. I don't know if there was tea.” Beautiful Sunset said, “Listen to what she has said! Stop talking and let her browse.” Little Red said, “Could you ask this again? Did I browse? The second youngest lady have asked me to bring something.” "She said, holding out the pouch for them seeing. All of them kept silent. Everyone went away. Sunny Cloud Formation laughed at her, “So that’s it. It turns out that she has got upgraded, and has no need to take us seriously.”--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 11:07, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220321 homework

2022-03-24T14:49:56Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

Produce a Bilibili or a Douyin video and link it here.

2022-03-21T07:04:49Z

Zhou Sirui:

Yang Lei 杨磊男生如何保护自己，看完我泪目了😭😭😭😭。😍😍😍😍😭😭
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2021/08/17/11/BMjAyMTA4MTcxMTQwMzlfMjE5ODI5NTE3Ml81NTQxMDQxOTc1M18yXzM=_b_B2b6d1025d444ad4184c9cb1adc63213f.mp4?tag=1-1647833434-std-1-x67ixuljvj-cabba7f1222f4ff0&clientCacheKey=3x749dfmmt8r8dw_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Wei Jingting魏静婷惊！一猫一狗竟做出这事！
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1t64y1q742?from=search&seid=3135635557546458585&spm_id_from=333.337.0.0

Han Jingru 韩静茹
【外教社杯全国跨文化总决赛前在干啥-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/vrJhDGY

Xu Zhi yuan 徐致远
（感人视频，看完热泪盈眶😢😢😢）🌝🌝🌝🌝https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/11/BMjAyMjAzMjExMTUyMjNfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzMjYyMDIyNV8yXzM=_b_B234b30cc8ffbdca24525b90cef8585cd.mp4?tag=1-1647834772-std-1-rm8bbfvhks-a127727a4417d5e3&clientCacheKey=3xhf3xmw38kbh4q_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Chen Kun 陈锟（动漫小说安利）😵
http://v3-default.ixigua.com/2a7ffb3b003c3f349f340c9c3a1d223b/623807bf/video/tos/cn/tos-cn-ve-15c001-alinc2/0bcf6580d7f44e33b5244737e58ef04a/?a=2011&br=2441&bt=2441&cd=0%7C0%7C0%7C0&ch=0&cr=0&cs=0&dr=0&ds=3&er=0&ft=teqIn88-oKdDz7nz7TQ_plXxuhsd_Z_vtqY&l=202203211205560102090880311E016CF1&lr=unwatermarked&mime_type=video_mp4&net=5&pl=0&qs=0&rc=anZ0dWY6ZnR5OzMzNGkzM0ApaDc6OmY0ODs3NzhmPDppaGdfNXBncjRfZW9gLS1kLS9zczE0YzUtYmJfNTE1Xi5fYzM6Yw%3D%3D&vl=&vr=

Chen Kun 陈锟（🤤🤤🤤🤤四大美男之一在线跳远，鼻血看出来了）我爱死了💋💋💋
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/11/BMjAyMjAzMjExMTU4MzNfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzMjk2NDcxNl8yXzM=_b_Be5fcdc4b304b819a4bb057ed49c3cb04.mp4?tag=1-1647835156-std-1-dljun14and-42a1a1f0731351e5&clientCacheKey=3x4zjiuwm5zc9zc_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Lei Heng雷珩（泰坦尼克号经典桥段😭😭😭）
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/12/BMjAyMjAzMjExMjA5MjNfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzMzY2MTI5OV8yXzM=_b_B5356f5e1315ff71292cc58e28f02989d.mp4?tag=1-1647835790-std-1-up768sp3ui-4b558b683fdb34d4&clientCacheKey=3xk8rqdyti9k7eu_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Yu Jinbo 喻锦博（辩论队队长吐露心声😭😭😭）
【勇敢地承认自己！！😻😻😻😻】
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/12/BMjAyMjAzMjExMjAyMTlfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzMzIyMDQxOF8yXzM=_b_B16d0f7e90b0fa39beca40e93875b7ce8.mp4?tag=1-1647836067-std-1-goyzwjlmik-c8da81bd67c3581d&clientCacheKey=3xebck489q5pbxy_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Li Siwen 李思文(跳不出《周生如故》的emo圈）
【周生如故-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/D3JFBjk

Liu Yixin 刘亦欣（中国美女在外国街头竟然这么做！） http://xhslink.com/jT4hmg

Ma Feifei 马菲菲【姐姐们的LALISA挑战来了！-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/f2HU7Yb

Chen Tianyu 陈天钰 (一个残夏的cover.)
【夏天是残夏的季节！-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/zoGVw3o

Yang Lei杨磊（男寝里的烟火气息🤤🤤🤤🤤😍😍😍）
【必看👈！！！！】
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/12/BMjAyMjAzMjExMjIwNDBfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzNDM0MDQ2Nl8yXzM=_b_Bef1dcfff1ccd64fc2d3aae73500fc84e.mp4?tag=1-1647836470-std-1-cjl1fwbfyw-bae6a55f139fd03d&clientCacheKey=3xt3ri6kzsgc23k_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

周思睿Zhou Sirui【【说唱】我去世了，然后...-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/dUdnQyp

You Xinning 由馨凝（our super star!)6.64 LjC:/ recordings of our super star🥺😌😍 https://v.douyin.com/Ny8PSjb/ 复制此链接，打开Dou音搜索，直接观看视频！

Chen Cheng 陈诚【某舟厨被迫上传打上花火(?)】
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Z44y1P7T8

Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣【city of stars 第一次练琴记录/2022.3.20晚/某个课程pre主题猝不及防要上传一个抖音或者b站视频-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/U7HK3CG

Chen Xinyi 陈心怡【捕捉湖南罕见春日，pick it!!!-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/08WyIG0

Guo Zirui 郭子瑞【春天-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/KtOvvqS

Yuan Ling 袁灵【@你踢球的朋友：狗都踢的比你好-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/UvAPmXQ

Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪【大学生混进高中竟是为了？！-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/zxfADpH

Li Wanying 李婉莹【滑雪初体验】4.12 pDu:/ 滑雪初体验 https://v.douyin.com/NyYBxae/ 复制此链接，打开Dou音搜索，直接观看视频！

Produce a Bilibili or a Douyin video and link it here.

2022-03-21T07:01:42Z

Zhou Sirui:

Yang Lei 杨磊男生如何保护自己，看完我泪目了😭😭😭😭。😍😍😍😍😭😭
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2021/08/17/11/BMjAyMTA4MTcxMTQwMzlfMjE5ODI5NTE3Ml81NTQxMDQxOTc1M18yXzM=_b_B2b6d1025d444ad4184c9cb1adc63213f.mp4?tag=1-1647833434-std-1-x67ixuljvj-cabba7f1222f4ff0&clientCacheKey=3x749dfmmt8r8dw_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Wei Jingting魏静婷惊！一猫一狗竟做出这事！
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1t64y1q742?from=search&seid=3135635557546458585&spm_id_from=333.337.0.0

Han Jingru 韩静茹
【外教社杯全国跨文化总决赛前在干啥-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/vrJhDGY

Xu Zhi yuan 徐致远
（感人视频，看完热泪盈眶😢😢😢）🌝🌝🌝🌝https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/11/BMjAyMjAzMjExMTUyMjNfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzMjYyMDIyNV8yXzM=_b_B234b30cc8ffbdca24525b90cef8585cd.mp4?tag=1-1647834772-std-1-rm8bbfvhks-a127727a4417d5e3&clientCacheKey=3xhf3xmw38kbh4q_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Chen Kun 陈锟（动漫小说安利）😵
http://v3-default.ixigua.com/2a7ffb3b003c3f349f340c9c3a1d223b/623807bf/video/tos/cn/tos-cn-ve-15c001-alinc2/0bcf6580d7f44e33b5244737e58ef04a/?a=2011&br=2441&bt=2441&cd=0%7C0%7C0%7C0&ch=0&cr=0&cs=0&dr=0&ds=3&er=0&ft=teqIn88-oKdDz7nz7TQ_plXxuhsd_Z_vtqY&l=202203211205560102090880311E016CF1&lr=unwatermarked&mime_type=video_mp4&net=5&pl=0&qs=0&rc=anZ0dWY6ZnR5OzMzNGkzM0ApaDc6OmY0ODs3NzhmPDppaGdfNXBncjRfZW9gLS1kLS9zczE0YzUtYmJfNTE1Xi5fYzM6Yw%3D%3D&vl=&vr=

Chen Kun 陈锟（🤤🤤🤤🤤四大美男之一在线跳远，鼻血看出来了）我爱死了💋💋💋
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/11/BMjAyMjAzMjExMTU4MzNfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzMjk2NDcxNl8yXzM=_b_Be5fcdc4b304b819a4bb057ed49c3cb04.mp4?tag=1-1647835156-std-1-dljun14and-42a1a1f0731351e5&clientCacheKey=3x4zjiuwm5zc9zc_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Lei Heng雷珩（泰坦尼克号经典桥段😭😭😭）
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/12/BMjAyMjAzMjExMjA5MjNfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzMzY2MTI5OV8yXzM=_b_B5356f5e1315ff71292cc58e28f02989d.mp4?tag=1-1647835790-std-1-up768sp3ui-4b558b683fdb34d4&clientCacheKey=3xk8rqdyti9k7eu_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Yu Jinbo 喻锦博（辩论队队长吐露心声😭😭😭）
【勇敢地承认自己！！😻😻😻😻】
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/12/BMjAyMjAzMjExMjAyMTlfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzMzIyMDQxOF8yXzM=_b_B16d0f7e90b0fa39beca40e93875b7ce8.mp4?tag=1-1647836067-std-1-goyzwjlmik-c8da81bd67c3581d&clientCacheKey=3xebck489q5pbxy_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Li Siwen 李思文(跳不出《周生如故》的emo圈）
【周生如故-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/D3JFBjk

Liu Yixin 刘亦欣（中国美女在外国街头竟然这么做！） http://xhslink.com/jT4hmg

Ma Feifei 马菲菲【姐姐们的LALISA挑战来了！-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/f2HU7Yb

Chen Tianyu 陈天钰 (一个残夏的cover.)
【夏天是残夏的季节！-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/zoGVw3o

Yang Lei杨磊（男寝里的烟火气息🤤🤤🤤🤤😍😍😍）
【必看👈！！！！】
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/12/BMjAyMjAzMjExMjIwNDBfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzNDM0MDQ2Nl8yXzM=_b_Bef1dcfff1ccd64fc2d3aae73500fc84e.mp4?tag=1-1647836470-std-1-cjl1fwbfyw-bae6a55f139fd03d&clientCacheKey=3xt3ri6kzsgc23k_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

You Xinning 由馨凝（our super star!)6.64 LjC:/ recordings of our super star🥺😌😍 https://v.douyin.com/Ny8PSjb/ 复制此链接，打开Dou音搜索，直接观看视频！

Chen Cheng 陈诚【某舟厨被迫上传打上花火(?)】
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Z44y1P7T8

Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣【city of stars 第一次练琴记录/2022.3.20晚/某个课程pre主题猝不及防要上传一个抖音或者b站视频-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/U7HK3CG

Chen Xinyi 陈心怡【捕捉湖南罕见春日，pick it!!!-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/08WyIG0

Guo Zirui 郭子瑞【春天-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/KtOvvqS

Yuan Ling 袁灵【@你踢球的朋友：狗都踢的比你好-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/UvAPmXQ

Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪【大学生混进高中竟是为了？！-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/zxfADpH

Li Wanying 李婉莹【滑雪初体验】4.12 pDu:/ 滑雪初体验 https://v.douyin.com/NyYBxae/ 复制此链接，打开Dou音搜索，直接观看视频！

Produce a Bilibili or a Douyin video and link it here.

2022-03-21T04:31:53Z

Zhou Sirui:

Yang Lei 杨磊男生如何保护自己，看完我泪目了😭😭😭😭。
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2021/08/17/11/BMjAyMTA4MTcxMTQwMzlfMjE5ODI5NTE3Ml81NTQxMDQxOTc1M18yXzM=_b_B2b6d1025d444ad4184c9cb1adc63213f.mp4?tag=1-1647833434-std-1-x67ixuljvj-cabba7f1222f4ff0&clientCacheKey=3x749dfmmt8r8dw_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Wei Jingting魏静婷惊！一猫一狗竟做出这事！
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1t64y1q742?from=search&seid=3135635557546458585&spm_id_from=333.337.0.0

Han Jingru 韩静茹
【外教社杯全国跨文化总决赛前在干啥-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/vrJhDGY

Xu Zhi yuan 徐致远
（感人视频，看完热泪盈眶😢😢😢）
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/11/BMjAyMjAzMjExMTUyMjNfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzMjYyMDIyNV8yXzM=_b_B234b30cc8ffbdca24525b90cef8585cd.mp4?tag=1-1647834772-std-1-rm8bbfvhks-a127727a4417d5e3&clientCacheKey=3xhf3xmw38kbh4q_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Chen Kun 陈锟（动漫小说安利）😵
http://v3-default.ixigua.com/2a7ffb3b003c3f349f340c9c3a1d223b/623807bf/video/tos/cn/tos-cn-ve-15c001-alinc2/0bcf6580d7f44e33b5244737e58ef04a/?a=2011&br=2441&bt=2441&cd=0%7C0%7C0%7C0&ch=0&cr=0&cs=0&dr=0&ds=3&er=0&ft=teqIn88-oKdDz7nz7TQ_plXxuhsd_Z_vtqY&l=202203211205560102090880311E016CF1&lr=unwatermarked&mime_type=video_mp4&net=5&pl=0&qs=0&rc=anZ0dWY6ZnR5OzMzNGkzM0ApaDc6OmY0ODs3NzhmPDppaGdfNXBncjRfZW9gLS1kLS9zczE0YzUtYmJfNTE1Xi5fYzM6Yw%3D%3D&vl=&vr=

Chen Kun 陈锟（🤤🤤🤤🤤四大美男之一在线跳远，鼻血看出来了）
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/11/BMjAyMjAzMjExMTU4MzNfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzMjk2NDcxNl8yXzM=_b_Be5fcdc4b304b819a4bb057ed49c3cb04.mp4?tag=1-1647835156-std-1-dljun14and-42a1a1f0731351e5&clientCacheKey=3x4zjiuwm5zc9zc_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Lei Heng雷珩（泰坦尼克号经典桥段😭😭😭）
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/12/BMjAyMjAzMjExMjA5MjNfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzMzY2MTI5OV8yXzM=_b_B5356f5e1315ff71292cc58e28f02989d.mp4?tag=1-1647835790-std-1-up768sp3ui-4b558b683fdb34d4&clientCacheKey=3xk8rqdyti9k7eu_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Yu Jinbo 喻锦博（辩论队队长吐露心声😭😭😭）
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/12/BMjAyMjAzMjExMjAyMTlfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzMzIyMDQxOF8yXzM=_b_B16d0f7e90b0fa39beca40e93875b7ce8.mp4?tag=1-1647836067-std-1-goyzwjlmik-c8da81bd67c3581d&clientCacheKey=3xebck489q5pbxy_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Li Siwen 李思文(跳不出《周生如故》的emo圈）
【周生如故-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/D3JFBjk

Liu Yixin 刘亦欣（中国美女在外国街头竟然这么做！） http://xhslink.com/jT4hmg

Ma Feifei 马菲菲【姐姐们的LALISA挑战来了！-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/f2HU7Yb

Chen Tianyu 陈天钰 (一个残夏的cover.)
【夏天是残夏的季节！-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/zoGVw3o

Yang Lei杨磊（男寝里的烟火气息🤤🤤🤤🤤）
https://txmov2.a.kwimgs.com/upic/2022/03/21/12/BMjAyMjAzMjExMjIwNDBfMjM3NDA0NzAyMV83MDEzNDM0MDQ2Nl8yXzM=_b_Bef1dcfff1ccd64fc2d3aae73500fc84e.mp4?tag=1-1647836470-std-1-cjl1fwbfyw-bae6a55f139fd03d&clientCacheKey=3xt3ri6kzsgc23k_b.mp4&tt=b&di=79c43beb&bp=12681

Zhou Sirui 周思睿【凡事过往，皆为序章-哔哩哔哩】 https://b23.tv/A8tS2XJ

CULTURE2022 20220314 homework

2022-03-18T13:41:55Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 3 for session 4 Mar 14]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 4 for session 5 Mar 21]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

When you have finished writing your homework, please do not forget to click the "save" button and type in the password "wikicaptcha".

Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
我们算年纪小，上不去，我也不抱怨；象你怎么也不算在里头？我心里就不服。袭人那怕他得十分儿，也不恼他，原该的。说句良心话，谁还能比他呢？别说他素日殷勤小心，便是不殷勤小心，也拼不得。只可气晴雯绮霞他们这几个，都算在上等里去，仗着老子娘的脸面，众人倒捧着他去。你说可气不可气？”

We are still young and less sophisticated so it's common to be involved and I won't complain about it. But why aren't you counted in? I feel really uncomfortable. Aroma is afraid that he got too much, so she is not angry with it, which is reasonable. To be fair, who is better than him？ Before he is hospitable and careful, we are not even close to him if he was not. But I am angry because both Sunny Cloud Formation and Beautiful Frost are listed in the first-class. On the countrary, people chase after him relying on my mom's majesty. How do you like that!"--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 12:16, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Kun 陈锟==
小红道：“也不犯着气他们。俗语说的：‘千里搭长棚，没有个不散的筵席。’谁守一辈子呢？不过三年五载，各人干各人的去了，那时谁还管谁呢？”这两句话不觉感动了佳慧心肠，由不得眼圈儿红了，又不好意思无端的哭，只得勉强笑道：“你这话说的是。昨儿宝玉还说，明儿怎么样收拾房子，怎么样做衣裳。倒象有几百年熬煎。”

Little Red said,"It's not necessary to annoy them.As the saying goes,'a long tent built from a thousand mile,but the feast does not last forever.'Who will keep it forever?Who will care about each other after 3,or perhaps 5 years ?Everyone will just do their own business."Good Orchid's heart was touched by these words that her eyes turned red.As she felt embarrassed to cry for no reasan,she barely smiled, "What you said is true.Yesterday Precious Jade mentioned how to clean the house and make clothes tomorrow. It's like centuries of torture."--[[User:Chen Kun|Chen Kun]] ([[User talk:Chen Kun|talk]]) 11:26, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
小红听了，冷笑两声，方要说话，只见一个未留头的小丫头走进来，手里拿着些花样子并两张纸，说道：“这两个花样子，叫我描出来呢。”说着，向小红撂下，回转身就跑了。小红向外问道：“到底是谁的？也等不的说完就跑。‘谁蒸下馒头等着你，怕冷了不成？’”那小丫头在窗外只说得一声：“是绮大姐姐的。”抬起脚来，“咕咚咕咚”又跑了。

After hearing it, Little Red sneers and is about to say something. Just at this time, a little girl who doesn't even have hair walks in with some embroidered ground patterns and two pieces of paper and says" I'm asked to depict these two embroidered ground patterns." She turns around and runs away after finishing her words. Little Red then asks loudly outward "Whose on earth are these? She doesn't even wait until I finish a sentence. Is anybody make you some steamed bun so that you are afraid they will be cold?" The little girl then has no choice but to answer outside the window"It belongs to Sister Beauty." After a quick answer, she then shot off and rushed away again.--[[User:Chen Tianyu|Chen Tianyu]] ([[User talk:Chen Tianyu|talk]]) 11:59, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
小红便赌气把那样子掷在一边，向抽屉内找笔，找了半天，都是秃了的，因说道：“前儿一技新笔放在那里了？怎么想不起来。”一面说，一面出神，想了一会，方笑道：“是了，前儿晚上莺儿拿了去了。”便向佳蕙道：“你替我取了来。”佳蕙道：“花大姐姐还等着我替他拿箱子，你自取去罢。”小红道：“他等着你，你还坐着闲打牙儿？我不叫你取去，他也不等你了。坏透了的小蹄子！”

Little Red felt wronged, rashly darted these patterns aside and searched the drawer for a writing brush. At last, she found nothing but hairless brushes. Therefore, she said, “where were the new one putting in recently? I cannot recollect it.” Meanwhile she was in a trance, thinking for a while, smiling, “Well. It was taken by Maid Oriole last night.” Then she asked Good Orchid, “You brings it for me.” Maid Oriole said, “sister Flower is waiting for the box that I take for her. You’d better take it by yourself.” Little Red said, “She is waiting for you? So that’s the reason why you still sit back at leisure? I won’t ask you to bring it back and she won’t wait for you. You are really an execrable bitch!”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 11:05, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Little Red felt wronged, rashly darting these patterns aside and searched the drawer for a writing brush. At last, she found nothing but hairless brushes. Shee murmured, “where had I put the new one recently? I cannot recollect it.” Meanwhile she was in a trance, thinking for a while, smiling, “Well. It was taken by Maid Oriole last night.” Then she asked Good Orchid, “You fetch it for me.” Maid Oriole said, “sister Flower is waiting for me to take the box for her. You’d better fetch it by yourself.” Little Red said, “So you still sit back at leisure here? As she is waiting for you? I won’t ask you and she won’t wait for you. You execrable bitch!”--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 12:49, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
说着自己便出房来。出了怡红院，一径往宝钗院内来。刚至沁芳亭畔，只见宝玉的奶娘李嬷嬷从那边来。小红立住，笑问道：“李奶奶，你老人家那里去了？怎么打这里来？”李嬷嬷站住，将手一拍，道：“你说，好好的，又看上了那个什么‘云哥儿’‘雨哥儿’的，连会子逼着我叫了他来。明儿叫上房里听见，可又是不好。”小红笑道：“你老人家当真的就信着他去叫么？”

Saying that, Little Red came out of her room, and then leave the Happy Red Court to the court of Precious Hairpin. She had just arrived at the Penetrating Fragrance Court when Nanny Li, the wet nurse of Precious Jade, approached. Little Red stopped and asked with smile:"Nanny Li! Where did you just go? Why are you coming from there?" Nanny Li sighed and answered:"You see, for good reason, he likes again some brother "Yun" or "Yu". And he just forced me to ask him to come. If let the Madame know, it would be another problem." The Little Red smiled:"So you'd really obeyed him and went to invite?"--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 12:35, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
李嬷嬷道：“可怎么样呢？”小红笑道：“那一个要是知好歹，就回不进来才是。”李嬷嬷道：“他又不傻，为什么不进来？”小红道：“既是进来，你老人家该别同他一齐儿来；回来叫他一个人乱硼，可是不好么！”李嬷嬷道：“我有那们大工夫和他走？不过告诉了他，回来打发个小丫头子，或是老婆子，带进他来就完了。”说着拄着拐一径去了。小红听说，便站着出神，且不去取笔。

Nannie Li said:“ So what?” Crimson laughed:” If Mr Yun knows what’s good for him, he won’t agree to come.” “He’s no a fool,” said Nannie Li. “Why shouldn’t he?” “ Any way, if he does come in,” said Crimson, “ you can’t just bring him in and then leave him, Mrs Li. You’ll have to take him back again yourself afterwards. You don’t want him wandering off on his own.” “ How busy I am! I haven’t got that much spare time.” said Nannie Li. “All I’ve done is just to tell him that he’s got to come. I’ll send someone else to fetch him in when I get back presently - one of the girls, or one of the older women, maybe.” She hobbled off on her stick, leaving Crimson standing there in a muse, her mission to fetch the tracing-brush forgotten.--[[User:Deng Ruixin|Deng Ruixin]] ([[User talk:Deng Ruixin|talk]]) 12:28, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
不多时，只见一个小丫头跑来，见小红站在那里，便问道：“红姐姐，你在这里作什幺呢？”小红抬头见是小丫头子坠儿。小红道：“那里去？”坠儿道：“叫我带进芸二爷来。”说着，一径跑了。这里小红刚走至蜂腰桥门前，只见那边坠儿引着贾芸来了。那贾芸一面走，一面拿眼把小红一溜；那小红只装着和坠儿说话，也把眼去一溜贾芸：四目恰好相对。小红不觉把脸一红，一扭身往蘅芜院去了。

Before long, a small girl ran towards there, see Little Red standing there, then asked: "red sister, you are here for what?" Little Red looked up and saw that it was the little girl Lassock Drop. Little Red asked: "Where are you going?" Lassock Drop said: "They told me to bring in the second master Rue." Saying that, she ran away. Here Little Red just walked to the bee-waist bridge door, seeing that Lassock Drop led Rue Merchant come. The Rue Merchant walked while longking at Little Red; that Little Red pretended to talk to Lassock Drop while give him a glance. Their eyes contacted and Little Red's face turned red. She turned to Hengwuyuan immediately.--[[User:Guo Zirui|Guo Zirui]] ([[User talk:Guo Zirui|talk]]) 12:49, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
这里贾芸随着坠儿逶迤来至怡红院中，坠儿先进去回明了，然后方领贾芸进去。贾芸看时，只见院内略略有几点山石，种着芭蕉，那边有两只仙鹤，在松树下剔翎。一溜回廊上吊着各色笼子，各色仙禽异鸟。上面小小五间抱厦，一色雕镂新鲜花样槅扇，上面悬着一个匾，四个大字，题道是：“怡红快绿”。贾芸想道：“怪道叫‘怡红院’，原来匾上是这四个字。”

Following Lassock Drop, Yun Merchant zigzagged his way to the Happy Red Court and were led out into the grounds after Lassock Drop announcing him first. In the grounds, Yun Merchant saw several piles of stones, banana trees, two red-crowned crane that were preening themselves under the pine trees. Hanging in the corridor, there were several birdcages in assorted colours where kept different kinds of rare and valuable birds. Five small "turtle-head houses" with a row of windows that were all engraved with the most fashionable designs hung a plaque, written four big characters, "Happy Red and Joyful Green"(Yi Hong Kauai Lv). Yun Merchant wandered:"No wonder it is called 'the Happy Red Court' since it is these four characters on the plaque."

==He Minghui 何明慧==
正想着，只听里面隔着纱窗子笑说道：“快进来罢！我怎么就忘了你两三个月。”贾芸听见是宝玉的声音，连忙进人房内，抬头一看，只见金碧辉煌，文章熌烁，却看不见宝玉在那里。一回头，只见左边立着一架大穿衣镜，从镜后转出两个一对儿十五六岁的丫头说：“请二爷里头屋里坐。” 贾芸连正眼也不敢看，莲忙答应了，又进一道碧纱厨，只见小小一张填漆床上，悬着大红销金撒花帐子。
==Lei Heng 雷珩==
宝玉穿着家常衣服，靸着鞋，倚在床上，拿着本书；看见他进来，将书掷下，早带笑立起身来。贾芸忙上前请了安，宝玉让坐，便在下面一张椅子上坐了。宝玉笑道：“只从那个月见了你，我叫你往书房里来，谁知接接连连许多事情，就把你忘了。”贾芸笑道：“总是我没福，偏偏又遇着叔叔欠安。叔叔如今可大安了？”宝玉道：“大好了。我倒听见说你辛苦了好几天。”

Precious Jade was wearing his housecoat and slippers with a book in hands, lying in bed. Noticing Rue Merchant’s entering, he swiftly stood up with a big smile and put the book down. Rue Merchant showed his regards to Precious Jade in a hurry, and then he sat on a chair when Precious Jade invited him to do so. Precious Jade smiled, “after that month when I met you once, I expected you to come to my study room. But I was so occupied with countless trivial affairs constantly that I totally forgot about it.” Rue Merchant laughed, “It all attributed to my bad luck and Uncle happened to be in poor health. Does Uncle have recovered now?” Precious Jade said, “He is very fine now. However, I heared that you had been looking after him for days.”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 09:01, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Linyu 李琳玉==
贾芸道：“辛苦也是该当的。叔叔大安了，也是我们一家子的造化。”说着，只见有个丫鬟端了茶来与他，那贾芸口里和宝玉说话，眼睛却瞅那丫鬟：细挑身子，容长脸儿，穿着银红袄儿，青缎子背心，自绫细折儿裙子。那贾芸自从宝玉病了，他在里头混了两天，都把有名人口记了一半；

Rue Merchant said, "A few days of hard work is also deserved. You are well again, which is at the same time our whole family's good return." When he was saying, a servant girl was giving him a cup of tea. Then Rue Merchant was talking with Precious Jade Merchant, but he was glancing at that girl who was thin and beautiful, with silver red cotton-padded coat, green satin vest and Zi Ling folding skirt. Since Precious Jade Merchant was ill, Rue Merchant has stayed in Precious Jade's courtyard for two days during which he memorized half of the girls that had a name.--[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 12:19, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Rue Merchant said, "A few days of hard work is also deserved. You are well again, which is our whole family's good return as well." When he was saying, a servant girl was giving him a cup of tea. When Rue Merchant was talking with Precious Jade Merchant, however, he was glancing at that girl who was thin and beautiful, with silver red cotton-padded coat, green satin vest and Zi Ling folding skirt. Since Precious Jade Merchant was ill, Rue Merchant has stayed in Precious Jade's courtyard for two days during which he memorized half of the girls that had a name.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 12:55, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
他看见这丫鬟，知道是袭人，他在宝玉房中，比别人不同，如今端了茶来，宝玉又在旁边坐着，便忙站起来道：“姐姐怎么替我倒起茶来？我来到叔叔这里，又不是客，让我自己倒罢了。”宝玉道：“你只管坐着罢。丫头们跟前也是这样。”贾芸笑道：“虽如此说，叔叔房里姐姐们，我怎么敢放肆呢。”一面说，一面坐下吃茶。那宝玉便和他说些没要紧的散话。

He saw this servant girl, knowing she was Aroma,different from others in Precious Jade's room. She coming to serve the drink at that time,with Precious Jade sitting next to him, Rue Merchant stood up promptly and said,"How can you serve me the drink? I'm not a guest in uncle's place. Let me do it myself." Precious Jade said," Just sit down. These servant girls are always like this." Rue Merchant laughed,"Nonetheless,How dare I use uncle's servant girls impudently." As speaking, he sat down to drink tea. Then Precious Jade chatted with him about something unimportant.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 18:22, 16 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
又说道谁家的戏子好，谁家的花园好，又告诉他谁家的丫头标致，谁家的酒席丰盛，又是谁家有奇货，又是谁家有异物。那贾芸口里只得顺着他说。说了一回，见宝玉有些懒懒的了，便起身告辞。宝玉也不甚留，只说：“你明儿闲了只管来。”仍命小丫头子坠儿送出去了。出了恰红院，贾芸见四顾无人，便脚步慢慢的停着些走，口里一长一短和坠儿说话。

Precious Jade Merchant remarked whose opera singer was excellent, whose garden was beautiful, whose servant girl was good-looking, whose feast was sumptuous and who had rare treatures, etc. Rue Merchant was just catering to him. After the talk and seeing Precious Jade was kind of sluggish, Rue rose to bid him farewell. Precious Jade also let him go, and asked Lassock Drop to send Rue back, saying,"Feel free to come over any time if you are available tomorrow." Leaving Happy Red Court, he slowed down and talked with Lassock desultorily as he found nobody around.

Precious Jade Merchant remarked on whose opera singer was excellent, whose garden was beautiful, whose servant girl was good-looking, whose feast was sumptuous and who had rare treatures. Rue Merchant was just catering to him. After the talk, seeing Precious Jade was kind of sluggish, Rue rose to bid him farewell. Precious Jade didn't detain him, and asked Lassock Drop to send Rue back, saying,"Feel free to come over any time if you are available tomorrow." Leaving Happy Red Court, he slowed down and talked with Lassock desultorily as he found nobody around.--[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 09:27, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
先问他：“几岁了？名字叫什么？你父母在那行上？在宝叔房内几年了？一个月多少钱？共总宝叔房内有几个女孩子？”那坠儿见问，便一桩桩的都告诉他了。贾芸又道：“刚才那个和你说话的，他可是叫小红？”坠儿笑道：“他就叫小红。你问他作什么？”贾芸道：“方才他问你什么手帕子，我倒拣了一块。”

Rue Merchant asked her:"How old are you? What's your name? How long have you been in Uncle Precious' branch? How many girls are in the Uncle Precious' branch in total?" Asked by him, Lassock Drop told him everything one by one. Again, Rue Merchant said:"Is Little Red her who talked to you just now?" Lassock Drop smiled:"She is Little Red indeed. Why do you ask her?" "She asked you the handkerchief stuff,"Rue Merchant replied,"and I just picked up one."--[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 09:22, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Rue Merchant asked her:"How old are you? What's your name? Where your parents work？ How long have you been in Uncle Precious' branch? How many girls are in the Uncle Precious' branch in total?" Asked by him, Lassock Drop told him everything one by one. Again, Rue Merchant said:"Is she called Little Red who talked to you just now?" Lassock Drop smiled:"She is Little Red indeed. Why do you ask about her?" "She asked you about the handkerchief stuff,"Rue Merchant replied,"and I just picked up one."--[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 11:37, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
坠儿听了笑道：“他问了我好几遍，可有看见他的帕子的。我那么大工夫管这些事！今儿他又问我。他说，我替他找着了他还谢我呢。才在蘅芜院门口说的，二爷也听见了，不是我撒谎。好二爷，你既拣了，给我罢；我看他拿什么谢我。” 原来上月贾芸进来种树之时，便拣了一块罗帕，知是这园内的人失落的，但不知是那一个人的，故不敢造次。今听见小红问坠儿，知是他的，心内不胜喜幸。

Hearing this, Lassock Drop laughed:“She asked me whether I saw her handkerchief for many times. But I don’t have time to deal with it. Today, she asked me again in doorways at Asarum Garden, saying that she will be grateful to me if I help her to find it. I don’t lie and second master must also hear that. Since you picked it, please give it to me so that I can see what she will get to thank me, my good second master. When Rue Merchant came to plant trees, he found a handkerchief. He knew it must be lost by people in the yard, but he didn’t know the owner of it so he dared not to make trouble. Today, he was very excited to know it belongs to her when he heard that Little Red asked Lassock Drop about the handkerchief.—[[User:Liu Qianyi|Liu Qianyi]] ([[User talk:Liu Qianyi|talk]]) 11:21, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
又见坠儿追索，心中早得了主意，便向袖内将自己的一块取了出来，向坠儿笑道：“我给是给你，你若得了他的谢礼，可不许瞒我的。”坠儿满口里答应了，接了手帕子，送出贾芸，回来找小红，不在话下。如今且说宝玉打发贾芸去后，意思懒懒的，歪在床上，似有朦胧之态。袭人便走上来，坐在床沿上推他，说道：“怎么又要睡觉？你闷的很，出去逛逛不好？”

Precious Jade Merchant saw Lassock Drop asking for it again. He had an idea, taking out a piece of himself from his sleeve and saying with a smile to Lassock Drop, "I give it to you. If you get his thank-you gift, don't hide it from me." Lassock Drop promised, took the handkerchief, sent Rue Merchant out, and came back to find Little Red. After Precious Jade Merchant sent Rue Merchant out, he seemed lazy and crooked on the bed, as if in a hazy state. Aroma came up, sat on the edge of the bed, pushed him and said, "why do you have to sleep again? You're bored. It's not good to go out for a walk?"--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 08:54, 16 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade Merchant saw Lassock Drop asking for it again. He had an idea, taking out a handkerchief that belonged to himself from his sleeve and smiled to Lassock Drop, "I give it to you. If you get his thank-you gift, don't lie to me." Lassock Drop promised, took the handkerchief, sent Rue Merchant out, and came back to find Little Red. After Precious Jade Merchant sent Rue Merchant out, he seemed lazy and crooked on the bed, as if in a hazy state. Aroma came up, sat on the edge of the bed, pushed him and said, "why are you always sleeping?If you are bored, why not go out for a walk?"--[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 11:28, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
宝玉见说，携着他的手笑道：“我要去，只是舍不得你。”袭人笑道：“快起来罢！”一面说，一面拉了宝玉起来。宝玉道：“可往那里去呢？怪腻腻烦烦的。”袭人道：“你出去了就好了。只管这么葳蕤，越发心里腻烦了。” 宝玉无精打彩，只得依他。??出了房门，在回廊上调弄了一回雀儿，出至院外，顺着沁芳溪，看了一回金鱼。只见那边山坡上两只小鹿箭也似的跑来。

When seeing this, Precious Jade held her hands and said:"I had wanted to leave but I could not get rid of you." Aroma laughed:"Get up quickly!" She said as pulling him up. Precious Jade asked:"But where should we go to play? I am really tired of these things." She answered:"You just go out and do not think about anything. The more you think about it, the less likely you will stem the staleness." Precious Jade seemed depressed and followed her lead. Once they got out of the gate, they teased with Twite in the alley. After getting out of the yard, they straightly walked along Qinfang brook, where they watched some goldfish for a while. At the same time, two deer ran towards them quickly as they were arrows.--[[User:Ma Feifei|Ma Feifei]] ([[User talk:Ma Feifei|talk]]) 11:17, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆==
宝玉不解何意，正自纳闷，只见贾兰在后面，拿着一张小弓儿追了下来。一见宝玉在前，便站住了，笑道：“二叔叔在家里呢，我只当出门去了。”宝玉道：“你又淘气了。好好的射他做什么？”贾兰笑道：“这会子不念书，闲着做什么？所以演习演习骑射。”宝玉道：“把牙磕了，那时候才不演呢。” 说着，便顺脚一径来至一个院门前，只见凤尾森森，龙吟细细，却是潇湘馆。

