2021 Application Social Sciences Project - Revision history

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1 选题的学术依据和提出背景

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1 选题的学术依据和提出背景

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Bebery: /* 选题的研究内容、总体框架、基本思路和研究目标 */

2021-02-23T14:26:07Z

选题的研究内容、总体框架、基本思路和研究目标

Bebery: /* 选题的学术依据和提出背景 */

2021-02-23T14:23:35Z

选题的学术依据和提出背景

Bebery: /* 选题的国内外研究状况及选题价值 */

2021-02-23T14:17:01Z

选题的国内外研究状况及选题价值

Bebery: /* 选题的研究内容、总体框架、基本思路和研究目标 */

2021-02-23T02:49:19Z

选题的研究内容、总体框架、基本思路和研究目标

Bebery: /* 选题的学术依据和提出背景 */

2021-02-23T02:46:32Z

选题的学术依据和提出背景

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 =《红楼梦》海外学术史研究=
 ==1 选题的学术依据和提出背景==
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 The Red Chamber Dreams is an example of a product of traditional Chinese culture which has successfully been distributed worldwide and has been awarded its place in world literature. The history of the overseas research on the Red Chamber Dreams shows, that it went a stony path until it was acclaimed as a Chinese masterpiece of world literature, ranking 4th on the eternal international list of best selling novels. This project wants to document this process as a model for other pieces of traditional Chinese art, how to be exported successfully overseas and for Chinese ideas, values, inventions in general to go abroad successfully.
-《红楼梦》是中国传统文化的产物，成功得以在世界范围内传播，并在世界文学获得一席之地。从《红楼梦》的海外研究史来看，它走过了一条石子路，直到被誉为世界文学的中国名著，在永恒的国际畅销小说排行榜上排名第四。本项目希望将这一过程记录下来，为中国传统艺术作品的海外输出提供借鉴，让中国的思想、价值观、发明创造成功走向海外。
+《红楼梦》是中国传统文化的产物，成功得以在世界范围内传播，并在世界文学获得一席之地。从《红楼梦》的海外研究史来看，它走过了一条石子路，直到被誉为世界文学的中国名著，在永恒的国际畅销小说排行榜上排名第四。本项目希望将这一过程记录下来，为中国传统艺术作品的海外输出提供借鉴，让中国的思想、价值观、发明创造成功走向海外。[157字]
 The research project uses a socio-historical approach, describing the changing attitude (from ethnocentric to dialogical) of Western scholars, translators, critiques and points out the role the availability of the novel in translation played. During times when the novel was not yet available in English, misunderstandings of the novel were frequent and were passed down in reception history.
-该研究项目采用社会历史的方法，描述了西方学者、译者、批评家态度的变化（从民族中心主义到对话主义），并指出了小说在翻译中的可用性所起到的作用。在小说尚未有英文版本的时代，人们对该小说的误解屡见不鲜，并在后续的接收过程中流传下来。
+该研究项目采用社会历史的方法，描述了西方学者、译者、批评家态度的变化（从民族中心主义到对话主义），并指出了小说在翻译中的可用性所起到的作用。在小说尚未有英文版本的时代，人们对该小说的误解屡见不鲜，并在后续的接收过程中流传下来。[113字]
 The research project applies Bourdieu’s theory of the cultural field, identifies agents in the 200 years from the early 19th century until today and describes how the cultural capital was accumulated. These agents were not just sinologists like Herbert Allen Giles 翟理思 in 1900, but, especially at the beginning, missionaries and Chinese teachers like Robert Morrison 马礼逊 (esp. 1815), British delegation members to China like John Barrow (1792-1794) and John Francis Davis (1816), the journal Quarterly Review 《评论季刊》 in London and the book Lao-seng-eul 《老生儿》 in France, which already in 1819 published the first English and French excerpt translations, reviewers, British authors like Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗•史密斯 with his book 《奥利弗•史密斯的各项工程》 in 1837.

