20220630 Culture 3 - Revision history

Li Yijia: /* Metaphors */

2022-07-06T06:41:17Z

Metaphors

Li Yijia: /* References */

2022-07-06T06:40:30Z

References

Li Yijia: /* References */

2022-07-06T06:39:30Z

References

Li Yijia at 06:39, 6 July 2022

2022-07-06T06:39:07Z

Li Yijia: /* Reasons and how to fix */

2022-07-06T06:24:38Z

Reasons and how to fix

Li Yijia at 06:24, 6 July 2022

2022-07-06T06:24:18Z

Li Yijia: /* Introduction */

2022-07-06T06:21:24Z

Introduction

Li Simin: /* 英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574 */

2022-07-05T16:17:42Z

英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574

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Li Simin: /* 英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574 */

2022-07-05T16:08:42Z

英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574

Li Simin: /* 英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574 */

2022-07-05T16:04:16Z

英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574

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 ===Metaphors===
-There are a lot of words in current Chinese as well as ancient Chinese that compliment women, particularly the appreciation of women's attractiveness. Bai Jiehong wrote in "Male/Female Language, Culture and Pragmatics" that in general, the presence of an excessive number of words in a language that may all be used to represent the same issue indicates that the subject has received a great deal of attention from the society. Since ancient times, being kind and beautiful has been expected of women. This standard has not changed. It makes no difference whether a woman is intelligent or not in terms of her value. There are 72 words in the 'Modern Chinese dictionary that praise women's appearance. The literal meanings of these words are an affirmation of women and praise. Nevertheless, it demonstrates that the patriarchal society evaluates and constrains women from a male perspective.
+There are a lot of words in current Chinese as well as ancient Chinese that compliment women, particularly the appreciation of women's attractiveness. Bai Jiehong wrote in "Male/Female Language, Culture and Pragmatics" that in general, the presence of an excessive number of words in a language that may all be used to represent the same issue indicates that the subject has received a great deal of attention from the society. Since ancient times, being kind and beautiful has been expected of women. This standard has not changed. It makes no difference whether a woman is intelligent or not in terms of her value. There are 72 words in the 'Modern Chinese dictionary that praise women's appearance. The literal meanings of these words are an affirmation of women and praise. Nevertheless, it demonstrates that the patriarchal society evaluates and constrains women from a male perspective.(Yin Xue, 2012)
 In China, the standard of beauty varies in different periods. The Han Dynasty considered slim women as beautiful. The four words indicate slimness.
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 The character "环肥燕瘦" embodies these two types of aesthetics. "环" refers to Yang Yuhuan, the corpulent concubine of Tang Dynasty Emperor Xuanzong; "燕" refers to Zhao Feiyan, the slender empress of Han Dynasty Emperor Cheng. One is chubby and the other is slim, but they both are on the list of “Ancient Four Beauties." However, whether they are thin or plump, they are all measured by men's standards, and women can only be compelled to accommodate men's vision and desires.
-According to philosophers, the words used to refer to women in the English language can be divided into five categories: plaything, animal, fruit, neutral words, and sexual words, many of which have derogatory connotations. This classification may not be entirely objective, but it is not without merit; in the English language, there are numerous words that compare women to animals, playthings, or sexual objects. There are many English and Chinese words that use animal metaphors to refer to males and females, but there are significant differences in the selection of animal metaphors. The selected animals in the metaphor of men, typically with strength, aggression, ambition, and other positive connotations, such as the tiger, eagle, leopard, roc, etc., are frequently used to refer to men. However, when referring to female animals, the metaphors of being hunted, obedient, ignorant, fierce, and sexual connotations are more prevalent, and the number of female animal metaphors is significantly greater than male animal metaphors.
+According to philosophers, the words used to refer to women in the English language can be divided into five categories: plaything, animal, fruit, neutral words, and sexual words, many of which have derogatory connotations. This classification may not be entirely objective, but it is not without merit; in the English language, there are numerous words that compare women to animals, playthings, or sexual objects. There are many English and Chinese words that use animal metaphors to refer to males and females, but there are significant differences in the selection of animal metaphors. The selected animals in the metaphor of men, typically with strength, aggression, ambition, and other positive connotations, such as the tiger, eagle, leopard, roc, etc., are frequently used to refer to men. However, when referring to female animals, the metaphors of being hunted, obedient, ignorant, fierce, and sexual connotations are more prevalent, and the number of female animal metaphors is significantly greater than male animal metaphors.(Zhou Huanmei, 2011)
 Tiger can be used as a metaphor for both men and women, but their respective metaphorical meanings are quite distinct. When a tiger is used as a metaphor for a male, the cognitive response is typical that it demonstrates the strength and bravery of the male, and the cognitive meaning of the tiger's king of beasts will also be transferred to the metaphorical male. For instance, "the tiger descends the mountain" describes the ferocity and speed, and when used in the male, it refers to its sweeping and unstoppable momentum. However, when the tiger metaphor is applied to women, it typically refers to outrageous, provocative, unreasonable women. I fear that when the term "tigress" is mentioned, few people will associate it with a positive connotation.

