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User:Zhu Shunjie

2025-06-13T12:46:28Z

Zhu Shunjie:

The Xiang Army: An Important Force in the Late Qing Military Transformation in Military Reform

Zhu Shunjie

Abstract
The Xiang Army, as the most significant regional armed force in the late Qing Dynasty, profoundly altered the course of modern Chinese history through its rise and development. This article analyzes the Xiang Army from four dimensions: its founding background, organizational structure, military strategies, and historical impact. Combining the statecraft tradition of Huxiang (Hunan) culture with the practices of the Westernization Movement, the article explores the Xiang Army's dual role in military reform, the reshaping of the political structure, and the modernization transformation.

I. The Founding Background of the Xiang Army
The birth of the Xiang Army was closely linked to the outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion. In 1851, Hong Xiuquan launched an uprising in Jintian, Guangxi. The Taiping Army rapidly swept across southern China, while the Qing government's Eight Banners and Green Standard Army proved corrupt and incapable and could not effectively resist the attack of the Taiping Army. In 1853, the Taiping Army conquered Nanjing. The Qing court was forced to order local officials to organize "tuanlian"to deal with the situation. Against this background, Zeng Guofan was ordered to return to Hunan to organize militia, initiating the founding of the Xiang Army.
Hunan's regional characteristics also provided favorable conditions for the birth of the Xiang Army. Hunan had a tradition of martial spirit. The statecraft school has had an influence here for a long time. And powerful clan forces in places like Xiangxiang provided a solid social foundation for recruitment. Furthermore, Zeng Guofan's own Confucian cultivation and deep understanding of military affairs laid the ideological foundation for the Xiang Army's establishment.

II. The Organizational Structure and Military Innovations of the Xiang Army
The Xiang Army's camp system drew inspiration from Qi Jiguang's "Qi Army" of the Ming Dynasty, with the camp as the basic combat unit, 500 people in each camp of the land division, 388 people in the navy, and 322 people in the cavalry, forming a strict hierarchical system. Its recruitment system was based on geographical and blood ties. The principle of "soldiers are recruited by generals" strengthened the personal bonds between officers and soldiers, making the Xiang Army a private armed force of "soldiers belong to their generals". While this system enhanced combat effectiveness, it also laid hidden dangers for the local forces in the late Qing Dynasty.
In terms of tactics, the Xiang Army pioneered a defensive strategy of "building a solid camp and fighting a stupid battle" . Whenever they arrived at a place, they would first dig deep trenches and build high fortifications, aiming to exhaust the enemy's strength through prolonged sieges. This tactic was used in battles such as Anqing, Jiujiang, and Tianjing (Nanjing). Although criticized as conservative, this attrition-based method effectively compensated for the Xiang Army's weakness in open-field combat and became the key to victory against the Taiping Army.

III.The Political Influence and Modernization Practices of the Xiang Army
The victory of the Xiang Army directly rescued the crumbling Qing dynasty, but it also profoundly changed the power structure between the central and local governments. After the war, the Xiang Army generals occupied most of the provincial governor-general and governor positions nationwide, forming a situation where "governors were everywhere" . Local military, political and financial power gradually broke away from central control. This situation of "heavy outside and light inside" accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty, but created conditions for the development of the Westernization Movement.
The Xiang Army group became the main promoter of the Westernization Movement. Zeng Guofan established the Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau, Zuo Zongtang founded Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau and Guo Songtao went on a diplomatic mission to the West. These initiatives opened the precedent for China's modern industrialization and opening up to the outside world. In practice, the leaders of the Xiang Army advocated the concept of "learning the superior techniques of the barbarians to control them" . By introducing Western technology and sending students abroad, they promoted the modernization of China's military and education.

IV. The Historical Evaluation and Controversies of the Xiang Army
The historical evaluation of the Xiang Army presents a distinct polarization. On one hand, its suppression of the Taiping Rebellion is seen as a tool to maintain feudal rule. The massacres such as the battles of Jiujiang and Anqing caused a moral controversy. On the other hand, its contributions to resisting foreign aggression and promoting modernization cannot be ignored, such as Zuo Zongtang's recovery of Xinjiang and Sun Kaihua's resistance to the French in Hobei. These campaigns demonstrated their national integrity.
There are also differences in the academic community's research on the Xiang Army. Luo Ergang emphasized the enlightening role of its military system reform in modern military, while Wang Kaiyun exposed its internal corruption and power struggles. Xiao Yishan believed that the Xiang Army indirectly created conditions for the Revolution of 1911, while Mao Haibin criticized its conservatism as an obstacle to the modernization process. These diverse perspectives reveal the complexity of the Xiang Army in historical transformation.

Conclusion
The rise and fall of the Xiang Army is a microcosm of the social contradictions and transformations in the late Qing Dynasty. It was both the terminator of the traditional military system and the initiator of the modernization process. Its military system and political structure profoundly influenced the direction of modern Chinese history. The collision between the pragmatic spirit of Hunan culture and the practice of the Westernization provided a unique path for China to cope with the challenges of modernization. The history of the Xiang Army reminds us that the integration of tradition and modernity and the balance between the central and local governments have always been the core issues of national transformation.

Terms and Expressions
1.湘军 the Xiang Army
2.洋务运动 Westernization Movement
3.太平天国运动 Taiping Rebellion
4.太平军 the Taiping Army
5.八旗 Eight Banners
6.团练 tuanlian
7.戚家军Qi Army
8.营 camp
9.兵由将招 soldiers are recruited by generals
10.兵为将有 soldiers belong to their generals
11.扎硬寨打呆仗 building a solid camp and fighting a stupid battle
12.总督 the provincial governor-general
13.巡抚 governor
14.曾国藩Zeng Guofan
15.江南制造总局 the Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau
16.左宗棠Zuo Zongtang
17.福州船政局 Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau
18.郭嵩焘 Guo Songtao
19.师夷长技以制夷 learning the superior techniques of the barbarians to control them
20.辛亥革命 the Revolution of 1911

Questions
1.Who was the main founder of the Xiang Army?
2.What principle did the Xiang Army mainly rely on when recruiting soldiers?
3.Which Xiang Army general founded the Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau ?

Answer
1.Zeng Guofan.
2.It relied on geographical (hometown) and blood (family) ties, implementing the principle of “soldiers are recruited by their officers.”
3.Zuo Zongtang.

References
1.Wang Jiping. On the social soil for the rise of the Xiang Army [J]. Historical Monthly, 1992(3):46-52.
2.Luo Ergang. A New History of the Xiang Army [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1939.
3.Wang Kaiyun. History of the Xiang Army [M]. Changsha: Yuelu Publishing House, 1983.
4.Long Shengyun. A Draft History of the Xiang Army [M]. Chengdu: Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1990.
5.Xiao Yishan. A General History of the Qing Dynasty [M]. Taipei: Commercial Press, 1962.
6.Cao Lili. A Review of the Study of the Xiang Army in the Late Qing Dynasty in the Past Forty Years [J]. Journal of the National Museum of China, 2020(2):148-159.
7.Mao Haijian. Zeng Guofan and His Xiang Army [EB/OL]. Modern History Research, 2022-11-11.
8.Wang Kaiyun. History of the Xiang Army (full text in vernacular) [EB/OL]. Wenyan Ancient Books Network, 2024-08-10.
9.Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China: Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Cambridge University Press, 1978.
10.Perry, Elizabeth J. Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945. Stanford University Press, 1980.

湘军：晚清军事变革的重要力量
摘要
湘军作为晚清最重要的地方武装力量，其兴起与发展深刻改变了中国近代历史进程。本文从湘军的创建背景、组织结构、军事策略及历史影响四个方面展开分析，结合湖湘文化的经世传统与洋务运动的实践，探讨其在军事改革、政治格局重塑及近代化转型中的双重角色。
一、湘军的创建背景
湘军的诞生与太平天国运动的爆发密切相关。1851年，洪秀全在广西金田发动起义，太平军迅速席卷南方，清廷的八旗和绿营军队腐败无能，无法有效抵御太平军的进攻。1853年，太平军攻克南京，清廷被迫命地方官员筹办“团练”以应对局势。在这种背景下，曾国藩奉命回湖南办理团练，开始了湘军的创建过程。
湖南的地域特性也为湘军的诞生提供了有利条件。湖南民风彪悍，经世学派在此早有影响，湘乡等地的宗族势力强大，为募兵提供了坚实的社会基础。此外，曾国藩本人的儒学修养和对军事的深刻理解，也为湘军的创建奠定了思想基础。
二、湘军的组织结构与军事革新
湘军的营制借鉴明代戚继光的“戚家军”，以营为基本作战单位，陆师每营500人，水师388人，马队322人，形成严密的层级体系。其招募制度以地缘、血缘为纽带，“兵由将招”的原则强化了官兵之间的私人依附关系，使湘军成为“兵为将有”的私人化武装。这种制度设计虽提升了战斗力，却为晚清地方势力坐大埋下隐患。
在战术上，湘军首创“扎硬寨打呆仗”的防御策略。每到一地必先深沟高垒，通过长期围困消耗敌方有生力量，如安庆、九江、天京等战役均采用此战术。这种以静制动的战法虽被批评为保守，却有效弥补了湘军野战能力的不足，成为对抗太平军的制胜关键。
三、湘军的政治影响与近代化实践
湘军的胜利直接挽救了摇摇欲坠的清王朝，但也深刻改变了中央与地方的权力格局。战后，湘军将领占据全国大部分督抚职位，形成“督抚满天下”的局面，地方军政财权逐渐脱离中央控制。这种“外重内轻”的态势加速了清朝的衰落，却为洋务运动的开展创造了条件。
湘军集团成为洋务运动的主要推动者。曾国藩创办江南制造总局，左宗棠创建福州船政局，郭嵩焘出使西洋，这些举措开启了中国近代工业化与对外开放的先河。湘军将领在实践中提出“师夷长技以制夷”的理念，通过引进西方技术、派遣留学生等方式，推动了中国军事、教育的现代化转型。
四、湘军的历史评价与争议
湘军的历史评价呈现鲜明的两极化。一方面，其镇压太平天国的行为被视为维护封建统治的工具，屠城暴行如九江、安庆之役更引发道德争议。另一方面，湘军在抵御外侮、推动近代化方面的贡献不可忽视，如左宗棠收复新疆、孙开华沪尾抗法等战役彰显了其民族气节。
学术界对湘军的研究亦存在分歧。罗尔纲强调其兵制改革对近代军事的启蒙作用，王闿运则揭露其内部腐败与权力斗争。萧一山认为湘军间接为辛亥革命创造了条件，而茅海建则批评其保守性阻碍了现代化进程。这种多元视角揭示了湘军在历史转型中的复杂性。
结论
湘军的兴衰是晚清社会矛盾与变革的缩影。它既是传统军事制度的终结者，又是近代化进程的开启者。其创建的军事体系与政治格局深刻影响了中国近代历史走向，而湖湘文化的经世精神与洋务实践的碰撞，则为中国应对现代化挑战提供了独特的路径。湘军的历史启示我们，传统与现代的交融、中央与地方的平衡，始终是国家转型的核心命题。

