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Zou Yueli: /* 邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562 */

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Zou Yueli: /* 朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561 */

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Zou Yueli: /* 朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561 */

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Zou Yueli: /* 邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562 */

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Zou Yueli: /* 朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561 */

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Zou Yueli: /* 邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562 */

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Zou Yueli: /* 朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561 */

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Zou Yueli: /* 朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561 */

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Zou Yueli: /* 朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561 */

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Zou Yueli: /* 邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlì 日语语言文学女 202120081562 */

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2021-12-30T08:11:26Z

Zou Yueli: /* 邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562 */

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==陈静 Chén Jìng 国别女 202020080595==

或因祖父昔日微嫌，追念旧恶，必图报复，……诚恐朕之宗室，日流日下，不知前鉴，深用为忧，是以亟筹保全之道。若非立学设教，鼓舞振兴，循循善诱，安能使之改过迁善，望其有成。（鄂尔泰等，1985：310）上谕中，雍正帝明确阐述了设立宗学的前因后果，将其当作鼓舞人心，劝善惩恶的手段。
Or because of grandfather ' s past suspicion, they will recall the bad memory and have the revenge plan …, I am in fear of the fact that the clan will worsen with the unknowing of the past and the concern of use, thus hoping to pose a solution to it for the preservation. If we do not teach by school, encourage revitalization, follow the good temptation, we could not make it better to change the situation. ( Eertai and so on., 1985 : 310 ) In the oracle, Emperor Yongzheng clearly stated the causes and consequences of the establishment of the sect as a means of encouraging people and encouraging good and punishing evil.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 02:00, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

Or because my grandfather was a little suspicious in the past, he remembered the old enmity and would try to revenge,... I sincerely fear that my clan will flow day by day. I don't know what to learn from the past and worry about using it deeply. This is the way to save it urgently. If we don't set up learning and teaching, encourage and revitalize, and give good guidance, we can’t make it change its ways and change it to be good, and hope it will succeed. (ertai etc.1985:310) in the Oracle, Emperor YongZheng clearly expounded the causes and consequences of the establishment of patriarchal school as an inspiring means to advise to be good and penalize the vicious.

--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 02:04, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

==蔡珠凤 Cài Zhūfèng 日语语言文学女 202120081477==

其二，清代的旗学教育名目繁多，机构林立，其中不少仅教习满语、骑射等维护民族特质的科目，但教习满、汉翻译或者满、蒙翻译者也有不少，为国家培养了不少语言人才。创设八旗官学，令八旗弟子学习语言（满文、蒙文和汉文）、翻译和骑射等，既不失满洲特色，又增进民族交流，对呈现满洲特色的统治特征，扩大政权的参与基础等，皆有意义。众所周知，顺治时期，虽然清军已经入关，满清王朝渐趋形成，但有碍统治的许多问题仍未解决，如溃散以后的李自成余党、盘踞各地的地方势力、南明政权的继续存在，以及社会秩序的恢复与重建，种种难题使得满洲统治者不得不与汉人合作，与后者共同参与国家治理与制度重构。

Second, there were many sorts and institutions of Manchu education in the Qing Dynasty, many of which only taught Manchu, riding and shooting and other subjects to maintain national characteristics, but there were also many Manchu, Chinese translation or Manchu and Mongolian translators, which trained a lot of language talents for the country. The establishment of the Eight Banners official school enables the Eight Banners' disciples to learn languages (Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese), translation, riding and shooting, which not only does not lose the characteristics of Manchu,but also enhances national communications.It is of significance to present the ruling characteristics of Manchu and expand the participation foundation of the political power. As we all know, during the Shunzhi period, although the Qing army had entered the Han and the Manchu and Qing Dynasty were gradually formed, many problems hindering the rule remained unresolved, such as the collapse of the remaining Party of Li Zicheng, the local forces entrenched everywhere, the continued existence of the Nanming regime, and the restoration and reconstruction of social order. Various problems forced the Manchu rulers to cooperate with the Han people, and Participate in national governance and institutional reconstruction with them.
--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 04:13, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

Second, the Qing Dynasty’s banner education had many titles and institutions. Many of them only taught Manchu, riding and shooting and other subjects that maintained national characteristics, but there were also many people who taught Manchu, Chinese translation or Manchu and Mongolian translators. Many language talents have been trained. The establishment of the Eight Banners Official School allows the Eight Banners disciples to learn languages (Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese), translation and riding and shooting, etc., without losing the characteristics of Manchuria, but also enhancing ethnic exchanges, presenting the characteristics of Manchuria’s governance, and expanding the basis for participation in the regime, etc. , It makes sense. As we all know, during the Shunzhi period, although the Qing army entered the Pass and the Manchu and Qing dynasties gradually formed, many problems that hindered the rule of the government remained unresolved, such as the collapse of the Li Zicheng Yu party, the local forces entrenched in various places, the continued existence of the Nanming regime, and The restoration and reconstruction of social order and various problems made the Manchu rulers have to cooperate with the Han people and participate in national governance and system reconstruction with the latter.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 14:55, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

==曾俊霖 Zēng Jùnlín 国别男202120081478==

为此，便需要八旗人等具备多语种能力，一则为沟通政事，二则为学习汉制，这一点与官学的功能高度契合。加之康熙中期以前，汉族知识分子中对于异族政权无法释怀者不在少数，这些人具有明确的使命感，虽然表面上对满洲政权采取合作态度，心中却希望在统治者的支持下，维护、发扬汉族文化。而统治者为了巩固统治，虽然不得已在满、汉之间寻找平衡点，考量汉族士子和汉民利益，以免因失去民心危及政权稳定，但为了维护统治集团的特殊地位，又不得不牺牲汉人利益，而旗、民分治，创办官学，倡导国语骑射，正可以保持满洲的民族特质，抵御汉文化冲击。

Therefore, it is necessary for the people of the eight banners to have multilingual ability, one is to communicate political affairs, the other is to learn the Han system, which is highly consistent with the function of the official school. In addition, before the middle of Kangxi, there were many Han intellectuals who could not let go of the alien regime. These people had a clear sense of mission. Although they ostensibly took a cooperative attitude towards the Manchu regime, they hoped to maintain and carry forward the Han culture with the support of the rulers. In order to consolidate their rule, the rulers had to find a balance between Manchu and Han, considering the interests of Han Scholars and Han people, so as not to endanger the stability of political power due to the loss of popular support. However, in order to maintain the special status of the ruling group, they had to sacrifice the interests of Han people. The national characteristics of Manchuria can be maintained by dividing the eight banners and the people, establishing official schools and advocating Manchu language, horse-riding and archery to resist the impact of Chinese culture.--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 14:44, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, it is necessary for the people of the eight banners to have multilingual ability. One is to communicate political affairs, the other is to learn the Han system, which is highly consistent with the function of the official school. In addition, before the middle of Kangxi, there were not a few Han intellectuals who could not let go of the alien regime. These people had a clear sense of mission. Although they ostensibly took a cooperative attitude towards the Manchu regime, they hoped to maintain and carry forward the Han culture with the support of the rulers. In order to consolidate their rule, the rulers had to find a balance between Manchu and Han, considering the interests of Han Scholars and Han people, so as not to endanger the stability of political power due to the loss of popular support. However, in order to maintain the special status of the ruling group, they had to sacrifice the interests of Han people. The national characteristics of Manchuria can be maintained by dividing the eight banners and the people, establishing official schools and advocating Manchu language, horse-riding and archery to resist the impact of Chinese culture.
--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 15:31, 26 October 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

==陈惠妮 Chén Huìnī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081479==

总之，旗学之兴，乃是睦族敦宗，加恩八旗之举，客观上促进了民族交流，为朝廷广育人才。3.顺治以前的翻译人才培养与使用。清太祖、太宗年间，朝中通晓满、蒙、汉语者，不乏其人，如达海、额尔德尼和希福等，这些人多来自归附的海西女真，即扈伦四部（哈达、乌拉、叶赫、辉发）。

In a word, the prosperity of Qi School is actually an act of the thriving of ancestry and the favor of Eight Banners, which objectively promotes the communication among nations so as to cultivate talents for the royal. 3. The cultivation and the employment of talented translators before Emperor Shuizhi. In the years of the Emperor of Qing Taizhu and Qing Taizhong, there were many people who got a good acquittance of the language of Man, Meng and Han in the imperial court, such as Da Hai, Etden, XiFu and so on. Most of them came from the affiliated Nuzhen of the west China sea, namely, the Four Horun tribes. (Hada, Wula, YeHe, and HuiFa).--[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 02:41, 24 October 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

In a word, the prosperity of Qi School is actually an act of the thriving of ancestry and the favor of Eight Banners, which objectively promotes the communication among nations so as to cultivate talents for the royal. 3. The cultivation and the employment of talented translators before Emperor Shuizhi. In the years of the Emperor of Qing Taizhu and Qing Taizhong, there were many people who got a good acquittance of the language of Man, Meng and Han in the imperial court. For example ,Da Hai, Etden, XiFu and so on, Most of them came from the affiliated Nuzhen of the west China sea, namely, the Four Horun tribes. (Hada, Wula, YeHe, and HuiFa).--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 00:21, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==陈湘琼 Chén Xiāngqióng 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081480==

由于地理位置特殊，民族互动频密，这些人养成了多语种能力，其中多数在朝廷充任翻译、文书、外交之职。例如，来自扈伦哈达部的硕色和希福兄弟，因兼通满、蒙、汉文字，一个奉命在文馆行走，另一个奉命出使蒙古诸国。硕色的长子索尼也因早承家学，兼通满、蒙、汉文字，在文馆办事。

Because of special geographic location and frequent communication among nations, these people developed multilingual abilities and most of them worked as translator, amanuensis, and diplomatist in the imperial court. For example, Shuo Se and Xi Fu brothers from Hada were able to use Man, Meng and Han languages, so that one of them was recommended to work for the research institute of culture and the other was sent to visit Mongolia. Also, the big son of Shuo Se inherited his fathers job for the same linguistic ability.--[[User:Chen Xiangqiong|Chen Xiangqiong]] ([[User talk:Chen Xiangqiong|talk]]) 02:52, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Due to the special geographical location and frequent ethnic interaction, these people developed multilingual ability, most of them served as translators, clerks and diplomats in the imperial court. For example, Shuose and Xifu brothers from the Hulunghada tribe, because they were fluent in both Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese, one was ordered to work in the government office of the early Qing dynasty, and the other was ordered to go to the Mongolian countries. Shuose's eldest son Soni worked in the government office because of early family education and fluent in Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese. --[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 07:38, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

==陈心怡 Chén Xīnyí 翻译学女 202120081481==

随着国家政权的逐步扩大，内政外交的日益繁复，翻译与文书工作大幅增加，仅仅依靠归附者群体中的语言人才已然不够，自行培养势在必行。于是，天聪年间，朝廷规定八旗子弟循例读书，并令汉人中的儒生俊秀入文馆肄业。即便如此，因文馆官员政事冗繁，管理不善，八旗笔帖式及文馆臣僚中，通晓翻译者仍不敷任用。

With the gradual expansion of state power and the increasing complexity of domestic and foreign affairs, translation and paperwork increased dramatically, relying only on the language talents of the subordinate groups was no longer enough, and it was imperative to cultivate them on their own. Therefore, during the Tiancong period, the court stipulated that the eight banners' children should study as a rule, and made the Confucian scholars among the Han population to enter the government office of the early Qing dynasty to study. Even so, because of the redundancy of the officials of the government office, the management was not good, and the one who is skilled in translating was still not enough to appoint among the eight banners and the bureaucrats of the government office.--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 07:25, 25 October 2021 (UTC)
With the gradual expansion of state power and the increasing complexity of domestic and foreign affairs, translation and paperwork increased dramatically. Relying only on the language talents of the subordinate groups was no longer enough, and it was imperative to cultivate them on their own. Therefore, during the Tiancong period, the court stipulated that the Eight Banners’ children should study as a rule, and made the Confucian scholars among the Han population to enter the government office of the early Qing dynasty to study. Even so, because of the redundancy of the affairs of government officials and mismanagement, the one who mastered translation was still not enough to appoint among the Eight Banners and the bureaucrats of the government office.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 03:12, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==程杨 Chéng Yáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081482==

如天聪六年九月，书房（即文馆）秀才王文奎奏称：“至若翻译之笔帖式，在书房之通文理者，止恩国太一人。”（罗振玉，1989：329-330）礼部汉官王舜也以翻译人才不济为由，奏请“尽搜国中识汉字者”，“考其识见才调”，并“拣选实学秀才朝夕讲论”，认为只有这样才能使“今日之小榜什（笔帖式）”成为“后日之大榜什（巴克什）矣”。（同上：338）为缓解国家政务对于翻译人才需求的压力，太宗于天聪八年晓谕礼部考取举人十六名，从事满书、汉书、蒙古书的学习。
For example, in the sixth year of Tian Cong, the reign title of Qing Dynasty, a scholar of the study, that is, the government official, Wang Wenkui submitted memorials to the throne: “As for the mention of Bi Tieshi engaged in translation, who were low-level civilian officials of Qing Dynasty, only En Taiguo was the one who thoroughly understood the unity and coherence of writing.” (Luo Zhenyu, 1989: 329-330) The Han officials in the Ministry of Rites, Wang Shun, also took the reason of lack of translation talents submitting to the throne for “did their best to search people who could recognize chinese characters”, “tested their knowledge and experiences” and “selected government officials who owned real quality to discuss day and night”. And he held the view that only in these ways could we made “Small Bang Shi ( Bi Tieshi) today” turned into “Big Bang Shi later (Ba Keshi)”. (Id. :338) In order to alleviate the pressure of national government affairs on the demand for translation talents, in the eighth year of Tian Cong reign title, Taizong, emperor of Qing Dynasty, gave explicit instructions to the Ministry of Rites to examine and select 16 candidates in the empirical examination who would engage in the study of books of Manchu, Han and Mongol.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 05:58, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

For example, in December, the sixth year of Tian Cong, the reign title of Qing Dynasty, scholar of the study and government official, Wang Wenkui submitted memorials to the emperor: “As for translation in Bi Tieshi, only En Taiguo was the one who thoroughly understood the unity and coherence of writing.” (Luo Zhenyu, 1989: 329-330) For lack of translation talents, the Han official in the Ministry of Rites, Wang Shun, also appealed to the emperor for “do their best to search people who could recognize chinese characters”, “test their knowledge and experience” and “select government officials who owned real quality to discuss day and night”. He also held the view that only in these ways could we made “Small Bang Shi ( Bi Tieshi) today” turned into “Big Bang Shi later (Ba Keshi)”. (Id. :338) In order to alleviate the pressure of national government affairs on the demand for translation talents, in the eighth year of Tian Cong reign title, Taizong, emperor of Qing Dynasty, gave explicit instructions to the Ministry of Rites to examine and select 16 candidates in the empirical examination to engage in the study of books of Manchu, Han and Mongol.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 10:50, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==丁旋 Dīng Xuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081483==

崇德三年、六年，又两次考取举人十七人、生员一百零五人。此两次考试虽系满洲、蒙古、汉军“同为一榜”，但内容上却是“互考汉文、满文”，其取士额数虽少，却是朝廷招募翻译、文书人员的重要来源。以《辽》、《金》、《元》史的翻译为例，三书的满文译本于顺治元年进呈，因此而受赏者达十六人。

In the third and sixth year of Chongde Emperor, 17 Ju Ren (a successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level) and 105 Xiu Cai (one woh passed the imperial examination at the county level) were enrolled. Though Manchu, Mongolia and soldiers of Han were on the same list in the two examinations, the content of examinations was mutual translation of language of Han ethnic and Manchu. The examination regime is the important means to recruit interpreters and clerical staff in despite of its few enrollment quota. Taking the translation of ''History of Liao Dynasty'', ''History of Jin Dynasty'' and ''History of Yuan Dynasty'' for example, the Manchu version of these three books were submitted in the first year of Shunzhi and the 16 people participating in this translation project granted a reward. --[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 03:36, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

In the third and sixth year of Chongde Emperor, holding two examinations, 17 Ju Ren (a successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level) and 105 Xiu Cai (one who passed the imperial examination at the county level) were enrolled. Though Manchu, Mongolia and Han all took the two examinations, the content of examinations was mutual translation of language of Han and Manchu.This examination regime is an important means to recruit interpreters and clerical staff in despite of its few enrollment quota. Taking the translation of ''History of Liao Dynasty'', ''History of Jin Dynasty'' and ''History of Yuan Dynasty'' for example, the Manchu version of these three books were submitted in the first year of Shunzhi and 16 people participating in this translation project were granted a reward. --[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 13:56, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

==杜莉娜 Dù Lìnuó 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081484==

《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》中，对此事的记载如下：赐大学士希福鞍马一匹、银四十兩；学士胡球、查布海、王文奎、员外郎刘弘遇、他赤哈比帖式能图、叶成格（又名宜成格）马各一匹、银三十兩；铿特、卜尔凱、卦尔察銀各四十兩；卞为凤、科尔科代、尼满銀各三十兩，硕尔格、刘朝卿、李允昌銀各二十兩。（鄂尔泰等，1985：49）上述十六人中，出身举人、生员者七人。

In ''Veritable Records of Qing Dynasty ·Veritable Records of Shunzhi Emperor'', this event was reported as follows: Grand Secretary Xi Fu was awarded a side horse and forty taels of silver; secretaries like Hu Qiu, Cha Buhai and Wang Wenkui and vice directors like Liu Hongyu, Ta chi ha bi tie shi neng tu and Ye Chengge (also called Yi Chengge) were respectively awarded a horse and thirty taels of silver; Keng Te, Bo Erkai and Gua Ercha forty taels of silver; Bian Weifeng, Kolkoday and Ni Man thirty taels of silver, Shuo Erge, Liu Chaoqin and Li Yunchang twenty taels of silver.(E‘ertai,et al,1985:49) Sixteen people mentioned above include seven ones who were Juren (one who is a successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level)or Xiucai(one who passes the imperial examinations at the county level).--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 03:21, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

In ''Veritable Records of Qing Dynasty ·Veritable Records of Shunzhi Emperor'', this event was reported as following: Grand Secretary Xi Fu was awarded a side horse and forty taels of silver; secretaries like Hu Qiu, Cha Buhai and Wang Wenkui and vice directors like Liu Hongyu, Ta chi ha bi tie shi neng tu and Ye Chengge (also called Yi Chengge) were respectively awarded a horse and thirty taels of silver; Keng Te, Bo Erkai and Gua Ercha forty taels of silver; Bian Weifeng, Kolkoday and Ni Man thirty taels of silver, Shuo Erge, Liu Chaoqin and Li Yunchang twenty taels of silver.(E‘ertai,et al,1985:49) Sixteen people mentioned above include seven ones who were Juren (one who is a successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level)and Xiucai(one who passes the imperial examinations at the county level).----[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 07:33, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

==付红岩 Fù Hóngyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081485==

其中，查布海为天聪八年举人，胡球和王文奎为崇德三年举人，卞为凤为崇德六年举人，铿特为崇德三年生员（列二等），叶成格和科尔科代则为崇德六年生员，分列三等和一等。由于汉书翻译向来任重道远，朝廷格外重视，因而一部书籍译成之后，受赏者往往众多。如《洪武宝训》于顺治三年译成之后，受赏者更是多达一百零九人，受赏对象从大学士、学士、侍读，到笔帖式、他赤哈哈番、中书舍人，再到编修、检讨和誊录官不等，可见翻译职责之重。（中国第一历史档案馆，1989：308）
Among them, Cha Buhai was the successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level in the eighth year of Tiancong, Hu Qiu and Wang Wenkui being the same candidate in the third year of Chongde, Bian Weifeng being the same as above in the sixth year of Chongde, Clante being scholar in the third years of Chongde (listed in the second class), Ye Chengge and Korkodai being the scholar in the sixth year of Chongde,(ranked in the third and first class). Because the work of translating Chinese classics has always been a great enterprise to run, the imperial court attached extra importance. Therefore, a book , the having been translated, many involed officers would receive the reward. Hongwu Baoxun, a historical book of Ming Dynasty, for instance having been translated in third year of Shunzhi, the people being rewarded was up to one hundred and nine, the rewarded object from the bachelor, scholar, royal tutor, bithesi clerk, the Chinese sherpa, to the editor, review and transcription officer, etc, from which we can see how heavy the translation duties was.(The First Historical Archives of China, 1989: 308)--[[User:Fu Hongyan|Fu Hongyan]] ([[User talk:Fu Hongyan|talk]]) 13:37, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Among them, Cha Buhai was the successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level in the eighth year of Tiancong; Hu Qiu and Wang Wenkui , the same candidate in the third year of Chongde; Bian Weifeng, the same as above in the sixth year of Chongde; Kengte, the scholar in the third years of Chongde (listed in the second class); Ye Chengge and Keerkedai, the scholar in the sixth year of Chongde,(ranked in the third and first class). Because the work of translating Chinese classics has always been a great enterprise to run, the imperial court attached extra importance. As a result , the book ,having been translated completely, many involed officers would be rewarded. ''Hongwu Baoxun'', a historical book of Ming Dynasty, for instance having been translated in third year of Shunzhi, the number of people being rewarded was up to one hundred and nine, the rewarded object from the bachelor, scholar, royal tutor, bithesi clerk, the Chinese sherpa, to the editor, review and transcription officer, etc, from which we can see how heavy the translation duties was. (The First Historical Archives of China, 1989: 308)--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 08:50, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

==付诗雨 Fù Shīyǔ 日语语言文学女 202120081486==

清军入关后，朝廷对翻译人员，或者兼通满、汉文的官吏需求显著增加，旗人教化刻不容缓。为此，政府既允许宗室、大臣子弟在家读书，也鼓励其入国子监八旗官学肄业。然而，旗学教育虽系正途，但国家方举，用人之事如同在弦之箭，透过旗学培养翻译人才，缓不济急。

After the Manchu army entered the Shanhaiguan Pass, the imperial court's needs of translators, or officials familiar with both Manchu and Chinese, increased significantly. The education of Manchu had become an urgent task. To this end, the government not only allowed the imperial clan and grand ministers’ children to study at home, but also encouraged them to enter the Imperial University "Guozijian", the highest educational administration in Qing dynasty. However, although the education of Manchu was the orthodox way to be an official, training translators through the education of Manchu was a slow remedy that could not meet the urgency of selecting officials for the new regime.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 07:00, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

After the Manchu army had entered the Shanhaiguan Pass, the imperial court saw a marked increase in the need of translators and officials proficient in both Manchu and Chinese. An education for the Manchus became urgent. Therefore, the government not only allowed homeschooling for the children of the imperial clan and ministers, but also encouraged them to study in the Imperial College. However, the Eight-Banner Official school, though being the official way of receiving education, failed to cultivate in a short term translators who were desperately needed by the new regime.--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 14:24, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

==高蜜 Gāo Mì 翻译学女 202120081487==

在此情形下，朝廷又允许八旗士子以荫生（类似汉代以来的“任子”制度，分恩荫、难荫，由皇帝特赐）、监生等资格，参加各部院衙门组织的职缺考试，如他赤哈哈番、笔帖式哈番、中书、库使等。顺治朝以后，由于世祖更加重视旗人教育，如顺治元年颁布圣谕，令京城满洲八旗各觅空房，立为书院，翌年又令四品以上京畿官员，以及在外三品以上官员子弟入国子监读书，并于九年设立宗学，教养宗室子弟，旗人读书风气日盛，知识储备渐趋完善，可充任用者随之增多，因而考试选才不可避免。

Under the circumstances, the imperial court then approved that students of the Eight-Banner Official school could attend, as Jiansheng(students of the Imperial College) and Yinsheng(granted by the emperor, similar to the hereditary system by which the children of ministers succeed to the father’s post in Han dynasty), tests for vacancies in Yamen(government offices in ancient China), including such posts as Tachiha, Bitieshi, Zhonshu(different civil afficials) and Kushi. Shunzhi Emperor paid more attention to the education of bannermen during his reign. At the first year, an imperial dree was issued demanding that Eight-Banner Official schools across the nation set a room as the academy. And at the second year, he demanded that children of officials in the Capital and its Environs above the fourth rank and those of provincial officials above the third rank attend the imperial college. What’s more, at the ninth year, he set up education institutions for royal clansmen. As the education for bannermen was thriving and becoming more comprehensive, those who can be employed were on the rise. Hence selective tests became unavoidable. --[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 14:26, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Under the circumstances, the imperial court then approved that students of the Eight-Banner Official school could attend, as Jiansheng(students of the Imperial College) and Yinsheng(granted by the emperor, similar to the hereditary system by which the children of ministers succeed to the father’s post in Han dynasty), tests for vacancies in Yamen(government offices in ancient China), including such posts as Tachiha, Bitieshi, Zhonshu(different civil afficials) and Kushi. Shunzhi Emperor paid more attention to the education of bannermen during his reign. At the first year, an imperial dree was issued demanding that Eight-Banner Official schools across the nation set a room as the academy. And at the second year, he demanded that children of officials in the Capital and its Environs above the fourth rank and those of provincial officials above the third rank attend the imperial college. What’s more, at the ninth year, he set up education institutions for royal clansmen. Because reading atmosphere of bannermen gradually prosperous, and their knowledge reserve gradually perfect. The number of who can be employed is rising. Thus select talented people is inevitable.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 10:34, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==宫博雅 Gōng Bóyǎ 俄语语言文学女 202120081488==

顺治八年，经礼部议准，规定嗣后凡遇应考之年，均由内院会同礼部办理，分童试、乡试、会试，定生员额数一百八十人（满洲一百二十、蒙古六十），举人额数一百二十人（满洲五十、汉军五十、蒙古二十），进士额数六十人（满洲二十五、汉军二十五、蒙古十），并另由顺天府学政考取汉军生员一百二十人。考试内容上，无论乡试、会试，满洲、蒙古中的识汉字者均以考试翻译为主，即翻译汉字文一篇。（鄂尔泰等，1985：457）

In the eighth year of Shunzhi, after the consultation of the Ministry of Rites, it was stipulated that the inner Court and the Ministry of Rites jointly handled the examination whenever there was an imperial examination year. The tests are divided into Boy trial, provincial examinations, and metropolitan examination. The number of students admitted by the examination is 180 (120 manchurians, the Mongolian people 60), the number of provincial graduate admitted by the examination is 120 (50 manchurians, Han 50 people, the Mongolian people 20), the number of Jinshi admitted by the examination is 60 (25 manchurians, Han 25 people, the Mongolian people 10). In addition, 120 han students were admitted by Shuntianfu. In terms of the content of the test, regardless of Boy trial, provincial examinations, and metropolitan examination, the people who know Hanzi in the Manchu and Mongol nationality mainly take the translation test, which is to translate an article of Hanzi.(Ortai etc., 1985: 457)--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 03:38, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

In the eighth year of Shunzhi’s reign, it was discussed and approved by the Ministry of Rites that hereafter, whenever there was an Imperial Examination, the inner Court and the Ministry of Rites would jointly hold it. It was divided into Boy Trial, Provincial Examination, and Metropolitan Examination. 180 candidates (120 Manchurians and 60 Mongolians) could pass the Boy Trial; 120 candidates (50 Manchurians, 50 Han people, and 20 Mongolians) could pass the Provincial Examination; 60 candidates (25 Manchurians, 25 Han people, 10 Mongolians) could pass the Metropolitan Examination. In addition, 120 Han students were admitted via Shuntianfu Academy. In terms of the content, whether in Provincial Examination or Metropolitan Examination, those who knew Chinese character as Manchurians and Mogolians would mainly take the translation examination, which means they need to translate a Chinese text.(Ortai etc., 1985: 457)--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 09:53, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

==何芩 Hé Qín 翻译学女 202120081489==

虽然本次办理的翻译考试并非后来的翻译科考，但其却是清初以来首次通过考试翻译，选拔旗人官员，为旗人提供了另一种进身、入仕之途。鉴于政权的性质和政治的现实，对旗人而言，无论是八旗满洲，还是八旗蒙古，要想留任京畿官职，往往必须兼通满、汉，或者满、蒙，以充翻译、缮写文书之用，这一点正是乡、会二试中考试翻译的缘由所在。顺治九年，礼部议准办理壬辰科会试，通过考试翻译的满洲、蒙古进士共计五十人，这些人比照汉人科举之例，被分别授予修撰、编修等职。

Though it was not the translation examination in the Imperial Examination, yet the first time translation had been used to select Eight Banner officials since the beginning of Qing dynasty, which offered them another channel into authorities. In view of the nature of the regime and political reality, for Eight Banners, whether they were Manchuria or Mongolia, if they wanted to retain their official posts in the Capital and its Environs, they must know both Manchu and Chinese, or Manchu and Mongolian, so as to do translation and paperwork, which account for why translation was a subject in both the Provincial Examination and Metropolitan Examination. In the ninth year of Shunzhi’s reign, a total of 50 Manchurian and Mongolian scholars passed the translation examination in the Renchen Metropolitan Examination approved and held by the Ministry of Rites. These people were designated as compilers, editors and so on, according to the convention of Han Imperial Examination.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 08:50, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Though this translation exam was different from that of the Imperial Examination, it was the first time the Eight Banner officials were elected by examine translation, which offered them another way to authorities. Viewing the nature of the regime and political reality, for the Eight Banners, whether Manchuria or Mongolian, if wanting to retain their official posts in Beijing, they had to know any two languages among three languages to translate and write out paperwork, which was the reason of examine translation in both the Provincial and Metropolitan Examination. In the ninth year of Shunzhi’s reign, a total of 50 Manchurian and Mongolian scholars passed the examination. These scholars were honored with compilers, editors and so on respectively, according to the convention of Han Imperial Examination.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 02:22, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

==胡舒情 Hú Shūqíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081490==

同年四月，吏科给事中高辛允具折，建议朝廷慎选庶吉士（翻译职官之一），以重名器。此事经内院议覆并奏准，决定从进士及第者中拔取汉人四十名、满洲与蒙古各二名，以及汉军四名，一体入“馆”（内弘文院庶常馆）读书。其中，汉进士中的部分学生被要求学习清文、清书，满洲、蒙古进士则需要学习汉书、汉语，其目的是为了应对“奏对讲读”，以及在兼晓满、蒙、汉文字之后，提升翻译能力。

In April of that year, the officer Gao Xinyun prepared the memorial which suggested that the court should select officers of translation deliberately to emphasize the reputation. It was discussed, answered, and finally approved by the Adytum( the predecessor of the Cabinet), who decided to elect 40 Han scholars, 2 Manchurian scholars and 2 Mongolian scholars from those passing the he imperial examination, with 4 Han soldiers, to study at Guan together. Among these people, a part of Han scholars were asked to study Manchu language and books, and those of Mongolian and Manchurian scholars to study Chinese language and books, which aimed to deal with the emperor’s questions and lectures, and to improve their ability to translate after knowing three languages.--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 07:30, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

Later in April, the supervising secretary Gao Xinyun presented an amanuensis to the court emphasizing the importance of Shu Jishi(a kind of translator) thus suggesting a strict selection. After discussion, the Adytum ( the predecessor of the Cabinet) decided to elect 40 Han scholars, 2 Manchurian scholars and 2 Mongolian scholars from those passing the he imperial examination, with 4 Han soldiers, to study at Guan together. Bedsides, some Han scholars were required to learn Manchu characters and books, while Mongolian and Manchurian scholars to study Chinese language and books. It was an reaction to the Emperor’s questions and lectures, and aimed at improving translation ability after grasping those characters.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 14:49, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

==黄锦云 Huáng Jǐnyún 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081491==

在顺治朝两科翻译考试（八年、十一年乡试，以及九年、十二年会试）中，虽然出身旗学的举人和进士人数已无从详考，但中式者中确有供职于各部院衙门，职掌翻译和处理满、汉文书者，如乙未科满洲进士伊桑阿，初由礼部六品笔帖式授主事，后于康熙年间累迁至文华殿大学士兼吏部尚书。由于顺治年间亦如太祖、太宗时期一样，统治者亟需了解汉族文化，汲取治国理政经验，同时安抚汉族民众，伊桑阿等经考试翻译获得进身者往往被分派至内三院，或其后改制的内阁与翰林院，或经皇帝钦定，或由部院议决，担任翻译汉籍的工作。如顺治十一年十月，大学士宁完我进呈《洪武大诰》，世祖遂命内院诸臣翻译进览。

In two kinds of translation examinations (provincial examination in 1651 and 1654, metropolitan examination in 1652 and 1655)in the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, the number of the selected scholars from Qi culture was hard to verify. But some of them worked for different government offices, taking charge of translating and handling official dispatches. For example, Yi Sanga, Jinshi(a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations) from Manchu, was firstly an officer appointed by the sixth-grade leader in theMinistry of Rites; then during the reign of Emperor Kangxi he was transferred to Wenhua Palace as a garde secretary and minister of Board of Personnel. Like the early period of Qing Dynasty, Emperor Shunzhi was eager to know Han culture and learn some arrangement strategies, comfort Han’s people at the same time. Therefore all the successful candidates passing translation examinations like Yi Sanga, were sent to translate Han classicals in Three Houses, or later established cabinet and Hanlin Academy by the Emperor or official apartments. In november of 1654, Ning Wanwo, grade scholar, presented the translation “Hong Wu Da Gao”. And the Emperor soon ordered all officials to read it. --[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 08:33, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

In two kinds of translation examinations (Provisional Examination in 1651 and 1654, Metropolitan Examination in 1652 and 1655)in the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, the number of the selected scholars from Qi culture was hard to verify. However, some of them worked for different government offices, taking charge of translating and handling official documents. For example, Yi Sanga, Jinshi(a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations) from Manchu, was firstly an officer appointed by the sixth-grade leader in the Ministry of Rites; then during the reign of Emperor Kangxi he was transferred to Wenhua Palace as a garde secretary and minister of Board of Personnel. Like the early period of Qing Dynasty, Emperor Shunzhi was eager to learn Han culture and experience in governance, comfort Han’s people at the same time. Therefore all the successful candidates passing translation examinations like Yi Sanga, were sent to translate Han classics in Three Houses, or later established cabinet and Hanlin Academy by the Emperor or official apartments. In November of 1654, Ning Wanwo, grade scholar, presented the translation “Hong Wu Da Gao”. And the Emperor soon ordered all officials to read it.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:52, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

==黄逸妍 Huáng Yìyán 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081492==

又如顺治十五年五月，“九卿”（清代上谕中常用“六部九卿”之称，虽无明确规定，但通常指都察院、大理寺、太常寺、光禄寺、鸿胪寺、太仆寺、通政使司、宗人府，以及銮仪卫等九个机构的行政长官）等会同议决国子监书籍一事，要求将《十三经》、《二十一史》等书各印一部，收藏于国子监内，并要求将其“俱翻译清书，以昭同文之盛”，虽然此二者的翻译在动因上明显不同，但由此可知朝廷对于翻译之重视。（同上：915）4.康熙年间的译才取用与汉书翻译。

For example, in May of the fifteenth year of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, "nine ministers" (Though there was no explicit rules, "six departments and nine ministers" referred to nine institutions and their chief executives in accordance with practice and the nine institutions included Department of Supervision, Dali Temple（today's Supreme Judicial Court）, Taichang Temple(in charge of rituals passed from ancestors )Guanglu Temple(in charge of sacrifice)Honglu Temple(in charge of foreign affairs and protocols)，Taipu Temple(in charge of carriages and horses), Office of Transmission(in charge of conveying suggestions or appeals from people and officials to the emperor), Zongrenfu (in charge of the register of the emperor's nine generations of relatives) and the Imperial Procession Guard) and et al discussed and decided on matters about books in the Imperial College. The officials required that the Thirteen Confucian Classics and the Twenty-one Books of History be printed and collected in the Imperial College. They also requested that all translators should translate the books of Qing Dynasty, showing the unity of language. It can be seen that the royal court attached great importance to translation in spite of the obviously different motives of the two requirements. (ditto:915) 4. It was not until the reign of Emperor Kangxi that books of Han Dynasty were tranlated.--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:11, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

For another example, in May of the 15th year of Shunzhi, the "Jiuqing" (commonly known as "six Jiuqing" in the imperial edict of the Qing Dynasty, although there is no clear provision, it usually refers to the chief executives of nine institutions, such as the ducha academy, Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Honglu Temple, Taipu Temple, the general political envoy, the Zongren mansion, and Luan Yiwei), and others jointly decided on the issue of the books of the Imperial College and requested that the thirteen classics Twenty one histories and other books were printed respectively and collected in the Imperial Academy, and it was required to "translate all the Qing books to show the prosperity of the same text". Although the two translations were obviously different in motivation, it can be seen that the imperial court attached great importance to translation. (ibid.: 915) 4. The translation in Kangxi period was similar to that in Chinese.--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 07:40, 29 October 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

==黄柱梁 Huáng Zhùliáng 国别男 202120081493==

有清一代，由于“翻译之事，大有关系”，统治者都很重视。（马齐等，1985：275）如康熙帝认为，旗人供职于各部院衙门，如兼通满、汉文义，精通翻译，则料理部院事务时，便无不能。而挑选内阁、翰林院官员，也需“博通汉文，善于翻译之人，方为有用。”（中国第一历史档案馆，2009：1297，1329 ）During the Qing Dynasty, the rulers attached great importance to translation because they think that "if the translation has been well done, the whole country can also be well ruled". (Ma Qi et al., 1985:275) For instance, Emperor Kangxi thought that the Manchu officials worked in various ministries and offices all around the country, if he was proficient in both Manchu and Chinese, and was proficient in translation, he could handle all the affairs of ministries and offices. The selection of Cabinet and Imperial Academy officials also requires "people who are proficient in Chinese and good at translation." (Chinese First Historical Archives, 2009:1297,1329)--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 07:38, 29 October 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang
Since the Qing Dynasty, the emperors attached great importance to translation because they think that "if the translation has been well done, the whole country can also be well ruled". (Ma Qi et al., 1985:275) For instance, Emperor Kangxi thought that the Manchu officials worked in various ministries and offices all around the country, if they were proficient in both Manchu and Chinese, and excelled in translation, they could handle all the affairs of ministries and offices. The selection of officials of Cabinet and of Hanlin Academy also requires "people who are proficient in Chinese and good at translation."--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 11:54, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

==金晓童 Jīn Xiǎotóng 202120081494==

既然翻译公文尚且如此，翻译汉籍更毋庸说。如康熙四十五年十月，圣祖对《清太宗实录》纂修过程中朝鲜表文的翻译颇为不满，认为其满、汉文义皆不相符，因而差员苦心寻释，两年后终于“将文义完美”。（马齐等，1985：275）康熙五十一年三月，圣祖再次提及此事：昔太宗皇帝时，朝鲜国进表，原无不恭之语，翻译官意欲啟衅，故将表文翻错，以致问罪往征。
Since the translation of official documents is so important,let alone the translation of Chinese works.For example,in October of the 45th year of the reign of Emperor Kanfxi,the Emperor was very dissatisfied with the translation of the North Korean memorial in the compilation of the Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty.He thought that the translation was not consistent with the meaning of Manchu and Chinese characters,so he sent members to look for the interpretation and finally ‘prefect the meaning of the text’after two years.(Ma Qi and others, 1985:275).In March of the 51st year of Emperor Kangxi’s Reign,the emperor mentioned this matter again:During the reign of Emperor Taizong,there was no disrespectful words when the North Korean submitted a memorial,but the translator deliberately mistranslated the memorial in order to provoke a quarrel.As a result,he was published.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 08:10, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

The translation of official documents is so important,let alone the translation of Chinese books.For example,in October of the 45th year of Kangxi,the Emperor was very dissatisfied with the translation of Korean memorial during the process of editing ''Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty'', and he thought that ithe translation was not consistent with the meaning of Manchu and Chinese characters. So he sent people to seek the interpretation and finally ‘prefected the meaning of the translation” after two years.(Ma Qi and others, 1985:275).In March of the 51st year of Kangxi, the emperor mentioned this matter again:During the period of Emperor Taizong,there was no disrespectful words when the North Korean submitted a memorial,but the translator deliberately mistranslated the memorial in order to provoke a quarrel.As a result,he was published.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 07:49, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==邝艳丽 Kuàng Yànl 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081495==

后纂修《实录》，见彼表內汉文，与所翻满文，大不相同，始知当时翻译有弊。（同上：470）康熙时期的汉书翻译主要包括两部分，其中一部分是整理、刊行前朝译本，另一部分则是新译其它汉籍。而康熙帝对于旗人教育，以及翻译人才培养的重视，更是超越前人。

''Authentic Records'' was later edited. At that time people began to find out the errors in the translation, for wether literal or deep meanings of Chinese text are different from what is translated into Manchu language. (Ditto: 470) In Kangxi period, the translation of Chinese books mainly consists of two parts, one of which is to arrange and publish the versions by the former dynasty, the other one of which is to translate other Chinese books. Meanwhile, the Emperor Kangxi did a better job than previous emperors in terms of educating Manchu people and attaching importance on fostering translators.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 07:27, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

''Authentic Records'' was later edited. At that time people began to find out the errors in the translation, for either literal or deep meanings of Chinese text are different from what is translated into Manchu language. (Ditto: 470) During the reign of Kangxi, the translation of Chinese books mainly consists of two parts, one of which is to arrange and publish the versions by the former dynasty, the other one of which is to translate other Chinese books. Meanwhile, the Emperor Kangxi did a better job than previous emperors in terms of educating Manchu people and attaching importance on fostering translators.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 11:58, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==李爱璇 Lǐ Àixuán 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081496==

康熙年间，朝廷设立的旗学颇多，不仅有康熙二十五年设立的景山官学，也有分设于不同时期的各地官学与义学。如康熙三十年，圣祖御设八旗义学，其后又将义学的设学地域不断扩大，并出台章程制度，规范义学的生员、教习、教学内容和考核方式等。虽然八旗义学的主要目的只是为朝廷培养初级人才，但翻译教学和翻译人才培养仍是其重要内容，因而义学中常设翻译教习，主要由笔帖式和翻译生员等担任。

During the reign of Kangxi, the imperial court established many flag schools, including not only Jingshan official school established in the 25th year during the period of Kangxi, but also local official schools and free schools in different periods. For example, in the 30th year during the period of Kangxi, the emperor set up the Eight Banners free school, and then expanded the area of free school, and issued the constitution system to standardize the students, teaching, teaching content and assessment methods of free school. Although the main purpose of the Eight Banners free school is only to train primary talents for the imperial court, translation teaching and translation talent training are still its important contents. Therefore, the permanent translation teaching in the free school is mainly held by clerk and translation student.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 15:05, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the imperial court initiated many Banner schools, including not only Jingshan Official School established in the 25th year during the Kangxi period, but also local official schools and free private schools at different times. For example, in the 30th year of reign, Emperor Kangxi set up the free private schools of Eight Banners, gradually expanded the scope of it and issued the constitution system to standardize the students, teachers, course contents and examination methods. The main purpose of these schools was only to train primary talents for the court, but translation teaching and talent training were of great importance. Therefore, the regular translation teachers in free private schools were mainly selected from clerical officials and translation students.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 15:49, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

==李瑞洋 Lǐ Ruìyáng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081497==

至乾隆时期，甚至对义学翻译教习的考选方式予以明确规定，要求考取八旗义学翻译教习，“由该旗将举、贡生员咨送”，并要求“择其年逾三旬，行无匪僻者。”（昆冈等，1963：23；柳海松，2017：24）学生学习的内容上，既有语言课程，也有文化课程，但汉文典籍的满文、蒙文译本也是必学内容，如《四书解义》、《性理精义》等，此外学生有时也需要翻译经义。又如康熙三十四年，应黑龙江将军萨布索奏请，圣祖同意在墨尔根设立旗学，从现任笔帖式中考选翻译明通、品行端方者，充当教习。

During the reign of the Emperor Qianlong, the selection of translation teachers in free private school was explicitly stipulated, requiring earning relevant certifications in the Eight Banners. Candidates would be nominated by the Banner and finally recommended by senior licentiates. They were required to be over 30 and commit no crime.(Kungang, 1963: 23; Liu Haisong, 2017:24) In terms of learning content, there were both language courses and cultural courses, but Mongolian and Manchu translations of Han Classics were also compulsory courses, such as ''Comprehension of the Four Books'', ''Introduction of Neo-Confucianism'', etc. In addition, students sometimes needed to translate argumentation on Confucian classics. Another example was that in the 34th year of reign, at the request of General Sabuso of Heilongjiang, Emperor Kangxi agreed to set up a Banner school in Moergen and select from current clerical officials those who were proficient in translation and behaved with good morals to serve as teachers.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 14:59, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of the Emperor Qianlong, the selection of translation teachers in free private school was formally stipulated, requiring relevant learning experiences in the Eight Banners. Candidates should be nominated by the Banner and finally recommended by senior licentiates. And priority should be given to those who were over 30 years old and committed no crime.(Kungang, 1963: 23; Liu Haisong, 2017:24) In terms of learning contents, there were both language courses and cultural courses, but Mongolian and Manchu versions of Han Classics were also compulsory courses, such as ''Comprehension of the Four Books'', ''Introduction of Neo-Confucianism'', etc. In addition, students sometimes were required to translate argumentation on Confucian classics. Another example was that in the 34th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign, at the request of General Sabuso of Heilongjiang, the Emperor agreed to set up a Banner school in Moergen and select from current clerical officials those who were proficient in translation and behaved well to serve as teachers.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 02:29, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

