20220630 Culture 2 - Revision history

He Lina: /* Heritage Elements of Liangzhu Ancient City Site */

2022-07-05T06:51:11Z

Heritage Elements of Liangzhu Ancient City Site

Zhang Minfeng at 06:45, 5 July 2022

2022-07-05T06:45:54Z

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Zhang Minfeng at 06:36, 5 July 2022

2022-07-05T06:36:20Z

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Zhang Minfeng at 06:23, 5 July 2022

2022-07-05T06:23:38Z

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Liao Shiyun: /* References */

2022-07-04T13:10:47Z

References

Liao Shiyun: /* Literature review */

2022-07-04T13:06:22Z

Literature review

Liao Shiyun: /* References */

2022-07-04T13:04:46Z

References

Li Yuan: /* References */

2022-07-04T00:55:59Z

References

Li Yuan: /* 英语笔译李媛 Li Yuan 202170081579 */

2022-07-03T05:56:58Z

英语笔译李媛 Li Yuan 202170081579

Li Yuan: /* Conclusion */

2022-07-03T05:56:04Z

Conclusion

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 . Water Conservancy System on the Outskirts（古城外围水利系统）
 During the period from 1995 to 2015, a huge water conservancy system composed of multiple dams was gradually found outside the ancient city of Liangzhu. Located in Pingyao town, the water system is distributed in the north and west of Liangzhu Ancient City, and is currently found to be composed of 11 dams. This large-scale water conservancy system is connected with the internal and external waterways of the ancient city. It is speculated that it should be an organic part of the unified planning and design at the beginning of the construction of Liangzhu Ancient City with the help of natural geographical advantages.(Liangzhu Museum)
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 These jades were mainly unearthed in hierarchical cemeteries with an amount not less than 7000 and a great variety of models, mainly including jade cong(玉琮), jade yue(玉钺), jade bi(玉璧), y-shaped jade wares（三叉型玉器）,jade bracelet（玉镯）, jade weaving wares（玉织具）, etc. In addition, some jades were found carved into birds, turtles, fish, cicadas and other animal.(Liangzhu Archaeological Site)
 Jade cong is the most important and representative jade ware in Liangzhu culture. This kind of jade is cylindrical, round and hollow inside and square outside with four symmetrical triangular shaped convex surface, implying Liangzhu ancestors' primitive world view that heaven is round and earth is square. The four convex surfaces are engraved with special symbols, the upper part of which is the image of a crested god, the middle is the face of a beast with round eyes and fangs, and the lower part is the claw of a bird, expressing the worship and yearning for the god behind it (generally believed to be the god of sun). Cong is also the most influential jade with the widest distribution.(Liangzhu Archaeological Site)

@@ Line 975: / Line 975: @@
 学,(02):189-191.
-[3]Shi Xiaoping史小平(2018).译者语境视野下的汉语成语英译研究[J].湖北函授大学学报,31(19):173-175.
+[3]Qian Zhongshu钱钟书(2003).围城[M].(美)珍妮凯利，茅国权译.北京:人民文学出版社.
-[4]Sun Haibo孙海波(2013).文化差异下的英汉成语翻译[J].学术探索,(08):105-107.
+[4]Shi Xiaoping史小平(2018).译者语境视野下的汉语成语英译研究[J].湖北函授大学学报,31(19):173-175.
-[5] Shuttleworth, Mark(1997). Dictionary of Translation Studies[Z]. Manchester: St. Jerome.
+[5]Sun Haibo孙海波(2013).文化差异下的英汉成语翻译[J].学术探索,(08):105-107.
-[6] Venuti, Lawrence(1995). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation[M]. London and New York: Routledge.
+[6]Shuttleworth, Mark(1997). Dictionary of Translation Studies[Z]. Manchester: St. Jerome.
-[7] Venuti, Lawrence(2006). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation[M].Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.
+[7]Venuti, Lawrence(1995). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation[M]. London and New York: Routledge.
-[8]Wang Qin王勤(2014).四字格成语中颜色词的英译策略[J].湖南社会科学,(04):225-227.
+[8]Venuti, Lawrence(2006). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation[M].Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.
-[9]Zhang Jingjing张晶晶(2014).功能对等视域下的英文汉语翻译策略[J].吕梁学院学报,(06):26-28
+[9]Wang Qin王勤(2014).四字格成语中颜色词的英译策略[J].湖南社会科学,(04):225-227.
 ==英语笔译	刘唱	Liu Chang	202170081583==

