20221231 LangCult 1 - Revision history

Chen Jing 1: /* Ⅳ. Types of Chinese Surnames */

2023-01-14T12:57:16Z

Ⅳ. Types of Chinese Surnames

Chen Jing 1: /* Ⅲ. The Origins of Chinese Surnames and Clan Names */

2023-01-14T12:53:55Z

Ⅲ. The Origins of Chinese Surnames and Clan Names

Chen Jing 1: /* 202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-01-14T12:15:31Z

202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation)

Chen Jing 1: /* 202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-01-07T06:27:09Z

202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation)

Chen Jing 1: /* 202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-01-07T06:08:14Z

202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation)

Chen Jing 1: /* 202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-01-06T11:34:40Z

202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation)

Chen Jing 1: /* 202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-01-06T11:18:09Z

202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation)

Chen Jing 1: /* 202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-01-06T10:48:07Z

202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation)

Chen Jing 1: /* 202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-01-06T10:31:55Z

202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation)

Chen Jing 1: /* 202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-01-06T09:47:47Z

202270081627 陈婧 Chen Jing 英语笔译(English translation)

@@ Line 297: / Line 297: @@
 .Single-character surname. Most of Chinese surnames are single-character. For example, Wang(王), Li(李), Zhao(赵), etc.
-.Two-character surname. There are three kinds of two-character surname. For the first kind, the surname consists of two irrelevant characters which should be used together. Surnames like Ouyang(欧阳), Shangguan(上官) and Huangfu(皇甫) are common ones. The second kind was formed by the union of two families through marriage or adoption, which can be passed on from generation to generation. For example, Lufei(陆费), Qianwang(钱王), Fanjiang(范姜), etc. The third type is the combination of the father's and mother's surnames such as Zhangwang(张王), Lideng(李邓) and Dengguo(邓郭). The first surname usually comes from father’s and the second from mother’s. Traditionally, this kind of surname cannot be passed on.
+.Two-character surname. There are three kinds of two-character surname. For the first kind, the surname consists of two irrelevant characters which should be used together. Surnames like Ouyang(欧阳), Shangguan(上官) and Huangfu(皇甫) are common ones. The second kind was formed by the union of two families through marriage or adoption, which can be passed on from generation to generation. For example, Lufei(陆费), Qianwang(钱王), Fanjiang(范姜) and so on. The third type is the combination of the father's and mother's surnames such as Zhangwang(张王), Lideng(李邓) and Dengguo(邓郭). The former one usually comes from father’s and the latter one from mother’s. Traditionally, this kind of surname cannot be passed on.
 .Three-character surname. Such as Zhukehun(朱可浑), Buliugu(卜柳谷), Houmochen(侯默晨), etc.
@@ Line 303: / Line 303: @@
 .Four-character surname. Four-character surnames account for a small share, and most of them derive from ethnic minorities, such as Aixinjueluo(爱新觉罗).
 .Multi-character surname. The emergence of multi-character surnames was also influenced by Chinese minorities, such as Hutixibuye(呼提西布也). (Lin Dengping 2014, 86)
 === Ⅴ. Conclusion ===

@@ Line 269: / Line 269: @@
 The origins of Chinese surnames can be summarized as follows.
-.Vassal states like Xia(夏), Qi(齐) and Lu(鲁).
+.Names of vassal states like Xia(夏), Qi(齐) and Lu(鲁).
 .Names of fiefdoms. Officials and scholars of the court were rewarded fiefs for their contribution to the states. Then the names of the fiefs were used as their surnames, such as Cui(崔), Lu(卢), Bao(鲍), etc.

@@ Line 255: / Line 255: @@
 姓，氏，演变，来源，种类
-=== Introduction ===
+===  Ⅰ. Introduction ===
 Surname, as a symbol of one's identity and kinship, plays a significant role in social life. Before Han Dynasty, Chinese surname(姓氏) had two definitions: surname(姓) and clan name(氏). The surname comes from the maternal line and the clan name from the paternal line. In matriarchal society, human beings only knew their mother but not their father, so the surname represents a person's maternal lineage. That's why most of the ancient Chinese surnames have the "女" side, such as Ji(姬), Jiang(姜), Si(姒), Yao(姚), Hao(好), etc. Later, as the advantages of male kept emerging in production and warfare, strong male leaders wanted to distinguish his own group with a certain title, hence the birth of clan names.(Yu Chang 2014, 58)
-=== Ⅰ. The Evolution of Chinese Surnames and Clan Names ===
+=== Ⅱ. The Evolution of Chinese Surnames and Clan Names ===
 Before the Zhou Dynasty, emperors only had surnames, and the upper classes had surnames and clan names, while ordinary people had neither surname nor clan name except first name. Things changed during the Warring States period when clan name was no longer the privilege of the upper class. From then on, especially after the First Emperor of Qin unified China in 221 BC(Li Qinghua 2012, 10), clan name and surname were fused into the last name or surname. It was in Han Dynasty that all Chinese surnames and clan names were treated as surnames.(Lin Dengping 2014, 87)
@@ Line 265: / Line 265: @@
 So, how many surnames are there in China? 468 surnames are collected in ''Surnames'', written in the early years of Northern Song Dynasty. A total of 6362 surnames are found in various historical documents according to modern statistics, but it can be asserted that not all these 6362 surnames are still used now. Some of them were just used in history but for a very short time. (Tian Yaqi, Ni Jingjie 2001, 46)
-=== Ⅱ. The Origins of Chinese Surnames and Clan Names ===
+=== Ⅲ. The Origins of Chinese Surnames and Clan Names ===
 The origins of Chinese surnames can be summarized as follows.
@@ Line 291: / Line 291: @@
 .Take events as surnames. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the old prime minister Tian Qianqiu was so old and frail that he rode in a cart (“车” in Chinese) every time he entered and left the prime ministerial palace, and everyone called him Prime Minister Che(车) at that time. Later, his descendants used "Che" as their surname. (Tian Yaqi, Ni Jingjie 2001, 44-45)
-=== Ⅲ. Types of Chinese Surnames ===
+=== Ⅳ. Types of Chinese Surnames ===
 The structure of Chinese surnames is complex. They can be divided into 5 types.
@@ Line 305: / Line 305: @@
 .Multi-character surname. The emergence of multi-character surnames was also influenced by Chinese minorities, such as Hutixibuye(呼提西布也). (Lin Dengping 2014, 86)
-=== Ⅳ. Conclusion ===
+=== Ⅴ. Conclusion ===
 Chinese surnames and clan names have deep cultural and historical connotations and have a variety of origins and different types. Chinese surname culture is a key to decipher the structure of ancient Chinese society and a bond to enhance the cohesion of the Chinese nation. (Xiao Rui 215, 65-66)