==李姗 Lǐ Shān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081498==

由于朝廷对于东北旗学向来格外重视，要求其确保民族特色，因而清语、骑射尤为重要。但即便如此，黑龙江八旗义学仍以翻译笔帖式教习汉书、汉字，由此可见旗学中翻译教育与人才培养的普遍性。虽然康熙中期以前，旗学学生的清语能力普遍较好，但欲使其精通翻译，以堪翻译汉籍资用，不能只是加强汉语能力，而令满语能力废弛。

The teaching of Manchu language and riding and shooting was of great importance as a result of the fact that the central government paid immence attention to the schooling of the northeast flags. Despite that, the eights flags in Heilongjiang area were still committed to the instruction of Chinese books and characters by the way of translating. This showed that the training of translation and the cultivation of related talents prevailed among flags. During the first half of Emperor Kangxi' reign, students in flag schools were commonly equipped with excellent Manchu language. However, as for the translation of Chinese books, it was not enough merely to improve their Chinese, but also should enhance their own language.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 13:39, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

The teaching of Manchu language and riding shot was of great importance as a result of the fact that the central government paid immence attention to the schooling of banner system in northeast China. Despite that, the gratuitous schools of banner system in Heilongjiang were still committed to the instruction of Chinese books and characters by the way of translating. This showed that the training of translation and the cultivation of related talents prevailed among banners. During the first half of Emperor Kangxi's reign, students in banner schools were commonly equipped with excellent Manchu language. However, as for the translation of Chinese books, it was not enough merely to improve their Chinese, but also should enhance their own language.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 09:56, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==李双 Lǐ Shuāng 翻译学女 202120081499==

康熙中期以来，随着民族交流显著增多，旗人子弟习汉书的风气日盛，不仅妨碍了其习清书的意愿，而且也因其清语能力的消退影响了翻译。事实上，早在康熙十二年四月，圣祖便常常告诫侍臣，表达对于旗人学习清语的忧虑。圣祖所担心的并非此时的满人不知清语，而是嗣后因为满洲渐习汉语，可能会将满语遗忘。

Since the middle term of Kangxi’s reign, more and more bannermen study Chinese as there has been a marked increase in ethnic exchanges. But this not only hampers the inclination for the study of Manchu language, but also affects the translation because of the decline of their Manchu language level. In fact, in the twelfth April of Kangxi’s reign, the emperor often admonished his courtiers and showed his concern about bannermen’s Manchu learning. What worries him is not that bannermen at this time don’t understand Manchu, but is that their descendants may forget Manchu for usual practice of Chinese in Manchuria.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 07:19, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Since the middle term of Kangxi's reign, more and more bannermen studied Chinese as there had been a marked increase in ethnic exchanges. But this not only hampered the inclination for the study of Manchu language, but also affected the translation because of the decline of their Manchu language level. In fact, in April 1673, Kangxi often admonished his courtiers and showed his concern about bannermen's Manchu learning. What worried him was not that bannermen at this time didn’t understand Manchu, but was that their descendants may forget Manchu for usual practice of Chinese in Manchuria.--[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 10:32, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==李文璇 Lǐ Wénxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081500==

圣祖认为，满、汉文义不乏相似，即便照字翻译，可通用者仍然很多，因而不致给今天的译者造成困难，但随着世易时移，后世子弟未必知晓，因而“差失大意”或“言语欠当”或许在所难免。（中国第一历史档案馆，2009：93）康熙的担心到了晚期以后得到应验，此时的八旗子弟清语能力普遍下降，不仅后生子弟“竟忘满语”，而且“老成旧耆”者，也有语音不正、字句失落的情况，导致翻译中误译、错译丛生，与“先年老人所翻之语不独恰当，（而且）真有奇处”的局面，已不可比拟。（张玉书、允禄等，1983：7 ；中国第一历史档案馆，2009：2271）

Kangxi thought that the meaning of Manchu language and Chinese has similarities, even translating these words word by word, the universal word had occupied a lot, therefore, it won’t cause any problems to the translators at that time. However, with the time went on, the later generation won’t be fully know these words, so that the lack of meaning or the improper words couldn’t be avoided. ( The First Historical Archive of China, 2009:93) Kangxi’s worry had been confirmed in his later days. At that time, Snuff Pots’ ability of knowing Manchu language had been decreased. Not only did their following generation forget the Manchu language, but also some of the old people had wrong pronunciation and the lack of words and sentences. Both of the two situations had led into the mistranslation, which didn’t suit the translation of the former people, and had an odd situation. The whole translation couldn’t be compared with the former one. ( Zhang Yushu, Yunlu, 1983:7; The First Historical Archive of China, 2009:2271) --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 07:24, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Kangxi thought that the meaning of Manchu language and Han language has similarities.Even translating works word by word, the universal words had occupied a lot.Therefore, it won’t cause troubles to translators now. However, as time flied, the later generation won’t be fully know these words, so that the misunderstanding of meaning or the improper translation couldn’t be avoided. ( The First Historical Archive of China, 2009:93) Kangxi’s worry had been confirmed inthe later period. At that time, Snuff Pots’ Manchu language ability had been decreased to a great extent. Not only did their following generation forget the Manchu language, but also some of the old people had wrong pronunciation and lacked words and sentences. Both of the two situations had led into the mistranslation, which didn’t suit the translation of the former people,causing a strange situation. The whole translation couldn’t be compared with the former one. ( Zhang Yushu, Yunlu, 1983:7; The First Historical Archive of China, 2009:2271) --[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 12:36, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

==李雯 Lǐ Wén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081501==

5.雍、乾二朝关于翻译人才培养的调整与改革。雍正朝初期，礼部遵圣谕拟调整旗学的办学方针，强化学生的满、汉语等多语种能力，即是因应时势之举。如《大清会典（雍正朝）》中说，雍正二年，朝廷对国子监八旗官学的管理进行改革，要求依学生的学习科目，调整其学习重点。

The adjustment and reformation about translation talents in Yong Dynasty and Qian Dynasty :In the early Yong Dynasty ,Li Apartment created some measurements to strengthen students’ multilingual abilities according to Emperor’s command, which are called policies conforming to the historical trend of time.For example,Qing Reign said that government reform management of Eight Banners Academic in the Imperial College in YongZheng 2th year, which change the major points of studying according to student’s subjects.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 12:29, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

5. Adjustment and reform of translation talent training in The Yong and Gan dynasties. In the early years of Yongzheng Dynasty, the Ministry of Rites decided to adjust the educational policy of banner learning and strengthen the students' multilingual abilities such as Manchu and Chinese in accordance with the situation. As stated in the Qing Dynasty (Yongzheng Dynasty), in the second year of Yongzheng, the imperial court reformed the management of the eight Banners of the Imperial Academy, requiring students to adjust their learning priorities according to their learning subjects.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 05:29, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==李新星 Lǐ Xīnxīng 亚非语言文学女 202120081503==

具体来说便是，习满文者，以书写本折字画为主；习文章者，以讲论圣贤经传为主；习翻译者，则以熟翻《古文渊鉴》、《大学衍义》等书为主。教育方式的分流发展，既可以令培养目标更趋明确，也可以强化培养的专业性与针对性。然而，鉴于翻译科目自身的特殊性，学习者不宜为“幼稚之人”，而必须是年龄稍长，且资性聪敏者，如此才能保证学习效果。
To be specific, those who are proficient in writing Chinese calligraphy and painting are given priority to writing this calligraphy and painting; Xi article, to talk about the sages mainly; For those who are familiar with translation, they mainly read guwenyuan Jian and Xueyan Yi. The diverging development of educational methods can not only make the goal of training more clear, but also strengthen the professionalism and pertinence of training. However, in view of the particularity of translation, learners should not be "naive", but should be older and intelligent in order to ensure the learning effect.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 05:27, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Specifically, those who study Manchu mainly write calligraphy and paintings; Those who study articles mainly give lectures on the scriptures of sages; As a translator, he is mainly familiar with books such as ''guwenyuanjian'' and ''University Yanyi''. The diversion development of educational methods can not only make the training objectives more clear, but also strengthen the professionalism and pertinence of training. However, in view of the particularity of the translation subject itself, learners should not be "naive", but must be older and intelligent, so as to ensure the learning effect.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 05:34, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==李怡 Lǐ Yí 法语语言文学女 202120081504==

于是，经国子监祭酒孙嘉淦条奏，并经康亲王崇安、果郡王允礼议覆，朝廷决定嗣后选取官学生，需以年龄区隔，令年幼者学满文，年龄稍长者学汉文。随后，又规定官学生中如有愿清书者，可由助教视其年岁稍长，且文义粗通，准其该学翻译，但若要拨入翻译馆，则必须“读过汉书”。（铁保等，1983：16 ）乾隆年间，朝廷进一步调整国子监八旗官学的培养方式，明确将其分为清、汉两途。
Therefore, after sun Jiagan of imperial College made a toast to the wine, and after wang Chongan of Kangqin and Wang Yunli of Guojun, the court decided to select the official students according to their age, so that the younger students learn Manchu, while the older ones learn Chinese. Later, it was stipulated that if any official student was willing to study Chinese calligraphy, he or she could be allowed to study translation by the teaching assistant according to his or her age and rough meaning. However, if he or she wanted to be assigned to the translation library, he or she must have "read Chinese calligraphy". (Tie Bao et al., 1983:16) During the Reign of Emperor Qianlong, the imperial court further adjusted the cultivation mode of the eight Banners of the Imperial Academy, explicitly dividing it into qing and Han dynasties.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 02:24, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Therefore, after the memorial was proposed by sun Jiagan, headmaster of Imperial Academy and approved by prince Kangqin wang Chong'an and prince Guojun inaccordance with the law, the court decided to select the official students according to their age, so that the younger students learn Manchu, while the older ones learn Chinese. Later, it was stipulated that any official student who was willing to study Chinese calligraphy could be allowed to study translation by the teaching assistants when he was getting mature and had a rough understanding of meaning of Chinese passages. However, if student wanted to be assigned to the translation college, he must have "read books written in Chinese". (Tie Bao etc, 1983:16) During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the imperial court further adjusted the cultivation mode of the Imperial Academy of Eight Banners, explicitly dividing it into two majors of Manchu and Chinese.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 08:22, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘沛婷 Liú Pèitíng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081505==

《钦定八旗通志》中说，八旗子弟选入国子监八旗官学后，前三年并不分途，而是一体专习经书，朝夕讲课。三年后，经监臣稽考，“材质聪颖、有志力学者”归入汉文班，分隶教习，而“年齿已长，愿学翻译者”则归入满文班，分隶助教，以专习翻译。（同上：10）国子监八旗官学的清、汉分途教学固然有其影响，但就清代旗学整体的翻译人才培养而言，亦谈不上冲击。

It is said in the ''General Annals for Imperial Eight Banners'' that the descendants of the Eight Banners, after being selected into the imperial Academy of The Eight Banners, did not have separate courses in the first three years, but studied the classics together and gave lectures every day. Three years later, after an examination by the supervisor, "intelligent and ambitious students" were assigned to the Chinese language class and assisted in lecturing, while students who were "mature and willing to learn translation" would be assigned to the Manchu Class and acted as teaching assistants to specialize in translation. (Ibid:10) The separate teaching of Chinese and Manchu in the Imperial Academy of Eighth Banners had its significance but did not construct a shock toward the overall training of translation talents in the Qing Dynasty.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 06:51, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

It is said in the ''General Annals for Imperial Eight Banners'' that the descendants of the Eight Banners, after being selected into the Eight Banners official school of Directorate of Imperial Academy, had no separate way in the first three years, but studied the classics together and attended classes every day. Three years later, after an assessment by the supervisor, "intelligent and aspiring students" were assigned to the Chinese class and assisted in lecturing, while students who were "mature and willing to learn translation" would be assigned to the Manchu Class and acted as teaching assistants in order to specialize in translation. (Ibid:10) The separate teaching of Chinese and Manchu in the Eight Banners official school of Directorate of Imperial Academy certainly had its significance but constructed no shock toward the overall training of translation talents in Qing Dynasty.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 01:21, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘胜楠 Liú Shèngnán 翻译学女 202120081506==

然而，乾隆帝接受孙嘉淦的奏议，同意改变官学之旧例，即官学中研习翻译者往往只是应考笔帖式，允许八旗官学生之归入汉文班者，不必专习《四书》，也可讲求经、史等有用之学，并每三年一次对其进行考试，“取其明通者，授为监生，由官学而升之太学。”（同上：10- 11）这一做法尽管可以拔擢旗学汉文班中的秀异者，获得入国子监深造的机会，却与旗学设立的初衷一定程度上相悖。《大清会典（雍正朝）》中说，八旗官学之设，“原欲清、汉兼优，精通翻译，备部院衙门补用，可任职事”，而孙嘉淦所奏不仅会造成旗学教育资源的浪费，而且会造成国家教育的制度扞格，容易诱使官学学生竞相钻研汉文，从而背离旗人根本。（叶高树，2012：141-142）

However, Emperor Qianlong accepted Sun Jiagan's proposal and agreed to change the old practice of the official schools, that is, students in official schools of the eight banners were allowed to enter the Chinese class because students who studied translation were bithsis often by passing the examination in the official school. They did not have to study the Four Books, but could focus on useful classics about Confucianism and history. They took an examination every three years, and “those who were proficient would be awarded as the Imperial College Students and would be promoted from the official school to the Imperial College." (ibid.: 10 - 11) Although this measure could promote the outstanding students in the Chinese class of the Eight Banners School who could obtain the opportunity to further study in the Directorate of Imperial Academy, it was contrary to the original intention of the establishment of the Eight Banners School to a certain extent. According to Record of Laws and Systems of Qing Dynasty (Yongzheng Dynasty), the establishment of the official school for Eight Banners "originally wanted to cultivate talents excellent in both Manchu, Chinese and translation, who could be the candidates for government employees.”However, Sun Jiagan's proposal would not only cause a waste of educational resources of the Eight Banners School, but also make the system of national education incompatible. What’s more, his proposal easily induced students in the Eight Banners School to delve into Chinese competitively, which was deviating from the foundation of the Eight Banners. (Ye Gaoshu, 2012:141-142)--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 02:01, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

However,the Emperor Qianlong accepted Jiagan Sun's proposal and agreed to change the precedent of the official school,Which means in the official school, the students who study Manchu-Chinese translation often only take the examination of the bithsis,but when it comes to the students of the Eight banners belong to the Chinese literature class,They did not have to study ''The Four Books '', but can also focus on practical studies such as Confucian classics and history, and take an examination every three years,“those who are proficient will be awarded as the Imperial College Students, and they will be promoted from the official school to the Imperial College.”(ibid.: 10 - 11) Although this practice can promote the outstanding students of the Eight Banners in the Chinese literature class, and they will obtain the opportunity to further study in the Imperial College, it is contrary to the original intention of the establishment of the Eight banners school in a way. According to ''The Qing Code''(the Emperior of Yongzheng period), the establishment of the Eight flag official school “originally in order to cultivate outstanding talents in Manchu and Chinese, and be proficient in translation, so as to be used by the Ministry and the Academy”.Jiagan Sun's proposal will not only cause a waste of educational resource of the Eight Banners School, but also make the system of national education incompatiblely, which is easy to induce official students to study Chinese, thus deviating from the foundation of the Eight Banners. (Gaoshu Ye, 2012:141-142) --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 02:38, 30 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==刘薇 Liú Wēi 国别女 202120081507==

与放宽八旗官学生学习汉书不同，乾隆时期对于八旗清文学学习翻译之事，则提高了要求。清文学专以汉军为对象，主要教授清书、骑射和伦理，它的开设是衡量旗学教育普及程度的重要参数。雍正十二年，为了对清文学教习从严管理与考核，以形成教学压力，督促汉军子弟更好地学习清文和翻译，经部议准，出台了满教习考核之规定。

Different from relaxing the rules for students of the eight Banners to study Han literature, the requirements for learning the Qing wen-Chinese translation of Qing literature were raised during the reign of the Emperor Qianlong period. Taking the Han Army as the object, the Qing Literature College mainly taught Qing books, horsemanship and archery and ethics. Its establishment was an important parameter to measure the popularity of banner education. In the twelfth year of the Emperor Yongzheng, in order to manage and assess the teaching of Qing literature strictly, so as to form teaching pressure and to urge the han Army to better learn Qing literature and the Qing wen-Chinese translation, the ministry approved the regulation of on manchu's teaching and learning assessment. --[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 10:02, 25 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

Different from relaxing the rules for students of the Eight Banners to study Chinese literature, the requirements for learning Manchu literature and the Manchu-Chinese translation were raised during the reign of the Emperor Qianlong period. Taking the Chinese soldiers as its object, the Manchu Literature mainly taught Manchu works, horsemanship and archery and ethics. Its establishment was an important parameter to measure the prevalence of Banner education. In the twelfth year under the reign of the Emperor Yongzheng, the ministry introduced regulations on strict teaching and examination assessment of Manchu learning, so as to form teaching pressure, urging Chinese soldiers to better learn Manchu literature and the Manchu-Chinese translation.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 00:29, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘晓 Liú Xiǎo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081508==

满教习的考核以三年为限，有头等、二等、三等之分，考核标准主要与教习子弟的考课有关。乾隆三年，朝廷对现行标准进行修订，出台了更为严格的规定。以“头等”为例，在雍正十二年的考核标准中，但凡子弟能考中翻译外郎、笔帖式者，其清书教习便能位列头等，其奖励方式与内容交部议叙。

The assessment was limited to three years, ranking the first class, the second class and the third class. Its criteria were mainly related to the courses taken by the students. In the third year under the rein of Qianlong, the imperial court revised the current standards and issued more stringent regulations. Taking the "first-class" as an example, in the assessment criteria of the twelfth year under the reign of Yongzheng, students who could obtain the position of interpreter and bithesi in the examination, would be ranked first, the reward method and content discussed by the ministry.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 01:47, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

The assessment is limited to three years, including first class, second class and third class. The assessment criteria are mainly related to the examination courses of the students. In the third year under the rein of Qianlong, the imperial court revised the current standards and issued more stringent regulations. Taking the "first-class" as an example, in the assessment criteria of the twelfth year under the reign of Yongzheng, students who could obtain the position of interpreter and bithesi in the examination, their Qing Shu teaching will be ranked first, and the reward method and content will be discussed by the ministry.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 00:06, 25 October 2021 (UTC)-

==刘越 Liú Yuè 亚非语言文学女 202120081509==

至乾隆时期，头等的考核标准在先有的基础上增加了“翻译生员”一项，但奖惩规定不变，仍为“交部议叙”。雍正年间关于“二等”清书教习的考核标准明显低于“头等”，其具体规定是“子弟虽未有考试之人，有能写清字楷书，并粗通翻译者”，其奖励则是“再留学三年”。但同样的是，这一标准经乾隆三年的修订之后，变成了“虽无考中之人，尚有能写清字楷书，并粗通翻译，及通晓清话者”。

During the Qianlong period, the "translator" was added to the first-class assessment standard on the basis of the previous one, but the reward and punishment provisions remained unchanged, which were still "submitted to the ministry for discussion". During the reign of Yongzheng, the assessment standard of "second-class" Qing Shu teaching was obviously lower than that of "first-class". The specific provision was that "Although the children did not have an examination, those who could write regular script and are proficient in translation", and the reward was "Study abroad for another three years". But the same is that after the revision of this standard in the third year of Qianlong, it has become "Although no one has passed the exam, there are still people who can write regular script, and are proficient in translation and Qinghua".--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 23:59, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Qianlong, the “translation student” was added to the first-class assessment standard on the basis of the previous one, but the provision of rewards and punishments remain "upon the decision of the ministry". During the reign of Yongzheng, the assessment standard of "second-class" teachers of Manchu language were significantly lower than that of the "first-class". It is specifically regulated that for those whose “students did not take the examination, but could write regular script of Manchu language and know a bit of translation”, the reward was “studying abroad for another three years”. However, the same assessment standard of the second-class developed into “no students had passed the exam, but could write regular script of Manchu language, know a bit of translation and are proficient in Manchu language” after revision in the third year of Qianlong. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 05:09, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

==刘运心 Liú Yùnxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081510==

二者对比，增加了“通晓清话”的内容，明显较之雍正朝更严。如果说雍、乾两朝关于“头等”、“二等”的考核标准只是些微调整的话，那么关于“三等”的考核标准则存在明显不同。其中，雍正朝的说法是“弟子止能写清字，并粗通清语者”，到了乾隆年间则成了“弟子并无粗晓翻译、清话，又不能缮写清字楷书”，后者再次凸显了对于翻译的重视。

Compared with the former one, the mastering of Manchu language was added to the assessment criteria making them stricter than those in the era of Yongzheng Emperor. If the adjustments to Yongzheng's assessment criteria of the first class and the second class made during the reign of Qianlong were minor, then the adjustments to the criteria of the third class significantly differed from the former one. For instance, the third-class was referred as teachers whose students can only write and speak little Manchu language in Yongzheng's era. The criteria developed during the reign of Qianlong that the students of the third class know nothing about translation or Manchu language, and cannot write Manchu regular script. The latter assessment criteria once again highlighted the importance attached to translation.--[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 12:34, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

In contrast, the addition of the 'knowledge of the Qing language' is clearly more stringent than in the Yongzheng period. If the assessment criteria for 'first-class' and 'second-class' were only slightly adjusted in the Yong and Qian periods, then the assessment criteria for 'third-class' were markedly different. For instance the term ’disciples who can write in Manchu and have a rough understanding of the Manchu‘ In the Yongzheng reign was changed to 'disciples who do not have a rough understanding of translation and Manchu, and who cannot write in regular script in Manchu' during the Qianlong reign, the latter again highlighting the importance attached to translation.--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 04:59, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==罗安怡 Luó Ānyí 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081511==

而且，关于“三等”清书教习的奖惩规定也有明显不同，其中雍正年间的规定只是轻描淡写的“拨回原处”，而乾隆时期则是“系现任笔帖式、闲散官充当者，即时交部查议，系废员充当者，即时驳回，永不叙用”，后者的惩处力度显然更大。值得注意的是，上述关于清书教习的考核标准及奖惩规定等，在雍、乾两朝的适用性并不一致。其中，雍正朝时期的办法是清文学教习一体适用，乾隆朝时期则特别针对汉军清文教习，其中原因与汉军清语能力普遍低下有关。

Moreover, there is a clear difference in the regulations on the rewards and punishments for the "third-class” of Qing Shu teaching staff, of which the Yongzheng period was lightly "set back to the original place", while the Qianlong period was "idle officials in the bithesi should be instantly investigated by the Ministry. For those who were ousted former staff should instantly be dismissed, and never to be used". The latter punishment was obviously more severe. It is worth noting that the above-mentioned assessment standards and regulations of rewards and punishments to the Qing book teaching were not consistent in applicability for the two reigns. Among them, the approaches of Yongzheng period were applicable to Qing literature teaching as a whole. While Qianlong' s particularly directed at the Qing language teaching to the Han army, for which was related to the generally low ability of the Han army in Qing language.--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 01:21, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Moreover，there was a great difference about the rewards and punishments for the "third-class” of Qing Shu teaching staff between the reign of emperor Yong Zheng and the reign of emperor Qian Long，while the regulations of the former was just touch on lightly as“allocate to the original place”，the latter was“ idle officials in the bithesi should be instantly investigated by the Ministry. For those who were ousted former staff should instantly be dismissed, and never to be used"，which was obviously more severe.It is worth mentioned that the test standard of the teachers of Qing books and the punishment and reward regulations were not in consistency about the adaptation between Yong and Qian dynasties.The method in Yong Zheng period was applicable to Qing literature teaching as a whole，while in Qian Long period，the method was aimed to the Qing language teaching to the Han army，the reason for which is related to the generally poor Qing language ability of the Han army --[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 03:02, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==罗曦 Luó Xī 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081512==

乾隆帝对待八旗官学和清文学的态度明显不同，他鼓励前者学习汉文，却要求后者保持满洲的民族本特质，这种政策的两面性说明统治者在旗学的问题上，尚未真正做到通盘考虑，因而政策缺乏一致性。但作为“夙善国语，于翻译深所讲习”的“十全”皇帝，乾隆帝既能洞悉旗学教育的不足，又能从落实清语与翻译教学的立场出发，对旗学教育的方针进行修改与完善。乾隆七年十二月二十一日，高宗御阅宗学试卷，发现汉文教习宗室子弟虽然已历数年，但“翻译诸卷亦属平常”。（中国第一历史档案馆，1998：827）

Emperor Qian Long showed distinctly different attitudes toward royal official study and the literature in Qing dynasty，he encouraged the former to study Han language，but asked the latter to keep the national instinct of Man Zhou，and the two-sides policy showed that，the ruler didn‘t have a well- rounded consideration on the issue of the royal study，so the policy was lack of consistency.However，emperor Qian Long，as a versatile who is good at national language and is engaging in the translation institutions， he not only can discern the shortcomings of royal education，but also can he revised the policies of royal education at the aim of carrying out the teaching of Qing language and translation study.On December 21rst in the sevemth year of Qian Long‘s throne，when the emperor checked the test paper，he found that though the royal students had studied for years，they still had a “normal translation” when translating the books.（the first Chinese history archive，1998:827）

Emperor Qianlong had showed quite different attitudes toward the official institutions in Eight Banners and the study of Manchu by encouraging the former to study Han language, while commanding the latter to keep ethnic traits of Manchu. The dual character of policy itself had manifested that the ruler did not have a well-rounded consideration on the issue of Manchurian education, hence it was lack of consistency. But as an Emperor who was "always excellent in national language and had high attainments in tranlsation", Qianlong could not only discern the shortcommings in the education for Manchu, but also revise and improve the policy for it at the aim of carrying out the education of Manchurian language and translation. On December 21th, 1742, the 7th year under the reign of Qianlong, Qing emperor Gaozong checked the test papers of royal clan and found that the royal students had been educated in Han language for many years, yet their translation were still mediocre judged on those testing papers. (the First History Archives of China, 1998: 827)--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 10:16, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==马新 Mǎ Xīn 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081513==

乾隆十七年，上谕敕设世职官学，原因即是八旗世袭官荒怠清语和骑射。为了落实旗学设立之初衷，即以“清、汉兼优，精通翻译”为要，朝廷调整了部分旗学的教学重点，如乾隆二十一年裁减宗学汉教习九人，该设为翻译教习，并从翻译生员中选取适任者，担任圆明园学教习。（铁保等，1983：7；托津等，1994：6417）乾隆三十一年，朝廷在议准八旗官学的修业年限时，一并对官学生的考课做了要求，规定习翻译和清语者如不能在学习期满时，考取中书、库使、笔帖式等，都必须咨回本旗，并另挑差使。（铁保等，1983：12）

In 1752, the 17th year under the reign of Qianlong, the Emperor had commanded to set up hereditary official institutions due to the fact that hereditary officials had neglected the study of Manchurian language, equitation and toxophily. The original intention of the education for Manchu is to train talents “excellent in both Manchurian and Han language, proficient in translation”. In order to achieve this, the court of Qing government had adjusted some academic focuses in Eight Banners. For instance, nine instructors who taught Chinese for royal clan were laid off in 1756, the 21th year under the reign of Qianlong, and replaced them with translation instructors selecting from translation students to teach in the Summer Palace. (Tie Bao et al., 1983:7; Tuo Jin et al., 1994: 6417). In 1765, the 31th year under the reign of Qianlong, the court had stipulated the length of study for imperial institutions in Eight Banners after discussing, and staked a claim to royal students’ tests--stipulating that those who learned translation and Mauchuria and failed to pass examinations for Zhongshu (cabinet minister), Kushi (storehouse commissioner-in-chief), Bithesi, etc. during the study period must be sent back to their own banners and took on other errands. (Tie Bao et al., 1983:12)--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 02:27, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

Another version: In 1752, the 17th year under the reign of Qianlong, the Emperor had ordered to set up hereditary official institutions because of the fact that hereditary officials in the Eight Banners neglected the study of Manchurian, equitation and toxophily. With the initial intention of implementing the Banner education, that is, to train talents “excellent both in Manchurian and Han languages, proficient in translation”, the court of government in Qing Dynasty had adjusted some academic focuses in the Eight-Banner educational system. For instance, nine instructors who taught Chinese for royal clan were laid of in 1756, the 21st year during the reign of Qianlong, and replaced them with translation instructors who were selected from translation students to teach in the Summer Palace. (The Bao et al., 1983:7; Tuo Jin et al., 1994:6417). In 1756, having discussed the issue of the length of study and staking a claim to royal students’ tests, the court stipulated that those who learned translation and Manchurian and failed to pass examinations for Zhongshu (cabinet minister), Kushi (storehouse commissioner-in-chief), Bithesi (clerical staff), etc. during the study period, must be sent back to their own banners and took on other errands. (Tie Bao et al., 1983:12)--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 11:59, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==毛雅文 Máo Yǎwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081514==

至于学习的具体年限，则规定十八岁以下者以十年为期，这一规定为嗣后沿用。乾隆朝关于旗学教育的另一项改革便是“进学”。所谓“进学”是指旗学中的汉文班官学生经过一定的稽核或者考试之后，成绩优异者可升入国子监的办法。

As for the specific period of study, it was stipulated that those under the age of 18 would have a 10-year-period study, which was also used in succeeding generations. Another reform of education in the Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty under the reign of Emperor Qianlong was “Jinxue” or “Entering School”, a special selection system. The so-called “Jinxue” referred to the method that the official students, with outstanding academic achievements, in Chinese Language Class in Banner education system, can be promoted to the Imperial Academy ( the highest educational administration in feudal China), after a certain audit or examination.

As for the specific period of study, it was stipulated that those under the age of 18 would have a 10-year-period study, which was also used in succeeding generations. Another reform of the Qianlong dynasty on the education of banner school is "into the school".（a special selection system） The so-called “Jinxue” referred to the method that the official students, with outstanding academic achievements, in Chinese Language Class in Banner education system, can be promoted to the Imperial Academy ( the highest educational administration in feudal China), after a certain audit or examination.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 06:38, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

==毛优 Máo Yōu 俄语语言文学女 202120081515==

毫无疑问，“进学”办法的出台与朝廷一贯强调民族特质的政策颇有龃龉，但其所以成行，与统治者放宽八旗大臣子弟参加科试不无关系。如乾隆三十年，上谕内阁，指出八旗三品以上大臣子弟如国语娴熟，练习弓马，则遇考试之期时，可由其父兄自行奏明，一体入闱考试。但上谕同时规定，如果他们不潜心力学，于国语骑射又不专攻娴习，自然不如兼习文艺，兼收并进。（中国第一历史档案馆，1998：568）

There is no doubt that the introduction of "into the school" approach and the court's consistent emphasis on the policy of national traits are quite at odds, but it has become a line, and the ruler relaxed the eight banners minister's children to participate in the examination is not unrelated. For example, the Qianlong 30 years, the bull cabinet, pointed out that the eight banners above the third grade minister's children such as skilled in the language, practice bow and horse, when the examination period, by their fathers and brothers to present themselves, one into the examinations. But the bull at the same time, if they do not concentrate on mechanics, in the national language riding and archery and not specializing in mastery, it is naturally better to learn both arts and culture, both into. (The First Historical Archives of China, 1998: 568)--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 06:34, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

There is no doubt that the introduction of "into the school" approach and the court's consistent emphasis on the policy of national traits are quite at odds, but it has become a line partly because the ruler relaxed the rules on the eight Banners ministers’ children’s participation in the examination. For example, in the 30th year of Qianlong, the emperor talked to the cabinet, pointing out that ministers' children above the third grade in the eight Banners if skilled in Chinese language and practicing bow and horse, when encountering examination periods, by their fathers and brothers presenting their conditions, can take the examinations as well. But the imperial edict also stipulated, if they do not concentrate on study, and not specialize in the national language and riding and archery, it is naturally better to learn both letters and skills. (The First Historical Archives of China, 1998: 568)--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 01:47, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

==牟一心 Móu Yīxīn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081516==

换言之，在旗人学习清语、骑射的意愿低落时，朝廷采取“进学”的办法，希望旗人通过兼习文艺而“犹可为造就之资”。（同上：568）朝中尚且如此，驻防自不待言。如乾隆四十至四十一年间，西安将军傅良条奏，指出满营官员内，熟练稿案且兼通满、汉文义者，已“甚难其人”。

In other words, when the Banner people's willingness to learn Qing language and riding and shooting was low, the imperial court adopted the method of "recruiting scholars", hoping that the Banner people could "be trained to be talents" through concurrent study of letters and skills. (Ibid.: 568) Even so this is true in the court, the situation at the garrison is self-evident. For example, during the 40th to 41st years of Qianlong, Xi'an General Fu Liangtiao pointed out that among the Manchu camp officials, those who were skilled in manuscripts and understood both Manchu and Chinese texts were "very difficult to find."--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 05:28, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

In other words, when the Banner people's willingness to learn Qing language and riding and shooting was low, the imperial court adopted the method of "recruiting scholars", hoping that the Banner people could "also be trained to be talents" through concurrent study of letters and skills. (Ibid.: 568) The court had already done so, and the garrison understood naturally what to do. For example, during the 40th to 41st years of the Qianlong Reign, Xi'an General Fu Liangtiao proposed to the court, pointing out that among the Manchu camp officials, those who were familiar with official paperwork and could understood texts written in both Manchu and Chinese were "very difficult to find."--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 07:27, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

==彭瑞雪 Péng Ruìxuě 法语语言文学女 202120081517==

乾隆年间，满洲入关日久，满汉交流频密，旗人使用汉语阅读汉书的机会大增，使用清语的场合自然减少，这一点自会影响其学习清语和翻译的意愿。6.嘉、道以后翻译人才培养的颓废。嘉庆以后，有关旗学教育的许多做法都是沿袭前朝规定。

During the reign of Emperor Qianlong where the Manchus had entered into Shanhaiguan for a long time, the exchanges between Manchus and Han people were frequent. The opportunity of using Chinese and reading Chinese books increased greatly, and the occasions of using Manchu decreased naturally, which will naturally affect the willingness of the Banner people to learn Manchu and translation. 6. After the reign of Jiaqing and Daoguang, the cultivation of translators was decadent. After the Jiaqing reign, many of the practices concerning the education of banner scholars followed the rules of the previous dynasty.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 07:00, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Emperor Qianlong when the Manchus had entered into Shanhaiguan for a long time, the exchanges between Manchus and Han people were frequent. And the Manchus’ opportunities of using Chinese and reading Chinese books increased greatly. Meanwhile, the occasions of using Manchurian decreased naturally, which would correspondingly affect the willingness of the Banner people to learn Manchurian and translation. 6. After the reign of Jiaqing and Daoguang, the cultivation of translators was decadent. After the reign of Jiaqing , many of the practices concerning the education of banner scholars followed the rules of the previous dynasty.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 01:56, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

==秦建安 Qín Jiànān 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081518==

例如，在有关官学生肄业的具体年限上，便接续了乾隆三十一年的要求，规定年龄在十八岁以下者，仍须以十年为限，并将这一规定应用至咸安宫官学和景山官学。《钦定大清会典事例（光绪朝）》中对此事的记载是：咸安宮官学成材者众，体制较优，……嗣后凡由官学生及闲散人等挑选者，定以十五岁以上二十岁以內入学，至十年限满，不能考中生员，即行出学。

For example, the schools accepted the requirement in the 31st year of Qianlong (1736) on the aspect of the specific length of study of official students who failed to meet the graduate standards. The requirement claimed that the delay in graduation for students under the age of 18 was still ten years and it would be applied to Salt palace official Ann and Jingshan official study. According to the record on book called ''Hui Dian Case of the Qing Dynasty'', it was written that there were many talents in Salt palace official Ann which indicated superiority of study system. Hereafter, these candidates selected by official students and common people were required to matriculate at age from 15 to 20 with ten years full. During the ten years, these candidates couldn’t be allowed to join the imperial examination for the position of scholar until leaving school.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 02:28, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

For example, the schools accepted the requirement in the 31st year of Qianlong period (1736) on the aspect of the specific length of study of official students. The requirement claimed that the length of study for students under the age of 18 was still ten years and it would be applied to Salt palace official Ann and Jingshan official study. According to the record on book called ''Hui Dian Case of the Qing Dynasty'', it was written that there were many talents in Salt palace official Ann which indicated superiority of study system. Hereafter, those candidates selected from official students and common people were required to be enrolled at age from 15 to 20. At the end of the ten years, if candidates couldn’t be chosen to study in Taixue(the highest seat of learning in ancient times in China), they wil be asked to drop out of school.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 09:45, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

==邱婷婷 Qiū Tíngtíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081519==

如由举、贡、监生挑选者，亦以十年为率，核计已经正科三屆乡、会试不能取中者，一并出学。其景山官学，……即照八旗官学之例，将十岁以上十八岁以下者入学肄业，至十年限满无成者，拨回本旗，另行挑差。（昆冈等，1963：273）道光年间，官学生的学习仍以十年为限，一方面是为了延长学生学习时间，更重要的是为了体现朝廷对旗学教育质量的重视。

If it is selected from Ju, Gong and Jian students, it will also be based on the rate of ten years. Those who have failed to be elected in the Xiangshi and Huishi for three sessions will be released together. The Jingshan official school, that is, according to the example of the Eight Banners official school, people over the age of ten and under the age of eighteen enrolled in school failing to be elected at the end of ten years shall be pulled back to their own Banners and choose a job. ( Kungang et al., 1963:273) During the Daoguang period, the study of official students was still designated to ten years. On the one hand, it was to extend students’ learning time, and more importantly, it was to reflect the importance the court attached to the quality of Banner’s education.--[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 09:44, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

If being selected from Ju, Gong and Jian students, it will also be based on the rate of ten years. Those who have failed to be elected in the Xiangshi and Huishi for three sessions will be released together. The Jingshan official school, that is, according to the example of the Eight Banners official school, people between ten years old and eighteen years old who were dropouts in school fail to be elected at the end of ten years shall be pulled back to their own Banners and choose a job. ( Kungang et al., 1963:273) During the Daoguang period, the study of official students was still designated to ten years. On the one hand, it was to extend students’ learning time, and more importantly, it was to reflect the importance the court attached to the quality of Banner’s education.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 12:41, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

==饶金盈 Ráo Jīnyíng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081520==

如道光三年，礼部议准：嗣后八旗官学生留学，亦以十年为断。其有考取文生员、翻译生员者，以考中之日为始，留学十年。如再考中副榜、拔贡、优貢等项，复以中式之日为始，扣满十年，俾得底于有成。
For instance, Daoguang three years, after consultation, the Ministry of rites approved that descendants of the “Eight Banners” officials could studied abroad for ten years. Among them, those who have been admitted as government students or translation students could study abroad for ten years from the day they were admitted. If anyone was admitted to the additional notice, Ba Gong, You Gong and so on, ten years would be deducted from the day of they were admitted, so as to achieve great success.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 12:32, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

For instance, in the third year of Emperor Daoguang, after consultation, the Ministry of Rites approved that descendants of the “Eight Banners” officials could study abroad for ten years. Among them, those who have been admitted as clerk students or translation students could study abroad for ten years from the date of the admission. If anyone was admitted to Deputy Ranking, Ba Gong, You Gong, etc. , ten-year period would be deducted from the day of their enrollment, so as to achieve great success. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 13:04, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

==石丽青 Shí Lìqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081521==

如中式举人，则以有铨选之路，不得再行留学。由上可知，所谓十年的年限适用于所有八旗官学生，不论其是否考取文生员，或翻译生员，皆是如此。即便是考取副榜、拔贡和优贡等，也是从其中式之日起，计满十年。这么做的目的仅在于使学生能学有所成。

For example, if a person was admitted as Juren in the Imperial Examination, he could use his talents to usher in such a path in politics that he was not allowed to study abroad. It could be seen from the above that the so-called ten-year period was applicable to all Eight Banners official students, no matter whether they were enrolled as clerks or translators. The ten-year period was also calculated from the date of admission even if they were admitted to Deputy Ranking, Bagong, Yougong, etc. The purpose simply lied in enabling students to succeed in their studies. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 06:03, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

For example, if a person was admitted as Juren in the Imperial Examination, he could be selected to participate in politics that he was not allowed to study abroad. It could be seen from the above that the so-called ten-year period was applicable to all Eight Banners official students, no matter whether they were enrolled as clerks or translators. The ten-year period was also calculated from the date of admission even if they were admitted to Deputy Ranking, Bagong, Yougong, etc. The purpose simply lied in enabling students to succeed in their studies.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 07:44, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

==孙雅诗 Sūn Yǎshī 外国语言学及应用语言学女 202120081522==

与此同时，由于乾隆后期推行“讲学”制度，八旗子弟学习清语和翻译的意愿明显减退，对嘉、道年间的旗学教育也产生了影响。如嘉庆十三年闰五月，仁宗曾颇有感慨地对大臣说，开国之初，风气淳朴，朝中满洲大臣教诫八旗，因而“如清语、骑射，尚能勤加练习，远胜今日。”（曹振镛等，1986：601）又说：“从前满洲，尽皆通晓清文，是以尚能将小说、古词翻译成编”，而“今满洲非惟不能翻译，甚至清话生疏，不识清字。

At the same time, due to the implementation of the "lecture" system in the late Qianlong, the willingness of the Eight Frag People to learn Qing language and translation decreased significantly, which also had an impact on the flag learning education during the reign of Jia and Taoism.For example,in the leap May of the thirteenth year in Jiaqing,Renzong once said to the minister with emotion that at the beginning of the founding, the atmosphere was honest, and the minister of Central Manchuria taught the Eight Frag People. Therefore, " Qing language, riding and shooting can be practiced,which is far better than today.”(Cao Zhenyong et al., 1986:601) And he also said: "In the past Manchuria, everyone knew the Qing language, so we could translate novels and ancient words". However," People in Manchuria can not translate now, or even isn't familiar with Qing language and don't know the Qing words.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 01:51, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

At the same time, due to the implementation of the "lecturing" system in the late Qianlong period, the children of the Eight Banners showed a significant decline in their willingness to learn Qing language and translation, which also had an impact on the banner learning education during the Jia and Tao period. For example,in the leap May of the thirteenth year in Jiaqing, Renzong once said to the ministers with emotion that at the beginning of the founding, the atmosphere was honest, and the Manchu ministers in the imperial court enlightened and educated the Eight Banner People. Therefore, "such as Qing language, horsemanship and archery can be practiced, which is far better than today.”(Cao Zhenyong et al., 1986:601) Then he added: "In the past Manchuria, everyone was familiar with the Qing language, so they could compile the translation of novels and archaic words". However," People in Manchuria are incompetent to translate now, and even aren’t familiar with Qing language and cannot understand the Qing words. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 14:49, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

==王李菲 Wáng Lǐfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081523==

其粗晓汉文者，又以经、史正文，词义深奥，难于诵习，专取各种无稽小说。”（中国第一历史档案馆，2000：370）由是观之，傅良所奏并非虚言，但事实上，即便是在乾、嘉年间，虽然旗人的清语能力普遍衰退，导致翻译能力普遍欠佳，但朝廷中仍不乏精通翻译之才。如笔帖式出身，并累迁至武英殿大学士兼军机大臣的舒赫德，便向来以“善译”出名。

Among them, those who have a little knowledge of Chinese, write a lot about scriptures and historical texts which have profound meanings and are difficult to chant and study, especially in all kinds of nonsense novels.” (The First Historical Archives of China, 2000:370) From this point of view, what Fu Liang prensented is not a dead letter. But in fact, even during the Qian, Jia period, although the general decline in the Banner‘s people’s ability of Qing language results in poor translation quality, the imperial court is still crowded with talented translators. Such as Shu Hede, bitheshi born, then transferred and promoted to the Hall of Martial Valor Bachelor as well as the Military Planning Minister, has always been known for his “skillful translation”. --[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 13:54, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

First:From the point of view What Fu Liang wrote was not empty.
Second:there were still many people in the court who were proficient in translation.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 09:03, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

==王逸凡 Wáng Yìfán 亚非语言文学女 202120081524==

《钦定翻译五经四书》的完成，也“皆八旗精翻译者所成”。（铁保等，1983：4 ）且政府制定大规模翻译工程时，包含翻译官、誊录、纂修在内的各种参与人员，也都是从国子监八旗官学，以及八旗各学学生中加以考选。各部院衙门中兼事翻译、文书的笔帖式、中书、库使等，也多由旗人构成。

The completion of the King James Translation of the Five Classics and Four Books was also "the work of the eight banner translators". (Tie Bao et al., 1983:4) In addition, when the government formulated a large-scale translation project, all the participants, including translation officers, transcription and compilation, were also selected from the official schools of the Eight Banners of the Imperial Academy as well as the students of the eight Banners. The ministry courtyard yamen concurrently translation, clerical pen post type, book, library, etc., are also composed of flagmen.--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 02:24, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

The completion of the Imperial Translation of the Five Classics and Four Books was also made by the eight banner translators. (Tie Bao et al., 1983:4) When the government formulated a large-scale translation project, all the participants, including translators, transcribers and compilers, were also selected from the official schools of the Eight Banners of the Imperial school as well as the students of the eight Banners. The ministry courtyard concurrently translation, clerical pen post type, book, library, etc., are also composed of flagmen. edited by Wang Zhenlong

==王镇隆 Wáng Zhènlóng 英语语言文学（英美文学）男 202120081525==

凡此种种，只能说明满人的清语学习出现了部分问题，而非全部。但问题既已造成，必须加以解决。因而嘉庆六年三月，原礼部主事尹壮图奏请将十五、六岁前的满洲子弟专读经书，待心性成熟，精力完固之后，再学习骑射与翻译。尹壮图的本意是为了提振满人学习骑射与翻译的效率，但由于他本末倒置，将翻译学习建立在汉族经史，而不是满文学习之上，无异于戕害清初以来历代君主倡导的满洲主体性，自然无法获得嘉庆帝的认可。

All this can only show that there are some problems in Manchu's Qing language learning, not all of them. However, since the problem has been caused, it must be solved. Therefore, in March of the sixth year of Jiaqing, Yin zhuangtu, the former head of the Ministry of Rites, asked Manchu children who are younger than 16 to read scriptures. After their hearts and minds are mature and their energy is solid, they can learn riding, shooting and translation. Yin zhuangtu's original intention was to promote the efficiency of Manchu people's learning riding, shooting and translation. However, because he put the cart before the horse and based the translation learning on the classics and history of the Han nationality rather than the Manchu language learning, it was tantamount to harming the Manchu subjectivity advocated by successive monarchs since the early Qing Dynasty, which naturally could not be recognized by Emperor Jiaqing.