Precious Jade didn't understand what exactly Aroma had said. Just when he was wondering alone, he saw Cymbidium Merchant chasing down from behind with a small bow. As soon as Jia Lan saw Baoyu blocking the road, he stopped and said with a smile, "uncle was at home. I thought he was out." Precious Jade said, "you naughty boy has done bad things again. Why shoot him with a slingshot?" Jia Lan smiled and said, "I don't have to study at this time. I don't know what to do when I'm idle. Why should I sit bored? So I am practicing riding and shooting." Precious Jade said, "if you knocked your teeth, you wouldn’t keep talking about practice at that time." Saying this, Precious Jade followed the path and walked all the way to a courtyard, where he saw the plants in the yard grow very lush, like the tail of a Phoenix, as if there was a faint sound of a dragon. It turns out to be Xiaoxiang hall. —[[User:Ou Xinyu|Ou Xinyu]] ([[User talk:Ou Xinyu|talk]]) 12:12, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Wang Rou 汪柔==
宝玉信步走入，只见湘帘垂地，悄无人声。走至窗前，觉得一缕幽香，从碧纱窗中暗暗透出。宝玉便将脸贴在纱窗上往里看时，耳内忽听得细细的长叹了一声，道：“‘每日家，情思睡昏昏。’”宝玉听了，不觉心内痒将起来。再看时，只见黛玉在床上伸懒腰。宝玉在窗外笑道：“为什么‘每日家情思睡昏昏’的？”一面说，一面掀帘子进来了。

Precious Jade Merchant walks in, and saw the certain falls to the ground--everything was in a silence. Stepping close to the window, he smells a faint scent barely drifted over from the turquoise screen window. A soft voice.comes to his ears:"Every moment, I miss in lethargy." Precious Jade Merchant hears that, palpitating with excitement eager to see her. With another glimpse, he sees Mascara Jade scratching in bed. Outside the window, Precious Jade Merchant smiles:"Why do you miss in lethargy every moment?" As saying, he opens the curtain and steps in. --[[User:Wang Rou|Wang Rou]] ([[User talk:Wang Rou|talk]]) 12:40, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

== ==
==Wei jingling 魏静婷==
黛玉自觉忘情，不觉红了脸，拿袖子遮了脸，翻身向里装睡着了。宝玉才走上来，要扳他的身子，只见黛玉的奶娘并两个婆子却跟了进来，说：“妹妹睡觉呢，等醒来再请罢。”刚说着，黛玉便翻身坐了起来，笑道：“谁睡觉呢？”那两三个婆子见黛玉起来，便笑道：“我们只当姑娘睡着了。”说着，便叫紫鹃，说：“姑娘醒了，进来伺候。”一面说，一面都去了。
Mascara Jade Forest forgot her behavior,flushed unaware,hided her face with a fan,turned over towards inside to pretend to be sleeping . No sooner had Precious Jade Merchant walked up than he intended to turn over her body. Mascara Jade Forest’s milk Niang and two old women followed him and said:"Your younger sister is sleeping. Please call her after she wake up."While they were saying,Mascara Jade Forest turned over to sit, smiling:"Who is sleeping?" After the two or three old women saw this,they smiled:"We pretend to believe you are sleeping." Then, they called Zi Juan and said:"Miss has woke up. Come in and serve her."saying then leaving.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]]) 09:43, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
黛玉坐在床上，一面抬手整理鬓发，一面笑向宝玉道：“人家睡觉，你进来做什么？”宝玉见他星眼微饧，香腮带赤，不觉神魂早荡，一歪身坐在椅子上，笑道：“你才说什么？”黛玉道：“我没说什么。”宝玉笑道：“给你个榧子吃呢！我都听见了。” 二人正说话，只见紫鹃进来，宝玉笑道：“紫鹃，把你们的好茶倒碗我吃。”紫鹃道：“那里有好的呢？要好的只好等袭人来。”

Mascara Jade sat on the bed，she raised her hands and fixed her hair，at the same time，she asked Precious Jade with smile，“I ’m going to sleep，why do you come here？” Precious Jade saw her star eyes slightly raised and her cheek was red，his mind was blind unconsciously. He slumped in the chair，smiled，“What did you say？” Mascara Jade answered，“None” Precious Jade then smiled，“Don’t lie to me，I have heard what you said. ” Nightingale came in when they were talking，Precious Jade smiled，“Nightingale，make me a cup of good tea.” Nightingale said，“There is no good tea，if you want a cup of good tea，you should wait for Aroma’s coming.”--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 12:15, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
黛玉道：“别理他。你先给我舀水去罢。”紫鹃道：“他是客，自然先倒了茶来再舀水去。”说着，倒茶去了。宝玉笑道：“好丫头，‘若共你多情小姐同鸳帐，怎舍得叫你叠被铺床？”黛玉登时撂下脸来说道：“二哥哥你说什么？”宝玉笑道：“我何尝说什么？”黛玉便哭道：“如今新兴的，外头听了村话来，也说给我听；看了混账书，也拿我取笑儿。我成了替爷们解闷儿的。”
==Yang Lei 杨磊==
一面哭，一面下床来，往外就走。宝玉不知要怎样，心下慌了，忙赶上来说：“好妹妹，我一时该死，你别告诉去！我再敢说这样话，嘴上就长个疔，烂了舌头。” 正说着，只见袭人走来．说道：“快回去穿衣服，老爷叫你呢。”宝玉听了，不觉打了个焦雷一般，也顾不得别的，疾忙回来穿衣服。出园来，只见焙茗在二门前等着。宝玉问道：“你可知道叫我是为什么？”

Sobbing, Mascara Jade got out of bed and went out. "Dear sister," Precious Jade said, "I have made a damn mistake. Don't tell others about it! If I say anything like that again, there will be a whitlow on my mouth and my tongue will be rotten." As he said this, he saw Aroma approaching. "Go back and put on your clothes, master is calling you." Aroma said. Hearing this, Precious Jade felt as if he had been struck by lightning. He had nothing else to do but hurry back to dress. Out of the garden, he saw Tealeaf waiting in front of the second door. He asked, "Do you know why your master called me?"--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 08:06, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
焙茗道：“爷快出来罢，横竖是见去的，到那里就知道了。”一面说，一面催着宝玉。转过大厅，宝玉心里还自狐疑，只听墙角边一阵呵呵太笑，回头见薛蟠拍着手跳了出来，笑道：“要不说姨父叫你，你那里肯出来的这么快！”焙茗也笑着跪下了。宝玉怔了半天，方解过来，是薛蟠哄出他来。薛蟠连忙打恭作揖赔不是，又求：“不要难为了小子，都是我央他去的。”

Tealeaf said, “Come on my lord, you will get clear when you are there.” Saying this, he urged Precious Jade to hurry up. Passing the Hall, Precious Jade was still suspicious and he heard a cackle of laughter coming from the corner. Turning around, he saw Dragon Marshgrass jumping with hands clapping. Dragon Marshgrass laughed and said, “Sure you wouldn’t come out so fast if I hadn’t claimed that uncle was calling you!” Tealeaf also laughed and knelt. Precious Jade froze for a moment before he figured out that Dragon Marshgrass had just tricked him out. Dragon Marshgrass hastened to bow and apologize, begging,“Don’t embarrass the boy. It was me who asked him to do so.”--[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 13:32, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

Tealeaf said, “come out my lord, you are bond to see anyway.after you get there ypu will be enlightened.” Saying this, he urged Precious Jade to hurry up. Passing the Hall, Precious Jade was still suspicious and he heard a cackle of laughter coming from the corner. Turning around, he saw Dragon Marshgrass jumping with hands clapping. Dragon Marshgrass laughed and said, “you wouldn’t come out so fast hadn’t I claimed that uncle was calling you!” Tealeaf also laughed and knelt. Precious Jade froze for a moment before he figured out that Dragon Marshgrass had just tricked him out. Dragon Marshgrass hastened to bow and apologize, begging,“Don’t embarrass the boy. It was me who asked him to do so.”--

==Yu Jinbo喻锦博==
宝玉也无法了，只好笑问道：“你哄我也罢了，怎么说我父亲呢？我告诉姨娘去，评评这个理，可使得么？”薛蟠忙道：“好兄弟，我原为求你快些出来，就忘了忌讳这句话，改日你要哄我，也说我父亲，就完了。”宝玉道：“嗳哟！越发的该死了。”又向焙茗道：“反叛肏的，还跪着做什么？”焙茗连忙叩头起来。

Precious Jade could do nothing but ask with a awkward smile:"It is ok to just trick me,but,anyway,how could you mention my father ?I would love to tell this to my aunt and get her opinion on that,does it make any sense to you?"Dragon Marshgrass replied swiftly :"my good man ,I was originally intended to beg you to come out here quickly but forgot avoiding this sentence.(taboo) It is ok to mention my father if you will coax me next time. "Precious Jade said:"Ayo,goddame,things are getting bloody worse."and said to Tealeaf:"you son of bitch,why you are still kneeling?"Tealeaf hastily kowtowed and standed up.-----

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
薛蟠道：“要不是，我也不敢惊动，只因明儿五月初三日，是我的生日，谁知古董行的程日兴，他不知那里寻了来的这么粗、这么长、粉脆的鲜藕；这么大的西瓜；这么长、这么大的暹罗国进贡的灵柏香熏的暹罗猪、鱼。你说这四样礼物，可难得不难得？那鱼、猪不过贵而难得，这藕和瓜亏他怎么种出来的。我连忙孝敬了母亲，赶着给你们老太太、姨母送了些去。如今留了些，我要自己吃，恐怕折福，左思右想，除我之外，惟你还配吃，所以特请你来。可巧唱曲儿的一个小子又来了，我同你乐一日何如？”
==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
一面说，一面来至他书房里，只见詹光、程日兴、胡斯来、单聘仁等并唱曲儿的都在这里。见他进来，请安的，问好的，都彼此见过了。吃了茶，薛蟠即命人：“摆酒来。”说犹未了，众小厮七手八脚摆了半天，方才停当归坐。宝玉果见瓜藕新异，因笑道：“我的寿礼还未送来，倒先扰了。”薛蟠道：“可是呢，你明儿来拜寿，打算送什么新鲜礼物？”

Continuing talking, they go all the way to his study room, and see that Advantage Seeker, Cheng Rixin, Hu Silan and Sophisticated Liar, all the actors are here. Seeing his coming, they all regard and greet him. Dragon Marshgrass asks the servants after drinking the tea, “Come and prepare the feast.” Not until finishing his words, servants hurriedly start laying the table together, which takes a while until everything is ready and settled. Precious Jade laughs, knowing the lotus root and watermelon are surely new and different, “I’m being bothering, I haven't send you your birthday present after all.” Dragon Marshgrass replies, “That’s true. What’s new you are going to bring me for felicitation tomorrow?”--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

While talking, they go all the way to his study room, and see that Advantage Seeker, Cheng Rixin, Hu Silan and Sophisticated Liar, all the actors are here. Seeing his coming, they all regard and greet him. Dragon Marshgrass asks the servants after drinking the tea, “Come and prepare the feast.” Not until finishing his words, servants hurriedly start laying the table together, which takes a while until everything is ready and settled. Precious Jade laughs for noticing the dishes are surely new and different, “I’m being bothering here without sending you birthday present after all.” Dragon Marshgrass replies, “That’s true. What’s new you are going to bring to me for felicitation tomorrow?”--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 13:41, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
宝玉道：“我没有什么送的。若论银钱穿吃等类的东西，究竟还不是我的；惟有写一张字，或画一张面，这算是我的。”薛蟠笑道：“你提画儿，我才想起来了。昨儿我看见人家一本春宫儿，画的着实好，上头还有许多的字。我也没细看，只看落的款，原来是什么‘庚黄’的。真好的了不得！”

Precious Jade says,"I have nothing suitable to give you. If I should give you money, something to wear or eat, I don't make them myself; what I can produce myself to give you is my handwriting or my painting." Dragon Marshgrass says with smile," It suddenly occurs to me when you mentioned paintings that I have come across a pornography painting . It is really amazing. There are many words on it but I haven't read them carefully apart from the painter's name which turns out to be "geng yellow". Anyway,the painting is really marvelous!"--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 13:16, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade says,"I have nothing suitable to give you. If I should give you money, something to wear or eat, I don't make them myself; what I can produce myself to give you is my handwriting or my painting." Dragon Marshgrass says with smile," It suddenly occurs to me when you mentioned paintings that I have come across a pornography painting . It is really amazing. There are many words on it but I haven't read them carefully apart from the painter's name which turns out to be "geng yellow". Anyway,the painting is really marvelous!"-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 12:02, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
宝玉听说，心下猜疑道：“古今字画也都见过些，那里有个‘庚黄’？”想了半天，不觉笑将起来，命人取过笔来，在手心里写了两个字，又向薛蟠道：“你看真了是‘庚黄’么？”薛蟠道：“怎么看不真？”宝玉将手一撒与他看道：“可是这两个字罢？其实与‘庚黄’相去不远。”众人都看时，原来是“唐寅”两个字，都笑道：“想必是这两字，大爷一时眼花了，也未可知。”

Precious Jade heard about it and was a little skeptical, “I have seen many ancient and modern calligraphies and paintings, but I haven’t seen a ‘Geng Huang’.” He thought a while and ask his servant to take his brush pen. Precious Jade wrote two characters in his hand and asked Dragon Marshgrass, “did you see straight that characters ‘Geng Huang’?” Dragon Marshgrass said, “I have seen it clearly!” And Precious Jade opened his hand and show him that words, “Are those two characters? It looks like ‘Geng Huang’.” When everyone saw that words and smiled, “Should be these two words, elder uncle accidentally reading the words wrongly is excusable.”-[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 12:01, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Jade heard about it and doubted, “I have seen many ancient and modern calligraphies and paintings, but a ‘Geng Huang’.” He thought for a while and asked his servant to take his brush pen. Precious Jade wrote two characters in his hand and asked Dragon Marshgrass, “did you see straight that characters ‘Geng Huang’?” Dragon Marshgrass said, “I have seen it clearly!” And Precious Jade opened his hand and shew him the characters, “Are those two characters? It looks like ‘Geng Huang’.” When everyone saw that words and smiled, “It should be the two. That Dragon Marshgrass might see the words unclearly is questionable.”--[[User:Chen Cheng|Chen Cheng]] ([[User talk:Chen Cheng|talk]]) 12:22, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220314 homework

2022-03-17T13:16:13Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

CULTURE2022 20220307 homework

2022-03-11T09:50:48Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

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Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
赵姨娘叹口气道：“你瞧，那里头还有块成样的么？就有好东西也到不了我这里。你不嫌不好，挑两块去就是了。”马道婆便挑了几块，掖在怀里。赵姨娘又问：“前日我打发人送了五百钱去，你可在药王面前上了供没有？”马道婆道：“早已替你上了供了。”赵姨娘叹气道：“阿弥陀佛！我手里但凡从容些，也时常来上供，只是‘心有余而力不足’。”
==Chen Kun 陈锟==
马道婆道：“你只放心，将来熬的环哥大了，得了一官半职，那时你要做多大功德，还怕不能么？”赵姨娘听了笑道：“罢，罢！再别提起，如今就是榜样儿。我们娘儿们跟的上这屋里那一个儿？宝玉儿还是小孩子家，长的得人意儿，大人偏疼他些儿，也还罢了；我只不服这个主儿！”一面说，一面伸了两个指头。马道婆会意，便问道：“可是琏二奶奶？”

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
赵姨娘唬的忙摇手，起身掀帘子一看，见无人，方回身向道婆说：“了不得，了不得！提起这个主儿，这一分家私要不都叫他搬了娘家去，我也不是个人。”马道婆见说，便探他的口气道：“我还用你说？难道都看不出来。也亏你们心里也不理论，只凭他去。倒也好。”赵姨娘道：“我的娘！不凭他去，难道谁还敢把他怎么样呢？”
The Lady Dowager is so surprised that she shakes her hands in terror. After standing up and opening the curtain to find no one, she then turns around in relief and says to Taoist Ma " Bless my! Bless my! When it comes to this big shot, I have to say that I won't even be humane if he didn't take all the personal property to his hometown after the division." Listening to this, the Taoist Ma then says tentatively " Do I need you to tell me this? Isn't it obvious for all of us to notice that? You deserve it for you don't complain deep in your heart and just let it go. Anyway, maybe it's better though." The Lady Dowager says with a sigh "My lord! What alternative do we have if we don't let him go? Does anybody has any ways to cope with this troublemaker?"--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 07:12, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
马道婆道：“不是我说句造孽的话，你们没本事！也难怪。明里不敢怎样，暗里也算计了，还等到如今！”赵姨娘闻听这话里有话，心内暗暗的欢喜，便说道：“怎么暗里算计？我倒有这个心，只是没这样的能干人。你若教给我这法子，我大大的谢你。”马道婆听了这话打拢了一处．便又故意说道：“阿弥陀佛！你快休问我，我那里知道这些事？罪罪过过的。”赵姨娘道：“你又来了。

The Taoist Ma said,” Frankly speaking, you have no ability so that you dare not tackle openly but have done something in secret, still waiting.” After listening,the lady Dowager glad in the depth of her heart , said,” In secret? I wanted but had no the talented. I would appreciate you if you show me some ways.” Sensing that they both had same thing in mind, Ma pretended,” Amida Buddha! Don’t ask me that! How could I know such thing? What a sin!” The Lady Dowager said:” Again? You could!”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 09:35, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

The Taoist Ma said,"Frankly speaking,you really can't handle! Even though you dare not tackle openly, you should have done something secretly, how should you wait till now?." Feeling that Taoist Ma meant something, the lady Dowager glad in the depth of her heart, said,"In secret? I did want but have no the talented. I would appreciate you if you show me some ways." Hearing these words, the Taoist Ma had some ideas, but pretended," Amida Buddha! Don't ask me that! How could I know such thing? What a sin!" The Lady Dowager said:" Here you go again!--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 09:20, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
你是最肯济困扶危的人，难道就眼睁睁的看人家来摆布死了我们娘儿两个不成？难道还怕我不谢你么？”马道婆听如此，便笑道：“若说我不忍你们娘儿两个受别人委屈，还犹可，若说谢，我还想你们什么东西么？”赵姨娘听这话松动了些，便说：“你这么个明白人，怎么糊涂了？果然法子灵验，把他两人绝了，这家私还怕不是我们的。那时候你要什么不得呢？”