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 In every culture, readers associate the literature they know with new literature they read. So literature is always cumulative, it grows out of existing literature and can refer back to it. When Western readers read the Red Chamber Dreams, they foremost associate novels and other pieces of literature of their own cultural tradition with the Dreams. This has also influenced the first full translation into German.
-Cao Xueqin and even more his protagonist Jia Baoyu both are early humanists, universalists and world citizens. The Red Chamber Dreams function worldwide. The Dream is a complex showroom of diverse aspects of Chinese cultures and is the embodiment and essence of Chinese cultures, but it has also a global impact, therefore it should be honoured as “World Documentary Heritage” (like the Grimm Fairy Tales, Shakespeare etc.)#.
+Cao Xueqin and even more his protagonist Jia Baoyu both are early humanists, universalists and world citizens. The Red Chamber Dreams function worldwide. The Dream is a complex showroom of diverse aspects of Chinese cultures and is the embodiment and essence of Chinese cultures, but it has also a global impact, therefore it should be honoured as “World Documentary Heritage” (like the Grimm Fairy Tales, some texts from Shakespeare etc.).
 本研究项目重要的一个研究方法是跨国文化研究：
 在每一种文化中，读者都会把他们读到的新文学与已知文学联系起来，所以文学总是积累的，它从现有的文学中生长出来，并以已有文学为参考。西方读者在阅读《红楼梦》时，首先会把《红楼梦》与自身文化传统中的小说和其他文学作品联系起来，这也影响了首次德语全译本。
-曹雪芹，尤其是他的主人公贾宝玉，都是早期的人文主义者，普世主义者和世界公民。《红楼梦》具有普世价值。《红楼梦》综合展示了中国的多元文化，是中国文化的集中体现和精华，同时在全球范围内产生影响，理应列入世界记忆遗产名录。
+曹雪芹，尤其是他的主人公贾宝玉，都是早期的人文主义者，普世主义者和世界公民。《红楼梦》具有普世价值。《红楼梦》综合展示了中国的多元文化，是中国文化的集中体现和精华，同时在全球范围内产生影响，理应列入世界记忆遗产名录(如《格林童话》、莎士比亚的一些作品等)。
 The 'Red Chamber Dream' narrates the story of unfortunate lovers. Unfortunate lovers also in the West have a literary tradition, they constitute an archetype, such as Hero and Leander, Pyramus and Thisbe, Tristan and Isolde, Flore and Blanscheflur as well as Troilus and Cressida, the latter being considered the model for Arthur Brookes, who wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1562 and thus directly influenced Shakespeare.
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 需要什么：综合运用查阅文献、学术交流、学者学生互访等方式，整理与归纳有关目前《红楼梦》海外交流和传播的情况，以及红学在欧美主流国家的形象与影响，揭示红学流播现状，探究还需要做哪些努力。再采用跨国文化研究再采用问卷调查、实地考察、深度访谈等方式，重点了解和掌握当下海外对红学的认同与接受情况，以便为“中华文化走出去”提供文献支撑，为整个课题做好前期准备。
-What to do:####
+What to do:
 The project applies Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital to identify actors in the cultural field and describe their attitudes and actions to change the perception of the Red Chamber Dreams.
 Moreover, the project documents early oversea's distribution, translations and reviews of the Dream of the Red Chamber. It analyzes the socio-historical background and the attitudes of both, the translators and reviewers, and shows trends in the oversea's evaluation of the novel (from etnocentrism to universalism).
 Then, the project documents how the novel was used as a tool for one's own purposes (language learning material, example of poetry category, proof of inferiority of a national literature etc.) and gradually was accepted as a Chinese masterpiece of world literature.
 The project shows how Western research on the novel differs from domestic Hongxue, e.g. that it concentrates on certain aspects and does not build schools.
-做什么：
+本项目说明了西方对小说的研究与国内红学的不同之处，如集中在某些方面，不建流派。
 How to do it:
 Search the online archives and databases, visit libraries and collect translations, reviews and background literature, analyze it and document it in an overview.
 Compare early translations and reviews (regarding accuracy, foreignization, misunderstandings etc.) and make them accessible (e.g. through a website) for further research.
-怎么做：
+比较早期的译文和评论(关于准确性、外国化、误解等)，并将其提供给大家(例如通过网站)，以便进一步研究。
 The project is divided into three phases.
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 What are the results:
 Using the case of the Dream of the Red Chamber, the historical development of its distribution, translation, evaluation/review, usage, interpretation is unrevealed. The trend is shown from ethnocentrism to universalism. As a conclusion, it is suggested to nominate the Dream of the Red Chamber as part of Cultural World Heritage.
 Overseas research is compared with domestic Hongxue. Possibilities of future international cooperation between overseas and domestic scholars and research projects are envisioned.
 The question is asked, how far this case can be a model for other Chinese cultural artefacts to be distributed successfully on a global scale.
-效果如何：
+提出了一个问题，这个案例在多大程度上可以成为其他中国文物在全球范围内成功传播的典范。
 （可加附页）
 (weitere Seiten können hinzugefügt werden)
 =Notes about the early reception=