All this can only show that there are some problems in Manchu's Qing language learning, but not all of them. However, since the problem has been caused, it must be solved. Therefore, in March of the sixth year of Jiaqing Emperor, Yin zhuangtu, the former head of the Board of Rites, asked Manchu children who were younger than 16 to read scriptures. After their hearts and minds got maturer and more vigorous, they can learn riding, shooting and translation. Yin zhuangtu's original intention was to promote the efficiency of Manchu people's learning riding, shooting and translation. However, because he put the cart before the horse and based the translation learning on the classics and history of the Han nationality rather than the Manchu language learning, it was tantamount to harming the Manchu subjectivity advocated by successive monarchs since the early Qing Dynasty, which naturally could not be recognized by Emperor Jiaqing.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 12:43, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

==卫怡雯 Wèi Yíwén 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081526==

尹壮图所奏是否合理暂且不论，但事实是道光以后，旗人清语、翻译荒废的情形日益严重。如道光十五年六月，宣宗敕令满洲五品以上至侍郎以下京堂，分日考试清文。令道光帝所料未及的是，本次考试中翻译通顺，以及尚能翻译但偶有讹错者，也只不过在十分之三、四之间，其中半数甚至不能落笔。

Though whether Yin Zhuangtu’s presenting a memorial to the emperor made sense or not was not being discussed, the fact was that after Daoguang emperor, the situation of eight banners clear their language and translation disuse was becoming serious. For example, in the June of Daoguang fifteenth year, Xuan Zong gave an imperial order to the Manchu ministers from Jing Tang to vice-president of one of the Six Boards to take a test on Manchu for several days. Out of Daoguang emperor’s expectation, only three or four of ten of the ministers do this translation smoothly with some small mistakes, and half of them could not even write. --[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 12:06, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Whether Yin Zhuangtu’s presentation to the emperor made sense or not, the fact was that after the rule of Daoguang emperor, the situation that eight banners did not master Manchu language and Manchu translation was becoming serious. For example, in the June of Daoguang fifteenth year, Xuanzong emperor gave an order to the ministers in Manchuria from officials of the Six Boards to Shilang to take a test on Manchu knowledge. Out of Daoguang emperor’s expectation, only three or four of ten of the ministers could do the translation smoothly or do it with some small mistakes, but half of the ministers could not even write anything. --[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 03:28, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

==魏楚璇 Wèi Chǔxuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081527==

为此，道光帝特降旨训诫，强调清语乃满洲根本，无论出身如何，满人皆应熟习。道光帝尤其针对宗室、觉罗子弟做出训诫，令其务必勤修本业，勉绍家声，断不可因不晓清语、不识清字，而辜负了朝廷“务本成全”的用意。（穆彰阿等，1986：109）至清末年间，旗人清语、翻译能力的衰退一如既往，甚至出现了国子监课士官不知清语的怪异现象。

So, Daoguang emperor gave an order to admonish and emphasized that Manchu language was the root of Manchuria. Therefore, whatever your family background was, if you were a Manchu people you should master Manchu language. Daoguang emperor especially admonished royal children and ordered them to study hard and pass on family reputation. They should not fail to accomplish the willing of the court that aksed them to work hard to get success because of their lack of the knowledge of Manchu language. (Muzhanga and so on, 1986:109) In the late Qing dynasty, Manchu people's mastery of Manchu language and Manchu translation was as declining as before. Even the strange phenomenon that teachers in Guozijian(imperial academy) knew nothing about Manchu language occurred.

For this purpose, Daoguang emperor has purposely given an order to admonish and emphasized that the Qing language was fundamental to Manchuria. As a result, whatever your origin was, as long as you were a Manchu people you should master this language. Daoguang emperor especially admonished the children of the imperial family and Jueluo in particular, ordering them must to study for their work diligently, carry on and develop their family reputation. They should not fail to live up to the court’s intention of “working in a practical way and getting success” on account of not knowing the Qing language and words. (Mu Zhang’a and so on, 1986:109) During the late Qing dynasty, bannermen's mastery of Manchu language and translation was in decline as usual. There has even emerged a strange phenomenon that teachers in the Directorate of Imperial Academy knew nothing about the Qing language.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 09:57, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

==魏兆妍 Wèi Zhàoyán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081528==

如咸丰四年，苏勒布因新授国子监满洲司业具折谢恩，但皇帝在御览此折时，发现其竟不能用清语缮写自己名字，更不用说讲解折内字句，于是饬令将其降为编修，以示惩戒。为了使八旗人等一体加强清语、翻译的训练，咸丰帝降旨：八旗人员，骑射、清文是其本务，即使于清文义理不能精通，亦岂有不晓清语、不识清字，遂得自命为旗人之理？

For instance, Suleb was given the new title of Manchu Department of Imperial College during the 4th year of Xianfeng, so he has written a memorial to express his gratitude to the emperor for his gift. However, when the emperor inspected this memorial, he unexpectedly found that Suleb couldn't write his own name in Qing Language, let alone explaining the words and sentences in the memorial. So as a punishment, the emperor ordered him to be demoted to compiler. Then in order to enhance the Eight children's training of Qing Language and translation, the emperor Xianfeng issued a decree: riding and archery, Qing Language are the primary tasks for the Eight children. Even if one was not proficient in the argumentation of Qing Language, was there a reason for someone who even didn't know the Qing Language and Qing words, but then called himself a member of the Eight children?--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 05:42, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

For example, Suleb was given the new title of Manchu Department of Imperial College during the 4th year of Xianfeng, so he has written a memorial to express his gratitude to the emperor for his gift. However, when the emperor inspected this memorial, he unexpectedly found that Suleb couldn't write his own name in the Qing Language, let alone explaining the words and sentences in the memorial. So as a punishment, the emperor ordered him to be demoted to compiler. Then in order to enhance the Eight children's training of Qing Language and translation, the emperor Xianfeng issued a decree: riding and archery, Qing Language are the primary tasks for the Eight personnel. Even if one was not proficient in the argumentation of Qing Language, was there a reason for someone who even didn't know the Qing Language and Qing words, but then called himself a member of the Eight personnel?--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 07:07, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

==吴婧悦 Wú Jìngyuè 俄语语言文学女 202120081529==

道光年间特奉谕旨，停止驻防文试，专考翻译，原期返朴还淳，俾我八旗子弟咸知本业。乃近日八旗人员，仍有专习汉文，于清语、清字全不讲求，沾染习气，徒骛虛文，实堪痛恨。嗣后无论何项出身人员，均宜练习清文，通晓讲解，即由文乡、会试入仕之员及兵丁子弟，亦应一体练习，不准怠惰偷安，以务根本。（中国第一历史档案馆，1998：89）

During the reign of Daoguang, he stopped the trial of defense literature, specialized in translation, and returned to the original state, so that the children of the “Eight banners” would know his career. But in these days, the eight banners personnel are still specialized in learning Chinese literature, but pay no attention to studying the Qing language. What’s more, they are gradually acquiring the bad habits, and writing with unnecessary words. And that is the biggest problem! No matter what the successor, they should practice the Qing literature and be well speaking, that is, by the township, the official and the soldiers should also practice, don’t be idle and at the same time should do the fundamental. (The First Historical Archives of China, 1998:89)--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 07:03, 23 October 2021 (UTC)
During the reign of Daoguang, I was ordered to stop the garrison literary examination and specialize in translation. I returned to park and returned to Chun in the original period, so that my children of the Eight Banners could know their own business. Recently, there are still eight banners who specialize in learning Chinese. They don't pay attention to the language and characters of the Qing Dynasty. They are infected with the habit and concentrate on empty words. It's really hateful. Later, no matter what kind of background personnel, they should practice Qingwen and be proficient in explanation, that is, those from Wenxiang, those who will try to become officials and the children of soldiers should also practice as a whole. Laziness and safety are not allowed, so as to be fundamental.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 13:01, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

==吴映红 Wú Yìnghóng 日语语言文学女 202120081530==

虽然咸丰帝对于部院衙门僚属，以及八旗官员荒废清文，不能翻译的情形忧心忡忡，或谆谆善诱，或严词斥责，但无论何种，终究未能阻止旗人清语和翻译能力的废弛。逮清末之际，虽然朝廷仍规定各地官员遇有奏事折件时，采用满汉合璧的形式，由此说明满语仍占一定地位，且旗学培养语言人才的功能并未完全消失，但随着时势推移，民族融合日盛，旗人清语荒疏的情形已不可逆，翻译能力随之凋敝。

Although various departments and officials of the Eight Banners could not translate Manchu language, the Manchu language was abandoned. Emperor Xianfeng was very worried about CI. On the one hand, he taught people to learn the characters of the Qing Dynasty, on the other hand, he also scolded people to urge people to learn the characters of the Qing Dynasty. However, no matter which method is used, it can not stop the decline of Manchu people's mastery of Manchu language. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the court stipulated that local officials should report in Chinese and Manchu. This shows that Manchu still has a certain importance, and Manchu speakers have not completely disappeared. However, with the development of the times, the integration between ethnic groups is becoming stronger and stronger. Manchu people neglect Manchu more and more, and their translation ability is gradually declining. This is the general trend and cannot be avoided.

Although Emperor Xianfeng was very worried about the phenomenon that departments and officials of the Eight Banners neglected the learning of works of Qing Dynasty and people were unable to translate, for which he had gave them advice and also scolded them. However, no matter which method is used, it can not stop the decline of Manchu people's mastery of Manchu language. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the court stipulated that local officials should report in Chinese and Manchu. This shows that Manchu still has a certain importance, and Manchu speakers have not completely disappeared. However, with the development of the times, the integration between ethnic groups is becoming stronger and stronger. Manchu people neglect Manchu more and more, and their translation ability is gradually declining. This is the general trend and cannot be avoided.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 10:53, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==肖毅瑶 Xiāo Yìyáo 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081531==

5.结语。清代旗学是统治阶级共享政治利益的特殊体制，既面向八旗设学，又面向皇族和宗室设学，虽然客观上振兴了文教，养育了人才，促进了民族融合，主观上却是统治者用以巩固统治的保全之道。为教育旗人，改善治理，政府从初级而进阶，由贵族而惠及弱势，依次推进旗学教育，设想不可谓不周，成效不可谓不甚。

Conclusion. The School of Banners is a special system for the ruling class to share political interests, which is not provided for the eight banners but also for the royal family and other imperial kinsman. Such a system objectively does promote the cultural education , talent cultivation and fusion of ethnic groups, but subjectively, it is a method to consolidate the governer’s rule. To educate the people of banners and improve their governance, the government successively promote banner education from lower level to upper level, from the nobility to the disadvantaged. How comprehensive and effective the proposal is.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 07:16, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Conclusion. The School of Banners in Qing Dynasty is a special system for the ruling class to share political interests together, which is not only provided for the eight banners but also for the royal family and other imperial clansman. Although it objectively revitalized culture and education, nurtured talents and promoted national integration, it was subjectively the way for the rulers to consolidate their rule. To educate the people of banners and improve their governance, the government successively promote banner education from lower level to upper level, from the nobility to the disadvantaged. How comprehensive and effective the proposal it is.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 06:33, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

==谢佳芬 Xiè Jiāfēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081532==

有清一代，促成旗学兴起、改革、发展与完善的因素颇多，其中既有皇帝个人的支持与投入，也有汉族官员的鼓吹，另有满洲大儒的力倡，使得旗人读书渐成风尚。而旗学对于翻译人才的培养，依其名目主要有两种不同的途径，其一为普通旗学中的翻译教育，其二为翻译官学、翻译义学等专门机构。上述机构在办理翻译教育，培养翻译人才时，往往皆有详细具体的典章制度，其内容涉及教习的延聘、学生的录取、教材的选用、课业的形式、考课的评定，以及奖惩的规定等，使翻译办学合乎规范。

In the Qing Dynasty, there were many factors that contributed to the rise, reform, development and improvement of the school of banners, including the personal support and investment of the emperor, the advocacy of Han officials, and the strong advocacy of Manchu Confucianism scholars, which gradually had a hit among people of banners. According to its name, there are two different ways for the school of banners to cultivate translation talents. One is translation education in ordinary banner school, and the other is specialized institutions such as translation official school and free private translation school. When dealing with translation education and training translation talents, the above institutions often have detailed and specific laws and regulations, which involve the employment of teachers, the admission of students, the selection of teaching materials, the form of schoolwork, the evaluation of examination, as well as the provisions of rewards and punishments, so as to make the translation school run in line with the norms.--[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 06:20, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

In the Qing Dynasty, there were many factors that contributed to the rise, reform, development and improvement of the school of banners, including the personal support and investment of the emperor, the advocacy of Han officials, and the strong advocacy of Manchu Confucianism scholars, which gradually had a hit among people of banners. According to its name, there are two different ways for the school of banners to cultivate translation talents. One is translation education in ordinary banner school, and the other is specialized institutions such as translation official school and free private translation school. When dealing with translation education and training translation talents, the above institutions often have detailed and specific laws and regulations, which involve the employment of teachers, the admission of students, the selection of teaching materials, the form of schoolwork, the evaluation of examination, as well as the provisions of rewards and punishments, so as to make the translation school run in line with the norms.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 05:19, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

==谢庆琳 Xiè Qìnglín 俄语语言文学女 202120081533==

翻译教学在旗学教育中并非权宜之计，而是着眼长远的高瞻之举，其目的是培养德行纯正，谙悉汉书，兼通满、汉双语的语言人才，以飨治国理政之需。事实上，旗学中培养的翻译人才也的确成为嗣后处理文书，办理翻译的重要来源与支柱。虽然旗学的初衷是为了教导旗人崇实黜华，专心向学，固守民族根本，但实际操作中亦不乏与民族特质龃龉者，如“进学”政策即属此类，最终导致旗人学习意愿低落，旗学教育废弛，并殃及旗人的翻译能力与翻译人才培养，以致翻译之事难观其成。

Translation teaching in the school of banners is not a stopgap measure, but a long-term forward-looking move, the purpose of which is to cultivate virtuous and pure, know the Chinese book, as well as bilingual Manchu and Chinese language talents, in order to serve the needs of governance and administration. In fact, the school of banners in the training of translators did become an important source and pillar of the subsequent processing of documents, for translation. Although the original purpose of banner school was to teach the banners to be more realistic and less flamboyant, to concentrate on learning, and to hold on to the fundamentals of the nation, there were many cases of disagreement with the national characteristics in actual operation, such as the policy of "entering school", which eventually led to the low willingness of the banners to learn, and the neglect of banner school education, and affected the translation ability of the banners and the cultivation of translation talents, so that the translation matter It was difficult to see the success of translation.--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 03:08, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Translation teaching in the school of banners is not a temporary expedient , but a far-sighted move, the purpose of which is to cultivate virtuous talents, who skill in Chinese culture, as well as bilingual talents in Manchu and Chinese, in order to serve the needs of governance and administration. In fact, in the school of banners, the training of translators did become an important source and pillar of the subsequent processing of documents, for translation. Although the original purpose of banner school was to teach the banners to be more realistic and less flamboyant, to concentrate on learning, and to hold on to the fundamentals of the nation. There were many cases of disagreement with the national characteristics in actual operation, such as “admission policy”, which eventually led to the low willingness of the banners to learn, and the neglect of banner school education, and affected the translating ability of the banners and the cultivation of translation talents, so it’s difficult to see the improvements in translation.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 06:15, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

==熊敏 Xióng Mǐn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081534==

译才培养几近废置，与“开国之初，风气淳朴”、“从前满洲，……尚能将小说、古词翻译成编”相比，早已不可同日而语。（中国第一历史档案馆，2000：370）*基金项目：① 教育部人文社科基金项目“清代中前期翻译政策研究”；② 湖南省社会科学基金项目“清代中前期翻译政策的具体形态与变化轨迹研究”，项目批准号：20YBA131；③ 湖南省教育厅重点项目“清代中前期翻译政策研究”，项目批准号：20A222。

The cultivation of translator was almost abandoned. Compared with the atmosphere in the beginning of the foundation of Republic of China and compilation of the translation of novels and poems, it had already been different. (The First Historical Archives of China, 2000: 370) * Fund Project: ① MOE(Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Project “Research on translation policy in the early and mid Qing Dynasty”; ② Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Hunan Province “specific pattern and development of the translation policy in the early and mid Qing Dynasty”, Project batch number:20YBA131; ③Key Project of the Ministry of Education “Research on translation policy in the early and mid Qing Dynasty”, Project batch number: 20A222.

The cultivation of translator was almost abandoned. Compared with “the simple atmosphere in the beginning of the foundation of country” and “Manchuria translators used to be able to translate novels and ancient words into compilations” it had already been different. (The First Historical Archives of China, 2000: 370) * Fund Project: ① MOE(Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences Project “Research on translation policy in the early and mid Qing Dynasty”; ② Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Hunan Province “specific pattern and development of the translation policy in the early and mid Qing Dynasty”, Project batch number:20YBA131; ③Key Project of the Ministry of Education “Research on translation policy in the early and mid Qing Dynasty”, Project batch number: 20A222.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 06:49, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

==徐敏赟 Xú Mǐnyūn 语言智能与跨文化传播研究男 202120081535==

清代翻译科缘起考——顺治八年还是雍正元年？

摘要：翻译科是清代特设之科目，及八旗科举制度之独特构成，它创设于雍正元年，而非顺治八年。顺治八年，礼部遵圣谕办理首科八旗科举考试，对应试者分别考试清字文章与翻译，为翻译科的创设提供了制度雏形。

The Origin of Translation Studies in Qing Dynasty -- The Eighth Year of Shunzhi or the First Year of Yongzheng?

Abstract: Translation was a special subject in Qing Dynasty and a unique component of the Eight Banners Imperial Examination System. It was established in the first year of Yongzheng, not the eighth year of Shunzhi. In the eighth year of Shunzhi, the Ministry of Rites conducted the first Eight Banners imperial examinations in accordance with the instructions of Emperor, and the corresponding candidates were separately tested for Manchu articles and translations, which provided a prototype for the establishment of the translation subject.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 09:32, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

The Origin of Translation Studies in Qing Dynasty -- The Eighth Year of Shunzhi or the First Year of Yongzheng?

Abstract: Translation was a special subject in Qing Dynasty and a unique component of the Eight Banners Imperial Examination System. It was established in the first year of Yongzheng, not the eighth year of Shunzhi. In the eighth year of Shunzhi, the Ministry of Rites conducted the first Eight Banners imperial examinations in accordance with the instructions of Emperor, which separately tested the corresponding candidates' Manchu articles and translations, having provided a prototype for the establishment of the translation subject.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 10:27, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==颜静 Yán Jìng 语言智能与跨文化传播研究女 202120081536==

然而，此时的翻译考试虽在内容上与翻译科相似，性质和意义上却与后者颇为不同，它既未独立成科，又缺乏独立、自主的制度设计。《清史稿》、《雍正会典》及两部《会典事例》（嘉庆、光绪）中，均将顺治八年视作翻译科之缘起，明显属于误记，其说法不仅见岐于《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，而且与《八旗通志》、《钦定国子监志》等也有较大出入。翻译科的创设有着丰富的政治文化意涵，其根本目的在于维护“国语骑射”的满洲旧制。

However, although the content of the translation examination at this time was similar to that of the translation subject, it was actually different from the latter in nature and significance. It was not an independent subject and was also lack of an independent system design. In ''The Draft of Qing History'', ''The Yongzheng Congress'' and two ''Examples of the Congress'' (Jiaqing and Guangxu), the eighth year of Shunzhi was regarded as the origin of the translation subject, which is obviously a misrecording. Its statement not only differs from ''The Records of the Qing Dynasty Emperor'', but also from ''The Records of the Eight Banners'' and ''the Records of the Imperial Academy''. The creation of translation section had rich political and cultural implications, and its fundamental purpose was to maintain the old Manchu system of "national language and horsemanship and archery".--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 10:50, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

''The Records of the Imperial Academy''
The creation of translation subject
--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 08:41, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==颜莉莉 Yán Lìlì 国别女 202120081537==

关键词：翻译科八旗科举顺治八年雍正元年政治文化意涵

导论：古代科举取士分“文”、“武”两类，其中文举兴于隋，武举始于唐，二者在公为求人才，在私为求入仕，此后虽经宋、元、明、清等朝，仍相沿不替。清代的科举制度因袭明制，虽在细节上与后者存在不同，但整体上仍以正途为重，而以异途为轻，并与明朝一样，仍以“养士”、“取士”并重，成为国家任贤取士与成就治道的重要途径。

Key words:Translation subjects Imperial Examinations of Eight banners The eighth year of Shunzhi dynasty The first year of Yongzheng dynasty Political and cultural implications

Introduction:In ancient times, imperial examinations were divided into two categories, namely "wen" and "wu". The Chinese examination originated in Sui Dynasty, and the martial examination began in Tang Dynasty. For the imperial court, the two kinds of examinations were to seek talents, and for the imperial examination people were to seek the position of an official. After that, although the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, they were still in succession.The imperial examination system of the Qing Dynasty was based on the Ming system. Although it was different from the Ming system in details, the imperial examination system of the Qing Dynasty still paid more attention to the right path than to the informal path. Like the Ming Dynasty, it still paid equal attention to training and selecting talents, which became an important way for the state to appoint and select talents and achieve political achievements.--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 14:19, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

The ancient imperial examination was divided into "Wen" and "Wu". The Chinese imperial examination flourished in the Sui Dynasty and the martial arts examination began in the Tang Dynasty. The two sought talents in the public and officials in the private. After that, the imperial examination still existed in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system. Although it was different from the latter in details, it still focused on the right path than the wrong path as a whole. At the same time,like the Ming Dynasty, it still paid equal attention to "cultivating scholars" and "selecting scholars", which has become an important way for the country to appoint talents and achieve governance.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 01:52, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

==颜子涵 Yán Zǐhán 国别女 202120081538==

清代之科举取士不但袭用前朝旧制，使旗人、汉人同场竞技，而且另辟蹊径，创制满洲特色之翻译科，为旗人入仕、进身提供专途。清代的翻译科举制度是清代翻译政策的重要形态，后者则是清代政治、文化事业的重要组成部分。翻译无疑是文化和历史的产物，其对特定社会历史阶段的时空条件有着极其强烈的依附性。

The imperial examination in the Qing Dynasty not only adopted the old system of the previous dynasty to make the banner people and Han people compete together, but also found a new way to create a translation department with Manchu characteristics, so as to provide a special way for the banner people to enter the official . The translation imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty was an important form of translation policy in the Qing Dynasty, and translation policy was an important part of the political and cultural undertakings in the Qing Dynasty. Translation is undoubtedly the product of culture and history. It has an extremely strong dependence on the space-time conditions of a specific social and historical stage.--[[User:Yan Zihan|Yan Zihan]] ([[User talk:Yan Zihan|talk]]) 02:40, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

In the Qing dynasty, the imperial examination not only followed the old system of the previous dynasties to make the Han people and the banner men compete in the same field, but also found new ways of creating a translation department with Manchurian characteristics to provide a special way for the banner men to engage in politics or promote. The imperial system of translation examination was an important form of translation policy in the Qing Dynasty, and the latter was a significant part of political and cultural undertakings in the Qing Dynasty. It is undoubted that translation is the product of culture and history, and it is highly dependent on the space-time conditions of a specific social and historical stage.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 02:37, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

==阳佳颖 Yáng Jiāyǐng 国别女 202120081540==

就其整体而言，翻译主要不是译者的个体行为，而是有条件、有组织、有指向、有作用的集体行为，乃至国家意志行为。固然，翻译是文化更新或演进的重要途径，它可以促进宿语文化的新陈代谢，但文化作用显然不是翻译功能的全部。（袁帅亚，2020：124）以清代翻译科为例，它的创制便具有十分明显的政治动因与意涵。

Translation considered as a whole is not an individual behavior of the translator, but a collective action with conditions, organization, direction and effect, and even the will of state. To be sure,translation is an important way of cultural renewal or evolution, it can promote the metabolism of ancient culture, but obviously the role of culture is not the whole function of translation . (Yuan Shuaiya, 2020:124) Taking translation studies in the Qing Dynasty as an example, its creation had clear political motivations and implications.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 12:17, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

As a whole, translation is not the translator's individual behavior, but a conditional, organized, directed and effective collective behavior, and even the will behavior of a state. Of course, translation is an important way of cultural renewal or evolution. It can promote the metabolism of host culture, but the cultural function is obviously not the whole function of translation. (Yuan Shuaiya, 2020:124) Taking the "Translation Subject" of the Qing Dynasty as an example, its creation has very obvious political motivation and implication.--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 09:49, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

==杨爱江 Yáng Àijiāng 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081541==

众所周知，清代翻译科的创制缘起于雍正年间。雍正帝即位伊始，即对传统科举制度进行改革，不仅改革了考官的选派，而且变更了考试的重点与内容，放宽了考生的资格审查。同时，为了表示对于翻译事业的重视，雍正即位之初即在传统八旗科举考试中增设翻译科目，并将其从后者中单列出来，形成自行独立的制度形式，即今之所谓“翻译科”。

As we all know, the creation of Translation Subject in the Qing Dynasty originated in the Yongzheng period. At the beginning of Emperor Yongzheng's accession to the throne, he reformed the traditional imperial examination system, which not only reformed the selection of examiners, but also changed the focus and content of the examination, and relaxed the qualification examination of examinees. At the same time, at the beginning of Yongzheng's accession to the throne, he added translation subjects in the traditional eight banners imperial examination in order to show the importance of translation. Moreover, Yongzheng also listed translation subject separately from the traditional eight banners imperial examination, forming an independent institutional form, which is now the so-called "Translation Subject". --[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 13:32, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

As is known to all, the creation of Translation Department in the Qing Dynasty originated in the Yongzheng period. At the beginning of Emperor Yongzheng's accession to the throne, he reformed the traditional imperial examination system, which not only reformed the selection of examiners, but also changed the focus and content of the examination, and relaxed the qualification examination of examinees. At the same time, at the beginning of Yongzheng's period, he added translation department in the traditional eight banners imperial examination in order to show the importance of translation. Moreover, Yongzheng also listed translation subject separately from the traditional eight banners imperial examination, forming an independent institutional form, which is now the so-called "Translation Department"--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 12:22, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

==杨堃 Yáng Kūn 法语语言文学女 202120081542==

雍正帝创设的翻译科包括满洲、蒙古二科，分童试、乡试和会试三级，由八旗满洲、蒙古根据相关规定报名应试。翻译科自雍正元年（1723年）始设，至光绪三十一年（1905年）和文科举一并废止，前后历时一百八十二年。作为一种教育制度，以及官员选拔制度，翻译科既为清廷选拔了大量翻译人才，又为八旗满洲、蒙古和汉军提供了进身之阶，它的存在尽管有其自身缺陷，却在相当程度上弥补了门阀制度的不足，为研究清代政治与文化提供了独特视角与价值。

The Translation Department created by the emperor YongZheng includes Manchuria and Mongolia II and divided into Boy trial, provincial examinations, and metropolitan examination. Eight Banners Manchuria and Mongolian should register for the examination according to relevant regulations . The Translation Department , which lasted 182 years, was established in the First Year of YongZheng (1723) and was abolished with Literary Imperial Examination in the 31st of GuangXu(1905). As an educational system, as well as the selection system of officials, the Translation Department not only selected a large number of translation talents for the Qing Dynasty, but also provide a step forward for Eight Banners Manchuria, Mongolia and the Han Army. Despite its own shortcomings, the Translation Department, to a considerable extent, made up for the deficiency of the System of Dominant Family and provides a unique perspective and value for the study of Qing Dynasty politics and culture.--[[User:Yang Kun|Yang Kun]] ([[User talk:Yang Kun|talk]]) 15:50, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

The Translation Department was created by the emperor YongZheng including Manchuria and Mongolia. It was divided into Boy trial, provincial examinations, and metropolitan examination. Manchuria and Mongolian should register for the examination according to relevant regulations. The Translation Department lasting for 182 years was established in the First Year of YongZheng (1723) and was abolished with Literary Imperial Examination in the 31st of GuangXu(1905). As an educational system, as well as the selection system of officials, the Translation Department not only selected a large number of translation talents for the Qing government, but also provided a step forward for Eight Banners Manchuria, Mongolia and the Han Army. Despite its own shortcomings, the Translation Department, to a considerable extent, made up for the deficiency of the System of Dominant Family and provided a unique perspective and value for the study of Qing Dynasty politics and culture. --[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 05:51, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

==杨柳青 Yáng Liǔqīng 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081543==

一、翻译科的制度雏形：清初八旗科考中的翻译考试

翻译科乃清代特设之科目，及八旗科举之独特构成，其渊源可远溯至太宗皇太极时期。天聪三年，太宗诏令更易明例，以考试分别优劣，振兴文治。

Fisrt. The institutional rudiment of Transaltion: The Translation Examination in the Eight Banners Imperial Examination in the early Qing Dynasty
Translation was a special subject set in qing Dynasty and a unique composition of the Eight Banners Imperial Examination. It can be traced back to the period of Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji. In the third year of Tiancong period, Taizong edicted the revision of the Ming's law to distinguish good from bad by examination for revitalization of culture.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 06:08, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

Fisrt. The institutional rudiment of Transaltion: The Translation Examination in the Imperial Examination of Eight Banners in the early Qing Dynasty.
Translation was a special subject set in Qing Dynasty and a unique composition of the Imperial Examination of Eight Banners. It can be traced back to the period of Emperor Taizong Huang Taiji. In the third year of Tiancong period, Taizong ordered to the revise the regulations of Ming's law to distinguish good from bad by examination for the great purpose of cultural revitalization.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 15:04, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==叶维杰 Yè Wéijié 国别男 202120081544==

八年，太宗命礼部“考取通过满洲、蒙古、汉书文义者为举人。”（范文程、刚林等，1985：73）崇德三年和六年，朝廷遵太宗圣谕再次办理考试，分举人、生员进行取用，授以官职。上述举措的推出使清初的考试任官得以朝着制度化的方向发展。

In the eighth year of Tiancong period, Taizong gave order to the Ministry of Rites that he who passes the translation examination of Manchurian, Mongolian and Chinese shall be elected a successful candidate.(Fan Wencheng, Gang Lin et al.1985:73). In the third and sixth year of Chongde period, the imperial court organized the great examination again under the order of Taizong emperor, employing and appointing candidates and scholars seperately. The successful implement of above-mentioned actions had made the appointment by examination in the early period of Qing Dynasty develop as a institutionalized system possible.--[[User:Ye Weijie|Ye Weijie]] ([[User talk:Ye Weijie|talk]]) 14:49, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

In the eighth year, Emperor Taizong ordered the Ministry of Rites to "take those who passed the Manchurian, Mongolian, and Chinese literary examinations as jurists." (Fan Wencheng, Ganglin, et al., 1985: 73) In the third and sixth years of Chongde, the court followed the imperial edict of Emperor Taizong to conduct the examination again, divided into jurists and students for appointment and granted official positions. The introduction of the above initiatives enabled the early Qing Dynasty to institutionalize the development of the examination and appointment of officials.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 07:15, 1 November 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==易扬帆 Yì Yángfān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081545==

崇德八年，太宗猝崩，世祖继位，由睿亲王多尔衮摄政。为吸纳汉族士子，多尔衮于顺治元年十月颁布诏谕，循明制开科考。至顺治八年，世祖亲政，谕礼部研议八旗科举则例，并首开八旗科举，分乡试与会试两种，满洲、蒙古和汉军皆可参加，一时间令旗人崇文之风盛行。

In the 8th year of Chongde, emperor Taizong died suddenly, Shizu succeeded to the throne, by Prince Dorgon acted as regent. In order to recruit the Han scholar, Dorgon in the first year of Shunzhi promulgate a law in October, according to the Ming dynasty to open the imperial examination.To the 8th year of Shunzhi, Shizu took over the reins of government upon coming of age, ordained the Ministry of Rites to study and discuss the Eight Banners of of rules and regulations. And opened the first Eight Banners of imperial examination, divided into two kinds of examinations, provincial examination and metropolitan examination, Manchurian, Mongolian and Han military could participate, a wind of learning culture and literature between banners people prevailed at that time.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 02:13, 23 October 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

In the eighth year of Chongde, Emperor Taizong died suddenly, and Emperor Shizu succeeded to the throne, Prince Dorgon acting as regent. In order to recruit the Han scholars, Dorgon promulgated a law that imperial examination followed the tradition of the Ming dynasty in October, the first year of Shunzhi. Till the eighth year of Shunzhi, Emperor Shizu took over the reigns of government, ordaining the Ministry of Rites to study and discuss the Eight Banners of of rules and regulations. It was the first time that opened the first Eight Banners of imperial examination, including two kinds of examinations, provincial examination and metropolitan examination. Manchurian, Mongolian and Han military could participate, a wind of learning culture and literature between banners people prevailed at that time.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 08:08, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

==殷慧珍 Yīn Huìzhēn 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081546==

然而，由于清廷担心旗人汉语能力不及汉族，故在考试中对应试者进行区分，要求识汉字者翻译汉文，不识汉字者则作清字文。（鄂尔泰等，1985：457）在考试中加入翻译内容，并将取中情况分榜公布，此举乃太宗时期所未见，实为八旗科目之肇始。（福格，1997：187）本次始设的翻译考试继承了金朝女直进士科的传统，并在后者基础上对考试的程序和体制进行改革，旨在选取通晓满、蒙、汉语的八旗翻译人才。

However, due to the officials of Qing Government worried about that Manchu Bannerman were inferior to the Han people in terms of the proficiency of Chinese, they differentiated the examination candidates. Those who spoke Chinese were required to translate the Chinese, while those who were unable to read Chinese were required to translate Manchu. (Ortai, etc. , 1985：457)Translation became a part of the examination, and the result would be published. This was something that did not happen during the Reign of Hong Taiji, and it was actually the beginning of the Eight Banners Subject. (Forge, 1997: 187)This first translation examination inherited the tradition of Jurchen the highest imperial examination in the Jin Dynasty, and reformed the examination procedures and system on the basis of the later generations, aiming at selecting the eight banners translation talents who were familiar with Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 07:38, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

However, officials of Qing Government worried that Manchu Bannerman were not as good as Han people in terms of the proficiency of Chinese,so they differentiated the examination candidates. Those who could speak Chinese were required to translate the Chinese scripts, and those who couldn't were required to translate Manchu language. (Ortai, etc. , 1985：457)Translation became a part of the examination, the result of which would be published. This was something that did not happen during the Reign of emperor Taizong, and it was actually the beginning of the Eight Banners Subject. (Forge, 1997: 187)This first translation examination inherited the tradition of Jurchen the highest imperial examination in the Jin Dynasty, on which the reform of the examination procedures and system was based, with the aim of selecting the Eight Banners translation talents who were proficient in Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese languages.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 14:52, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

==殷美达 Yīn Měidá 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081547==

然而，旗人崇尚文学，并经考试“即得陞用”，此举又容易导致其怠于武事。因而顺治十四年，世祖敕谕礼部、吏部和兵部，宣布停止八旗科举。（鄂尔泰等，1985：832）可是，停止旗人考试，使汉人独占科举仕途，又会造成八旗士子失去进身之阶。
However, Banner People's act of advocating literature and the move of "getting promoted" through examination resulted in idleness in military affairs. Therefore, in the fourteenth year of the reign of emperor Shunzhi, the emperor ordered the Ministry of Rites,the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Military Affairs to terminate the Eight Banners imperial examination. Nevertheless, the termination of the exam would lead to the Han people's monopolization in official careers and the Eight Banner people's loss of opportunities for promotion.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 14:37, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

However, Banner People's act of advocating literature and "getting promoted" through examination resulted in idleness in military affairs easily. Therefore, in the fourteenth year of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi, the Emperor ordered the Ministry of Rites,the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Military Affairs to terminate the Eight Banners imperial examination. Nevertheless, the termination of the exam would lead to Han people's monopolization in official careers but the Eight Banner people's loss of opportunities for promotion.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 11:17, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==尹媛 Yǐn Yuán 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081548==

于是康熙二年，圣祖上谕，令八旗乡试复行，并应御史徐诰武奏请，拟定于康熙六年起令满洲、蒙古、汉军与汉人一体参加会试。（马齐等，1985：328）康熙十二年，三藩之乱起，为避免旗人专心习文，致使武备松懈，朝廷遵圣谕决定效法世祖旧例，自康熙十五年起停办科举，此举维系至康熙二十六年，虽停办时间不长，影响却较为深远。世宗即位后，对康熙后期以来的八旗弊政进行反思，其中即包括旗人的清语学习。

Therefore, in the second year of Kangxi, Emperor issued the order to resume the provincial examinations of the Eight banners. At the request of censor, Xu Gaowu,it was planned that the armies of Manchuria, Mongolia, and Han and Han people would participate in the examinations in the sixth year of Kangxi. (Ma Qi et al., 1985:328) In the twelfth year of Kangxi, the chaos of the three feudatories broke out. To avoid that the people of Eight Banners would concentrate on the study literature, leading to the lax military preparations, the court decided to follow the old principles of Emperor of Shizu and stopped holding the imperial examinations from the 15th year of Kangxi and lasted the stopping to the twenty-sixth years of Kangxi. Although the suspense time was not long, this measure produces far-reaching influence. After Emperor Shizong ascended the throne, he reflected the drawbacks of the Eight Banners politics since the late Kangxi period, including the learning of Qing language.

Therefore, in the second year of Kangxi, Emperor issued the order to resume the provincial examinations of the Eight banners. At the request of imperial censor, Xu Gaowu,it was planned that the armies of Manchuria, Mongolia, and Han and Han people would participate in the examinations in the sixth year of Kangxi. (Ma Qi et al., 1985:328) In the twelfth year of Kangxi, the chaos of the three feudatories broke out. To avoid that the people of Eight Banners would concentrate on learning, leading to the slackening of military, the court decided to follow the old practices of the Emperor Shizu ,stopping holding the imperial examinations since the 15th year of Kangxi and lasting the stopping to the twenty-sixth years of Kangxi. Although the suspense time was not long, this measure has produced far-reaching influence. After the Emperor Shizong ascended the throne, he reflected the drawbacks of the Eight Banners politics since the late Kangxi period, including the learning of Qing language.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 06:52, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==詹若萱 Zhān Ruòxuān 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081549==

由于当时的旗人普遍不谙清语，每遇翻译、说写之时，“字句偶有失落，语音或有不正”的情况比比皆是，世宗为此多次晓谕八旗，令八旗兵丁务必以学习清语为要。（张玉书、允禄等，1983：8）雍正初年，世宗降旨总理王大臣，命其会同礼部、兵部研议翻译科之事，目的正在于激励旗人勤习国语，专精骑射。
毫无疑问，顺治年间增设的翻译考试系清初以来科举取士的接续与发展，它既是统治者因应时势的积极创举，也是长期以来铨选翻译考试传统的自然产物。

As the banners were generally unfamiliar with the Qing language, whenever they translated、talked or wrote, there were many cases of "occasional loss of words and incorrect speech", and for this reason, the Emperor Shizong repeatedly instructed the eight banners to make sure that the soldiers had to learn the Qing language in the first place. (Zhang Yushu, Yunlu et al., 1983: 8) In the early years of Yongzheng, the Emperor Shizong decreed the Prime Minister, ordering him to work with the Ministry of Rites and the Ministry of War to discuss the matter of translation, and the purpose was to encourage the banners to study the national language and specialize in archery. There is no doubt that the Shunzhi years of the additional translation examination is the continuation and development of the imperial examinations since the early Qing Dynasty, it is not only a positive initiative of the ruler in response to the current situation, but also a natural product of the long tradition of the civil service translation examination.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 06:40, 27 October 2021 (UTC)
At that time, the people of the eight banners were generally unfamiliar with the Qing language. When translating, speaking and writing, the situation of "occasional loss of words and sentences, or incorrect pronunciation" was everywhere. --[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 16:27, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

==张秋怡 Zhāng Qiūyí 亚非语言文学女 202120081550==

事实上，通过铨选翻译考试选拔官吏，此法并非始于满清。如蒙元时期，朝廷便已有蒙古学考试，其中的一项重要内容即是翻译。《元典章》卷 31《礼部卷之四·学校一》中说，元世祖至元八月之际，朝廷在京师开设蒙古国子学，要求包括诸王在内的相关官员参与学习，并以《通鉴节要》的蒙语译本为教本，从习学生员中“选择俊秀，出策题试问，观其所对，精通者为中选，约量授以官职。”（陈高华等，2011：1081—1082）
In fact, the selection of officials through the civil service translation examination did not begin in the Manchu and Qing Dynasties. For example, in the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court had Mongolian examinations, one of which was translation. According to the book of rites IV. school I, Volume 31 of the laws and regulations of the Yuan Dynasty, from the emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty to August of the Yuan Dynasty, the Imperial Court opened a Mongolian sub school in the capital, requiring relevant officials, including kings, to participate in the study. Taking the Mongolian translation of Tongjian jieyao as the teaching material, the students "choose Junxiu, make policy questions, judge what they are right, those who are proficient in it will be the winner, and they will be awarded official positions." (Chen Gaohua et al., 2011:1081-1082)--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 08:47, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

In fact, the selection of officials through the civil service translation examination did not begin in Manchu Qing Dynasty. For example, in the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court already had Mongolian examinations, one important of which was translation. According to the book of rites IV. school I, Volume 31 of the laws and regulations of the Yuan Dynasty, from the emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty to the eighth month of the Yuan Dynasty, the Imperial Court opened a Mongolian sub school in the capital, requiring relevant officials, including every lord, to participate in the study. Taking the Mongolian translation of ''Tongjian Abstract'' as the teaching material, the students "choose Junxiu, make policy questions, judge what they are right, those who are proficient in it will be the winner, and they will be awarded official positions." (Chen Gaohua et al., 2011:1081-1082)--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 06:09, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==张扬 Zhāng Yáng 国别男 202120081551==

顺治年间的翻译考试继承了隋唐以来科举取士的基本特点，以及铨选翻译考试的任官传统，正所谓“兼备金元之制而加盛焉”。（汪师韩，1996：473）
作为多民族融合的统一国家，满清政权的政治特点之一便是语种林立，文化与习俗各不相同。出于统治需要，清初以来便在各级政府衙门设置专司文书的翻译和撰拟。

The translation examination in the reign of Shunzhi inherited the basic characteristics of selecting scholars in the imperial examination since Sui and Tang Dynasties and the official tradition of the civil service translation examination. It is the so-called " more prosperity with both Jing and Yuan ruling system". (Wang Shihan, 1996:473)
As a unified country with multi-ethnic integration, one of the political characteristics of the Manchu Qing Dynasty was that there were many languages and different cultures and customs. In order to meet the needs of reigning, since the early Qing Dynasty, special departments have been set up in government offices at all levels to translate and write documents.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 06:03, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

The translation examination in the reign of Shunzhi emperor inherited the basic characteristics of selecting scholars in the imperial examination since Sui and Tang Dynasties and the official tradition of the civil service translation examination. It is the so-called " more prosperity with both Jing and Yuan ruling system". (Wang Shihan, 1996:473)
As a unified multi-ethnic state, one of the political characteristics of the Manchu Qing Dynasty was that there were many languages and different cultures and customs. In order to meet the needs of reigning, since the early Qing Dynasty, special departments have been set up in government offices at all levels to translate and write documents.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 07:09, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==张怡然 Zhāng Yírán 俄语语言文学女 202120081552==

其中，除最具代表性的笔帖式之外，内阁侍读、中书以及各部院主事等职官中，也有相当一部分人员担当翻译之责。同时，汉文典籍的翻译，以及满、蒙文字史籍的撰述等也需要大量翻译人才。所有这些人员的铨选、考核和派充等，都必须经过严格的翻译考试，择优录用。

Among them, in addition to the most representative of the bithesi, the Cabinet, the Central Secretariat and the various ministries and other officials, there is also a significant part of the staff to play the responsibility of translation. At the same time, the translation of the Chinese canon, as well as the Manchu and Mongolian texts of history, such as the compilation of a large number of translators are also needed. All of these personnel are selected, assessed and sent to fill, must go through a rigorous translation examination, the merit of the recruitment.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 02:36, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

Among them, in addition to the most representative of the bithesi, the Cabinet, the Central Secretariat and the various ministries and other officials, there is also a significant number of staff to take the responsibility of translation. At the same time, the translation of the Chinese canon and the compilation of Manchu and Mongolian history books also need a large number of translators. All of these personnel who are selected, assessed and sent to fill must go through a strict translation examination, recruiting the better.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 08:42, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

