2021 Interview with Duan Yuanyuan - Revision history

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5 为何从古典文学的翻译转向中国现当代文学的翻译？

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4.您曾在欧洲多所学校任教，请问现今欧洲汉学的研究状况如何？

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	You have published three articles in the Journal of Dreams of the Red Chamber, an authoritative journal of red studies in China, describing the Western understanding of Dreams of the Red Chamber from a German perspective, and introducing the German translation as well as the understanding and evaluation of Western scholars. From these three articles, we can see that the dissemination of Dream of the Red Chamber in the West has changed from the text itself to a multimodal form, such as a stage play. What is the current status of the study and dissemination of Redology in Europe?		You have published three articles in the Journal of Dreams of the Red Chamber, an authoritative journal of red studies in China, describing the Western understanding of Dreams of the Red Chamber from a German perspective, and introducing the German translation as well as the understanding and evaluation of Western scholars. From these three articles, we can see that the dissemination of Dream of the Red Chamber in the West has changed from the text itself to a multimodal form, such as a stage play. What is the current status of the study and dissemination of Redology in Europe?
		+
		+	小说是“时代精神”的体现。《红楼梦》于1791年首次出版，其创作背景设置在满族统治下的清朝，曹家或受康熙宠信或备受雍正冷落以致抄家没落。囿于时代背景，作者在当时无法公开批判帝制皇权，但在小说中，三大家庭日益衰败，家族的荣耀和家产无法承继，作者开始寻求被迫害的根源。这种对名家望族没落之路的描写使我们想起了契诃夫的小说。此外，《红楼梦》对清初社会各阶层生活的详细描写，与君特·格拉斯的纪实性历史小说《铁皮鼓》(1959年)非常相似。最值得一提的是《红楼梦》和托马斯·曼的《布登勃洛克一家》（1901年）。两部小说都描写了出生富贵的年轻一代人的颓废、没落、溃散，以及一个家族的社会地位和经济状况的逐渐没落与覆灭。托马斯·曼的小说是以资产阶级社会的巨大变革为背景，而曹雪芹的作品则选取了某个朝代的更迭时期作为时代背景，在其中帝王利益与家族利益发生了冲突。有趣的是，两部作品中的主要角色都挑选了英年早逝的类似人物。《红楼梦》里林黛玉为情而亡，秦可卿因乱伦自尽，贾元春和妙玉也是突然死亡。在《布登勃洛克一家》里克拉拉在婚后不久即死于脑结核，托马斯在牙科手术后去世，汉诺死于伤寒。两部作品都在结构和主题上运用了影射等大量的艺术手法，以丰富的故事进展描绘出一幅衰败的景象。因此，这种并行发展令人惊讶，很难说《布登勃洛克一家》的创作没受到《红楼梦》的影响。
		+
		+	The novel is the embodiment of "the spirit of the times". A Dream of Red Mansions was first published in 1791, and its creative background was set in the Qing Dynasty under Manchu rule. The Cao family was favored by Kangxi or neglected by Yongzheng, resulting in the decline of property ownership. Constrained by the background of the times, the author could not openly criticize the imperial power at that time, but in the novel, the three big families were declining day by day, and the glory and property of the family could not be inherited, so the author began to seek the root of persecution. This description of the decline of famous families reminds us of Chekhov's novels. In addition, the detailed description of the life of all social strata in the early Qing Dynasty in A Dream of Red Mansions is very similar to Gunter Grass's documentary historical novel Tin Drum (1959). The most noteworthy ones are A Dream of Red Mansions and Thomas Mann's Budenbrock Family (1901). Both novels describe the decadence, decline and collapse of the wealthy young generation, as well as the gradual decline and collapse of a family's social status and economic situation. Thomas Mann's novels are set against the background of great changes in bourgeois society, while Cao Xueqin's works choose the change period of a certain dynasty as the background of the times, in which the interests of emperors and families conflict. Interestingly, the main characters in the two works have chosen similar characters who died young. In a Dream of Red Mansions, Lin Daiyu died of love, Qin Keqing committed suicide due to incest, and Jia Yuanchun and Miaoyu also died suddenly. In the Budenbrock Family, Clara died of brain tuberculosis shortly after marriage, Thomas died after dental surgery, and Hanno died of typhoid fever. Both works use a lot of artistic techniques such as innuendo in structure and theme, and depict a declining scene with rich story progress. Therefore, this parallel development is surprising. It is hard to say that the creation of the Budenbroc Family was not influenced by a Dream of Red Mansions.