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 In every culture, readers associate the literature they know with new literature they read. So literature is always cumulative, it grows out of existing literature and can refer back to it. When Western readers read the Red Chamber Dreams, they foremost associate novels and other pieces of literature of their own cultural tradition with the Dreams. This has also influenced the first full translation into German.
-Cao Xueqin and even more his protagonist Jia Baoyu both are early humanists, universalists and world citizens. The Red Chamber Dreams function worldwide. The Dream is a complex showroom of diverse aspects of Chinese cultures and is the embodiment and essence of Chinese cultures, but it has also a global impact, therefore it should be honoured as “World Documentary Heritage”.
+Cao Xueqin and even more his protagonist Jia Baoyu both are early humanists, universalists and world citizens. The Red Chamber Dreams function worldwide. The Dream is a complex showroom of diverse aspects of Chinese cultures and is the embodiment and essence of Chinese cultures, but it has also a global impact, therefore it should be honoured as “World Documentary Heritage” (like the Grimm Fairy Tales, Shakespeare etc.)#.
 本研究项目重要的一个研究方法是跨国文化研究：

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 . The scientific foundation and the background of the chosen topic.
-The Red Chamber Dreams is an example of a product of traditional Chinese culture which has successfully been distributed worldwide and has been awarded its place in world literature. The history of the overseas research on the Red Chamber Dreams shows, that it went a stony path until it was acclaimed as a Chinese masterpiece of world literature. This project wants to document this process as a model for other pieces of traditional Chinese art, how to be exported successfully overseas and for Chinese ideas, values, inventions in general to go abroad successfully.
+The Red Chamber Dreams is an example of a product of traditional Chinese culture which has successfully been distributed worldwide and has been awarded its place in world literature. The history of the overseas research on the Red Chamber Dreams shows, that it went a stony path until it was acclaimed as a Chinese masterpiece of world literature, ranking 4th on the eternal international list of best selling novels. This project wants to document this process as a model for other pieces of traditional Chinese art, how to be exported successfully overseas and for Chinese ideas, values, inventions in general to go abroad successfully.
-《红楼梦》是中国传统文化的产物，成功得以在世界范围内传播，并在世界文学获得一席之地。从《红楼梦》的海外研究史来看，它走过了一条石子路，直到被誉为世界文学的中国名著。本项目希望将这一过程记录下来，为中国传统艺术作品的海外输出提供借鉴，让中国的思想、价值观、发明创造成功走向海外。
+《红楼梦》是中国传统文化的产物，成功得以在世界范围内传播，并在世界文学获得一席之地。从《红楼梦》的海外研究史来看，它走过了一条石子路，直到被誉为世界文学的中国名著，在永恒的国际畅销小说排行榜上排名第四。本项目希望将这一过程记录下来，为中国传统艺术作品的海外输出提供借鉴，让中国的思想、价值观、发明创造成功走向海外。
 The research project uses a socio-historical approach, describing the changing attitude (from ethnocentric to dialogical) of Western scholars, translators, critiques and points out the role the availability of the novel in translation played. During times when the novel was not yet available in English, misunderstandings of the novel were frequent and were passed down in reception history.