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 ===References===
 Bai Jiehong 白解红(2000). 性别语言文化与语用研究[Male/Female Language, Culture and Pragmatics].湖南教育出版社Hunan Education Publishing House, 20.
 Wang Xiuying王秀英(2016).浅谈英汉语言中的性别歧视现象及其产生的根源[On sexism in English and Chinese and its causes].甘肃高师学报GANSU GAOSHI XUEBAO, 34-35.
 Zhou Huanmei 周欢梅(2011).隐喻视角下的英汉语言性别歧视研究[A study of gender discrimination in English and Chinese languages from the perspective of metaphor].西北大学Northwest University, 14-15.
 Yin Xue尹雪(2012)汉语词汇中的性别歧视研究[A study of sexism in Chinese vocabulary].黑龙江大学Heilongjiang University, 26-27.
 Zhao Yiran赵羿然(2020).英汉语言中性别歧视的成因分析[An analysis of the causes of sexism in English and Chinese].现代交际Modern Communication, 62-63.

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 People urge for a society that is gender-neutral, but so long as there is discrimination and bias in language, it will be a barrier to the progression and development of society. As a result, we ought to give this issue our full attention and comprehend the gravity of the situation. It is only under the presumption of societal reform and linguistic equality that we will be able to completely eradicate social discrimination, eradicate language discrimination, and realise true equality between men and women. Over the course of the last century, women have made significant progress toward attaining the same rights as men. They venture out into the world and perform tasks that were traditionally reserved for males, and their contributions to society are on par with those made by men.
 ===References===
 ===Terms===

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 To truly achieve liberation, women must also be willing to fight for it themselves. When compared to the impact that society has on language, the rate at which language reflects society is far slower.
 People urge for a society that is gender-neutral, but so long as there is discrimination and bias in language, it will be a barrier to the progression and development of society. As a result, we ought to give this issue our full attention and comprehend the gravity of the situation. It is only under the presumption of societal reform and linguistic equality that we will be able to completely eradicate social discrimination, eradicate language discrimination, and realise true equality between men and women. Over the course of the last century, women have made significant progress toward attaining the same rights as men. They venture out into the world and perform tasks that were traditionally reserved for males, and their contributions to society are on par with those made by men.
-==英语笔译	李思敏	Li Simin	202170081574==
+===Terms===
   <center>'''Global Impact of Chinese Language'''</center>
   <center>''' Li Simin'''</center>

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:24, 6 July 2022
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	===Reasons and how to fix===		===Reasons and how to fix===
		+	Reasons
		+	(A) the historical roots
		+	In this era of social-economic production capacity in the hands of women, when women held the dominant position in society, the history of women in matriarchal societies was illustrious. During the age of patriarchal society, however, economic production capacity increasingly came to be dominated by men, and women's status, in general, declined, placing them in a subordinate position. In a culture dominated by white men, the English language is sexist, excluding and degrading women. Chinese society is profoundly influenced by the feudal patriarchal structure and feudal moral ideals, which have transformed the interaction between men and women into a master-servant relationship characterised by pecking. In the history of both the east and west, great deeds are attributed to men, while women are responsible for the death, indicating that the concept of roles has been deeply ingrained in the evolution of human society.