		+
		+	Notes：

	吴：最重要的是，我想还没有译本的另一半欧洲国家也会有译本。再有就是西方尤其是美国对《红楼梦》的研究，用现代的理论来关注小说的一些重要方面，比如 "感情"、"同性恋"等。每隔几年就会有一次HLM会议。在这里，整理一下以前的研究，写一部西方学者参与小说的历史是很重要的。		吴：最重要的是，我想还没有译本的另一半欧洲国家也会有译本。再有就是西方尤其是美国对《红楼梦》的研究，用现代的理论来关注小说的一些重要方面，比如 "感情"、"同性恋"等。每隔几年就会有一次HLM会议。在这里，整理一下以前的研究，写一部西方学者参与小说的历史是很重要的。

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 段：您的代表作是《红楼梦》德语全译本，您是如何走上汉学之路的呢？可否谈谈与史华慈合译《红楼梦》的初衷？
-How did you begin to learn Chinese and how to stick to the path of sinology for so many years? Why did you choose to translate 红楼梦？
+《红楼梦》是一件永恒的艺术品，应该提升到“世界遗产”的地位。目前，欧洲只有半数国家出版《红楼梦》译本。1989年我刚上大学的时候，德文版《红楼梦》也只有弗兰茨-库恩的节译本，共40章，只有原文体量的三分之一。库恩翻译的中国小说带有浓厚的德国地方色彩，《红楼梦》也不例外。除此之外，译文还存在一些不足之处，如库恩把《红楼梦》中的“楼”翻译成“城堡”。这种译法也许比较适合欧洲读者的阅读口味，但就中国文化而言，我认为不太准确。这些不足之处也可解释为什么大卫-霍克斯和约翰-闵福德的译本在德国广受欢迎。
 吴：我第一次接触中国文化，是1987年北京老诗人绿原随诗人和文学家代表团访问我的家乡明斯特时，被他朗诵的诗歌所感动。那时候我还是个高中生。作为一个在保守、天主教、和平、到处有高素质人的明斯特地区长大的，吕原的沉重命运令我震惊。从他的诗中，以及通过与他个人的交谈，我了解到他的经历，一个著名的诗人在1955年被诬陷为23名 "胡风骨干分子 "之一，直到1980年才被平反。所以，既是中国诗歌的美，也是一个民族挣扎在文明现代性道路上的残酷对比吸引了我。

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 段：吴教授您好，非常感谢您拨冗接受我的访谈！首先恭喜您获得“让·莫内讲席教授”荣誉称号，此地位是欧盟对从事欧洲一体化教学与研究学者的最高学术承认！您真可谓是一位欧盟的学术大使！据悉，该项目申请难度颇大，中国今年只有湖南师范大学、四川大学和中国政法大学三所大学获得资助。您可否借此次获奖的机缘，说明你眼中中欧的学术交流呢？
-吴：也非常感谢你。不客气！在全球范围内，欧盟委员会已在2020年授予70个让-莫奈教席。 每所大学最多可以获得一个这样的教席。最后一个让-莫奈教席在2016年颁给了中国，这个教席标志着湖南师范大学获得了一个奖项，事实证明，湖南师范大学是一个国际化的大都市，拥有国际网络。
+吴：不客气！我一直将自己看作中欧之间的“文化大使”，将这次获得“让·莫内讲席教授”称号看作自己在华学习、工作、生活近三十年的一个阶段性总结。欧盟委员会2020年在全球范围内授予了70个让·莫内教席，且每所大学最多可获一个名额。“让·莫内讲席教授”传统上主要关注欧盟相关研究。现在欧盟委员会把这个奖项授予在中国任教的德国汉学家，说明欧盟委员会已经认识欧盟与中国间合作的重要性。
 的确，我有把自己看作中欧之间的“文化大使”。我把这次获得“让·莫内讲席教授”称号看作在华工作、学习、生活近三十年的一个阶段性的总结。许多西方人认为了解中国文化是一个极大的挑战，对此我并不否认，但是个人挑战之余，我还从中看到改善社会的必要性、提高中西交流和中西相互理解的必要性。个人的学者都为这个大的目的服务。而且这一切都依赖于接触和交流。中国应该有更多的欧洲学者，中国也应该成为德国每一所大学亟需讨论的议题。

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 =3 欧洲红学=
-您曾在国内红学权威刊物《红楼梦学刊》上发表过三篇文章，以德国人的视角叙述西方对《红楼梦》的了解，并介绍德译本情况以及西方学者的理解及评价。从这三篇文章可以看出，《红楼梦》在西方的传播已变换形式，由文本本身的传播向舞台剧等多模态形态发展。请问现今欧洲的红学研究、传播现状如何？您认为《红楼梦》对国内外读者有何影响？
+段：您曾在国内红学权威刊物《红楼梦学刊》上发表过三篇文章，以德国人的视角叙述西方对《红楼梦》的了解，并介绍德译本情况以及西方学者的理解及评价。从这三篇文章可以看出，《红楼梦》在西方的传播已变换形式，由文本本身的传播向舞台剧等多模态形态发展。请问现今欧洲的红学研究、传播现状如何？您认为《红楼梦》对国内外读者有何影响？