@@ Line 859: / Line 859: @@
 ===Literature review===
-Mo Lihong and Ge Lingling (2012) studied the translation of Chinese idioms based on the relevance theory. They believed the theory plays a great role in guiding the translation of idioms. They first explored the theory's revelation to Chinese-English idiom translation, and then analyzed the translation strategies of Chinese idioms according to the theory. There are methods including literal translation, liberal translation method, combination of literal translation and liberal translation, and CorrespondingTranslation.
+Mo Lihong and Ge Lingling (Ge 2012) studied the translation of Chinese idioms based on the relevance theory. They believed the theory plays a great role in guiding the translation of idioms. They first explored the theory's revelation to Chinese-English idiom translation, and then analyzed the translation strategies of Chinese idioms according to the theory. There are methods including literal translation, liberal translation method, combination of literal translation and liberal translation, and CorrespondingTranslation.
-Sun, Haibo (2013) discussed the translation of English and Chinese idioms from the perspective of cultural differences, and explored how translators use translation strategies in order to better translate idioms from four aspects: cultural traditions, religious differences, myths and legends, and ways of thinking. He argued that the literal translation is possible when there are commonalities between the two languages, while when there are differences between the two languages, translators need to adopt flexible means, and use paraphrasing and liberal translation to get rid of various limitations. Zhang Jingjing (2014) studied the translation strategies of idioms from the perspective of functional equivalence theory, and she believed that the differences in the expressions of English and Chinese idioms are attribute to historical and customary factors. Therefore, the translation strategies of functional equivalence translation theory should be reasonably applied. Wang Qin (2014) also takes Naida's functional equivalence theory as the basis to study the four-character idioms containing color words in the Chinese-English Dictionary. He analyzed the difficulties encountered by translators when translating and exploring the cultural differences between Chinese and English on color, and pointed out the strategies for translating idioms. He argues that translators can only achieve successful translations if they master the cultural differences between Chinese and English. He Yongbin (2016) analyzes the translation of Chinese idioms from the perspective of cross-cultural communication, and the analysis results show that translators use the literal translation and literal translation with annotation more often when translating idioms into English, which are considered to be able to maintain the original ethnical feature and culture of idioms. Because the structure of Chinese idioms is rather special and the sentence length is different from that of English, it is considered that Chinese idioms deserve further research and exploration. Shi Xiaoping (2018) studied the English translation of Chinese idioms from the translator's contextual vision and analyzed five translation techniques used by translators: literal translation, literal translation with notes, liberal translation, amplification and the omission. He argues that certain difficulties arise when translating Chinese idioms into English, and that translators often ignore the historical context of the idioms, resulting in a translation that is not comprehensive enough and easily misleading to readers, so he suggests that translators should enrich their cultural knowledge, improve their communication skills, and master the translation techniques involved when translating at the same time.
+Sun, Haibo (Sun 2013) discussed the translation of English and Chinese idioms from the perspective of cultural differences, and explored how translators use translation strategies in order to better translate idioms from four aspects: cultural traditions, religious differences, myths and legends, and ways of thinking. He argued that the literal translation is possible when there are commonalities between the two languages, while when there are differences between the two languages, translators need to adopt flexible means, and use paraphrasing and liberal translation to get rid of various limitations. Zhang Jingjing (Zhang 2014) studied the translation strategies of idioms from the perspective of functional equivalence theory, and she believed that the differences in the expressions of English and Chinese idioms are attribute to historical and customary factors. Therefore, the translation strategies of functional equivalence translation theory should be reasonably applied. Wang Qin (Wang 2014) also takes Naida's functional equivalence theory as the basis to study the four-character idioms containing color words in the Chinese-English Dictionary. He analyzed the difficulties encountered by translators when translating and exploring the cultural differences between Chinese and English on color, and pointed out the strategies for translating idioms. He argues that translators can only achieve successful translations if they master the cultural differences between Chinese and English. He Yongbin (He 2016) analyzes the translation of Chinese idioms from the perspective of cross-cultural communication, and the analysis results show that translators use the literal translation and literal translation with annotation more often when translating idioms into English, which are considered to be able to maintain the original ethnical feature and culture of idioms. Because the structure of Chinese idioms is rather special and the sentence length is different from that of English, it is considered that Chinese idioms deserve further research and exploration. Shi Xiaoping (Shi 2018) studied the English translation of Chinese idioms from the translator's contextual vision and analyzed five translation techniques used by translators: literal translation, literal translation with notes, liberal translation, amplification and the omission. He argues that certain difficulties arise when translating Chinese idioms into English, and that translators often ignore the historical context of the idioms, resulting in a translation that is not comprehensive enough and easily misleading to readers, so he suggests that translators should enrich their cultural knowledge, improve their communication skills, and master the translation techniques involved when translating at the same time.
 ===the Translation Strategy of Idioms===