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 In the first phase, the research project collects and analyzes the existing overseas research literature on the Red Chamber Dreams. The result will be an open access database, which will build the foundation for further research of generations of domestic (and overseas) scholars.
-第一阶段，本研究项目对海外现有的《红楼梦》研究文献进行收集和分析。其成果将是一个开放存取的数据库，为国内（及海外）学者的进一步研究打下基础。
+第一阶段，本研究项目对海外现有的《红楼梦》研究文献进行收集和分析。研究成果将独立成一个开放数据库，以期为国内（及海外）学者的进一步研究打下坚实基础。
 In the 2nd phase, international researchers are invited to a conference in China to display chapters of the history of overseas Hongxue. The collected material is categorized and sorted chronologically and prepared for a monograph on the topic.

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 The research project applies Bourdieu’s theory of the cultural field, identifies agents in the 200 years from the early 19th century until today and describes how the cultural capital was accumulated. These agents were not just sinologists like Herbert Allen Giles 翟理思 in 1900, but, especially at the beginning, missionaries and Chinese teachers like Robert Morrison 马礼逊 (esp. 1815), British delegation members to China like John Barrow (1792-1794) and John Francis Davis (1816), the journal Quarterly Review 《评论季刊》 in London and the book Lao-seng-eul 《老生儿》 in France, which already in 1819 published the first English and French excerpt translations, reviewers, British authors like Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗•史密斯 with his book 《奥利弗•史密斯的各项工程》 in 1837.
-该研究项目运用布迪厄的文化场理论，确定了从19世纪初至今200年中的代理人，并描述了文化资本是如何积累的。这些代理人不仅仅是像1900年的翟理思（Herbert Allen Giles）这样的汉学家，而且，特别是在开始的时候，传教士和中文教师，如马礼逊（尤其是1815年），英国访华代表团成员，如约翰（John）。英国代表团成员如约翰•巴罗（John Barrow) (1792-1794)和约翰•弗朗西斯•戴维斯（John Francis Davis） (1816)，伦敦的《评论季刊》杂志和法国的《老生儿》一书，该书在1819年就已经出版了第一本英法节选译本，评论家，英国作家如Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗-史密斯在1837年出版了他的《奥利弗-史密斯的各项工程》。
+该研究项目运用布迪厄的文化场理论，明晰了从19世纪初至今200年中的代理人，并描述了文化资本是如何积累的。代理人不仅包括1900年的翟理思（Herbert Allen Giles）在内的汉学家，还包括最初的传教士和中文教师，如马礼逊（Robert Morrison），英国访华代表团成员，如约翰（John）。英国代表团成员如约翰•巴罗（John Barrow) (1792-1794)和约翰•弗朗西斯•戴维斯（John Francis Davis） (1816)，伦敦的《评论季刊》杂志和法国的《老生儿》一书，该书在1819年就已经出版了第一本英法节选译本，评论家、英国作家如Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗-史密斯在1837年出版了他的《奥利弗-史密斯的各项工程》。
 Great Britain sent an embassy to the Qing court in 1792-1794, with Ambassador George Macartney, Secretary George Leonard Staunton, and comptroller John Barrow . The embassy was not successful, partly because Macartnay refused to kowtow. From the accounts of Staunton and the various reports of Barrow we know that the delegation extensively documented Chinese language and literature. As far as we know, Barrow also became the first to publish extracts of Red Chambers Dreams in Western translation.