You are the most warmhearted person, how could you just sit and watch us two being tricked to death by others? Or you are afraid that I won't thank you?" The Daoist Ma heard that, laughed:"If you say I don't want you be bullied by others, that makes sense. But how could you think that I want something from you? The Lady Dowager heard she shaked a little, added:"You are a smart people, why are you confused? If your method works and cornered these two, afriad what the belongings won't be us? Then you may have anything."--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 09:05, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
马道婆听了，低头半日，说：“那时节事情妥当了，又无凭据，你还理我呢。”赵姨娘说：“这有何难？我攒了几两体己，还有些衣服首饰，你先拿几样去；我再写个欠银文契给你，到那时，我照数给你。”马道婆道：“使得。” 赵姨娘将一个小丫头也支开，连忙开了箱柜，将衣服首饰拿了些出来，并体己散碎银子，又写了五十两一张欠约，递与马道婆道：“你先拿去作个供养。”
==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
马道婆见了这些东西，又有欠字，遂不顾青红皂白，满口应承，伸手先将银子拿了，然后收了欠契。向赵姨娘要了张纸，拿剪子铰了两个纸人儿，递与赵姨娘，叫把他二人的年庚，写在上面；又找了一张蓝纸，铰了五个青面鬼，叫他并在一处，拿针钉了：“我在家中作法，自有效验的。”说完，忽见王夫人的丫头进来道：“奶奶可在这里，太太等你呢。”二人散了，不在话下。
==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
却说林黛玉因宝玉烫了脸不大出门，倒时常在一处说闲话儿。这日饭后，看了两篇书，又同紫鹃等作了一会针线，总闷闷不舒，一同信步出来看庭前才迸出的新笋。不觉出了院门，来到园中，四望无人，惟见花光鸟语，信步便往怡红院来。只见几十丫头舀水，都在过廓上看画眉洗澡呢。听见房内笑声，原来是李宫裁、凤姐、宝钗都在这里。一见他进来，都笑道：“这不又来了两个。”

Mascara Jade Forest seldomly went out since Precious Jade's face was scalded, while she passed the time chatting with Precious Jade frequently now. One day after meals, Mascara Jade read pieces of writing, and then sewed with Nightingale for a while, but always felt moody. Accompanying with Nightingale, Mascara Jade wandered in front of the countryard to watch the new-sprouted bamboo shoots. She unconsciously walked out the Bamboo Lodge and came to the yard where Mascara Jade meet no one but the scent of the flowers and the chirps of the birds, then she strolled to the Happy Red Court. Mascara Jade saw dozens of maids watching the melodious laughingthrush wash itself as they scooped up water in the corridor. Hearing the laughter from the house, she knew that Silk Plum, Splendid Phoenix King and Precious Hairpin Marsh grass were all here. As Mascara Jade entered the room, all of them said with smiling, "There are two more coming. "——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 09:11, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==He Minghui 何明慧==
黛玉笑道：“今儿齐全，谁下帖子请的？”凤姐道：“我前日打发人送两瓶茶叶与姑娘，可还好么？”黛玉道：“我正忘了，多谢想着。”宝玉道：“我尝了不好，不知别人尝了怎么样。”宝钗道：“味倒好，只是没甚颜色。”凤姐道：“那是暹罗国贡的。我尝了也不觉甚好，还不如我们常吃的呢。”黛玉道：“我吃着好，不知你们的脾胃是怎样的？”宝玉道：“你说好，把我的都拿了去吃罢。”

Mascara Jade laughed and said: "We are all together today! Who held the gathering? " Phoenix Sister said: "I sent a servant to give you two bottles of tea. How do you think about them?" Mascara Jade replied: "I am just thingking about it. Thank you for concerns." Precious Jade said: "I don't think the tea tastes good, but I don't know others' comments. " Precious Hairpin said: " The taste is good but a little bit common." Phoenix Sister explained: " The tea is tribute from Xian Luo country. I also think it is ordinary, even not as good as what we have in our daily life." Mascara Jade said: "The tea suits my taste. I don't learn much about you favour." Precious Jade said: " If you like the tea, you can take all mine back."--[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 09:30, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
凤姐道：“我那里还多着的呢。”黛玉道：“我叫丫头取去。”凤姐道：“不用，我打发人送来。我明日还有一事求你，一同叫人送来。” 黛玉听了，笑道：“你们听听，这是吃了他家一点子茶叶，就使唤起人来了。”凤姐笑道：“你既吃了我家的茶，怎么还不给我们家作媳妇儿？”众人都大笑不止。黛玉红了脸，回过头去，一声儿不言语。宝钗笑道：“我们二嫂子的诙谐是好的。”

Sister Phoenix said, “I still get much of it in my place.” Mascara Jade said, “I’ll have my maid go and get some.” Sister Phoenix said, “Don’t bother. I can ask my people to send it to you. Later I’ll beg you to do me a favour and I’ll let my people send the tea, along with it, to you.” Hearing this, Mascara Jade smiled, “Have you guys heard that? I just get a little bit tea from her and she starts to act as my boss.” Sister Phoenix smiled, “Now that you have received my tea, why don’t you marry into our family yet?” People all couldn’t help laughing. Mascara Jade blushed and turned her head, not saying anything. Precious Hairpin smiled, “Our second sister-in-law genuinely has a good sense of humor.”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 07:13, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Linyu 李琳玉==
黛玉道：“什么诙谐，不过是贫嘴贱舌的讨人厌罢了。”说着又啐了一口。凤姐道：“你替我家做了媳妇，少些什么？”指着宝玉道：“你瞧瞧，人物儿配不上？门第儿配不上？根基儿家私配不上？那一点儿玷辱了你？”黛玉起身便走。宝钗叫道：“颦儿急了，还不回来呢！走了倒没意思。”说着，站起来拉住。才至房门，只见赵姨娘和周姨娘两个人都来瞧宝玉。宝玉与众人都起身让坐，独凤姐不理。

Mascara Jade Forest said, "She is not humorous but annoying, addicted to senseless talk." Then she spat again. Sister Phoenix responded, "If you marry Precious Jade Merchant, in which aspect does our family not deserve you?" And pointing at Precious Jade Merchant, she added, "Look! Does he such a person not deserve you? His background not deserve? His wealth? In which aspect does he on earth humiliate you?" After hearing about this, Mascara Jade Forest stood up and walked out. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stopped her, "Frown is embarrassed! How haven't you come back yet? There's no point in leaving." As saying, she got up and was going to grasp Mascara Jade Forest. When Precious Hairpin Marshgrass reached the door, she met Aunt Walk and Aunt Surrounding both of whom came to see Precious Jade Merchant. Precious Jade Merchant and others all stood up and offered their seats except Sister Phoenix, who sat still and ignored them.--[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 09:32, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
宝钗正欲说话，只见王夫人房里的丫头来说：“舅太太来了，请奶奶姑娘们出去呢。”李宫裁连忙同着凤姐儿走了。赵周两人也辞了出去。宝玉道：“我不能出去，你们好歹别叫舅母进来。”又说：“林妹妹，你略站一站，与你说句话。”凤姐听了，回头向林黛玉道：“有人叫你说话呢。”便把黛玉往后一推，和李纨一同去了。

Precious Hairpin was going to say something while Lady King's slave girl said,"Uncle madam is coming and asking young mistresses and maidens to the outside." Aulic Silk Plum followed Sister Phoenix to leave in a hurry. Zhao and Surrounding took leave as well. Precious Jade said,"I can't go outside. And you don't let aunt come in at least." Then he continued,:"Wait a minute, Sister Forest. I'd like to have a word with you." Sister Phoenix heard the words, turning back to Mascara Jade Forest and saying,"Someone wants to talk to you." Then pushing Mascara Jade back, she left with Silk Pulm.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 08:17, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Hairpin was going to say something while Lady King's slave girl came and said,"Uncle madam is coming and asking young mistresses and maidens to the outside." Aulic Silk Plum followed Sister Phoenix to leave in a hurry. Zhao and Surrounding took leave as well. Precious Jade said,"I can't go outside. And you don't let aunt come in at least." Then he continued,"Wait a minute, Sister Forest. I'd like to have a word with you." Sister Phoenix heard the words, turning back to Mascara and saying,"Someone wants to talk to you." Then pushing Mascara Jade back, she left with Silk Pulm.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
这里宝玉拉了黛玉的手，只是笑，又不说话。黛玉不觉又红了脸，挣着要走。宝玉道：“嗳哟！好头疼！”黛玉道：“该，阿弥陀佛！”宝玉大叫一声，将身一跳，离地有三四尺高，口内乱嚷，尽是胡话。黛玉并众丫鬟都唬慌了，忙报知王夫人与贾母。此时王子腾的夫人也在这里，都一齐来看。宝玉一发拿刀弄杖，寻死觅活的，闹的天翻地覆。

Here Precious Jade Merchant held Mascara Jade Forest's hands, just smiling but without a word. Mascara flushed and tried to get out from him. Precious Jade exclaimed,"Oh, my head hurts!" Mascara replied,"For your sins! Amitabha!" Suddenly Precious Jade burst out, jumped up a few feet high, exclaimed some meaningless words. Being shocked by his manner, Mascara and the servant girls hurrily told Lady King and Grandma Merchant, who came and saw Precious Jade together with Soar King's wife. And he blows rather vehemently and claimed to suicide, making all in an uproar.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 08:57, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
贾母王夫人一见，唬的抖衣乱战，“儿”一声“肉”一声，放声大哭。于是惊动了众人，连贾赦、邢夫人、贾珍、贾政并琏、蓉、芸、萍、薛姨妈、薛蟠并周瑞家的一干家中上下人等并丫鬟媳妇等，都来园内看视，登时乱麻一般。正没个主意，只见凤姐手持一把明晃晃的刀，砍进园来，见鸡杀鸡，见犬杀犬，见了人，瞪着眼就要杀人。众人一发慌了。

See this situation, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were so scared that they shivered, which made their clothes quivered. They bursted into tears, and that startled everybody. Even Pardon Merchant, Lady City, Treasure Merchant, Master Merchant, Romance Merchant, Prosperity Merchant, Rue Merchant, Duckweed Merchant, Aunt Marshgrass, Dragon Marshgrass and the whole Auspicious Surrounding's family along with servant girls, all came to the garden to see it. It was like a mess at that moment. As they had no idea, Sister Phoenix came into the garden with a bright knife. She killed chickens when she saw chickens, dogs when she saw dogs, and people when she saw people. Everyone panicked. --[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 04:55, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
周瑞媳妇带着几个力大的女人，上去抱住，夺了刀，抬回房中。平儿丰儿等哭的哀天叫地。贾政也心中着忙。当下众人七言八语，有说送祟的，有说跳神的，有荐玉皇阁张道士捉怪的，整闹了半日，祈求祷告，百般医治，并不见好。日落后，王子腾夫人告辞去了。次日，王子腾也来问候。接着小史侯家、邢夫人弟兄并各亲戚都来瞧看，也有送符水的，也有荐僧道的，也有荐医的。
==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
他叔嫂二人，一发糊涂，不省人事，身热如火，在床上乱说，到夜里更甚。因此那些婆子丫鬟不敢上前，故将他叔嫂二人，都搬到王夫人的上房内，着人轮班守视。贾母、王夫人、邢夫人并薛姨妈寸步不离，只围着哭。此时贾赦贾政又恐哭坏了贾母，日夜熬油费火，闹的上下不安。贾赦还各赴去寻觅僧道。

His uncle and sister-in-law were confused, unconscious and hot. They talked nonsense in bed, even worse at night. Therefore, those women and servant girls did not dare to come forward, so they moved his uncle and sister-in-law to Mrs. Wang's upper room and watched by people in shifts. Grandma Merchant, Lady King, Lady City and Aunt Marshgrass didn't leave them, but cried around them. At this time, Pardon Merchant and Politics Merchant were afraid of Grandma Merchant becoming sick because of crying. They comforted her day and night and made uneasy up and down. Pardon Merchant also went to find monks and Taoists.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 00:36, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
贾政见不效验，因阻贾赦道：“儿女之数，总由天命，非人力可强。他二人之病，百般医治不效，想是天意该如此，也只好由他去。”贾赦不理，仍是百般忙乱。看看三日光阴，那凤姐宝玉躺在床上，连气息都微了。合家都说没了指望了，忙的将他二人的后事都治备下了。贾母、王夫人、贾琏、平儿、袭人等更哭的死去活来。只有赵姨娘外面假作忧愁，心中称愿。
==Our Xinyu 欧欣榆==
至第四日早，宝玉忽睁开眼向贾母说道：“从今已后，我可不在你家了，快打发我走罢。”贾母听见这话，如同摘了心肝一般。赵姨娘在旁劝道：“老太太也不必过于悲痛。哥儿已是不中用了，不如把哥儿的衣服穿好，让他早些回去，也免他受些苦；只管舍不得他，这口气不断，他在那里，也受罪不安。”
==Wang Rou 汪柔==
这些话没说完，被贾母照脸啐了一口唾沫，骂道：“烂了舌头的混账老婆！怎么见得不中用了？你愿意他死了，有什么好处？你别作梦！他死了，我只合你们要命。都是你们素日调唆着，逼他念书写字，把胆子唬破了，见了他老子就像个‘避猫鼠儿’一样。都不是你们速起小妇调唆的？这会子逼死了他，你们就随了心了。我饶那一个！”一面哭，一面骂。
==Wei jingting 魏静婷==
贾政在旁听见这些话，心里越发着急，忙喝退了赵姨娘，委宛劝解了一番。忽有人来回：“两口棺木都做齐了。”贾母闻之，如刀刺心，一发哭着大骂，问：“是谁叫做的棺材？快把做棺材的人拿来打死！”闹了个天翻地覆。忽听见空中隐隐有木鱼声，念了一句“南无解冤解结菩萨！有那人口不利、家宅不安、中邪祟、逢凶险的，我们善能医治。”贾母王夫人便命人向街上找寻去。

Master Merchant heard these words beside, feeling more and more nervous so he scolded Zhao yiniang immediately and mollified mildly for some time.Suddenly somebody told that:"Both of two coffins have been made. " After Grandma Merchant heard this, her heart was broken with grief. She was abusing with tears and asked:" Who demand making coffins? Put him to death！ " which caused a total disorder. Suddenly in the air spread the sound of wooden fish indistinctly and someone was saying :"Namo Amitabha Buddha! We can cure those who have bad luck with the population, those who are unsettled in their homes, those who have been struck by evil spirits, or those who are in danger." So Grandma Merchant and Lady King ordered people to look for them in the street.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]])
After hearing these words beside, Master Merchant felt more and more nervous so he scolded Zhao yiniang immediately and mollified mildly for some time.Suddenly somebody told that:"Both of two coffins have been made. " After Grandma Merchant heard this, her heart was broken with grief. She was abusing with tears and asked:" Who demand making coffins? Put him to death！ " which caused a total disorder. Suddenly in the air spread the sound of wooden fish indistinctly and someone was saying :"Namo Amitabha Buddha! We can cure those who have bad luck with the people, those who are unsettled in their homes, those who have been struck by evil spirits, or those who are in danger." So Grandma Merchant and Lady King ordered people to look for them in the street.--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 08:06, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
原来是一个癞和尚同一个跛道士。那和尚是怎的模样？但见：鼻如悬胆两眉长，目似明星有宝光；破衲芒鞋无住迹，腌臜更有一头疮。那道人是如何模样？看他时：一足高来一足低，浑身带水又拖泥；相逢若问家何处，却在蓬莱弱水西。贾政因命人请了进来，问他二人：“在何山修道？”那僧笑道：“长官不消多话，因知府上人口欠安，特来医治的。”

It turned out to be a toady monk with a Lame Taoist. What’s the monk look like？ As you can see，his nose hangs like a gall bladder and his eyebrows are very long，his eyes like star shining with precious light. He wore shabby clothes and sandals and had no place to live，he is dirty with a head of acne. How about the Taoist？As you see，one foot high and the other low，he is covered with mud and water. If you meet him and ask where is he from，he will tell you in the west of Ruoshui River in Paradise, Fairy Tale Land. Master Merchant then ordered the servant to invite them in，and asked them：“Which mountain do you practice your wayways on?” The monk smiled and said，“You don’t need to say too much，I know someone in your family is not well, and I'm here to help you.--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 07:59, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
贾政道：“有两个人中了邪，不知有何方可治？”那道人笑道：“你家现有希世之宝，可治此病，何须问方！”贾政心中便动了，因道：“小儿生时虽带了一块玉来，上面刻着‘能除凶邪’，然亦未见灵效。”那僧道：“长官有所不知，那‘宝玉’原是灵的，只因为声色货利所迷，故此不灵了。你今将此宝取出来，待找持诵持诵，就依旧灵了。” 贾政便向宝玉项上取下那块玉来，递与他二人。

Merchant Jia said:"There are two people bewitched. Can you tell me what kind of prescription to cure disease?" That daoist said with a smile:"There is valuble treasure in your family to cure this kind of disease,so it's unnecessary to ask for others."Merchant Jia had a tremble in his heart，and he said:"My son took a piece of jade engraved with words reading'It helps to drive fierce evil away.' when born,but we haven't seen its magical efficacy yet. "The taoist responsed:"Master,you are unfamiliar that the precious jew originally worked,but it didn't work because of fascination by sensuality. You can make it taken effect after taking it out to insist on reciting. "Merchant Jia
took off that piece of jade from Precious Jade'neck to pass it to the taoist.-[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 09:27, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
那和尚擎在掌上，长叹一声，道：“青埂蜂下，别来十三载矣！人世光阴迅速，尘缘未断，奈何奈何！可羡你当日那段好处：天不拘兮地不羁，心头无喜亦无悲；只因锻炼通灵后，便向人间惹是非。可惜今日这番经历呀：粉渍脂痕污宝光，房栊日夜困鸳鸯；沉酣一梦终须醒，冤债偿清好散场。”

The monk took the jade in the palm of his hand, sighed and said, "Under the ridge of green, we have been separated for thirteen years! The world time flies, our fate has not broken. How to do! I envied your good then: nothing in heaven or earth could confine you, neither joy nor sorrow was in your heart; But because after forging into the soul, you came to the world to cause trouble. It is a pity that you have this experience today: the psychic jade is stained by rouge powder has lost its luster. Precious Jade spent all day and all night in the splendid house with girls. Deep and sound dreams must be awakened, and bad karma must be paid. Everyone went back to their respective homes.--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 03:23, 11 March 2022 (UTC)YangLei

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
念毕，又摩弄了一回，说了些疯话，递与贾政道：“此物已灵，不可亵渎，悬于卧室槛上，除自己亲人外，不可令阴人冲犯。三十三日之后，包管好了。”贾政忙命人让茶，那二人已经走了，只得依言而行。凤姐宝玉果一日好似一日的，渐渐醒来，知道饿了，贾母王夫人才放了心。众姊妹都在外间听消息，黛玉先念一声佛，宝钗笑而不言，惜春道：“宝姐姐笑什么？”

After finished murmuring, the monk rubbed the jade for a moment and raved a bit. He than passed the jade to Master Merchant and said, “This object has got soul and can not be blasphemed. It should be hung on the doorsill of the bedroom and every woman expect relatives is not allowed to touch it. After thirty-three days they will make good recoveries.” The two had left already before Master Merchant ordered tea for them, leaving him to perform what had been told. As expected, Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade got better day by day, they gradually recovered consciousness and could feel hungry. Seeing this, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were set at ease. While all the girls were listening to the news outside, Mascara Jade recited the Buddha with Precious Hairpin smiling without a word. “What is Precious Sister laughing at?,” asked Cherishing Spring. --[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 11:50, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