@@ Line 970: / Line 970: @@
 ===References===
-[1]何勇斌.从文化传播视角探析汉语成语翻译[J].语文建设,2016(18):73-74.
+[1]He Yongbin 何勇斌(2016).从文化传播视角探析汉语成语翻译[J].语文建设,73-74.
-[2]莫丽红,戈玲玲.关联翻译理论视角下的汉语成语翻译[J].湖南社会科
+[2]Mo Lihong莫丽红&Ge Lingling戈玲玲(2012).关联翻译理论视角下的汉语成语翻译[J].湖南社会科
-学,2012(02):189-191.
+学,(02):189-191.
-[3]史小平.译者语境视野下的汉语成语英译研究[J].湖北函授大学学报,2018,31(19):173-175.
+[3]Shi Xiaoping史小平(2018).译者语境视野下的汉语成语英译研究[J].湖北函授大学学报,31(19):173-175.
-[4]孙海波.文化差异下的英汉成语翻译[J].学术探索,2013(08):105-107.
+[4]Sun Haibo孙海波(2013).文化差异下的英汉成语翻译[J].学术探索,(08):105-107.
-[5] Shuttleworth, Mark. Dictionary of Translation Studies[Z]. Manchester: St. Jerome,1997.
+[5] Shuttleworth, Mark(1997). Dictionary of Translation Studies[Z]. Manchester: St. Jerome.
-[6] Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation[M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1995.
+[6] Venuti, Lawrence(1995). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation[M]. London and New York: Routledge.
-[7] Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation[M].Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press, 2006.
+[7] Venuti, Lawrence(2006). The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation[M].Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.
-[8]王勤.四字格成语中颜色词的英译策略[J].湖南社会科学,2014(04):225-227.
+[8]Wang Qin王勤(2014).四字格成语中颜色词的英译策略[J].湖南社会科学,(04):225-227.
-[9]张晶晶.功能对等视域下的英文汉语翻译策略[J].吕梁学院学报,2014(06):26-28
+[9]Zhang Jingjing张晶晶(2014).功能对等视域下的英文汉语翻译策略[J].吕梁学院学报,(06):26-28
 ==英语笔译	刘唱	Liu Chang	202170081583==

@@ Line 803: / Line 803: @@
 ===References===
-Chen Zheng [陈征](2015). On the Reasons for the Emergency of Phonetic Loan Characters [通假字成因微探]. Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method [《课程 教材 教法》], (6): 39 pp.
+*Chen Zheng [陈征](2015). On the Reasons for the Emergency of Phonetic Loan Characters [通假字成因微探]. Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method [《课程 教材 教法》], (6): 39 pp.
-Tan Lin [谭麟](1987). A General View on the Emergency and Development of Phonetic Loan Characters—with an analysis of the opinion of “Phonetic Loan Characters as Headwind in Chinese Character” [概论通假字的产生于发展——兼析“通假字不是语言文字的正轨”]. Journal of Yuxi Normal University [《玉溪师专学报》], (2): 1-6 pp.
+*Tan Lin [谭麟](1987). A General View on the Emergency and Development of Phonetic Loan Characters—with an analysis of the opinion of “Phonetic Loan Characters as Headwind in Chinese Character” [概论通假字的产生于发展——兼析“通假字不是语言文字的正轨”]. Journal of Yuxi Normal University [《玉溪师专学报》], (2): 1-6 pp.
-Wang Li [王力](1999). Ancient Chinese [《古代汉语》]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company [北京: 中华书局], 546 pp.
+*Wang Li [王力](1999). Ancient Chinese [《古代汉语》]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company [北京: 中华书局], 546 pp.
-Wei Ying [魏颖](2013). Translation of Interchangeable Characters in TCM Terminology—Case Study on Classic of Difficulties Translation by Bob Flaws[通假字成因微探]. Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method [《课程 教材 教法》], (4): 26-29+34 pp.
+*Wei Ying [魏颖](2013). Translation of Interchangeable Characters in TCM Terminology—Case Study on Classic of Difficulties Translation by Bob Flaws[通假字成因微探]. Curriculum, Teaching Material and Method [《课程 教材 教法》], (4): 26-29+34 pp.
-Xu Yuanchong [许渊冲](2011). Thus Spoke the Master [《论语》]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company [北京: 中华书局].
+*Xu Yuanchong [许渊冲](2011). Thus Spoke the Master [《论语》]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company [北京: 中华书局].
 ==英语笔译	李梓婕	Li Zijie	202170081580==

@@ Line 698: / Line 698: @@
 <center>'''On Phonetic Loan Characters (Tongjiazi) in Chinese and their English Translation in ''the Analects of Confucius'''''</center>
-<center>LiYuan</center>
+<center>Li Yuan</center>
 ===Abstract===