-年至1794年，英国向清廷派出了由大使乔治•马戛尔尼（George Macartney）、大臣乔治•伦纳德•士丹顿（George Leonard Staunton）以及主审计长约翰•巴罗（John Barrow）组成的使团。 这个使团并没有完成它的使命。部分是由于他们不肯向清廷下跪。从士丹顿记载和各种报告中，我们可以知道：代表团广泛地记载汉语言文学。据我们所知，巴罗也成为第一个在西方翻译出版的《红楼梦》节译本之人。
+年至1794年，英国向清廷派出了由大使乔治•马戛尔尼（George Macartney）、大臣乔治•伦纳德•士丹顿（George Leonard Staunton）以及主审计长约翰•巴罗（John Barrow）组成的使团。 这个使团没有完成使命。部分原因是他们不肯向清廷下跪。从士丹顿记载和各种报告中，我们可以知道：代表团广泛地记载汉语言文学。据我们所知，巴罗也成为第一个在西方翻译出版的《红楼梦》节译本之人。
 Great Britain sent a second embassy to China in 1816 with Ambassador William Amherst, accompanied by 21-year-old John Francis Davis, who was author of the East India Company’s factory in Canton since 3 years. It failed like the first. However, Barrow and J. Davis learned the language and collected and translated a lot of Chinese literature. J. Davis translated extracts of the novel under the title Red Chamber Dreams  and sent them to his predecessor Barrow, who now worked for the Quarterly Review,  and to the French translator Antoine-André Bruguière, who at that time published a French translation of J. Davis’ English translation, An Heir in His Old Age. Both published the extracts simultaneously, in 1819, in Barrow in English and Bruguière in French.
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 Dream was among the first representative literary works to be introduced to Western readers. The research project examines early Western reception and critique at a time when there was no full translation available.  It sees a polarization between supporters and opponents of Dream. The discourse on Dream was used as a means to interpret Chinese literature or even Chinese culture as a whole. At the beginning of the discourse, a few opinion leaders in both civilizations shaped the key judgment that the other literary culture was inferior to their own. Despite cultural differences, the need for change in Chinese society and the attractiveness of the “modernity” of Western culture lead to a modernization of Chinese society.
-《红楼梦》几乎是第一部进入西方读者眼帘的具有代表性的文学作品。本研究项目探讨的是早期西方对《红楼梦》的接受和在尚不存在完整译本时对《红楼梦》的批评。对于《红楼梦》，支持和反对似乎存各执一端。而对于《红楼梦》的讨论常常被认为是对中国文学，甚至是整个中国文化的解释。讨论之初，双方论争的领袖都形成了这样一种核心判断：其他的文学文化都比自己的文学文化低等。尽管文化存在差异，但中国社会内在改革的需要和西方文化的‘现代性’促进了中国社会现代改革的进程。.
+《红楼梦》几乎是第一部进入西方读者视线的代表性文学作品。本研究项目探讨的是早期西方对《红楼梦》的接受和在尚不存在完整译本时对《红楼梦》的批评。对于《红楼梦》，支持和反对似乎存各执一端。而对于《红楼梦》的讨论常常被认为是对中国文学，甚至是整个中国文化的解释。讨论之初，双方论争的领袖都形成了这样一种核心判断：其他的文学文化都比自己的文学文化低等。尽管文化存在差异，但中国社会内在改革的需要和西方文化的‘现代性’促进了中国社会现代改革的进程。.
 It took half a century to get to know each other better, to change attitudes from ethnocentric to dialectical, to stop exploiting the novel and to come to the insight that Chinese literature with Dream as one of its masterpieces was not only comparable to other world literatures but also could bring value to Western readers (Mayers 1867).