==钟义菲 Zhōng Yìfēi 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081553==

虽然这样的铨选翻译考试并不具备翻译科的性质，取中者往往不能获得科名，但翻译考试的结果仍是官员晋升、罢黜的重要依据，同时也为嗣后创制翻译科提供了制度雏形。

二、《雍正会典》等关于顺治八年翻译科的误记

关于清代翻译科的创设时间，主要有两种观点：一种认为是雍正元年，另一种则认为是顺治八年。

Although such a translation examination used for selecting officials does not have the nature of translation department and the winner often cannot obtain the title . But the results of the translation examination are still an important basis for the promotion and dismissal of officials, and also provide an institutional prototype for the subsequent creation of the translation department.
Misinterpretation of the translation department in the eighth year of Shunzhi, such as the Yongzheng Canon
There are mainly two views on the establishment time of the translation department in the Qing Dynasty: one is the first year of Yongzheng, the other is the eighth year of Shunzhi.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 01:22, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Although such a translation examination used for selecting officials does not have the nature of translation department and the winner often cannot obtain the scholarly honor, the results of the translation examination are still an important basis for the promotion and dismissal of officials, and also provide an institutional prototype for the subsequent creation of the translation department.
Misinterpretation of the translation department in the eighth year of Shunzhi, such as Yongzheng Canon
There are mainly two views on the time of the establishment of the translation department in Qing Dynasty: one is the first year of Yongzheng, the other is the eighth year of Shunzhi.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 15:18, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

==钟雨露 Zhōng Yǔlù 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081554==

雍正元年世宗诏谕举办满洲翻译乡试，而顺治八年出现了翻译进士麻勒吉与麻祐，两种说法各自有文献依据，互不能说服对方。如《清史稿》卷273《麻勒吉传》中，明确提及麻勒吉曾经参加翻译乡试，并于会试中取中第一。（赵尔巽，1976：10038）《清史稿》关于此事的记注源于《国朝耆献类征初编》，后者在卷十五中也指出麻勒吉“以翻译取中举人”。（周俊富，1986：767）

In the first year of Yongzheng, the Emperor Shizong issued imperial edicts to hold Manchu translation examination, whereas in the 8th year of Shunzhi, it appeared two translation Chin-Shihs, Ma Leji and Ma You. Both claims were based on documentation and couldn’t convince each other. For instance, in the 273 volume of Qing History Draft—Biography of Ma Leji, it explicitly mentioned that Ma Leji had taken the translation examination and got the first in metropolitan examination of translation. (Zhao Erxun, 1976:10038) The notation of this matter in Qing History Draft originated in A Collection of Biographies of Qing Dynasty Figures, which also mentioned that Ma Leji won the translation provincial graduate in Volume 15. (Zhou Junfu, 1986:767)--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 15:07, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

In the first year of Yongzheng, the Emperor Shizong issued imperial edicts to hold Manchu translation examination, whereas in the 8th year of Shunzhi, there appeared two translation Chin-Shihs, Ma Leji and Ma You. Both claims were based on documentation and couldn’t convince each other. For instance, in the 273 volume of Qing History Draft—Biography of Ma Leji, it explicitly mentioned that Ma Leji had taken the translation examination and got the first in metropolitan examination. (Zhao Erxun, 1976:10038) The notation of this matter in Qing History Draft originated in A Collection of Biographies of Qing Dynasty Figures which also mentioned that Ma Leji won the translation provincial graduate in Volume 15.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 09:24, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

==周玖 Zhōu Jiǔ 英语语言文学（英美文学）女 202120081555==

虽然上述两处记载中，均没有出现“翻译会试”字样，而只是说“以翻译举人举会试第一”，以及“明年会试第一名”，但支持者仍以顺治年间为翻译科的起始时间。将顺治八年的翻译考试视作清代翻译科的缘起，这种观点主要见诸于商衍鎏（2014：231）、王庆云（2001：34）和张杰（2007：193-194）等。在这些研究中，商衍鎏的观点尤其值得注意。

Though in two above-mentioned recordations, there were no “Metropolitan Examinations of Translation”, but appeared “the First-degree Scholar of translation is the champion of Metropolitan Examination” and “the champion of the Metropolitan Examination of the second year”. Supporters still regarded the translation section of Shun Zhi Period as the starting point. They believed that the translation examination during the eight years of Shun Zhi Perid is the origin of Qing’s translation, which was primarily held by Shang Yanliu (2014: 231), Wang Qinyun (2001: 34), Zhang Jie (2007: 193-194) and so forth. Among these researches, the opinions of Shang Yanliu in particular were worth paying close attention to.--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 04:54, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

There were no “Metropolitan Examinations of Translation”, but rather “the First-degree Scholar of translation is the champion of Metropolitan Examination” and “the champion of the Metropolitan Examination of the second year” in two above-mentioned recordation. Supporters still regarded the translation section in Shun Zhi Period as the starting point. The viewpoint that the translation examination during the eighth years of Shun Zhi Period is the origin of Qing’s translation was primarily held by Shang Yanliu (2014: 231), Wang Qinyun (2001: 34), Zhang Jie (2007: 193-194) and so forth. Among these researches, the opinions of Shang Yanliu in particular were worth paying close attention to.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 07:04, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

==周俊辉 Zhōu Jùnhuī 法语语言文学女 202120081556==

商衍鎏乃清代末科八旗会试探花，先后授翰林院侍讲、国史馆协修，以及实录馆总校官等，他的看法具有代表性。《清代科举考试述录》中，商衍鎏对清代翻译科的阐述并不详实，仅论及翻译科的三个层次，即翻译童试、乡试与会试，但明确提及翻译科创设于顺治八年，指出这一年“定考试满洲、蒙古翻译”，而雍正时只是“复行考试”。（商衍鎏，2014：231）与商衍鎏等人不同，更多的人则是将翻译科之缘起归于雍正年间，如石桥崇雄（1988：5）、村上信明（2002：307）、屈六生（1993：229）、叶高树（2013：51）和邹长清（2013：145）等。

Shang Yanliu won the third place in the eight banners examination at the end of qing Dynasty，and he successively served as a lecturer in the Academician Academy, an official in charge of typesetting and printing in the Imperial Scholar Hall, and a general verification officer in the Record Hall, etc. So His views are representative. In ''Reference Recorded about Imperial Examination in the Qing Dynasty''，Shang Yanliu's explanation of translation in Qing Dynasty is not detailed and true. He only talks about three levels, namely, the children's test, the village test and the imperial examination. However, He explicitly mentions that the department of Translation was established in the eighth year of Shunzhi, pointing out that in that year, "Manchurian and Mongolian translation examinations were set up", while in Yongzheng's reign, only "repeated examination" was conducted. （Shang Yanliu, 2014: 231) Different from Shang Yanliu et al., more people, such as Taxio Ishibashi (1988:5), Nobuaki Murakami (2002: 307), Qu Liusheng (1993: 229), Ye Gaoshu (2013: 51) and Zou Changqing (2013: 145), attributed the establishment of the Department of Translation to the reign of Yongzheng.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 15:37, 22 October 2021
Shang Yanliu won the number three in the eight banners’metropolitan examination at the end of Qing Dynasty，and he successively served as a lecturer in the Imperial Academy, an official in charge of typesetting and printing in the National History Institution, and a general verification officer in the Record Hall, etc. So His views are representative. In ''Reference Recorded about Imperial Examination in the Qing Dynasty'', Shang Yanliu's elaboration of translation in Qing Dynasty is not detailed and definite. He only discussed three levels, namely, the county examination, the provincial examination and the metropolitan examination. However, He explicitly mentioned that the department of Translation was established in the eighth year of Shunzhi, pointing out that "Manchurian and Mongolian translation examinations were set up", while in Yongzheng's reign, only "office-hunter examination" was conducted. （Shang Yanliu, 2014: 231) Different from Shang Yanliu and others, more people, such as Taxio Ishibashi (1988:5), Nobuaki Murakami (2002: 307), Qu Liusheng (1993: 229), Ye Gaoshu (2013: 51) and Zou Changqing (2013: 145), attributed the establishment of the Department of Translation to the reign of Yongzheng.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 13:40, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

==周巧 Zhōu Qiǎo 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081557==

另外，也有少数将翻译铨选考试视作翻译科缘起者。如康熙二十四年，清廷曾组织翰林院侍讲的考选，由圣祖仁皇帝钦试。此次考试的对象以各部院衙门中的无品笔帖式，以及旗人中的革职、闲散人员为主，含八旗满洲、蒙古及汉军，应试者必须通汉文，善翻译。
Besides , there are a few who regard the selecting officials test as the origin of the translation department. For example, in the 24th year of Kangxi's reign, the Qing government organized an examination of the imperial tutor of the Imperial Academy, which was conducted by Emperor shengzuren. The participant of this examination are mainly the non-rank officials of various ministries and institutes who are proficient in translating, as well as the dismissed and idle personnel among the people, including the Manchuria, Mongolia and Han army of the eight banners. The candidates must be familiar with Chinese and specialize in translation.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 12:37, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

In addition, there are a small number of people who regard the translation qualification examination as the origin of the translation department. For example, in the twenty-fourth year of Kangxi, the Qing court organized an examination for the attendants of the Hanlin Academy, and the emperor Shengzuren tested it. The subjects of this examination are mainly the unskilled pen-post styles in various ministries and institutions, as well as the dismissed and idle personnel from the banner people, including the Eight Banners Manchuria, Mongolia and Han forces. The candidates must be proficient in Chinese and good at translating.--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 12:49, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

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==周清 Zhōu Qīng 法语语言文学女 202120081558==

由于清代政书中对于此类考试并无统一命名，故多称之为“铨选”，即“选才授官”之意。简单来说，所谓“铨选”即是指各部院衙门通过考试翻译，从应试考生中选取成绩优异者，授官或派充至各部衙门，负责行政文书的翻译和撰拟，其主要的形式包括笔帖式、内阁侍读与侍讲、中书、通事、监贡等。正是由于铨选翻译考试的自身特点，有人便将其与翻译科考等而视之，不加区分。

Since there was no uniform name for this type of examination in the political books of the Qing Dynasty, it was often called "Quan Xuan", which meant "selecting talents and conferring officials". To put it simply, the so-called "selection" refers to the translation and translation of various ministries, colleges, and offices, and select candidates with excellent grades from the candidates, appoint officials or assign them to various ministries and offices, and be responsible for the translation and writing of administrative documents. Its main form is Including pen-and-post style, cabinet reading and lectures, Zhongshu, Tongshi, Jian Gong, etc. It is precisely because of the characteristics of the translation test that some people regard it as the translation test and so on, without distinguishing it.

Since there was no uniform name for this type of examination in the political books of the Qing Dynasty, it was often called "Quan Xuan", which meant "selecting talents and conferring officials".In short, the so-called "Quan Xuan" refered to various ministries and institutes selected outstanding students from the examinees through the examination translation，then awarded them with a title and office or assigned them to various ministries and offices, and be responsible for the translation and writing of administrative documents. It mainly involved pen-and-post style, cabinet reading and lectures, Zhongshu, Tongshi, Jian Gong, etc. It is precisely because of the characteristics of "Quan Xuan", that some people regarded it as translation test.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 03:09, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

==周小雪 Zhōu Xiǎoxuě 日语语言文学女 202120081559==

那么，清代翻译科是否滥觞于顺治八年？或者说，顺治八年出现的翻译考试是否具备翻译科的正式形态？欲回答此问题，务必先对《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》中的一段记载进行摘引与分析，其中写道：顺治八年六月壬申，礼部议：八旗科举例，凡遇应考年分，内院同礼部考取满洲生员一百二十名、蒙古生员六十名，顺天学政考取汉军生员一百二十名。

So, did translation department in the Qing Dynastystarted in the eighth year of Shunzhi? or did the translation examination in the eighth year of Shunzhi had the formal form of the translation department? To answer this question, we need to analyze the passage from the book named In Veritable Records of Qing Dynasty ·Veritable Records of Shunzhi Emperor. In this book, it said in June of the eighth year of emperor Shunzhi, The Ministry of Rites made the examination regulations of the Eight Banners. In the year of examination,The Cabinet and The Ministry of Rites would admit 120 students from Manchuria, 60 students from Mongolia, and120 Chinese Banners would be admitted by Shuntianfu Academy.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 10:50, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

So,did Translation Department of Qing Dynasty started in the eighth year of Shunzhi? Or in other words, did the translation examination in the eighth year of Shunzhi have the formal form of the Translation Department? To answer these questions, we must first cite and analyze a record of the book named Factual Record of Qing Dynasty ·Factual Record of Shunzhi Emperor. In this book, it said in June of the eighth year of emperor Shunzhi, The Ministry of Rites made the examination regulations of the Eight Banners. As long as in the year of examination,The Cabinet and The Ministry of Rites would admit 120 students from Manchuria, 60 students from Mongolia, and 120 students of Han military army would be admitted by Shuntian school administration.

annotation:
Renshen壬申）：One of the main branches in Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, the ninth in order.
学政：1. education; 2. abbreviation of supervising school administraton. --[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 05:34, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561==

乡试取中满洲五十名、蒙古二十名、汉军五十名。各衙门无顶带笔帖式亦准应试，满洲、蒙古识汉字者，翻汉字文一篇；不识汉字者，作清字文一篇，汉军文章篇数如汉人例。会试取中满洲二十五名、蒙古十名、汉军二十五名。

The country-level examination took 50 from Central Manchuria, 20 from Mongolia and 50 from the Han military army. Each yamen which doesn't set up Dingdai Bithesi is also allowed to take the examination.Those who knew Chinese characters in Manchuria and Mongolia have to translate a Chinese character eaasay; Those who did not know Chinese characters had to write one article in Qing characters, and the number of articles in Han military army was as same as that of Han people. The metropolitan examination will take 25 from Central Manchuria, 10 from Mongolia and 25 from the Han military army.

annotation：
*Dingdai（顶带）: the official cap button in the Qing Dynasty with the meaning of being thankful and saluting.It shows various ranks by button of precious stone on top.
*Bithesi（笔帖式）：official name. Translated from Manchu.During the Kangxi period, the Yamen of each department set up Bithesi,including translation,coping writing and other titles.
*Han military army（汉军）: Han soldiers who defected to the Manchu invaders
*The metropolitan examinatiion(会试）: In the imperial examination era, it gathered the examiners from all provinces in the capital.

The country-level examination took 50 from Central Manchuria, 20 from Mongolia and 50 from the Han military army. Each yamen which didn't set up Dingdai Bithesi was also allowed to take the examination.Those who knew Chinese characters in Manchuria and Mongolia had to translate a Chinese character eaasay; Those who did not know Chinese characters had to write one article in Qing characters, and the number of articles in Han military army was as many as that of Han people. The metropolitan examination will take 25 from Central Manchuria, 10 from Mongolia and 25 from the Han military army.

annotation：
*Dingdai（顶带）: the official cap button in the Qing Dynasty with the meaning of being thankful and saluting.It shows various ranks by button of precious stone on top.
*Bithesi（笔帖式）：official name. Translated from Manchu.During the Kangxi period, the Yamen of each department set up Bithesi,including translation,coping writing and other titles.
*Han military army（汉军）: Han soldiers who defected to the Manchu invaders
*The metropolitan examinatiion(会试）: In the imperial examination era, it gathered the examiners from all provinces in the capital.--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 12:05, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

==邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562==

各衙门他赤哈哈番笔帖式、哈番俱准应试，满洲、蒙古识汉字者，翻汉字文一篇，作文章一篇；不识汉字者，作清字文二篇，汉军文章篇数如汉人例。报可。（鄂尔泰等，1985：457）
上文中，礼部所奏涉及八旗乡、会试的额数与形式等。

Each yamen held a written examination, and Hafan asked them to take the exam. People who know Chinese characters in Manchuria and Mongolia translate a Chinese character article and write a composition; Those who do not know Chinese characters write two Qing characters, and the number of articles written by the Han army is as many as that of the Han people. Yes. (ertai et al., 1985:457)
In the above, the Ministry of rites involves eight flag Township and the amount and
form of examination.--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 11:31, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

Each government office holds two kinds of tests. Those who understand the characters in Manchuria and Mongolia translate one passage in Chinese characters and write an article; those who do not are required to finish two passage in Qing language; the number of articles for the Han army are as many as those of the Han people. Just as it is reported. ( Ertai et al., 1985 : 457 ) In the above, the Ministry of Rites are in charge of the region of the Eight Banners and the number and form of examination.--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 02:12, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

20210929 homework

2021-12-30T08:02:19Z

Zou Yueli: /* 日语语言文学 202120081562 邹岳丽女 */

Quicklinks: [[Introduction_to_Translation_Studies_2021|Back to course homepage]] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal#Frequently_asked_questions_FAQ FAQ] [https://bou.de/u/wiki/uvu:Community_Portal Manual] [[20210926_homework|Back to all homework webpages overview]] [[20220112_final_exam|final exam page]]

[[20210929_homework|homework of session 1 for session 2 Sep 29]]

IN PREPARATION

专业班级名称学号姓名性别
==语言智能与跨文化传播研究 202120081535 徐敏赟男==
This is the homework of 徐敏赟.--[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 12:41, 26 September 2021 (UTC)

清初时期的汉籍（书）翻译及其文化沟通意涵

摘要：清初之际，统治者虽以武力立国，但社会的主导意识形态尚未形成，国家的“治统”与“道统”尚未确立。为了匡扶社稷，教化臣民，探求君主治术，建构符合国家需求的集体价值观，统治者积极组织汉书翻译，促进文化交流，增进民族和解。

The Translation of Chinese Books in the Early Qing Dynasty and its Cultural Communication Implications

Abstract: At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the ruler established the country by force, but the dominant social ideology has not yet been formed. Besides, the country's "ruling" and "moral orthodox" have not yet been established either. In order to help the community, educate the people, explore the rules of the monarchy, and construct collective values that meet the needs of the country, the ruler organized the translation of Chinese books actively, which helped promote cultural exchanges and enhance national reconciliation.

The Translation of the Han Classics in Early Qing Dynasty and its Implications for Cultural Communication

Abstract: At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the ruler established the country by force, but the dominant social ideology has not yet been formed. Besides, the country's "governance" and "moral orthodoxy" have not yet been established neither. In order to help the community, educate the people, explore the rules of the monarchy, and construct collective values that meet the needs of the country, the ruler organized the translation of Chinese books actively, which helped promote cultural exchanges and enhance national reconciliation.--[[User:Root|Root]] ([[User talk:Root|talk]]) 12:44, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

The Translation of the Han Classics in Early Qing Dynasty and its Implications for Cultural Communication

Abstract: At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the ruler established the country by force, but the dominant social ideology has not yet been formed. Besides, the country's "governance" and "moral orthodox" have not yet been established either. In order to rectify and sustain the society, educate the subjects, explore the rules of the monarchy, and construct collective values that meet the needs of the country, the ruler organized the translation of Han Classics actively, which helped promote cultural exchanges and enhance national reconciliation.--[[User:Yan Jing|Yan Jing]] ([[User talk:Yan Jing|talk]]) 08:31, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

==语言智能与跨文化传播研究 202120081536 颜静女==

作为清初文化事业的重要组成部分，汉书翻译有着明确的选择标准，实用主义色彩浓厚，主要关注汉族的文治教化与典章制度，将翻译与政要相关联，反对浮华藻饰的翻译。组织上，汉书翻译以官方为主，以民间为辅，译书者既有兼通满、汉双语之旗人，又有八旗科举考试之及第者，这些人既是文化交流的管理者，又是实践者，代表了统治阶级意欲沟通满汉的主观愿望。成效上，汉书翻译不仅促进了新生政权的制度建设，而且为统治者建构政权合法性做出了贡献。
As an important part of cutural undertakings in early Qing dynasty, the translation of Han Shu had clear selection criteria and strong pragmatism. It focused on cultural education and institutions of Han nationality, associated the translation with politics and opposed flashly one. Organizationally,Han Shu was translated mainly by officials, and then public people. The translators contained not only the Eight Banners' People who mastered both Manchu and Chinese language, but also those who passed the Eight Banners imperial examination. These people were administrators of cultural exchanges, and also practicers, representing that the ruling class was willing to communicate the Manchu and Han people. In effect, the translating of Han Shu promoted the institutional construction of new regime, and also contributed to the rulers for constructing the regime legitimacy.

As an important part of cutural undertakings in early Qing dynasty, the translation of Han Shu had clear selection criteria and strong pragmatism. It (mainly) focused on cultural education and institutions of Han nationality, associated the translation with politics and opposed flashly one(embellishments). Organizationally,Han Shu was translated mainly by officials, and then (by) public people. The translators contained not only the Eight Banners' People who mastered both Manchu and Chinese language, but also those who passed the Eight Banners imperial examination. These people were administrators of cultural exchanges, and also practicers, representing that the ruling class was willing to (intended to) communicate the Manchu and Han people. In effect(As a result), the translating of Han Shu promoted the institutional construction of new regime, and also contributed to the rulers for constructing the regime legitimacy.--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 07:06, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（语言学） 202120081484 杜莉娜女==

导论：凡国家之建立，必有立国精神和主导意识形态，以及相应之文化政策。

早在天聪年间，清太宗便为新政权提出文武并用的战略构想，既强调以武功勘祸乱，又主张以文教佐太平，提出了文化统制与文化建设的独到见解。顺治十年，世祖章皇帝订定崇儒重道之政策，并以此为基础构建了兴文教、崇经术的治国理念。
Introduction: The establishment of any countries must need the national spirit ,dominant ideology and appropriate cultural policies.
As early as the year of Tiancong, Hong Taiji put forward the strategy of combining education and force for the new regime. He emphasized to calm down the chaos by force and to keep the peace by civilian. And he came up with unique insights into cultural unification and cultural development as well. During the first decade of Shunzhi, the emperor made the policies of respecting Confucianism and Taoism, and from this the concepts of governing like prospering education and worshipping scriptures were built.
--[[User:Du Lina|Du Lina]] ([[User talk:Du Lina|talk]]) 16:07, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

1、“文武并用”应该更侧重于“文化”，译为culture；
2、“以文教佐太平”中的文教可译为cultural education；
3、“and from this the concepts of governing like prospering education and worshipping scriptures were built.”此句可用定从，which served as a basis of …
--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 02:25, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（语言学） 202120081490 胡舒情女==

自此以后，虽然清代历朝统治者在关注满、汉文化交流时，不免对汉人进行打压，但也同时对汉族文化进行宣扬与推广。

清初统治者在构建“治统”与“道统”的过程中，围绕“崇儒重道”，衍生出众多文化政策实举，如科举取士、博学鸿词等，而汉籍经史的翻译与编纂也是其中重要内容。汉籍翻译是清代文化事业的重要组成部分，是清代民族关系与文化政策的重要载体，它和满清政权的其它文化活动一样，在功能上相互关联，彼此补充，为促进民族之间的相互了解，维护王朝体系的稳定发展，做出了重要贡献。
Since then, although all the dominators of Qing dynasty would squash the Han people when focusing on cultural exchange between Manchu and Han, they also propagated and promoted the Han culture at the same time. The dominators of early Qing dynasty implemented numerous cultural policies around the idea of “respecting and emphasizing Confucianism” during the progress of constructing Monarchism and statesmanship, which included imperial examinations, erudite and an important part - compilation and translation of Han classics and history. Its translation formed Qing’s cultural undertakings as necessary parts and served as a carrier of Qing’s ethnic relations and cultural policies. It was the same as other cultural activities of Qing dynasty. They related to and complemented each other, which made a contribution to promoting mutual understanding among peoples and maintaining the stable development of the dynastic system.
--[[User:Hu Shuqing|Hu Shuqing]] ([[User talk:Hu Shuqing|talk]]) 02:26, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

Since then when it comes to Man and Han culture communication, all the dominants of Qing dynasty would freeze Han people but also promoted their culture at the same time.
During the process of constructing Monarchism and statesmanship, the dominators of early Qing dynasty implemented numerous cultural policies around the idea of “respecting and emphasizing Confucianism”,which included imperial examinations, erudite etc. and also compilation and translation of Han classics and history as an important content. Translating Han classic is an important part of Qing culture and the critical carrier of its ethnic relationship and cultural policies. Like other cultural activities it related to each other functionally and made great contributions to ethnic communication and the solid development of Qing dynasty.--[[User:Huang Jinyun|Huang Jinyun]] ([[User talk:Huang Jinyun|talk]]) 13:18, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（语言学） 202120081491 黄锦云女==

作为汉籍翻译的管理者和实践者，译者们承担了沟通满、汉文化的历史使命，其所翻译的汉族书籍不仅有效增进了旗人对于汉文化的了解，而且为新生政权进行制度建设，以及合法性的建构发挥了历史性作用。

一满洲前身时期的汉籍翻译

满洲的前身系女真，语言文字上属阿尔泰语系。

As the manager and practicer of translating Han's books, translators take charge of the historial mission to combine Manchu cultrue and Han cultrue. Their translations not only enhance the Bannermen to know Han cultrue, but also play a historical role in forming a new regime and conlidating its validity.--Translation of Han's books before Manchu period
Manchurians originates from Nvzhen race, and their language and character belongs to Altaic languages.

As managers and practitioners of translation of Han's books, the translators undertake the historical mission of cultural communication between the Manchu nationality and the Han nationality. Their translations of Han's books not only efficiently improve the Manchu's understanding of Han culture, but also play a historical role in system construction for new regime and legal construction.
-- Translation of Han's books before the Manchu period
Manchurians originate from Nvzhen race, and their language belongs to Altaic language.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Kuang Yanli|talk]]) 14:11, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（语言学） 202120081495 邝艳丽女==

满族和历史上的女真族一样，原本没有自己的语言，记事时需要借用其他民族文字。《金史》中说：“初无文字，国势日强，与邻国交好，迺用契丹字。”[ 杨家骆：《金史》，台北：鼎文书局，1985年，第1684页。] 金朝立国后，初期的内、外公文几乎都用契丹文书写，金太祖本人也擅长契丹语。
As Jurchen in the history, the Manchu nationality did not have its own language, and they needed to use other national characters when making a memorandum. "The Jin dynasty did not have their own characters, but with its increasing development and its need to deal with the relation with neighbouring country, then used Khitan characters" said in ''The History of Jin Dynasty''[Yang Jialuo: ''The History of Jin Dynasty'',Taipei: Dingwen Publishing House, 1985, p.16884] After Jin Dynasty was established, the official documents inside and outside the court were nearly written with Khitan characters, even the Emperor Taizu of Jin Dynasty was skilled in using Khitan language.--[[User:Kuang Yanli|Kuang Yanli]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]])09:41, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

As Jurchen in the history, the Manchu nationality did not have its own language. Therefore, keeping a record of events depended on the characters of other nation. Said in The History of Jin Dynasty, "the Jin dynasty did not have their own characters, but with its increasing development and its need to deal with the relation with neighbouring country, then used Khitan characters". [Yang Jialuo: The History of Jin Dynasty,Taipei: Dingwen Publishing House, 1985, p.16884] After the establishment of Jin Dynasty, the official documents at home and abroad were nearly written in Khitan characters, even the Emperor Taizu of Jin was skilled in using Khitan characters.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 13:34, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（语言学） 202120081496 李爱璇女==

然而，契丹语与金人女真语差距较大，因而金太祖命完颜希尹、叶鲁依据汉人楷字，并参照契丹字制度，创制适合本族的语言文字“女直文”。天辅（金太祖年号）三年，女直文依诏令颁行，称“女直大字”。二十年后，即1138年，金熙宗完颜亶又命人参照契丹字，创制并颁布另一种女直文字，即“女直小字”。
However, there was a huge gap between the Khitan language and the Jurchen language. Therefore, the Emperor Taizu of Jin ordered Wanyan Xiyin and Ye Lu to create a language suitable for their own people, Jurchen script, based on the Han regular script and referring to the Khitan script system. In the third year of the period of Tianfu (the reign title of Emperor Taizu of Jin), according to the edict, the Jurchen script was enacted as "Jurchen Large Script". In 1138, twenty years later, Wanyan Dan, the Emperor of Xizong, ordered someone to create and enact another kind of Jurchen script, namely "Jurchen Little Script", referring to the Khitan script system.--[[User:Li Aixuan|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan|talk]]) 01:15, 29 September 2021 (UTC)
However, there was a big gap between Khitan language and Jin Nuzhen language. Therefore, Jin Taizu ordered Wanyan Xiyin and Ye Lu to create a language suitable for their own nationality "Jurchen script", according to the regular script of Han people and with reference to the Khitan character system. In the third year of Tianfu (the year of emperor Taizu of Jin Dynasty), Jurchen script was issued in accordance with the imperial edict, known as "Jurchen Large Script". Twenty years later, in 1138, Jin Xizong, Wanyan Dan ordered people to create and promulgate another Jurchen script, namely “Jurchen Little Script", according to the Khitan character.— Li Xichang

==英语语言文学（语言学） 202120081502 李习长男==

金世宗继位后，在推动女直文字的使用上，力度更大，举措更丰。如大定（金世宗年号）四年，金世宗令翰林侍讲学士徒单子温等用女直大、小字，翻译经书。女直文字的创制，对金朝翻译汉书影响巨大，而汉书翻译又影响了金朝的政治制度与国家治理。

After Jin Shizong succeeded to the throne, he made greater efforts and took more measures to promote the use of nvzhi characters. For example, in the fourth year of Dading (the year of Jin Shizong), Jin Shizong ordered the Imperial College to teach the bachelor's Apprentice Shan Ziwen to translate scriptures in large and small characters. The creation of nvzhi characters had a great impact on the translation of Chinese books in the Jin Dynasty, which in turn affected the political system and national governance of the Jin Dynasty.

After Jin Shizong succeeded to the throne, he made greater efforts and took more measures to promote the use of nvzhi characters. For example, in the fourth year of Dading (the year of the region of emperor Jin Shizong), he ordered his disciple Shan Ziwen and other Shijiang academicians of Hanlin to translate Confucian Classics in Jurchen large and small scripts. the creation of Jurchen script had a great impact on the translation of Chinese books in the Jin Dynasty, and that, in turn, the Chinese books affected the political system and national governance of the Jin Dynasty.—[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 03:39, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（语言学） 202120081519 邱婷婷女==

如大定五年，金世宗命徒单镒翻译《贞观政要》和《白氏策林》等书，次年徒单子温将译本进呈皇帝。大定七年，《史记》和《西汉书》等翻译成书，金世宗敕令刊刻颁行。大定十五年，金世宗再令翻译各部经书，由温迪罕缔达（著作佐郎）、宗璧（编修官）、阿鲁（尚书省译史）、杨克忠（史部令史）等负责对译本进行注解。

For example, in the fifth year of Dading (the year of the region of emperor Jin Shizong), the emperor ordered his disciple Shan Yi to translate The Political Program of Zhen Guan and Bai Shi Ce Lin, etc. Then emperor Shizong received the translations submitted by another disciple named Shan Ziwen in the next year. In the seventh year of Dading, the Records of the Grand Historian and the book of the Western Han Dynasty were translated into books, which were printed and issued by the royal decree of emperor Shizong. What’s more, he released an order again translating several Confucian classics which were annotated by Wendihan Dida （assistant of Zhu Zuolang）， Zong Bi（ BianxiuOfficer), A Lu( translator of history of Department of State Affairs ), Yang Kezhong( Lingshi of the Ministry of Official Personnel Affairs ) etc.

Annotation:
1.Zhu Zuolang: A person whose responsibility is to compile historical works.
2.Bianxiu: The official name, first placed in the Song Dynasty, is mainly responsible for the revision and compilation of documents.
3.Lingshi: Official name; the general name of petty officials in the government since the song and Yuan Dynasties.—[[User:Qiu Tingting|Qiu Tingting]] ([[User talk:Qiu Tingting|talk]]) 16:58, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

For example, in the fifth year of Dading (the year of the region of emperor Jin Shizong), the emperor ordered his disciple Shan Yi to translate ''The Political Program of Zhen Guan'' and ''Bai Shi Ce Lin'', etc. Then emperor Shizong received the translations submitted by another disciple named Shan Ziwen in the next year. One year later,''the Records of the Grand Historian'' and ''the book of the Western Han Dynasty'' were translated into books, which were printed and issued under the royal decree of emperor Shizong. What’s more, he released an order again translating various kinds of Confucian classics, and put Wendihan Dida （assistant of Zhu Zuolang）， Zong Bi（ BianxiuOfficer), A Lu( translator of history of Department of State Affairs ), Yang Kezhong( Lingshi of the Ministry of Official Personnel Affairs ) etc.in chagrge of the annotation of the translations of these books.

Annotation:
1.Zhu Zuolang: A person whose responsibility is to compile historical works.
2.Bianxiu: The official name, first placed in the Song Dynasty, is mainly responsible for the revision and compilation of documents.
3.Lingshi: Official name; the general name of petty officials in the government since the song and Yuan Dynasties.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 13:00, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（语言学） 202120081520 饶金盈女==

金世宗在位期间，朝廷设立译经所，专司汉文经史的翻译。期间，所译汉书除上述几种之外，另有《易》、《书》、《论语》、《老子》、《孟子》、《扬子》、《文中子》、《刘子》以及《新唐书》等。之所以翻译这些书籍，是因为金世宗希望女直人了解汉人的仁义道德，以利于治国安邦。
During the reign of Wan Yanyong, the fifth emperor of the Jin Dynasty, the imperial court set up a sutra translation office to specialize in the translation of scriptures and historical materials written in classical Chinese. Meantime, in addition to the above-mentioned Chinese books, there were also ''Yi'', ''Shu'', ''the Analects of Confucius'', ''the Laozi'', ''the Mencius'', ''the Yangzi'', ''the Wenzhongzi'', ''the Liuzi'' and ''the New Book of Tang Dynasty''. The reason why these books were translated was that Wan Yanyong hoped that the Jurchen people would get some knowledge of the humanity, justice, and morality of Han people by reading these books, so as to develop a prosperous and stable country.--[[User:Rao Jinying|Rao Jinying]] ([[User talk:Rao Jinying|talk]]) 13:05, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

During the reign of Emperor Jin Shizong,the imperial court set up a classics translation office concentrating on the translation of Chinese classics. During this period,apart from translating the above-mentioned Chinese classics, they also translated " Yi", "Shu", "the Analects of Confucius", "Laozi", "Mencius", "Yangzi", "Wenzhongzi", "Liuzi" and "New Book of Tang", etc. The reason why Jin Shizong chose these classics was that he hoped that Nuzhi people could know the virtue and morality of Chinese by reading these classics. And then he could rule the nation better and build a stable society. -- Yang Aijiang (talk) 21.57. 11 October 2021

==英语语言文学（语言学） 202120081541 杨爱江女==

然而，当时的女直字与汉字不能直接对译，中间需要经过转译为契丹字。为解决这一问题，金章宗在位期间，诏设弘文院，命人译写儒家经典并讲解。旋即，又废止契丹字，要求嗣后汉文典籍直接译为女直字，以省去须经契丹字转译的中间环节。

However, it was not feasible to translate Nvzhi characters into Chinese characters at that time. And it needed to be translated into Khitan characters first. During the reign of Emperor Jin Zhangzong, he set up Hongwen Academy and commanded his ministers to translate and explain Confucian classics in order to figure out the language problem. Besides, Jin Zhangzong abolished its use of Khitan characters and demanded that the Chinese classics should be translated in Nvzhi characters directly, omitting taking advantage of the translation of Khitan characters as a bridge.

However, Nvzhi characters could not be directly translated into Chinese without being rendered into Khitan ones first. During the reign of Emperor Jin Zhangzong, he set up Hongwen Academy and commanded his ministers to translate and explain Confucian classics in order to figure out the language problem. Soon after, Jin Zhangzong abolished the use of Khitan characters and demanded that the Chinese classics should be translated into Nvzhi characters directly, avoiding the intermediate step of using Khitan characters.--[[User:Yin Meida|Yin Meida]] ([[User talk:Yin Meida|talk]]) 13:37, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（语言学） 202120081547 殷美达女==

金朝政权覆灭之后，虽然留居东北故地的少数女直上层人士尚能娴习女直文，但女直字作为一种语言逐渐失传。明朝政府设置“四夷馆”后，又延人专习女直字，以应付中央与地方政府，或中央与藩属地之间的通译需要。虽然如此，女直语的凋落已成定势。

二太祖时期汉籍（书）翻译之“始”

After the collapse of Jin Dynasty, a small number of upper class Nuzhen people who still lived in northeastern China were proficient in Nuzhen language, but its words were being lost gradually. The Ming Dynasty, when setting up "Si Yi Academy ", hired particular people to study Nuzhen language to meet the needs of communication and translation between the central and local governments or its dependent territories. Nevertheless, the decline of Nuzhen language had become a foregone conclusion.
Second, the initial translation of Chinese books in the Emperor Taizu period

After the collapse of the Jin Dynasty, although a small number of Nuzhen upper class people living in Northeast China were very proficient in Nuzhen language, Nuzhen characters have been gradually lost. Having set up the Si-yi-guan, the Ming Dynasty hired people to specially learn Nuzhen characters to meet the needs of translation between the central government and local governments or its affiliated places. Nevertheless, the decline of Nuzhen language is inevitable.--[[User:Zhou Qiao1|Zhou Qiao1]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qiao1|talk]]) 01:18, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（语言学） 202120081557 周巧女==

明朝万历年间，努尔哈赤率部崛起之时，作为女直后裔的满族并无文字。那时，文移往来必须靠蒙古语的学习与翻译才能完成。为满足文移往来，记注政事的需要，并解决“今我国之语，必译为蒙古语读之，则未习蒙古语者，不能知也”的问题，清太祖努尔哈赤于明万历二十七年，命额尔德尼、噶（gá）盖等改制国书（即，国家的语言文字），以改变满人说女真语却写蒙古字的尴尬局面。[ 明珠等奉敕修：《清实录·太祖高皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1986年，第2页。]
In the wanli period of Ming Dynasty, when Nurhachi led the rise of the Manchu, as a straight descendant of Jurchen, it had no written words. At that time, the exchange of letters had to rely on Mongolian learning and translation to complete. For recording the political affairs and solving the problem that "Nowadays, the language of our country have to be translated into Mongolian to read, otherwise people can’t understand it without the learning of it. In the wanli 27 years of Ming Dynasty, Emperor Nurhachi（the first founder of Ming Dynasty） ordered Erdeni, Gagai and etc to reform credentials (namely the national language), which is to change the embarrassing situation of Manchu speaking Jurchen language while writing Mongolian. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986, p. 2.

During the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, when Nurhachi led the rise of the Manchu, the Manchu, as the straight descendant of Jurchen, had no written words . At that time, the exchange of letters had to rely on Mongolian learning and translation. In order to meet the need of exchange of letters, recording and annotating the political affairs as well as solving the problem that "Nowadays, the language of our country have to be translated into Mongolian to read, and the people who do not learn Mobolian can't understand it.", in the Wanli 27 years of Ming Dynasty, Emperor Nurhachi（the first founder of Ming Dynasty） ordered Erdeni, Gagai and etc to reform credentials (namely the national language), which aimed to change the embarrassing situation that Manchu speaking Jurchen language while writing in Mongolian. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986, p. 2.--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 06:16, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（语言学） 202120081561 朱素珍女==

自此，满洲的语言和文字渐趋一致。然而问题在于，此时创制的满洲语言（老满文）系参照畏兀儿体老蒙文字母，而蒙古与女真语音原本存在差异，借用的蒙文字母未必能充分传达女真语言的意义。如太宗皇太极在评价老满文时所说，“书中寻常语言，视其文义，易于通晓”，但“至于人名、地名，必致错误。”[ 中国第一历史档案馆、中国社科院历史研究所译注：《满文老档》，北京：中华书局，1990年，第1196页。]

From then on, the languange and the forms in Manchurian language are gradually consistant. However, the problem is that the Manchurian language(Old Manchu) was created with the guidance of Uighur Old Mongolia alphabets, and there exist original difference between Mongolia and Jurchen pronunciation. Therefore, the borrowed Mongolian alphabets could not explicitly express the meaning of Jurchen language. Just as what the great emperor Taizong Hoang Taiji said when he evaluated Old Manchu: "You can easily understand the meaning of the ordinary language in a book written in Old Manchu. However, in terms of the name of people and places, the Old Manchu would lead you to misunderstanding without any doubt." (Translated by The First Historical Archives of China and Institute of Chinese Social History :''Manchu Old File'',Peking:Zhonghua Book Company,1990, page 1196.)
Annotation:
1. Jurchen: an ancient nationality in China
2.Uighur(畏兀儿体/古维吾尔语): the earliest Mongolian Chinese characters
3. Old Manchu:the language used by ancient Machurian
4. Manchurian: the founder of Qing Dynasty

From then on, the languange and the characters in Manchurian language are gradually consistant. However, the problem is that the Manchurian language(Old Manchu) was created with the guidance of Uighur Old Mongolia alphabets, and there existed original difference between Mongolia and Jurchen pronunciation. Therefore, the borrowed Mongolian alphabets could not explicitly express the true meaning of Jurchen language. Just as what the great emperor Taizong Hoang Taiji said when he evaluated Old Manchu: "You can easily understand the meaning of the ordinary language in a book written in Old Manchu. However, in terms of the name of people and places, the Old Manchu would lead you to misunderstanding without any doubt." (Translated by The First Historical Archives of China and Institute of Chinese Social History :“Manchu Old File'',Peking:Zhonghua Book Company,1990, page 1196.) --[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 05:10, 3 October 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini
Annotation:
1. Jurchen: an ancient nationality in China
2.Uighur(畏兀儿体/古维吾尔语): the earliest Mongolian Chinese characters
3. Old Manchu:the language used by ancient Machurian
4. Manchurian: the founder of Qing Dynasty

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081479 陈惠妮女==

为此，皇太极命“巴克什”达海对老满文加以改进，使其音、义明晓，有助于学习，形成了所谓“新满文”。[ 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第13页。]文字虽已形成，但满人一时间几乎无书可读，原因有二：其一，此时的满文尚属草创，旗人尚不能以满语编纂书籍；其二，汉字书籍的获取极为不易。
面对上述情况，太祖努尔哈赤敕令在旗人中延请师傅，教子弟读书，并令达海等人以满文翻译汉文典籍。
Therefore, the King asked Baks Dahai to develop the Old Manchu to make its sound and meaning more clear, which maked it easier to learn. It is in this way that the so-called New Manchu was formed. [E'ertai et al. Fengxiu: "Records of the Qing Dynasty·Records of Emperor Taizongwen", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, p. 13. ] Although the characters and words have been developed, the Manchu can hardly find bookes to read for two reasons. One is that the Manchu language at that time is still an initial creation. The other is that it's so hard to get the books in Chineses charaters.On the face of this situation, Taizu Nurha Chi invited masters among the bannermen to teach children to read, and ordered Dahai and others to translate Chinese classics in Manchu. --[[User:Chen Huini|Chen Huini]] ([[User talk:Chen Huini|talk]]) 07:59, 29 December 2021 (UTC)Chen Huini

Therefore, Huang Taiji (an emperor of Qing Dynasty) instructed "Bakshi (a title of a scholar of Qing Dynasty)" Da Hai to develop the Old Manchu to the so-called "New Manchu", which made the sound and meaning more clear and then make it easier to learn. [E'ertai et al.: Factual Record of Qing Dynasty·Factual Records of Emperor Taizongwen, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, p. 13. ] Although the characters and words have been formed, the Manchu for a time almost no books to read for two reasons. One is that the Manchu language at that time was still an initial creation, and the Bannermen couldn't compile with it. The other was that the acquisition of books in Chineses charaters was extremely hard.On the face of this situation, Taizu Nurha Chi invited masters among the bannermen to teach children to read, and ordered Dahai and others to translate Chinese classics into Manchu.--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 10:16, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081482 程杨女==

《清史列传》中对此的记载如下：弱冠，太祖高皇帝召直文馆，凡国家与明及蒙古、朝鲜词命，悉出其手。有诏旨应兼汉文者，亦承命传宣，悉当上意。旋奉命译《明会典》及《素书》、《三略》。[ 王钟翰点校：《清史列传》，北京：中华书局，1987年，第187页。]
The records of Da Hai in ''the Biographies of the Qing Dynasty'' as follows: at the age of twenty, he was called into the imperial palace and served in Wen Guan (the bureaucratic ministry for translating Chinese books in the early Qing Dynasty). The naming of new words that related to the Ming Dynasty, Mongolia and North Korea were all by him to complete. He was also instructed to convey some of the Chainese-related orders totally reflecting the will of the emperor. Soon, he was asked to translate ''the Code of Ming Dynasty'', ''Su Shu''(written in Qing Dynasty), and ''San Lue''(written by Huang Shigong).[''The Biographies of the Qing Dynasty'', edited by Wang Zhonghan, Zhong Hua Book Company, 1987, pp.187.]--[[User:Cheng Yang|Cheng Yang]] ([[User talk:Cheng Yang|talk]]) 03:52, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

The records of Da Hai in ''the Biographies of Qing Dynasty'' as follows: at the age of twenty, he was appointed by Nurhachi①as a translator in Wen Guan②. The naming of new words that related to Ming Dynasty, Mongolia and North Korea were all by him to complete. He was also instructed to convey some of the Han's language-related orders totally reflecting the will of the emperor. Soon, he was asked to translate ''the Code of Ming Dynasty'', ''Su Shu''③, and ''San Lue''④.[''The Biographies of the Qing Dynasty'', edited by Wang Zhonghan, Zhong Hua Book Company, 1987, pp.187.