After finished chanting, the monk rubbed the jade for a another time and raved a lot. He then passed the jade to Master Merchant and said, “This object has soul and can not be blasphemed. It should be hung on the doorsill of the bedroom and no woman is allowed to touch it except your female relatives. After thirty-three days they will make good recoveries .” The two had left already before Master Merchant ordered tea for them, leaving him performing what he had been told. As expected, Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade got better day by day, they gradually came to consciousness and could feel hungriness. Seeing this, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were set at ease. While all the girls were overhearing the news outside, Mascara Jade called the Buddha with Precious Hairpin smiling without a word. “What is Precious Sister laughing at?,” asked Cherishing Spring. -- --

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
宝钗道：“我笑如来佛比人还忙：又要度化众生；又要保佑人家病痛，都叫他速好；又要管人家的婚姻，叫他成就。你说可忙不忙？可好笑不好笑？”一时林黛玉红了脸，啐了一口道：“你们都不是好人！再不跟着好人学，只跟着凤丫头学的贫嘴。”一面说，一面掀帘子出去了。欲知端详，下回分解。第二十六回蜂腰桥设言传心事潇湘馆春困发幽情

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said :"I joked that the budda is even busier than human .he has to not only purdue the beings but also proect people from pains or accelerate their recoveries from illness,besides he is even responsible for adminstrating and comsumating people's marriages he lives a very busy life, doesn't he,isn't it ridiculous?"Prescous jade blushed at once then spitted and said :"You bad guys! you never learn from good people ,but always parody the garrulousness of Feng Girl"In the meantime ,she opened the window and went away.Foreknowledge what will happen next ,please see next time.Loop 26 .Manage to tell the truth at Wasp Waist Bridge .Fliped in bamboo Lodge under spring sleepiness. --

Precious Hairpin said,"It's interesting that Tathagata is even busier than human beings--he has to save all living creatures from torment; has to proect beings from pains or accelerate the process of recoveries; has to be in charge of marriages. He is so busy, isn't he? It's so funny, right?" Mascara jade blushed at once, spitted and said,"You all are bad guys! You have to learn from good people rather than parody the garrulousness of Phoenix Girl." As she was saying, she pushed the door curtain and went away. As to what happened thereafter, please see the ensuring chapters. Chapter26 Schemed to tell the truth at Wasp Waist Bridge. Got lipped in bamboo Lodge under spring sleepiness.--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 09:14, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
话说宝玉养过了三十三天之后，不但身体强壮，亦且连脸上疮痕平复，仍回大观园去。这也不在话下。且说近日宝玉病的时节，贾芸带着家下小厮坐更看守，昼夜在这里；那小红同众丫鬟也在这里守着宝玉，彼此相见多日，都渐渐混熟了。小红见贾芸手里拿着手帕子，倒像是自己从前掉的，待要问他，又不好问的。不料那和尚道士来过，用不着一切男人，贾芸仍种树去了。

After 33days Precious Jade regained his strong constitution and the scar on his face recovered as well. He came back to the Prospect Garden. Let's leave it here. Merchant Rue along with the servants in the house have guarded Precious Jade round the clock. Little Red and other servant girls were also here taking care of Precious Jade. Seeing each other for several days, gradually they got acquainted. Little Red saw Merchant Rue took the handkerchief that resembled the one she previously has lost, so she wanted to asked him, but it's not convenient. Unexpectedly, that monk came and no man was needed here. Merchant Rue returned to plant trees. --[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 08:48, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
这件事待放下又放不下，待要问去又怕人猜疑，正是犹预不决神魂不定之际，忽听窗外问道：“姐姐在屋里没有？”小红闻听。在窗眼内望外一看，原来是本院的个小丫头名叫佳蕙的，因答说：“在家里呢，你进来罢。”佳蕙听了跑进来，就坐在床上，笑道：“我好造化！才在院子里洗东西，宝玉叫往林姑娘那里送茶叶，花大姐姐交给我进去，可巧老太太给林姑娘送钱来，正分给他们的丫头们呢，见我去了，林姑娘就抓了两把给我，也不知多少，你替我收着。”

This is something that she wants to forget but fails to; wishes to go and ask but fears to, in case being suspected of infidelity. So, she is now anxiously hesitating and desperately puzzling. Suddenly a voice asks from outside the window-- “Are you in the house, sister?” Hearing this, Little Red looks out through the window and finds out it’s a little girl in this house named Good Orchid. “I’m in the house, just come in.” She then answers. Hearing her, Good Orchid runs in and sits in the bed, laughing, “I was so lucky! I was washing something in the courtyard when Precious Jade asked to send tea to Miss Forest’s, so Big Sister Flower asked me to send it. By a happy coincidence that Miss Forest was handing out the money which had just sent her from Grandam, to her girls. And seeing my coming, she grabbed two hands of money to me. I don’t know how much money is here though. Please help me save them.”--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

She wants to forget it but fails;she wants to have some consultation but fears of being suspected. So, she is now anxiously hesitating and desperately puzzled. Suddenly a voice comes from outside the window-- “Are you in the room, sister?” Hearing this, Little Red looks out through the window and finds out it’s the little girl in this house named Good Orchid. “I’m in the house；just come in.” She then answers. Hearing her, Good Orchid runs in and sits in the bed, laughing, “I was so lucky! I was washing something in the courtyard when Precious Jade asked someone to send tea to Miss Forest’s, so Big Sister Flower asked me to send it. By a happy coincidence that Miss Forest was handing out the money which had just been sent to her from Grandam to her girls. And seeing my coming, she grabbed two hands of money to me. I don’t know how much money is here though. Please help me save them.”--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 09:46, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
便把手帕子打开，把钱倒了出来，小红就替他一五一十的数了收起。佳蕙道：“你这一阵子心里到底觉怎么样？依我说，你竟家去住两日，请一个大夫来瞧瞧，吃两剂药，就好了。”小红道：“那里的话？好好的，家去做什么！”佳蕙道：“我想起来了，林姑娘生的弱，时常吃药，你就和他要些来吃，也是一样。”小红道：“胡说！药也是混吃的。”

Melilot then unfolds her handkerchief and pours the coins out. Then Little Red keeps them after counting carefully. Good Orchid says," How is it going recently? In my opinion, you'd better go home for a couple of days to invite a doctor to examine your body. You will be OK after taking medicine." Little Red replies," What are you suggesting! I am fine! Why should I go back home!" Good Orchid says," It occurs to me that Miss Lin is vulnerable and often takes medicine. You will be fine as well if you acquire medicine from her." Little Red retorted," You are talking nonsense! How can medicine be taken so randomly!"--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 12:11, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

Melilot then unfolds her handkerchief and pours the coins out. Then Little Red keeps them after counting carefully. Good Orchid says," How is it going recently? In my opinion, you'd better go home for a couple of days to invite a doctor to examine your body. You will be OK after taking medicine." Little Red replies," What are you suggesting! I am fine! Why should I go back home!" Good Orchid says," It occurs to me that Miss Lin is vulnerable and often takes medicine. You will be fine as well if you acquire medicine from her." Little Red retorted," You are talking nonsense! How can medicine be taken so randomly!"--[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 03:12, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
佳慧道：“你这也不是个长法儿，又懒吃懒喝的，终久怎么样？”小红道：“怕什么，还不如早些死了倒干净。”佳蕙道：“好好的，怎么说这些话？”小红道：“你那里知道我心中的事！” 佳蕙点头，想了一会道：“可也怨不得你。这个地方，本也难站。就象昨儿老太太因宝玉病了这些日子，说伏侍的人都辛苦了，如今身上好了，各处还香了愿，叫把跟着的人都按着等儿赏他们。

Good Orchid said, “It’s not a way to do so, and you are too lazy to do something. What will happen at the end?” Little Red replied ,” what are you afraid of ? I’d rather want to die.” Good Orchid said,” everything is fine, why would you say that?” And Red said,” You don't know what I was thinking !” Good Orchid nodded her head and thought a while, ”it’s not your fault. This place is hard to get a position. Like yesterday, the Madame went to the temple to pay her vows and planned to reward those who served Precious Jade because he recovered his health due to their service.--[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 03:10, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220307 homework

2022-03-11T09:49:43Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

Quicklinks: [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[CULTURE2022_20220603_final_exam|final exam page]]

This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

When you have finished writing your homework, please do not forget to click the "save" button and type in the password "wikicaptcha".

Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
赵姨娘叹口气道：“你瞧，那里头还有块成样的么？就有好东西也到不了我这里。你不嫌不好，挑两块去就是了。”马道婆便挑了几块，掖在怀里。赵姨娘又问：“前日我打发人送了五百钱去，你可在药王面前上了供没有？”马道婆道：“早已替你上了供了。”赵姨娘叹气道：“阿弥陀佛！我手里但凡从容些，也时常来上供，只是‘心有余而力不足’。”
==Chen Kun 陈锟==
马道婆道：“你只放心，将来熬的环哥大了，得了一官半职，那时你要做多大功德，还怕不能么？”赵姨娘听了笑道：“罢，罢！再别提起，如今就是榜样儿。我们娘儿们跟的上这屋里那一个儿？宝玉儿还是小孩子家，长的得人意儿，大人偏疼他些儿，也还罢了；我只不服这个主儿！”一面说，一面伸了两个指头。马道婆会意，便问道：“可是琏二奶奶？”

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
赵姨娘唬的忙摇手，起身掀帘子一看，见无人，方回身向道婆说：“了不得，了不得！提起这个主儿，这一分家私要不都叫他搬了娘家去，我也不是个人。”马道婆见说，便探他的口气道：“我还用你说？难道都看不出来。也亏你们心里也不理论，只凭他去。倒也好。”赵姨娘道：“我的娘！不凭他去，难道谁还敢把他怎么样呢？”
The Lady Dowager is so surprised that she shakes her hands in terror. After standing up and opening the curtain to find no one, she then turns around in relief and says to Taoist Ma " Bless my! Bless my! When it comes to this big shot, I have to say that I won't even be humane if he didn't take all the personal property to his hometown after the division." Listening to this, the Taoist Ma then says tentatively " Do I need you to tell me this? Isn't it obvious for all of us to notice that? You deserve it for you don't complain deep in your heart and just let it go. Anyway, maybe it's better though." The Lady Dowager says with a sigh "My lord! What alternative do we have if we don't let him go? Does anybody has any ways to cope with this troublemaker?"--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 07:12, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
马道婆道：“不是我说句造孽的话，你们没本事！也难怪。明里不敢怎样，暗里也算计了，还等到如今！”赵姨娘闻听这话里有话，心内暗暗的欢喜，便说道：“怎么暗里算计？我倒有这个心，只是没这样的能干人。你若教给我这法子，我大大的谢你。”马道婆听了这话打拢了一处．便又故意说道：“阿弥陀佛！你快休问我，我那里知道这些事？罪罪过过的。”赵姨娘道：“你又来了。

The Taoist Ma said,” Frankly speaking, you have no ability so that you dare not tackle openly but have done something in secret, still waiting.” After listening,the lady Dowager glad in the depth of her heart , said,” In secret? I wanted but had no the talented. I would appreciate you if you show me some ways.” Sensing that they both had same thing in mind, Ma pretended,” Amida Buddha! Don’t ask me that! How could I know such thing? What a sin!” The Lady Dowager said:” Again? You could!”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 09:35, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

The Taoist Ma said,"Frankly speaking,you really can't handle! Even though you dare not tackle openly, you should have done something secretly, how should you wait till now?." Feeling that Taoist Ma meant something, the lady Dowager glad in the depth of her heart, said,"In secret? I did want but have no the talented. I would appreciate you if you show me some ways." Hearing these words, the Taoist Ma had some ideas, but pretended," Amida Buddha! Don't ask me that! How could I know such thing? What a sin!" The Lady Dowager said:" Here you go again!--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 09:20, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
你是最肯济困扶危的人，难道就眼睁睁的看人家来摆布死了我们娘儿两个不成？难道还怕我不谢你么？”马道婆听如此，便笑道：“若说我不忍你们娘儿两个受别人委屈，还犹可，若说谢，我还想你们什么东西么？”赵姨娘听这话松动了些，便说：“你这么个明白人，怎么糊涂了？果然法子灵验，把他两人绝了，这家私还怕不是我们的。那时候你要什么不得呢？”

You are the most warmhearted person, how could you just sit and watch us two being tricked to death by others? Or you are afraid that I won't thank you?" The Daoist Ma heard that, laughed:"If you say I don't want you be bullied by others, that makes sense. But how could you think that I want something from you? The Lady Dowager heard she shaked a little, added:"You are a smart people, why are you confused? If your method works and cornered these two, afriad what the belongings won't be us? Then you may have anything."--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 09:05, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
马道婆听了，低头半日，说：“那时节事情妥当了，又无凭据，你还理我呢。”赵姨娘说：“这有何难？我攒了几两体己，还有些衣服首饰，你先拿几样去；我再写个欠银文契给你，到那时，我照数给你。”马道婆道：“使得。” 赵姨娘将一个小丫头也支开，连忙开了箱柜，将衣服首饰拿了些出来，并体己散碎银子，又写了五十两一张欠约，递与马道婆道：“你先拿去作个供养。”
==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
马道婆见了这些东西，又有欠字，遂不顾青红皂白，满口应承，伸手先将银子拿了，然后收了欠契。向赵姨娘要了张纸，拿剪子铰了两个纸人儿，递与赵姨娘，叫把他二人的年庚，写在上面；又找了一张蓝纸，铰了五个青面鬼，叫他并在一处，拿针钉了：“我在家中作法，自有效验的。”说完，忽见王夫人的丫头进来道：“奶奶可在这里，太太等你呢。”二人散了，不在话下。
==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
却说林黛玉因宝玉烫了脸不大出门，倒时常在一处说闲话儿。这日饭后，看了两篇书，又同紫鹃等作了一会针线，总闷闷不舒，一同信步出来看庭前才迸出的新笋。不觉出了院门，来到园中，四望无人，惟见花光鸟语，信步便往怡红院来。只见几十丫头舀水，都在过廓上看画眉洗澡呢。听见房内笑声，原来是李宫裁、凤姐、宝钗都在这里。一见他进来，都笑道：“这不又来了两个。”

Mascara Jade Forest seldomly went out since Precious Jade's face was scalded, while she passed the time chatting with Precious Jade frequently now. One day after meals, Mascara Jade read pieces of writing, and then sewed with Nightingale for a while, but always felt moody. Accompanying with Nightingale, Mascara Jade wandered in front of the countryard to watch the new-sprouted bamboo shoots. She unconsciously walked out the Bamboo Lodge and came to the yard where Mascara Jade meet no one but the scent of the flowers and the chirps of the birds, then she strolled to the Happy Red Court. Mascara Jade saw dozens of maids watching the melodious laughingthrush wash itself as they scooped up water in the corridor. Hearing the laughter from the house, she knew that Silk Plum, Splendid Phoenix King and Precious Hairpin Marsh grass were all here. As Mascara Jade entered the room, all of them said with smiling, "There are two more coming. "——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 09:11, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==He Minghui 何明慧==
黛玉笑道：“今儿齐全，谁下帖子请的？”凤姐道：“我前日打发人送两瓶茶叶与姑娘，可还好么？”黛玉道：“我正忘了，多谢想着。”宝玉道：“我尝了不好，不知别人尝了怎么样。”宝钗道：“味倒好，只是没甚颜色。”凤姐道：“那是暹罗国贡的。我尝了也不觉甚好，还不如我们常吃的呢。”黛玉道：“我吃着好，不知你们的脾胃是怎样的？”宝玉道：“你说好，把我的都拿了去吃罢。”

Mascara Jade laughed and said: "We are all together today! Who held the gathering? " Phoenix Sister said: "I sent a servant to give you two bottles of tea. How do you think about them?" Mascara Jade replied: "I am just thingking about it. Thank you for concerns." Precious Jade said: "I don't think the tea tastes good, but I don't know others' comments. " Precious Hairpin said: " The taste is good but a little bit common." Phoenix Sister explained: " The tea is tribute from Xian Luo country. I also think it is ordinary, even not as good as what we have in our daily life." Mascara Jade said: "The tea suits my taste. I don't learn much about you favour." Precious Jade said: " If you like the tea, you can take all mine back."--[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 09:30, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
凤姐道：“我那里还多着的呢。”黛玉道：“我叫丫头取去。”凤姐道：“不用，我打发人送来。我明日还有一事求你，一同叫人送来。” 黛玉听了，笑道：“你们听听，这是吃了他家一点子茶叶，就使唤起人来了。”凤姐笑道：“你既吃了我家的茶，怎么还不给我们家作媳妇儿？”众人都大笑不止。黛玉红了脸，回过头去，一声儿不言语。宝钗笑道：“我们二嫂子的诙谐是好的。”

Sister Phoenix said, “I still get much of it in my place.” Mascara Jade said, “I’ll have my maid go and get some.” Sister Phoenix said, “Don’t bother. I can ask my people to send it to you. Later I’ll beg you to do me a favour and I’ll let my people send the tea, along with it, to you.” Hearing this, Mascara Jade smiled, “Have you guys heard that? I just get a little bit tea from her and she starts to act as my boss.” Sister Phoenix smiled, “Now that you have received my tea, why don’t you marry into our family yet?” People all couldn’t help laughing. Mascara Jade blushed and turned her head, not saying anything. Precious Hairpin smiled, “Our second sister-in-law genuinely has a good sense of humor.”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 07:13, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Linyu 李琳玉==
黛玉道：“什么诙谐，不过是贫嘴贱舌的讨人厌罢了。”说着又啐了一口。凤姐道：“你替我家做了媳妇，少些什么？”指着宝玉道：“你瞧瞧，人物儿配不上？门第儿配不上？根基儿家私配不上？那一点儿玷辱了你？”黛玉起身便走。宝钗叫道：“颦儿急了，还不回来呢！走了倒没意思。”说着，站起来拉住。才至房门，只见赵姨娘和周姨娘两个人都来瞧宝玉。宝玉与众人都起身让坐，独凤姐不理。

Mascara Jade Forest said, "She is not humorous but annoying, addicted to senseless talk." Then she spat again. Sister Phoenix responded, "If you marry Precious Jade Merchant, in which aspect does our family not deserve you?" And pointing at Precious Jade Merchant, she added, "Look! Does he such a person not deserve you? His background not deserve? His wealth? In which aspect does he on earth humiliate you?" After hearing about this, Mascara Jade Forest stood up and walked out. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stopped her, "Frown is embarrassed! How haven't you come back yet? There's no point in leaving." As saying, she got up and was going to grasp Mascara Jade Forest. When Precious Hairpin Marshgrass reached the door, she met Aunt Walk and Aunt Surrounding both of whom came to see Precious Jade Merchant. Precious Jade Merchant and others all stood up and offered their seats except Sister Phoenix, who sat still and ignored them.--[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 09:32, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
宝钗正欲说话，只见王夫人房里的丫头来说：“舅太太来了，请奶奶姑娘们出去呢。”李宫裁连忙同着凤姐儿走了。赵周两人也辞了出去。宝玉道：“我不能出去，你们好歹别叫舅母进来。”又说：“林妹妹，你略站一站，与你说句话。”凤姐听了，回头向林黛玉道：“有人叫你说话呢。”便把黛玉往后一推，和李纨一同去了。