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 This research project is a pioneer study, since there is no overview on overseas’ research on the Red Chamber Dreams so far, neither overseas nor in China. Recently, translations of the novel are studied in China (translation strategies, mistakes etc.), with not so much success, because to judge on translations, a closer cooperation of the Chinese scholars with colleagues from the target language cultures is necessary. This project provides one of the “missing links” between the domestic Hongxue and the upcoming domestic Hongloumeng translation studies. It provides the socio-historical background (attitudes, expectations etc.) of the translators and the audience, and it explains the translators’ approaches and strategies.
-本研究项目是一项开创性的研究，因为到目前为止，无论是国外还是中国，都没有关于《红楼梦》的海外研究概况。最近，国内对小说的翻译进行了研究（翻译策略、错误等），但成效不大，因为要对翻译进行评判，需要中国学者与目标语言文化的同仁进行更密切的合作。本项目为国内洪学和即将开展的国内洪楼梦翻译研究提供了 "缺失的环节 "之一。它提供了译者和受众的社会历史背景(态度、期望等)，阐释了译者的方法和策略。
+截至目前，国内国外尚无《红楼梦》海外学术概况相关研究，本研究项目具有开创性。对翻译进行评判，需要中国学者与目标语学者密切合作，因此国内对《红楼梦》译本所进行的翻译策略、错误等方面的分析成效甚微。本项目为国内红学和即将开展的国内《红楼梦》翻译研究提供了其中一个"缺失的环节 "-给译者和受众提供社会历史背景(态度、期望等)，阐释译者的方法和策略。
 This project reviews the existing research and aims to gives an overview as well as compare this Overseas research to domestic Red Chamber Dreams studies. It also aims to judge how useful, benefitial and reasonable it is to apply modern theories on traditional objects.
-本项目对现有的研究进行回顾，旨在对海外的研究进行综述，并将这一海外研究与国内的红楼梦研究进行比较。同时也是为了判断将现代理论应用于传统物品的有用性、有益性和合理性。
+本项目将回顾现有的研究，对海外的研究进行综述，并将海外研究与国内的红楼梦研究进行比较。同时也是为了判断现代理论是否适用于、助力于中华传统文化的海外传播。
 =选题的研究内容、总体框架、基本思路和研究目标=

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 In the first phase, the research project collects and analyzes the existing overseas research literature on the Red Chamber Dreams. The result will be an open access database, which will build the foundation for further research of generations of domestic (and overseas) scholars.
-第一阶段，本研究项目对海外现有的《红楼梦》研究文献进行收集和分析。其成果将是一个开放存取的数据库，为一代代国内（及海外）学者的进一步研究打下基础。
+第一阶段，本研究项目对海外现有的《红楼梦》研究文献进行收集和分析。其成果将是一个开放存取的数据库，为国内（及海外）学者的进一步研究打下基础。
 In the 2nd phase, international researchers are invited to a conference in China to display chapters of the history of overseas Hongxue. The collected material is categorized and sorted chronologically and prepared for a monograph on the topic.
-第二阶段，邀请国际研究者来华参加会议，展示海外弘学史的篇章。对收集到的资料按时间顺序进行分类整理，准备编写专题专著。
+第二阶段，邀请国际研究者来华参加会议，展示海外红学研究史。对收集到的资料按时间顺序进行分类整理，准备编写专题专著。
 In the 3rd phase, the monograph with the research findings is written, Chinese Hongxue experts are integrated and draw comparisons to domestic Hongxue. The chapters of the monograph are published in international and Chinese journals before the monograph will be published.
-第三阶段，撰写有研究成果的专著，整合中国红学专家，并与国内红学进行比较。在专著出版之前，专著的章节要在国际和国内期刊上发表。
+第三阶段，撰写有研究成果的专著，整合中国红学专家，并与国内红学进行比较。在专著出版之前，国际和国内期刊上发表相关论文。
 What are the results:

