20220630 Classics 5 - Revision history

Zhou Haoxi: /* V. An Introduction of Rickett, W.A’s version */

2022-07-22T12:47:57Z

V. An Introduction of Rickett, W.A’s version

Zhou Haoxi: /* 英语笔译周皓熙 Zhou Haoxi 202170081612 MW */

2022-07-22T12:46:39Z

英语笔译周皓熙 Zhou Haoxi 202170081612 MW

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Zhu Lijuan: /* Conclusion */

2022-07-07T13:17:56Z

Conclusion

Zhu Lijuan: /* Subtitle 4 */

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Subtitle 4

Zhu Lijuan: /* Subtitle 3 */

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Subtitle 3

Zhu Lijuan: /* Subtitle 2 */

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Subtitle 2

Zhu Lijuan: /* Subtitle 1 */

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Subtitle 1

Zhu Lijuan: /* 英语笔译朱丽娟 Zhu Lijuan 202170081614 MW */

2022-07-07T12:40:53Z

英语笔译朱丽娟 Zhu Lijuan 202170081614 MW

Zhu Lijuan: /* Key words */

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Key words

Zhu Lijuan: /* Abstract */

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Abstract

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 One of the most accomplished American sinologists, Walter Allyn Rickett (1921-) is best known for his translation of the complete works of the pre-Qin Chinese classic, Guanzi. In fact, from 1948, when he began his study of Guanzi at the University of Pennsylvania under Derk Bodde, to 2014, when he accepted a position as advisor and chief senior fellow at the American Academy of Guanzi, Rickett has devoted his academic career to the study, translation, and promotion of Guanzi with his life's work and knowledge, and is thus respected in American sinology circles and worldwide as a leading scholar of Guanzi. It is no exaggeration to say that he is respected as an authority on Guanzi in American sinology and worldwide. Today, at the age of more than ninety, it is necessary to take a look at Professor Li Ke's sixty years of dedicated research and translation of Guanzi, and try to divide it into three research phases, so as to pay tribute to this great sinologist by introducing the research results of different periods, and to call more domestic scholars to pay attention to Li Ke and his representative translation of Guanzi.
 )The Beginning of Li Ke's Study of Guanzi and its First Emergence (1948-1965)
 In October 1948, Li Ke and his husband, Adele Austin Rickett (1919-1994), came to Beiping with great ambition under a Fulbright scholarship to study Chinese philosophy at National Tsing Hua University and Yanjing University, where they also worked as English teachers. From this period, Li Ke began his lifelong study of the interpretation and translation of Guanzi under the recommendation of his friends Feng Youlan and Xu Weiyu.
 At the beginning of his life in Beiping, Mr. and Mrs. Li Ke had no worries about food and clothing, but only the friendship with scholars such as Qian Zhongshu and Zhouliang, so he should have had a fulfilling and peaceful study career. However, because they were "commissioned" by the U.S. Navy Department to collect intelligence in China before they left, and because they were in the midst of the great historical change in China between the old and the new, Mr. and Mrs. Leek were separated in 1951.
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 '''2) The Deposition, Full Explosion Phase of Li Ke's Study of Guanzi (1966-2001)'''
 After publishing the translation and study of 12 articles in Guanzi in 1965, Li Ke aspired to translate all the 76 existing articles of Guanzi, but due to the influence of teaching and administrative work, it took two full decades before Li Ke finally compiled and published the first volume of Guanzi in English in 1985, Guanzi: Politi-c In the introduction of this book, Li Ke devotes more than forty pages to introduce the layout of Guanzi, the style of the book, and the history of the book. In the introduction to this book, Li Ke devotes more than 40 pages to the layout of Guanzi, the relationship between Guanzi and Guanzhong, the changes in the editions of the various periods, and the translation methods used in the text. The main text contains a total of 34 extant articles, each of which is preceded by an introductory commentary of varying length, focusing on evidence and