Annotation:①Nurhachi:the founder of Qing Dynasty, 1559–1626. ②Wen Guan: the bureaucratic ministry for translating Chinese books in the early Qing Dynasty. ③''Su Shu'': moral principles written in Western Han Dynasty by Huang Shigong. ④''San Lue'':military monograph written in Western Han Dynasty by Huang Shigong.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 13:10, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081483 丁旋女==

上文中所谓《明会典》，又称《大明会典》，系明代典章制度史书，内容涉及汉族文教、历法、习俗等。与《明会典》不同，《素书》成书于西汉，并非典章著作，而是哲理之学，道家思想的智慧之作。《三略》又名《黄石公三略》，既是军事战略专论，又糅合了诸子百家思想。
''Code of Ming Dynasty''① mentioned above, also known as ''Code of Great Ming Dynasty'', is one historical book about laws and regulations in the Ming Dynasty, covering Education of Han②, the Chinese calendar, and custom and so on. Different from Code of Ming Dynasty, ''Su Shu''③ written in the Western Han Dynasty is a wisdom work full of philosophy and Taoism rather than law and regulations. ''Sun-Lue''④, also called Sun-Lue of Huang Shigong, is not only a military strategy monograph but a mixture of the hundred schools of thought.

Annotation:
①''Code of Ming Dynasty'': One code about Ming’s laws and regulations in many aspects started to write in 1393 and finished in 1578.
②Education of Han: The education policy initiated by emperors of Ming Dynasty in order to transmit Confucianism thoughts and consolidate their reign.
③''Su Shu'': It is one book full of principles and truth written by Huang Shigong in the western Han Dynasty. It is used for the reign of country because of its instructive and moral function.
④''Sun-Lue'': It is one famous ancient military book including three parts written by Huang Shigong in the Western Han Dynasty. The military thoughts in it are critically useful and different from others because it discusses military strategies from political perspective.--[[User:Ding Xuan|Ding Xuan]] ([[User talk:Ding Xuan|talk]]) 06:43, 29 September 2021 (UTC)
''Code of Ming Dynasty''① mentioned above, also known as ''Code of Great Ming Dynasty'', is one historical book about laws and regulations in the Ming Dynasty, covering the range of Education of Han②, the Chinese calendar, and customs and so on. Different from Code of Ming Dynasty, ''Su Shu''③ written in the Western Han Dynasty is a work full of philosophical wisdom and Taoism rather than law and regulations. ''Sun-Lue''④, also called Sun-Lue of Huang Shigong, is not only a military strategy monograph but a mixture of the hundred schools of thought.

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081485 付红岩女==

以上三者皆是重要的汉文典籍，清太祖令达海翻译它们，开启了清代翻译汉籍（书）之先河，其政治策略上的深刻用意不言而喻。

三太宗时期汉籍（书）翻译之“兴”

太宗皇太极即位后，为鼓励旗人读书，多措并举：一方面，要求“十五岁以下，八岁以上者，俱令读书”，惩处不愿教子读书者；另一方面，为改善“无书可读”的情况，又致函朝鲜，索求汉文典籍。

Since the three ancient books just mentioned above were all significant Chinese classics, Nurhaci, the Emperor in Qing Dynasty requested Dahai, the official should translate the classics into the mongolian, whose profound meaning in the aspect of political layout was very explicit.
Third, the interest of translating Chinese classics has reached its climax during the power of Nurhaci.
After NUrhaci’s coming into the power, many decrees has been enacted in attempt to encourage the people to read. On the one hand, the teenagers between 8 and 15 were allowed to read. In addition , the parents who were reluctant to support their offspring to read would be punished. On the other hand, Qing Dynasty sent a letter to Korea, in which the former asked the later to denote more Chinese classics in order to improve the predicament that the books were not enough to read.

批改：译者译文总体流畅，对原文理解总体得当。以下为细节处理上的建议

1.“清太祖”一词为中国专有名词，应先查后译。清太祖指的是努尔哈赤（1616-1626），是后金第一位大汗，清朝的奠基者，太祖在位时，“大清国”还没有定鼎中原，故此时的“清”并不能算是中国的一个朝代。译者将其处理为“the Emperor in Qing Dynasty”不够严谨。
建议改为：Nurhaci, the Founder of Qing Dynasty

2.“三太宗时期汉籍（书）翻译之‘兴’”此处为论文小标题，首先，应当注意标题格式。结构上，原文为名词短语，译者翻译时使用英语句子的SVO（A）结构，虽然意思完整，但失去了原文的简洁。
词语上，“兴”强调翻译之风的兴起、盛行，译者将其处理为“reached its climax”缺乏严谨性，太宗时期不一定是汉籍翻译的高潮时期。
建议改为：Third The Prosperity of Chinese Classics Translation During the Power of Nurhaci

3.“十五岁以下，八岁以上者，俱令读书”
词语上，“令”是主动要求的意思，译者将其处理为“be allowed”，即被允许读书的可能性，读与不读似乎都是可以接受的。结合后文“惩处不愿教子读书者”，说明“令”是强制的。“be allowed”不能精准传达出原文清政府对旗人读书的鼓励与强制性。
结构上，原句省略了主语（清政府），原意为：清政府要求十五岁以下，八岁以上的人都得读书。译者将主动结构改为了被动结构，突出强调了实施对象。
建议改为：The teenagers between 8 and 15 were asked to read.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 04:20, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

All the above three were important Han classics, so Nurhaci, the founder of Qing Dynasty, commanded Dahai to translate them into Manchu language, which opened the floodgates to the large-scale translations of Han classics and its profound political meaning was explicit.

Third The Prosperity of Chinese Classics Translation During the Power of Nurhaci

After Abahai, the son of Nurhaci, coming into power, many decrees has been issued to encourage people to read and study. On the one hand, hand, teenagers between 8 and 15 were asked to study, and their parents would be punished if they were unwilling to educate their children; On the other hand, in order to avoid the scarcity of Han classics, Qing Dynasty sent a written request to Korea for a generous lending.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 14:43, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081497 李瑞洋女==

《朝鲜王朝实录·仁祖实录》中写道：“闻贵国有金、元所译《书》、《诗》等经及《四书》，敬求一览，惟冀慨然。”[ 国史编纂委员会：《朝鲜王朝实录》，汉城：国史编纂委员会，1973年，第38页。]可见，皇太极此时想要借阅的并非汉文原书，而是汉籍的金、元译本，即女真语和蒙古文译本。对此，朝鲜政府方面虽然进行了回应，但态度并不热忱：见索《诗》、《书》、《四书》等书籍，此意甚善，深嘉贵国尊信圣贤，慕悦礼义之盛意。

As mentioned in ''King Injo the Great'', one of the volumes in ''Annals of the Korean Dynasty'' “We heard your country have ''the Four Books'' and other classics including ''The Book of Poetry'' and T''he Book of History'', which were translated in Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, so we sincerely hope your generous lending of these books.” [National History Compilation Committee: ''Annals of the Korean Dynasty'', Seoul: National History Compilation Committee, 1973,P38] Obviously, at this time what Huang Taiji wanted to borrow was not the original Chinese book, but the Jin and Yuan translations, namely the Jurchen and Mongolian versions. Although Korean officials responded to this request, they were not very willing: It is very nice of you to ask for the Four Books and other classics including ''The Book of Poetry'' and ''The Book of History'', and we really appreciate your country’s popularity of respecting men of virtue and advocating courtesy and justice.--[[User:Li Ruiyang|Li Ruiyang]] ([[User talk:Li Ruiyang|talk]]) 02:19, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

It was recorded in ''King Injo the Great'', a volume of ''Annals of the Korean Dynasty'', that “We have heard your country have classics like ''The Book of Songs'', ''The Book of History'' and ''the Four Books'' , which were translated in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, so we sincerely hope for your generous lending of these books to us.” [National History Compilation Committee: ''Annals of the Korean Dynasty'', Seoul: National History Compilation Committee, 1973, 38.]
Obviously, what Huang Taiji wanted to borrow at that time were not the original Chinese books, but the translated versions of Jin and Yuan periods, namely the Jurchen and Mongolian versions. Although Korean officials respondedt, they didn't give a active response: It is glad to receive your borrowing request of these books, and we do appreciate your country’s deeds of respecting men of virtues and advocating courtesy and justice.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 01:28, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081498 李姗女==

第国中所有，只是天下通行本，而金、元所译，则曾未得见，兹未能奉副，无任愧歉。[ 国史编纂委员会：《朝鲜王朝实录》，汉城：国史编纂委员会，1973年，第62页。]

由于未能索得属意书籍，皇太极遂令达海继续翻译，后者于天聪六年开始翻译《通鉴》、《六韬》、《孟子》、《三国志（通俗演义）》，以及《大乘经》等。只可惜，由于达海英年早逝，上述书籍未能译竟。

The one that existed in the great empire was just a general version that circulated all over the country.（* But the one that existed in the whole country was just a general version.--[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 02:37, 29 September 2021 (UTC)） As the translating versions of Jin and Yuan were not publicized yet, it's a pity that their works were not able to be offered to the emperor.（* However, the translated versions in Jing Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty hadn't published yet.It's a pity that their works were not able to be offered to the emperor.--[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 02:37, 29 September 2021 (UTC)) [National History Compilation Committee: ''Records of the Korean Dynasty'', Seoul: National History Compilation Committee, 1973, 63.]

Failing to obtain desired translation versions,the first emperor of Qing dynasty, ordered Dahai to continue his translation work. And in the sixth year of Huangtaiji's rule (the year of 1632), Dahai began to translate ''History as a Mirror'', ''The Six Arts of War'', ''The Records of Three Kingdoms'' as well as ''Mahayana Sutra'' and so forth. [* ''Tong Jian'' ( a history book), ''Liu Tao'' ( a military book), ''Mencius''，''Records of the Three Kingdoms'' and ''Dacheng Jing'' ( a book about Buddhism) --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 02:37, 29 September 2021 (UTC)] Unfortunately, the translation of these books was not finished as a result of Dahai's early death.--[[User:Li Shan|Li Shan]] ([[User talk:Li Shan|talk]]) 12:46, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081500 李文璇女==

清初之际，达海被满洲“群推为圣人”，他翻译的汉文书籍对于拓展满族的知识范围，甚为关键。[ 叶高树：《清朝前期的文化政策》，台北：稻乡出版社，2002年，第58页。]《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》中说：其平日所译汉书，有《刑部会典》、《素书》、《三略》、《万宝全书》俱成帙。（天聪六年）时方译《通鉴》、《六韬》、《孟子》、《三国志（通俗演义）》及《大乘经》，未竣而卒。
In the early Qing Dynasty, Dahai was regarded as a sage by the people of Manchuria. The Chinese books translated by him was significant for extending the knowledge. In the book ''Memoir of the Qing Dynasty'' for the Emperor Taizong, it recorded that the books Dahai had translated, including ''Records of Ministry of Punishment'', ''Su Shu'' ( a book about Taoism), ''San Lue'' ( a military book), ''Wan Bao Quan Shu'' ( a book about daily life), all of which had been compiled into volumes. In 1632, he translated ''Tong Jian'' ( a history book), ''Liu Tao'' ( a military book), ''Mencius''，''Records of the Three Kingdoms'' and ''Dacheng Jing'' ( a book about Buddhism). However, he died without finishing these books. --[[User:Li Wenxuan|Li Wenxuan]] ([[User talk:Li Wenxuan|talk]]) 23:26, 28 September 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 02:38, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081501 李雯女==

初我国未深谙典故，诸事皆以意创行，达海始用满文，译历代史书，颁行国中，人尽通晓。惟我太祖天纵聪明，因心肇造，所行皆与古圣贤同符默契。达海与额尔德尼应运而生，实佐一代文明之治云。[ 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第10页。]
In the beginning, our country was not familiar with the ancient books and stories, so everything began by "thoughts". Since Dai Hai began to use Man Character to translate historical books of the past dynasties and promulgated it in our country, it has become universal among public. Only my great Grandfather, gifted and wise, created from the heart, and acted in accordance with the ancient sages. So the Dai Hai and E Erdeni came into being following the tendecy, who help to create this generation of civilization.[E ertai,ect compiling by order of the Emperor;The record of Emperor Taizong in Qing Danasty,Beijing,Zhonghua Book Company,1985,Page 10.--[[User:Li Wen|Li Wen]] ([[User talk:Li Wen|talk]]) 02:36, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

In the beginning, our country established things at will without the study of ancient classics. They were not well-known to the public until Da Hai translated historical books of the past dynasties in Manchu and promulated them in the country. Only the Emperor Taizu, who founded the dynasty on his own way, was so gifted and wise that what he had done was exactly accordance with the ancient sages.In reasponse to the call of the times, Da Hai and Erdeni came into being and helped to create this generation of civilization.[E ertai,ect compiling by order of the Emperor;''The Record of Emperor Taizong in Qing Danasty'',Beijing,Zhonghua Book Company,1985,Page 10.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 04:49, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081505 刘沛婷女==

如前所述，《明会典》、《素书》、《三略》等书的翻译始于太祖时期，但成书于天聪四年，其余书籍的翻译则为时稍晚。综观达海译书，既有《孟子》之类所谓“知正心、修身、齐家、治国”者，又有《素书》、《三略》和《六韬》等“益聪明智识，选练战攻的机权”者，以及《通鉴》等“知古来兴废事迹”者，他的翻译“实佐一代文明之治”。

以《刑部会典》（又称《明会典》）为例，达海译本既是天聪年间国家创制法律的依据，也是太宗推行政治改革的蓝本。

As mentioned above, the translation of ''Code of Great Ming Dynasty'', ''Su Shu'' and ''Three Policies'' began in the reign of Taizu but was completed in 1630. The other books were translated a little later. Da Hai's translations covered abundant eminent men, such as those in ''Mencius'' who make their minds just, morality cultivated, families regulated and the country governed orderly, and those with extrodinary intelligence and knowledge of training and combat in ''Su Shu'', ''Three Policies'' and ''Six Strategies'', as well as the men knowing the rise and fall of ancient times in ''Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government''. Therefore, his translations did promote the rule of civilization.

Taking ''Code of Ministry of Penalty'' (also called ''Code of Great Ming Dynasty'')as an example,Da Hai's translations were not only the basis for establishing laws during the period of Tiancong, but also the blueprint for the political reforms carried out by Taizong.--[[User:Liu Peiting|Liu Peiting]] ([[User talk:Liu Peiting|talk]]) 15:25, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

As mentioned above, the translating of ''Code of Great Ming Dynasty'', ''Su Shu'' and ''Three Policies'' began during the reign of Taizu but was completed in 1630, the fourth year under the reign of Taizong. Other books were translated at a later time. Given that in Da Hai's translations exist abundant eminent men, such as those in ''Mencius'' who make their minds just, morality cultivated, families regulated and the country governed orderly, and those with extrodinary intelligence and knowledge of training the military in ''Su Shu'', ''Three Policies'' and ''Six Strategies'', as well as the men comprehending the ups and downs experienced by dynasties in the past in ''Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government'', his translations did promote the governance under civilization.

Taking ''Code of Ministry of Penalty'' (also called ''Code of Great Ming Dynasty'')as an example,Da Hai's translations were not only the basis for establishing laws during the period of Tiancong, but also the blueprint for the political reform carried out by Taizong.--[[User:Liu Xiao|Liu Xiao]] ([[User talk:Liu Xiao|talk]]) 02:46, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081508 刘晓女==

太宗素有“振兴文治”的愿望，不仅创制了作为清代考试制度之滥觞的生员和举人考试，而且使巴克什、笔帖式制度臻于成熟，二者合力使得汉籍翻译的风气渐开：一方面，作为“巴克什”或“笔帖式”，希福、尼堪、刚林、苏开等人先后奉敕“（翻）译汉字书籍”或“记注国政”；另一方面，太宗以自古国家“以文教佐太平”为由，令满人争相读书，从生员中选取“文艺明通者优奖之”。[ 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第14页。]

在对待前朝即明代的问题上，太宗采取“讲和”与“自固”并行的政策，但其本人向往中原汉族文化，所谓“性嗜典籍，披览弗卷”即是这一情况的体现。

Holding the idea to "revitalize the administration by education and culture", Taizong not only created examinations from which the examination system of Qing Dynasty originated, for xiucai and juren, those who have passed in the exam at the county and provincial level respectively, but also made the Baksh and Bithesi system reach a mature state. Together, the two measures promoted the translation of books written in Chinese. On one hand, Xifu, Nikan, Ganglin and Su Kai, as "Bakshs" or"Bithesis", successively "translated Chinese books" or "annotated state affairs" by the order of the emperor. On the other hand, by saying that countries applied the education and culture to safeguarding the stablization since ancient times, Taizong urged people to scramble to study, and then awarded those from xiucai "who mastered literature and arts". (''Records of Qing Dynasty· Emperor Taizong'', edited by Ertai, officials in the Qing Dynasty, Beijing: China Publishing House, 1985, P14.)

In dealing with the treatment of the previous dynasty, that is Ming Dynasty, Taizong adopted the policy of "settling a dispute" and "self-consolidation". But he himself yearned for the Chinese culture of the Central Plains, which is embodied by the so called expression "Loving Chinese works and reading Buddha volumes."

Revised version：
Holding to the idea of "revitalizing the empire by education and cultural development", Taizong not only established shengyuan and juren exams（exams at the county and provincial level perspectively） initiating the imperial examination system of Qing Dynasty, but also brought the Baksh and Bithesi system to a mature state. Together, the two measures brought about the upsurge in translation of Han books. On the one hand, Xifu, Nikan, Ganglin and Su Kai, as "Bakshs" or"Bithesis", successively "translated Han books" or "annotated state affairs" by the order of the emperor. On the other hand, in the name of the national tradition of ensuring stabilization by education and cultural development, Taizong urged Man people to read and those shengyuan who stands out for their familiarity with literature and arts were awarded. (The Memoir of Qing Dynasty· Emperor Taizong, edited by Ertai, officials in the Qing Dynasty, Beijing: China Publishing House, 1985, P14.)

In dealing with the treatment of the former dynasty, namely Ming Dynasty, Taizong resorted to the policy of “peace negotiation” and " self-consolidation" in parallel. However, Taizong himself yearned for the Central Plains culture of Han, and the expression “a voracious reader of Han and Buddhist classics” can properly manifests it. --[[User:Liu Yunxin|Liu Yunxin]] ([[User talk:Liu Yunxin|talk]]) 07:53, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081510 刘运心女==

于是，太宗诏令儒臣翻译汉书，并命金、汉之人阅读。[ 同上，第2页。]太宗深知，汉文典籍言微而义大，其精要者不仅涉及帝王治平之道，而且涉及正心、修身、齐家之理。但汉文典籍数量庞杂，翻译时必须有所选择。
Therefore, Taizong issued an order asking the civilian official to translate Han books and all the Han and Jin people are required read those. (Ibid., p.2) Taizong knew well how brief and profound Han classics were. Their essence not only involves the governess of the country and its people, but also discusses inner integrity, decent behavior and family harmony. Nevertheless, a great number and variety of Han classics means what to be translated needs selection.

Therefore, Taizong ordered Confucian officials to translate Han books, while all the Han and Jin people were required to read those. (Ibid., p.2) Taizong knew well that Han classics were sublime works with deep meaning, whose essentials included not only the method of statecraft, but also self-cultivation and family regulation. Nevertheless, among a great number of Han classics, there must be an extraction.
--[[User:Luo Anyi|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi|talk]]) 02:14, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081511 罗安怡女==

如天聪六年九月，王文奎奏请从读书笔帖式内，选取“伶俐通文者”一、二人，并从秀才内选取“老成明察者”一、二人，令其“讲解翻写”。天聪九年三月二十一日，仇震向太宗谏言，要求从汉人中选取精通经、史者二、三人，并从金人中选取熟悉字法者三、四人，将各经史典籍及《通鉴》（即《资治通鉴》）中“有裨君道”的精要部分“集为一部”，日日讲解，以便统治者在翻译、日讲中学习汉族文化，以及治世之道。[ 罗振玉：《天聪朝臣工奏议》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1989年，第24-25、115页。]固然，对于汉文典籍与汉族文化，太宗并非全盘接受，而是辩证地加以吸收。
For instance, in September, 1632, the sixth year of T'ien-ts'ung (the first reign title of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty), Wang Wenkui wrote to His Majesty, advising that they should elect one or two "literates who were skilled at writing and translation" from the bithesi, and one or two "scholars who were learned and perspicacious", for "teaching, interpretation, and translation" of Han classics. On March 21st, 1635, the ninth year of T’ien-ts'ung, Chou Zhen advised Emperor Taizong to elect two or three Han people who were proficient in lections and historical records, and three or four Jin people who were familiar with 字法. These scholars should choose essentials from classics and ''The Zizhi'' (''The Zizhi Tongjian'') , which benefits the ideas of ruling power of feudal emperors, and compile them into one book. Also they should discourse the compiled thoughts frequently, in which the ruler could learn the Han culture and method of statecraft. [Zhenyu, Luo .(罗振玉),《天聪朝臣工奏议》，Beijing：China Renmin University Press, 1989, P24-25, P115.] Of course, Taizong did accepted Chinese classics and han culture critically and dialectically.

For instance, in September, the sixth year of Tian Cong(the first reign title of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty), Wang Wenkui wrote to His Majesty to pick up one or two who are "talented in literature” and pick up one or two who are "sophisticated and insightful"from the scholars for " interpretation, and translation" of Han classics. On March 21st, 1635, the ninth year of T’ien-ts'ung,Qiu Zhen advised Emperor Taizong to pick up two or three Han people who were proficient in lections and historical records, and three or four Jin people who were familiar with grammer to let them choose the essence which are benefical to the reign from classics and ''The Zizhi'' (''The Zizhi Tongjian'') and compile them into one book.After that,they should illuminate the compiled thoughts every day, which is beneficial to the study of the ruler about the Han culture and ruling ways. [Zhenyu, Luo .(罗振玉),《天聪朝臣工奏议》，Beijing：China Renmin University Press, 1989, P24-25, P115.] Definitely speaking, Taizong did accepted Chinese classics and han culture critically and dialectically.--[[User:Luo Xi|Luo Xi]] ([[User talk:Luo Xi|talk]]) 03:24, 29 September 2021 (UTC)(Luo Xi罗曦）

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081512 罗曦女==

如天聪九年五月，上谕文馆诸臣：朕观汉文史书，殊多饰辞，虽全览无益也。今宜于《辽》、《宋》、《金》、《元》四史内，择其勤于求治而国祚昌隆，或所行悖道而统绪废坠，与夫用兵行师之方略，以及佐理之忠良、乱国之奸佞，有关政要者，汇纂翻译成书，用备观览。至汉文正史之外，野史所载，如交战几合，逞施法术之语，皆系妄诞，此等书籍，传之国中，恐无知之人信以为真，当停其翻译。[ 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第9页。]

For instance，in May，the ninth year of Tian Cong，the emperor informed all the offcials in the cultural center that：I have read all those historical records in Han Dynasty filled with various ornaments，only to find that I have gotten nothing。Now you had better to pick up some references among <Liao>、<Song>、<Jin>、<Yuan> about some cases like dilligence making a prosperous country or idleness making a weak one,also,you can pick up some military stratedies,and some information about those noble and talented citizens or traitors,and than you ought to translate all those relevence and compile them into a book prepared to be read.As for those unofficial history in Han excluded,like how many rounds did soldiers battle or the spell spoken by wizards,are all the nonsense,which will bewilder the ignorant,deserving to be prohibited from translation.{E Ertai：《清实录、太宗文皇帝实录》，Beijing：Chinese bookstore，1985，p9.}

A modified version: For instance, in May 1653, the Emperor said to the ministers in Literature Institution(that is, the later Cabinet in Qing Dynasty), "I have leafed through the historical works in Chinese language with various ornamental rhetorics, but the complete reading of them is not beneficial. Now it is appropriate to select salient examples referred from the four historical recrods of ''Liao'', ''Song'', ''Jin'' and ''Yuan'', which will be compiled into books for later reading. These examples include those who were dedicated in governing the country thereby with a promising national development, or those who deviated from the correct path with weak administration, and the generals adept at warfare, loyal and honest servants assisting the sovereign to handle state affairs, the treacherous ones rendering the nation disorderly and chaotic as well as other relevant political workers. Meanwhile, apart from the official history, the unofficial historical works that record untrue events, like the conditions of battles, are all fabricated. If those unfavorable books are spread to the mainland, they may bewilder the ignorant and gullible individuals, thus deserving to be prohibited from translation. (E Eratai: ''Records of Qing Dynasty·Emperor Taizong'', Beijing: China Publishing House, 1985, Page9.)--[[User:Mao Yawen|Mao Yawen]] ([[User talk:Mao Yawen|talk]]) 04:47, 29 September 2021 (UTC)毛雅文

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081514 毛雅文女==

由上可知，在汉籍翻译的问题上，太宗讲求的是实用，希望将翻译与政要相关联，反对翻译浮华藻饰的汉文书籍，或者野史中所载不足为信者。以《刑部会典》的翻译为例，该译本的刊刻与颁行逐渐成为太宗朝的临政规范。《天聪朝臣工奏议》中说：“近奉上谕，凡事都照《大明会典》行，极为得策。”[ 罗振玉：《天聪朝臣工奏议》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1989年，第2页。]

From here it can be seen that the Emperor Taizong put an emphasis on practicality with regard to the translation of Chinese works, hoping to associate translation with politics. He objected to the translation of Chinese books with flashy embellishments, or that of unofficial historical works recording unconvincing events. Take the translation of ''The Code of the Ministry of Penalty'' as an example. After its publication and promulgation, the tranlation of this code gradually became the norm of handling state affairs. ''The Petition of Ministers during the Reign of Tiancong'' states, "Recently, by the order of the Emperor, everything should be conducted in accordance with ''The Code of Ming Dynasty'', which is a desirable policy." (Luo Zhenyu: ''The Petition of Ministers during the Reign of Tiancong'', Beijing: China Remin University Press, 1989, Page2.)

From above it can be seen that the Emperor Taizong put an emphasis on practicality with regard to the translation of Chinese works, hoping to associate translation with politics. He objected to the translation of Chinese books with flashy embellishments, or that of unofficial historical works recording unconvincing events. Take the translation of The Code of the Ministry of Penalty as an example. After its publication and promulgation, the tranlation of this code gradually became the norm of handling state affairs. The Petition of Ministers during the Reign of Tiancong states, "Recently, by the order of the Emperor, everything has been conducted in accordance with The Code of Ming Dynasty, which is a desirable policy." (Luo Zhenyu: The Petition of Ministers during the Reign of Tiancong, Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 1989, Page2.)--[[User:Mou Yixin|Mou Yixin]] ([[User talk:Mou Yixin|talk]]) 10:19, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081516 牟一心女==

宁完我也说，我国六部的设立原是照“蛮子家立的”，因而金官对于部中当举事宜原本并不知情，而今翻译《会典》（即《明会典》），参汉酌金，加以“打动”，必将使其“去因循之习”而“渐就中国之制”。[ 同上，第82页。]

四世祖时期汉籍（书）翻译之发展

清初儒臣中，除额尔德尼、噶盖和达海之外，通满、蒙、汉字者不乏他人，如伊成额、希福、刚林等，便是其中姣姣者。

Ning Wanwo also said that the establishment of the six ministries in feudal China was based “on that of minority nationalities”, so the officers of Jin Dynasty had no idea about the affairs in the ministries. Now the translation of Code(a record of laws and systems of a dynasty)(namely, Code of Great Ming Dynasty) must refer to both the precedents of Central China and Jin Dynasty and amend them to make it get rid of rigid traditions and turn to the conventions of Central China.[ibidem, Page 82]

FOURTH The development of Chinese literature (books) in Qing Dynasty Shunzhi period

Among the civilian officials in the early Qing Dynasty, besides Erdeni, Gagai, Daher, there is no lack of masters of Manchu language, Mongolian and Chinese, such as Icher, Hifo, Galin, who were the strong performers among them.

Ning Wanwo also said that the establishment of the six ministries of feudal China was based on “that of the southerners”, so Jin Guan had no knowledge of the affairs concerning the appointment in the ministries. Now the translation of Code( a record of laws and systems of a dynasty)( namely, Code of Great Ming Dynasty) must refer to both the precedents of Han and Jin Dynasty and then amend them to make it get rid of rigid traditions and gradually conform to the conventions of Central China. [ibidem, Page 82.]

FOURTH The development of Chinese literature (books) in Shizu Period

Among the civilian officials in the early Qing Dynasty, besides Erdeni, Gagai, Daher, there is no lack of masters of Manchu language, Mongolian and Chinese, such as Icher, Hifo, Galin, who were the best performers of them.--[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 12:58, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081521 石丽青女==

据传，伊成额不仅将《太祖高皇帝实录》译成汉文，而且翻译了朝鲜所奏表章，以及《礼部会典》等书。[ 清高宗敕纂：《八旗满洲氏族通谱》，沈阳：辽沈书社，1989年，第10页。]希福兼通满、蒙、汉三种语言，他的翻译有别于伊成额，不是将满文译成汉语，也不是将朝鲜文译成满语，而是主要翻译汉书、汉典，所翻译的汉文书籍包括《辽》、《金》、《元》三史等。希福的上述译书于顺治元年进呈皇帝，获世祖恩赉。

It is said that Yi Cheng'e translated not only the Annals of Emperor Taizu Gao into Chinese, but also the seals played by North Korea and the Book of the Ministry of Ceremonies. [ Qing Gaozong's Royal Compilation: "Eight Banners Manzhou Clan Genealogy", Shenyang: Liaoshen Publishing House, 1989, page10.] Xifu was fluent in Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese. His translation was different from Yicheng'e. He did not translate Manchu into Chinese or Korean into Manchu, but mainly translated Chinese books and Chinese classics, including Liao, Jin and Yuan. Xifu's translation was presented to the emperor in the first year of Shunzhi and won the honor of Shizu. --[[User:Shi Liqing|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing|talk]]) 05:50, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

It is said that Yi Cheng'e translated not only the Factual Record of Taizu, but also the memorials presented to the emperor by North Korea, Records of the Board of Rites, and other books. [ Qing Gaozong's Royal Compilation: "Eight Banners Manzhou Clan Genealogy", Shenyang: Liaoshen Publishing House, 1989, page10.] Xi Fu was proficient in Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese, whose translation was different from Yi Cheng’e’s. Neither did he translate Manchu into Chineses nor Korean into Manchu, he mainly translated Chinese books and classics, including Liao, Jin and Yuan. Xi Fu’s translation was presented to the emperor in the first year of Shunzhi and won the honor of Shizu.--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 02:14, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081523 王李菲女==

《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》中，曾详细记载了希福进呈译本时的情形：窃稽自古史册所载，政治之得失，民生之休戚，国家之治乱，无不详悉具备，其事虽往，而可以诏今；其人虽亡，而足以镜世。故《语》云：“善者吾师，不善者亦吾师。”从来嬗继之圣王，未有不法此而行者也。

In the “Records of Qing Dynasty· Emperor Fu Lin”, there was a detailed record of the situation when Xi Fu presented the translation: in the ancient records, whatever gain and loss in politics, weal and woe of people’s livelihood, or governance and chaos of countries, they’ve all been documented in detail. Although things have passed, they can still enlighten us. The ancestors have passed away, they can also provide references. Therefore, the “Language” said, “The heroes are my teacher, and so are the villains .” Virtuous emperors from ancient times to present have all followed this rule.--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 16:01, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

The “Records of Qing Dynasty· Emperor Fu Lin”, which once recorded in detail the situation when Xi Fu presented the translation: As far as I am concerned, from the ancient records, the gains and losses of politics, the welfare and woe of people’s livelihood, and the governance and chaos in the country, all of which have been documented in detail. Although things have passed, they can still enlighten us. Although the ancestors passed away, they are enough to mirror the world. Therefore, the “Language” says, “The success is my teacher, and so is the failure.” Virtuous emperors from ancient times have all followed this rule.--[[User:Wang Lifei|Wang Lifei]] ([[User talk:Wang Lifei|talk]]) 16:01, 28 September 2021 (UTC) Edited by Wang Zhenlong.

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081525 王镇隆男==

辽、金虽未混一，而辽已得天下之半，金亦得天下之大半，至元则混一寰区，奄有天下，其法令政教皆有可观者焉。我先帝鉴古之心，永怀不释，特命臣等将《辽》、《金》、《元》三史，芟（shān）削繁冗，惟取其善足为法，恶足为戒，及征伐畋（tián）猎之事，译以满语，缮写呈书。臣等敬奉纶音，将《辽史》自高祖至西辽耶律大石末年，凡十四帝，共三百七年；《金》凡九帝，共一百十九年；《元》凡十四帝，共一百六十二年，详录其有裨益者，……伏乞皇上万几之暇，时赐省览，懋稽古之德，弘无前之烈，臣等不胜幸甚。[ 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第15-16页。]

Although Liao and Jin did not mix together, Liao had already won half of the world, and Jin had also won the other half. Until the Yuan Dynasty, they were combined into one whole world,and there were considerable and available laws, politics and religions. My first emperor’s desire to learn from the ancients will never be released. I and other ministers were ordered to edit and slash the three histories of "Liao", "Jin" and "Yuan", but take the good part as the law, and the evil part as the precepts. And the matters of conquering and hunting, were translated into Manchu,written and presented in a book. I and others followed respectfully my Lord ‘s orders,took the history of Liao from Gaozu to the last year of Yelu Dashi of Xi Liao, where there were 14 emperors, a total of 370 years; Jin, the nine Emperors, lasted one hundred and nineteen years;Yuan recorded all the fourteen emperors for 162 years, and had careful records of those who have benefited us, ... I beg my Lord to have occasional reviews when my Lord is not dealing with country’s affairs,and to encourage your people to live up to ancient virtues and promote the unparalleled huge achievement. I and other would greatly appreciate it. [E'ertai et al. revised with imperial edict "Records of the Qing Dynasty·Records of Emperor Shizuzhang", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, pp. 15-16. ]

Although Liao and Jin did not unite, Liao had already occupied half of the world, so had Jin. Until Yuan Dynasty, they combined and occupied the whole country, and there were considerable and available laws, politics and religions. My previous emperor’s desire to learn from the ancients will never be released. Other ministers and I were ordered to edit and slash ''the History of Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasty'', take merits as the principle, and learn lessons from demerits. And the matters of conquering and hunting, were translated into Manchu, written and presented in a book. We followed respectfully my Majesty ‘s orders, took ''The History of Liao Dynasty'' from Gaozu to the last year of Yelu Dashi of Xi Liao, where there were 14 emperors, a total of 370 years; ''Jin'', nine Emperors, lasted one hundred and nineteen years; ''Yuan'' recorded all the fourteen emperors for 162 years, and had careful records of those who have benefited us, ... I beg my Majesty to have occasional reviews when he is not dealing with country’s affairs, and to encourage people to observe traditional virtues and advocate the unprecedent huge achievement. We all would greatly appreciate it. [E'ertai et al. revised with imperial edict ''Records of Emperor Shizuzhang in the Qing Dynasty'', Beijing: China Book Company, 1985, pp. 15-16. ]--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 09:35, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081526 卫怡雯女==

上文中，不仅明确论及汉文典籍的历史作用，而且阐述了翻译这些典籍的必要性、作用与目的等，其总目标是“懋稽古之德”，以翻译佐文教，治太平。换言之，希福希望通过翻译《辽》、《金》、《元》三史等，从中原汉族王朝中借鉴国家治理经验，以接续太宗皇太极以来以经世致用为核心的翻译思想，并为嗣后翻译汉籍树立原则与典范。据《国立故宫博物院善本旧籍总目》、《世界满文文献目录》、《全国满文图书资料联合目录》，以及《清代内府刻书目录解题》等综合统计，顺治年间，由官方刊刻的汉书满文译本共九种，分别是《辽史》、《金史》、《元史》、《洪武要训》、《三国志（通俗演义）》、《诗经》、《表忠录》、《孝经》（阿什坦译）和《六韬三略》。其中，顺治七年译成的《三国志（通俗演义）》既有满文本，又有满汉合璧本。

As described in the above, it not only discussed the historical role of Chinese classics, but also illustrated the necessity, the function and the goal of translating these ancient books and records. The overall goal is to encourage people to observe traditional virtues, using translation to assist the country to develop culture and education. In other words, Xifu wanted to draw on the experience of state governance from Han Dynasty in the central China through translating the history of Liao, Jin, and Yuan Dynasty in order to succeed the thought of translation of administering state affairs and applying theory to practice as the core since the emperor Taizong Huangtaiji, and set up the principle and model of translating Chinese books for later generation. According to general statistics of The General Catalogue of The Best Edition and the Ancient Books and Records of Taipei's National Palace Museum, The Catalogue of World’s Manchu Literature and The Union Directory of National Manchu Books and Materials and Solving Problems in the Catalogue of Engraved Books in the Qing Dynasty, during the period of Tongzhi, there are nine Manchu translated versions of the official published Chinese books by blocking print, they are: The History of Liao Dynasty, The History of Jin Dynasty, The History of Yuan Dynasty, Hongwu Yaoxun, The Romance of Three Kingdoms, Book of Songs, The Record of Loyalty, Classic of Filial Piety(translated by Ashtan), Liu Tao and San Lue. Among them, The Romance of Three Kingdoms translated in the seventh year of Tongzhi had both Manchu version and the combined one of Chinese and Manchu.--[[User:Wei Yiwen|Wei Yiwen]] ([[User talk:Wei Yiwen|talk]]) 03:23, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

Thereinbefore, it not only discussed the historic role of Chinese classics, but also illustrated the necessity, the function and the goal of translating these books. The overall goal is to encourage people to observe traditional virtues, using translation to develop culture and education and bring social prosperity. In other words, Xifu wanted to draw on the experience of state governance from Chinese dynasty in the central plains through translating the histories of ''Liao'', ''Jin'', and ''Yuan''. In this way, the translation idea originated from the dynasty of Huangtaiji that knowledge should benefit national affairs can be succeeded and set up the principle and model of translating Chinese books for later generation. According to the general statistics of ''The General Catalogue of the Publications and Classics of National Palace Museum'', ''The Catalogue of World’s Manchu Literature'' and ''The Union Catalogue of National Manchu Books and Materials'' and ''Solving Problems in the Catalogue of Engraved Books in Qing Dynasty'', during the period of Shunzhi dynasty, there are nine official Manchu translations of Chinese books.They are ''History of Liao Dynasty'', ''History of Jin Dynasty'', ''History of Yuan Dynasty'', ''Hongwuyaoxun'', ''Records of the Three Kingdoms'', ''Classic of Poetry'', ''Record of Loyalty'', ''Classic of Filial Piety''(translated by Ashtan), ''Liutaosanlue''. Among them, ''Records of the Three Kingdoms'' translated in the seventh year of Shunzhi dynasty has both Manchu version and the combined one of Chinese and Manchu.(revised by Wei Chuxuan)--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 07:11, 29 September 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 08:59, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081527 魏楚璇女==

另外，《孝经》曾于顺治、康熙、雍正朝刊刻三次，但版本明显不同：顺治年间的刊行本为阿什坦译本，康熙年间的刊行本为和素译校本，雍正时期的版本则译者未明，仅注明“雍正皇帝敕译”。令人好奇的是，虽然世祖笃信佛教，论佛谈法，但从相关文献看，未见有顺治朝翻译的汉文经书，其中原因，不得而知。
What's more, ''Filial Piety'' has different publications of translation in different dynasties. In Shunzhi dynasty, the publication is Ashtan's translation. In Kangxi dynasty, the publication is Hesu's translation. In Yongzheng dynasty, the translator is unknown. It is only indicated in the publication that the translation is asked by Yongzheng emperor. Curiously according to relevant literature though Shunzhi emperor believed in Buddhism, there is no translation of Buddhist classics made in his dynasty. And the reason of this remains a mystery.--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 02:12, 29 September 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Wei Chuxuan|Wei Chuxuan]] ([[User talk:Wei Chuxuan|talk]]) 09:05, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

What's more, ''Filial Piety'' has been published and printed three times in the dynasty of Shunzhi, Kangxi and Yongzheng respectively but with three obvious different versions. During the Shunzhi dynasty was the translation of Ashtan, during the dynasty of Kangxi was of Hesu and during the Yongzheng dynasty was of the unknown writer, only indicating "translating under the order of the emperor Yongzheng". What made people curious was that although Shizu sincerely believed in Buddhism, talking about Buddhism and Buddhist doctrine, there was no Chinese Confucian classics translated during the Shunzhi Dynasty according to the relevant references. And the reason of this remains unknown.--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 08:14, 29 September 2021 (UTC)(Wei Zhaoyan 魏兆妍）

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081528 魏兆妍女==

世祖年间翻译刊行的九种汉文书籍中，《六韬》、《三国志（通俗演义）》和《大乘经》等三种原系达海于天聪六年开始翻译，但由于达海早逝未能译成。三部作品中，尤以《三国志（通俗演义）》的翻译所获世祖认可为甚。《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》中说：
以翻译《三国志（通俗演义）》告成，赏大学士范文程、刚林、祁充格、宁完我、洪承畴、冯铨、宋权、学士查布海、苏纳海、王文奎、伊图、胡理、刘清泰、来袞（gǔn）、马尔笃、蒋赫德等鞍马、银两有差。[ 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第13页。]

Nine kinds of Chinese literary books has been translated and published during the year of Shizu, among which Da Hai began translating three kinds of the original system of ''Liu Tao'', ''The Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' and ''Mahayana Sutra'' during the sixth year of Tian Cong. However, Da Hai failed to translate them all successfully due to his early death. Among these three works, especially the translation of ''The Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' has received the most approval of Shizu. Said in ''The Real Record of the Qing Dynasty · Real Record of the Emperor Shizu Zhang'': With the completed translation of ''The Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', Shizu would award some side horses and silver to the Grand Master Fan Wenching, Gang Lin, Qi Chongge, Ning Wanwo, Hong Chengchou, Feng Quan, Song Quan and Bachelor Zha Buhai, Su Nahai, Wang Wenkui, Yi Tu, Hu Li, Liu Qingtai, Lai Gun, Ma Erdu, Jiang Hede. [ Ertai and others were ordered by the emperor to modify: ''The Real Record of Qing Dynasty · Real Record of the Emperor Shizu Zhang'', Beijing: China Publishing House, 1985, Page 13. ]--[[User:Wei Zhaoyan|Wei Zhaoyan]] ([[User talk:Wei Zhaoyan|talk]]) 07:52, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

Among the nine kinds of Chinese books translated and published during the reign of Shizu emperor , three were first translated by Da Hai in 1632, including "Liu Tao", “The Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and "Mahayana Sutra”. Yet they failed to be finished due to his early death. Of the three works, the translation of "The Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms" received the most recognition of Shizu emperor. According to "The Real Record of the Qing Dynasty · Real Record of the Emperor Shizu Zhang": Given the successful translation of "The Popular Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Shizu emperor awarded some side horses and silver to the Grand Master Fan Wenching, Gang Lin, Qi Chongge, Ning Wanwo, Hong Chengchou, Feng Quan, Song Quan and Bachelor Zha Buhai, Su Nahai, Wang Wenkui, Yi Tu, Hu Li, Liu Qingtai, Lai Gun, Ma Erdu, Jiang Hede, and the amount of awards depended on their position.[ Ertai and others ordered by the emperor to modify: ''The Real Record of Qing Dynasty · Real Record of the Emperor Shizu Zhang'', Beijing: China Publishing House, 1985, Page 13. ]--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 07:32, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081531 肖毅瑶女==

此次获得赏赐者共计十六人，从大学士到学士不等，既赏鞍马，又赏银两，可见其对于该书翻译的重视。值得特别注意的是，关于《三国志（通俗演义）》一书的翻译，《清初内国史院满文档案译编》中也有记载，不仅更加详实，而且内容上也与《清实录》中的记载有较大出入。为便于比较，现一并摘录如下：
A total number of 16 officers, varying from Grand Masters to Bachelors, were awarded saddled horses and silver, which indicated that the emperor had attached great importance to the translation of this book. Besides, what deserves a speacial attention was that ''Translation and Compilation of Manchu Archives of the National Institute of History in the Early Qing Dynasty'' also documented some facts about the translation of the ''Romance of Three Kingdoms''. The records were not only more detailed but also quite different from that of the ''Factual Record of Qing dynasty''. For the convenience of comparison, both were excerpted as follows:

A total number of 16 officers, varying from Grand Academcians to Bachelors, were awarded saddled horses and silver, which indicated that the emperor had attached great importance to the translation of this book. Besides, it is worth paying speacial attention that ''Translation and Compilation of Manchu Archives of the National Institute of History in the Early Qing Dynasty'' also documented some facts about the translation of the ''Romance of Three Kingdoms''. The records were not only more detailed but also quite different from that of the ''Factual Record of Qing dynasty''. For the convenience of comparison, both were excerpted as follows:----[[User:Xie Jiafen|Xie Jiafen]] ([[User talk:Xie Jiafen|talk]]) 13:33, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081532 谢佳芬女==

以翻译《三国志（通俗演义）》告成，赏赐内翰林院大臣。赏予大学士范文程巴克什、刚林巴克什、祁充格、宁完我、洪承畴、冯铨、宋权七大臣彩鞍、雕辔（pèi）、……头等马各一匹、银各五十两。赏学士查布海、苏纳海、王文奎、伊图、胡理、清泰、来袞、马迩都、赫德九人无鞍二等马各一匹、银各四十两。

When ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms’’ having been completed，all the ministers in Hanlin Academcian were awarded. The grand secretaries Fan Wencheng, Gang Lin, Qi Chongge, Ning Wanwo, Hong Chengchou, Feng Quan, Song Quan were rewarded color saddle, bridle, one first-class horse and fifty liang of silver respectively. The nine scholars, Cha Buhai, Su Nahai, Wang Wenkui, Yitu, Huli, Qingtai, laigon, Ma Youdu and Hede, each have one second-class bareback horse and forty liang of silver

After the completion of “Records of the Three Kingdoms”, ministers of Hanlin Academy were awarded. Maesters including Fan Wencheng, Gang Lin, Qi Chongge, Ning Wanwo, Hong Chengchou, Feng Quan, Song Quan were awarded with colorized saddle, bridle, a first-class horse and fifty Liang of silver respectively. Nine scholars like Cha Buhai, Su Nahai, Wang Wenkui, Yitu, Huli, Qingtai, laigon, Ma Youdu and Hede, each of them has one second-class bareback horse and forty liang of silver respectively.--[[User:Xiong Min|Xiong Min]] ([[User talk:Xiong Min|talk]]) 13:45, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081534 熊敏女==

赏内弘文院主事能图、叶成格、曹皮、铿特依、杜当、布尔凯、侍讲学士吕宗烈、侍读学士张皮机、典籍官王丛庞九人银各四十两。赏博士科尔科岱、霍斯霍利、尼曼、苏和、奇同格、芒色、霍托、穆成格、周有德、必利科图、国史院博士图巴海、秘书院秦达浑臣十二人银各二十两。赏笔帖式翁国顺、额斯黑、高利、马齐蘭、乌勒扈、穆成格、必利科图、严楚蘭、阿希图、国史院笔帖式朱臣十人银各二十两。

Chiefs of Hongwen Academy like Neng Tu,Ye Chengge,Cao Pi,Qiang Teyi,Du Dang, But Erkai,teacher like Lv Zonglie, attendant like Zhang Piji, manager of ancient books like Wang Congpang were rewarded forty pounds of silver respectively.Doctor Me Erkedai, Huh Sihuoli,Niman,Su He,Qi Tongge, Mang Se, Huo Tuo,Mu Chengge,Zhou Youde, Bi Liketu,Tu Bahai,Qin Dahun were all awarded 20 pounds of silver. Weng Guoshun,E Sihei,Golly, Ma Qilan,Wu Leba,Mu Chengge, Bi Liketu,Yan Chulan,A Xitu,Zhu Chen were all rewarded with 20 pounds of silver.