		+	(B) the cultural roots
		+	As the expression of people's thoughts and ideas, language will reflect the social culture and ideas of a particular time period. In western culture, the Bible has a significant impact on people's thoughts. Eve was derived from Adam's rib, according to the Bible, and the theory that God created man became the basis for the theory of the origin of language, thereby establishing the preeminent position of men from the beginning and relegating women to a subordinate and submissive position. China's culture is primarily inspired by Confucianism, and the idea of male dominance and female inferiority have been documented in history since Spring and Autumn Warring States Period. The founder of Confucianism, Confucius, once stated, "Only ladies and villains are difficult to raise." There were three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages, but no female disciples. Long-term, the ancient Chinese government encouraged women to adhere to the "three obedience and four virtues." In accordance with the principles of "internal and external differences" and "the idea of male superiority and female inferiority," the Confucian ethical code mandates that women's morality, behaviour, and cultivation be standardised. Insisting that women should be subservient to males, that they should serve men, not for their own position and resistance. The concepts of the world's three major religions, also reflect the disparaging and exclusive nature of their content against women. Consequently, the assumption of male dominance in human history and culture has contributed to the creation of sexist language in both China and Western nations. As co-founders of historical civilisation, men and women should have equal social standing.
		+
		+	(C) the social roots
		+	The traditional social division of labour places a disproportionate number of males in high-status occupations in comparison to the number of women, which results in a diminished significance of one's place of employment. On the other hand, women have stronger social connections in the context of the household and caregiving. Because women have a natural tendency to attach themselves to men, men have the potential to benefit from their careers, properties, and other advantages to achieve a greater standing in their families and in society. When women are relegated to a subordinate position in their families and in society as a whole, the only means by which they can compensate are by other means, such as the elegance of their behaviour, the use of linguistic norms, etc. Because of this circumstance, the way language is mirrored can be rather different. (Zhao Yiran,2020,62-63)
		+
		+	Due to the influence of social and cultural forces, the concept of women as "servants" to men has become deeply ingrained, resulting in a distinct social psychology. Someone will frequently ask a woman at a party in the United Kingdom, "What does your husband do?" But nobody will ever ask a male, "What does your wife do?" If anyone dared to ask him such questions, he would respond, " She's my wife!" This demonstrates that there is no need to inquire about the status of women, a prevalent male mentality. Women like to employ ambiguous language and rhetorical questions because, even if they have more opportunities to attain the upper echelons of society today, they psychologically permit men to rule.
		+
		+	Due to historical and cultural factors, gender discrimination persists in the vast majority of languages. People are progressively becoming aware of the significance of women's standing and their indispensable role as social civilization advances. In today's society, despite the fact that women's social status in all aspects has been greatly improved, especially the economic status has improved, language, and gender discrimination have also improved accordingly. However, to eliminate the real sense of language, and gender discrimination, It is impossible to eliminate this phenomenon only through language reform. It will be a difficult and long process to fundamentally change the idea that men are superior to women.
		+
		+	how to fix it
		+
		+	The advancement of civilization, the rise in the general level of living, and the growth of society all contribute to an overall rise in the social standing of women, which is expected to continue rising. Researchers who study linguistic sexism argue that language is also sexist in the form of "derogatory" words for women and "complimentary" words for men. This has led to the launch of a campaign to eliminate discrimination in countries where English is the primary language. It is of the utmost importance to eradicate sexism and racism from the English language. The primary objectives are to enhance discrimination in the English language and to enhance the habit of using language that is more appropriate for everyday use. While referring to other people, always use neutral phrases; never use male terminology or complex words when talking about women. Specifically, the job title should be composed of female language, and there shouldn't be any extra affixes to indicate what they're supposed to mean. When it comes to making a distinction between the sexes, the majority of individuals will refer to females with the pronoun "he" rather than "she" in certain circumstances. Additionally, avoid using phrases that are derogatory to women, and steer clear of including old stereotypes in what you say. The relationship between society and language is quite close. The status of women in a language tends to rise in tandem with their rise in social standing. Get rid of the misogyny that comes from using third-person pronouns.
		+
		+	The phenomena of sexism in language, with the goal of producing a more conducive environment for the experience of language by women. In the United States, feminist linguists such as Mary Ritchie Key have proposed a "non-gender language" that advocates women's independent and equal social roles. The non-gender language's most significant and obvious manifestation is the neutral transformation of the meaning of female bias words. Other manifestations of the non-gender language include the promotion of women's economic independence. Linguists that adhere to the feminist perspective feel that there should be a gender-aware approach to the use of generic terminology. The generic usage of masculine terms is converted to neutral words, and the words that are tied to the original masculine words in the form of suffixes are altered into a structure that does not have a bias toward males. Such as "-er," "-or," "-ist," or "person generation" for the original "first-ess and-ette"; for example, "fireman" and "firefighter" and "suffragette" and "suffragist." Certain jobs do not discriminate on the basis of gender and avoid defining occupations or responsibilities using terms that are specific to either gender. For example, the position of "Lady Lawyer" has been replaced by the more objective and gender-neutral term "Lawyer," and "Man-Sized jobs" have been replaced by the term "Big Jobs" or "Heavy Work." Expressions of women that are negative or sarcastic should be avoided, as should language that expresses stereotypical or formulaic roles and behaviours of women. In addition, negative or sarcastic expressions of women should not be used.
		+	To truly achieve liberation, women must also be willing to fight for it themselves. When compared to the impact that society has on language, the rate at which language reflects society is far slower.
		+	People urge for a society that is gender-neutral, but so long as there is discrimination and bias in language, it will be a barrier to the progression and development of society. As a result, we ought to give this issue our full attention and comprehend the gravity of the situation. It is only under the presumption of societal reform and linguistic equality that we will be able to completely eradicate social discrimination, eradicate language discrimination, and realise true equality between men and women. Over the course of the last century, women have made significant progress toward attaining the same rights as men. They venture out into the world and perform tasks that were traditionally reserved for males, and their contributions to society are on par with those made by men.