Precious Hairpin was going to say something while Lady King's slave girl said,"Uncle madam is coming and asking young mistresses and maidens to the outside." Aulic Silk Plum followed Sister Phoenix to leave in a hurry. Zhao and Surrounding took leave as well. Precious Jade said,"I can't go outside. And you don't let aunt come in at least." Then he continued,:"Wait a minute, Sister Forest. I'd like to have a word with you." Sister Phoenix heard the words, turning back to Mascara Jade Forest and saying,"Someone wants to talk to you." Then pushing Mascara Jade back, she left with Silk Pulm.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 08:17, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Hairpin was going to say something while Lady King's slave girl came and said,"Uncle madam is coming and asking young mistresses and maidens to the outside." Aulic Silk Plum followed Sister Phoenix to leave in a hurry. Zhao and Surrounding took leave as well. Precious Jade said,"I can't go outside. And you don't let aunt come in at least." Then he continued,"Wait a minute, Sister Forest. I'd like to have a word with you." Sister Phoenix heard the words, turning back to Mascara and saying,"Someone wants to talk to you." Then pushing Mascara Jade back, she left with Silk Pulm.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
这里宝玉拉了黛玉的手，只是笑，又不说话。黛玉不觉又红了脸，挣着要走。宝玉道：“嗳哟！好头疼！”黛玉道：“该，阿弥陀佛！”宝玉大叫一声，将身一跳，离地有三四尺高，口内乱嚷，尽是胡话。黛玉并众丫鬟都唬慌了，忙报知王夫人与贾母。此时王子腾的夫人也在这里，都一齐来看。宝玉一发拿刀弄杖，寻死觅活的，闹的天翻地覆。

Here Precious Jade Merchant held Mascara Jade Forest's hands, just smiling but without a word. Mascara flushed and tried to get out from him. Precious Jade exclaimed,"Oh, my head hurts!" Mascara replied,"For your sins! Amitabha!" Suddenly Precious Jade burst out, jumped up a few feet high, exclaimed some meaningless words. Being shocked by his manner, Mascara and the servant girls hurrily told Lady King and Grandma Merchant, who came and saw Precious Jade together with Soar King's wife. And he blows rather vehemently and claimed to suicide, making all in an uproar.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 08:57, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
贾母王夫人一见，唬的抖衣乱战，“儿”一声“肉”一声，放声大哭。于是惊动了众人，连贾赦、邢夫人、贾珍、贾政并琏、蓉、芸、萍、薛姨妈、薛蟠并周瑞家的一干家中上下人等并丫鬟媳妇等，都来园内看视，登时乱麻一般。正没个主意，只见凤姐手持一把明晃晃的刀，砍进园来，见鸡杀鸡，见犬杀犬，见了人，瞪着眼就要杀人。众人一发慌了。

See this situation, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were so scared that they shivered, which made their clothes quivered. They bursted into tears, and that startled everybody. Even Pardon Merchant, Lady City, Treasure Merchant, Master Merchant, Romance Merchant, Prosperity Merchant, Rue Merchant, Duckweed Merchant, Aunt Marshgrass, Dragon Marshgrass and the whole Auspicious Surrounding's family along with servant girls, all came to the garden to see it. It was like a mess at that moment. As they had no idea, Sister Phoenix came into the garden with a bright knife. She killed chickens when she saw chickens, dogs when she saw dogs, and people when she saw people. Everyone panicked. --[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 04:55, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
周瑞媳妇带着几个力大的女人，上去抱住，夺了刀，抬回房中。平儿丰儿等哭的哀天叫地。贾政也心中着忙。当下众人七言八语，有说送祟的，有说跳神的，有荐玉皇阁张道士捉怪的，整闹了半日，祈求祷告，百般医治，并不见好。日落后，王子腾夫人告辞去了。次日，王子腾也来问候。接着小史侯家、邢夫人弟兄并各亲戚都来瞧看，也有送符水的，也有荐僧道的，也有荐医的。
==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
他叔嫂二人，一发糊涂，不省人事，身热如火，在床上乱说，到夜里更甚。因此那些婆子丫鬟不敢上前，故将他叔嫂二人，都搬到王夫人的上房内，着人轮班守视。贾母、王夫人、邢夫人并薛姨妈寸步不离，只围着哭。此时贾赦贾政又恐哭坏了贾母，日夜熬油费火，闹的上下不安。贾赦还各赴去寻觅僧道。

His uncle and sister-in-law were confused, unconscious and hot. They talked nonsense in bed, even worse at night. Therefore, those women and servant girls did not dare to come forward, so they moved his uncle and sister-in-law to Mrs. Wang's upper room and watched by people in shifts. Grandma Merchant, Lady King, Lady City and Aunt Marshgrass didn't leave them, but cried around them. At this time, Pardon Merchant and Politics Merchant were afraid of Grandma Merchant becoming sick because of crying. They comforted her day and night and made uneasy up and down. Pardon Merchant also went to find monks and Taoists.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 00:36, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
贾政见不效验，因阻贾赦道：“儿女之数，总由天命，非人力可强。他二人之病，百般医治不效，想是天意该如此，也只好由他去。”贾赦不理，仍是百般忙乱。看看三日光阴，那凤姐宝玉躺在床上，连气息都微了。合家都说没了指望了，忙的将他二人的后事都治备下了。贾母、王夫人、贾琏、平儿、袭人等更哭的死去活来。只有赵姨娘外面假作忧愁，心中称愿。
==Our Xinyu 欧欣榆==
至第四日早，宝玉忽睁开眼向贾母说道：“从今已后，我可不在你家了，快打发我走罢。”贾母听见这话，如同摘了心肝一般。赵姨娘在旁劝道：“老太太也不必过于悲痛。哥儿已是不中用了，不如把哥儿的衣服穿好，让他早些回去，也免他受些苦；只管舍不得他，这口气不断，他在那里，也受罪不安。”
==Wang Rou 汪柔==
这些话没说完，被贾母照脸啐了一口唾沫，骂道：“烂了舌头的混账老婆！怎么见得不中用了？你愿意他死了，有什么好处？你别作梦！他死了，我只合你们要命。都是你们素日调唆着，逼他念书写字，把胆子唬破了，见了他老子就像个‘避猫鼠儿’一样。都不是你们速起小妇调唆的？这会子逼死了他，你们就随了心了。我饶那一个！”一面哭，一面骂。
==Wei jingting 魏静婷==
贾政在旁听见这些话，心里越发着急，忙喝退了赵姨娘，委宛劝解了一番。忽有人来回：“两口棺木都做齐了。”贾母闻之，如刀刺心，一发哭着大骂，问：“是谁叫做的棺材？快把做棺材的人拿来打死！”闹了个天翻地覆。忽听见空中隐隐有木鱼声，念了一句“南无解冤解结菩萨！有那人口不利、家宅不安、中邪祟、逢凶险的，我们善能医治。”贾母王夫人便命人向街上找寻去。

Master Merchant heard these words beside, feeling more and more nervous so he scolded Zhao yiniang immediately and mollified mildly for some time.Suddenly somebody told that:"Both of two coffins have been made. " After Grandma Merchant heard this, her heart was broken with grief. She was abusing with tears and asked:" Who demand making coffins? Put him to death！ " which caused a total disorder. Suddenly in the air spread the sound of wooden fish indistinctly and someone was saying :"Namo Amitabha Buddha! We can cure those who have bad luck with the population, those who are unsettled in their homes, those who have been struck by evil spirits, or those who are in danger." So Grandma Merchant and Lady King ordered people to look for them in the street.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]])
After hearing these words beside, Master Merchant felt more and more nervous so he scolded Zhao yiniang immediately and mollified mildly for some time.Suddenly somebody told that:"Both of two coffins have been made. " After Grandma Merchant heard this, her heart was broken with grief. She was abusing with tears and asked:" Who demand making coffins? Put him to death！ " which caused a total disorder. Suddenly in the air spread the sound of wooden fish indistinctly and someone was saying :"Namo Amitabha Buddha! We can cure those who have bad luck with the people, those who are unsettled in their homes, those who have been struck by evil spirits, or those who are in danger." So Grandma Merchant and Lady King ordered people to look for them in the street.--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 08:06, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
原来是一个癞和尚同一个跛道士。那和尚是怎的模样？但见：鼻如悬胆两眉长，目似明星有宝光；破衲芒鞋无住迹，腌臜更有一头疮。那道人是如何模样？看他时：一足高来一足低，浑身带水又拖泥；相逢若问家何处，却在蓬莱弱水西。贾政因命人请了进来，问他二人：“在何山修道？”那僧笑道：“长官不消多话，因知府上人口欠安，特来医治的。”

It turned out to be a toady monk with a Lame Taoist. What’s the monk look like？ As you can see，his nose hangs like a gall bladder and his eyebrows are very long，his eyes like star shining with precious light. He wore shabby clothes and sandals and had no place to live，he is dirty with a head of acne. How about the Taoist？As you see，one foot high and the other low，he is covered with mud and water. If you meet him and ask where is he from，he will tell you in the west of Ruoshui River in Paradise, Fairy Tale Land. Master Merchant then ordered the servant to invite them in，and asked them：“Which mountain do you practice your wayways on?” The monk smiled and said，“You don’t need to say too much，I know someone in your family is not well, and I'm here to help you.--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 07:59, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
贾政道：“有两个人中了邪，不知有何方可治？”那道人笑道：“你家现有希世之宝，可治此病，何须问方！”贾政心中便动了，因道：“小儿生时虽带了一块玉来，上面刻着‘能除凶邪’，然亦未见灵效。”那僧道：“长官有所不知，那‘宝玉’原是灵的，只因为声色货利所迷，故此不灵了。你今将此宝取出来，待找持诵持诵，就依旧灵了。” 贾政便向宝玉项上取下那块玉来，递与他二人。

Merchant Jia said:"There are two people bewitched. Can you tell me what kind of prescription to cure disease?" That daoist said with a smile:"There is valuble treasure in your family to cure this kind of disease,so it's unnecessary to ask for others."Merchant Jia had a tremble in his heart，and he said:"My son took a piece of jade engraved with words reading'It helps to drive fierce evil away.' when born,but we haven't seen its magical efficacy yet. "The taoist responsed:"Master,you are unfamiliar that the precious jew originally worked,but it didn't work because of fascination by sensuality. You can make it taken effect after taking it out to insist on reciting. "Merchant Jia
took off that piece of jade from Precious Jade'neck to pass it to the taoist.-[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 09:27, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
那和尚擎在掌上，长叹一声，道：“青埂蜂下，别来十三载矣！人世光阴迅速，尘缘未断，奈何奈何！可羡你当日那段好处：天不拘兮地不羁，心头无喜亦无悲；只因锻炼通灵后，便向人间惹是非。可惜今日这番经历呀：粉渍脂痕污宝光，房栊日夜困鸳鸯；沉酣一梦终须醒，冤债偿清好散场。”

The monk took the jade in the palm of his hand, sighed and said, "Under the ridge of green, we have been separated for thirteen years! The world time flies, our fate has not broken. How to do! I envied your good then: nothing in heaven or earth could confine you, neither joy nor sorrow was in your heart; But because after forging into the soul, you came to the world to cause trouble. It is a pity that you have this experience today: the psychic jade is stained by rouge powder has lost its luster. Precious Jade spent all day and all night in the splendid house with girls. Deep and sound dreams must be awakened, and bad karma must be paid. Everyone went back to their respective homes.--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 03:23, 11 March 2022 (UTC)YangLei

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
念毕，又摩弄了一回，说了些疯话，递与贾政道：“此物已灵，不可亵渎，悬于卧室槛上，除自己亲人外，不可令阴人冲犯。三十三日之后，包管好了。”贾政忙命人让茶，那二人已经走了，只得依言而行。凤姐宝玉果一日好似一日的，渐渐醒来，知道饿了，贾母王夫人才放了心。众姊妹都在外间听消息，黛玉先念一声佛，宝钗笑而不言，惜春道：“宝姐姐笑什么？”

After finished murmuring, the monk rubbed the jade for a moment and raved a bit. He than passed the jade to Master Merchant and said, “This object has got soul and can not be blasphemed. It should be hung on the doorsill of the bedroom and every woman expect relatives is not allowed to touch it. After thirty-three days they will make good recoveries.” The two had left already before Master Merchant ordered tea for them, leaving him to perform what had been told. As expected, Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade got better day by day, they gradually recovered consciousness and could feel hungry. Seeing this, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were set at ease. While all the girls were listening to the news outside, Mascara Jade recited the Buddha with Precious Hairpin smiling without a word. “What is Precious Sister laughing at?,” asked Cherishing Spring. --[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 11:50, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

After finished chanting, the monk rubbed the jade for a another time and raved a lot. He then passed the jade to Master Merchant and said, “This object has soul and can not be blasphemed. It should be hung on the doorsill of the bedroom and no woman is allowed to touch it except your female relatives. After thirty-three days they will make good recoveries .” The two had left already before Master Merchant ordered tea for them, leaving him performing what he had been told. As expected, Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade got better day by day, they gradually came to consciousness and could feel hungriness. Seeing this, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were set at ease. While all the girls were overhearing the news outside, Mascara Jade called the Buddha with Precious Hairpin smiling without a word. “What is Precious Sister laughing at?,” asked Cherishing Spring. -- --

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
宝钗道：“我笑如来佛比人还忙：又要度化众生；又要保佑人家病痛，都叫他速好；又要管人家的婚姻，叫他成就。你说可忙不忙？可好笑不好笑？”一时林黛玉红了脸，啐了一口道：“你们都不是好人！再不跟着好人学，只跟着凤丫头学的贫嘴。”一面说，一面掀帘子出去了。欲知端详，下回分解。第二十六回蜂腰桥设言传心事潇湘馆春困发幽情

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said :"I joked that the budda is even busier than human .he has to not only purdue the beings but also proect people from pains or accelerate their recoveries from illness,besides he is even responsible for adminstrating and comsumating people's marriages he lives a very busy life, doesn't he,isn't it ridiculous?"Prescous jade blushed at once then spitted and said :"You bad guys! you never learn from good people ,but always parody the garrulousness of Feng Girl"In the meantime ,she opened the window and went away.Foreknowledge what will happen next ,please see next time.Loop 26 .Manage to tell the truth at Wasp Waist Bridge .Fliped in bamboo Lodge under spring sleepiness. --

Precious Hairpin said,"It's interesting that Tathagata is even busier than human beings--he has to save all living creatures from torment; has to proect beings from pains or accelerate the process of recoveries; has to be in charge of marriages. He is so busy, isn't he? It's so funny, right?" Mascara jade blushed at once, spitted and said,"You all are bad guys! You have to learn from good people rather than parody the garrulousness of Phoenix Girl." As she was saying, she pushed the door curtain and went away. As to what happened thereafter, please see the ensuring chapters. Chapter26 Schemed to tell the truth at Wasp Waist Bridge. Got lipped in bamboo Lodge under spring sleepiness.--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 09:14, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
话说宝玉养过了三十三天之后，不但身体强壮，亦且连脸上疮痕平复，仍回大观园去。这也不在话下。且说近日宝玉病的时节，贾芸带着家下小厮坐更看守，昼夜在这里；那小红同众丫鬟也在这里守着宝玉，彼此相见多日，都渐渐混熟了。小红见贾芸手里拿着手帕子，倒像是自己从前掉的，待要问他，又不好问的。不料那和尚道士来过，用不着一切男人，贾芸仍种树去了。

After 33days Precious Jade regained his strong constitution and the scar on his face recovered as well. He came back to the Prospect Garden. Let's leave it here. Merchant Rue along with the servants in the house have guarded Precious Jade round the clock. Little Red and other servant girls were also here taking care of Precious Jade. Seeing each other for several days, gradually they got acquainted. Little Red saw Merchant Rue took the handkerchief that resembled the one she previously has lost, so she wanted to asked him, but it's not convenient. Unexpectedly, that monk came and no man was needed here. Merchant Rue returned to plant trees. --[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 08:48, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
这件事待放下又放不下，待要问去又怕人猜疑，正是犹预不决神魂不定之际，忽听窗外问道：“姐姐在屋里没有？”小红闻听。在窗眼内望外一看，原来是本院的个小丫头名叫佳蕙的，因答说：“在家里呢，你进来罢。”佳蕙听了跑进来，就坐在床上，笑道：“我好造化！才在院子里洗东西，宝玉叫往林姑娘那里送茶叶，花大姐姐交给我进去，可巧老太太给林姑娘送钱来，正分给他们的丫头们呢，见我去了，林姑娘就抓了两把给我，也不知多少，你替我收着。”

This is something that she wants to forget but fails to; wishes to go and ask but fears to, in case being suspected of infidelity. So, she is now anxiously hesitating and desperately puzzling. Suddenly a voice asks from outside the window-- “Are you in the house, sister?” Hearing this, Little Red looks out through the window and finds out it’s a little girl in this house named Good Orchid. “I’m in the house, just come in.” She then answers. Hearing her, Good Orchid runs in and sits in the bed, laughing, “I was so lucky! I was washing something in the courtyard when Precious Jade asked to send tea to Miss Forest’s, so Big Sister Flower asked me to send it. By a happy coincidence that Miss Forest was handing out the money which had just sent her from Grandam, to her girls. And seeing my coming, she grabbed two hands of money to me. I don’t know how much money is here though. Please help me save them.”--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

She wants to forget it but fails;she wants to have some consultation but fears of being suspected. So, she is now anxiously hesitating and desperately puzzled. Suddenly a voice comes from outside the window-- “Are you in the room, sister?” Hearing this, Little Red looks out through the window and finds out it’s the little girl in this house named Melilot. “I’m in the house；just come in.” She then answers. Hearing her,Melilot runs in and sits in the bed, laughing, “I was so lucky! I was washing something in the courtyard when Precious Jade asked someone to send tea to Miss Forest’s, so Big Sister Flower asked me to send it. By a happy coincidence that Miss Forest was handing out the money which had just been sent to her from Grandam to her girls. And seeing my coming, she grabbed two hands of money to me. I don’t know how much money is here though. Please help me save them.”--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 09:46, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
便把手帕子打开，把钱倒了出来，小红就替他一五一十的数了收起。佳蕙道：“你这一阵子心里到底觉怎么样？依我说，你竟家去住两日，请一个大夫来瞧瞧，吃两剂药，就好了。”小红道：“那里的话？好好的，家去做什么！”佳蕙道：“我想起来了，林姑娘生的弱，时常吃药，你就和他要些来吃，也是一样。”小红道：“胡说！药也是混吃的。”

Melilot then unfolds her handkerchief and pours the coins out. Then Little Red keeps them after counting carefully. Good Orchid says," How is it going recently? In my opinion, you'd better go home for a couple of days to invite a doctor to examine your body. You will be OK after taking medicine." Little Red replies," What are you suggesting! I am fine! Why should I go back home!" Good Orchid says," It occurs to me that Miss Lin is vulnerable and often takes medicine. You will be fine as well if you acquire medicine from her." Little Red retorted," You are talking nonsense! How can medicine be taken so randomly!"--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 12:11, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

Melilot then unfolds her handkerchief and pours the coins out. Then Little Red keeps them after counting carefully. Good Orchid says," How is it going recently? In my opinion, you'd better go home for a couple of days to invite a doctor to examine your body. You will be OK after taking medicine." Little Red replies," What are you suggesting! I am fine! Why should I go back home!" Good Orchid says," It occurs to me that Miss Lin is vulnerable and often takes medicine. You will be fine as well if you acquire medicine from her." Little Red retorted," You are talking nonsense! How can medicine be taken so randomly!"--[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 03:12, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
佳慧道：“你这也不是个长法儿，又懒吃懒喝的，终久怎么样？”小红道：“怕什么，还不如早些死了倒干净。”佳蕙道：“好好的，怎么说这些话？”小红道：“你那里知道我心中的事！” 佳蕙点头，想了一会道：“可也怨不得你。这个地方，本也难站。就象昨儿老太太因宝玉病了这些日子，说伏侍的人都辛苦了，如今身上好了，各处还香了愿，叫把跟着的人都按着等儿赏他们。

Good Orchid said, “It’s not a way to do so, and you are too lazy to do something. What will happen at the end?” Little Red replied ,” what are you afraid of ? I’d rather want to die.” Good Orchid said,” everything is fine, why would you say that?” And Red said,” You don't know what I was thinking !” Good Orchid nodded her head and thought a while, ”it’s not your fault. This place is hard to get a position. Like yesterday, the Madame went to the temple to pay her vows and planned to reward those who served Precious Jade because he recovered his health due to their service.--[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 03:10, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220307 homework

2022-03-11T09:46:03Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

[[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|Back to the overview of all homework webpages]]

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This homework page shows all translation homework during spring term 2022.

