20210601 culture3 - Revision history

Root: /* B.The Origin of Tea-picking Opera */

2021-07-13T21:02:09Z

B.The Origin of Tea-picking Opera

Root: /* Shū Lín 舒琳 Tea-picking Opera */

2021-07-13T19:39:37Z

Shū Lín 舒琳 Tea-picking Opera

Root: /* C. An Introduction to Four Ethnic Minority Costumes */

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C. An Introduction to Four Ethnic Minority Costumes

Root: /* References */

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References

Root: /* 4. Types of marrrigage accompanying songs */

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4. Types of marrrigage accompanying songs

Root: /* 4. Types of marrrigage accompanying songs */

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4. Types of marrrigage accompanying songs

Root: /* 3.Significance of marriage accompanying songs */

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3.Significance of marriage accompanying songs

Root: /* Marriage accompanying songs in Hunan */

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Marriage accompanying songs in Hunan

Root at 19:00, 13 July 2021

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Su Xiao: /* B. The Content of the Culture of Mount Tai */

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B. The Content of the Culture of Mount Tai

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 ==B.The Origin of Tea-picking Opera==
-The production of tea-picking opera is related to the abunance of tea. According to historical records, in the Ming Dynasty, in the tea area in south of Fujian Province, east, south and north of Jiangxi Province, working women go up the mountain, picking tea while singing mountain songs to encourage labor enthusiasm.
+The production of tea-picking opera is related to the abundance of tea. According to historical records in the Ming Dynasty, in the tea area in the South of Fujian Province, east, south and north of Jiangxi Province, working women went up the mountain, picked tea while singing mountain songs to encourage labor enthusiasm.
-In special festival or time in rural areas such as at the time of widespread tea tress in March and harvesting, people sing in the tea forest with the joy of harvesting. Mountain songs and ditties sang by them are in vivid form and rich contents expressing the joy of labor and love between men and women. This kind of mountain songs circulating in the tea area, are known as "tea-picking songs." Tea-picking opera from the folk tea-picking songs and tea-picking lamp singing development, and then become a kind of folk drama with characters and storyline. Because it is generally only two female roles and one clown, or a painted role, a female role, and a clown three persons’ performance, it is also known as “Three characters’ troupe.”[3]  The drama has many species, such as jiangxi tea-picking opera, that is, Gannan Tea-picking Opera i, Fuzhou tea-picking opera, Nanchang tea-picking opera, Gaoan tea-picking opera, Wuning tea-picking opera, Gandong tea-picking opera, Ji'an tea-picking opera, Jingdezhen tea-picking opera and Ningdu tea-picking opera and so on. (Zhu Feiye, 2021)
+In special festival or time in rural areas such as at the time of widespread tea tress in March and harvesting, people sing in the tea forest with the joy of harvesting. Mountain songs and ditties sang by them are in vivid form and rich contents expressing the joy of labor and love between men and women. This kind of mountain songs circulating in the tea area are known as "tea-picking songs." Tea-picking opera developed from the folk tea-picking songs and tea-picking lamp singing, and then become a kind of folk drama with characters and storyline. Because it is generally only two female roles and one clown, or a painted role, a female role, and a clown three persons’ performance, it is also known as “Three characters’ troupe.”[3]  The drama has many sorts, such as Jiangxi tea-picking opera, that is, Gannan Tea-picking Opera, Fuzhou tea-picking opera, Nanchang tea-picking opera, Gaoan tea-picking opera, Wuning tea-picking opera, Gandong tea-picking opera, Ji'an tea-picking opera, Jingdezhen tea-picking opera and Ningdu tea-picking opera and so on. (Zhu Feiye, 2021)
 There are several stages from tea-picking song to tea-picking opera. Tea-picking songs were first sung in minor tunes, with only four lyrics per line, which were lively and euphemistic. After the development of the tea-picking song, it was composed of tea-picking ditty, which was called twelve-month tea-picking songs.  Later, the twelve-month tea-picking songs combined with folk dances became tea-picking lantern opera. The form of tea-picking lantern opera is relatively simple, pure collective performance of song and dance, but it has taken a step towards the tea-picking opera.(Zhu Feiye, 2021)