	==英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574==		==英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574==

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:24, 6 July 2022
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	In both Chinese and English, there are numerous plant metaphors for men and women. However, selecting the type of plant makes a substantial difference. When people use plants as metaphors for men, they select more robust plants, such as trees, to represent their positive image. The metaphor of women as plants consists primarily of flowers and plants like these. As we all know, flowers can attract people with their vibrant, eye-catching hues, the fragrance of fragrant flowers, or their pleasing appearance. In conclusion, the metaphor of women as plants, emphasizing their external ornamental value and highlighting the beauty of women's appearance, leads the community to pay more attention to women's appearance, which also reflects the social treatment of women from a particular perspective, one-sided views, and contradictory attitudes. Society evaluates women based on their appearance and pays attention to their beauty, but it also views beautiful women as a "disaster" or "vase." It is evident that society's evaluation criteria for women are contradictory and unfair.		In both Chinese and English, there are numerous plant metaphors for men and women. However, selecting the type of plant makes a substantial difference. When people use plants as metaphors for men, they select more robust plants, such as trees, to represent their positive image. The metaphor of women as plants consists primarily of flowers and plants like these. As we all know, flowers can attract people with their vibrant, eye-catching hues, the fragrance of fragrant flowers, or their pleasing appearance. In conclusion, the metaphor of women as plants, emphasizing their external ornamental value and highlighting the beauty of women's appearance, leads the community to pay more attention to women's appearance, which also reflects the social treatment of women from a particular perspective, one-sided views, and contradictory attitudes. Society evaluates women based on their appearance and pays attention to their beauty, but it also views beautiful women as a "disaster" or "vase." It is evident that society's evaluation criteria for women are contradictory and unfair.
		+
		+	===Reasons and how to fix===
		+

	==英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574==		==英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574==

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 ===Introduction===
 Gender Discrimination, often known as sexual discrimination, is the unfair consideration of a person's sex when determining who receives a job, promotion, or other employment advantages. The Cambridge Dictionary defines "gender discrimination" as "a situation in which someone is treated less well because of their sex, usually when a woman is treated less well than a man." Although men can be subjected to gender discrimination, the term primarily refers to discrimination against women. The language reflects a bias towards women and the unequal social standing of men and women. This problem is displayed primarily through the scorn, disregard, denigration, or insulting of women. This paper will describe sexism and explain the causes in Chinese from the perspectives of word formation, proverbs, and metaphors.
 ===Literature Review===