@@ Line 797: / Line 797: @@
 ===Conclusion===
-This paper introduces the definition of phonetic loan characters (Tongjiazi) in ancient Chinese, which is a synchronic substitution of an original character that originally existed and has the same pronunciation and different form and meaning with Tongjiazi. In order to have a good understanding of the definition of phonetic loan characters (Tongjiazi), it is critical to grasp the differences between phonetic loan characters (Tongjiazi) and ancient and modern characters (Gujinzi), variant characters (Yitizi) and characters acquiring meanings by phonetic association (Jiajiezi). Several reasons for the emergency of Tongjiazi are as follows. One is due to the limited number of characters in ancient times. One is for lack of standardized use of characters. One is the influence of dialects. One is the emphasis on the sound instead of form of characters at that time. One is to forget the original character and replace it with another character with the same or similar pronunciation. One is due to the need for simplicity; one is due to the need for euphemism. As for the origin and development of phonetic loan characters(Tongjiazi), which can be dated back to Pre-Qin period (Palaeolithic Age to 221 BC), and then appeared in large numbers during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770 BC to 221 BC). After Tang and Song dynasties (618 AD to 907 AD, 960 AD to 1279 AD), the former phonetic loan characters were stopped gradually and new ones were not allowed to come into being. With the advent of vernacular Chinese, Tongjiazi was discontinued completely. It is one of the reasons why ancient Chinese texts are difficult to understand, and is the key to understanding them, as well as a major difficulty for translators when working on such texts. So, when translating such texts, translators need to acquire certain skills and obtain certain knowledge about phonetic loan characters (Tongjiazi). In addition to a certain level of reading skills and a basic grasp of the style and sentence structure of classical Chinese, they also need to have the ability to identify and verify Tongjiazi by asking ancient Chinese researchers and consulting the relevant ancient Chinese dictionaries. In addition, modern translators should master certain computer-assisted translation technologies, learn to make and use terminology databases, corpora and memory banks, and accumulate a large number of parallel texts to facilitate and support translation practice and translation research on Tongjiazi. This paper takes Xu Yuanchong's English translation of the Analects of Confucius as an example, analyses the English translation of Tongjiazi in it, and sums up three methods for the English translation those characters: literal translation of the original character, literal translation of the Tongjiazi, and paraphrasing, in order to make the research on the English translation of Tongjiazi in Chinese classics a step forward, to provide some suggestions for the English translation of phonetic characters (Tongzijia) and to make more scholars and translators pay attention to the research on the English translation of Tongjiazi. Chinese classics represent the tradition Chinese culture and language , thus serving as a valuable window through which other countries can learn Chinese language and culture. Their language style of ancient characteristics and the existence of phonetic loan characters have posed a barrier for translators to do their work, which in turn hinders the dissemination of Chinese culture and language into the world. In this regard, it is of significant importance to explore the translation of phonetic loan characters (Tongjiazi), in an attempt to produce higher quality English translations of Chinese classics and better spread Chinese language and culture to the rest of the world.
+This paper introduces the definition of phonetic loan characters (Tongjiazi) in ancient Chinese, which is a synchronic substitution of an original character that originally existed and has the same pronunciation and different form and meaning with Tongjiazi. In order to have a good understanding of the definition of phonetic loan characters (Tongjiazi), it is critical to grasp the differences between phonetic loan characters (Tongjiazi) and ancient and modern characters (Gujinzi), variant characters (Yitizi) and characters acquiring meanings by phonetic association (Jiajiezi). Several reasons for the emergency of Tongjiazi are as follows. One is due to the limited number of characters in ancient times. One is for lack of standardized use of characters. One is the influence of dialects. One is the emphasis on the sound instead of form of characters at that time. One is to forget the original character and replace it with another character with the same or similar pronunciation. One is due to the need for simplicity; one is due to the need for euphemism. As for the origin and development of phonetic loan characters(Tongjiazi), which can be dated back to Pre-Qin period (Palaeolithic Age to 221 BC), and then appeared in large numbers during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770 BC to 221 BC). After Tang and Song dynasties (618 AD to 907 AD, 960 AD to 1279 AD), the former phonetic loan characters were stopped gradually and new ones were not allowed to come into being. With the advent of vernacular Chinese, Tongjiazi was discontinued completely. It is one of the reasons why ancient Chinese texts are difficult to understand, and is the key to understanding them, as well as a major difficulty for translators when working on such texts.
 ===References===

20220630 Culture 2 - Revision history

He Lina: /* Heritage Elements of Liangzhu Ancient City Site */

Zhang Minfeng at 06:45, 5 July 2022

Zhang Minfeng at 06:36, 5 July 2022

Zhang Minfeng at 06:23, 5 July 2022

Liao Shiyun: /* References */

Liao Shiyun: /* Literature review */

Liao Shiyun: /* References */

Li Yuan: /* References */

Li Yuan: /* 英语笔译 李媛 Li Yuan 202170081579 */

Li Yuan: /* Conclusion */

Li Yuan: /* 英语笔译李媛 Li Yuan 202170081579 */