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 =Shū Lín 舒琳 Tea-picking Opera  =
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 ==A.Overview==

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 The Zhuang nationality, the Hui nationality, the Manchu, and the Uyghur are the four most populous ethnic groups in China, so we choose these four to introduce to you.
-. The Zhuang nationality
+===1. The Zhuang nationality===
 The Zhuang men usually wear double-breasted clothes, with six to eight pairs of cloth buttons nailed, a small pocket sewn on the chest, and two large pockets sewn on the abdomen. Their trousers are short and wide, with wearing embroidered turbans. They always wear straw sandals on weekdays and wear wide-cloth shoes on festival days.
 The Zhuang women usually wear dark low collar jackets, collars, cuffs, with the edge of the embroidered color lace, matched with the wide black trousers. In some areas, Zhuang women wear black pleated skirts decorated with embroidery. They love to wear an apron with a cloth sticker and embroideries. It’s their tradition to wear an embroidered black kerchief, with embroidered shoulder pads made of homespun fabric to go to festivals or the special market field.
 The national costume of the Zhuang nationality is mostly made of Zhuang brocade. Zhuang brocade is an original textile handicraft created by the Zhuang group. It was a famous tribute in Tang, Song, Ming, and Qing Dynasties which was loved by the royal family and the common people. (Wei Ronghui, 2004, 27)
-.The Hui nationality
+===2.The Hui nationality===
 The Hui nationality’s clothes and ornaments are simple and bright in color. Elderly men generally wear a black or gray long shirt or a low round collar button-down shirt; middle-aged people usually wear white button-down shirts, coats with black vests and wear white pants with socks made of white cloth and homemade squared, curved shoes or hemp sandals. Most young people wear the same clothes, trousers, and shoes as the Han nationality expect for religious ceremonies. Women wear big right club clothes. Children's clothes, regardless of men and women, are made of printed cloth and other pure colors and embroidered with various patterns on the cuffs and pants knees, which are lively and beautiful. (Wei Ronghui, 2004, 7)
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 About the dressing color, the Hui nationality advocates white, such as white shirt, white cover, etc., which is caused by religious belief. Muhammad taught his parishioners that white is the best dressing color. Also, the Hui people regard white as the cleanest color. (Wei Ronghui, 2004, 10)
-.The Manchu
+===3.The Manchu===
 For an ethnic group regarded as a horseman and archer, all the costumes should be neat, so as to facilitate galloping on horseback. For example, their trousers have front, back, left, and right sides to open around, obviously for the convenience of riding. Also, like the "Arrow Sleeve" on the Manchu robes, it is connected with the robes cuff of a long about half a foot of the semicircular cuff; because of its shape like "horseshoe", it is also known as the "Horseshoe Sleeve".(Xu Haiyan, 2004, 5)
 Among the Manchu costumes, the most prominent one is the well-known cheongsam. Cheongsam is the clothing of the Manchu people. At first, it is not the favorite of the Manchu women, but the clothes worn by men, women, and children all year round. It has the same style, with different monolayer, double-deck, and leather designs. Manchu people are also called "cheongsam people". One of the characteristics of the robe is that it does not show people’s bodies, especially in its later period. It is wide and straight, with trousers inside the cheongsam, and sometimes the legs of the trousers can be revealed faintly under the cheongsam. The second characteristic of the cheongsam is the thick fabric. It has many jacquards with tedious ornaments. (Xu Haiyan, 2004, 6)
-.The Uyghur
+===4.The Uyghur===
 The Uyghur men generally wear a full-length shirt inside and a long gown with wide sleeves and button-down outside, which is commonly known as "Loop". Their pants are always in blue, gray, black, white, and brown. The belt is woven of fine cotton thread with a pattern embroidered. (Wei Ronghui, 2004, 15)