Chief cadres of Hongwen Academy including Neng Tu,Ye Chengge,Cao Pi,Qiang Teyi,Du Dang,Bu Erkai,Teacher like Lv Zonglie, Attendant like Zhang Piji, Manager of ancient books Wang Congpang were rewarded forty silver pounds respectively. Doctor Me Erkedai, Huh Sihuoli,Niman,Su He,Qi Tongge, Mang Se, Huo Tuo,Mu Chengge,Zhou Youde, Bi Liketu,Tu Bahai,Qin Dahun were all awarded 20 silver pounds. Weng Guoshun,E Sihei,Golly, Ma Qilan,Wu Leba,Mu Chengge, Bi Liketu,Yan Chulan,A Xitu,Zhu Chen were all rewarded with 20 silver pounds.--[[User:Yang Ye|Yang Ye]] ([[User talk:Yang Ye|talk]]) 12:23, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081539 羊叶女==

以上送礼部一一宣名，跪受赏。[ 中国第一历史档案馆编：《清初内国史院满文档案译编·顺治朝》，北京：光明日报出版社，1989年，第80页。]

显然，上述两种文献提到的系同一件事情，但内容上有明显出入：首先，封赏的人数不同。
The officials above give gifts to the Ministry of Rites one by one, being declared the name, and kneeling to be rewarded. [Editor of China's First Historical Archives: Translation of manchu archives of the National Historical Institute of the early Qing Dynasty, Shunzhi Dynasty, Beijing: Guangming Daily Press, 1989, p. 80.] Obviously,the two documents mention the same thing, but there are obvious differences in content: first, the number of people who are rewarded is quite different.

All these officials on the list will be named in recognition and rewarded on their knees at the Ministry of Rites. [ Edited by the First Historical Archive of China: "Translation and compilation of Manchu archives in the Early Qing Dynasty•Shunzhi Dynasty", GuangMing Daily Press, 1989, P80]

Appartently, the two literatures mentioned above refer to the same thing, but they differ in content: Firstly, the number of rewarded people is different. --[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 03:34, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081543 杨柳青女==

例如，《清实录》中只有十六人，《清初内国史院满文档案译编》则多达四十七人，二者之间的出入主要在于弘文院主事、侍讲与侍读学士、典籍官、博士，以及笔帖式等职官群体名单。其次，在赏赐的物件问题上，《清初内国史院满文档案译编》的记载较之《清实录》明显更加详实、具体，可信度更高。再次，在个别封赏对象的称呼上，两种文献之间也有差异。

For example, only 16 civil officials are rewarded according to the "Records of the Qing Dynasty" while officials who are rewarded according to the "Translation and Compilation of Manchu Archives of the Chinese Academy in the Early Qing Dynasty" are as many as over 40. This difference mainly lies in the list of official groups such as the director of the Hong Arts Institute, official bachelors, classics officers, learned scholars and clerks handling paperwork. Secondly, the records about rewarded items in the "Translation of Manchu Archives of the Chinese Academy in the Early Qing Dynasty" are obviously more detailed, accurate and credible than those in the "Records of the Qing Dynasty". Thirdly, there are also some differences between the two literatures in terms of the appellation of the rewarded officials.--[[User:Yang Liuqing|Yang Liuqing]] ([[User talk:Yang Liuqing|talk]]) 03:30, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

For example, only 16 civil officials were rewarded in the The Records of the Qing Dynasty while officials rewarded in the Manchu Archives Translation and Compilation of the Inner State History Academy in the Early Qing Dynasty were as many as over 40. This difference mainly lay in the list of official groups such as the director of the Hong Arts Institute, official bachelors, classics officers, learned scholars and clerks handling paperwork. Secondly, the records about rewarded items in the Manchu Archives Translation and Compilation of the Inner State History Academy in the Early Qing Dynasty were obviously more detailed, accurate and credible than those in the The Records of the Qing Dynasty. Thirdly, there were also some differences between the two literatures in terms of the appellation of the rewarded officials.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 05:11, 29 September 2021 (UTC)--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 05:11, 29 September 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081545 易扬帆女==

例如，《清实录》中的“刘清泰”被写作《清初内国史院满文档案译编》中的“清泰”，“马尔笃”被写作“马迩都”，“蒋赫德”被写作“赫德”，等等。
世祖年间翻译的汉文书籍中，《洪武宝训》、《表忠录》、《诗经》与《孝经》等也各具代表性。《洪武宝训》系明朝皇权政治的象征，反映了明太祖朱元璋治国理政的理念和方针政策。
For example, Liu Qingtai in Factual Record of Qing Dynasty was written as Qingtai in Manchu Archives Translation and Compilation of the Inner State History Academy in the Early Qing Dynasty, Mar Du was written as Ma Erdu, and Jiang Hede was written as Hurd, etc.
The translated Chinese books in the certain era of Fulin years, such as HongWu Baoxun, The Record of Loyalty, Books of Songs and Classic of Filial Piety have had their own representatives. HongWu Baoxun was a symbol of the imperial power politics of Ming Dynasty, which reflected the ideas and policies of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty.--[[User:Yi Yangfan|Yi Yangfan]] ([[User talk:Yi Yangfan|talk]]) 16:03, 28 September 2021 (UTC)Yi Yangfan

For example, “Liu Qingtai” in Factual Record of Qing Dynasty was written as “Qingtai” in Manchu Archives Translation and Compilation of the Inner State History Academy in the Early Qing Dynasty, "Mar Du" was written as "Ma Erdu", "Jiang Hede" was written as "Hede", and so on. The translated Chinese books in Fulin years, such as HongWu Baoxun, The Record of Loyalty, Books of Songs and Classic of Filial Piety all were of representative. Hongwu Baoxun was a symbol of imperial power politics in the Ming Dynasty and reflected the ideas and policies of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 02:46, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081546 殷慧珍女==

顺治三年三月，《洪武宝训》的满文翻译完成，成为清朝入关后的首部汉籍译作。世祖对于该部译作极为重视，不仅赏赐了刚林、宁完我、范文程等译者，而且由摄政王多尔衮钦命汉官代笔，以世祖名义为译作制作序文，颁行全国。世祖对明太祖推崇备至，尤其是后者制定的条例章程，认为历代贤君莫如洪武，因而本书的翻译目的性极强。

In the March of the third year of Shunzhi, the Manchu translation of Hongwu Baoxun was completed, becoming the first translation written by Chinese writer after the Qing Dynasty was in power. The emperor Shizu attached great importance to this translation. He not only rewarded the translators such as Gang Lin,Ning Wanwo, and Fan Wencheng, ect., but also the regent Dorgon appointed Han officals to write a preface in the name of Shizu, which was issued throughout the country. The emperor Shizu revered the emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty, especially the regulations and articles he formulated, and believed that there were no virtuous monarchs of all dynasties like Hongwu, so the translation purpose of this book was very strong.--[[User:Yin Huizhen|Yin Huizhen]] ([[User talk:Yin Huizhen|talk]]) 01:17, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

In the March of the third year of Shunzhi, the Manchu translation of Hongwu Baoxun was completed, becoming the first translation done by Chinese translators since the Qing Dynasty was established. The Emperor Shizu attached great importance to this translation. Not only he rewarded the translators such as Gang Lin,Ning Wanwo, and Fan Wencheng, ect., but also the regent Dorgon appointed the officals of Han Dynasty to write a preface, which was issued throughout the country, in the name of Shizu. The Emperor Shizu praised the emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty highly, especially the regulations and articles he formulated, and he believed that there were no more virtuous monarchs of all dynasties than Hongwu, so the translation purpose of this book was very strong.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 02:21, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081548 尹媛女==

换言之，世祖希望借由此书的翻译，以中原汉族王朝的所谓“正统”巩固满清统治，粉饰民族征服和民族压迫。事实上，以翻译汉书，尤其是汉文典章制度书籍的翻译，作为统治的工具和手段，这一点在太宗时期即已存在。作为国家治理的重要手段，太宗不仅令达海改进老满文，而且钦定翻译了不少汉文书籍，如明太祖颁发的《大诰三编》和《三国演义》等，用作出谋划策和军事征讨的参考。
In other words, Shizu hoped to consolidate the rule of Qing Dynasty with the so-called "orthodox" of Han Dynasty in the Central Plains to deny national conquest and oppression by translating this book. Actually, in the reign of Emperor Taizong, it had existed that the translation of Chinese books, especially the translation of Chinese laws and regulations, was regarded as the tools and means of ruling. As the important mean of national governance, the old manchu scripts were developed by Da Hai and not a few Chinese books, such as ''The third Edition of Penal Code'' and ''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms''issued by Emperor Hongwu were translated under the decree of Emperor Taizong, which were used as a reference for planning and advising and military campaigns.--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 15:44, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

In other words, Shizu hoped to consolidate the rule of Qing Dynasty with the so-called "orthodox" of Han Dynasty in the Central Plains to whitewash national conquests and oppressions by translating this book. Actually, in the reign of Emperor Taizong, it had existed that the translation of Chinese books, especially the translation of Chinese laws and regulations, was regarded as the tools and means of ruling. As an important mean of national governance, the old manchu scripts were developed by Da Hai and not a few Chinese books, such as ''The third Edition of Penal Code'' and ''The Romance of the Three Kingdoms''issued by Emperor Hongwu were translated under the decree of Emperor Taizong, which were used as a reference for planning and military campaigns.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 03:01, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081549 詹若萱女==

《表忠录》同样辑自明朝嘉靖年间，实为杨继盛的两部奏疏，即《请诛贼臣疏》和《请罢马市疏》，由汪宗伊撰于明朝万历年间，属吏部传记类。顺治十三年前后，世祖降旨将杨继盛事迹写成《忠愍记》。所谓“忠愍”，即明穆宗因念及杨继盛参劾严嵩之功，誉其为“直谏诸臣之首”，而追赠给后者的谥号。
The Record of Loyalty was also written from the JiaJing peroid of Ming Dynasty. It was actually consisted of two memorials to throne of Yang JIsheng, namely memorial on killing traitors and memorial on closing the horse market written by Wang Zongyi during the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty. It belonged to official biography. About ShunZhi 13 years, the Emperor Shizu made a decree to write Yang Jisheng’s good deeds into The Record of Zhong Min. The so-called “Zhong Min” referred to the posthumous title given to Yang Jisheng after his death, because Emperor Muzong praised him as “the head of the ministers” for his contribution to impeaching Yan Song.--[[User:Zhan Ruoxuan|Zhan Ruoxuan]] ([[User talk:Zhan Ruoxuan|talk]]) 02:27, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

The Record of Loyalty was also written in the JiaJing peroid of Ming Dynasty. It was actually consisted of two memorials to throne of Yang JIsheng, namely memorial on killing traitors and memorial on closing the horse market written by Wang Zongyi during the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty. It is a kind of official biography. About ShunZhi 13 years, the Emperor Shizu made a decree to write Yang Jisheng’s good deeds into The Record of Zhong Min. The so-called “Zhong Min” referred to the posthumous title given to Yang Jisheng after his death, because Emperor Muzong praised him as “the head of the ministers” for his contribution to impeaching Yan Song.--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 13:16, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081553 钟义菲女==

《忠愍记》成书后，世祖御制《表忠录·序》以表彰杨继盛，其中写道：自古贤臣正士效力王家，率授命致身，捐生赴义。迹其所遭，若无厚幸然。
After the record of Zhong Min was written, the emperor Shizu personally wrote a preface to the record of loyalty to commend Yang Jisheng, which wrote: since ancient times, virtuous officials have devotedly served the emperor family, sacrificing their lives for justice. From what happened, there was no luck.

After the Record of Zhong Min was finished, the emperor Shizu personally wrote the Preface to the Record of Loyalty to commend Yang Jisheng, which wrote: since ancient times, virtuous officials and soldiers have devotedly served the loyal family, sacrificing their lives for justice. From what happened to them, there was no luck.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 12:40, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081554 钟雨露女==

而时过论定，声称振杨，及于代远风遥，流徽弥茂，留连曩迹，如遘其人。是以孟轲有言：“奋乎百世之上，百世之下闻者莫不兴起也”。……顾竭志尽忠者，人臣之谊；善善恶恶者，大道之公。

But as time went by, the verdict on Yang Jisheng’s exploits had been reached and he gained considerable fame. When the years have passed, the fame of him spread all around. When people recalled his deeds, it was like meeting him in person. Just as Mencius said, “Those who made themselves distinguished a hundred generations before, and after a hundred generations, some people who heard of them are all aroused in this manner.” ……..Those who were intensely loyal could be harmonious with the ministers; And it was fair to punish the bad and to be kind to the good. --[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 01:33, 2 October 2021 (UTC)

But as time went by, Yang Jisheng’s exploits have been recognized, and he gained considerable fame. The older the years, the more his fame spread. When people recalled his deeds, it was like meeting him in person. Just as Mencius said, “Those who made themselves distinguished a hundred generations before, and after a hundred generations, some people who heard of them are all aroused in this manner.” ……..Those who were intensely loyal could be harmonious with the ministers. And it was fair to punish the bad and to be kind to the good. --[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 13:09, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

==英语语言文学（英美文学） 202120081555 周玖女==

循省往哲，爱结于中，诚有不能自己者也。朕万机之暇，绎载籍，每览忠孝节义之事，未尝不反复三致意焉。[ 阎崇年校注：《康熙顺天府志》，北京：中华书局，2009年，第482页。]

一方面，世祖赞誉杨继盛为忠臣之典范；另一方面，世祖又斥责严嵩为逆臣，认为正是严嵩父子威福专擅，浊乱王家，致使纪纲废断。

Reflecting on predecessors, despite the disloyal, the love to nation was condensed together. I was bombarded with numerous affairs. But in my spare time, I translated and recorded many books through dictation. When I read books about loyalty, I often analyzed them repeatedly to express my regard. [ Yan Chongnian: Kang Xi Shun Tianfu, Beijing: China Publishing House, 2009, Page 482. ]--[[User:Zhou Jiu|Zhou Jiu]] ([[User talk:Zhou Jiu|talk]]) 13:12, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

On the one hand, the emperor Shizu acclaimed Yang Jisheng as the paragon of loyal minister. On the other hand, he denounced Yan Song as a traitor, and believing（believed--Chen Xiangqiong(talk) )the fact that Yan Song and his son misused their authorities to domineer and disturb the loyal family so that the law and regulations became slacked.（were broken--Chen Xiangqiong(talk)）

==外国语言学及应用语言学 202120081480 陈湘琼女==

世祖敕令翻译此书，目的是为了激励官员学做忠谏之臣，劝勉意味浓厚。毋庸置疑，世祖时期的汉籍翻译秉承的原则也是“实用主义”原则，这一点太祖、太宗时期的汉籍翻译并无本质区别。例如，世祖敕译《诗经》，即有显著的现实意义与政治考量。

The Emperor Shunzhi commanded to translate this book for the purpose that officials could be encouraged to become people who dare to tell the truth and give right suggestions to the emperor, which had persuasive and warning meanings by itself. In this period, translation of books from Han dynasty was in fact abiding to the “utilization” principle, which had no difference to translations in the period of Qianlong Emperor and Huang Taiji Emperor. For example , practical significance and political meditation had been considered for Emperor Shunzhi commanding the translation of “Book of Songs”.

The Emperor Shunzhi commanded to translate this book to encourage officials to tell the truth and put forward reasonable suggestions, which was of great persuasive meaning.In this period, translation of canons from Han dynasty actually followed the “utilitarianism” principle, which had no difference to those during the reign of Qianlong Emperor and Huang Taiji Emperor. For example , practical significance and political meditation had been considered for Emperor Shunzhi commanding the translation of “Book of Songs”. --[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 14:00, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

==外国语言学及应用语言学 202120081492 黄逸妍女==

《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》中说，顺治十年二月，“上幸内院，披阅翻译《五经》，谕诸臣曰：‘天德王道，备载于书，真万世不易之理也’”。[ 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第9页。]可见，世祖饬令翻译《诗经》之时，其它各经的翻译也在进行，但《五经》中仅有《诗经》一部付梓。《诗经》译毕，世祖也为其御制序文，认为该部作品能使人明性意，崇礼义，“其言之深者，可用于庙堂；言之浅者，可用于身家。以之事君，必忠；以之事父，必孝。

According to Records of Qing Dynasty •Records of the Emperor Shizu, in February of the tenth year during the reign of the emperor Shunzhi, "After reading the Five Classics in palace, the emperor contended that morals and natural laws are recorded in these books in extenso, which are tough to reach." [Revised by Eertai: Records of Qing Dynasty •Records of the Emperor Shizu, Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House, 1985:9 ] It was clear that the translating of other classics was also proceeding when the emperor Shizu commanded the translation of The Book of Songs while only the latter had been finished among the five classics. When the translation of The Book of Songs came to an end, the emperor Shizu wrote the preface to it himself and remained steadfast in the belief that that work helped to behave with propriety and righteousness. "The book can be used in imperial court from its profound aspect and in average families from its unadorned aspect. Instilled with the belief, the officials would be faithful and the children filial.
--[[User:Huang Yiyan1|Huang Yiyan1]] ([[User talk:Huang Yiyan1|talk]]) 00:44, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

According to Records of Qing Dynasty •Records of the Emperor Shizu, in February of the tenth year during the reign of the emperor Shunzhi, "After having a careful perusal of the Five Classics in adytum, the emperor proclaimed all ministers that morals and natural laws are recorded in these books in extenso, which are tough to reach for all ages." [Revised by Eertai et al: Records of Qing Dynasty •Records of the Emperor Shizu, Beijing: Zhonghua Publishing House, 1985:9 ] It could be seen that the translating of other classics was also proceeding when the emperor Shizu commanded to translate The Book of Songs, while only the latter had been finished among the five classics. When the translation of The Book of Songs came to an end, the emperor Shizu wrote the preface to it himself and believed that reading this work would help us to behave with propriety and righteousness. "It can be used in imperial court from its profound aspect and in average families from its unadorned aspect. Instilled with the belief, the officials would be faithful and the children filial.edit--[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 14:12, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

==外国语言学及应用语言学 202120081513 马新女==

更可以敦厚人伦，端正教化。”[ 叶高树：《清朝前期的文化政策》，台北：稻乡出版社，2002年，第72-73页。]

从“教化”的角度思考《诗经》的翻译，既是世祖本人的自觉认识，也是以他为首的统治者在面对稗（bài）官小说盛行，而满洲人竞相翻译时所做的一种调整。正如顺治九年进士、刑科给事中阿什坦指出的那样：学者立志，宜以圣贤为期，读书务以经史为中。

"It could also give depth to moral relations, straighten out educational ideas and transform people." [Ye Shugao: Cultural Policy in the Early Qing Dynasty, Taipei: Daoxiang Publishing House, 2002: 72-73.]

It is not only the conscious understanding of Qingshizhu Emperor himself to think about the translation of The Book of Songs from an "Enlightenment" perspective, but also an adjustment made by the rulers at his head faced with the prevalence of Bai-guan novels and Manchurians competing for translation. As pointed out by Ashtan, an advanced scholar in the ninth year of Shunzhi and a supervising censor of Justice, scholars should aspire to be saints and their reading must focus on classical and historical books. --[[User:Ma Xin|Ma Xin]] ([[User talk:Ma Xin|talk]]) 13:11, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

It could also give depth to moral relations, straighten out educational ideas and transform people." [Ye Shugao: Cultural Policy in the Early Qing Dynasty, Taipei: Daoxiang Publishing House, 2002: 72-73.]

Thinking about the translation of The Book of Songs from the "Teaching" perspectives is not only the personal understanding of Qingshizhu Emperor himself but also an adjustment made by the rulers at his head faced with the prevalence of Bai-guan novels and Manchurians competing for translation. As pointed out by Ashtan, an advanced scholar in the ninth year of Shunzhi and a supervising censor of Justice, the scholars should aspire to be saints and focus on classical and historical books.--[[User:Qing Jianan|Qing Jianan]] ([[User talk:Qing Jianan|talk]]) 15:38, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

==外国语言学及应用语言学 202120081518 秦建安女==

此外杂书无益之言，必概废之而不睹。则庶乎学业日隆，而邪慝（tè）之心无由而入。近见满洲译书内，多有小说秽言，非惟无益，恐流行渐染，则人心易致于邪慝。

Besides, there is no beneficial words in assorted books which should not be allowed to be published and be viewed.(So they shouldn't be allowed to be published and viewed--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 07:26, 29 September 2021 (UTC)) Then the level of study approximately can be uplifted day by day. Meanwhile, the minds of people will also not be degenerate. Recently I found that the translation of some Manchurian books was full of obscene words which personally was of futility. I am afraid that such transition will be so popular that easily erode people’s thoughts.

Revised version:--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 13:08, 11 October 2021 (UTC)
Besides, there is no beneficial words in assorted books.So they shouldn't be allowed to be published and viewed.Then the level of study approximately can be uplifted day by day. Meanwhile, the minds of people will also not be degenerate. Recently I found that the translation of some Manchurian books was full of obscene words which personally was of futility. I am afraid that such transition will be so popular that easily erode people’s thoughts.

==外国语言学及应用语言学 202120081522 孙雅诗女==

况圣贤古训，日详究之，犹恐不及，何暇费日时于无用之地？[ 鄂尔泰等修，李洵、赵德贵等点校：《八旗通志·初集》，长春：东北师范大学出版社，1989年，第5339页。]

阿什坦的奏章开宗明义，指出读书必以经史为要，必须摒弃杂书，尤其是污言秽语之书，以免贾祸人心。为此，他奏请皇帝对旗人读书严加限制，要求嗣后翻译书籍也应针对“关圣贤义理，古今治乱之书”，对于其它书籍则“概为禁饬，不许翻译”。[ 同上。]

What's more,there are many sages and wisdom need to be researched.We are afraid that we don't have enough time to do it in details day by day.So why do we waste our time translating those things?[Revised by Eertai ect.,proofread by Li Xun，Zhao De ect.:''Baqitongzhi·chuji'',Changchun:Northeast Normal University Press,1989,p.5339.]

The advice of Ashitan is very clear from the very begining--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 15:33, 28 September 2021 (UTC),which points that reading should focus on the Confusion classic and history --[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 15:39, 28 September 2021 (UTC)and abandon those irrelevant books,especially those of dirty words,to get people rid of the obscene thoughts.In order to do this,he advised the emperor be more strict with the Qi people's readings.flag people's learning.--[[User:Wu Yinghong|Wu Yinghong]] ([[User talk:Wu Yinghong|talk]]) 15:30, 28 September 2021 (UTC)And he also required his offspring translate books about sages,principles and those can help to govern the society.Besides these books,other books are all forbidden and mustn't be translated.--[[User:Sun Yashi|Sun Yashi]] ([[User talk:Sun Yashi|talk]]) 11:44, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

==日语语言文学 202120081530 吴映红女==

这一观点既是他翻译《大学》、《中庸》、《孝经》、《潘氏（通鉴）总论》、《太公家教》的原则与标准，也是太祖朝以来一以贯之的译书宗旨。

五汉籍（书）翻译的文化沟通意涵

清初的汉书翻译主要由两部分人员构成：兼通满、汉的旗人（满洲、蒙古、汉军），以及八旗文科举中的举人、进士及第者，特别是顺治朝以来从新科进士中拣选出来学习满文的汉籍士子。
The opinion is not only the principle and standard of his translation about ‘’University‘’, ‘’the doctrine of the mean‘’,‘ ‘’ the book of filial piety‘’, ‘’the general theory of pan (Tongjian) ‘’and ‘’Taigong family education‘’, but also the consistent purpose of translation from the Taizu Dynasty.
FIFTH Cultural communication of Han nationality.
《大学》''The Great Learning'' --[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 14:01, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
In the early Qing Dynasty, the translation of Chinese traditional book was mostly composed of two parts: the flag people who knew Manchu and Han (Manchuria, Mongolia and Han Army), as well as the candidates, Jinshi and others in the eight flag liberal arts test, especially the Chinese bechelors who was selected from the new Jinshi to study Manchu from the Shunzhi Dynasty.

The opinion is not only the principle and standard of his translation about ‘’Daxue‘’, ‘’Zhongyong‘’,‘ ‘’ Xiaojing‘’, ‘’Genneral Theory(Tongjian) of Pan's Family ‘’and ‘’Taigong Family Education‘’, but also the consistent purpose of translation from the Taizu Dynasty.
FIFTH Cultural communication of Han nationality.
《大学》''The Great Learning'' --[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 14:01, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
In the early Qing Dynasty, the translation of Chinese traditional book was mostly composed of two parts: the flag people who knew Manchu and Han (Manchuria, Mongolia and Han Army), as well as the candidates, Jinshi and others in the eight flag liberal arts test, especially the Chinese bechelors who was selected from the new Jinshi to study Manchu from the Shunzhi Dynasty.
--[[User:Zhu Renduo|Zhu Renduo]] ([[User talk:Zhu Renduo|talk]]) 12:51, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==日语语言文学 202120081560 朱壬铎男==

这些人员既是翻译专才，又是文化接触与交流的实践者，代表了满洲统治阶级想要与汉族之间进行文化沟通的意愿。如顺治六年四月，礼科给事中姚文然以“以满汉同心合力为念。窃思满汉一家，咸思报主”为由，奏请从新科进士内广选庶吉士，令其肄习清书，待精熟之后即授以科、道等官。[ 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第11页。]顺治十年，世祖降旨，对此前所选三科庶吉士进行考试，从中选取“通满洲文义者三人”，“以应升之缺用”，并选取“其次可造者十二人”，“仍照原衔，责令勉力学习，俟再试分别。”[ 同上，第7-8页。]

These persons are not only experts in translation,but also practicer in cultral contact and communication,which represented the will,which is to cultrally communicate with the Han people,of the ruling class of Manchu.

For example,in April of the sixth year of Shunzhi,Yao Wenran,the inspectorof the department of rites,with the reason that "with the purpose that is combining the Man ethnic and the Han ethnic,I secretly came up with an idea about the Man-Han family but with my whole life for the emperor",made a request that is to widely select Shujishi from newly selected Jinshi and order them to sutdy the books of Qing Dynasty to get well-learned then teach the bureaucrats from other departments and circuits.[E Ertai et al.write by imperial command:Veritable Records of Qing Dynasty-Records of Shizu Zhang Emperor,Beijing,China Book Bureau,1985,p.11]

In the tenth year of Shunzhi,Shizong emperor declared an imperial order about examining the selected Shujishi from all three subjects,from which select three persons who are "familiar with the texts of Manchu",to"fill the vacancy caused by the former Jinshi selection",and select "another 12 gifted persons""remain the former title,make them study hard for the further tests and selection."[E Ertai et al.write by imperial command:Veritable Records of Qing Dynasty-Records of Shizu Zhang Emperor,Beijing,China Book Bureau,1985,p.7-8]
--[[User:Zhu Renduo|Zhu Renduo]] ([[User talk:Zhu Renduo|talk]]) 02:47, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

These person are not only experts in translation,but also practicers in cultural contact and communication. They represent the will to culturally communicate with the Han people,of the ruling class of Manchu.
For example,in April of the sixth year of Shunzhi,Yao Wenran,the inspector of the Department of Rites,with the reason that "with the purpose that is combining the Manchu and the Han ethnic,I think both Manchu and Han should hold the thought to requite favours to the emperor,made a request to widely select Hanlin bachelor from newly selected Jinshi(a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations) and order them to sutdy the books of Qing Dynasty to get well-learned then grant them official positions.[E Ertai et al.write by imperial command:Veritable Records of
Qing Dynasty-Records of Shizu Zhang Emperor,Beijing,China Book Bureau,1985,p.11]
In the tenth year of Shunzhi, the emperor declared an imperial order about examining the selected Han bachelor of all three subjects,from which select three persons who are "familiar with the texts of Manchu",to"fill the vacancy caused by the former Jinshi selection",and select "another 12 gifted persons""remain the former title,make them study hard for the further tests and selection."[Idem, p.7-8]

--[[User:Cai Zhufeng|Cai Zhufeng]] ([[User talk:Cai Zhufeng|talk]]) 06:10, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==日语语言文学 202120081477 蔡珠凤女==

雍、乾、嘉年间，从新科进士中选取习满文者的做法得到延续，但每次选取者人数不一，整体上渐呈下降之势，至道光二十年前后废止，为汉书的满文翻译提供了人力来源，同时也为沟通满、汉两族文化提供了桥梁。

事实上，早在太宗时期，由于满人尚居关外，不识汉字，又罔知政体，遂敕达海等翻译汉书，使“满洲臣民未习汉文者，亦能兼通汉书”，而太宗自己也以它们作为“临政规范”，学习汉族的国家治理模式。[ 鄂尔泰等修，李洵、赵德贵等点校：《八旗通志·初集》，长春：东北师范大学出版社，1989年，第5325页。]顺治年间，阿什坦译成《大学》、《中庸》等书后，世祖又以它们作为倡导礼义教化的工具，希望通过此举使“满洲人知崇正学、尚经术”，令“邪说不得行”，而“风俗丕变”。[ 同上。]
In the years of Yong Zheng , Qian Long and Jia Qing , the practice of selecting Manchu scholars from new scholars continued, but the number of candidates selected each time varied, and the overall trend gradually decreased. It was abolished around the 20th year of Dao Guang, which not only provided a source of manpower resources for Manchu translation of Hanshu, but also provided a bridge for communication between Manchu and Han cultures.
In fact, as early as the Taizong period, because the Manchus still lived outside the frontier fortress, did not know Chinese characters and did not know about the regime, they ordered Dahai and other people to translate Chinese books, so that "Manchus who did not learn Chinese could also understand the contents of Chinese books", and Taizong himself used them as "administration norms" to learn the national governance model of the Han nationality. [Writed by Ertai etc.Checked by Li Xun, Zhao Degui etc.:"Ba Qi Tong Zhi I", Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 1989, P. 5325.] during the reign of Shunzhi, after Ashitan translated the 《University》《Moderate》and other books, Shizu used them as a tool to advocate etiquette and righteousness education, hoping to make "Manchus know and worship orthodox learning and classics" and "heresy can not be carried out" And "Customs change". [ibid.]

In the years of Yong Zheng , Qian Long and Jia Qing , the practice of selecting Manchu scholars from new scholars was continued, but the number of candidates selected each time varied, and the overall trend gradually tended to decrease. It was abolished around the second decade of Dao Guang, which not only provided human resources for Manchu translation of the Han books, but also builded the bridge of cultural communication between Manchu and Han.
In fact, as early as the the Emperor Taizong period, because the Manchu who still lived outside shanhaiguan pass, did not know Chinese characters and the regime,Taizong ordered Dahai and others to translate the Han books, so that "Manchus who did not learn Chinese could also understand the Han books", and Taizong himself also used them as " the administration norms" to learn the national governance model of the Han nationality. [Written by Ertai etc.Checked by Li Xun, Zhao Degui etc.:"Ba Qi Tong Zhi I", Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 1989, P. 5325.] During the reign of Shunzhi, after Ashitan translated the "University""Moderate"and other books,Hong Taiji used them as the tool to advocate confucian code of ethics , hoping to make "Manchus know and worship orthodox learning and classics" and "heresy can not be carried out" and "Customs change". [ibid.]--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 02:40, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==日语语言文学 202120081486 付诗雨女==

显然，汉文经、史的译印有助于端正满洲的人心风俗，使满、汉文化互通有无，即便是《诗经》中提到的各种花草树木、鸟兽虫鱼，也对拓展满人见闻甚有助益。[ 叶高树：《<诗经>满文译本比较研究——以<周南>、<召南>为例》，《国立台湾师范大学历史学报》1992年第20期。]有清一代，并非只有官方组织汉书的翻译，私人译书也很盛行。但官方译书与私人译书不同，无论是在译书的取材上，还是在译书的组织管理上，抑或是译书的颁行上，都有其特殊的考量。
Obviously,the translation and printing of the classics and history of Han are conductive to correcting the humanity and customs of Manchuria,and exchanging of needed culture between Manchu and Han.Even different kinds of flowers and trees, insects and fish, which were mentioned in ''the Book of Songs'', also contribute to enrich their knowledge.[Ye Gaoshu:"''Comparative Study of the Manchu translation for 'the book of songs'--Taking 'Zhounan' 'Shannan' as example","The Histotrical Journal of National Taiwan Normal University''
"1992;No.20.]In the Qing Dynasty, not only the official organization of the Han Books' translation, private translation was also very popular. However, unlike the private translation, the official translation was considered specially, whether in the materials of translation, the organization and management of the translation, or the publishment of the translation.--[[User:Fu Shiyu|Fu Shiyu]] ([[User talk:Fu Shiyu|talk]]) 15:16, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
Obviously,the translation and printing of the classics and history of chinese are conductive to correcting the morality and customs of Manchuria,and exchanging of needed culture between Manchu and Han.Even different kinds of flowers and trees, insects and fish, which were mentioned in "the Book of Songs", also contribute to enrich their knowledge.[Ye Gaoshu:"Comparative Study of the Manchu translation for 'the book of songs'--Taking 'Zhounan' 'Shannan' as the example","The Histotrical Journal of National Taiwan Normal University "1992;No.20.]In the Qing Dynasty, not only the official organization of the Han Books' translation, private translation was also very popular. However, unlike the private translation, the official translation was considered specially, whether in the materials,the organization,the management or the publishment of the translation.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 14:05, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==日语语言文学 202120081559 周小雪女==

即便是《三国志（通俗演义）》这样的通俗文学作品，译成满文后也被赋予了严肃的兵法与战略意义。以满文遍译汉书，尤其是经、史、子、集等书，并不是为了显示满语语文系统的优越性，所谓“精微巧妙，实小学家所未有”，而是为了“表章经学，天下从风”，通过汉籍的翻译“研究微言，讲求古义”，进行文化沟通。[ 叶高树：《清朝前期的文化政策》，台北：稻乡出版社，2002年，第91页。]藉由汉文典籍的翻译，满洲统治者不仅了解了汉族文化，而且在接触与学习中获得了“统制”汉民的重要经验，使满洲政权在性质上逐渐向“中原政权”转化，并实现“治统”与“道统”的和谐统一。
Even popular literature such as The History of the Three Kingdoms was given serious military and strategic significance when translated into Manchu script. The purpose of translating Chinese books with Manchu script ,especially Canon ,History,Philosophy and Literature such book is not to show the superiority of the Manchu language system,but to show the confucian classics。Through the translation of Chinese classics ,study small points ,emphasize the ancient significance and carry out cultural communication.Ye Gaoshu.Cultural Policy in the early Qing Dynasty.Taipei:Rice Village Press,2002,p.91.Through the translation of Chinese classics,Manchu rulers not only understood the Han culture,but also gained important experience of controlling the Han people in the process of contact and learning,so that Manchu regime gradually transformed into central plains regime in nature and realized the unity of regnant orthodoxy and confucian orthodoxy.--[[User:Zhou Xiaoxue|Zhou Xiaoxue]] ([[User talk:Zhou Xiaoxue|talk]]) 14:08, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

Modifying canon, history, philosophy and literature to Confusion classics, history, pre Qin hundred works, religion and classical writings.因为经：经书，是指儒家经典著作；史：史书，即正史；子：先秦百家著作，宗教；集：文集，即诗词汇编。泛指我国古代典籍。Canon, history, philosophy and literature did not express the exact meaning.
--[[User:Zou Yueli|Zou Yueli]] ([[User talk:Zou Yueli|talk]]) 01:41, 29 September 2021 (UTC)"表章经学，天下从风”The first half of the sentence is not translated accuratelyand the second half of the sentence has not been translated，so I think it should be translated into "Commend Confucian classics and let people all over the world follow"

==日语语言文学 202120081562 邹岳丽女==

结语
清初之际，虽然国家尚未实现从“征服王朝”向“中原王朝”的转变，但统治者在致力于武力开拓的同时，也开始关注文化活动。一方面，统治者念念不忘“国语骑射”的满洲旧制，将其视作立国精神；另一方面，又积极组织汉书翻译，倡导汉文化精神，从中原儒学中探求君主治术，构建国家的治统与道统。汉书翻译不仅让统治者得以接触汉族思想精粹和政治观念，而且让其在了解汉文经典与汉族文化的过程中，学习历代帝王的执政得失，以及古往今来的兴废事迹，从中汲取治国经验。

Conclusion At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, although the country has not yet realized the transformation from "conquering Dynasty" to "Central Plains Dynasty"，however, while the rulers were committed to the development of force, they also began to pay attention to cultural activities. On the one hand, the rulers never forget the old Manchu system of "national language riding and shooting" and regarded it as the spirit of founding the country;On the other hand, --[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 06:46, 28 September 2021 (UTC)he actively organized the translation of Chinese calligraphy, advocated the spirit of Chinese culture, explored the rule of monarchy from the Confucianism of the Central Plains, and constructed the rule and orthodoxy of the country.Chinese translation not only allows the rulers to get in touch with the
ideological essence and political concepts of the Han nationality, but also allows them to learn from the ruling gains and losses of emperors and the rise and fall deeds from ancient to modern times in the process of understanding Chinese classics and Han
culture, so as to learn from the experience of governing the country. --[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 06:46, 28 September 2021 (UTC)from the experience of governing the country. “here the preposition from should be deleted--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 06:46, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

however, while the rulers were committed to expansion by military force.
国语骑射：Manchu language, horse-riding and archery--[[User:Zeng Junlin|Zeng Junlin]] ([[User talk:Zeng Junlin|talk]]) 01:49, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

--[[User:Zhu Suzhen|Zhu Suzhen]] ([[User talk:Zhu Suzhen|talk]]) 06:46, 28 September 2021 (UTC) ( here "he" is not consistant with the subjective "the rulers", so "he" should be changed in to "they" )

==国别 202120081478 曾俊霖男==

概言之，汉书的翻译既匡扶了社稷，又教化了臣民，令满、汉文化之间的交流得以开启并加深。虽然清初三朝期间，汉书翻译的规模不一，统治者对于汉族文化的具体态度存在差异，但翻译的原则与标准基本未变，那便是以文治教化和典章制度为主，通过翻译汉族典籍，凝聚符合国家需求的集体价值观，并将汉族传统文化落实为国家治理的大政方针，实现兴文教、崇经术、开太平的治国理念。

In short, the translation of books of Han nationality not only helped the whole country, but also educated his people so that the cultural exchange between Manchu and Han can be opened and deepened. During the three dynasties of the early Qing Dynasty, the scale of books of Han nationality translation was different, and the rulers' specific attitudes towards Han culture were different, but the principles and standards of translation remained basically unchanged, which focused on cultural education and the system of laws and regulations, condensed the collective values in line with the national needs through the translation of Han classics, and implemened the Han traditional culture as the major policy of national governance, realized the governing concept of promoting culture and education, advocating studies of Confucian classics and opening up peace.

In short, the translation of Books of Han not only gave great help to the whole country, but also educated its(the Qing Dynasty) people so that it began and then deepened the cultural exchange between Manchu and Han. During the first three emperors' rulings of the early Qing Dynasty, though the scales of translation was different, and the rulers' specific attitudes towards Han culture differed from each other, the principles and standards of translation remained basically unchanged, that is to say, it will focus on cultural education and the system of laws and regulations, condense the collective values in line with the national needs through the translation of Han classics, and implement the Han traditional culture as the major policy of national governance to realize the governing concept of promoting culture and education, advocating studies of Confucian classics and opening up peace.
--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 08:19, 29 September 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

==国别 202120081493 黄柱梁男==
Footnotes and References

1 杨家骆：《金史》，台北：鼎文书局，1985年，第1684页。

2 明珠等奉敕修：《清实录·太祖高皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1986年，第2页。

3 中国第一历史档案馆、中国社科院历史研究所译注：《满文老档》，北京：中华书局，1990年，第1196页。

4 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第13页。

5 王钟翰点校：《清史列传》，北京：中华书局，1987年，第187页。

6 国史编纂委员会：《朝鲜王朝实录》，汉城：国史编纂委员会，1973年，第38页。

1. Yang Jialuo, ''History of the Jin Dynasty''(1115-1234), Taipei, Dingwen Book Company, 1985, pp.1684.

2. Ming Zhu et al. (compiled under the order of Emperor Kangxi ), ''the Imperial Archives of Emperor Taichu(1559-1626, posthumous titled Gao Huang Di) of the Qing Dynasty'', Peking, Zhonghua Book Company, 1986, pp.2.

3. The First Historical Archives of China, Translated and Noted by the Institute of History in Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ''Old Documents of Manchu Script'', Peking, Zhonghua Book Company, 1990, pp.1196.

4. E Ertai et al. (compiled under the order of Emperor Yongzheng ), ''the Imperial Archives of Emperor Taizong(1592-1643, posthumous titled Wen Huang Di) of the Qing Dynasty'', Peking, Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, pp.13.

5. Proofread by Wang Zhongshan, ''Biographies of the Qing Dynasty'', Peking, Zhonghua Book Company, 1987, pp.187.

6. Committee of National History Compilation, ''the Imperial Archives of Joseon Dynasty'', Seoul, Committee of National History Compilation, 1973, pp.38.
--[[User:Huang Zhuliang|Huang Zhuliang]] ([[User talk:Huang Zhuliang|talk]]) 08:18, 29 September 2021 (UTC)Huang Zhuliang

1 页码标记应为p.1684.

2 posthumous titled Gao Huang Di应改为posthumously titled Gao Huang Di,页码标记为p.2.

3“老满文”指的是清太祖努尔哈赤时期创制的满文，以文字中没有圈和点为特点。《满文老档》即是用老满文写成的档案汇编，所以《满文老档》应为 ''Manchu Archives written in Fore Manwen'',页码标记为p.1196.

4 同第二句，posthumous titled Wen Huang Di改为posthumously titled Wen Huang Di, 页码标记为p.13.

5 页码标记为p.187.

6 页码标记为p.38.
--[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 05:20, 1 October 2021 (UTC)Liu Wei

==国别 202120081507 刘薇女==
7 国史编纂委员会：《朝鲜王朝实录》，汉城：国史编纂委员会，1973年，第62页。

8 叶高树：《清朝前期的文化政策》，台北：稻乡出版社，2002年，第58页。

9 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第10页。

10 罗振玉：《天聪朝臣工奏议》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1989年，第2页。

11 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第14页。

12 同上，第2页。

7 National History Compilation Committee, ''Records of the Korean Dynasty'', Seoul: National History Compilation Committee, 1973, p.62.

8 Ye Gaoshu,'' Cultural policise in the early Qing Dynasty'', Taipei: Daoxiang press, 2002, p.58.

9 E Ertai et al.(compiled by order of the emperor),''Record of the Emperor Taizong Wen in the Qing Dynasty'', Beijing: Zhonghua press, 1985,p.10.

10 Luo Zhenyu, ''Collections of secretary's memorial to the throne during the reign of Tencong'', Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 1989, p.2.

11 E Ertai et al.(compiled by order of the emperor),''Record of the Emperor Taizong Wen in the Qing Dynasty'', Beijing: Zhonghua press, 1985,p.14.