专有名词
1.湘军 the Xiang Army
2.洋务运动 Westernization Movement
3.太平天国运动 Taiping Rebellion
4.太平军 the Taiping Army
5.八旗 Eight Banners
6.团练 tuanlian
7.戚家军Qi Army
8.营 camp
9.兵由将招 soldiers are recruited by generals
10.兵为将有 soldiers belong to their generals
11.扎硬寨打呆仗 building a solid camp and fighting a stupid battle
12.总督 the provincial governor-general
13.巡抚 governor
14.曾国藩Zeng Guofan
15.江南制造总局 the Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau
16.左宗棠Zuo Zongtang
17.福州船政局 Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau
18.郭嵩焘 Guo Songtao
19.师夷长技以制夷 learning the superior techniques of the barbarians to control them
20.辛亥革命 the Revolution of 1911

问题
1. 湘军的主要创建者是谁？
2. 湘军在招募士兵时主要依靠什么原则？
3. 湘军将领中谁创办了福州船政局？

答案
1.曾国藩。
2.以地缘（同乡）、血缘（亲属）为纽带，实行“兵由将招”。
3.左宗棠。

参考文献
1.王继平. 论湘军兴起的社会土壤[J]. 史学月刊, 1992(3):46-52.
2. 罗尔纲. 湘军新志[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1939.
3. 王闿运. 湘军志[M]. 长沙: 岳麓书社, 1983.
4. 龙盛运. 湘军史稿[M]. 成都: 四川人民出版社, 1990.
5. 萧一山. 清代通史[M]. 台北: 商务印书馆, 1962.
6. 曹丽莉. 近四十年来晚清湘军研究综述[J]. 中国国家博物馆馆刊, 2020(2):148-159.
7. 茅海建. 曾国藩和他的湘军[EB/OL]. 近代史研究, 2022-11-11.
8. 王闿运. 湘军志（全文白话文）[EB/OL]. 文言古籍网, 2024-08-10.
9. Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China: Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Cambridge University Press, 1978.
10.Perry, Elizabeth J. Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945. Stanford University Press, 1980.

AI陈述：我在此保证，我没有使用ai的帮助来写这门课程的期末论文。

User:Zhu Shunjie

2025-06-13T12:45:53Z

Zhu Shunjie:

The Xiang Army: An Important Force in the Late Qing Military Transformation in Military Reform
Zhu Shunjie
Abstract
The Xiang Army, as the most significant regional armed force in the late Qing Dynasty, profoundly altered the course of modern Chinese history through its rise and development. This article analyzes the Xiang Army from four dimensions: its founding background, organizational structure, military strategies, and historical impact. Combining the statecraft tradition of Huxiang (Hunan) culture with the practices of the Westernization Movement, the article explores the Xiang Army's dual role in military reform, the reshaping of the political structure, and the modernization transformation.

I. The Founding Background of the Xiang Army
The birth of the Xiang Army was closely linked to the outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion. In 1851, Hong Xiuquan launched an uprising in Jintian, Guangxi. The Taiping Army rapidly swept across southern China, while the Qing government's Eight Banners and Green Standard Army proved corrupt and incapable and could not effectively resist the attack of the Taiping Army. In 1853, the Taiping Army conquered Nanjing. The Qing court was forced to order local officials to organize "tuanlian"to deal with the situation. Against this background, Zeng Guofan was ordered to return to Hunan to organize militia, initiating the founding of the Xiang Army.
Hunan's regional characteristics also provided favorable conditions for the birth of the Xiang Army. Hunan had a tradition of martial spirit. The statecraft school has had an influence here for a long time. And powerful clan forces in places like Xiangxiang provided a solid social foundation for recruitment. Furthermore, Zeng Guofan's own Confucian cultivation and deep understanding of military affairs laid the ideological foundation for the Xiang Army's establishment.

II. The Organizational Structure and Military Innovations of the Xiang Army
The Xiang Army's camp system drew inspiration from Qi Jiguang's "Qi Army" of the Ming Dynasty, with the camp as the basic combat unit, 500 people in each camp of the land division, 388 people in the navy, and 322 people in the cavalry, forming a strict hierarchical system. Its recruitment system was based on geographical and blood ties. The principle of "soldiers are recruited by generals" strengthened the personal bonds between officers and soldiers, making the Xiang Army a private armed force of "soldiers belong to their generals". While this system enhanced combat effectiveness, it also laid hidden dangers for the local forces in the late Qing Dynasty.
In terms of tactics, the Xiang Army pioneered a defensive strategy of "building a solid camp and fighting a stupid battle" . Whenever they arrived at a place, they would first dig deep trenches and build high fortifications, aiming to exhaust the enemy's strength through prolonged sieges. This tactic was used in battles such as Anqing, Jiujiang, and Tianjing (Nanjing). Although criticized as conservative, this attrition-based method effectively compensated for the Xiang Army's weakness in open-field combat and became the key to victory against the Taiping Army.

III.The Political Influence and Modernization Practices of the Xiang Army
The victory of the Xiang Army directly rescued the crumbling Qing dynasty, but it also profoundly changed the power structure between the central and local governments. After the war, the Xiang Army generals occupied most of the provincial governor-general and governor positions nationwide, forming a situation where "governors were everywhere" . Local military, political and financial power gradually broke away from central control. This situation of "heavy outside and light inside" accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty, but created conditions for the development of the Westernization Movement.
The Xiang Army group became the main promoter of the Westernization Movement. Zeng Guofan established the Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau, Zuo Zongtang founded Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau and Guo Songtao went on a diplomatic mission to the West. These initiatives opened the precedent for China's modern industrialization and opening up to the outside world. In practice, the leaders of the Xiang Army advocated the concept of "learning the superior techniques of the barbarians to control them" . By introducing Western technology and sending students abroad, they promoted the modernization of China's military and education.

IV. The Historical Evaluation and Controversies of the Xiang Army
The historical evaluation of the Xiang Army presents a distinct polarization. On one hand, its suppression of the Taiping Rebellion is seen as a tool to maintain feudal rule. The massacres such as the battles of Jiujiang and Anqing caused a moral controversy. On the other hand, its contributions to resisting foreign aggression and promoting modernization cannot be ignored, such as Zuo Zongtang's recovery of Xinjiang and Sun Kaihua's resistance to the French in Hobei. These campaigns demonstrated their national integrity.
There are also differences in the academic community's research on the Xiang Army. Luo Ergang emphasized the enlightening role of its military system reform in modern military, while Wang Kaiyun exposed its internal corruption and power struggles. Xiao Yishan believed that the Xiang Army indirectly created conditions for the Revolution of 1911, while Mao Haibin criticized its conservatism as an obstacle to the modernization process. These diverse perspectives reveal the complexity of the Xiang Army in historical transformation.

Conclusion
The rise and fall of the Xiang Army is a microcosm of the social contradictions and transformations in the late Qing Dynasty. It was both the terminator of the traditional military system and the initiator of the modernization process. Its military system and political structure profoundly influenced the direction of modern Chinese history. The collision between the pragmatic spirit of Hunan culture and the practice of the Westernization provided a unique path for China to cope with the challenges of modernization. The history of the Xiang Army reminds us that the integration of tradition and modernity and the balance between the central and local governments have always been the core issues of national transformation.

Terms and Expressions
1.湘军 the Xiang Army
2.洋务运动 Westernization Movement
3.太平天国运动 Taiping Rebellion
4.太平军 the Taiping Army
5.八旗 Eight Banners
6.团练 tuanlian
7.戚家军Qi Army
8.营 camp
9.兵由将招 soldiers are recruited by generals
10.兵为将有 soldiers belong to their generals
11.扎硬寨打呆仗 building a solid camp and fighting a stupid battle
12.总督 the provincial governor-general
13.巡抚 governor
14.曾国藩Zeng Guofan
15.江南制造总局 the Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau
16.左宗棠Zuo Zongtang
17.福州船政局 Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau
18.郭嵩焘 Guo Songtao
19.师夷长技以制夷 learning the superior techniques of the barbarians to control them
20.辛亥革命 the Revolution of 1911

Questions
1.Who was the main founder of the Xiang Army?
2.What principle did the Xiang Army mainly rely on when recruiting soldiers?
3.Which Xiang Army general founded the Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau ?

Answer
1.Zeng Guofan.
2.It relied on geographical (hometown) and blood (family) ties, implementing the principle of “soldiers are recruited by their officers.”
3.Zuo Zongtang.

References
1.Wang Jiping. On the social soil for the rise of the Xiang Army [J]. Historical Monthly, 1992(3):46-52.
2.Luo Ergang. A New History of the Xiang Army [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1939.
3.Wang Kaiyun. History of the Xiang Army [M]. Changsha: Yuelu Publishing House, 1983.
4.Long Shengyun. A Draft History of the Xiang Army [M]. Chengdu: Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1990.
5.Xiao Yishan. A General History of the Qing Dynasty [M]. Taipei: Commercial Press, 1962.
6.Cao Lili. A Review of the Study of the Xiang Army in the Late Qing Dynasty in the Past Forty Years [J]. Journal of the National Museum of China, 2020(2):148-159.
7.Mao Haijian. Zeng Guofan and His Xiang Army [EB/OL]. Modern History Research, 2022-11-11.
8.Wang Kaiyun. History of the Xiang Army (full text in vernacular) [EB/OL]. Wenyan Ancient Books Network, 2024-08-10.
9.Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China: Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Cambridge University Press, 1978.
10.Perry, Elizabeth J. Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945. Stanford University Press, 1980.