Please read the [[CULTURE2022_LIST_OF_HOMEWORKS|earlier chapters until 23]].

This is the new homework for spring semester starting from chapter 24:
*[[CULTURE2022_20220221_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Feb 28]]
*[[CULTURE2022_20220228_homework|homework of session 2 for session 3 Mar 7]]

PLEASE ALSO READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

=Please write your homework directly here=
Just click on the edit button behind your name and add the English translation as a seperate paragraph, separated by blank line.

While translating, please do not use Pinyin to transcribe names, but use the names by meaning we agreed upon in our [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]] list.

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Also, please correct the translation of the fellow student above you by pasting a 2nd English paragraph beneath.
==Chen Cheng 陈诚==
赵姨娘叹口气道：“你瞧，那里头还有块成样的么？就有好东西也到不了我这里。你不嫌不好，挑两块去就是了。”马道婆便挑了几块，掖在怀里。赵姨娘又问：“前日我打发人送了五百钱去，你可在药王面前上了供没有？”马道婆道：“早已替你上了供了。”赵姨娘叹气道：“阿弥陀佛！我手里但凡从容些，也时常来上供，只是‘心有余而力不足’。”
==Chen Kun 陈锟==
马道婆道：“你只放心，将来熬的环哥大了，得了一官半职，那时你要做多大功德，还怕不能么？”赵姨娘听了笑道：“罢，罢！再别提起，如今就是榜样儿。我们娘儿们跟的上这屋里那一个儿？宝玉儿还是小孩子家，长的得人意儿，大人偏疼他些儿，也还罢了；我只不服这个主儿！”一面说，一面伸了两个指头。马道婆会意，便问道：“可是琏二奶奶？”

==Chen Tianyu 陈天钰==
赵姨娘唬的忙摇手，起身掀帘子一看，见无人，方回身向道婆说：“了不得，了不得！提起这个主儿，这一分家私要不都叫他搬了娘家去，我也不是个人。”马道婆见说，便探他的口气道：“我还用你说？难道都看不出来。也亏你们心里也不理论，只凭他去。倒也好。”赵姨娘道：“我的娘！不凭他去，难道谁还敢把他怎么样呢？”
The Lady Dowager is so surprised that she shakes her hands in terror. After standing up and opening the curtain to find no one, she then turns around in relief and says to Taoist Ma " Bless my! Bless my! When it comes to this big shot, I have to say that I won't even be humane if he didn't take all the personal property to his hometown after the division." Listening to this, the Taoist Ma then says tentatively " Do I need you to tell me this? Isn't it obvious for all of us to notice that? You deserve it for you don't complain deep in your heart and just let it go. Anyway, maybe it's better though." The Lady Dowager says with a sigh "My lord! What alternative do we have if we don't let him go? Does anybody has any ways to cope with this troublemaker?"--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 07:12, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
==Chen Xinyi 陈心怡==
马道婆道：“不是我说句造孽的话，你们没本事！也难怪。明里不敢怎样，暗里也算计了，还等到如今！”赵姨娘闻听这话里有话，心内暗暗的欢喜，便说道：“怎么暗里算计？我倒有这个心，只是没这样的能干人。你若教给我这法子，我大大的谢你。”马道婆听了这话打拢了一处．便又故意说道：“阿弥陀佛！你快休问我，我那里知道这些事？罪罪过过的。”赵姨娘道：“你又来了。

The Taoist Ma said,” Frankly speaking, you have no ability so that you dare not tackle openly but have done something in secret, still waiting.” After listening,the lady Dowager glad in the depth of her heart , said,” In secret? I wanted but had no the talented. I would appreciate you if you show me some ways.” Sensing that they both had same thing in mind, Ma pretended,” Amida Buddha! Don’t ask me that! How could I know such thing? What a sin!” The Lady Dowager said:” Again? You could!”—[[User:Chen Xinyi1|Chen Xinyi1]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi1|talk]]) 09:35, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

The Taoist Ma said,"Frankly speaking,you really can't handle! Even though you dare not tackle openly, you should have done something secretly, how should you wait till now?." Feeling that Taoist Ma meant something, the lady Dowager glad in the depth of her heart, said,"In secret? I did want but have no the talented. I would appreciate you if you show me some ways." Hearing these words, the Taoist Ma had some ideas, but pretended," Amida Buddha! Don't ask me that! How could I know such thing? What a sin!" The Lady Dowager said:" Here you go again!--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 09:20, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Lulu 邓鲁露==
你是最肯济困扶危的人，难道就眼睁睁的看人家来摆布死了我们娘儿两个不成？难道还怕我不谢你么？”马道婆听如此，便笑道：“若说我不忍你们娘儿两个受别人委屈，还犹可，若说谢，我还想你们什么东西么？”赵姨娘听这话松动了些，便说：“你这么个明白人，怎么糊涂了？果然法子灵验，把他两人绝了，这家私还怕不是我们的。那时候你要什么不得呢？”

You are the most warmhearted person, how could you just sit and watch us two being tricked to death by others? Or you are afraid that I won't thank you?" The Daoist Ma heard that, laughed:"If you say I don't want you be bullied by others, that makes sense. But how could you think that I want something from you? The Lady Dowager heard she shaked a little, added:"You are a smart people, why are you confused? If your method works and cornered these two, afriad what the belongings won't be us? Then you may have anything."--[[User:Deng Lulu|Deng Lulu]] ([[User talk:Deng Lulu|talk]]) 09:05, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Deng Ruixin 邓蕊欣==
马道婆听了，低头半日，说：“那时节事情妥当了，又无凭据，你还理我呢。”赵姨娘说：“这有何难？我攒了几两体己，还有些衣服首饰，你先拿几样去；我再写个欠银文契给你，到那时，我照数给你。”马道婆道：“使得。” 赵姨娘将一个小丫头也支开，连忙开了箱柜，将衣服首饰拿了些出来，并体己散碎银子，又写了五十两一张欠约，递与马道婆道：“你先拿去作个供养。”
==Guo Zirui 郭子瑞==
马道婆见了这些东西，又有欠字，遂不顾青红皂白，满口应承，伸手先将银子拿了，然后收了欠契。向赵姨娘要了张纸，拿剪子铰了两个纸人儿，递与赵姨娘，叫把他二人的年庚，写在上面；又找了一张蓝纸，铰了五个青面鬼，叫他并在一处，拿针钉了：“我在家中作法，自有效验的。”说完，忽见王夫人的丫头进来道：“奶奶可在这里，太太等你呢。”二人散了，不在话下。
==Han Jingru 韩静茹==
却说林黛玉因宝玉烫了脸不大出门，倒时常在一处说闲话儿。这日饭后，看了两篇书，又同紫鹃等作了一会针线，总闷闷不舒，一同信步出来看庭前才迸出的新笋。不觉出了院门，来到园中，四望无人，惟见花光鸟语，信步便往怡红院来。只见几十丫头舀水，都在过廓上看画眉洗澡呢。听见房内笑声，原来是李宫裁、凤姐、宝钗都在这里。一见他进来，都笑道：“这不又来了两个。”

Mascara Jade Forest seldomly went out since Precious Jade's face was scalded, while she passed the time chatting with Precious Jade frequently now. One day after meals, Mascara Jade read pieces of writing, and then sewed with Nightingale for a while, but always felt moody. Accompanying with Nightingale, Mascara Jade wandered in front of the countryard to watch the new-sprouted bamboo shoots. She unconsciously walked out the Bamboo Lodge and came to the yard where Mascara Jade meet no one but the scent of the flowers and the chirps of the birds, then she strolled to the Happy Red Court. Mascara Jade saw dozens of maids watching the melodious laughingthrush wash itself as they scooped up water in the corridor. Hearing the laughter from the house, she knew that Silk Plum, Splendid Phoenix King and Precious Hairpin Marsh grass were all here. As Mascara Jade entered the room, all of them said with smiling, "There are two more coming. "——[[User:Han Jingru|Han Jingru]] ([[User talk:Han Jingru|talk]]) 09:11, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==He Minghui 何明慧==
黛玉笑道：“今儿齐全，谁下帖子请的？”凤姐道：“我前日打发人送两瓶茶叶与姑娘，可还好么？”黛玉道：“我正忘了，多谢想着。”宝玉道：“我尝了不好，不知别人尝了怎么样。”宝钗道：“味倒好，只是没甚颜色。”凤姐道：“那是暹罗国贡的。我尝了也不觉甚好，还不如我们常吃的呢。”黛玉道：“我吃着好，不知你们的脾胃是怎样的？”宝玉道：“你说好，把我的都拿了去吃罢。”

Mascara Jade laughed and said: "We are all together today! Who held the gathering? " Phoenix Sister said: "I sent a servant to give you two bottles of tea. How do you think about them?" Mascara Jade replied: "I am just thingking about it. Thank you for concerns." Precious Jade said: "I don't think the tea tastes good, but I don't know others' comments. " Precious Hairpin said: " The taste is good but a little bit common." Phoenix Sister explained: " The tea is tribute from Xian Luo country. I also think it is ordinary, even not as good as what we have in our daily life." Mascara Jade said: "The tea suits my taste. I don't learn much about you favour." Precious Jade said: " If you like the tea, you can take all mine back."--[[User:He Minghui|He Minghui]] ([[User talk:He Minghui|talk]]) 09:30, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Lei Heng 雷珩==
凤姐道：“我那里还多着的呢。”黛玉道：“我叫丫头取去。”凤姐道：“不用，我打发人送来。我明日还有一事求你，一同叫人送来。” 黛玉听了，笑道：“你们听听，这是吃了他家一点子茶叶，就使唤起人来了。”凤姐笑道：“你既吃了我家的茶，怎么还不给我们家作媳妇儿？”众人都大笑不止。黛玉红了脸，回过头去，一声儿不言语。宝钗笑道：“我们二嫂子的诙谐是好的。”

Sister Phoenix said, “I still get much of it in my place.” Mascara Jade said, “I’ll have my maid go and get some.” Sister Phoenix said, “Don’t bother. I can ask my people to send it to you. Later I’ll beg you to do me a favour and I’ll let my people send the tea, along with it, to you.” Hearing this, Mascara Jade smiled, “Have you guys heard that? I just get a little bit tea from her and she starts to act as my boss.” Sister Phoenix smiled, “Now that you have received my tea, why don’t you marry into our family yet?” People all couldn’t help laughing. Mascara Jade blushed and turned her head, not saying anything. Precious Hairpin smiled, “Our second sister-in-law genuinely has a good sense of humor.”--[[User:Lei Heng|Lei Heng]] ([[User talk:Lei Heng|talk]]) 07:13, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Linyu 李琳玉==
黛玉道：“什么诙谐，不过是贫嘴贱舌的讨人厌罢了。”说着又啐了一口。凤姐道：“你替我家做了媳妇，少些什么？”指着宝玉道：“你瞧瞧，人物儿配不上？门第儿配不上？根基儿家私配不上？那一点儿玷辱了你？”黛玉起身便走。宝钗叫道：“颦儿急了，还不回来呢！走了倒没意思。”说着，站起来拉住。才至房门，只见赵姨娘和周姨娘两个人都来瞧宝玉。宝玉与众人都起身让坐，独凤姐不理。

Mascara Jade Forest said, "She is not humorous but annoying, addicted to senseless talk." Then she spat again. Sister Phoenix responded, "If you marry Precious Jade Merchant, in which aspect does our family not deserve you?" And pointing at Precious Jade Merchant, she added, "Look! Does he such a person not deserve you? His background not deserve? His wealth? In which aspect does he on earth humiliate you?" After hearing about this, Mascara Jade Forest stood up and walked out. Precious Hairpin Marshgrass stopped her, "Frown is embarrassed! How haven't you come back yet? There's no point in leaving." As saying, she got up and was going to grasp Mascara Jade Forest. When Precious Hairpin Marshgrass reached the door, she met Aunt Walk and Aunt Surrounding both of whom came to see Precious Jade Merchant. Precious Jade Merchant and others all stood up and offered their seats except Sister Phoenix, who sat still and ignored them.--[[User:Li Linyu|Li Linyu]] ([[User talk:Li Linyu|talk]]) 09:32, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Li Siwen 李思文==
宝钗正欲说话，只见王夫人房里的丫头来说：“舅太太来了，请奶奶姑娘们出去呢。”李宫裁连忙同着凤姐儿走了。赵周两人也辞了出去。宝玉道：“我不能出去，你们好歹别叫舅母进来。”又说：“林妹妹，你略站一站，与你说句话。”凤姐听了，回头向林黛玉道：“有人叫你说话呢。”便把黛玉往后一推，和李纨一同去了。

Precious Hairpin was going to say something while Lady King's slave girl said,"Uncle madam is coming and asking young mistresses and maidens to the outside." Aulic Silk Plum followed Sister Phoenix to leave in a hurry. Zhao and Surrounding took leave as well. Precious Jade said,"I can't go outside. And you don't let aunt come in at least." Then he continued,:"Wait a minute, Sister Forest. I'd like to have a word with you." Sister Phoenix heard the words, turning back to Mascara Jade Forest and saying,"Someone wants to talk to you." Then pushing Mascara Jade back, she left with Silk Pulm.--[[User:Li Siwen|Li Siwen]] ([[User talk:Li Siwen|talk]]) 08:17, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

Precious Hairpin was going to say something while Lady King's slave girl came and said,"Uncle madam is coming and asking young mistresses and maidens to the outside." Aulic Silk Plum followed Sister Phoenix to leave in a hurry. Zhao and Surrounding took leave as well. Precious Jade said,"I can't go outside. And you don't let aunt come in at least." Then he continued,"Wait a minute, Sister Forest. I'd like to have a word with you." Sister Phoenix heard the words, turning back to Mascara and saying,"Someone wants to talk to you." Then pushing Mascara Jade back, she left with Silk Pulm.