12 Ertai et al.(compiled by order of the emperor),''Record of the Emperor Taizong Wen in the Qing Dynasty'', Beijing: Zhonghua press, 1985,p.2.
--[[User:Liu Wei|Liu Wei]] ([[User talk:Liu Wei|talk]]) 15:23, 28 September 2021 (UTC)Liu wei

7 National Institute of Korean History, ''Records of the Korean Dynasty'', Seoul: National Institute of Korean History, 1973, p.62.--[[User:Yan Lili|Yan Lili]] ([[User talk:Yan Lili|talk]]) 13:30, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

==国别 202120081537 颜莉莉女==
13 罗振玉：《天聪朝臣工奏议》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1989年，第24-25、115页。

14 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·太宗文皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第9页。

15 罗振玉：《天聪朝臣工奏议》，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1989年，第2页。

16 同上，第82页。

17 清高宗敕纂：《八旗满洲氏族通谱》，沈阳：辽沈书社，1989年，第10页。

18 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第15-16页。

13th. Lou Zhenyu: ''Tiancongchao Chengong Zouyi'' , Beijing: China People's University Press, 1989, pp.24-25,115.

14th. E Ertai eat al revised under order of emperor: ''Factual Record Of Qing Dynasty• Actual Record Of TaiZu'', Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, p.9

15th. Lou Zhenyu: ''Tiancongchao Chengong Zouyi'' , Beijing: China People's University Press, 1989, p.2

16th. Idem

17th. Qing emperor Gaozong ordered to write: ''General spectrum of Manchu clan in eight banners'', Shenyang: Liaoshen Book Company, 1989,p.10

18th. E Ertai eat al revised under order of emperor: ''Factual Record Of Qing Dynasty• Actual Record Of TaiZu'', Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, pp.15-16

14. E Ertai eat al （eds. on the order of emperor): ''Factual Record Of Qing Dynasty• Actual Record Of TaiZu'', Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, p.9

16. Idem, p.82

17. Qing emperor Gaozong ordered to write: ''Genealogy of Manchu clan in eight banners'', Shenyang: Liaoshen Book Company, 1989,p.10

18. E Ertai eat al （eds. on the order of emperor): ''Factual Record Of Qing Dynasty• Actual Record Of TaiZu'', Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, pp.15-16

==国别 202120081538 颜子涵女==
19 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第13页。

20 中国第一历史档案馆编：《清初内国史院满文档案译编·顺治朝》，北京：光明日报出版社，1989年，第80页。

21 阎崇年校注：《康熙顺天府志》，北京：中华书局，2009年，第482页。

22 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第9页。

23 叶高树：《清朝前期的文化政策》，台北：稻乡出版社，2002年，第72-73页。

24 鄂尔泰等修，李洵、赵德贵等点校：《八旗通志·初集》，长春：东北师范大学出版社，1989年，第5339页。

19. Ortai and some people compiled it on the orders of the emperor: ''Records of emperor shizuzhang in the Qing Dynasty'', Beijing: China Book Company, 1989, p.13.

20. Editor of China's First Historical Archives: ''Translation of manchu archives of the National Historical Institute of the early Qing Dynasty, Shunzhi Dynasty'', Beijing: Guangming Daily Press, 1989, p.80.

21. Yan Chongnian made proofreading: ''Kangxi Shuntian Fuzhi'', Beijing: China Book Company, 2009, p.482.

22. Ortai and some people compiled it on the orders of the emperor: ''Records of emperor shizuzhang in the Qing Dynasty'', Beijing: China Book Company ,1989,p.9.

23.Kao-Shu Yeh, ''Cultural policy in the early Qing Dynasty'', Taipei:Daoxiang Press, 2002, pp. 72-73.

24. Ortai and some people compiled，Li Wei, Zhao Degui and others proofread: ''Journal of the eight banners •First Episode'', Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 1989, p. 5339.

19. E,Ertai et al. (eds. under the order of the Emperor). ''An Actual Record of ShiZu Zhang in Factual Record of Qing Dynasty'', Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1985,p.13.

20. The First Historical Archives of China(ed.). ''A translation of Manchu archives of the Imperial Academy of National History in the Shunzhi Period of the early Qing Dynasty'', Beijing: Guangming Daily Press, 1989, p.80.

21. Yan Chongnian(proofread). ''The History of Shuntian of Emperor Kangxi'', Beijing: China Book Company, 2009, p.482.

22. E,Ertai et al. (eds. under the order of the Emperor). ''An Actual Record of ShiZu Zhang in Factual Record of Qing Dynasty'', Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1985,p.9.

23. Kao-Shu Yeh, ''The Cultural Policies of the Early Qing Dynasty'', Taipei:Daoxiang Press, 2002, pp. 72-73.

24. E,Ertai et al.(eds.), Li,Xun&Zhao Degui et al.(proofread). ''The First Collectanea in Ba Qi Tong Zhi'', Changchun:Northeast Normal University Press,1989, p.5339.

==国别 202120081540 阳佳颖女==
25 同上。

26 鄂尔泰等奉敕修：《清实录·世祖章皇帝实录》，北京：中华书局，1985年，第11页。

27 同上，第7-8页。

28 鄂尔泰等修，李洵、赵德贵等点校：《八旗通志·初集》，长春：东北师范大学出版社，1989年，第5325页。

29 同上。

30 叶高树：《<诗经>满文译本比较研究——以<周南>、<召南>为例》，《国立台湾师范大学历史学报》1992年第20期。

31 叶高树：《清朝前期的文化政策》，台北：稻乡出版社，2002年，第91页。

[25] Idem

[26] Ertai et al. (eds. under the order of the Emperor). "Actual Record of ShiZu Zhang in Factual Record of Qing Dynasty", Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1985,p.11.

[27] Idem,pp.7-8.

[28] E,Ertai et al.(eds.), Li,Xun&Zhao Degui et al.(proofread). ''The First Collectanea in Ba Qi Tong Zhi'', Changchun:Northeast Normal University Press,1989, p.5325.

[29] Idem

[30] Ye,Gaoshu. “The Comparative Study of the Manchu Translation On The Book of Songs---Cases Study of Zhounan and Zhaonan”.''Historical Inquiry of the National Taiwan Normal University'',no.20(1992).

[31] Ye,Gaoshu. ''The Cultural Policies of the Early Qing Dynasty''. Taipei:Daoxiang Press,2002,p.91.--[[User:Yang Jiaying|Yang Jiaying]] ([[User talk:Yang Jiaying|talk]]) 07:16, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

[25] Idem

[26] E,Ertai et al. (eds. under the order of the Emperor). "''Actual Record of Shih Tsu Fu Lin in Factual Record of Tsing Dynasty''", Beijing: China publishing house,1985,p.11.

[27] Idem,p.7-8.

[28] Ertai et al.(eds.), Li,Xun & Zhao Degui et al.(proofread). "''General History of the Eight Banners''", Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press,1989, p.5325.

[29] Idem

[30] Ye,Gaoshu. "''The Comparative Study of the Manchu Translation On The Book of Songs---Cases Study of Zhounan and Zhaonan.''", Bulletin of Historical Research of National Taiwan Normal University, No.20(1992).

[31] Ye,Gaoshu. "''The Cultural Policies of the Early Tsing Dynasty''". Taipei: Daoxiang Publishing House,2002,p.91. --Ye Weijie

=Hongloumeng=
HERE STARTS A NEW TRANSLATION: REST OF CHAPTER 19 OF HONGLOUMENG

PLEASE READ [[Joint_translation_terms|Joint translation terms]]

PLEASE ALSO READ THE PREVIOUS PARTS, AT LEAST THE SENTENCES BEFORE YOUR OWN PART IN CHAPTER 19 [[20210303_culture|1, Mar 3 Chapters 1-4]], [[20210310_culture|2, Mar 10 Chapters 6-7]], [[20210317_culture|3, Mar 17 Chapters 11-13]], [[20210324_culture|4, Mar 24 Chapters 15-17]], [[20210331_culture|5, Mar 31 Chapters 4-7]], [[20210407_culture|6, Apr 7 Chapters 8-10]], [[20210414_culture|7, Apr 14 Chapters 13-15]] , [[20210519_culture|12, May 19 Chapters 17-19]], [[20210929_homework#Hongloumeng|for Sep 29 - rest of HLM Chapter 19]] [[20211013_homework|for Oct 13 - HLM Chapters 20-21]] etc.

==国别 202120081544 叶维杰男==

第十九回 ... 这些丫头们明知宝玉不讲究这些；二则李嬷嬷已是告老解事出去的了，如今管不着他们：因此只顾玩笑，并不理他。那李嬷嬷还只管问：“宝玉如今一顿吃多少饭？什么时候睡觉？”丫头们总胡乱答应。有的说：“好个讨厌的老货！” 李嬷嬷又问道：“这盖碗里是酪，怎么不送给我吃？”说毕，拿起就吃。一个丫头道：“快别动，那是说了给袭人留着的，回来又惹气了。你老人家自己承认，别带累我们受气。”李嬷嬷听了，又气又愧，便说道：“我不信他这么坏了肠子。别说我吃了一碗牛奶，就是再比这个值钱的，也是应该的。难道待袭人比我还重？难道他不想想怎么长大了？我的血变了奶，吃的长这么大，如今我吃他碗牛奶，他就生气了？我偏吃了，看他怎么着！你们看袭人不知怎么样，那是我手里调理出来的毛丫头，什么阿物儿！”一面说，一面赌气把酪全吃了。

Chapter XIX...These girls' busy joking with each other and not much cared about Nanny Li as they previously knew Pao'yue was not particular about these, and there's no room left for Nanny Li to discipline them for she's already be dismissed. While Nanny Li kept asking:“ How's Pao-yue's appetite these day? And the time he make rest?” Always with so less careness girls reply. Some complained:“Aye! Such an old nosy lady!” Still Nanny Li asked：“A bowl of cheeze here! Why don't you bring it to me?”Then she directly grabbed some to her mouth. One girl hurriedly said:“Quit it! That's what Pao'yue reserved for Xiren! You take the blame yourself if he gets discontented, don't get us involved.” Angry but ashamed also Nanny Li went, and said:“I don't believe it！I even deserve something more valuable, let alone a bowl of milk! Is Xi'ren more important than me? Pao'yue can't be this heartless! Think about it, I myself raised him up this good step by step heart and soul with my own blood! How can he get discontented merely because of a bowl of milk? Still I'm gonna take it, even if he did! And Xi'ren? I taught her everything! Mad at me? Don't be ridiculous!”Nagging, Nanny Li emptied the whole bowl.

Chapter XIX...These maids knew clearly that Baoyu didn't care the trifles. Furthermore, Mammy Li was already retired and she had no control over them. Therefor she just ignored him in her teasing. Mammy Li always asked:"How many meals did Baoyu eat recently? When did he go to bed?" The maids'answers always were irrelevant. Some of them said:"What a nasty old woman!" While Mammy Li kept asking :"There is some cheese in the bowl. Why don't you give me?" As soon as the voice fell down, she grabbed the cheese and had it. One maid hurriedly said:“Quit it! That's what Baoyu reserved for Xiren! You take the blame yourself and don't get us involved.” Angry but ashamed also Mammy Li was, and said:“I don't believe he has such a bad temper！I even deserve something more valuable, not to mention a bowl of milk! Is Xi'ren more important than me? Think about it, I raised him up by my breast nursing with my own blood! How can he get discontented merely because of a bowl of milk? Still I'm gonna take it, even if he would! And Xiren? That's me who taught her everything! Mad at me? Don't be ridiculous!”Nagging, Mammy Li emptied the whole bowl.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 01:29, 2 October 2021 (UTC)

Chapter XIX ... these servant-girls were well aware that Precious Jade was not particular in these respects, and that in the next place Nanny Plum，having pleaded old age, resigned her place and gone home，had nowadays no control over them，so that they simply gave their minds to romping and joking，and paid no heed whatsoever to her. Nanny Plum however still kept on asking about Precious Jade，"How much rice do you now eat at one meal? And at what time do you go to sleep?" to which questions the servant-girls replied quite at random；some of those being there observed: "What a dreadful despicable old thing she is!" - "In this covered bowl," she continued to inquire, "is cream, and why not give it to me to eat?" and having concluded these words，she took it up there and then began eating it." Be quick，and leave it alone!" a servant-girl expostulated，"that，she said, was kept in order to be given to Aroma, and on his return，when he again gets into a huff，you，old lady，must，on your own motion，confess to having eaten it，and not involve us in any way as to have to bear his resentment." Nanny Plum，at these words，felt both angry and ashamed. "I can't believe，" she forthwith remarked，"that he has become so bad at heart！Not to speak of the milk I've had. I have，in fact every right to even something more expensive than this；for is it likely that he holds Aroma dearer than myself？ It can't forsooth be that he doesn't bear in mind how that I've brought him up to be a big man，and how that he has eaten my blood transformed into milk and grown up to this age！and will be because I'm now having a bowl of milk of his be angry on that score！I will，yes，eat it，and we'll see what he'll do！I don't know what you people think of Aroma，but she was a lowbred girl，whom I've with my own hands raised up! And what fine object indeed was she！"As she spoke，she flew into a temper, and taking the cream, she drank the whole of it.--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 13:02, 11 October 2021 (UTC)Zhang Yang

==国别 202120081551 张扬男==

又一个丫头笑道：“他们不会说话，怨不得你老人家生气。宝玉还送东西给你老人家去，岂有为这个不自在的？”李嬷嬷道：“你也不必装狐媚子哄我，打量上次为茶撵茜雪的事我不知道呢！明儿有了不是，我再来领。”说着，赌气去了。
少时，宝玉回来，命人去接袭人。只见晴雯躺在床上不动，宝玉因问：“可是病了？还是输了呢？”秋纹道：“他倒是赢的，谁知李老太太来了，混输了，他气的睡去了。”宝玉笑道：“你们别和他一般见识，由他去就是了。”
说着，袭人已来，彼此相见。袭人又问宝玉何处吃饭，多早晚回来；又代母、妹问诸同伴姊妹好。一时换衣卸妆。宝玉命取酥酪来，丫鬟们回说：“李奶奶吃了。”宝玉才要说话，袭人便忙笑说道：“原来留的是这个，多谢费心。前儿我因为好吃，吃多了，好肚子疼，闹的吐了，才好了。他吃了倒好，搁在这里白糟蹋了。我只想风干栗子吃，你替我剥栗子，我去铺炕。”

Another servant-girl grinned:“They don’t know how to speak properly, and it’s no wonder you old lady should get angry. Precious Jade still sends you great things, and it’s impossible that he will feel uncomfortable for a thing like this.” “You don’t have to act like a vixen to cajole me!” Nanny Plum said, “You think I’m not aware that you pushed Snow Alizarin away on account of a cup of tea the other day? And if I did make a mistake, I’ll come by and admit it!” Having said this, she went off, pissed off.
Soon Precious Jade came back and gave orders to go and fetch Aroma. Seeing Sunny Cloud Formation lying perfectly still on bed, Precious Jade asked:“ Is she ill? Or has she lost at cards?” “She had been a winner,” Autumn Vein answered,“but Nanny Plum came and muddled her so that she lost, and angry at that she rushed off to sleep,” Precious Jade smiled:“Don’t place yourselves on the same footing as nanny Plum. Leave her alone.”Aroma came as Precious Jade was saying his words. After the mutual salutations, Aroma went on to ask of Precious Jade:“ Where did you have your dinner? And when did you come back?” and to present likewise on behalf of her mother and sisters her salutations to all the girls, who were her companions. In a short while, she changed her costume and washed off her make up. When Precious Jade bade them fetch the cream, the servant-girls answered:“ Nanny Plum has eaten it.” And as Precious Jade was on the point of making some remarks Aroma hastened to interfere, laughing:“ Is it really this that you have kept for me? Many thanks for troubling. The other day when I ate some of it, I found it very tasty and had a lot of it, then I got a pain in the stomach. I was so upset that it was only after I had thrown it all up that I feel right. So it's fine that she has had it. If it had been kept there, it would have been wasted all for no use. What I want are dry chestnuts, and if you can clean a few for me, I'll go and lay the bed."
--[[User:Zhang Yang|Zhang Yang]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yang|talk]]) 10:58, 29 September 2021 (UTC)Zhang Yang

Another servant-girl grinned, “They don’t know how to talk properly, and no wonder you, old lady, get angry. Precious Jade still sends you great things, and it’s no need to be unpleased with it.” “You don’t have to cheat me!” Nanny Plum said, “You think I’m not aware that you sent Snow Alizarin away just on account of a cup of tea the other day? I will get it when it is prepared well tomorrow!” Having said this, she went off with sulks. Soon Precious Jade came back and asked someone to pick up Aroma. Seeing Sunny Cloud Formation lying still on bed, Precious Jade asked, “ Is she ill? Or has she lost at cards?” “She had been a winner,” Autumn Vein answered,“but Nanny Plum came and muddled her, so she lost the game and rushed off to sleep for the anger.” Precious Jade smiled, “Don’t take it serious and just leave her alone.”Aroma came as Precious Jade was saying his words. After the mutual salutations, Aroma went on to ask Precious Jade about the place for dinner and the time he would come back, then greet everyone on behalf of her mother and sisters. In a short while, she changed her costume and washed off her make-up. When Precious Jade asked one to fetch the cream, the servant-girls answered,“ Nanny Plum has taken it.” As Precious Jade was on the point of saying something, Aroma laughing, “ Is it this that you have kept for me? Thanks for troubling. The other day when I ate some of it, I found it very tasty and had a lot of it, then I got a pain in the stomach. It was better that she did so, for at least it is not wasted before getting bad. I just want some drying chestnuts. Could you please peel them while I will make the beds.”--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 11:23, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==国别 202020080595 陈静女==

宝玉听了，信以为真，方把酥酪丢开，取了栗子来，自向灯下检剥。一面见众人不在房中，乃笑问袭人道：“今儿那个穿红的是你什么人？”袭人道：“那是我两姨姐姐。”宝玉听了，赞叹了两声。袭人道：“叹什么？我知道你心里的缘故，想是说他那里配穿红的？”宝玉笑道：“不是，不是。那样的人不配穿红的，谁还敢穿？我因为见他实在好的很，怎么也得他在咱们家就好了。”袭人冷笑道：“我一个人是奴才命罢了，难道连我的亲戚都是奴才命不成，定还要拣实在好的丫头才往你们家来？”宝玉听了，忙笑道：“你又多心了。我说往咱们家来，必定是奴才不成，说亲戚就使不得？”袭人道：“那也般配不上。”
宝玉便不肯再说，只是剥栗子。袭人笑道：“怎么不言语了？想是我才冒撞冲犯了你？明儿赌气花几两银子，买进他们来就是了。”
宝玉笑道：“你说的话，怎么叫人答言呢？我不过是赞他好，正配生在这深宅大院里，没的我们这宗浊物倒生在这里。”

Hearing this, Master Bao fell for it and throw the curds away, taking some chestnuts and then peeling them under the lantern. Finding others not in the room except Aroma, Master quipped: “Who is the the person in red today?” Aroma answered, “Two of my cousins”. Knowing it, Master Bao couldn’t repress a sigh of admiration. “What do you sigh for? I know it is because they could not wear red.” Aroma said. Master Bao replied with smile: “No! Who dares to wear red if such persons doesn't deserve it? I just admire them and hope if they can stay in our home.” Aroma sneered, “I am just a slave. So all of my families are slaves and we should pick up the best girls to be slaves in your home?” Master Bao said with smile, “Don’t be touchy. It doesn’t mean to be the slave but to be our relatives in our house.” Aroma replied, “It doesn’t match, either.” Master Bao refused to say any more, but just peeled chestnuts. Aroma smiled and said, “Why are you silent? I just offended you. You could spend some money and buy them if you want.” Master smiled and said, “How to respond to your words. I just show my admiration and think they should be in such circumstance where the persons like me live.”--[[User:Chen Jing|Chen Jing]] ([[User talk:Chen Jing|talk]]) 11:26, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

Hearing this, Master Bao fell for it, threw the curds away, took some chestnuts and then peeled them under the lantern. Finding others not in the room except Aroma, Master quipped: “What’s the relationship between you and the person in red today?” Aroma answered, “Two of my cousins”. Knowing it, Master Bao couldn’t repress a sigh of admiration. “What do you sigh for? I know what you are thinking. You must think they don’t deserve to wear red.” Aroma said. Master Bao replied with smile: “No! Who dares to wear red if such persons don’t deserve it? I just admire them and hope if they can stay in our house.” Aroma sneered, “I live as a maid. So all of my families should be the same as me? And we should pick up the best girls to be maids in your home?” Master Bao said with smile, “Don’t be touchy. It doesn’t mean to be the maid but to be our relatives in our house.” Aroma replied, “It doesn’t match, either.” Master Bao refused to say any more, but just peeled chestnuts. Aroma smiled and said, “Why are you silent? I think I just offended you. You could spend some money and buy them if you want.” Master smiled and said, “How to respond to your words. I just show my admiration and think they are born to be in such circumstance where the persons like me live. ”--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 10:34, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==翻译学 202120081481 陈心怡女==

袭人道：“他虽没这样造化，倒也是娇生惯养的，我姨父、姨娘的宝贝儿似的。如今十七岁，各样的嫁妆都齐备了，明年就出嫁。”宝玉听了“出嫁”二字，不禁又嗐了两声。正不自在，又听袭人叹道：“我这几年，姊妹们都不大见；如今我要回去了，他们又都去了。”
宝玉听这话里有文章，不觉吃了一惊，忙扔下栗子，问道：“怎么着，你如今要回去？”袭人道：“我今儿听见我妈和哥哥商量，教我再耐一年，明年他们上来，就赎出我去呢。”宝玉听了这话，越发忙了，因问：“为什么赎你呢？”袭人道：“这话奇了。我又比不得是这里的家生子儿，我们一家子都在别处，独我一个人在这里，怎么是个了局呢？”宝玉道：“我不叫你去，也难哪。”袭人道：“从来没这个理。就是朝廷宫里，也有定例：几年一挑，几年一放，没有长远留下人的理，别说你们家。” 宝玉想一想，果然有理。又道：“老太太要不放你呢？”

Aroma said, “Although she has few achievements, she is pampered and the apple of my uncle’s, aunt’s eyes. She is now 17. Since all kinds of dowries had been prepared, she could get married next year. ” Hearing “get married”, Precious Jade Merchant signed spontaneously. He was still ill at ease and then heard Aroma said, “I have rarely met with my sisters in the past few years. Now I’m going back, however, they came.” Precious Jade Merchant thought that there’s more to it than what is said. He was amazed, threw chestnuts at once and asked, “what’s wrong? You are going back now?” Aroma said, “I heard my mother and brother talking about it today. They want me to remain patient for another year and they will come here to redeem me next year. ” Precious Jade heard it, felt anxious and asked, “Why they want to redeem you?” Aroma said, “What you said is pretty strange. I’m not a daughter of maids here. My family is elsewhere, and I’m the only one here. How can it be like this?” Precious Jade said, “I’m afraid I can’t let you go.” Aroma said, “It makes no sense. There are routines even in the imperial palace: palace maids are selected once every few years and then set free. There is no reason to keep a person for a long time in the imperial palace, let alone in your house.” Precious Jade thought about it for a while and thought it made sense. Then he said, “What if my grandmothers doesn’t let you go?”--[[User:Chen Xinyi|Chen Xinyi]] ([[User talk:Chen Xinyi|talk]]) 10:02, 29 September 2021 (UTC)
.

Aroma said, “Though not born as good, she is also spoilt and pampered, being the apple of my aunt and uncles’ eyes. She is now 17 and dowries of all sorts have been prepared for her marriage next year.” At the hearing of the word “marriage”, Precious Jade Merchant gave a sigh. As he was feeling ill at ease, Aroma sighed and continued, “I rarely met my sisters in the past few years. While I’m going back home, they are all about to leave.” Precious Jade Merchant felt surprised at what she said. He threw away chestnuts at once and asked, “why, you are going back home?” Aroma answered, ““I heard my mother and my brother talking today. They told me to stay here for another year and they will come here to ransom me next year.” Hearing that, Precious Jade got more anxious and asked, “Why do they want to ransom you?” Aroma replied, “what a strange question! I’m no daughter of maids here. My family lives elsewhere and I’m all alone here. How can we be together?” Precious Jade sighed, “If I won’t let you go, I suppose it’s difficult.” Aroma answered, “It makes no sense. There are routines even in the imperial palace: maids are selected once every few years and then set free. There is no reason to keep a servant for a long time in the imperial palace, let alone in your house.”Precious Jade thought for a while and considered it reasonable. Then he said, “What if my grandmothers won’t let you go?”--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 09:47, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==翻译学 202120081487 高蜜女==

袭人道：“为什么不放呢？我果然是个难得的，或者感动了老太太、太太，不肯放我出去，再多给我们家几两银子留下，也还有的；其实我又不过是个最平常的人，比我强的多而且多。我从小儿跟着老太太，先伏侍了史大姑娘几年，这会子又伏侍了你几年。我们家要来赎我，正是该叫去的，只怕连身价不要，就开恩放我去呢。要说为伏侍的你好，不叫我去，断然没有的事。那伏侍的好，是分内应当的，不是什么奇功；我去了，仍旧又有好的了，不是没了我就使不得的。”
宝玉听了这些话，竟是有去的理，无留的理，心里越发急了。因又道：“虽然如此说，我只一心要留下你，不怕老太太不和你母亲说，多多给你母亲些银子，他也不好意思接你了。”
袭人道：“我妈自然不敢强：且慢说和他好说，又多给银子；就便不好好和他说，一个钱也不给，安心要强留下我，他也不敢不依。但只是咱们家从没干过这倚势仗贵霸道的事。这比不得别的东西，因为喜欢，加十倍利，弄了来给你，那卖的人不吃亏，就可以行得的；如今无故平空留下我，于你又无益，反教我们骨肉分离，这件事，老太太、太太肯行吗？”

Aroma said, “Why won’t she let me leave? I should be so important, or I have somehow moved Grandma Merchant and Lady King so that they won’t let go of me and give some more money to my family so as to make me stay. Actually, I am a most ordinary person. A whole lot people are better than me. Bought in by Grandma Merchant since I was a child, I had served Lady History for the first several years, and these several years I have been serving you. Now my family are about to pay the ransom. When I ask for a leave, I’m thinking that you could have mercy on me and allow my leaving without the ransom money. I certainly don’t buy it that you stop me from leaving just because I have served you well. Even if it’s true, I’m just doing what I’m supposed to do, which is really no big deal. Nothing will go wrong without me as there are still good servants who will take my place when I leave.” Hearing that, Precious Jade Merchant became all the more anxious because she had a reason to leave and no reason to stay. Therefore, he continued, “Since all I want is to keep you here, I might as well tell you that I wish Grandma Merchant to talk to your mother and give her a lot more money so that she has no reason to come and take you home. Aroma replied, “My mother certainly dares not to ask for my leaving, not to mention that you talk to her in a mild and polite way and give her extra money. Even if you force her without a penny, she dares not to defy. It’s only that your family has never done such a thing as to throw your weight about. It’s feasible when you buy something with ten times of its original price out of love, for the seller suffers no loss. Unlike anything else, it does you no good to keep me for no reason, which instead separates me from my mother. Do you think Grandma Merchant and Lady King will let that happen?”--[[User:Gao Mi|Gao Mi]] ([[User talk:Gao Mi|talk]]) 16:09, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Aroma said, “Why won’t she let me leave? I should be so important, or I have somehow moved Grandma Merchant and Lady King so that they won’t let go of me and give some more money to my family so as to make me stay. Actually, I can't be more ordinary, and too many maids out there are better than me. Bought in by Grandma Merchant when I was a child, I had served Lady History for the first several years, and these years I have been serving you. Now my families are about to pay the ransom. When I ask for leaving, I’m thinking that you could have mercy on me and allow my leaving without the ransom money. I certainly don’t buy it that you stop me from leaving just because I have taken good care of you. Even if it’s true, I’m just doing what I’m supposed to do, which is really no big deal. Nothing will go wrong without me as there are still good maids who will take my place when I leave.” Hearing that, Precious Jade Merchant became more anxious because she had every reason to leave but no reason to stay. Therefore, he continued, “Since all I want is to keep you here, I might as well tell you that I may beg Grandma to talk to your mother and give her extra money so that she has no reason to come and take you home.” Aroma replied, “My mother certainly dares not to ask, not to mention that you talk to her in a mild and polite way and give her extra money. Even if you force her without a penny, she dares not to defy. It’s only that your family has never done such a thing as to throw your weight about. It’s feasible when you buy something with ten times of its original price out of love, for the seller suffers no loss. Unlike anything else, it does you no good to keep me for no reason, which instead separates me from my family. Do you think Grandma Merchant and Lady King will let that happen?”--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 10:02, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==翻译学 202120081489 何芩女==

宝玉听了，思忖半晌，乃说道：“依你说来说去，是去定了？”袭人道：“去定了。”宝玉听了，自思道：“谁知这样一个人，这样薄情无义呢！”乃叹道：“早知道都是要去的，我就不该弄了来，临了剩我一个孤鬼儿。”说着，便赌气上床睡了。原来袭人在家，听见他母、兄要赎他回去，他就说：“至死也不回去。”又说：“当日原是你们没饭吃，就剩了我还值几两银子，要不叫你们卖，没有个看着老子娘饿死的理；如今幸而卖到这个地方儿，吃穿和主子一样，又不朝打暮骂。况如今爹虽没了，你们却又整理的家成业就，复了元气；若果然还艰难，把我赎出来，再多掏摸几个钱，也还罢了。其实又不难了，这会子又赎我做什么？权当我死了，再不必起赎我的念头了。”因此哭了一阵。他母、兄见他这般坚执，自然必不出来的了；况且原是卖倒的死契。明仗着贾宅是慈善宽厚人家儿，不过求求，只怕连身价银一并赏了，还是有的事呢。

After hearing this, Precious Jade Merchant thought for a while and said, “According to you, you have to go?” “I have to.” Aroma confirmed. Hearing this, Precious Jade thought to himself, “Who knows how heartless you are.” “I should not have had you here, since you are doomed to go, leaving me alone as a ghost.” Precious Jade sighed and went to bed with complaints. However, during her stay at home, Aroma heard her mother and elder brother wanted to redeem her back. “I won’t go back until I die.” Aroma railed, “At that time, you were starved to death. Nothing but I was worth some money. If I had refused to be sold, you would have been dead. I was fortunately to be sold to the Merchant’s and treated as a lady, free from abuses. Though my father has passed away, you have recollected yourselves and established new lives. If you were still in trouble, it would make sense that you wanted to reap some profit by redeeming me out. Since you are not, why are you bothering to do this? Don’t ever think about it! Just pretend I’m dead.” Seeing Aroma’s tears and insistence, her mother and elder brother knew it was impossible for her to leave the Merchant’s, besides, it was a sold-out death indenture. In fact, it was not impossible for the Merchant’s, who was a charitable and generous family, to set Aroma free with compensation money, if Aroma pleaded.--[[User:He Qin|He Qin]] ([[User talk:He Qin|talk]]) 13:03, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

After hearing this, Precious Jade Merchant thought for a while and said, “According to you, you have to go?” “Yes, I have to.” Aroma confirmed. Hearing this, Precious Jade thought, “Who knows how heartless she is.” “I should not have had you here, since you are doomed to go, leaving me alone as a ghost.” Precious Jade sighed and went to bed with complaints. However, during her stay at home, Aroma heard her mother and elder brother want to redeem her back. “I won’t return home until I die.” Aroma railed, “At that time, you were starved to death. Nothing but I was worth some money. If I had refused to be sold, you would have been dead. I was fortunately to be sold to the Merchant’s and treated as a lady, free from abuses. Though my father has passed away, you have reorganized the family and established new lives. If you were still in trouble, it would make sense that you wanted to reap some profit by redeeming me out. Since you are not, why are you bothering to do this? Don’t think about it anymore! Just pretend I’m dead.” Seeing Aroma’s tears and insistence, her mother and elder brother knew it was impossible for Aroma to leave the Merchant’s, besides, it was a sold-out lifetime indenture. In fact, it was possible for the Merchant’s, who was a charitable and generous family, to set Aroma free with compensation money, if Aroma pleaded.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 09:41, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==翻译学 202120081499 李双女==

二则，贾府中从不曾作践下人，只有恩多威少的；且凡老少房中所有亲侍的女孩子们，更比待家下众人不同，平常寒薄人家的女孩儿也不能那么尊重。因此他母子两个就死心不赎了。
次后忽然宝玉去了，他两个又是那个光景儿，母子二人心中更明白了，越发一块石头落了地，而且是意外之想，彼此放心，再无别意了。
且说袭人自幼儿见宝玉性格异常，其淘气憨顽出于众小儿之外，更有几件千奇百怪、口不能言的毛病儿。近来仗着祖母溺爱，父母亦不能十分严紧拘管，更觉放纵弛荡，任情恣性，最不喜务正。每欲劝时，谅不能听。今日可巧有赎身之论，故先用骗词以探其情，以压其气，然后好下箴规。今见宝玉默默睡去，知其情有不忍，气已馁堕。自己原不想栗子吃，只因怕为酥酪生事，又像那茜雪之茶，是以假要栗子为由，混过宝玉不提就完了。
What’s more, the Merchant’s was very good to the servants, and never treated them cruelly. All the girls who served the old or the young received more respect than the others, even more than the girls who lived in poor families. Consequently Aroma’s mother and brother made their minds not to redeem her. Later the sudden arrival of Precious Jade and his meeting with Aroma still further reassured them and put down their stone in heart. The unexpected situation dispelled their other thoughts. When Precious Jade Merchant was young, Aroma found that he was different from ordinary children and that he was naughtier and had some foibles which can’t be told to others. Recently, because Grandma Merchant spoiled Precious Jade too much, his parents couldn’t discipline him too. He was therefore more indulgent and willful, and hated doing the right thing. Whenever others persuaded him, he was stubborn. Today it happened to talk about redemption, so Aroma deliberately lied to Precious Jade to test his attitude and to restrain his anger, and then made the rules. She saw Precious Jade go to sleep silently. She knew the truth, therefore she couldn’t help feeling some guilt, and her anger also subsided. Aroma hadn’t wanted to eat the chestnuts, but was just afraid of the problems that would result from the milk, just like Snow Alizarin’s tea. For this reason, she tricked Precious Jade into not mentioning milk by pretending she wanted to eat chestnuts.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 04:50, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

What’s more, the Merchant’s was very nice to the servants, and never treated them cruelly. All the girls who served as maids of the family members, old or young, were generally treated more kindly than the servants in other position, and were even better off than daughters of ordinary families. Consequently Aroma’s mother and brother made their minds not to buy her freedom. Then the sudden arrival of Precious Jade and the acquaintance between Aroma and her master showed the true situation of Aroma, which made them reassure. The unexpected situation dispelled their other thoughts. These years had shown Aroma that Baoyu with some indescribably odd habits, was no ordinary youth and was more willful than others. Recently, Precious Jade was so indulged by his grandma that his parents couldn’t discipline him strictly. Therefore, he became more indulgent, headstrong and impatient at conventions. Whenever she wanted to exhort him to clean up his act, she was convinced he would not listen to her. Luckily, using the incident as a convenient excuse, Aroma enabled to sound him out, pacify his mood, and give him a good lecture. She saw Precious Jade go to sleep silently. She knew his sadness about her departure, so she didn’t have the heart to give a lecture to him. As for chestnuts, Aroma hadn’t wanted to eat but she had pretended to be eager for them, for fear that the junket would creat a disturbance, just like Snow Alizarin’s tea. She made Precious Jade forget the junket by pretending to hanker after chestnuts.--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 08:53, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

==翻译学 202120081506 刘胜楠女==

于是命小丫头子们将栗子拿去吃了，自己来推宝玉，只见宝玉泪痕满面。
袭人便笑道：“这有什么伤心的？你果然留我，我自然不肯出去。”宝玉见这话头儿活动了，便道：“你说说，我还要怎么留你？我自己也难说了。”
袭人笑道：“咱们两个的好，是不用说了。但你要安心留我，不在这上头。我另说出三件事来，你果然依了，那就是真心留我了；刀搁在脖子上，我也不出去了。”
宝玉忙笑道：“你说那几件？我都依你。好姐姐，好亲姐姐，别说两三件，就是两三百件，我也依的。只求你们看守着我，等我有一日化成了飞灰，——飞灰还不好，灰还有形有迹，还有知识的。——等我化成一股轻烟，风一吹就散了的时候儿，你们也管不得我，我也顾不得你们了，凭你们爱那里去，那里去就完了。”

Aroma thereupon gave the chestnuts to the other maids and nudged Precious Jade gently. She found his face is tear-strained .“Why you so sad about that?”she cajoled. “If you really want me to remind here, I won’t leave of course.” Reading between the lines, Precious Jade quickly replied , “Just tell me what I can do to keep you. I don't know how to persuade you.” She laughed, “We needn’t mention how well we get along with each other. If you really want to keep me, that’s a whole other story. If you promise me two or three things I come up with, I’ll assume that you are truly want me to stay. Then even a knife at my throat could not make me get out of here.”Precious Jade merrily said, “Well, what are these three conditions? I will agree them all, dear sister, my nice sister. I’d agree to two or three hundred conditions, let alone two or three. I merely implore you all to stay and take care of me until the day that I turn into flying ashes. No, I don’t want to turn into ashes because ashes have a trace of form and awareness . I’d like to let you all stay until I’ve turned into a wisp of smoke and been blown away by the wind. Then you will not be able to watch over me, and l will not be able to care about you. I will let you go wherever you please as well.”--[[User:Liu Shengnan|Liu Shengnan]] ([[User talk:Liu Shengnan|talk]]) 04:48, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

Xi Ren thereupon gave the chestnuts to the other maids and nudged Baoyu gently. She found his face tear-strained .
“Why are you so sad about that?”she cajoled . “If you really want me to remind in Jia’s mansion, I won’t leave naturally.” Reading between the lines, Baoyu quickly replied , “Just tell me what else I can do to keep you. I don't know.”
She laughed, “We needn’t mention how well we get along with each other. If you really want to keep me, that’s a whole other story. If you promise me two or three things I come up with, I‘ll assume that you are truly want me to stay. Then even a knife at my throat could not make me get out of here.” Baoyu merrily said, “Well, what are these three conditions? I will agree them all, good sister, my dear sister. I’d agree to two or three hundred conditions, let alone two or three. I merely implore you all to stay and take care of me until the day that I turn into flying ashes. No, I don’t want to turn into ashes because ashes have a trace of form and awareness . I’d like to let you all stay until I’ve turned into a wisp of smoke and been blown away by the wind. Then you will not be able to take care of me, and l will not be able to care about you. I will let you go wherever you want as well.”--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 13:38, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==法语语言文学 202120021494 金晓童女==

急的袭人忙捂他的嘴道：“好爷，我正为劝你这些个，更说的狠了。”宝玉忙说道：“再不说这话了。”袭人道：“这是头一件要改的。”宝玉道：“改了，再说你就拧嘴。还有什么？”
袭人道：“第二件，你真爱念书也罢，假爱也罢，只在老爷跟前，或在别人跟前，你别只管嘴里混批，只作出个爱念书的样儿来，也叫老爷少生点儿气，在人跟前也好说嘴。老爷心里想着：我家代代念书，只从有了你，不承望不但不爱念书(已经他心里又气又恼了)，而且背前面后混批评：凡读书上进的人，你就起个外号儿，叫人家‘禄蠹’；又说只除了什么‘明明德’外就没书了，都是前人自己混编纂出来的。这些话，你怎么怨得老爷不气，不时时刻刻的要打你呢？”
宝玉笑道：“再不说了。那是我小时候儿不知天多高地多厚，信口胡说的，如今再不敢说了。还有什么呢？”
Aroma covered his mouth in a hurry and said:"my dear lord, I'm trying to persuade you, but you said these even harder." Precious Jade Merchant quickly said:"I will not say these again.""This is the first thing you need to change."Aroma replied.Precious Jade Merchant said:"OK,if I say it again,you can twist my mouth.Anything else?＂
Aroma said:” The second thing, whether you like studying or not, except for nonsense you just need to pretend that you like reading when talking to milord or other people, which can make milord less angry so that he have something to talk. Milord will say to himself:“Everyone in my family have studied from generation to generation except you. And I can’t imagine that not only do you hate reading(already he was angry and bitter), but also making criticism everywhere----if someone are motivated and love reading, you will call him ‘greedy man’; or you will say every book is fabricated but ‘li Ji’Because of these above, why did you complain that milord are usually annoyed and beat your ass?” “I will never be like that before. When I was a kid, I didn’t understand bragging and talk whatever I want. My dare not say now, and what else?” Precious Jade Merchant said with a smile.--[[User:Jin Xiaotong|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong|talk]]) 14:49, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Xiren covered his mouth in a hurry and said: "my dear lord, I'm trying to persuade you, but you're exaggerating these."Baoyu quickly said: "I will not say these again. " "This is the first thing you need to change. "Xiren replied.Baoyu said: "OK, if I say it again,you can twist my mouth. Anything else? "Xiren said: "The second thing, whether you like studying or not, you can't just talk nonsense, you just need to pretend that you like reading when talking to milord or other people, which can make milord less angry so that he have something to talk with others. Milord will say to himself: "Everyone in my family have studied from generation to generation except you .And I can't imagine that not only do you hate reading (already he was angry and bitter), but also making criticism everywhere casually----if someone are motivated and love reading, you will call him 'greedy man'; you also said there were no other books in the world except 'li Ji', that all other books were made up groundlessly by predecessors. Because of these above, why did you complain that milord are usually annoyed and beat your ass? "
"I will never be like that before. When I was a kid, I didn't understand bragging and talk whatever I want. My dare not say now, and what else? "BaoYu said with a smile.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 02:19, 2 October 2021 (UTC)

==法语语言文学 202120081504 李怡女==

袭人道：“再不许谤僧毁道的了。还有更要紧的一件事：再不许弄花儿，弄粉儿，偷着吃人嘴上擦的胭脂和那个爱红的毛病儿了。”宝玉道：“都改，都改。再有什么，快说罢。”
袭人道：“也没有了，只是百事检点些，不任意任性的就是了。你要果然都依了，就拿八人轿也抬不出我去了。”宝玉笑道：“你在这里长远了，不怕没八人轿你坐。”袭人冷笑道：“这我可不稀罕的！有那个福气，没有那个道理，纵坐了也没趣儿。”
二人正说着，只见秋纹走进来说：“三更天了，该睡了。方才老太太打发嬷嬷来问，我答应睡了。”宝玉命取表来看时，果然针已指到子初二刻了。方从新盥漱，宽衣安歇，不在话下。
至次日清晨，袭人起来，便觉身体发重，头疼目胀，四肢火热。先时还扎挣的住，次后挨不住，只要睡，因而和衣躺在炕上。
Aroma said :Stop denigrating monks and dhamma.There is a more important things : no more indulging in flowers and rouge and powder,no more touching lipstick on other people's lips secretly ,and give up the habit of applying makeup. Precious Jade Merchant said :i will change it all .And anything else ? Aroma said : Nothing,you must be careful of everything and stop being capricious. If you change them all, I won't leave even if you lift me in a huge Jiao. Precious Jade Merchant laughed and said : If you stay here long enough, you'll be able to ride in a big Jiao. Aroma sneered and said :I don't desire it, and even if I were lucky enough to ride in the big Jiao, it would be against the rules and boring.
While the two were talking, Autumn Vein came in and said : It's early in the morning and it's time to go to bed. Grandma Merchant sent her maid to ask after you, and I said you were asleep. Precious Jade Merchant took a watch and checked the time, and it was already midnight, he cleaned up again and then undressed and went to bed and stopped talking.
When Aroma got up early the next morning, she felt heavy and dizzy,and she felt her body was burning. At first she managed to stand up, then she couldn't hold on and felt sleepy, and finally she lay down in bed with her clothes on.--[[User:Li Yi|Li Yi]] ([[User talk:Li Yi|talk]]) 08:35, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

Aroma said, “Stop denigrating monks and dhamma. There is a more important things : no more indulging in flowers and rouge and powder, no more eating lipstick on other people’s lips secretly, and give up the habit of applying makeup.” Precious Jade Merchant said, “I I will rectify all these addictions. And anything else ? ” Aroma said: “No, however, you must be careful of everything and stop being capricious. If you were a kind man, I won’t leave even if you had an eight-man palanquin. Precious Jade Merchant laughed and said: “If you stay here long enough, you’ll be able to in an eight-person palanquin. Aroma sneered and said: “I don’t desire it, and even if I were lucky enough to be in the palanquin, it would be against the rules. That’s boring.” While the two were talking, Autumn Vein came in and said, “It's almost dawn and it’s time to go to bed. Grandma Merchant sent her maid to ask after you, and I said you were asleep.” Precious Jade Merchant asked his servant to bring the watch and checked the time, and it was already midnight. He cleaned up again, undressed and went to bed promptly. When Aroma got up the next morning, she felt heavy and dizzy with a body burning. At first, she was able to stand up, but couldn’t hold on after a short while, and felt extremely sleepy. Thus, she lay down in bed with her clothes on.--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 12:59, 29 September 2021 (UTC)彭瑞雪

==法语语言文学 202120081517 彭瑞雪女==

宝玉忙回了贾母，传医诊视，说道：“不过偶感风寒，吃一两剂药，疏散疏散就好了。”开方去后，令人取药来煎好。刚服下去，命他盖上被窝焐汗。宝玉自去黛玉房中来看视。
彼时黛玉自在床上歇午，丫鬟们皆出去自便，满屋内静悄悄的。宝玉揭起绣线软帘，进入里间，只见黛玉睡在那里，忙上来推他道：“好妹妹，才吃了饭，又睡觉。”将黛玉唤醒。黛玉见是宝玉，因说道：“你且出去逛逛。我前儿闹了一夜，今儿还没歇过来，浑身酸疼。”宝玉道：“酸疼事小，睡出来的病大。我替你解闷儿，混过困去就好了。”黛玉只合着眼，说道：“我不困，只略歇歇儿。你且别处去闹会子再来。”宝玉推他道：“我往那里去呢？见了别人就怪腻的。”
After hastily greeting Granny Merchant, Precious Jade Merchant invited a doctor to see Aroma at home. The doctor said,“This young lady has only caught a cold by chance, take a few pills, the illness will slowly fade away.” According to the prescription prescribed by the doctor, the servant was ordered to pick out the medicine in the pharmacy and to cook it. As soon as Aroma finished the soup, the doctor asked her to cover herself with a quilt in order to sweat and get rid of the cold in her body. Then, Precious Jade Merchant went alone to Mascara Jade Forest’s room to visit her. At that time, she was lying alone in bed, taking a nap, and the maids had all gone off to do their own things, and silence filled the whole room. Precious Jade Merchant gently lifted the curtain and entered the room, only to see her sleeping there, and hurriedly went up to her, nudged her and said to her: “Lovely sister, you just went to bed after eating, how can you do that?” He tried to wake Mascara Jade Forest up. When she was awakened, she saw that the person who had woken her up was Precious Jade Merchant, she saisd, “Could you go out for a walk for the time being. I was up all night the night before, and to this day I still have not recovered my energy. I feel sick.” he answered, “Feeling sick is not a big problem. But if you keep sleeping, you will become really very ill. I will relieve your boredom so that the sleepiness is dispelled, and you will be refreshed.” Mascara Jade Forest just closed her eyes and said,“I’m not sleepy, I just want to rest for a while. Go and play somewhere else for a while, after that, you can come back to me.” Precious Jade Merchant nudged her and said, “Where can I go? I’m tired of others.”--[[User:Peng Ruixue|Peng Ruixue]] ([[User talk:Peng Ruixue|talk]]) 12:37, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

After hastily greeting Grandma Merchant, Precious Jade invited a doctor to see Aroma at home. The doctor said,“This young lady has only caught a cold by chance, take a few pills and she will be recovered.” According to the prescription prescribed by the doctor, the servant was ordered to pick out the medicine in the pharmacy and to decoct it. As soon as Aroma finished the medicine, the doctor asked her to cover herself with a quilt in order to sweat and get rid of the cold in her body. Then, Precious Jade went alone to Mascara Jade's room to visit her. At that time, Mascara Jade was lying alone in bed, taking a nap, and the maids had all gone off to do their own things, and silence filled the whole room. Precious Jade gently lifted the curtain and entered the room, only to see Daiyu sleeping there, and hurriedly went up to her, nudged her and said to her: “Lovely sister, you just went to bed after eating, how can you do that?” Precious Jade tried to wake Mascara Jade up. When she was awakened, she saw that the person who had woken her up was Precious Jade , she saisd, “Could you go out for a walk for the time being. I was up all night the night before, and to this day I still have not recovered my energy. I feel sick.” Precious Jade answered, “Feeling sick is not a big problem. But if you keep sleeping, you will become really very sick. I will relieve your boredom so that the sleepiness will be dispelled, and you will be refreshed.” Mascara Jade just closed her eyes and said,“I’m not sleepy, I just want to rest for a while. Go and play somewhere else for a while, after that, you can come back to me.” Precious Jade nudged her and said, “Where can I go? I’m tired of others.”--Yang Kun(talk) 21;22, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==法语语言文学 202120081542 杨堃女==

黛玉听了，嗤的一笑道：“你既要在这里，那边去老老实实的坐着，咱们说话儿。”宝玉道：“我也歪着。”黛玉道：“你就歪着。”宝玉道：“没有枕头，咱们在一个枕头上罢。”黛玉道：“放屁！外头不是枕头？拿一个来枕着。”
宝玉出至外间，看了一看，回来笑道：“那个我不要，也不知是那个腌臜老婆子的。”黛玉听了，睁开眼，起身笑道：“真真你就是我命中的魔星！请枕这一个。”说着，将自己枕的推给宝玉，又起身将自己的再拿了一个来枕上，二人对着脸儿躺下。
黛玉一回眼，看见宝玉左边腮上有钮扣大小的一块血迹，便欠身凑近前来，以手抚之细看道：“这又是谁的指甲划破了？”宝玉倒身，一面躲，一面笑道：“不是划的，只怕是才刚替他们淘澄胭脂膏子，溅上了一点儿。”说着，便找绢子要擦。

When Mascara Jade heard this, she giggled and said, "Since you want to sit here, sit honestly there and let's talk." Precious Jade Merchant said, "I want to lie down here,too." "You can do it!" said Mascara Jade. " Precious Jade said, "There isn't other pillow. Let's be on the same pillow." Mascara Jade said, "Bullshit! It's not a pillow outside? Take one !"