湘军：晚清军事变革的重要力量
摘要
湘军作为晚清最重要的地方武装力量，其兴起与发展深刻改变了中国近代历史进程。本文从湘军的创建背景、组织结构、军事策略及历史影响四个方面展开分析，结合湖湘文化的经世传统与洋务运动的实践，探讨其在军事改革、政治格局重塑及近代化转型中的双重角色。
一、湘军的创建背景
湘军的诞生与太平天国运动的爆发密切相关。1851年，洪秀全在广西金田发动起义，太平军迅速席卷南方，清廷的八旗和绿营军队腐败无能，无法有效抵御太平军的进攻。1853年，太平军攻克南京，清廷被迫命地方官员筹办“团练”以应对局势。在这种背景下，曾国藩奉命回湖南办理团练，开始了湘军的创建过程。
湖南的地域特性也为湘军的诞生提供了有利条件。湖南民风彪悍，经世学派在此早有影响，湘乡等地的宗族势力强大，为募兵提供了坚实的社会基础。此外，曾国藩本人的儒学修养和对军事的深刻理解，也为湘军的创建奠定了思想基础。
二、湘军的组织结构与军事革新
湘军的营制借鉴明代戚继光的“戚家军”，以营为基本作战单位，陆师每营500人，水师388人，马队322人，形成严密的层级体系。其招募制度以地缘、血缘为纽带，“兵由将招”的原则强化了官兵之间的私人依附关系，使湘军成为“兵为将有”的私人化武装。这种制度设计虽提升了战斗力，却为晚清地方势力坐大埋下隐患。
在战术上，湘军首创“扎硬寨打呆仗”的防御策略。每到一地必先深沟高垒，通过长期围困消耗敌方有生力量，如安庆、九江、天京等战役均采用此战术。这种以静制动的战法虽被批评为保守，却有效弥补了湘军野战能力的不足，成为对抗太平军的制胜关键。
三、湘军的政治影响与近代化实践
湘军的胜利直接挽救了摇摇欲坠的清王朝，但也深刻改变了中央与地方的权力格局。战后，湘军将领占据全国大部分督抚职位，形成“督抚满天下”的局面，地方军政财权逐渐脱离中央控制。这种“外重内轻”的态势加速了清朝的衰落，却为洋务运动的开展创造了条件。
湘军集团成为洋务运动的主要推动者。曾国藩创办江南制造总局，左宗棠创建福州船政局，郭嵩焘出使西洋，这些举措开启了中国近代工业化与对外开放的先河。湘军将领在实践中提出“师夷长技以制夷”的理念，通过引进西方技术、派遣留学生等方式，推动了中国军事、教育的现代化转型。
四、湘军的历史评价与争议
湘军的历史评价呈现鲜明的两极化。一方面，其镇压太平天国的行为被视为维护封建统治的工具，屠城暴行如九江、安庆之役更引发道德争议。另一方面，湘军在抵御外侮、推动近代化方面的贡献不可忽视，如左宗棠收复新疆、孙开华沪尾抗法等战役彰显了其民族气节。
学术界对湘军的研究亦存在分歧。罗尔纲强调其兵制改革对近代军事的启蒙作用，王闿运则揭露其内部腐败与权力斗争。萧一山认为湘军间接为辛亥革命创造了条件，而茅海建则批评其保守性阻碍了现代化进程。这种多元视角揭示了湘军在历史转型中的复杂性。
结论
湘军的兴衰是晚清社会矛盾与变革的缩影。它既是传统军事制度的终结者，又是近代化进程的开启者。其创建的军事体系与政治格局深刻影响了中国近代历史走向，而湖湘文化的经世精神与洋务实践的碰撞，则为中国应对现代化挑战提供了独特的路径。湘军的历史启示我们，传统与现代的交融、中央与地方的平衡，始终是国家转型的核心命题。

专有名词
1.湘军 the Xiang Army
2.洋务运动 Westernization Movement
3.太平天国运动 Taiping Rebellion
4.太平军 the Taiping Army
5.八旗 Eight Banners
6.团练 tuanlian
7.戚家军Qi Army
8.营 camp
9.兵由将招 soldiers are recruited by generals
10.兵为将有 soldiers belong to their generals
11.扎硬寨打呆仗 building a solid camp and fighting a stupid battle
12.总督 the provincial governor-general
13.巡抚 governor
14.曾国藩Zeng Guofan
15.江南制造总局 the Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau
16.左宗棠Zuo Zongtang
17.福州船政局 Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau
18.郭嵩焘 Guo Songtao
19.师夷长技以制夷 learning the superior techniques of the barbarians to control them
20.辛亥革命 the Revolution of 1911

问题
1. 湘军的主要创建者是谁？
2. 湘军在招募士兵时主要依靠什么原则？
3. 湘军将领中谁创办了福州船政局？

答案
1.曾国藩。
2.以地缘（同乡）、血缘（亲属）为纽带，实行“兵由将招”。
3.左宗棠。

参考文献
1.王继平. 论湘军兴起的社会土壤[J]. 史学月刊, 1992(3):46-52.
2. 罗尔纲. 湘军新志[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1939.
3. 王闿运. 湘军志[M]. 长沙: 岳麓书社, 1983.
4. 龙盛运. 湘军史稿[M]. 成都: 四川人民出版社, 1990.
5. 萧一山. 清代通史[M]. 台北: 商务印书馆, 1962.
6. 曹丽莉. 近四十年来晚清湘军研究综述[J]. 中国国家博物馆馆刊, 2020(2):148-159.
7. 茅海建. 曾国藩和他的湘军[EB/OL]. 近代史研究, 2022-11-11.
8. 王闿运. 湘军志（全文白话文）[EB/OL]. 文言古籍网, 2024-08-10.
9. Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China: Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Cambridge University Press, 1978.
10.Perry, Elizabeth J. Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945. Stanford University Press, 1980.

AI陈述：我在此保证，我没有使用ai的帮助来写这门课程的期末论文。

User:Zhu Shunjie

2025-06-13T12:02:09Z

Zhu Shunjie:

The Xiang Army: An Important Force in the Late Qing Military Transformation in Military Reform
Abstract
The Xiang Army, as the most significant regional armed force in the late Qing Dynasty, profoundly altered the course of modern Chinese history through its rise and development. This article analyzes the Xiang Army from four dimensions: its founding background, organizational structure, military strategies, and historical impact. Combining the statecraft tradition of Huxiang (Hunan) culture with the practices of the Westernization Movement, the article explores the Xiang Army's dual role in military reform, the reshaping of the political structure, and the modernization transformation.

I. The Founding Background of the Xiang Army
The birth of the Xiang Army was closely linked to the outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion. In 1851, Hong Xiuquan launched an uprising in Jintian, Guangxi. The Taiping Army rapidly swept across southern China, while the Qing government's Eight Banners and Green Standard Army proved corrupt and incapable and could not effectively resist the attack of the Taiping Army. In 1853, the Taiping Army conquered Nanjing. The Qing court was forced to order local officials to organize "tuanlian"to deal with the situation. Against this background, Zeng Guofan was ordered to return to Hunan to organize militia, initiating the founding of the Xiang Army.
Hunan's regional characteristics also provided favorable conditions for the birth of the Xiang Army. Hunan had a tradition of martial spirit. The statecraft school has had an influence here for a long time. And powerful clan forces in places like Xiangxiang provided a solid social foundation for recruitment. Furthermore, Zeng Guofan's own Confucian cultivation and deep understanding of military affairs laid the ideological foundation for the Xiang Army's establishment.

II. The Organizational Structure and Military Innovations of the Xiang Army
The Xiang Army's camp system drew inspiration from Qi Jiguang's "Qi Army" of the Ming Dynasty, with the camp as the basic combat unit, 500 people in each camp of the land division, 388 people in the navy, and 322 people in the cavalry, forming a strict hierarchical system. Its recruitment system was based on geographical and blood ties. The principle of "soldiers are recruited by generals" strengthened the personal bonds between officers and soldiers, making the Xiang Army a private armed force of "soldiers belong to their generals". While this system enhanced combat effectiveness, it also laid hidden dangers for the local forces in the late Qing Dynasty.
In terms of tactics, the Xiang Army pioneered a defensive strategy of "building a solid camp and fighting a stupid battle" . Whenever they arrived at a place, they would first dig deep trenches and build high fortifications, aiming to exhaust the enemy's strength through prolonged sieges. This tactic was used in battles such as Anqing, Jiujiang, and Tianjing (Nanjing). Although criticized as conservative, this attrition-based method effectively compensated for the Xiang Army's weakness in open-field combat and became the key to victory against the Taiping Army.

III.The Political Influence and Modernization Practices of the Xiang Army
The victory of the Xiang Army directly rescued the crumbling Qing dynasty, but it also profoundly changed the power structure between the central and local governments. After the war, the Xiang Army generals occupied most of the provincial governor-general and governor positions nationwide, forming a situation where "governors were everywhere" . Local military, political and financial power gradually broke away from central control. This situation of "heavy outside and light inside" accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty, but created conditions for the development of the Westernization Movement.
The Xiang Army group became the main promoter of the Westernization Movement. Zeng Guofan established the Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau, Zuo Zongtang founded Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau and Guo Songtao went on a diplomatic mission to the West. These initiatives opened the precedent for China's modern industrialization and opening up to the outside world. In practice, the leaders of the Xiang Army advocated the concept of "learning the superior techniques of the barbarians to control them" . By introducing Western technology and sending students abroad, they promoted the modernization of China's military and education.

IV. The Historical Evaluation and Controversies of the Xiang Army
The historical evaluation of the Xiang Army presents a distinct polarization. On one hand, its suppression of the Taiping Rebellion is seen as a tool to maintain feudal rule. The massacres such as the battles of Jiujiang and Anqing caused a moral controversy. On the other hand, its contributions to resisting foreign aggression and promoting modernization cannot be ignored, such as Zuo Zongtang's recovery of Xinjiang and Sun Kaihua's resistance to the French in Hobei. These campaigns demonstrated their national integrity.
There are also differences in the academic community's research on the Xiang Army. Luo Ergang emphasized the enlightening role of its military system reform in modern military, while Wang Kaiyun exposed its internal corruption and power struggles. Xiao Yishan believed that the Xiang Army indirectly created conditions for the Revolution of 1911, while Mao Haibin criticized its conservatism as an obstacle to the modernization process. These diverse perspectives reveal the complexity of the Xiang Army in historical transformation.

Conclusion
The rise and fall of the Xiang Army is a microcosm of the social contradictions and transformations in the late Qing Dynasty. It was both the terminator of the traditional military system and the initiator of the modernization process. Its military system and political structure profoundly influenced the direction of modern Chinese history. The collision between the pragmatic spirit of Hunan culture and the practice of the Westernization provided a unique path for China to cope with the challenges of modernization. The history of the Xiang Army reminds us that the integration of tradition and modernity and the balance between the central and local governments have always been the core issues of national transformation.