 You have published three articles in the Journal of Dreams of the Red Chamber, an authoritative journal of red studies in China, describing the Western understanding of Dreams of the Red Chamber from a German perspective, and introducing the German translation as well as the understanding and evaluation of Western scholars. From these three articles, we can see that the dissemination of Dream of the Red Chamber in the West has changed from the text itself to a multimodal form, such as a stage play. What is the current status of the study and dissemination of Redology in Europe?
-最重要的是，我想还没有译本的另一半欧洲国家也会有译本。再有就是西方尤其是美国对《红楼梦》的研究，用现代的理论来关注小说的一些重要方面，比如 "感情"、"同性恋"等。每隔几年就会有一次HLM会议。在这里，整理一下以前的研究，写一部西方学者参与小说的历史是很重要的。
+吴：最重要的是，我想还没有译本的另一半欧洲国家也会有译本。再有就是西方尤其是美国对《红楼梦》的研究，用现代的理论来关注小说的一些重要方面，比如 "感情"、"同性恋"等。每隔几年就会有一次HLM会议。在这里，整理一下以前的研究，写一部西方学者参与小说的历史是很重要的。
 Most importantly, I think that the other half of European countries that do not yet have a translation will also get one. Then there is HLM research in the West, especially in the U.S., which uses modern theories to focus on some important aspects of the novel, such as “feeling, homosexuality, etc”. Every few years there is an HLM conference. Here it would be important to compile previous research and write a history of scholarly engagement with the novel in the West.
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 I conducted a pioneering study on the reception of the novel in the West. In doing so, I demonstrated that the novel spread very quickly, including in excerpt translations, but that did not gain recognition as world literature in the West until 76 years after its publication in China and 48 years after its first excerpt translations in Europe. This was partly because it took a long time for complete translations to become available, and partly because of the ethnocentric worldview of many Western sinologists, cultural mediators, and translators.
-近来，对小说的翻译也有研究，但遗憾的是往往是中国学者没有与西方学者交流。为了在这里达到更高的质量，中国同事的成果在发表前应该由他们必不可少的同事审阅。无论如何，无论在中国还是在西方，小说的跨文化研究都是一个新的领域。
+近来，对《红楼梦》的翻译也有研究，但遗憾的是往往是中国学者没有与西方学者交流。为了在这里达到更高的质量，中国同事的成果在发表前应该由他们必不可少的同事审阅。无论如何，无论在中国还是在西方，小说的跨文化研究都是一个新的领域。
 Recently, translations of the novel have also been studied, but unfortunately often by Chinese scholars without exchange with Western scholars. In order to achieve higher quality here, Chinese colleagues should have their results reviewed by their essential colleagues before publication. In any case, a new field, both in China and in the West, is cross-cultural studies on the novel.