==Li Wanying 李婉莹==
这里宝玉拉了黛玉的手，只是笑，又不说话。黛玉不觉又红了脸，挣着要走。宝玉道：“嗳哟！好头疼！”黛玉道：“该，阿弥陀佛！”宝玉大叫一声，将身一跳，离地有三四尺高，口内乱嚷，尽是胡话。黛玉并众丫鬟都唬慌了，忙报知王夫人与贾母。此时王子腾的夫人也在这里，都一齐来看。宝玉一发拿刀弄杖，寻死觅活的，闹的天翻地覆。

Here Precious Jade Merchant held Mascara Jade Forest's hands, just smiling but without a word. Mascara flushed and tried to get out from him. Precious Jade exclaimed,"Oh, my head hurts!" Mascara replied,"For your sins! Amitabha!" Suddenly Precious Jade burst out, jumped up a few feet high, exclaimed some meaningless words. Being shocked by his manner, Mascara and the servant girls hurrily told Lady King and Grandma Merchant, who came and saw Precious Jade together with Soar King's wife. And he blows rather vehemently and claimed to suicide, making all in an uproar.--[[User:Li Wanying|Li Wanying]] ([[User talk:Li Wanying|talk]]) 08:57, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Keyi 刘可仪==
贾母王夫人一见，唬的抖衣乱战，“儿”一声“肉”一声，放声大哭。于是惊动了众人，连贾赦、邢夫人、贾珍、贾政并琏、蓉、芸、萍、薛姨妈、薛蟠并周瑞家的一干家中上下人等并丫鬟媳妇等，都来园内看视，登时乱麻一般。正没个主意，只见凤姐手持一把明晃晃的刀，砍进园来，见鸡杀鸡，见犬杀犬，见了人，瞪着眼就要杀人。众人一发慌了。

See this situation, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were so scared that they shivered, which made their clothes quivered. They bursted into tears, and that startled everybody. Even Pardon Merchant, Lady City, Treasure Merchant, Master Merchant, Romance Merchant, Prosperity Merchant, Rue Merchant, Duckweed Merchant, Aunt Marshgrass, Dragon Marshgrass and the whole Auspicious Surrounding's family along with servant girls, all came to the garden to see it. It was like a mess at that moment. As they had no idea, Sister Phoenix came into the garden with a bright knife. She killed chickens when she saw chickens, dogs when she saw dogs, and people when she saw people. Everyone panicked. --[[User:Liu Keyi1|Liu Keyi1]] ([[User talk:Liu Keyi1|talk]]) 04:55, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Liu Qianyi 刘倩仪==
周瑞媳妇带着几个力大的女人，上去抱住，夺了刀，抬回房中。平儿丰儿等哭的哀天叫地。贾政也心中着忙。当下众人七言八语，有说送祟的，有说跳神的，有荐玉皇阁张道士捉怪的，整闹了半日，祈求祷告，百般医治，并不见好。日落后，王子腾夫人告辞去了。次日，王子腾也来问候。接着小史侯家、邢夫人弟兄并各亲戚都来瞧看，也有送符水的，也有荐僧道的，也有荐医的。
==Liu Yixin 刘亦欣==
他叔嫂二人，一发糊涂，不省人事，身热如火，在床上乱说，到夜里更甚。因此那些婆子丫鬟不敢上前，故将他叔嫂二人，都搬到王夫人的上房内，着人轮班守视。贾母、王夫人、邢夫人并薛姨妈寸步不离，只围着哭。此时贾赦贾政又恐哭坏了贾母，日夜熬油费火，闹的上下不安。贾赦还各赴去寻觅僧道。

His uncle and sister-in-law were confused, unconscious and hot. They talked nonsense in bed, even worse at night. Therefore, those women and servant girls did not dare to come forward, so they moved his uncle and sister-in-law to Mrs. Wang's upper room and watched by people in shifts. Grandma Merchant, Lady King, Lady City and Aunt Marshgrass didn't leave them, but cried around them. At this time, Pardon Merchant and Politics Merchant were afraid of Grandma Merchant becoming sick because of crying. They comforted her day and night and made uneasy up and down. Pardon Merchant also went to find monks and Taoists.--[[User:Liu Yixin|Liu Yixin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yixin|talk]]) 00:36, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

==Ma Feifei 马菲菲==
贾政见不效验，因阻贾赦道：“儿女之数，总由天命，非人力可强。他二人之病，百般医治不效，想是天意该如此，也只好由他去。”贾赦不理，仍是百般忙乱。看看三日光阴，那凤姐宝玉躺在床上，连气息都微了。合家都说没了指望了，忙的将他二人的后事都治备下了。贾母、王夫人、贾琏、平儿、袭人等更哭的死去活来。只有赵姨娘外面假作忧愁，心中称愿。
==Our Xinyu 欧欣榆==
至第四日早，宝玉忽睁开眼向贾母说道：“从今已后，我可不在你家了，快打发我走罢。”贾母听见这话，如同摘了心肝一般。赵姨娘在旁劝道：“老太太也不必过于悲痛。哥儿已是不中用了，不如把哥儿的衣服穿好，让他早些回去，也免他受些苦；只管舍不得他，这口气不断，他在那里，也受罪不安。”
==Wang Rou 汪柔==
这些话没说完，被贾母照脸啐了一口唾沫，骂道：“烂了舌头的混账老婆！怎么见得不中用了？你愿意他死了，有什么好处？你别作梦！他死了，我只合你们要命。都是你们素日调唆着，逼他念书写字，把胆子唬破了，见了他老子就像个‘避猫鼠儿’一样。都不是你们速起小妇调唆的？这会子逼死了他，你们就随了心了。我饶那一个！”一面哭，一面骂。
==Wei jingting 魏静婷==
贾政在旁听见这些话，心里越发着急，忙喝退了赵姨娘，委宛劝解了一番。忽有人来回：“两口棺木都做齐了。”贾母闻之，如刀刺心，一发哭着大骂，问：“是谁叫做的棺材？快把做棺材的人拿来打死！”闹了个天翻地覆。忽听见空中隐隐有木鱼声，念了一句“南无解冤解结菩萨！有那人口不利、家宅不安、中邪祟、逢凶险的，我们善能医治。”贾母王夫人便命人向街上找寻去。

Master Merchant heard these words beside, feeling more and more nervous so he scolded Zhao yiniang immediately and mollified mildly for some time.Suddenly somebody told that:"Both of two coffins have been made. " After Grandma Merchant heard this, her heart was broken with grief. She was abusing with tears and asked:" Who demand making coffins? Put him to death！ " which caused a total disorder. Suddenly in the air spread the sound of wooden fish indistinctly and someone was saying :"Namo Amitabha Buddha! We can cure those who have bad luck with the population, those who are unsettled in their homes, those who have been struck by evil spirits, or those who are in danger." So Grandma Merchant and Lady King ordered people to look for them in the street.--[[User:Wei Jingting|Wei Jingting]] ([[User talk:Wei Jingting|talk]])
After hearing these words beside, Master Merchant felt more and more nervous so he scolded Zhao yiniang immediately and mollified mildly for some time.Suddenly somebody told that:"Both of two coffins have been made. " After Grandma Merchant heard this, her heart was broken with grief. She was abusing with tears and asked:" Who demand making coffins? Put him to death！ " which caused a total disorder. Suddenly in the air spread the sound of wooden fish indistinctly and someone was saying :"Namo Amitabha Buddha! We can cure those who have bad luck with the people, those who are unsettled in their homes, those who have been struck by evil spirits, or those who are in danger." So Grandma Merchant and Lady King ordered people to look for them in the street.--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 08:06, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Xu Zhiyuan 徐致远==
原来是一个癞和尚同一个跛道士。那和尚是怎的模样？但见：鼻如悬胆两眉长，目似明星有宝光；破衲芒鞋无住迹，腌臜更有一头疮。那道人是如何模样？看他时：一足高来一足低，浑身带水又拖泥；相逢若问家何处，却在蓬莱弱水西。贾政因命人请了进来，问他二人：“在何山修道？”那僧笑道：“长官不消多话，因知府上人口欠安，特来医治的。”

It turned out to be a toady monk with a Lame Taoist. What’s the monk look like？ As you can see，his nose hangs like a gall bladder and his eyebrows are very long，his eyes like star shining with precious light. He wore shabby clothes and sandals and had no place to live，he is dirty with a head of acne. How about the Taoist？As you see，one foot high and the other low，he is covered with mud and water. If you meet him and ask where is he from，he will tell you in the west of Ruoshui River in Paradise, Fairy Tale Land. Master Merchant then ordered the servant to invite them in，and asked them：“Which mountain do you practice your wayways on?” The monk smiled and said，“You don’t need to say too much，I know someone in your family is not well, and I'm here to help you.--[[User:Xu Zhiyuan|Xu Zhiyuan]] ([[User talk:Xu Zhiyuan|talk]]) 07:59, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yan Ni 燕妮==
贾政道：“有两个人中了邪，不知有何方可治？”那道人笑道：“你家现有希世之宝，可治此病，何须问方！”贾政心中便动了，因道：“小儿生时虽带了一块玉来，上面刻着‘能除凶邪’，然亦未见灵效。”那僧道：“长官有所不知，那‘宝玉’原是灵的，只因为声色货利所迷，故此不灵了。你今将此宝取出来，待找持诵持诵，就依旧灵了。” 贾政便向宝玉项上取下那块玉来，递与他二人。

Merchant Jia said:"There are two people bewitched. Can you tell me what kind of prescription to cure disease?" That daoist said with a smile:"There is valuble treasure in your family to cure this kind of disease,so it's unnecessary to ask for others."Merchant Jia had a tremble in his heart，and he said:"My son took a piece of jade engraved with words reading'It helps to drive fierce evil away.' when born,but we haven't seen its magical efficacy yet. "The taoist responsed:"Master,you are unfamiliar that the precious jew originally worked,but it didn't work because of fascination by sensuality. You can make it taken effect after taking it out to insist on reciting. "Merchant Jia
took off that piece of jade from Precious Jade'neck to pass it to the taoist.-[[User:Yan Ni|Yan Ni]] ([[User talk:Yan Ni|talk]]) 09:27, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yang Lei 杨磊==
那和尚擎在掌上，长叹一声，道：“青埂蜂下，别来十三载矣！人世光阴迅速，尘缘未断，奈何奈何！可羡你当日那段好处：天不拘兮地不羁，心头无喜亦无悲；只因锻炼通灵后，便向人间惹是非。可惜今日这番经历呀：粉渍脂痕污宝光，房栊日夜困鸳鸯；沉酣一梦终须醒，冤债偿清好散场。”

The monk took the jade in the palm of his hand, sighed and said, "Under the ridge of green, we have been separated for thirteen years! The world time flies, our fate has not broken. How to do! I envied your good then: nothing in heaven or earth could confine you, neither joy nor sorrow was in your heart; But because after forging into the soul, you came to the world to cause trouble. It is a pity that you have this experience today: the psychic jade is stained by rouge powder has lost its luster. Precious Jade spent all day and all night in the splendid house with girls. Deep and sound dreams must be awakened, and bad karma must be paid. Everyone went back to their respective homes.--[[User:Yang Lei|Yang Lei]] ([[User talk:Yang Lei|talk]]) 03:23, 11 March 2022 (UTC)YangLei

==You Xinning 由馨凝==
念毕，又摩弄了一回，说了些疯话，递与贾政道：“此物已灵，不可亵渎，悬于卧室槛上，除自己亲人外，不可令阴人冲犯。三十三日之后，包管好了。”贾政忙命人让茶，那二人已经走了，只得依言而行。凤姐宝玉果一日好似一日的，渐渐醒来，知道饿了，贾母王夫人才放了心。众姊妹都在外间听消息，黛玉先念一声佛，宝钗笑而不言，惜春道：“宝姐姐笑什么？”

After finished murmuring, the monk rubbed the jade for a moment and raved a bit. He than passed the jade to Master Merchant and said, “This object has got soul and can not be blasphemed. It should be hung on the doorsill of the bedroom and every woman expect relatives is not allowed to touch it. After thirty-three days they will make good recoveries.” The two had left already before Master Merchant ordered tea for them, leaving him to perform what had been told. As expected, Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade got better day by day, they gradually recovered consciousness and could feel hungry. Seeing this, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were set at ease. While all the girls were listening to the news outside, Mascara Jade recited the Buddha with Precious Hairpin smiling without a word. “What is Precious Sister laughing at?,” asked Cherishing Spring. --[[User:You Xinning|You Xinning]] ([[User talk:You Xinning|talk]]) 11:50, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

After finished chanting, the monk rubbed the jade for a another time and raved a lot. He then passed the jade to Master Merchant and said, “This object has soul and can not be blasphemed. It should be hung on the doorsill of the bedroom and no woman is allowed to touch it except your female relatives. After thirty-three days they will make good recoveries .” The two had left already before Master Merchant ordered tea for them, leaving him performing what he had been told. As expected, Sister Phoenix and Precious Jade got better day by day, they gradually came to consciousness and could feel hungriness. Seeing this, Grandma Merchant and Lady King were set at ease. While all the girls were overhearing the news outside, Mascara Jade called the Buddha with Precious Hairpin smiling without a word. “What is Precious Sister laughing at?,” asked Cherishing Spring. -- --

==Yu Jinbo 喻锦博==
宝钗道：“我笑如来佛比人还忙：又要度化众生；又要保佑人家病痛，都叫他速好；又要管人家的婚姻，叫他成就。你说可忙不忙？可好笑不好笑？”一时林黛玉红了脸，啐了一口道：“你们都不是好人！再不跟着好人学，只跟着凤丫头学的贫嘴。”一面说，一面掀帘子出去了。欲知端详，下回分解。第二十六回蜂腰桥设言传心事潇湘馆春困发幽情

Precious Hairpin Marshgrass said :"I joked that the budda is even busier than human .he has to not only purdue the beings but also proect people from pains or accelerate their recoveries from illness,besides he is even responsible for adminstrating and comsumating people's marriages he lives a very busy life, doesn't he,isn't it ridiculous?"Prescous jade blushed at once then spitted and said :"You bad guys! you never learn from good people ,but always parody the garrulousness of Feng Girl"In the meantime ,she opened the window and went away.Foreknowledge what will happen next ,please see next time.Loop 26 .Manage to tell the truth at Wasp Waist Bridge .Fliped in bamboo Lodge under spring sleepiness. --

Precious Hairpin said,"It's interesting that Tathagata is even busier than human beings--he has to save all living creatures from torment; has to proect beings from pains or accelerate the process of recoveries; has to be in charge of marriages. He is so busy, isn't he? It's so funny, right?" Mascara jade blushed at once, spitted and said,"You all are bad guys! You have to learn from good people rather than parody the garrulousness of Phoenix Girl." As she was saying, she pushed the door curtain and went away. As to what happened thereafter, please see the ensuring chapters. Chapter26 Schemed to tell the truth at Wasp Waist Bridge. Got lipped in bamboo Lodge under spring sleepiness.--[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 09:14, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yu Ziqi 禹紫琪==
话说宝玉养过了三十三天之后，不但身体强壮，亦且连脸上疮痕平复，仍回大观园去。这也不在话下。且说近日宝玉病的时节，贾芸带着家下小厮坐更看守，昼夜在这里；那小红同众丫鬟也在这里守着宝玉，彼此相见多日，都渐渐混熟了。小红见贾芸手里拿着手帕子，倒像是自己从前掉的，待要问他，又不好问的。不料那和尚道士来过，用不着一切男人，贾芸仍种树去了。

After 33days Precious Jade regained his strong constitution and the scar on his face recovered as well. He came back to the Prospect Garden. Let's leave it here. Merchant Rue along with the servants in the house have guarded Precious Jade round the clock. Little Red and other servant girls were also here taking care of Precious Jade. Seeing each other for several days, gradually they got acquainted. Little Red saw Merchant Rue took the handkerchief that resembled the one she previously has lost, so she wanted to asked him, but it's not convenient. Unexpectedly, that monk came and no man was needed here. Merchant Rue returned to plant trees. --[[User:Yu Ziqi|Yu Ziqi]] ([[User talk:Yu Ziqi|talk]]) 08:48, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Yuan Ling 袁灵==
这件事待放下又放不下，待要问去又怕人猜疑，正是犹预不决神魂不定之际，忽听窗外问道：“姐姐在屋里没有？”小红闻听。在窗眼内望外一看，原来是本院的个小丫头名叫佳蕙的，因答说：“在家里呢，你进来罢。”佳蕙听了跑进来，就坐在床上，笑道：“我好造化！才在院子里洗东西，宝玉叫往林姑娘那里送茶叶，花大姐姐交给我进去，可巧老太太给林姑娘送钱来，正分给他们的丫头们呢，见我去了，林姑娘就抓了两把给我，也不知多少，你替我收着。”

This is something that she wants to forget but fails to; wishes to go and ask but fears to, in case being suspected of infidelity. So, she is now anxiously hesitating and desperately puzzling. Suddenly a voice asks from outside the window-- “Are you in the house, sister?” Hearing this, Little Red looks out through the window and finds out it’s a little girl in this house named Good Orchid. “I’m in the house, just come in.” She then answers. Hearing her, Good Orchid runs in and sits in the bed, laughing, “I was so lucky! I was washing something in the courtyard when Precious Jade asked to send tea to Miss Forest’s, so Big Sister Flower asked me to send it. By a happy coincidence that Miss Forest was handing out the money which had just sent her from Grandam, to her girls. And seeing my coming, she grabbed two hands of money to me. I don’t know how much money is here though. Please help me save them.”--[[User:Yuan Ling|Yuan Ling]] ([[User talk:Yuan Ling|talk]])

She wants to forget it but fails;she wants to have some consultation but fears of being suspected. So, she is now anxiously hesitating and desperately puzzled. Suddenly a voice comes from outside the window-- “Are you in the room, sister?” Hearing this, Little Red looks out through the window and finds out it’s the little girl in this house named Melilot. “I’m in the house；just come in.” She then answers. Hearing her,Melilot runs in and sits in the bed, laughing, “I was so lucky! I was washing something in the courtyard when Precious Jade asked someone to send tea to Miss Forest’s, so Big Sister Flower asked me to send it. By a happy coincidence that Miss Forest was handing out the money which had just been sent to her from Grandam to her girls. And seeing my coming, she grabbed two hands of money to me. I don’t know how much money is here though. Please help me save them.”--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 09:46, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zhou Sirui 周思睿==
便把手帕子打开，把钱倒了出来，小红就替他一五一十的数了收起。佳蕙道：“你这一阵子心里到底觉怎么样？依我说，你竟家去住两日，请一个大夫来瞧瞧，吃两剂药，就好了。”小红道：“那里的话？好好的，家去做什么！”佳蕙道：“我想起来了，林姑娘生的弱，时常吃药，你就和他要些来吃，也是一样。”小红道：“胡说！药也是混吃的。”

Melilot then unfolds her handkerchief and pours the coins out. Then Little Red keeps them after counting carefully. Melilot says," How is it going recently? In my opinion, you'd better go home for a couple of days to invite a doctor to examine your body. You will be OK after taking medicine." Little Red replies," What are you suggesting! I am fine! Why should I go back home!" Melilot says," It occurs to me that Miss Lin is vulnerable and often takes medicine. You will be fine as well if you acquire medicine from her." Little Red retorted," You are talking nonsense! How can medicine be taken so randomly!"--[[User:Zhou Sirui|Zhou Sirui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Sirui|talk]]) 12:11, 9 March 2022 (UTC)

Melilot then unfolds her handkerchief and pours the coins out. Then Little Red keeps them after counting carefully. Good Orchid says," How is it going recently? In my opinion, you'd better go home for a couple of days to invite a doctor to examine your body. You will be OK after taking medicine." Little Red replies," What are you suggesting! I am fine! Why should I go back home!" Good Orchid says," It occurs to me that Miss Lin is vulnerable and often takes medicine. You will be fine as well if you acquire medicine from her." Little Red retorted," You are talking nonsense! How can medicine be taken so randomly!"--[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 03:12, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

==Zou Xiangrui 邹享睿==
佳慧道：“你这也不是个长法儿，又懒吃懒喝的，终久怎么样？”小红道：“怕什么，还不如早些死了倒干净。”佳蕙道：“好好的，怎么说这些话？”小红道：“你那里知道我心中的事！” 佳蕙点头，想了一会道：“可也怨不得你。这个地方，本也难站。就象昨儿老太太因宝玉病了这些日子，说伏侍的人都辛苦了，如今身上好了，各处还香了愿，叫把跟着的人都按着等儿赏他们。

Good Orchid said, “It’s not a way to do so, and you are too lazy to do something. What will happen at the end?” Little Red replied ,” what are you afraid of ? I’d rather want to die.” Good Orchid said,” everything is fine, why would you say that?” And Red said,” You don't know what I was thinking !” Good Orchid nodded her head and thought a while, ”it’s not your fault. This place is hard to get a position. Like yesterday, the Madame went to the temple to pay her vows and planned to reward those who served Precious Jade because he recovered his health due to their service.--[[User:Zou Xiangrui|Zou Xiangrui]] ([[User talk:Zou Xiangrui|talk]]) 03:10, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

CULTURE2022 20220307 homework

2022-03-09T12:11:03Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Zhou Sirui 周思睿 */

CULTURE2022 20220228 homework

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Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */

CULTURE2022 20220228 homework

2022-03-03T13:35:37Z

Zhou Sirui: /* Yuan Ling 袁灵 */