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 The Red Chamber Dreams is an example of a product of traditional Chinese culture which has successfully been distributed worldwide and has been awarded its place in world literature. The history of the overseas research on the Red Chamber Dreams shows, that it went a stony path until it was acclaimed as a Chinese masterpiece of world literature. This project wants to document this process as a model for other pieces of traditional Chinese art, how to be exported successfully overseas and for Chinese ideas, values, inventions in general to go abroad successfully.
-《红楼梦》是中国传统文化的产物，成功地在世界范围内传播，并获得世界文学的一席之地。从《红楼梦》的海外研究史来看，它走过了一条石子路，直到被誉为世界文学的中国名著。本项目希望将这一过程记录下来，作为中国其他传统艺术作品的范本，如何成功地输出到海外，让中国的思想、价值观、发明创造普遍成功地走向海外。
+《红楼梦》是中国传统文化的产物，成功得以在世界范围内传播，并在世界文学获得一席之地。从《红楼梦》的海外研究史来看，它走过了一条石子路，直到被誉为世界文学的中国名著。本项目希望将这一过程记录下来，为中国传统艺术作品的海外输出提供借鉴，让中国的思想、价值观、发明创造成功走向海外。
 The research project uses a socio-historical approach, describing the changing attitude (from ethnocentric to dialogical) of Western scholars, translators, critiques and points out the role the availability of the novel in translation played. During times when the novel was not yet available in English, misunderstandings of the novel were frequent and were passed down in reception history.
-该研究项目采用社会历史的方法，描述了西方学者、译者、批评家态度的变化（从民族中心主义到对话主义），并指出了小说在翻译中的可用性所起到的作用。在小说尚未有英文版本的时代，对小说的误解经常发生，并在接受史上流传下来。
+该研究项目采用社会历史的方法，描述了西方学者、译者、批评家态度的变化（从民族中心主义到对话主义），并指出了小说在翻译中的可用性所起到的作用。在小说尚未有英文版本的时代，人们对该小说的误解屡见不鲜，并在后续的接收过程中流传下来。
 The research project applies Bourdieu’s theory of the cultural field, identifies agents in the 200 years from the early 19th century until today and describes how the cultural capital was accumulated. These agents were not just sinologists like Herbert Allen Giles 翟理思 in 1900, but, especially at the beginning, missionaries and Chinese teachers like Robert Morrison 马礼逊 (esp. 1815), British delegation members to China like John Barrow (1792-1794) and John Francis Davis (1816), the journal Quarterly Review 《评论季刊》 in London and the book Lao-seng-eul 《老生儿》 in France, which already in 1819 published the first English and French excerpt translations, reviewers, British authors like Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗•史密斯 with his book 《奥利弗•史密斯的各项工程》 in 1837.
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 The end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century saw an encounter between two high civilizations, the Chinese and the Western. The innumerable discourses of the time reveal that the mutual curiosity of both sides was immense and comparable. The larger impact of European literature is documented by the larger number of translations into Chinese compared to translations from Chinese into Western languages.
-世纪末到20世纪初，世界见证了两大高度发展文明的碰撞——中华文明和西方文明。那个时期不计其数的文献透露出这样一种信息：两大文明间的好奇是巨大而可比的。而中西文献的译介比较则表明：欧洲文学对中国的影响大于中国文学对欧洲之影响。
+世纪末到20世纪初，世界见证了两大高度发展文明的碰撞——中华文明和西方文明。那个时期两大文明彼此之间互相吸引，这从当时的海量文献中可以窥见。而中西文献的译介比较则表明：欧洲文学对中国的影响大于中国文学对欧洲之影响。
 Dream was among the first representative literary works to be introduced to Western readers. The research project examines early Western reception and critique at a time when there was no full translation available.  It sees a polarization between supporters and opponents of Dream. The discourse on Dream was used as a means to interpret Chinese literature or even Chinese culture as a whole. At the beginning of the discourse, a few opinion leaders in both civilizations shaped the key judgment that the other literary culture was inferior to their own. Despite cultural differences, the need for change in Chinese society and the attractiveness of the “modernity” of Western culture lead to a modernization of Chinese society.