 欧洲红学经常从自己的文化背景通过比较文学和跨国文化的角度来理解《红楼梦》。最近几百年，长片小说在中国和在欧洲都是“时代精神”的体现。《红楼梦》于1791年首次出版，其创作背景是中国少数民族之一的满族统治下的清朝，曹家或受康熙宠信或备受雍正冷落以致抄家没落。囿于时代背景，作者在当时无法公开批判帝制皇权，但在小说中，他在家庭日益衰败（从事道教、闲暇、诗歌创作、艺术和音乐，而不是为了能够谋生而学习）和自己没有实现作为家族继承人的期望中，寻求被迫害的根源。这种对名家望族没落之路的描写使我们想起了契诃夫的小说。此外，《红楼梦》对清初社会各阶层生活的详细描写，与君特·格拉斯的纪实性历史小说《铁皮鼓》(1959年)非常相似。最值得一提的是《红楼梦》和托马斯·曼的《布登勃洛克一家》（1901年）。两部小说都描写了出生富贵的年轻一代人的颓废、没落、溃散，以及一个家族的社会地位和经济状况的逐渐没落与覆灭。托马斯·曼的小说是以资产阶级社会的巨大变革为背景，而曹雪芹的作品则选取了某个朝代的更迭时期作为时代背景，在其中帝王利益与家族利益发生了冲突! 有趣的是，两部作品中的主要角色都挑选了英年早逝的类似人物。《红楼梦》里林黛玉为情而亡，秦可卿因跟她丈夫的父亲做爱自尽，贾元春和妙玉也是突然死亡。在《布登勃洛克一家》里克拉拉在婚后不久即死于脑结核，托马斯在牙科手术后去世，汉诺死于伤寒。两部作品都在结构和主题上运用了影射等大量的艺术手法，以丰富的故事进展描绘出一幅衰败的景象。因此，这种并行发展令人惊讶，很难说《布登勃洛克一家》的创作没受到《红楼梦》的影响。

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 年我开始重新翻译《红楼梦》。也是通过这个项目，我申请到了北京大学德意志学术交流中心（Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst，简称DAAD）奖学金。当时的选拔委员会主席是沃尔夫冈·顾彬（Wolfgang Kubin，中文名顾彬），他后来成为我的博士生导师之一。
-因此我也得以在北京大学留学了，考上了语言考试，入了中文系，读了几个学期的“先当代中国文学”的本科，一致到1992年。随后在北京，我多次参观了中国艺术研究院红楼梦研究所。参观之时中国红楼梦学会的主席张庆山送给我一本《红楼梦大词典》作为礼物。后来回到德国，我成为马汉茂教授的研究助理。在那里我了解到，已经有雷纳-施瓦茨的小说前80章的粗译本。从他那里我了解到，莱纳-史华慈（Rainer Schwarz）已经将小说前80章翻译出来，并将自己的译文交给他出版，马汉茂让我审阅了莱纳-史华兹的译本。不过译文暂未达到出版质量，还需修订。之前已经有好几家出版社都拒绝了发表。
+因此我也得以在北京大学留学了，考上了语言考试，入了中文系，读了几个学期的“先当代中国文学”的本科，一致到1992年。随后在北京，我多次参观了中国艺术研究院红楼梦研究所。参观之时中国红楼梦学会的主席张庆山送给我一本《红楼梦大词典》作为礼物。后来回到德国，我成为马汉茂教授的研究助理。在那里我了解到，已经有雷纳-施瓦茨的小说前80章的粗译本。从他那里我了解到，莱纳-史华慈（Rainer Schwarz）已经将小说前80章翻译出来，并将自己的译文交给他出版，马汉茂让我审阅了莱纳-史华兹的译本。不过译文暂未达到出版质量，还需修订，之前已经有好几家出版社都拒绝了发表。
-In 1990 I began to retranslate "A Dream of Red Mansions". It was also through this project that I applied for a scholarship from Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) of Peking University. So I was able to study at Peking University for X months. At that time, the chairman of the selection committee was Wolfgang Kubin (Chinese name Gu Bin), who later became one of my doctoral supervisors. Later in Beijing, I visited the Dream of Red Mansions Research Institute many times. During the visit, Zhang # gave me a dictionary of a Dream of Red Mansions. Later, when I returned to Germany, I cooperated with Helmut Martin. I learned from him that Rainer Schwarz had translated the first 80 chapters of the novel and gave him his own translation for publication. Helmut Martin asked me to review Rainer Schwartz's translation. However, the translation has not yet reached the publishing quality and needed to be revised. Several publishing houses had already refused to publish the translation.