Precious Jade went out to the outer room, looked at it, came back and smiled, "I don't want that, and I don't know if it belongs to a certain pickled old woman." Hearing this, Mascara Jade opened her eyes, got up and smiled, " You are the magic star I hit! Please rest with this one. " Then, she pushed her pillow to Precious Jade, got up and fetched another one .After that,the two lay down face-to-face.

As soon as Mascara Jade looked back and saw a piece of blood ,the size of a button, on Precious Jade's left cheek. She leaned forward and looked closely with her hand, saying, "whose nails cut your face?" Precious Jade turned back, hiding, and said with a smile, "It's not a wound. I think it's just spattered with a little blusher when I washed it for them just now." With that, he looked for the handkerchief to wipe.--Yang Kun (talk) 23:50, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

When Mascara Jade heard this, she giggled and said, "Since you want to stay here, sit there quietly and let's have a talk." Precious Jade said, "I want to lie down, too." "Do as you like" said Mascara Jade. " Precious Jade said, "There isn't other pillow. Let's share the pillow." Mascara Jade said, "Don’t talk rot! It's not a pillow outside? Take one !" Precious Jade went out to the outer room, looked at it, came back and smiled, "I don't want that, and I don't know if it belongs to a certain pickled old woman." Hearing this, Mascara Jade opened her eyes, got up and smiled, " You are the magic star I hit! Please rest with this one. " Then, she pushed her pillow to Precious Jade, got up and fetched another one. After that, the two lay down face-to-face. As soon as Mascara Jade looked back and saw a piece of blood ,the size of a button, on Precious Jade’s left cheek. She leaned forward and looked closely with her hand, saying, "whose nails cut your face?" Precious Jade turned back, hiding, and said with a smile, "It's not a wound. I think it's just spattered with a little blusher when I washed it for them just now." With that, he looked for the handkerchief to wipe.--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 05:12, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

==法语语言文学 202120081556 周俊辉女==

黛玉便用自己的绢子替他擦了，咂着嘴儿说道：“你又干这些事了；干也罢了，必定还要带出幌子来。就是舅舅看不见，别人看见了，又当作奇怪事，新鲜话儿，去学舌讨好儿，吹到舅舅耳朵里，大家又该不得心净了。”
宝玉总没听见这些话，只闻见一股幽香，却是从黛玉袖中发出，闻之令人醉魂酥骨。
宝玉一把便将黛玉的衣袖拉住，要瞧瞧笼着何物。黛玉笑道：“这时候谁带什么香呢？”宝玉笑道：“那么着，这香是那里来的？”黛玉道：“连我也不知道，想必是柜子里头的香气熏染的，也未可知。”宝玉摇头道：“未必。这香的气味奇怪，不是那些香饼子、香球子、香袋儿的香。”黛玉冷笑道：“难道我也有什么罗汉、真人给我些奇香不成？就是得了奇香，也没有亲哥哥亲兄弟弄了花儿、朵儿、霜儿、雪儿替我炮制。我有的是那些俗香罢了。”

Mascara Jade wiped his cheek with her handkerchief. Smacking her mouth, she said:“ You did it again. You always make excuses to do the trifles. You’re lucky that my uncle doesn’t know. But if other people saw it, they would take it as an anecdote, an opportunity to play up to my uncle. As soon as my uncle hears about it, there will be no peace in the house.”
The words went in one his ear and out the other. At that moment, he smelled a faint fragrance coming from Mascara Jade’s sleeve, which was intoxicating.
Precious Jade grabbed Mascara Jade’s sleeve to see what it was. Mascara Jade laughed and said, “Who brings balsam at this time?” He laughed: “Then where does the fragrance come from?” “Even I don’t know. Maybe it came out of the closet.” Precious Jade shook his head:“Not necessarily, the smell is very strange, not like the fragrance of incense cake, of incense ball, of incense bag.” Mascara Jade sneered: “ Will some god give me some magic spice? Even if I really get it, there is no brothers to help me find flowers, buds, frost and snow, then help me make incense. All I have is mediocre spices.”--[[User:Zhou Junhui|Zhou Junhui]] ([[User talk:Zhou Junhui|talk]]) 01:04, 2 October 2021 (UTC)

Daiyu wiped his mouth with her mocket,she pouted and said:“You did it again, but you also make trouble to us. Although uncle couldn't see it, other people could and would take it as a anecdote. Mabye he heard of it beacause of someone's flattery, there won't be quiet.”
The words went in one of his ears and out the other. At that moment, he smelled a faint fragrance coming from Daiyu’s sleeve,which was intoxicating.
Baoyu grabbed Daiyu’s sleeve to see what stuff hide im. Daiyu smiled and said, “Who brings balsam at this time?” He laughed: “Then where does the fragrance come from?” “Even I don’t know. Maybe it's fumigated by the fragrance of the closet.” Baoyu shook his head:“Not necessarily, the smell is very strange, not like the fragrance of incense cake, of incense ball, of incense bag.” Daiyu sneered: “ Will some god give me some magic spice? Even if I really get it, there is no brothers to help me find flowers, buds, frost and snow, then help me make incense. All I have is mediocre spices.”--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 13:13, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==法语语言文学 202120081558 周清女==

宝玉笑道：“凡我说一句，你就拉上这些。不给你个利害也不知道，从今儿可不饶你了。”说着，翻身起来，将两只手呵了两口，便伸向黛玉膈肢窝内两胁下乱挠。黛玉素性触痒不禁，见宝玉两手伸来乱挠，便笑的喘不过气来。口里说：“宝玉，你再闹，我就恼了。”宝玉方住了手，笑问道：“你还说这些不说了？”黛玉笑道：“再不敢了。”一面理鬓，笑道：“我有奇香，你有‘暖香’没有？”
宝玉见问，一时解不来，因问：“什么‘暖香’？”黛玉点头笑叹道：“蠢才，蠢才！你有‘玉’，人家就有‘金’来配你；人家有‘冷香’，你就没有‘暖香’去配他？”宝玉方听出来，因笑道：“方才告饶，如今更说狠了。”说着又要伸手。黛玉忙笑道：“好哥哥，我可不敢了。”宝玉笑道：“饶你不难，只把袖子我闻一闻。”说着便拉了袖子，笼在面上，闻个不住。黛玉夺了手道：“这可该去了。”宝玉笑道：“要去不能。咱们斯斯文文的躺着说话儿。”说着，复又躺下。黛玉也躺下，用绢子盖上脸。

Baoyu smiled and said:"if i say a word,you will do something like this. You don't know how to constrain, from now on, i won't forgive you anymore if you won't change." As he said, he stood up and exhaled two warm breaths to his both hands, and then put them into the two flanks of Daiyu's diaphragm and scratched randomly. Daiyu still couldn't help itching, so she couldn't breathe with a smile. She said:"Baoyu, if you make a disturbance,i will bw anoyed." Baoyu stopped, he smiled and said:"Will you still say this?" "i'll never do it again. But i have a special perfume, do you have the 'warm perfume'." Daiyu smiled and said.
Baoyu couldn't solve it for a while, so he asked:"What's the "warm perfume?" Daiyu nodded and signed with a smile:"stupd, stupid!You have "jade", people will have "gold"to match you;i have "cold perfume", but you don't have "warm perfume?" Baoyu undstood:"You just surrendered, and now it's even more excesive." He was about to stretch out his hand again. Daiyu hurriedly smiled: "Good brother, I don't dare anymore."Baoyu smiled: "It's not difficult to spare you. I just smell your sleeves." As he said, he pulled up his sleeves, caged on his face, and couldn't help smelling it.Daiyu grabbed his hand and said, "This is the time to go." Baoyu smiled and said, "I can't go. Let's lie down and talk quietly." As he said, he lay down again. Daiyu also lay down and covered her face with silk.--[[User:Zhou Qing|Zhou Qing]] ([[User talk:Zhou Qing|talk]]) 12:54, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

Baoyu smiled and said:"if i say a word,you will do something like this. You don't know what happened if I'm not serious. I won't let you off from this day forward. " As he said, he stood up and exhaled two warm breaths to his both hands, and then put them into the two flanks of Daiyu's diaphragm and scratched randomly. Daiyu still couldn't help itching, so she couldn't breathe with a smile. She said:"Baoyu, if you make a disturbance,i will bw anoyed." Baoyu stopped, he smiled and said:"Will you still say this?" "i'll never do it again. But i have a special perfume, do you have the 'warm perfume'." Daiyu smiled and said.
Baoyu couldn't solve it for a while, so he asked:"What's the "warm perfume?" Daiyu nodded and signed with a smile:"stupd, stupid!You have "jade", people will have "gold"to match you;i have "cold perfume", but you don't have "warm perfume?" Baoyu undstood:"You just surrendered, and now it's even more excesive." He was about to stretch out his hand again. Daiyu hurriedly smiled: "Good brother, I don't dare anymore."Baoyu smiled: "It's not difficult to spare you. I just smell your sleeves." As he said, he pulled up his sleeves, caged on his face, and couldn't help smelling it.Daiyu grabbed his hand and said, "This is the time to go." Baoyu smiled and said, "I don't go. Let's lie down and talk quietly." As he said, he lay down again. Daiyu also lay down and covered her face with silk.--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 13:56, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==俄语语言文学 202120081488 宫博雅女==

宝玉有一搭没一搭的说些鬼话，黛玉总不理。宝玉问他几岁上京，路上见何景致，扬州有何古迹，土俗民风如何。黛玉不答。宝玉只怕他睡出病来，便哄他道：“嗳哟！你们扬州衙门里有一件大故事，你可知道么？”黛玉见他说的郑重，又且正言厉色，只当是真事，因问：“什么事？”宝玉见问，便忍着笑顺口诌道：“扬州有一座黛山，山上有个林子洞。”黛玉笑道：“这就扯谎，自来也没听见这山。”宝玉道：“天下山水多着呢，你那里都知道？等我说完了，你再批评。”黛玉道：“你说。”
宝玉又诌道：“林子洞里原来有一群耗子精。那一年腊月初七，老耗子升座议事，说：‘明儿是腊八儿了，世上的人都熬腊八粥。如今我们洞里果品短少，须得趁此打劫些个来才好。’乃拔令箭一枝，遣了个能干小耗子去打听。小耗子回报：‘各处都打听了，惟有山下庙里果、米最多。’老耗子便问：‘米有几样？果有几品？’小耗子道：‘米、豆成仓。果品却只有五样：一是红枣，二是栗子，三是落花生，四是菱角，五是香芋。’

Precious Jade Merchant chattered by fits and starts, Mascara Jade Forest kept silent. Precious Jade Merchant asked, “How old were you when you went to the captical? What did you see along the road? Are there any historical sites in Yangzhou? How about the folk customs?” She didn’t answer. Precious Jade Merchant was worried she will get ill for sleeping too long , and coaxed her, “ Ah! There is an important event in yamen of Yangzhou, you know that? ” Mascara Jade Forest saw what he said with a stern look,so she aslo took it seriously. Then she asked, “What envent? ” Upon seeing this, Precious Jade Merchant concealed a smile and kept cooking up, “in Yangzhou there is a mountain called Daishan and a forest cave upon there. ” Mascara Jade Forest smiled, “It is nonsense, I have not heard of it at all. ”Precious Jade Merchant replied, “There are so many landscapes in the world, how do you know all of them? Keeping your comments until i finish my words. ” She said, “Say it. ” Precious Jade Merchant talked recklessly again, “There used to be a bunch of ratspirits in the forest cave. On the seventh day of the twelfth lunar month, the elder ratspirit held a meeting. On the meeting, he said, ‘Tomorrow is the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. People will all make laba rice porridge. Now that we are short of grain in the cave, we must seize the chance to rob some. ’ Cosequently he threw a command arrow and sent an able young ratspirit to inquire. Young ratspirit returned and reported, ‘I have made inquiries everywhere. The temple at the mountain foot stores most fruits and rice. ’ The old ratspirit asked, ‘ How many kinds of grain? How many kinds of tribute? ’ The young ratspirit said, ‘There's a whole warehouse of rice and bean. There are only five kinds of cereal: one is red dates, two is chestnuts, three is peanuts, four is water chestnut, five is taro. ’--[[User:Gong Boya|Gong Boya]] ([[User talk:Gong Boya|talk]]) 01:55, 13 October 2021 (UTC)

Chinese names can be translated directly in pinyin.(宝玉—Baoyu；黛玉—Daiyu);Bao Yu was talking nonsense, but Dai Yu always ignored it. She asked him how old he was when he went to Beijing, what sights he saw on the way, what are the monuments in Yangzhou, and what are the customs and folklore. Daiyu did not answer. She was afraid that he would fall asleep and get sick, so she coaxed him, "Oh! There is a big story in your Yangzhou government office, do you know it?" The first time I saw him, I thought he was telling the truth, so I asked, "What is it?" When Baoyu saw the question, he stifled a laugh and said smoothly, "There is a Dai Mountain in Yangzhou and there is a Lin Zi Cave on the mountain." Daiyu laughed and said, "That's a lie, I haven't heard of this mountain since." The world is full of mountains and rivers, where do you know them all? When I've finished, you can criticise again." Daiyu said, "You say it." Bao Yu said, "There was a group of rat spirits in the forest cave. That year, on the seventh day of the lunar month, the old rats rose to their seats and said: 'Tomorrow is the eighth day of the lunar month, and everyone in the world is making lunar porridge. Now we are short of fruits in the cave, so we must take advantage of this to rob some of them.' He drew an arrow and sent a competent little rat to inquire. The little rat reported, 'I have asked everywhere, but the temple at the bottom of the hill has the most fruit and rice.' The old rat then asked, 'How many kinds of rice are there? How many kinds of fruit are there?' The little rat said, 'Rice and beans are in the warehouse. But there are only five kinds of fruits: first, red dates, second, chestnuts, third, groundnuts, fourth, lozenges, and fifth, taro.--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 06:46, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==俄语语言文学 202120081515 毛优女==

“老耗子听了大喜，即时拔了一枝令箭，问：‘谁去偷米？’一个耗子便接令去偷米。又拔令箭问：‘谁去偷豆？’又一个耗子接令去偷豆。然后一一的都各领令去了。只剩下香芋，因又拔令箭问：‘谁去偷香芋？’只见一个极小极弱的小耗子应道：‘我愿去偷香芋。’
“老耗子和众耗子见他这样，恐他不谙练，又怯懦无力，不准他去。小耗子道：‘我虽年小身弱，却是法术无边，口齿伶俐，机谋深远。这一去，管比他们偷的还巧呢。’众耗子忙问：‘怎么比他们巧呢？’小耗子道：‘我不学他们直偷；我只摇身一变，也变成个香芋，滚在香芋堆里，叫人瞧不出来，却暗暗儿的搬运，渐渐的就搬运尽了。这不比直偷硬取的巧吗？’众耗子听了，都说：‘妙却妙，只是不知怎么变？你先变个我们瞧瞧。’小耗子听了，笑道：‘这个不难，等我变来。’说毕，摇身说：‘变！’竟变了一个最标致美貌的一位小姐。众耗子忙笑说：‘错了，错了。原说变果子，怎么变出个小姐来了呢？’小耗子现了形，笑道：‘我说你们没见世面，只认得这果子是香芋，却不知盐课林老爷的小姐才是真正的香玉呢。’”

The old mouse was overjoyed and immediately drew an arrow and asked:"Who is going to steal the rice?" A mouse took the order to steal the rice. Then he drew /pulled another arrow and asked again :"Who is going to steal the beans?" Another mouse took the order to steal the beans. All the mouses One by one received the orders, only the order of taro was left. So the old mouse drew this left arrow and asked:"Who is going to steal the taro?" At this time a very small and weak mouse responded:"I am willing to steal the taro." The old mouse and all the mice saw him like this, and they would not allow him to go because they were afraid that he would be unskilled and cowardly. But the little mouse said: ‘Although I am young and weak, I have boundless power, skillful tongue and foresight. I will steal more cleverly than others. "The mice hurriedly asked: "How can you do that?" The little mouse said: "I won't learn from them to steal directy. I just changed my body and turned into a taro, rolled in the taro pile. In that way people can't see me. Then I will secretly carry the taros, and gradually they were exhausted. Isn't this more clever than stealing directly? All the mice heard this, and they all said, "It's indeed a wonderful way, but how can you change yourself into a taro? Can you show us now? let's see!"The little mouse listened and said with a smile: "This is not difficult, wait for me!" After speaking, he said: "Change! "She has turned into the most beautiful girl in this world. The mice laughed and said:"it’s wrong, it’s wrong. Originally you said that you would turn into fruit, why did you turn into a girl?" The little mouse appeared, and smiled: "I said you hadn't seen the world, because you only recognized that it was a taro, but you didn't know that master Lin's daughter was the real fragrant jade. "(In Chinese pronounciation of the word "taro" is as the same as the word "fragrant jade")--[[User:Mao You|Mao You]] ([[User talk:Mao You|talk]]) 14:28, 28 September 2021 (UTC)Sept. 28

The old mouse was overjoyed and immediately drew an arrow and asked:"Who is going to steal the rice?" A mouse took the order to steal the rice. Then he pulled another arrow and asked again :"Who is going to steal the beans?" Another mouse took the order to steal the beans. All the mouses One by one received the orders, only the order of taro was left. So the old mouse pulled this left arrow and asked:"Who is going to steal the taro?" At this time a very small and weak mouse responded:"I am willing to steal the taro." The old mouse and all the mice saw him like this, and they would not allow him to go because they were afraid that he would be unskilled and cowardly. But the little mouse said: ‘Although I am young and weak, I have boundless supernatural power, skillful tongue and foresight. I will steal more cleverly than others. "The mice hurriedly asked: "How can you do that?" The little mouse said: "I won't learn from them to steal directy. I just changed my body and turned into a taro, rolled in the taro pile. In that way people can't see me. Then I will secretly carry the taros, and gradually they were exhausted. Isn't this more clever than stealing directly? All the mice heard this, and they all said, "It's indeed a wonderful way, but how can you change yourself into a taro? Can you show us now? let's see!"The little mouse listened and said with a smile: "This is not difficult, wait for me!" After speaking, he said: "Change! "She has turned into the most beautiful girl in this world. The mice laughed and said:"it’s wrong, it’s wrong. Originally you said that you would turn into fruit, why did you turn into a girl?" The little mouse appeared, and smiled: "I said you hadn't seen the world, because you only recognized that it was a taro, but you didn't know that master Lin's daughter was the real fragrant jade. "--[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 13:00, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

==俄语语言文学 202120081529 吴婧悦女==

黛玉听了，翻身爬起来，按着宝玉笑道：“我把你这个烂了嘴的！我就知道你是编派我呢。”说着便拧。宝玉连连央告：“好妹妹，饶了我罢，再不敢了。我因为闻见你的香气，忽然想起这个故典来。”黛玉笑道：“饶骂了人，你还说是故典呢。” 一语未了，只见宝钗走来，笑问：“谁说故典呢？我也听听。”黛玉忙让坐，笑道：“你瞧瞧，还有谁？他饶骂了，还说是故典。”宝钗笑道：“哦！是宝兄弟哟，怪不得他，他肚子里的故典本来多么。就只是可惜一件：该用故典的时候儿，他就偏忘了。有今儿记得的，前儿夜里的芭蕉诗就该记得呀，眼面前儿的倒想不起来。别人冷的了不得，他只是出汗。这会子偏又有了记性了。”黛玉听了，笑道：“阿弥陀佛！到底是我的好姐姐。你一般也遇见对子了。可知一还一报，不爽不错的。”
刚说到这里，只听宝玉房中一片声吵嚷起来。
未知何事，下回分解。

Mascara Jade Forest listened, turned over and got up, she laughed at Precious Jade and said: “ Why you love to gossip so much? I knew that you were making fun of me.” She said and tweaked his ear. Precious Jade hastened to say that: “ my dear sister, forgive me please, I dare not do it again. Because I smelt your scent, and suddenly remembered this literary allusion.” Mascara Jade Forest smiled and added: “ You spout insults but said that it is an allusion.” Didn’t finish saying, while Precious hairpin came in, she also smiled and said: “ Who is telling allusions? I want to know, too.” Mascara Jade Forest offered her seat to Precious hairpin , and said: “ Look! Who else? He spout insults, but said they are allusion.” Precious hairpin added with a smile: “ Oh! It is brother Precious Jade, it’s none of his business, because he knew a lot of allusions, but it is a pity that he didn’t remember the allusion when it needed. He should have remembered the Plantain poem, but didn’t remember the allusion before him. The others were so cold, but he only sweated, and this time he unexpectedly had a good memory.” Mascara Jade Forest listened to her, laughing: “ God! You exactly my good sister. Now you also meet with your opponent. It is true that measure for measure.” By this time, Precious Jade‘s room rang out a noise. Unknown what had happened, it will be told in the next chapter.

Daiyu heard, turned over and got up, she laughed at Baoyu and said: “ Why you love to gossip so much? I know that you are making fun of me.” She said and tweaked his ear. Baoyu hastened to say that: “ my dear sister, forgive me please, I dare not do it again. Because I smelt your scent, and suddenly remembered this literary allusion.” Daiyu smiled and added: “ You spout insults but said that it is an allusion.” Didn’t finish saying, while Baochai came in, she also smiled and said: “ Who is telling allusions? I want to know, too.” Daiyu offered her seat to Baochai, and said: “ Look! Who else? He spout insults, but said they are allusion.” Baochai added with a smile: “ Oh! It is brother Baoyu, it’s none of his business, because he knew a lot of allusions, but it is a pity that he didn’t remember the allusion when it needed. He should have remembered the Plantain poem, but didn’t remember the allusion before him. The others were so cold, but he only sweated, and this time he unexpectedly had a good memory.” Daiyu listened to her, laughing: “ God! You are exactly my good sister. Now you also meet with your opponent. It is true that measure for measure.” By this time, Baoyu’s room rang out a noise. Unknown what had happened, it will be told in the next chapter. --[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 02:20, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==俄语语言文学 202120081533 谢庆琳女==

花解语──解：理解，领会。语本“解语花”，出自五代·王仁裕《开元天宝遗事·卷下·解语花》：“秋八月，太液池有千叶白莲，数枝盛开，帝(唐玄宗)与贵戚宴赏焉。左右皆叹羡。久之，帝指贵妃示于左右曰：‘争如我解语花！’”(争：怎。)原指唐玄宗把杨贵妃比做善解人意的鲜花。引申以比喻善解人意的美女。曹雪芹化用为“花解语”，则变为美女善解人意；而“花”又为袭人之姓，则“花解语”就是花袭人善解人意。
玉生香──玉：指林黛玉。生香：散发出香气。语或本“活色生香”，出自唐·薛能《杏花》诗：“活色生香第一枝，手中移得近青楼。”原形容杏花呈现出生机盎然的美丽颜色，散发出沁人心脾的香气。引申以形容女子的天生美貌和芳香气息。这里用以形容林黛玉的天生美貌和芳香气息。
“Hua Jie Yu” - " Jie": to understand, to comprehend. The phrase is from Wang Renyu's "The Legacy of Kaiyuan Tianbao - Volume 2 - The Flower of Explanation": "In the eighth month of autumn, there were a thousand leaves of white lotus in full bloom at the Taiyan Pond. The Emperor (Tang Xuanzong) and his noble relatives enjoyed the feast, and all the people around him admired them. After a long time, the emperor pointed to the noble princess and showed her to the left and right, saying: 'Compete with me to interpret the flowers!'" (Strive: how.) Originally, Emperor Tang Xuanzong compared Yang Guifei to an understanding flower. This is a metaphor for a beautiful woman who understands people. Cao Xueqin's use of the word "Hua Jie Yu" is a metaphor for a beautiful woman who understands people's feelings; and since "Hua" is also the surname of Assailant, "Hua Jie Yu" means that Hua Assailant understands people's feelings. “Jade is fragrant” - “Jade” refers to Lin Daiyu. The name of the poem is "Jade". The phrase is derived from the poem 'Apricot Blossoms' by Xue Neng: "The first branch of apricot blossoms is in living colour and fragrance, and the hand has moved close to the green tower." The original description is that the apricot blossoms are of a vibrant and beautiful colour, emitting a refreshing fragrance. It is also used to describe the natural beauty and fragrance of a woman. Here it is used to describe the natural beauty and fragrance of Lin Daiyu.
--[[User:Xie Qinglin|Xie Qinglin]] ([[User talk:Xie Qinglin|talk]]) 02:02, 29 September 2021 (UTC)
“Hua Jie Yu” - " Jie": to understand, to comprehend. The phrase is from five dynasties and ten years ·Wang Renyu's "The Legacy of Kaiyuan Tianbao - Volume 2 - The Flower of Explanation": "In the eighth month of autumn, there were a thousand leaves of white lotus in full bloom at the Taiye Pond. The Emperor (Tang Xuanzong) and his relatives enjoyed the beautiful scenery, and all the people around him admired them. After a long time, the emperor pointed to Yang Guifei（his wife）and showed her to the left and right, saying: 'Compete with me to interpret the flowers!'" (Strive: how.) Originally, Emperor Tang Xuanzong compared Yang Guifei to an understanding flower. This is a metaphor for a beautiful woman who understands people. Cao Xueqin used the word "Hua Jie Yu" as a metaphor for a beautiful woman who understands people's feelings; and since “Hua” is also the surname of Aroma, “Hua Jie Yu” means that “Aroma Hua” understands people's feelings. “Yu Sheng Xiang” - “Yu”(Jade) refers to Mascara Jade Forest. “Sheng Xiang”- exude fragrance. Or it could be called ''Huo Se Sheng Xiang''.The phrase is derived from the poem 'Apricot Blossoms' by Xue Neng: "The first branch of apricot blossoms is in living colour and fragrance, when got it in hand has moved close to the brothel." The original description is that the apricot blossoms are of a vibrant and beautiful colour, emitting a refreshing fragrance. It is also used to describe the natural beauty and fragrance of a woman. Here it is used to describe the natural beauty and fragrance of Mascara Jade Forest.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 03:24, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==俄语语言文学 202120081552 张怡然女==

掷骰(t óu投)子——是一种游戏，即互掷骰子，以点数多少决输赢。骰子：游戏或赌博用具。多用兽骨制成，为立体小方块，六面分别刻以一、二、三、四、五、六点，一、四点涂以红色，其馀涂以黑色，故又称“色子”。相传为曹操之子曹植发明。
《丁郎认父》──取材于小说《升仙记》的弋阳腔剧目。写明代杜文学因受奸相严嵩迫害，流落湖广，入赘胡丞相府，与前妻所生子丁郎曲折相认的故事。
《黄伯央大摆阴魂阵》──或作《黄伯英大摆阴兵阵》。是由《七国春秋平话》改编的地方戏目。写燕国大将乐毅请师父黄伯央(《七国春秋平话》作“黄伯杨”)下山摆设阴魂阵围困齐将孙膑，最后两国讲和的故事。
Cast the dice - is a game in which two people cast in turn, using the size of the dice to determine the winner. Dice: a game or gambling device.Most of them are small cubes made of animal bones, six sides are engraved on one, two, three, four, five, six points, one and four coated into red, and the rest is also black, so the dice is called again ''Shai zi''.It is said to be invented by Cao Zhi, the son of Cao Cao.
''Ding lang got acquainted with his father''-- based on the novel ''Sheng Xian Ji'' yiyang repertoire. It tells the story of a man named Du Wenxue in the Ming Dynasty, who was forced to live in Huguang area because of the persecution of Yan Song, the adulterous phase. He entered the residence of Prime Minister Hu and met ding Lang, the son of his ex-wife with twists and turns.
''Huang Boyang's Great display of ghosts'' ─ or ''Huang Boying's great display of died soldiers''. It is a local opera adapted from ”The story collection of the Seven Kingdoms In the Spring and Autumn Period”. It tells the story of the state of Yan general Yue Yi please master Huang Boyang (''The story collection of the Seven Kingdoms In the Spring and Autumn Period'' for ''Huang Boyang'' ) Down the mountain set up the ghost array besiege Qi general Sun Bin， finally the last two countries peace story.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 15:47, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
Cast the dice - is a game in which two people cast in turn, using the size of the dice to determine the winner. Dice: a game or gambling device.Most of them are small cubes made of animal bones, six sides are engraved on one, two, three, four, five, six points, one and four coated into red, and the rest is coated into black, so the dice is also called 'Shai zi''.It is said to be invented by Cao Zhi, the son of Cao Cao.
''Ding lang got acquainted with his father''-- based on yiyang repertoire of the novel ''Sheng Xian Ji''. It tells the story of a man named Du Wenxue in the Ming Dynasty, who was forced to live in Huguang area because of the persecution of Yan Song, the adulterous phase. He entered the residence of Prime Minister Hu and met ding Lang, the son of his ex-wife with twists and turns.
''Huang Boyang's Great display of ghosts'' ─ or ''Huang Boying's great display of died soldiers''. It is a local opera adapted from ”The story collection of the Seven Kingdoms In the Spring and Autumn Period”. It tells the story of the state of Yan general Yue Yi please master Huang Boyang (''The story collection of the Seven Kingdoms In the Spring and Autumn Period'' for ''Huang Boyang'' ) Down the mountain set up the ghost array besiege Qi general Sun Bin， finally the last make peace between the two countries.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 10:26, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==亚非语言文学 202120081509 刘越女==

香玉──典出唐·温庭筠《晚归曲》：“弯堤弱柳遥相瞩，雀扇团圆掩香玉。”原比喻美女散发的香气和洁白如玉的肌肤。这里是把玉石的“玉”和林黛玉的“玉”合为一体，以比喻美女林黛玉。
《孙行者大闹天宫》──京剧和地方戏均有此剧目，取材于小说《西游记》。写孙悟空跟随唐僧前大闹天宫的故事。
《姜太公斩将封神》──京剧和地方戏均有此剧目，取材于小说《封神演义》。写姜太公助周灭商后斩将封神的故事。按：以上四剧皆为闹剧，隐寓宁国府子弟粗俗不堪。
献酬──亦作“献醻”。指酒席上主宾互相敬酒。《诗经·小雅·楚茨》：“献醻交错，礼仪卒度，笑语卒获。”郑玄笺：“始主人酌宾为献，宾既酌主人，主人又自饮酌宾曰醻。”
行令──即行酒令。是一种宴会中助兴的游戏。其方法是：由一人任令官，按一定规矩行令，违令或按令该饮者都要饮酒。
Sweet jade -- classic tang · Wen Tingjun late homing song : "Bent dike weak willow distant look, bird fan reunion mask sweet jade." Originally used as a metaphor for beauty to send out fragrance and white jade skin. Here, the "jade" of jade and the "jade" of Mascara Jade Forest are combined as a whole to compare the beauty Lin Daiyu.
Monkey King Makes Havoc in Heaven-- a play in Both Beijing and local operas, based on the novel 'Journey to the West.' It tells the story of Sun Wukong who caused havoc in heaven before he followed Tang Priest.
Jiang Taigong beheaded a General and canonized a God. This play is used in Both Beijing Opera and local opera, and is based on the novel Creation of the Gods(Fengshen Yanyi). Write the story of Jiang Taigong, who helped Zhou destroy the Shang dynasty and then beheaded the generals and sealed the gods. The author explains: the above four plays are farce, alluding to the vulgar children of the Ningguo mansion.
献酬（Make toasts）─ can also be said 献醻. Refers to the banquet guests toasting each other. The Book of Songs· xiaoya ·chuets : "The host and the guest toast each other, the etiquette completely conforms to the law, then a word and a smile are appropriate natural." Zheng Xuanjian: "First, the host toasts to the guests. After the guests drink the wine revered by the host, the host drinks it, which is called making toasts ."
Order -- that is, order to drink. It's a fun game at a banquet. Its method is: by a person as an officer, according to certain rules of the order, the violation or according to the order of the drinker to drink.--[[User:Liu Yue|Liu Yue]] ([[User talk:Liu Yue|talk]]) 10:26, 29 September 2021 (UTC)
Here is the "jade" of Jade and Lin Daiyu "jade" into one--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 10:38, 29 September 2021 (UTC)

==亚非语言文学 202120081550 张秋怡女==

家生子儿——奴仆在主子家生养的子女。清代规定家奴之子女必须为奴，世代如此。清·赵翼《陔馀丛考·家生子儿》：“奴仆在主家所生子，俗谓家生子。按《法苑珠林》记庸岭有大蛇为患，都尉令长求人家生婢子及有罪家女祭之，‘家生’之名见此。”(按：《法苑珠林》为唐·释道世撰。)又《汉书·陈胜传》“秦令少府章邯免骊山徒、人奴产子”唐·颜师古注：“奴产子，犹今人云家生奴也。”“家生奴”即“家生子”。可知“家生子”或“家生奴”之称至少在唐代已有。
卖倒的死契——指双方约定卖出后不能赎身、必须终生为奴的卖身契。卖倒：犹“卖定”、“卖死”。不可变更或反悔之意。
禄蠹——禄：身居官爵，享受俸禄。蠹：蛀虫。 “禄蠹”或本“国蠧”，出自《左传·襄公二十二年》：“不可使也，而傲使人，国之蠧也。”意思是本无治国之才而身居高位，便是国家的蛀虫。“禄蠹”与“国蠧” 的意思基本上一样，也是指身居高位、坐享国家俸禄而不干实事的官吏。
Offspring - The offspring of a servant in his master's house.The Qing Dynasty stipulated that the children of domestic slaves must be slaves,from generation to generation so.Qing · Zhaoyi “Gai Yu Cong Kao·The offspring of a servant in his master's house”：“A son born to a slave in his master's house is called a son of the family. according to the story in the Pearl forest of Fayuan that there was a snake in yongling, the commander ordered the family to give birth to maidservants and guilty family female sacrifice, the name of ‘Jia Sheng’ can be seen here.”(according to: the Pearl forest of Fayuan was written for Tang· Shi Daoshi.) Also in The Book of Han · Biography of Chen Sheng, “The Qin Dynasty sent Zhang Han to pardon those who had served in mount Lishan for crimes and the sons born to house slaves”Tang · Yan Shigu notes: “Slaves give birth to children, and is also slaves”.“family born slave” is “family born child”. It can be known that “family born son” or “family born slave” had been known at least in the Tang Dynasty.Dead deed of sale refers to the deed of sale in which both parties agree that they cannot redeem themselves and must be slaves for life. Sell down: “sell it” and “sell it to death”.The meaning of not changing or repentance.“LU DU”-Lu：official status, enjoy the salary. Du：moth. “Ludu” or “Guodu” from “Zuo Zhuan · Xianggong 22 years”: “do not make, but proud to make people the worm of the nation.It means that if you are in a high position without the ability to govern a country, you are the moth of the country. “Ludu” and “Guodu” basically the same meaning, also refers to a high position, enjoy the state salary and do not work officials.--[[User:Zhang Qiuyi|Zhang Qiuyi]] ([[User talk:Zhang Qiuyi|talk]]) 01:29, 29 September 2021 (UTC)
--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 13:47, 11 October 2021 (UTC)
Annotation:
First:The common term for a son born to a slave in his master’s house is a family son.
Second:It means that if you are in a high position without the ability to govern a country,you are the moth of the country.

==亚非语言文学 202120081524 王逸凡女==

明明德——头一个“明”为动词。彰明、弘扬之意。明德：美德，至德，完美的道德。语出《礼记·大学》：“大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。”意思是弘扬完美的道德。这里是指贾宝玉只肯定包括《大学》在内的《四书》(《论语》、《大学》、《中庸》、《孟子》)是正经书，其他书都要不得。
魔星——曹雪芹的原作为“天魔星”，显然是借用了佛家和道家的“天魔”之说。佛家说“天魔”为欲界第六天主。如《楞严经》卷九说：“或汝阴魔，或复天魔。”又《百喻经·小儿得大龟喻》说：“邪见外道，天魔波旬，及恶知识，而语之言，汝但极意六尘，恣情五欲，如我语者，必得解脱。”道家则说“天魔”为天上的魔怪。如《云笈七签》卷四说：“有经无符，则天魔害人。”这里的“魔星”则为冤家之意。
--[[User:Wang Yifan21|Wang Yifan21]] ([[User talk:Wang Yifan21|talk]]) 13:55, 11 October 2021 (UTC)
Mingmingde-The first Ming is a verb which means obviousness, clearness or carrying forward and the word Mingde means virtue,supreme virtue,perfect morality.TheBook of Rites·Great learningsaid that The way of a university lies in being clear and virtuous,being close to the people and being perfect.It means to promote perfect morality.Jiabaoyu only affirmed The Four Books including Great learning.(Analects,Great Learning,The Doctrine of the Mean,Mencius) are the proper scriptures and the other books are not acceptable.
Devil star—Cao Xueqin's original as heaven devil star apparently borrowed Buddhism and Taoism’s doctrine of heaven devil.Buddhists say that demons are the sixth god of desire.For example,volume 9 of the Surangama Sutra says, Either you cast shadows or you recover demons from heaven.And Buddhist parables said Evil sees the outside world,the sky is full of demons,and evil knowledge.But as you speak,you will be free from your desires.Taoism says that demons of heaven are demons in the sky.Such as Cloud gupta seven signs volume 4 said there is no sign,then the devil harm people.The devil star here is the meaning of enemy.

Laba Porridge-Originated from what Buddhism calls "Buddha Bathing Day". According to legend, Sakyamuni was born on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, every Buddhist temple has held commemorative activities on this day. , "Buddhist Bathing Festival" or "Buddha Day". "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Tao Qian Biography" said:" Every time Buddha baths, to provid alms and rice to the road."In the Southern Dynasties Liang Zongmo's "Jingchu Sui Shi Ji" said: "April 8th, all monasteries Set up a fast, bath the Buddha with five-color perfume, and make Longhua Hui together. According to "The Biography of the Eminent Monk": ‘On April 8th, to bathe the Buddha, use Duliang incense as blue water, tulip as red water, Qiulong incense as white water, aconite incense as yellow water, benzoin as black water, to infuse the top of the Buddha. ’"In the Song Dynasty, the day of Sakyamuni’s Buddhahood, the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, was the "Buddha Bathing Day." Every time this day, all the temples held commemorative activities, not only followed the alms, bathing Buddha and other items, but also added laba porridge, known as "Buddha Bathing Day." "On the eighth day of the lunar New Year, three or five monks and nuns in the streets chanted Buddha in teams. They would sit on a gold, bronze or wooden Buddha statue in a silver or bronze saro or a good basin. They would soak it in perfume and shower it with the branches of a tree and intended for the edification of the masses. The great monasteries served as bathing buddhas, and gave seven treasures and five flavors porridge and disciples, called "laba porridge". Since then every families also cooks porridge with fruit and miscellaneous ingredients. "Since then, the phase has become a common practice, and it has not faded to this day.--[[User:Li Xinxing|Li Xinxing]] ([[User talk:Li Xinxing|talk]]) 12:47, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

Laba congee - Originated from a festival which calls “Buddha Bathing Day” in Buddhism. According to legend, Sakyamuni was born on the eighth of forth lunar month. Therefore, on this day, every Buddhist temple will hold activities since Han Dynasty. People will practice alms all over the place, and wash Buddha statues with water full of spices, which is called “Buddha Bathing Day”, “Buddha Bathing Festival” or “Buddha Buddhism Day”. “Book of Later Han Dynasty · Tao Qian Biography” said: “Every time Buddha baths, there are more drinking and rice to the homeless people. And Liang Zongmo, the author of “Jingchu Sui Shi Ji”, said: “April 8th, all monasteries set up a fast, bath the Buddha with five-color perfume, and make Longhua Hui together.”
According to “The Biography of the Eminent Monk”: “On April 8th, people use Duliang incense as blue water, Yujin incense as red water, Qiulong incense as white water, Fuzi incense as yellow water, and Anxi incense as black water, to infuse the top of the Buddha”. In Song Dynasty, the day when Sakyamuni became a Buddha, the eighth of twelfth lunar month, was the "Buddha Bathing Day." On that day, all Buddhist temples held the activities which called “Buddha Bathing Activities”, not only followed the traditional items, but also added Laba congee. The folks also follow the example and eat Laba congee. We can see these things from “DongJingMengHualu·Volume Ten·December”, a book written by Meng in Song Dynasty: three or five monks and nuns in the streets chanted Buddha in teams. They would sit on a gold, bronze or wooden Buddha statue in a silver or bronze saro or a good basin. They would soak it in perfume and shower it with the branches of a tree and intended for the edification of the masses. The great monasteries served as bathing buddhas, and gave seven treasures and five flavors porridge and disciples, called ‘Laba congee’. Since then every families also cooks porridge with fruit and miscellaneous ingredients.” Since then, the phase has become a common practice, and it has not faded to this day.--[[User:Xu Minyun|Xu Minyun]] ([[User talk:Xu Minyun|talk]]) 13:55, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

20211229 homework

2021-12-29T03:35:28Z

Zou Yueli: /* 邹岳丽 Zōu Yuèlí 日语语言文学女 202120081562 */

20211229 homework

2021-12-29T03:34:46Z

Zou Yueli: /* 朱素珍 Zhū Sùzhēn 英语语言文学（语言学）女 202120081561 */