Terms and Expressions
1.湘军 the Xiang Army
2.洋务运动 Westernization Movement
3.太平天国运动 Taiping Rebellion
4.太平军 the Taiping Army
5.八旗 Eight Banners
6.团练 tuanlian
7.戚家军Qi Army
8.营 camp
9.兵由将招 soldiers are recruited by generals
10.兵为将有 soldiers belong to their generals
11.扎硬寨打呆仗 building a solid camp and fighting a stupid battle
12.总督 the provincial governor-general
13.巡抚 governor
14.曾国藩Zeng Guofan
15.江南制造总局 the Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau
16.左宗棠Zuo Zongtang
17.福州船政局 Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau
18.郭嵩焘 Guo Songtao
19.师夷长技以制夷 learning the superior techniques of the barbarians to control them
20.辛亥革命 the Revolution of 1911

Questions
1.Who was the main founder of the Xiang Army?
2.What principle did the Xiang Army mainly rely on when recruiting soldiers?
3.Which Xiang Army general founded the Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau ?

Answer
1.Zeng Guofan.
2.It relied on geographical (hometown) and blood (family) ties, implementing the principle of “soldiers are recruited by their officers.”
3.Zuo Zongtang.

References
1.Wang Jiping. On the social soil for the rise of the Xiang Army [J]. Historical Monthly, 1992(3):46-52.
2.Luo Ergang. A New History of the Xiang Army [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1939.
3.Wang Kaiyun. History of the Xiang Army [M]. Changsha: Yuelu Publishing House, 1983.
4.Long Shengyun. A Draft History of the Xiang Army [M]. Chengdu: Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1990.
5.Xiao Yishan. A General History of the Qing Dynasty [M]. Taipei: Commercial Press, 1962.
6.Cao Lili. A Review of the Study of the Xiang Army in the Late Qing Dynasty in the Past Forty Years [J]. Journal of the National Museum of China, 2020(2):148-159.
7.Mao Haijian. Zeng Guofan and His Xiang Army [EB/OL]. Modern History Research, 2022-11-11.
8.Wang Kaiyun. History of the Xiang Army (full text in vernacular) [EB/OL]. Wenyan Ancient Books Network, 2024-08-10.
9.Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China: Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Cambridge University Press, 1978.
10.Perry, Elizabeth J. Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945. Stanford University Press, 1980.

湘军：晚清军事变革的重要力量
摘要
湘军作为晚清最重要的地方武装力量，其兴起与发展深刻改变了中国近代历史进程。本文从湘军的创建背景、组织结构、军事策略及历史影响四个方面展开分析，结合湖湘文化的经世传统与洋务运动的实践，探讨其在军事改革、政治格局重塑及近代化转型中的双重角色。
一、湘军的创建背景
湘军的诞生与太平天国运动的爆发密切相关。1851年，洪秀全在广西金田发动起义，太平军迅速席卷南方，清廷的八旗和绿营军队腐败无能，无法有效抵御太平军的进攻。1853年，太平军攻克南京，清廷被迫命地方官员筹办“团练”以应对局势。在这种背景下，曾国藩奉命回湖南办理团练，开始了湘军的创建过程。
湖南的地域特性也为湘军的诞生提供了有利条件。湖南民风彪悍，经世学派在此早有影响，湘乡等地的宗族势力强大，为募兵提供了坚实的社会基础。此外，曾国藩本人的儒学修养和对军事的深刻理解，也为湘军的创建奠定了思想基础。
二、湘军的组织结构与军事革新
湘军的营制借鉴明代戚继光的“戚家军”，以营为基本作战单位，陆师每营500人，水师388人，马队322人，形成严密的层级体系。其招募制度以地缘、血缘为纽带，“兵由将招”的原则强化了官兵之间的私人依附关系，使湘军成为“兵为将有”的私人化武装。这种制度设计虽提升了战斗力，却为晚清地方势力坐大埋下隐患。
在战术上，湘军首创“扎硬寨打呆仗”的防御策略。每到一地必先深沟高垒，通过长期围困消耗敌方有生力量，如安庆、九江、天京等战役均采用此战术。这种以静制动的战法虽被批评为保守，却有效弥补了湘军野战能力的不足，成为对抗太平军的制胜关键。
三、湘军的政治影响与近代化实践
湘军的胜利直接挽救了摇摇欲坠的清王朝，但也深刻改变了中央与地方的权力格局。战后，湘军将领占据全国大部分督抚职位，形成“督抚满天下”的局面，地方军政财权逐渐脱离中央控制。这种“外重内轻”的态势加速了清朝的衰落，却为洋务运动的开展创造了条件。
湘军集团成为洋务运动的主要推动者。曾国藩创办江南制造总局，左宗棠创建福州船政局，郭嵩焘出使西洋，这些举措开启了中国近代工业化与对外开放的先河。湘军将领在实践中提出“师夷长技以制夷”的理念，通过引进西方技术、派遣留学生等方式，推动了中国军事、教育的现代化转型。
四、湘军的历史评价与争议
湘军的历史评价呈现鲜明的两极化。一方面，其镇压太平天国的行为被视为维护封建统治的工具，屠城暴行如九江、安庆之役更引发道德争议。另一方面，湘军在抵御外侮、推动近代化方面的贡献不可忽视，如左宗棠收复新疆、孙开华沪尾抗法等战役彰显了其民族气节。
学术界对湘军的研究亦存在分歧。罗尔纲强调其兵制改革对近代军事的启蒙作用，王闿运则揭露其内部腐败与权力斗争。萧一山认为湘军间接为辛亥革命创造了条件，而茅海建则批评其保守性阻碍了现代化进程。这种多元视角揭示了湘军在历史转型中的复杂性。
结论
湘军的兴衰是晚清社会矛盾与变革的缩影。它既是传统军事制度的终结者，又是近代化进程的开启者。其创建的军事体系与政治格局深刻影响了中国近代历史走向，而湖湘文化的经世精神与洋务实践的碰撞，则为中国应对现代化挑战提供了独特的路径。湘军的历史启示我们，传统与现代的交融、中央与地方的平衡，始终是国家转型的核心命题。

专有名词
1.湘军 the Xiang Army
2.洋务运动 Westernization Movement
3.太平天国运动 Taiping Rebellion
4.太平军 the Taiping Army
5.八旗 Eight Banners
6.团练 tuanlian
7.戚家军Qi Army
8.营 camp
9.兵由将招 soldiers are recruited by generals
10.兵为将有 soldiers belong to their generals
11.扎硬寨打呆仗 building a solid camp and fighting a stupid battle
12.总督 the provincial governor-general
13.巡抚 governor
14.曾国藩Zeng Guofan
15.江南制造总局 the Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau
16.左宗棠Zuo Zongtang
17.福州船政局 Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau
18.郭嵩焘 Guo Songtao
19.师夷长技以制夷 learning the superior techniques of the barbarians to control them
20.辛亥革命 the Revolution of 1911

问题
1. 湘军的主要创建者是谁？
2. 湘军在招募士兵时主要依靠什么原则？
3. 湘军将领中谁创办了福州船政局？

答案
1.曾国藩。
2.以地缘（同乡）、血缘（亲属）为纽带，实行“兵由将招”。
3.左宗棠。

参考文献
1.王继平. 论湘军兴起的社会土壤[J]. 史学月刊, 1992(3):46-52.
2. 罗尔纲. 湘军新志[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1939.
3. 王闿运. 湘军志[M]. 长沙: 岳麓书社, 1983.
4. 龙盛运. 湘军史稿[M]. 成都: 四川人民出版社, 1990.
5. 萧一山. 清代通史[M]. 台北: 商务印书馆, 1962.
6. 曹丽莉. 近四十年来晚清湘军研究综述[J]. 中国国家博物馆馆刊, 2020(2):148-159.
7. 茅海建. 曾国藩和他的湘军[EB/OL]. 近代史研究, 2022-11-11.
8. 王闿运. 湘军志（全文白话文）[EB/OL]. 文言古籍网, 2024-08-10.
9. Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China: Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911. Cambridge University Press, 1978.
10.Perry, Elizabeth J. Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945. Stanford University Press, 1980.

AI陈述：我在此保证，我没有使用ai的帮助来写这门课程的期末论文。

Cult Ov Fin Exam Spring 2025

2025-06-05T09:50:39Z

Zhu Shunjie: /* https://wiki.rub.de/uvu/index.php/User:Zhu_Shunjie#Final_Paper */

=Please write your final exam topics here!=
Write your topics behind your name.

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Xiaojia#Final_Paper 中国著名茶叶 The Famous Tea of China==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Shang_Ruyi#Final_Paper 余华 Yu Hua==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Yanhua#Final_Paper 划龙舟比赛 Dragon boat race==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Qingyi#Final_Paper 锔瓷Chinese Ceramic Mending ==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Xiaojia#Final_Paper==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Peng_Peixin#Final_Paper 《藏海传》Legend of Zang Hai==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Xu_Huanchang#Final_Paper 长江七号 Changjiang Number 7==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Hu_Xiuhao#Final_Paper 金庸武侠小说鉴赏 Appreciation of Kung Fu Stories written by Jinyong ==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wang_Nan#Final_Paper 鱼丸 Fish Ball==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Wu_Jincheng#Final_Paper 二次元文化 ACG Culture==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Liu_Wenziqin#Final_Paper==
==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Yao_Kexin#Final_Paper 中国的拉郎现象：圣黛CP（孙悟空×林黛玉）The "Langlang" Phenomenon in China: The "Sun Wukong × Lin Daiyu" (St. Dai) Couple==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Zhiying#Final_Paper==
==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Bingjie#Final_Paper 魅力城头山 Charming Chengtoushan==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Zhengyuan#Final_Paper 滕王阁 Tengwang Pavilion ==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Xiao_Xiangping#Final_Paper 扬州炒饭 Yangzhou Fried Rice==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Yang_Ning#Final_Paper 香港武侠电影 Hong Kong Martial Arts Films==
==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Lu_Yingxin#Final_Paper 中国井盐 Chinese Well Salt==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhang_Yubo#Final_Paper 张宇波 Chinese meme culture==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Chen_Jingxi#Final_Paper==
==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhu_Huiting#Final_Paper 炎帝陵 Yandi Mausoleum==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhong_Weiping#Final_Paper 盗墓笔记 The Grave Robbers’ Chronicles==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Su_Xing#Final_Paper 《西厢记》The moon and the Zither ：The story of the western wing==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zheng_Xiaotong#Final_Paper 郓城壮馍 Yuncheng Zhangmo ==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Yijun#Final_Paper 汉寿甲鱼 Hanshou turtle==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Tang_Jiahua#Final_Paper泡泡玛特 POP MART==
==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhou_Yuzhen#Final_Paper==
==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Li_Zuyi#Final_Paper 中文原创音乐剧：聂小倩与宁采臣 Chinese Original Musical: Nie Xiaoqian and Ning Caichen==

==https://bou.de/u/wiki/User:Zhu_Shunjie#Final_Paper 湘军 the Xiang Army==

=第九讲：旗袍文化与游戏文化 Session Nine: Cheongsam Culture and Game Culture=

==旗袍文化与翻译 Clothing: Cheongsam and Translation==

旗袍作为中国传统服饰的代表，其名称通常音译为"cheongsam"(粤语发音)或"qipao"(普通话发音)，译者需了解这两种译法的使用语境，如在国际时尚领域"cheongsam"更为常见，而学术文章中可能两者并用并说明其语源。

As a representative of traditional Chinese clothing, the name of qipao is usually transliterated as "cheongsam" (Cantonese pronunciation) or "qipao" (Mandarin pronunciation). Translators need to understand the usage context of these two translations. For example, "cheongsam" is more common in the international fashion field, while academic articles may use both and explain their etymology.