+In 1990 I began to retranslate "A Dream of Red Mansions". It was also through this project that I applied for a scholarship from Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) of Peking University. So I was able to study at Peking University for X months. At that time, the chairman of the selection committee was Wolfgang Kubin (Chinese name Gu Bin), who later became one of my doctoral supervisors. Later in Beijing, I visited the Dream of Red Mansions Research Institute many times. During the visit, the president of the Hongloumeng Studies Society Zhang Qingshan gave me a dictionary of a Dream of Red Mansions. Later, when I returned to Germany, I cooperated with Helmut Martin. I learned from him that Rainer Schwarz had translated the first 80 chapters of the novel and gave him his own translation for publication. Helmut Martin asked me to review Rainer Schwartz's translation. However, the translation has not yet reached the publishing quality and needed to be revised, several publishing houses had already refused to publish the translation.
 但是，这次翻译尝试具有历史意义，我觉得修改和出版比完成自己的120章翻译更重要。于是我把我的译本搁置起来， 对莱纳-施瓦茨先生的译本进行了几年的修改，然后按照前80章的风格重新修改了我120章译本的后40章（适应非标准音译，而不是按意思翻译人名等），尽量让读者有一个完整的阅读流程。
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 However, this translation attempt had historical significance and I felt that the revision and publication was more important than the completion of my own 120 chapter translation. So I put my translation on the back burner, revised Mr. Schwarz’s translation for several years, and then reworked the last 40 chapters of my 120-chapter translation according to the style of the first 80 chapters (adapting to non-standard phonetic transcription instead of translating names by meanings, etc.). The purpose of this is to attract more readers' attention as much as possible, and to avoid readers' feeling of "jumping" in writing style.
-现在，暂时有一个仔细、完整的翻译，并有解释。之后的计划是在2022年内会出版第五版，该版本会根据很多专家意见和自己对原文的重新理解再进行改进。Änderungen#
+现在，暂时有一个仔细、完整的翻译，并有解释。之后的计划是在2022年内会出版第五版，该版本会根据很多专家意见和自己对原文的重新理解再进行改进。原来我把我的翻译按照前80回的翻译风格改变了（比如把我按意思翻译的人名按前80回靠近德语的发音改了）和按照敏福德的交际的翻译方法（比如贾宝玉跟他祖母说话的时候把“”翻译成“奶奶”）。在第二个版本的时候我已经编辑进去了所有的翻译同事推荐要改善的地方，当然每个地方我自己决定改变还是不改变，如果要改变要改成具体的哪些字。我觉得最重要是读者得到最理想的翻译，不要因为自己选过莫一种说法就要坚持不改变。我觉得素质高的人可以承认他们犯了错。当然，翻译有权利自己决定怎么翻译。有的时候把苹果要翻译成李子，比如目的文化没有苹果还是李子的角色就是原来的文化的苹果。这样，豪克斯也把《红楼梦》里面的红翻译成绿。但是我觉得有一个限制：如果翻译家选了一个在这个上下文特别少用的一个次要含义，但是有更合适的主要含义，那应该有愿意改。不要因为骄傲就坚持自己的不那么好的翻译法。歌德算一个天才。但是他的《流浪者的夜歌》他改了好几遍。这个说明歌德不是天才吗？我觉得他因为能承认自己可以做得更好才是天才。
 比如在我未出版的120章全译本中，很多人名的翻译也考虑到了名字的中文含义。[What amendments will you make in the fifth edition of the Chamber? Could you please list some? ]
-Now, for the time being, a careful, complete translation with explanations is available. Then [when will the fifth edition be published? ] will publish the fifth edition, which will be improved according to colleagues' opinions and their own re-understanding of the original text. For example, in my unpublished full translation of 120 chapters, the translation of many names also takes into account the Chinese meaning of names. [What amendments will you make in the fifth edition of the Chamber? Could you please list some? ]
+现在，暂时有了仔细、完整的译文和解释。也许在2021年内，可以出版第五版，会根据同仁们的意见和自己对原文的重新理解进行改进。
 =3 欧洲红学=
@@ Line 78: / Line 85: @@
 您曾在国内红学权威刊物《红楼梦学刊》上发表过三篇文章，以德国人的视角叙述西方对《红楼梦》的了解，并介绍德译本情况以及西方学者的理解及评价。从这三篇文章可以看出，《红楼梦》在西方的传播已变换形式，由文本本身的传播向舞台剧等多模态形态发展。请问现今欧洲的红学研究、传播现状如何？您认为《红楼梦》对国内外读者有何影响？