background material, including the specific history, content, structure, and relationship to other chapters of each article, plus a large number of footnotes and treatment of some rhymes, which shows Li Ke's profound Chinese language skills and rigorous academic attitude. At the same time, in consideration of the connection of contents, the chapters 64, 65, and 66 of "The Situation", "The Nine Defeats of the Establishment", and "The Interpretation of the Edition" are advanced and placed after the corresponding chapters of "The Situation", "The Establishment", and "The Edition". It should be noted that Li Ke has abandoned the previous translation method of Wittoma Pinyin, and has used Hanyu Pinyin to mark the key words directly, such as changing the translation of Guanzi from "Kuan-tzu" to "Guanzi". For example, the translation of Guanzi was changed from "Kuan-tzu" to "Guanzi. This reflects the translator's respect for Chinese culture and helps maintain the exotic accent read by European and American scholars.
 In response to the publication of this pioneering work, the Chinese scholar Feng Yu wrote a review in 1988, saying that Li Ke's forty years of dedicated research and the assistance of experts such as Ma Feibai made the translation of high quality and "not the kind of haphazard work that lacks understanding of China. The foreign scholar Robin D. S. Yates also praised the translation highly in The Journal of Asian Studies in 1988, saying that "the importance of the original text and its authenticity can no longer be denied". "This book has made an outstanding contribution to the study of the Guanzi and will be a first-rate authoritative work for many years to come." After the publication of the first volume of Guanzi, Lik was affected by his own advanced age and the death of his wife, Adele Austin Rickett, from cancer, before finally completing the translation and collation of the second volume of Guanzi in 1996 and publishing it in 1998, also at Princeton University Press. Excluding the missing pieces and the three pieces that were brought forward to the first volume, the second volume actually contains 42 pieces. The layout and translation method of the second volume basically follow those of the first volume, but in accordance with the comments and suggestions of Robin D. S. Yates and others mentioned above, many additions to the omitted parts of the original ancient Chinese have been eliminated in order to take care of the readability of the translation without affecting the understanding. At the same time, based on the suggestions of William Boltz and others, Li Ke adopts a more flexible approach to the terms "reason" and "righteousness" in different contexts. After completing and publishing the entire translation of Guanzi, Li Ke did not stop there. He reworked the first volume against the translation style of the second volume, with the most notable changes being the emphasis on rhyme and the addition of Chinese characters to facilitate reader study, and published it in 2001 by Poston Cheng and Cui Dongfang Translation Company. Since then, Li Ke has become the only Western sinologist to have translated all 76 of the 24 extant volumes of Guanzi into English. In 2003, Robin McNeal wrote in Early China The Development of NaturalistThought in Ancient China: A Review of W. Allyn. Allyn Rickett's Guanzi, in 2003, acknowledged the results of Li Ke's long years of research and said that the translation provided scholars with a place to go for frequent consultation, and that many of the historical issues addressed in it played a key role in furthering the understanding of early Chinese society, intellectual structures, and so on.
 ===VI. Conclusion===

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	===Conclusion===		===Conclusion===
		+	Buddhism has been playing the mainstream role in Chinese religious life and it has exerted tremendous influence on Chinese culture together with its process of localization.It provides a new approach to the development of Chinese philosophy, and the translation of Buddhist scriptures has added something unique to the classic Chinese literature, commencing the field of translation study.The Buddhist influence on the Chinese painting, architecture and even dancing is also of considerable value.