旗袍的历史演变中包含丰富的文化信息，翻译时需准确表达不同历史时期旗袍的特点，如满族旗袍、1920年代的改良旗袍、1930年代的上海风格旗袍等，避免将不同时期的特征混淆。

The historical evolution of qipao contains rich cultural information. The characteristics of qipao in different historical periods need to be accurately expressed in translation, such as Manchu qipao, improved qipao in the 1920s, Shanghai-style qipao in the 1930s, etc., avoiding confusion of features from different periods.

旗袍工艺和结构术语的翻译需特别注意专业准确性，如将"盘扣"译为"Chinese knot buttons/pankou buttons"而非简单的"buttons"，将"琵琶襟"译为"overlapping front closure/pipa front"而非简单的"collar"，以准确表达其独特的结构特点。

Special attention should be paid to professional accuracy in the translation of qipao craftsmanship and structure terminology. For example, "pan kou" can be translated as "Chinese knot buttons/pankou buttons" rather than simply "buttons," and "pipa jin" as "overlapping front closure/pipa front" rather than simply "collar," to accurately express their unique structural features.

翻译旗袍文化相关内容时，需关注性别视角和文化身份的敏感问题，既要避免东方主义的刻板印象（如将旗袍简单地与"exotic Oriental femininity"联系），也要准确传达旗袍在中国现代女性身份建构中的复杂角色。

When translating qipao culture-related content, attention should be paid to sensitive issues of gender perspective and cultural identity. It is necessary to avoid Orientalist stereotypes (such as simply associating qipao with "exotic Oriental femininity") and accurately convey the complex role of qipao in the construction of modern Chinese female identity.

口译涉及旗袍主题时，译者需熟悉面料、花纹、剪裁等专业术语，如将"缎面"译为"satin"，"盘金云纹"译为"gold-embroidered cloud pattern"等，同时了解旗袍在不同场合（正式社交、日常穿着、艺术表演等）的文化含义，以准确传达相关语境。

When interpretation involves qipao themes, interpreters need to be familiar with professional terms such as fabrics, patterns, cutting, etc., such as translating "duan mian" as "satin," "pan jin yun wen" as "gold-embroidered cloud pattern," etc., while understanding the cultural meanings of qipao in different occasions (formal social, daily wear, artistic performance, etc.), to accurately convey the relevant context.

'''重要词汇 | Key Vocabulary'''

中文拼音英文旗袍 qípáo cheongsam/qipao

盘扣 pánkòu Chinese knot buttons/pankou buttons

琵琶襟 pípájī noverlapping front closure/pipa front

缎面 duànmiàn satin

开衩 kāichà side slit

立领 lì lǐng mandarin collar/stand-up collar

改良旗袍 gǎiliáng qípáo modified qipao

旗人服饰 qírén fúshì Manchu clothing

剪裁 jiǎn cái cutting/tailoring

手工缝制 shǒugōng féngzhì hand-sewn/handcrafted

==黑神话：悟空与翻译 Black Myth: Wukong and Translation==

《黑神话：悟空》作为基于中国古典名著《西游记》的游戏作品，其翻译需特别注意中国传统文化元素的准确表达，如游戏中的神话人物、法术、武器等需结合原著背景进行翻译，避免与西方奇幻概念混淆。

As a game based on the Chinese classical masterpiece "Journey to the West," the translation of "Black Myth: Wukong" needs to pay special attention to the accurate expression of traditional Chinese cultural elements. Mythological characters, spells, weapons, etc., in the game need to be translated in combination with the background of the original work, avoiding confusion with Western fantasy concepts.

游戏术语与中国传统文化术语的结合是翻译的重点，如将游戏中的技能系统"法相天地"译为"Divine Transformation"时，需注意保留其佛教文化背景，必要时通过注释或游戏内说明传达其文化内涵。

The combination of game terminology and traditional Chinese cultural terminology is the focus of translation. For example, when translating the skill system "fa xiang tian di" in the game as "Divine Transformation," attention should be paid to retaining its Buddhist cultural background, with its cultural connotations conveyed through annotations or in-game explanations when necessary.

游戏中的文言表达和诗词引用在翻译时需特别注意语体风格，如游戏角色的对话可能模仿古代语言风格，翻译时既要保持其古雅氛围，又要确保现代玩家能够理解，可采用适度古风的英语表达来再现这种效果。

Special attention should be paid to stylistic style in the translation of classical Chinese expressions and poetry quotations in the game. For example, the dialogue of game characters may imitate ancient language style. When translating, it is necessary to maintain its elegant atmosphere while ensuring that modern players can understand it. Moderately archaic English expressions can be used to reproduce this effect.

游戏视觉元素中的中国传统文化符号，如建筑风格、服饰设计、器物形象等，在涉及这些元素的描述文本翻译时，需准确使用相应的专业术语，如将游戏中的"飞檐斗拱"译为"flying eaves and dougong brackets"而非简单的"Chinese roof"。

For traditional Chinese cultural symbols in game visual elements, such as architectural style, costume design, implement images, etc., when translating descriptive texts involving these elements, corresponding professional terms need to be used accurately. For example, "fei yan dou gong" in the game can be translated as "flying eaves and dougong brackets" rather than simply "Chinese roof."

口译涉及游戏和中国传统文化结合的内容时，译者需同时熟悉游戏术语和中国文化术语，了解原著《西游记》的经典英译本如Arthur Waley的《Monkey》中的译名选择，在专业游戏术语和传统文化表达之间找到平衡，确保不同背景的听众都能理解。

When interpretation involves content combining games and traditional Chinese culture, interpreters need to be familiar with both game terminology and Chinese cultural terminology, understand the translation choices in classic English translations of the original "Journey to the West" such as Arthur Waley's "Monkey," find a balance between professional game terminology and traditional cultural expressions, and ensure that audiences with different backgrounds can understand.

'''重要词汇 | Key Vocabulary'''

中文拼音英文黑神话：悟空 Hēi shénhuà: Wùkōng Black Myth: Wukong

西游记 Xī yóujì Journey to the West

孙悟空 Sūn Wùkōng Sun Wukong/Monkey King

法术 fǎ shù spells/magic

法相天地 fǎ xiàng tiān dì Divine Transformation

筋斗云 jīn dǒu yún Somersault Cloud

如意金箍棒 rú yì jīn gū bàng Ruyi Jingu Bang/Compliant Golden-hooped Rod

妖怪 yāoguài demons/monsters

修为 xiūwéi cultivation level

神通 shéntōng divine powers/supernatural abilities

==第九讲测验 Session Nine Quiz==

#旗袍这一服饰名称有哪两种常见的英文译法？它们各自的使用语境有何不同？What are the two common English translations of the clothing name "qipao"? What are the differences in their usage contexts?
#翻译旗袍工艺术语如"盘扣"、"琵琶襟"时应注意哪些专业性问题？What professional issues should be noted when translating qipao craftsmanship terms such as "pan kou" and "pipa jin"?
#《黑神话：悟空》作为基于《西游记》的游戏，在翻译相关内容时应特别注意哪些文化因素？As a game based on "Journey to the West," what cultural factors should be specially noted when translating content related to "Black Myth: Wukong"?
#游戏中的文言表达和古风对话在翻译时有哪些特殊挑战？译者可采取什么策略？What special challenges do classical Chinese expressions and archaic dialogues in games have in translation? What strategies can translators adopt?
#在翻译旗袍文化相关内容时，如何避免东方主义的刻板印象？请给出具体建议。How can Orientalist stereotypes be avoided when translating qipao culture-related content? Please give specific suggestions.

File:Yuelu Mountain.pptx

2025-06-04T09:53:14Z

Zhu Shunjie:

Overview of Chinese Culture, Spring 2025

2025-02-26T14:14:41Z

Zhu Shunjie: /* Homework */

Welcome to our course website [[Overview of Chinese Culture, Spring 2025]]!

=Session 1 Wed Feb 19 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Organizational issues=
FRI 8:00-9:40 '''中国文化概要''' [[Overview of Chinese Culture, Spring 2025]] 407 BA22笔译1 (1-16, 09230030.01)

==What we learn in this class==
*We learn about Chinese culture from international, especially Western perspective.
*We learn about cultural phenomena, traditional Chinese culture.
*We learn English and Chinese terminology in the area of Chinese culture.
*We learn to think critically about cultural traditions and to appreciate the benefits from cultural traditions.
*We learn how to determine the location and role of Chinese culture within global culture.
*We learn basics of theories and models of intercultural communication and comparison.
*We learn the appreciate and respect the diversity of multipolar cultures and of integration.
*We become aware of the dangers of cultural discrimination (colonialism, religious missions, imperialism etc.).

==Students' contribution==
*Every student needs to prepare the 1-2 textbook texts of the respective chapters in the textbook ahead each week of class.
*Every student selects a topic, prepares 2 ppt presentations of 15 min. (one without AI, one with AI, and please indicate references and an AI statement at the end of the presentation) and a mentimeter.com quiz for everybody to take live in class with results shown after all will have answered. The topics and contents of the sessions are determined by the selection of the students.
*For the final exam, you write another chapter of the textbook in both Chinese and English, with "Terms and Expressions", References, Questions and Answers, Statement regarding AI

==Textbook==
You will receive the textbook for our class. We need a volunteer who integrates the last 92 new chapters into the word file. After tha, you will receive an updated version of the textbook. There are more than 200 topics of our textbook. Here you find all topics in the order of the book and with the names of the students who will translate the chapters into Chinese. Please select two topics by writing your name behind it and by setting it in '''bold'''. These topics will be presented in the form of a powerpoint presentation.

==Agreement on use of classroom time==
Should we read the texts in class or should the students read the text ahead of class (especially learning the terms and expressions) and come to class prepared? How should we use our classroom time? (presentations, quizzes, discussions, exercise to translate adhoc an unknown text from the same area)

==Homework for next session (actually for every session)==
Please prepare the topics of the following session by reading the respective texts in the textbook and by answering the respective questions.