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 ==英语笔译	李思敏	Li Simin	202170081574==
-                                                      '''Global Impact of Chinese Language
+                                                   '''Global Impact of Chinese Language'''
-                                                                  '''Li Simin'''
+'''Abstract'''
 In recent years, China's comprehensive national strength has been continuously strengthened and it has played an important role in international affairs, coupled with the rapid economic development, a large number of foreign enterprises in China has increased. China's huge market and development potential are obvious to all. The culture with a long history and China's rapidly developed economy will inevitably lead to an increasing degree of internationalization of the Chinese language. In the context of economic globalization, the number of people learning Chinese is increasing. The worldwide Chinese fever that has emerged in recent years reflects the fact that a rising China is beginning to show its greater impact on the world. Language is the carrier of culture, and when a country's national language is universally studied as a foreign language, it reflects a considerable extent the real improvement of the country's international status and the deepening of its influence.
 Chinese is one of the oldest and most developed languages in the world with international influence. Chinese plays an extremely important role in the history of Oriental culture and has had a huge impact on the languages and cultures of its neighbors in East and Southeast Asia. Chinese and Chinese characters had spread to Japan, Korea, Vietnam and other countries along with the highly developed science and culture of ancient China. Until now, Chinese vocabulary occupies a very important position in the languages of these countries, and even forms a very large part of the basic vocabulary of these languages. Most of the ancient historical documents of these countries are recorded in Chinese characters. After the founding of New China, with the improved international status of China, the status of Chinese in the world has also been increasing day by day.
 China's development has brought opportunities to all countries in the world, and mastering the Chinese language has become an important condition for many people to seize opportunities for development, which also marks the rapid enhancement of China's soft power. However, in addition to the excitement, we must also keep a clear head and bear in mind that there is still a long way to go before Chinese truly becomes a dominant language in the world.
 '''Key Words'''
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 Chinese is the language used by the largest number of people in the world, with at least 1.5 billion people speaking Chinese in the world, accounting for 20% of the world's total population. In recent years, China's influence in the world has been increasing and the global impact of the Chinese language has gradually improved, with a wave of learning Chinese formed around the world. On November 21, 2004, China's first overseas Confucius Institute was established in South Korea, and then the Chinese government began to actively promote the wide spread of the Chinese language and culture in the world. As of 2019, China has established 550 Confucius Institutes and 1,172 Confucius Classrooms in primary and secondary schools in 162 countries (regions), training more than 9 million foreign students.
 In the context of economic globalization, with the frequent exchanges between countries, languages and the cultures they carry are also constantly communicating, colliding and merging. As an important cultural carrier, language plays an irreplaceable and fundamental role in promoting the exchange and understanding of different cultures. At present, the overseas "Chinese fever" is promoting Chinese culture to the world, which is of great significance to eliminating the misunderstanding of Chinese culture in Western society and promoting world peace.
 The Status of Chinese Language in World Languages
 As we all know, Chinese is one of the oldest languages in the world and it is also one of the six official languages prescribed by the United Nations. However, due to various factors, there is still a big gap between the international status of the Chinese and the expectations of the Chinese people.
 The Swiss sociologist George Weber had an impact on the international status of the world's top ten languages in the mid-1990s according to relevant criteria. The ranking is based on the following six aspects: (a) The number of native speakers of the language; (b) the number of persons who uses the language as a second language; (c) the economic, scientific and technological and military strength of the State in which the language is spoken; (d) The most frequently used language in the fields of diplomacy, international trade, international organizations, academic exchanges, etc.; (e) The number of countries and populations that use the language; (f) The prestige of the language in the field of social and humanistic fields (e.g., whether the books written in the language has won the Nobel Prize in Literature, how many world-famous works have been written in the language); Additional points are added if it is an official language of the United Nations.