	===References===		===References===

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	===Subtitle 4===		===Subtitle 4===
		+	4. The influence of Buddhism China
		+
		+	Generally speaking, China Buddhism is an important part of Chinese culture, which may be difficult for people to understand and agree with. However, if the ancient Chinese culture is embodied in such aspects as philosophy, literature, calligraphy and painting. Sculpture architecture and other cultural forms, the Buddhism for the huge and profound influence of ancient China culture, Chinese Buddhism as an important part of ancient Chinese culture becomes very obvious.
		+
		+	In philosophy, for example, the ancient China philosophy has been summarized as such a few stages of development, namely the pre-qin scholars, han classics, wei jin metaphysics, sui and tang dynasties Buddhism, neo-confucianism. Temporarily put aside before Buddhism was introduced into China's pre-qin zi and han dynasty classics, since the wei and jin dynasties, ancient Chinese philosophy and Buddhism has forged a bond. For example, the metaphysics of Wei and Jin Dynasties first served as the medium for the dissemination of Prajna, then merged with Prajna, and finally replaced by Prajna. Therefore, do not understand the prajnaparamita, it is difficult to have a comprehensive understanding of metaphysics. As for the sui and tang dynasties, Buddhism has become a great social forces at that time a trend of thought, if when talking about sui and tang dynasties philosophy excluded Buddhism, so, sui and tang dynasties philosophy will become very thin. Therefore, many famous scholars have advocated should be the sui and tang dynasties Buddhism and Confucian philosophy equally, as a direct inheritance of traditional China culture. As for Neo-Confucianism, it is a Neo-Confucianism on the surface, but as many thinkers in history have repeatedly pointed out, Neo-Confucianism is "Yang Confucianism Yin Shi" and "Confucianism is Buddhism."
		+
		+	Such as poetry, books, paintings. These three have always been known as the crown China ancient Chinese culture. But whether it is poetry, calligraphy, painting, all laid a profound imprint of Buddhism. Take poetry as an example, from the metaphysical poetry of the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the landscape poetry of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, from Tang poetry to Song Ci, all are deeply influenced by Buddhism. Xie Lingyun, as a great master of landscape poetry in Jin Dynasty, was a Buddhist with great attainments in Buddhism. Several great poets of the tang dynasty also involved in Buddhism. Li Bai is famous for his long way, but he also has the sentence of "sitting still in silence, thousands of people entering without a scratch." Although he is a scholar, he also has a chant of "The Seven Ancestors of the Temple of Two Peaks." Bai juyi, Buddhism and Taoism and repair. In his early years, Bai Juyi did not believe in Buddhism or Taoism, but after being demoted from Jiangzhou, he knew that his official career was difficult and dangerous, so he devoted himself to mountains, rivers, poems and wine, used broad-minded and happy days to send himself away, turned to alchemy and took food, and then converted to Buddhism and proclaimed himself "Xiangshan layman." Wang Wei worships Buddhism even more, and his Zen poetry occupies a pivotal position in the history of China poetry. Song Dynasty Su Dongpo, Huang Tingjian, such as CI giant, more in their friends with Zen monk, a teacher in the reward left many masterpieces. As for the novel, painting and calligraphy, sculpture, architecture, etc., are also closely linked with Buddhism. Such as the ancient China novels, its source is from bianwen of Buddhism; And many of the ancient China painting and calligraphy masterpieces, or from Buddhism, a teacher, or with Buddhism as the theme. What is more worth mentioning is that ancient China poetry, books and paintings all pay great attention to "realm," and the poet's "realm" has many similarities with the "Zen" of Buddhism, just as Tang Xianzu said: "Poetry, opportunity and Zen, if there is no beauty." The way of calligraphy and painting is consistent with the Buddhist philosophy and Zen interest. Because of this, the development and change of poetry, calligraphy and painting after Tang and Song Dynasties are often closely related to the development and change of Buddhism.