==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:01_Chin_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]
==Homework==
Please register on the Wiki and wait for the teacher to approve.

Please select one of the following chapters of our textbook by writing your name behind the topic to give a 20 minute presentation on plus a MikeCRM quiz: The first three presenters will have to present next week!

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development 17

2. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 22 Xu Huanchang

3. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 31

4. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan 40

5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia 49

6. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 63 '''Yao Kexin'''

7. Animals: Panda 71

8. Architecture 78

9. Architecture: The Forbidden City 89

10. Architecture: Four Famous Bridges 102

11. Architecture: Four Great Pavilions 113

12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace 124

13. Architecture: Three Great Towers in China 131

14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 145

15. Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons 154

16. Army and weapons: Terracotta Army 163

17. Astrology: Chinese Astrology 170

18. Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms 178

19. Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 188

20. Beverages: Milk Tea 197(Li Zuyi)

21. Beverages: Tea 203(Li Zhiying)

22. Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 209

23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing 218

24. Body movement performance: Stilts 223

25. Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance 230

26. Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush 236

27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy 246

28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy 252 Liu Xiaojia

29. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters 262

30. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts 276

31. Clothing: Chinese Clothing 283

32. Clothing: Batik (Lanran) 291

33. Clothing: Cheongsam 301 (Lu Yingxin)

34. Confucianism: Confucian Culture 309

35. Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues 324

36. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism 332

37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects 339 (Duan Binyao)

38. Education: Ancient Chinese Education 350

39. Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 361（Shang Ruyi/Michelle）

40. Education: Modern Chinese Education System 371

41. Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 386

42. Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) 395

43. Facial Make-up 406

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 413

45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 431

46. Fine Arts: Painting 440

47. Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi 445

48. Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day 452

49. Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 459

50. Games: Go 围棋 462

51. Games: Kite Flying 468

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476(Zhou Yuzhen)

53. Garden Culture: Gardens 505

54. Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) 511

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 526

57. Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 535

58. History: Carl and Cixi 548

59. Interieur: The Folding Screen 552

60. Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines 561

61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics 573

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains 585

63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes 593

64. Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai(Zheng Xiaotong) 606

65. Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） 621

66. Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road 635

67. Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties 642（Hu Xiuhao）

68. Language: Chinese Language 649

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 660 (Li Bingjie)

70. Language: Chinese Folk Argot 669

71. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 681

72. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology 688

73. Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature 699

74. Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 706

75. Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 715 （Su Xing）

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 Chen Jingxi
77. Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 748

78. Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu 765

79. Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels 773 (Duan Binyao)

80. Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 780 '''Yang Ning'''

81. Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio 786

82. Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song 794

83. Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty 823

84. Literature: Modern Literature 832

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) 841

86. Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy 848

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature 859

88. Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia 865

89. Martial Arts: Qigong 868

90. Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing 873

91. Martial Arts: Wushu 885

92. Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) 890

93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 900

94. Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion 907

95. Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology 912

96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine 917

97. Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing 924

98. Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority 934

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes 941

100. Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) 952

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng 975

103. Music and instruments: Pipa 986

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals 996

105. Mythology: Huli-jing 1005

106. National Symbols: National Anthem 1018

107. National Symbols: National Flag 1026

108. Opera: Peking Opera 1035

109. Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics 1043

110. Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera 1055

112. Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) 1064

113. Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools 1076

114. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism 1087

115. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching 1093

116. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng 1099

117. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living 1106

118. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism 1119

119. Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture 1129

120. Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture 1141

121. Religion: Buddhism 1155

122. Religion: Daoism 1170

123. Religion: Christianity 1175

124. Religion: Islam 1181

125. Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology 1185

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1191

127. Science and Technology: Compass 1217

128. Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) 1226

129. Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China 1235

130. Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies 1257

131. Silk and porcelain: Silk 1272

132. Silk and porcelain: Porcelain 1277

133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 1283

134. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road 1291

135. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road 1296

136. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages 1300

137. Social: The Long-life Lock 1308

138. Social: Round Table Culture 1317

139. Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 1325
140. Stage entertainment: Shadow Play 1332(Peng Peixin)

141. Traditional Crafts: Carving 1340

142. Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture 1348
143. Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne 1363

144. Traditional Crafts: Embroidery 1369

145. Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) 1373

146. Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery 1386

147. Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting 1400

148. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots 1409

149. Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware 1418

150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 1423

151. Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette 1436

152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks 1450

153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456

154. Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 1473

155. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480

156. Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 1491
157. Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501

158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 1508

159. Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 1514

160. Traditional Festivals 1518

161. Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows 1525

162. Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 1538

163. Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning 1544

164. Westernization: The Westernization Movement 1550

165. Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 1558

166. Economy: Chinese Currency Changes 1569

167. History: Wang Shouren 1573

168. Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit 1582

169. Cuisine: Luosifen 1593

170. Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting 1601

171. Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) 1611

172. Traditional Craft: Bronze 1623

173. Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 1631

174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 1644

175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China 1655

176. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella 1664

177. stage entertainment:Yuan drama 1676

178. Music and instruments: Erhu 1685

179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 1694

180. Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 1701

181. Animals：Golden Monkey 1712

182. Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 1719

183. Opera: Chinese Local Operas 1727

184. The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship 1740

185. Opera: Huangmei opera 1752

186. The “reference” of Chinese Music 1759

187. Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance 1767

188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） 1783

189. Clothing: Vintage Clothing 1790

190. Fine arts:Kunqu Opera 1798

191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807

192. National Belief: the Chinese Dream 1818

193. Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825

194. Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People 1845

195. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845

196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845

197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花 1845 (Chen Lin)

198. Stage entertainment: Northeast Errenzhuan (二人转) 1845

199. Traditional Crafts: Dough Sculpture 面塑 1845

200. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty 1845

201. The culture of Grass cloth 夏布 1845 (Huang Qiaoqiao)

202. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》Zhou Yanhua 1845

203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845

204. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845

205. Bride-price（彩礼） 1845

206. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片 1845

207. Shandong cuisine鲁菜 1845

208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao （步摇） 1845

209. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) 1845

210. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) 1845

211. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛） 1845

212. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845

213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) 1845……(Liu Wenziqin/Lucie)

214. Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班） 1845

215. Live Streaming E-commerce（直播电商） 1845

216. The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦） 1845 Xiao Xiangping

217. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) 1845

218. Guangdong Herbal tea（广东凉茶） 1845

219. Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） 1845

220. Rice cake (年糕) 1845

221. Zhongyuan festival 1845(Ou Huang)

222. Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面) 1845

223. The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格） 1845

224. Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜） 1845

225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛） 1845

226. Landscapes and Tourism: Junshan Island (君山岛) 1845

227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845 '''Yao Kexin'''

228. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）——— Mortise and Tenon Joint（榫卯结构） 1845

229. Jingdezhen Porcelain 1845

230. Gayageum（伽倻琴） 1845

231. The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联） 1845

232. Sun Wukong（孙悟空） 1845(Zhong Weiping )

233. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料） 1845

234. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯） 1845

235. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） 1845

236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) 1845

237. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan) 1845 Wang Nan

238. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山) 1845

239. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian 1845

240. Clay sculpture (泥塑） 1845

241. Abacus (中国珠算） 1845 (Chen Lin)

242. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） 1845(Ou Huang)

243. Chinese name（中国姓名文化） 1845

244. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”） 1845

245. Douzhi (豆汁) 1845(Chen Zhen)

246. New Year Wood-block Paintings (木版年画） 1845

247. Carved lacquer（雕漆） 1845

248. Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山） 1845

249. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑） 1845

250. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话） 1845

251. Rice noodle roll（肠粉） 1845

252. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜） 1845

253. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山) 1845(Zhu Shunjie)

254. Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染） 1845

255. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒） 1845

256. Danmu (弹幕） 1845

257. Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化） 1845

258. Indigo Dyeing (蓝染) 1845

259. Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua 1845

260. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty (宋代婚服) 1845

261. The cultural idea oft he great unification in ancient China (中国古代的大一统文化思想) 1845

262. The Four Pillars of Destiny (八字) 1845(Ou Huang)

263. Shaolin Temple (少林寺) 1845

264. Single bamboo drifting（独竹漂） 1845

265. Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1845 (Chen Lin)

266. Hui Culture (徽文化) 1845(Chen Zhen)

267. Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化) 1845

268. Table Manners 1845

269. Music of the Mongol nationality (蒙古族音乐) 1845

270. The Yingge Dance（英歌舞） 1845

271. Palace Lantern（宫灯） 1845

272. Chinese Term of Endearment（中国亲昵称谓） 1845 Zhu Huiting

273. Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐) 1845

274. God of Wealth(财神) 1845

275. Zhuazhou（抓周） 1845

276. Nail art（美甲） 1845

277. Mirror (镜子) 1845

278. The Beef Board Noodle (牛肉板面) 1845

279. Huo Qubing (霍去病） 1845 （Li Yijun）

280. Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院） 1845

281. Music and instruments: Yangqin（扬琴） 1845

282. Black Myth: Wukong（黑神话悟空） 1845(Chen Zhen)

283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化） 1845（Tang Jiahua）

=Session 02 Wed Feb 26 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations=
==28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy. (Liu Xiaojia)==

[[Media:Calligraphy_pres_Spring_2025.pptx]] by Liu Xiaojia

==39. The Four Talented Women of Ancient China. (Shang Ruyi)==

[[Media:The four talented women of ancient China_pres_Spring_2025.pptx]] by Shang Ruyi

==202.The Legend of Zhen Huan. (Zhou Yanhua)==

[[Media:202_The_Legend_of_Zhen_Huan_2025.pptx]] by Zhou Yanhua

==Teacher presentation==
[[Media:02_Chin_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]

=Session 03 Wed Mar 05 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations=

[[Media:Soccer_pres_Spring_2025.pptx]] by Wang Jianguo

=Session 04 Wed Mar 12 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
== 188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游）(Wu Jincheng) ==
== 133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词（Zhou Zhengyuan） ==

=Session 05 Wed Mar 19 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 06 Wed Mar 26 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 07 Wed Apr 02 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
清明节4月4日——4月6日
=Session 08 Wed Apr 09 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 09 Wed Apr 16 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 10 Wed Apr 23 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 11 Wed Apr 30 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
劳动节5月1日——5月5日
=Session 12 Wed May 07 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 13 Wed May 14 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 14 Wed May 21 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 15 Wed May 28 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
端午节5月31日——6月2日
=Session 16 Wed Jun 25 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Final Exam=
Please write your paper here: [[Cult_Ov_Fin_Exam_Spring_2025]]

Overview of Chinese Culture, Spring 2025

2025-02-26T02:29:09Z

Zhu Shunjie: /* Homework */

Welcome to our course website [[Overview of Chinese Culture, Spring 2025]]!