@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 ==References==
-廖星麟.嘉禾伴嫁歌的音乐特征与演唱特征研究[J].戏剧之家,2020(08):56-57.
+*廖星麟.嘉禾伴嫁歌的音乐特征与演唱特征研究[J].戏剧之家,2020(08):56-57.
-文巧风. 论湖南风俗民歌[D].湖南师范大学,2018.
+*文巧风. 论湖南风俗民歌[D].湖南师范大学,2018.
-可可诗词网，湘南嘉禾伴嫁歌,https://www.kekeshici.com，2019
+*可可诗词网，湘南嘉禾伴嫁歌,https://www.kekeshici.com，2019
-李琴,李跃忠.嘉禾“伴嫁歌”研究综述[J].文教资料,2019(31):87-89.
+*李琴,李跃忠.嘉禾“伴嫁歌”研究综述[J].文教资料,2019(31):87-89.
-中国政府网，国务院关于公布第五批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录的通知，http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2021-06/10/content_5616457，2021,05
+*中国政府网，国务院关于公布第五批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录的通知，http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2021-06/10/content_5616457，2021,05
 ==Terms and expressions==

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 The Central Conservatory of Music, Shanghai Conservatory of Music and other professional colleges also use the county folk songs (namely wedding lament songs) as teaching materials. The original wedding folk songs are used in films such as "Hibiscus Town", "The Tortuous Mountain Path", "Gongs and Drums in towns". On May 24, 2021, the marriage lament declared by Jiahe County, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, was approved by the State Council to be included in the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects. (Chinese government website, 2021, 06)
-==4. Types of marrrigage accompanying songs==
+==4. Types of marriage accompanying songs==
 Marriage accompanying songs are not limited to the inherent types. There are long songs, marriage joking songs, and crying songs, as well as teasing bridegroom songs. But accompaniment dances are always performed during singing process .

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 ==4. Types of marrrigage accompanying songs==
-Marrrigage accompanying songs are not limited to the inherent types. There are long songs, marriage joking songs, and crying songs, as well as teasing bridegroom songs.But accompaniment dances are always performed during singing process .
+Marriage accompanying songs are not limited to the inherent types. There are long songs, marriage joking songs, and crying songs, as well as teasing bridegroom songs. But accompaniment dances are always performed during singing process .
-Secondly, in terms of marriage jokes, this type of songs have a large number, distinctive features, and flexible structure. It is a kind of songs that women prefer. The song has a simple sentence pattern, mostly four sentences, and the artistic expression is rich and diverse. This kind of joking songs can be expressed with the help of multi-section style expressions  and single style expressions, which are rich in content and involve not only interesting children's songs but also sad songs. Regarding the crying marriage song, it focuses on expressing emotions in the form of crying. The theme of the song focuses on nostalgia and complaining. Both the crying and the song are played casually, and the artistic characteristics are different from other types of songs.
+First of all, for long songs, they mainly tell sad stories, express unwilling emotions and sad emotions. Existing long songs mostly focus on marital tragedies. Taking into account the weak rhythm and complex thinking of the songs, they are generally sung by high-level artists and singers.
 Thirdly, as far as the teasing bridegroom songs are concerned, this type of song is an important manifestation of folklore and occupies a certain position in the wedding song. It mainly tells the plot of the groom being teased. The structure and sentence pattern are relatively simple. Finally, as for the accompaniment dance, the dance is closely related to marriage joking songs and is a free dance that is not restricted by props. Any daily necessities can be used as dance props, which is the main embodiment of humorous thoughts.(Liao Xinglin, 2020, 08)