-You have published two articles in the Journal of Dreams of the Red Chamber, an authoritative journal of red studies in China, describing the Western understanding of Dreams of the Red Chamber from a German perspective, and introducing the German translation as well as the understanding and evaluation of Western scholars. From these two articles, we can see that the dissemination of Dream of the Red Chamber in the West has changed from the text itself to a multimodal form, such as a stage play. What is the current status of the study and dissemination of Redology in Europe?
+You have published three articles in the Journal of Dreams of the Red Chamber, an authoritative journal of red studies in China, describing the Western understanding of Dreams of the Red Chamber from a German perspective, and introducing the German translation as well as the understanding and evaluation of Western scholars. From these three articles, we can see that the dissemination of Dream of the Red Chamber in the West has changed from the text itself to a multimodal form, such as a stage play. What is the current status of the study and dissemination of Redology in Europe?
 最重要的是，我想还没有译本的另一半欧洲国家也会有译本。再有就是西方尤其是美国对《红楼梦》的研究，用现代的理论来关注小说的一些重要方面，比如 "感情"、"同性恋"等。每隔几年就会有一次HLM会议。在这里，整理一下以前的研究，写一部西方学者参与小说的历史是很重要的。

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	You have taught in many European schools. What is the current research status of Sinology in Europe?		You have taught in many European schools. What is the current research status of Sinology in Europe?
		+
		+	有时我也会想一想
		+
		+	Sometimes I think about the question, if there is Sinology in Europe at all. At other times, I doubt if there is Sinology outside of Europe. At least we can see from genetic evidence, that there was early exchange of domesticated crops and animals as well as culture between China and the Middle East as well as between the Middle East and Europe. Later, the Roman Empire started diplomatic contacts with Han# Empire and soon after we have European merchants arriving in China. Although the main population in Europe stayed ethnocentric for a long time, and founded its knowledge on compendium like #, among those early merchants the first experts changed the view on the Chinese culture towards a more fact-based one, prepared the ground for missionaries, who described China in much more detail and paved the way for the first scholarly experts, who changed the perception towards a scientific one, based on observations, explorations, analysis and interpretation.
		+
		+	Scholarship on China in Europe started with single experts like merchants and missionaries, who often learned the language and travelled to China. It was institutionalized with the first language schools. Later, the first chairs for professors of Chinese Studies were established. Today, we have more than 200 Professors of Chinese Studies in the United States (most of them Professors of History or Language), a growing number of them are US citizens of Chinese heritage or even Chinese citizens. In Europe, France seems to be the country with the most high schools and colleges where Chinese is taught as a foreign language. However, the English and German speaking countries seems to be the regions with the most Chinese Studies professors, often specializing in Traditional Literature, Modern Literature, Philosophy, History, Politics or Economy. A major difference exists between modern and traditional Chinese Studies. Since "Chinese Studies" sounds exotic, it is often considered area studies or people have a double qualification as sociologists, anthropologists, linguists, scholars of letter etc. Therefore, it is difficult to count the number of professorships, but they may range up to 20 in the German-speaking countries and # in Great Britain.