	===Conclusion===		===Conclusion===

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	===Subtitle 3===		===Subtitle 3===
		+	3. Buddhism in China and its development
		+
		+	Since the Buddhism was introduced into China, it was influenced by Chinese social and historical conditions. Gradually, it embarked on the road of sinicization.
		+
		+	In the early days of the spread of Buddhism to the East, the Chinese people at that time used traditional religious concepts to understand and accept Buddhism, resulting in Buddhism becoming a kind of immortal magic. Sakyamuni was described as an immortal who could separate himself and body, walk on fire without burning, and walk on the blade without hurting. Arhat also became an immortal who could fly and change, and "live in heaven and earth"(Forty-two Chapters Sutra). Originally, Buddhism developed from opposition to God's religion, and its theory of "one-cut all empty" also did not allow the existence of immortal gods or eternal immortal spiritual entities, but for a long time after Buddhism was introduced into China,"immortal gods" became the fundamental meaning of Buddhism.
		+
		+	Buddhism in many ways is in conflict with Chinese cultural tradition. For example, Chinese people usually consider the continuation of the generation line to be of tremendous importance, but Buddhism advocates celibacy. Confucianism holds that the human body is the sacred inheritance from one's parents and so it should be protected from being impaired or injured, but Buddhism adheres to asceticism and selfsacrifice.
		+
		+	With the development of Daoism in China, Buddhism was gradually accepted by people because they share the naturalistic and nihilistic philosophical thought. In the Tang Dynasty, Buddhism thrived with the support of the emperors. Xuan Zang began his pilgrimage journey to India. After studying in India for 20 years, Xuan Zang returned with volumes of precious Buddhist scriptures, and he, together with other monks and scholars, dedicated all the time and energy to translating the scriptures into Chinese. Xuan Zang made unique contributions to Chinese Buddhism and greatly enriched Chinese culture.
		+
		+	The two main branches of Buddhism are Theravada and Mahayana, which include Tibetan and Zen Buddhism. Mahayana has been active in Japan, Korea, Nepal, Mongolia, and China, which teaches social concern and universal salvation. Theravada has been the predominant religion of continental Southeast Asia such as Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laosand Sri Lanka. It is also practiced by some ethnic groups of southwest China. Theravada promotes the concept of self-cultivation and gaining insight from the aspirant's experience, critical investigation, and reasoning instead of by blind faith.