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 ==3.Significance of marriage accompanying songs==
-Marriage accompanying songsis a kind of farewell activity that female companions do with the girl’s expressions of singing. The most prominent feature is around the bride’s marriage, confiding their feelings of parting, and it also expresses their resentment towards the feudal marriage system and the old ethics. Anger and resistance are dominant. According to incomplete statistics, there are still more than 1,200 songs about the marriage accompanying in southern Hunan.
+Marriage accompanying songs is a kind of farewell activity that female companions do with the girl’s expressions of singing. The most prominent feature is around the bride’s marriage, confiding her feelings of parting, and it also expresses their resentment towards the feudal marriage system and the old ethics. Anger and resistance are dominant. According to incomplete statistics, there are still more than 1,200 songs about marriage accompanying in southern Hunan.
-In 1993, the Jiahe county in southern Hunan was named the "Hometown of Folk Songs" by the Provincial Department of Culture. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the southern Hunan wedding lament was protected as an artistic wonder in the national characteristic culture. In 1978, the Provincial Department of Culture held a provincial folk song concert in Chenzhou,Hunan and named Chengguan Town as the "Hometown of Folk Songs" in the province.
+In 1993, Jiahe county in southern Hunan was named the "Hometown of Folk Songs" by the Provincial Department of Culture. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the southern Hunan wedding lament was protected as an artistic wonder in the national characteristic culture. In 1978, the Provincial Department of Culture held a provincial folk song concert in Chenzhou, Hunan and named Chengguan Town as the "Hometown of Folk Songs" in the province.
-The Central Conservatory of Music, Shanghai Conservatory of Music and other professional colleges also use the county folk songs (namely wedding lament songs) as teaching materials. The original wedding folk songs are used in films such as " Hibiscus Town ", " The Tortuous Mountain Path ", " Gongs and Drums in towns". On May 24, 2021, the marriage lament declared by Jiahe County, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, was approved by the State Council to be included in the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects. (Chinese government website, 2021, 06)
+The Central Conservatory of Music, Shanghai Conservatory of Music and other professional colleges also use the county folk songs (namely wedding lament songs) as teaching materials. The original wedding folk songs are used in films such as "Hibiscus Town", "The Tortuous Mountain Path", "Gongs and Drums in towns". On May 24, 2021, the marriage lament declared by Jiahe County, Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, was approved by the State Council to be included in the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects. (Chinese government website, 2021, 06)
 ==4. Types of marrrigage accompanying songs==

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 Please write another chapter of the textbook on any cultural phenomenon in China.
-=Marriage accompanying songs in Hunan=
+=李欣玥 - Marriage accompanying songs in Hunan=
 by 201730092013 17翻译李欣玥

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 [[File:R1Sfc0765308b526a86a81dfc4818bb95.jpg|200px|thumb|left| Sacrificial Ceremony (Fengshan)(https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&ipn=d&word=%E5%B0%81%E7%A6%85&step_word=&hs=0&pn=1&spn=0&di=113960&pi=0&rn=1&tn=baiduimagedetail&is=0%2C0&istype=2&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&in=&cl=2&lm=-1&st=-1&cs=1788733681%2C3363775309&os=3065253812%2C366172319&simid=3443118911%2C554498160&adpicid=0&lpn=0&ln=1820&fr=&fmq=1623767925869_R&fm=result&ic=&s=undefined&hd=&latest=&copyright=&se=&sme=&tab=0&width=&height=&face=undefined&ist=&jit=&cg=&bdtype=0&oriquery=&objurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgimg2.baidu.com%2Fimage_search%2Fsrc%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fi.3233.cn%2Fa%2F202011%2F9a9213101502bcae.jpeg%26refer%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fi.3233.cn%26app%3D2002%26size%3Df9999%2C10000%26q%3Da80%26n%3D0%26g%3D0n%26fmt%3Djpeg%3Fsec%3D1626360324%26t%3D28beedae81d4507cc4f5770d4b42230e&fromurl=ippr_z2C%24qAzdH3FAzdH3Fooo_z%26e3Bndnn_z%26e3BvgAzdH3FgAzdH3F3zm7-8nd9d_z%26e3Bip4s&gsm=3&rpstart=0&rpnum=0&islist=&querylist=&nojc=undefined)]]
-Fengshan is a grand sacrificial ceremony held in ancient times by emperors after ascending to the top of Mount Tai to pay tributes to heaven and earth, announce their achievements, thank gods for having brought them and their people good fortune, and inscribe their achievements on a huge stone. (中国思想文化术语.Key Concepts in Chinese Thought and Culture)
+Fengshan is a grand sacrificial ceremony held in ancient times by emperors after ascending to the top of Mount Tai to pay tributes to heaven and earth, announce their achievements, thank gods for having brought them and their people good fortune, and inscribe their achievements on a huge stone. (Key Concepts in Chinese Thought and Culture)
 ''Guanzi'', an academic work of the pre-Qin dynasty, records that there are 72 ancient tribal chiefs who once climbed Mount Tai. After entering the feudal society, First Emperor of Qin, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty and Empress Wu Zetian, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty came to Mount Tai to pay homage and offer sacrifices, among which Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty paid homage to Mount Tai for eight times.