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 Some of the Chinese loanwords in the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' are derived from Mandarin, such as feng shui (the location of a house or tomb, supposed to influence the fortune of a family), tung oil (China wood oil), paper tiger (a metaphor for a man who is outwardly strong and inwardly weak), Maoism (Maoism is a scientific guiding ideology suitable for China's actual situation formed by the Communist Party of China (CPC) with Comrade Mao Zedong as the main representative in the long-term practice of revolution and construction, according to the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism.), etc. Some are derived from Cantonese, such as kowtow (a traditional Chinese etiquette: one's kneel and hands on the ground, with his or her head on the ground), pakchoi (Chinese cabbage), samfu (shirts and pants), etc.; Others originate from the Fujian dialect, such as satin (refers to smooth glossy silk with a thick side), Kylin (Chinese unicorn), oolong (oolong tea) and so on. These English words containing Chinese elements are usually produced in five ways: transliteration, free translation, transliteration and free translation, transliteration pluses affixes and semantic regeneration, which have more or less undergone a certain degree of "Anglicization" transformation, and are integrated into the Vocabulary System and Pragmatic System of English.
 In addition to Chinese loanwords, the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' also includes some expressions with Chinese elements (i.e., "Chinglish"), such as a long time no see (haven't seen you for a long time) and loss face (dishonor). Although these Chinglish do not conform to the expression habits of traditional English, English-speaking people like to use them. According to experts from the U.S. Global Language Monitoring (GLM) agency, as the influence of the Chinese grows, it will not be long before Chinglish such as good good study, day day up (study hard and do better every day), no money no talk (without money, any talk is spared), and add oil (used to encourage others) will also enter this dictionary.
 The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' continues to include words and expressions containing Chinese elements, which not only enriches the cultural connotation of English, but also promotes the global development of English, also reflecting the increasing influence of Chinese on English. As Professor Zhou Haizhong, a Chinese Chinese linguist, said: "With the increasingly frequent exchanges between the Chinese nation and the English-speaking nations, there will be more and more English words and expressions from Chinese, thus further promoting the internationalization and diversification of English."
-'''（2）“Chinese fever”'''
+（2）“Chinese fever”
 There was a Chinese craze in the 1970s. At that time, due to the relaxation of Sino-US relations, China restored its seat in the United Nations, and the world saw China that began to go globally with a new vision. Therefore, a wave of learning Chinese craze first arose in the United States, and the impact drove the Chinese fever in the entire Western world. However, due to the small economic influence of China at that time and China's foreign economic ties with other countries were not firm, the Chinese fever could not continue to burn for a long time. Compared with that wave of Chinese fever, the reason why the current new wave of Chinese fever is so extensive, so numerous, and so strong is that China has risen rapidly in the context of an era of economic globalization.
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 "Chinese fever" has also promoted the deepening of scholars at home and abroad on Chinese and Chinese dialects, Chinese culture, world sinology, intercultural communication, foreign communication, and foreign Chinese teaching. The training of Chinese as a foreign language is also booming, and the requirements are getting higher and higher, and the quality of teachers has also improved, which is also the driving force for promoting the "Chinese fever".
-'''（3）The influence on other countries'''
+（3）The influence on other countries
 Chinese plays an extremely important role in the history of Oriental culture, and has had a huge impact on the languages and cultures of its neighbors in East and Southeast Asia.
@@ Line 206: / Line 208: @@
 . Yang Bohan 杨博涵. (2018). 世界汉语热背后的思考 [Reflections on the World Chinese Fever]. 《散文百家》 [Prose Hundred]（03）：152.
 . Zhou Lei 周磊. (2012). 增强中华文化国际影响力进程中的孔子学院发展研究 [A Study on the Development of Confucius Institutes in the Process of Enhancing the International Influence of Chinese Culture]. 《江西社会科学》 [Jiangxi Social Sciences]（04）：171-174.
 . Zhang Zhizhou 张志洲. (2006). “中国机会”：汉语热的背后 ["China Opportunity": Behind the Chinese fever]. 《世界知识》[World Knowledge]（11）：21-24.

20220630 Culture 3 - Revision history

Li Yijia: /* Metaphors */

Li Yijia: /* References */

Li Yijia: /* References */

Li Yijia at 06:39, 6 July 2022

Li Yijia: /* Reasons and how to fix */

Li Yijia at 06:24, 6 July 2022

Li Yijia: /* Introduction */

Li Simin: /* 英语笔译 李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574 */

Li Simin: /* 英语笔译 李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574 */

Li Simin: /* 英语笔译 李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574 */

Li Simin: /* 英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574 */

Li Simin: /* 英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574 */

Li Simin: /* 英语笔译李思敏 Li Simin 202170081574 */