		+
		+	Main contributions of European Sinology in the past were: ...#
		+
		+	Main contributions today concentrate on the specializations of the chairs, like ...#

	=5 为何从古典文学的翻译转向中国现当代文学的翻译？=		=5 为何从古典文学的翻译转向中国现当代文学的翻译？=

@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 [Does this answer belong this paragraph?]
-最近几百年，长片小说在中国和在欧洲都是“时代精神”的体现。《红楼梦》于1791年首次出版，其创作背景是中国少数民族之一的满族统治下的清朝，曹家或受康熙宠信或备受雍正冷落以致抄家没落。囿于时代背景，作者在当时无法公开批判帝制皇权，但在小说中，他在家庭日益衰败（从事道教、闲暇、诗歌创作、艺术和音乐，而不是为了能够谋生而学习）和自己没有实现作为家族继承人的期望中，寻求被迫害的根源。这种对名家望族没落之路的描写使我们想起了契诃夫的小说。此外，《红楼梦》对清初社会各阶层生活的详细描写，与君特·格拉斯的纪实性历史小说《铁皮鼓》(1959年)非常相似。最值得一提的是《红楼梦》和托马斯·曼的《布登勃洛克一家》（1901年）。两部小说都描写了出生富贵的年轻一代人的颓废、没落、溃散，以及一个家族的社会地位和经济状况的逐渐没落与覆灭。托马斯·曼的小说是以资产阶级社会的巨大变革为背景，而曹雪芹的作品则选取了某个朝代的更迭时期作为时代背景，在其中帝王利益与家族利益发生了冲突! 有趣的是，两部作品中的主要角色都挑选了英年早逝的类似人物。《红楼梦》里林黛玉为情而亡，秦可卿因跟她丈夫的父亲做爱自尽，贾元春和妙玉也是突然死亡。在《布登勃洛克一家》里克拉拉在婚后不久即死于脑结核，托马斯在牙科手术后去世，汉诺死于伤寒。两部作品都在结构和主题上运用了影射等大量的艺术手法，以丰富的故事进展描绘出一幅衰败的景象。因此，这种并行发展令人惊讶，很难说《布登勃洛克一家》的创作没受到《红楼梦》的影响。
+欧洲红学经常从自己的文化背景通过比较文学和跨国文化的角度来理解《红楼梦》。最近几百年，长片小说在中国和在欧洲都是“时代精神”的体现。《红楼梦》于1791年首次出版，其创作背景是中国少数民族之一的满族统治下的清朝，曹家或受康熙宠信或备受雍正冷落以致抄家没落。囿于时代背景，作者在当时无法公开批判帝制皇权，但在小说中，他在家庭日益衰败（从事道教、闲暇、诗歌创作、艺术和音乐，而不是为了能够谋生而学习）和自己没有实现作为家族继承人的期望中，寻求被迫害的根源。这种对名家望族没落之路的描写使我们想起了契诃夫的小说。此外，《红楼梦》对清初社会各阶层生活的详细描写，与君特·格拉斯的纪实性历史小说《铁皮鼓》(1959年)非常相似。最值得一提的是《红楼梦》和托马斯·曼的《布登勃洛克一家》（1901年）。两部小说都描写了出生富贵的年轻一代人的颓废、没落、溃散，以及一个家族的社会地位和经济状况的逐渐没落与覆灭。托马斯·曼的小说是以资产阶级社会的巨大变革为背景，而曹雪芹的作品则选取了某个朝代的更迭时期作为时代背景，在其中帝王利益与家族利益发生了冲突! 有趣的是，两部作品中的主要角色都挑选了英年早逝的类似人物。《红楼梦》里林黛玉为情而亡，秦可卿因跟她丈夫的父亲做爱自尽，贾元春和妙玉也是突然死亡。在《布登勃洛克一家》里克拉拉在婚后不久即死于脑结核，托马斯在牙科手术后去世，汉诺死于伤寒。两部作品都在结构和主题上运用了影射等大量的艺术手法，以丰富的故事进展描绘出一幅衰败的景象。因此，这种并行发展令人惊讶，很难说《布登勃洛克一家》的创作没受到《红楼梦》的影响。
-During the last few hundred years, novels in China and Europe are the embodiment of "the spirit of the times". A Dream of Red Mansions was first published in 1791. Its creation background was the Qing Dynasty under the rule of Manchu, one of China's ethnic minorities. The Cao family was either favored by Kangxi or neglected by Yongzheng, resulting in the decline of property ownership. Constrained by the background of the times, the author could not publicly criticize the imperial power at that time, but in the novel, he sought the root of persecution in the declining family (engaged in Taoism, leisure, poetry creation, art and music, instead of studying in order to make a living) and his failure to realize his expectation of being the heir of the family. This decadent description of declining families reminds us of Chekhov's novels. In addition, the detailed description of the life of all social strata in the early Qing Dynasty in A Dream of Red Mansions is very similar to Gunter Grass's documentary historical novel Tin Drum (1959). The most noteworthy ones are A Dream of Red Mansions and Thomas Mann's Budenbrock Family (1901). Both novels describe the decadence, decline and collapse of the wealthy young generation, as well as the gradual decline and collapse of a family's social status and economic situation. Thomas Mann's novels are set against the background of great changes in bourgeois society, while Cao Xueqin's works choose the change period of a certain dynasty as the background of the times, in which the interests of emperors and families