=Session 1 Wed Feb 19 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Organizational issues=
FRI 8:00-9:40 '''中国文化概要''' [[Overview of Chinese Culture, Spring 2025]] 407 BA22笔译1 (1-16, 09230030.01)

==What we learn in this class==
*We learn about Chinese culture from international, especially Western perspective.
*We learn about cultural phenomena, traditional Chinese culture.
*We learn English and Chinese terminology in the area of Chinese culture.
*We learn to think critically about cultural traditions and to appreciate the benefits from cultural traditions.
*We learn how to determine the location and role of Chinese culture within global culture.
*We learn basics of theories and models of intercultural communication and comparison.
*We learn the appreciate and respect the diversity of multipolar cultures and of integration.
*We become aware of the dangers of cultural discrimination (colonialism, religious missions, imperialism etc.).

==Students' contribution==
*Every student needs to prepare the 1-2 textbook texts of the respective chapters in the textbook ahead each week of class.
*Every student selects a topic, prepares 2 ppt presentations of 15 min. (one without AI, one with AI, and please indicate references and an AI statement at the end of the presentation) and a mentimeter.com quiz for everybody to take live in class with results shown after all will have answered. The topics and contents of the sessions are determined by the selection of the students.
*For the final exam, you write another chapter of the textbook in both Chinese and English, with "Terms and Expressions", References, Questions and Answers, Statement regarding AI

==Textbook==
You will receive the textbook for our class. We need a volunteer who integrates the last 92 new chapters into the word file. After tha, you will receive an updated version of the textbook. There are more than 200 topics of our textbook. Here you find all topics in the order of the book and with the names of the students who will translate the chapters into Chinese. Please select two topics by writing your name behind it and by setting it in '''bold'''. These topics will be presented in the form of a powerpoint presentation.

==Agreement on use of classroom time==
Should we read the texts in class or should the students read the text ahead of class (especially learning the terms and expressions) and come to class prepared? How should we use our classroom time? (presentations, quizzes, discussions, exercise to translate adhoc an unknown text from the same area)

==Homework for next session (actually for every session)==
Please prepare the topics of the following session by reading the respective texts in the textbook and by answering the respective questions.

==Teacher presentation: Introduction to Culture==
[[Media:01_Chin_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]
==Homework==
Please register on the Wiki and wait for the teacher to approve.

Please select one of the following chapters of our textbook by writing your name behind the topic to give a 20 minute presentation on plus a MikeCRM quiz: The first three presenters will have to present next week!

1. Geographic Nature as a Basis for Cultural Development 17

2. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Chinese Marriage Customs 22

3. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Habits, Ways of Contacting 31

4. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Marriage-Accompanying Songs in Hunan 40

5. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: Crying Marriage of Tujia 49

6. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Four Most Handsome Men in Ancient China 63

7. Animals: Panda 71

8. Architecture 78

9. Architecture: The Forbidden City 89

10. Architecture: Four Famous Bridges 102

11. Architecture: Four Great Pavilions 113

12. Architecture: Shengjing Imperial Palace 124

13. Architecture: Three Great Towers in China 131

14. Architecture: Fengshui in Chinese Architecture 145

15. Army and weapons: Chinese Ancient Weapons 154

16. Army and weapons: Terracotta Army 163

17. Astrology: Chinese Astrology 170

18. Astrology: Calendar, The 24 Solar Terms 178

19. Astrology: Twelve Animals of the Chinese Zodiac 188

20. Beverages: Milk Tea 197(Li Zuyi)

21. Beverages: Tea 203

22. Beverages: The Liquor Culture of Ancient China 209

23. Body movement performance: Chinese Lion Dancing 218

24. Body movement performance: Stilts 223

25. Body movement performance: Traditional Chinese Dance 230

26. Chinese Writing: Ancient Writing and Painting Tool, Writing Brush 236

27. Chinese Writing: Calligraphy 246

28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy 252 Liu Xiaojia

29. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters 262

30. Chinese Writing: Chinese Characters and Scripts 276

31. Clothing: Chinese Clothing 283

32. Clothing: Batik (Lanran) 291

33. Clothing: Cheongsam 301 （Lu Yingxin)

34. Confucianism: Confucian Culture 309

35. Confucianism: Chinese Traditional Culture-Five Constant Virtues 324

36. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Confucius and Confucianism 332

37. Confucianism: Classical Philosophy - Reading The Analects 339 (Duan Binyao)

38. Education: Ancient Chinese Education 350

39. Education: Historical Figures, The Four Talented Women of Ancient China 361（Shang Ruyi/Michelle）

40. Education: Modern Chinese Education System 371

41. Education: The Nine-Grade Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties 386

42. Education: Yuelu Academy (One of the Four Most Prestigious Academies) 395

43. Facial Make-up 406

44. Facial Make-up: Cosmetics, Traditional Chinese Make-Up 413

45. Facial Make-up: Face Changing in Sichuan Opera 431

46. Fine Arts: Painting 440

47. Fine Arts: Bada Shanren and Qi Baishi 445

48. Fine Arts: Painting Riverside Scene at Tomb Sweeping Day 452

49. Fine Arts: Seal-cutting 459

50. Games: Go 围棋 462

51. Games: Kite Flying 468

52. Games: Mahjong: An Ancient Chinese card play 476

53. Garden Culture: Gardens 505

54. Garden Culture: Bonsai (Penjing) 511

55. Garden Culture: The Summer Palace 519

56. Garden Culture: Qingming Riverside Landscspe Garden 526

57. Gender: Wu Zetian: The Only Female Emperor of Imperial China 535

58. History: Carl and Cixi 548

59. Interieur: The Folding Screen 552

60. Landscapes and Tourism: Four Buddhist Shrines 561

61. Landscapes and Tourism: Four State-Level Cultural Relics 573

62. Landscapes and Tourism: Landscape, Five Famous Mountains 585

63. Landscapes and Tourism: Mogao Grottoes 593

64. Landscapes and Tourism: The Culture of Mount Tai(Zheng Xiaotong) 606

65. Landscapes and Tourism: Canal Culture：The Grand Canal（The Peking-Hangzhou Grand Canal） 621

66. Landscapes and Tourism: The Ancient Tea Horse Road 635

67. Landscapes and Tourism: Tourism, Nanking-An Ancient Capital of Six Dynasties 642

68. Language: Chinese Language 649

69. Language: Chinese Dialects 660

70. Language: Chinese Folk Argot 669

71. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Classical Fairy Tales 681

72. Literature: Ancient literature - Chinese Mythology 688

73. Literature: Ancient literature - Classical Literature 699

74. Literature: Ancient Literature - Four satirical novels in ancient China 706

75. Literature: Ancient literature: Four Folk Stories of Ancient China 715

76. Literature: Ancient Literature - Take Su Shi as an example. Relegation Literature in Ancient China 725 (Duan Binyao)

77. Literature: Ancient Literature: The Classic of Mountains and Seas 748

78. Literature: Ancient literature: Yuefu 765

79. Literature: Premodern literature - China's Four Great Classical Novels 773 (Duan Binyao)

80. Literature: Premodern literature - Li Bai's “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” and its translations 780

81. Literature: Premodern literature: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio 786

82. Literature: Premodern literature: Tang-Song 794

83. Literature: Tang and Song - Classical Prose Movement of late Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty 823

84. Literature: Modern Literature 832

85. Literature: Modern Literature: Qian Zhongshu (Ch'ien Chung-shu) 841

86. Literature: Modern and Contemporary Literature: Literature, Science Fiction, and Fantasy 848

87. Literature: Contemporary Literature 859

88. Martial Arts: Huo Yuanjia 865

89. Martial Arts: Qigong 868

90. Martial Arts: Taiji (Tai Chi) Shadow Boxing 873

91. Martial Arts: Wushu 885

92. Martial Arts: Frolics of the Five Animals (Wuqinxi) 890

93. Medicine: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) 900

94. Medicine: TCM - Acupuncture and Moxibustion 907

95. Medicine: TCM - Diagnosis and Pharmacology 912

96. Medicine: TCM - The Development of Chinese Medicine 917

97. Medicine: TCM – The Chinese Medical Sage Zhang Zhongjing 924

98. Minority cultures: Lisu People and Daogan Festival of Lisu Ethnic Minority 934

99. Minority cultures: The Ethnic Minorities’ Costumes 941

100. Money culture: Currency, Jiaozi (A Paper Currency in Northern Song Dynasty) 952

101. Money culture: The tradition of Red Envelope and Lucky Money 962

102. Music and instruments: Guzheng 975

103. Music and instruments: Pipa 986

104. Mythology: Gods and Immortals 996

105. Mythology: Huli-jing 1005

106. National Symbols: National Anthem 1018

107. National Symbols: National Flag 1026

108. Opera: Peking Opera 1035

109. Opera: Peking Opera Acrobatics 1043

110. Opera: Peking Opera Actor Mei Lanfang 1050

111. Opera: Tea-picking Opera 1055

112. Opera: Hunan Flower-drum Opera (Huagu Opera) 1064

113. Philosophical Schools: Four Main Philosophical Schools 1076

114. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy – Daoism 1087

115. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading Tao Te Ching 1093

116. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Sutra of Hui-neng 1099

117. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Classical Philosophy - Reading The Importance of Living 1106

118. Philosophical Schools (Daoism, Buddhism, Legalism): Legalism 1119

119. Philosophy: Chinese Traditional Cultivation Culture 1129

120. Religion: Traditional Chinese Funeral Culture 1141

121. Religion: Buddhism 1155

122. Religion: Daoism 1170

123. Religion: Christianity 1175

124. Religion: Islam 1181

125. Science and Technology: Ancient Science and Technology 1185

126. Science and Technology: China's Four New Inventions 1191

127. Science and Technology: Compass 1217

128. Science and Technology: TikTok (Douyin) 1226

129. Science and Technology: Three Giant Home Appliance Enterprises In China 1235

130. Science and Technology: Four Domestic Mobile Phone Companies 1257

131. Silk and porcelain: Silk 1272

132. Silk and porcelain: Porcelain 1277

133. Silk and porcelain: Celadon and Celadon Song 《青花瓷》歌词 1283

134. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zhang Qian and the Silk Road 1291

135. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He and the Maritime Silk Road 1296