	===Subtitle 4===		===Subtitle 4===

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	===Subtitle 2===		===Subtitle 2===
		+	2. The basic teachings of Buddhism
		+
		+	Buddhism is one of the three major religions in the world today. It originated in ancient India in the 6th-5th century BC. Its founder was Siddhartha Gautama. Sakyamuni is a Buddhist addressed to him. He is also known as "Buddha" or "Buddha," meaning "enlightened person" or "wise person who has realized the truth." Reportedly sakyamuni is ancient India and which the wei-guo luo suddhodana king prince, was born in 565 BC, died in 485 BC, and Confucius's era in China.
		+
		+	According to the relevant data records, Sakyamuni for witnessed the world physical and other suffering, so he became a monk. After 49 days of meditation under a bodhi tree, he realized a "truth" that everything in the world (including life) is formed by the combination of causes and conditions (conditions). Once these conditions change or do not exist, the thing will cease to exist. Therefore, all things are false appearances and illusions arising from causes and conditions, and they have no self-nature and are all "empty." In that case, people for all things (including their own) should not deliberately pursue, struggling to cling to. Since the--cut all have no pursuit. Persistence, and what troubles have! It is said that when Sakyamuni realized this "truth," he "fully understood," removed all worries and realized the Buddha's fruit.
		+
		+	After Sakyamuni enlightenment Buddhahood, began enlightening the Dharma. He said that there are 84,000 teachings, but if the basic idea is to say, it can be summarized in four words, namely,"bitter collection to destroy the Tao." The term "Four Noble Truths" is also used in Buddhism to refer to "Four Noble Truths." The "four truths" are the four most basic truths or truths of Buddhism.
		+
		+	(1)The condition of all existence is suffering.
		+	(2)Suffering is caused by sin.
		+	(3)Sin can be exterminated.
		+	(4)Suffering can be alleviated by the right path of understanding, mediation and endeavour. The Buddhist ideas of transmigration and retribution are widely accepted.
		+	(5) the concept of "Emptiness"is another key concept in Buddhism(The Sanskrit word is Sunya). Emptiness is not nothing, but it is the condition of existence of everything. It permeates all phenomena, making their evolution possible. Emptiness is an abstract idea representing impermanence, instability, transience and relativity in the nature of all existence. According to Buddhism, nothing is permanent and everything is dependent on causes and conditions. Whenever the causes and conditions that produce or sustain a phenomenon are removed, that phenomenon will cease to exist. Furthermore, In the Avatamsaka Sutra we can read this gatha:"All things are birthless. All things have no extinction.You are also like that.If you know how to look at things this way, you can see and touch all Buddhas at any time.”
		+	(6)According to the Lotus Sutra, everyone has the Buddhata, and the Buddha is full of compassion, and that is why Shakyamuni Buddha always tries to help. Amitabha is the Sanskrit word, and literally it means boundless light and boundless life.According to Buddhism, people recite or call upon his name by the time of dying will be born in the Land of Ultimate Bliss with the reception by Amitabha.Bodhisattva, who is called Guan Shi Yin or Guan Yin Bodhisattva, is very popular in China.Originally represented as a male, the images are now generally those of a female figure.It is believed that she has the greatest compassion and mercy and rescues all beings by hearing their voices of suffering and cries for help.Guan Yin can transform into many different shapes in order to cross over to the beings.
		+	(7)Eight Precepts, Eight Sufferings,the Winds of the Eight Directions and Eight Right Ways:the Buddhist Eight Precepts, Eight Sufferings, the Winds of the Eight Directions, Eight Right Ways are very important in the practice of Buddhism. The Buddhist Eight Precepts are：
		+
		+	(1)No killing.
		+	(2)No stealing.
		+	(3)Nosexual misconduct.
		+	(4)No lying.
		+	(5)No alcoholic drink.
		+	(6)No cosmetic, no personal adornments.
		+	(7)No sleeping on fine beds.
		+	(8)No eating after noon.
		+
		+	According to Buddhism, there are Eight Sufferings for human to be tortured while living. They are：
		+
		+	(1)Suffering of birth.
		+	(2)Suffering of old age.
		+	(3)Suffering of sickness.
		+	(4)Suffering of death.
		+	(5)Suffering of being apart from the loved ones.
		+	(6)Suffering of being together with the despised ones.
		+	(7)Suffering of not getting what one wants.
		+	(8)Suffering of the flourishing of the five skandhas.
		+
		+	Most people are usually moved by the Winds of the Eight Directions. They are：
		+
		+	(1)Praise.
		+	(2)Ridicule.
		+	(3)Suffering.
		+	(4)Happiness.
		+	(5)Benefit.
		+	(6)Destruction.
		+	(7)Gain.
		+	(8)Loss.
		+
		+	There are Eight Right Ways leading to Nirvana：
		+
		+	(1)Right view.
		+	(2)Right thought.
		+	(3)Right speech.
		+	(4)Right action.
		+	(5)Right livelihood.
		+	(6)Right effort.
		+	(7)Right rememberance.
		+	(8)Right concentration.

	===Subtitle 3===		===Subtitle 3===

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 ===Subtitle 1===
-正文. (Wang 2021:423)
+.Ancient Chinese religion is an important part of Chinese Culture
 ===Subtitle 2===

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	===Key words===		===Key words===
		+	Buddhism;religion;Daoism

	===Subtitle 1===		===Subtitle 1===

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	===Abstract===		===Abstract===
		+	As a kind of social ideology, religion has been playing an important role in the history of human culture. It is through a deep understanding of Christianity that we can have a comprehensive understanding of Western culture. In the same way, we can deepen our understanding of Chinese culture only through a deep understanding China ancient Chinese religions. The main religions in ancient China are Taoism and Buddhism. Taoism is a native religion. By contrast, Buddhism is a foreign religion. Therefore, this paper mainly discusses the China of Buddhism and its development.
		+
		+	Since Buddhism was introduced into China, it has gradually embarked on the road of sinicization due to the influence of ancient Chinese economic and political traditional culture. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhism merged with China traditional culture and further evolved into Chinese Buddhism.

	===Key words===		===Key words===