conflict! Interestingly, the main characters in the two works have chosen similar characters who died young. In a Dream of Red Mansions, Lin Daiyu died of love, Qin Keqing committed suicide due to sex with her husband's father, and Jia Yuanchun and Miaoyu also died suddenly. In the Budenbrock Family, Clara died of brain tuberculosis shortly after marriage, Thomas died after dental surgery, and Hanno died of typhoid fever. Both works use a lot of artistic techniques such as innuendo in structure and theme, and depict a declining scene with rich story progress. Therefore, this parallel development is surprising. It is hard to say that the creation of the Budenbrook Family was not influenced by a Dream of Red Mansions.
+European Redology often understands The Dream of the Red Chamber from its own cultural background through a comparative literary and transnational cultural perspective. During the last few hundred years, novels in China and Europe are the embodiment of "the spirit of the times". A Dream of Red Mansions was first published in 1791. Its creation background was the Qing Dynasty under the rule of Manchu, one of China's ethnic minorities. The Cao family was either favored by Kangxi or neglected by Yongzheng, resulting in the decline of property ownership. Constrained by the background of the times, the author could not publicly criticize the imperial power at that time, but in the novel, he sought the root of persecution in the declining family (engaged in Taoism, leisure, poetry creation, art and music, instead of studying in order to make a living) and his failure to realize his expectation of being the heir of the family. This decadent description of declining families reminds us of Chekhov's novels. In addition, the detailed description of the life of all social strata in the early Qing Dynasty in A Dream of Red Mansions is very similar to Gunter Grass's documentary historical novel Tin Drum (1959). The most noteworthy ones are A Dream of Red Mansions and Thomas Mann's Budenbrock Family (1901). Both novels describe the decadence, decline and collapse of the wealthy young generation, as well as the gradual decline and collapse of a family's social status and economic situation. Thomas Mann's novels are set against the background of great changes in bourgeois society, while Cao Xueqin's works choose the change period of a certain dynasty as the background of the times, in which the interests of emperors and families conflict! Interestingly, the main characters in the two works have chosen similar characters who died young. In a Dream of Red Mansions, Lin Daiyu died of love, Qin Keqing committed suicide due to sex with her husband's father, and Jia Yuanchun and Miaoyu also died suddenly. In the Budenbrock Family, Clara died of brain tuberculosis shortly after marriage, Thomas died after dental surgery, and Hanno died of typhoid fever. Both works use a lot of artistic techniques such as innuendo in structure and theme, and depict a declining scene with rich story progress. Therefore, this parallel development is surprising. It is hard to say that the creation of the Budenbrook Family was not influenced by a Dream of Red Mansions.
 =4.您曾在欧洲多所学校任教，请问现今欧洲汉学的研究状况如何？=