136. Silk Road - by land and by sea: Zheng He's Voyages 1300

137. Social: The Long-life Lock 1308

138. Social: Round Table Culture 1317

139. Stage entertainment: Crosstalk 相声 1325
140. Stage entertainment: Shadow Play 1332

141. Traditional Crafts: Carving 1340

142. Traditional Crafts: Chinese Jade Culture 1348
143. Traditional Crafts: Cloisonne 1363

144. Traditional Crafts: Embroidery 1369

145. Traditional Crafts: Shu Embroidery (Sichuan Embroidery) 1373

146. Traditional Crafts: Xiang Embroidery 1386

147. Traditional Crafts: Folk Art - Chinese Paper-cutting 1400

148. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Chinese Knots 1409

149. Traditional Crafts: Lacquerware 1418

150. Traditional Crafts: The Kingfisher Craft点翠 1423

151. Traditional Cuisine: Chinese Dining Etiquette 1436

152. Traditional Cuisine: Chopsticks 1450

153. Traditional Cuisine: Eight Major Cuisines of China 1456

154. Traditional Cuisine: Four Distinct Regional Cuisines 1473

155. Traditional Cuisine: Breakfast Culture of Wuhan 1480

156. Traditional Cuisine: Tanghulu, Sugar-coated Haws on a Stick 1491
157. Traditional Cuisine: Hotpot 1501

158. Traditional Cuisine: The Art of Chinese Cooking 1508

159. Traditional Cuisine: Two Famous Dishes 1514

160. Traditional Festivals 1518

161. Traditional Festivals: Lattice on Ancient Chinese Windows 1525

162. Traditional Festivals: Spring Festival Couplets 1538

163. Westernization: The Eastward Spread of Western Learning 1544

164. Westernization: The Westernization Movement 1550

165. Worship: Chinese Incense Culture 1558

166. Economy: Chinese Currency Changes 1569

167. History: Wang Shouren 1573

168. Martial Arts: Chinese Swordsman Spirit 1582

169. Cuisine: Luosifen 1593

170. Fine Arts: Chinese Paper Cutting 1601

171. Science and Technology: Taobao(淘宝) 1611

172. Traditional Craft: Bronze 1623

173. Entertainment: Deyunshe 德云社 1631

174. Traditional Cuisine: Jiaozi 1644

175. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: the Photo Retouching Culture in China 1655

176. Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella 1664

177. stage entertainment:Yuan drama 1676

178. Music and instruments: Erhu 1685

179. Traditional and Modern Views on Marriage and Love 1694

180. Traditional Cuisine: Tangyuan 1701

181. Animals：Golden Monkey 1712

182. Chinese Economy: rich businessmen 1719

183. Opera: Chinese Local Operas 1727

184. The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship 1740

185. Opera: Huangmei opera 1752

186. The “reference” of Chinese Music 1759

187. Chinese Folk Art:Lion Dance 1767

188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） 1783

189. Clothing: Vintage Clothing 1790

190. Fine arts:Kunqu Opera 1798

191. Aesthetic ideals and social customs: The Culture of Flowers 1807

192. National Belief: the Chinese Dream 1818

193. Science and Technology: Buytogether（PDD) 1825

194. Aesthetic ideals and social customs：Marriage and Burial Customs of Tujia People 1845

195. Sports: Cuju (蹴鞠) 1845

196. Science and Technology: The culture of Chinese Electric Vehicles 中国电动汽车 1845

197. Chinese tradition culture: The culture of Ronghua—Velvet Flowers 绒花 1845 (Chen Lin)

198. Stage entertainment: Northeast Errenzhuan (二人转) 1845

199. Traditional Crafts: Dough Sculpture 面塑 1845

200. Nanchang Relic Museum for Haihun Principality of Han Dynasty 1845

201. The culture of Grass cloth 夏布 1845 (Huang Qiaoqiao)

202. The Legend of Zhen Huan 《甄嬛传》Zhou Yanhua 1845

203. Chinese horror movies 中式恐怖片 1845

204. Stand-up comedy 单口喜剧 1845

205. Bride-price（彩礼） 1845

206. Chinese science fiction movies 中国科幻片 1845

207. Shandong cuisine鲁菜 1845

208. Chinese traditional ornament: Buyao （步摇） 1845

209. Tofu meatball with pig blood (猪血丸子) 1845

210. Sunzi’s Art of War: Source for All Books on War (孙子兵法) 1845

211. The Temple of Heaven：Reverence with Awe and Gratitude（天坛） 1845

212. Education：training Schools （教育：补习班） 1845

213. Chinese Dreamcore (中式梦核) 1845……(Liu Wenziqin/Lucie)

214. Lu Ban, China’s inventor（中国发明家——鲁班） 1845

215. Live Streaming E-commerce（直播电商） 1845

216. The Story of Ming Lan（知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦） 1845 Xiao Xiangping

217. Cha Bai Xi/Tea Latte Art (茶百戏) 1845

218. Guangdong Herbal tea（广东凉茶） 1845

219. Chinese traditional art form：Seal carving（篆刻） 1845

220. Rice cake (年糕) 1845

221. Zhongyuan festival 1845(Ou Huang)

222. Dulong: Facial tattoo (独龙族：纹面) 1845

223. The Return of the Pearl Princess（还珠格格） 1845

224. Chinese Food：Jiangxi Cuisine（赣菜） 1845

225. "Cun Chao": China's village football league（“村超”：中国乡村足球联赛） 1845

226. Landscapes and Tourism: Junshan Island (君山岛) 1845

227. Chinese Bossy Fictions & Micro-drama（中国式霸总小说&短剧） 1845

228. Chinese Traditional Medicine (中医药）——— Mortise and Tenon Joint（榫卯结构） 1845

229. Jingdezhen Porcelain 1845

230. Gayageum（伽倻琴） 1845

231. The plaque and couplet in Chinese garden（园林匾额对联） 1845

232. Sun Wukong（孙悟空） 1845

233. Traditional Chinese Pigments（中国传统颜料） 1845

234. Dragon Lantern Dance（舞龙灯） 1845

235. Bamboo Weaving (竹编） 1845

236. Landscapes and Tourism: Harbin Ice and Snow World (冰雪大世界) 1845

237. Braised Chicken Rice (黄焖鸡米饭-Huang Men Ji Mifan) 1845

238. Three Famous Chinese Mountains(中国三山) 1845

239. Female Emperor---Wu Zetian 1845

240. Clay sculpture (泥塑） 1845

241. Abacus (中国珠算） 1845 (Chen Lin)

242. Hunan Rice Noodles（湖南米粉） 1845(Ou Huang)

243. Chinese name（中国姓名文化） 1845

244. Chinese popular viral memes (中国网络社交媒体“热梗”） 1845

245. Douzhi (豆汁) 1845(Chen Zhen)

246. New Year Wood-block Paintings (木版年画） 1845

247. Carved lacquer（雕漆） 1845

248. Jing Gang Mountain (井冈山） 1845

249. Intangible Cultural Heritage: Tongguan Kiln （铜官窑） 1845

250. Language: Hakka Dialect（客家话） 1845

251. Rice noodle roll（肠粉） 1845

252. Traditional Cuisine: Northeastern Chinese Cuisine(东北菜） 1845

253. Yuelu Mountain (岳麓山) 1845(Zhu Shunjie)

254. Traditional Crafts：Tie-Dye（扎染） 1845

255. Chinese-style sun protection (中式防晒） 1845

256. Danmu (弹幕） 1845

257. Yangshao Culture（仰韶文化） 1845

258. Indigo Dyeing (蓝染) 1845

259. Female Writers: Zhang Ailing, Chen Ping, Lin Yihan and Li Bihua 1845

260. Wedding dress in the Song Dynasty (宋代婚服) 1845

261. The cultural idea oft he great unification in ancient China (中国古代的大一统文化思想) 1845

262. The Four Pillars of Destiny (八字) 1845(Ou Huang)

263. Shaolin Temple (少林寺) 1845

264. Single bamboo drifting（独竹漂） 1845

265. Cuisine: Changde spicy salted duck 酱板鸭传说的由来 1845 (Chen Lin)

266. Hui Culture (徽文化) 1845(Chen Zhen)

267. Ma Zu Culture (妈祖文化) 1845

268. Table Manners 1845

269. Music of the Mongol nationality (蒙古族音乐) 1845

270. The Yingge Dance（英歌舞） 1845

271. Palace Lantern（宫灯） 1845

272. Chinese Term of Endearment（中国亲昵称谓） 1845

273. Changsha Stinky Tofu（长沙臭豆腐) 1845

274. God of Wealth(财神) 1845

275. Zhuazhou（抓周） 1845

276. Nail art（美甲） 1845

277. Mirror (镜子) 1845

278. The Beef Board Noodle (牛肉板面) 1845

279. Huo Qubing (霍去病） 1845

280. Chinese Courtyard Houses（中国四合院） 1845

281. Music and instruments: Yangqin（扬琴） 1845

282. Black Myth: Wukong（黑神话悟空） 1845(Chen Zhen)

283. Guangdong Morning Tea Culture （广东早茶文化） 1845（Tang Jiahua）

=Session 02 Wed Feb 26 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations=
==28. Chinese Writing: The Evolution of Calligraphy. (Liu Xiaojia)==

[[Media:Calligraphy_pres_Spring_2025.pptx]] by Liu Xiaojia

==39. The Four Talented Women of Ancient China. (Shang Ruyi)==

[[Media:The four talented women of ancient China_pres_Spring_2025.pptx]] by Shang Ruyi

==202.The Legend of Zhen Huan. (Zhou Yanhua)==

[[Media:202_The_Legend_of_Zhen_Huan_2025.pptx]] by Zhou Yanhua

==Teacher presentation==
[[Media:02_Chin_Cult_Spring_2025.pptx]]

=Session 03 Wed Mar 05 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations=

[[Media:Soccer_pres_Spring_2025.pptx]] by Wang Jianguo

=Session 04 Wed Mar 12 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
== 188. Science and Technology: Mobile Games（手游） 1783 (Wu Jincheng) ==

=Session 05 Wed Mar 19 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 06 Wed Mar 26 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 07 Wed Apr 02 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
清明节4月4日——4月6日
=Session 08 Wed Apr 09 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 09 Wed Apr 16 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 10 Wed Apr 23 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 11 Wed Apr 30 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
劳动节5月1日——5月5日
=Session 12 Wed May 07 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 13 Wed May 14 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 14 Wed May 21 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
=Session 15 Wed May 28 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Student presentations==
端午节5月31日——6月2日
=Session 16 Wed Jun 25 8:00-9:40 room 腾龙楼 407 - Final Exam=
Please write your paper here: [[Cult_Ov_Fin_Exam_Spring_2025]]