@@ Line 257: / Line 257: @@
 === Introduction ===
-Surname, as a symbol of one's identity and kinship, plays a significant role in social life. Before Han Dynasty, Chinese surname(姓氏) was divided into surname(姓) and clan name(氏). The surname comes from the maternal line and the clan name from the paternal line. In matriarchal society, human beings only knew their mother but not their father, so the surname represents a person's maternal lineage. That's why most of the ancient Chinese surnames have the "女" side, such as Ji(姬), Jiang(姜), Si(姒), Yao(姚), Hao(好), etc. Later, as the advantages of male kept emerging in production and warfare, strong male leaders wanted to distinguish his own group with a certain title, hence the birth of clan names.(Yu Chang 2014, 58)
+Surname, as a symbol of one's identity and kinship, plays a significant role in social life. Before Han Dynasty, Chinese surname(姓氏) had two definitions: surname(姓) and clan name(氏). The surname comes from the maternal line and the clan name from the paternal line. In matriarchal society, human beings only knew their mother but not their father, so the surname represents a person's maternal lineage. That's why most of the ancient Chinese surnames have the "女" side, such as Ji(姬), Jiang(姜), Si(姒), Yao(姚), Hao(好), etc. Later, as the advantages of male kept emerging in production and warfare, strong male leaders wanted to distinguish his own group with a certain title, hence the birth of clan names.(Yu Chang 2014, 58)
 === Ⅰ. The Evolution of Chinese Surnames and Clan Names ===

@@ Line 257: / Line 257: @@
 === Introduction ===
-Surname, as a symbol of one's identity and kinship, plays a significant role in social life. Before Han Dynasty, surname(姓氏) was divided into surname(姓) and clan name(氏). The surname comes from the maternal line and the clan name from the paternal line. In matriarchal society, human beings only knew their mother but not their father, so the surname represents a person's maternal lineage. That's why most of the ancient Chinese surnames have the "女" side, such as Ji(姬), Jiang(姜), Si(姒), Yao(姚), Hao(好), etc. Later, as the advantages of male kept emerging in production and warfare, strong male leaders wanted to distinguish his own group with a certain title, hence the birth of clan names.(Yu Chang 2014, 58)
+Surname, as a symbol of one's identity and kinship, plays a significant role in social life. Before Han Dynasty, Chinese surname(姓氏) was divided into surname(姓) and clan name(氏). The surname comes from the maternal line and the clan name from the paternal line. In matriarchal society, human beings only knew their mother but not their father, so the surname represents a person's maternal lineage. That's why most of the ancient Chinese surnames have the "女" side, such as Ji(姬), Jiang(姜), Si(姒), Yao(姚), Hao(好), etc. Later, as the advantages of male kept emerging in production and warfare, strong male leaders wanted to distinguish his own group with a certain title, hence the birth of clan names.(Yu Chang 2014, 58)
 === Ⅰ. The Evolution of Chinese Surnames and Clan Names ===

@@ Line 257: / Line 257: @@
 === Introduction ===
-Surname, as a symbol of one's identity and kinship, plays a significant role in social life. Before Han Dynasty, surnames and clan names were separate definitions in China. The surname comes from the maternal line and the clan name from the paternal line. The Chinese character of “surname”, namely “姓”, is composed of the characters “女” and “生” (“女” refers to “female” and “生” refers to “give birth to”). In matriarchal society, human beings only knew their mother but not their father, so the surname represents a person's maternal lineage. Later, as the advantages of male kept emerging in production and warfare, strong male leaders wanted to distinguish his own group with a certain title, hence the birth of clan names. (Yu Chang 2014, 58)
+Surname, as a symbol of one's identity and kinship, plays a significant role in social life. Before Han Dynasty, surname(姓氏) was divided into surname(姓) and clan name(氏). The surname comes from the maternal line and the clan name from the paternal line. The Chinese character of “surname”, namely “姓”, is composed of the characters “女” and “生” (“女” refers to “female” and “生” refers to “give birth to”). In matriarchal society, human beings only knew their mother but not their father, so the surname represents a person's maternal lineage. Later, as the advantages of male kept emerging in production and warfare, strong male leaders wanted to distinguish his own group with a certain title, hence the birth of clan names. (Yu Chang 2014, 58)
 === Ⅰ. The Evolution of Chinese Surnames and Clan Names ===
@@ Line 281: / Line 281: @@
 .Posthumous names such as Zhuang(庄), Kang(康) and Xuan(宣).
-.The titles of family. According to ''The Spring and Autumn Annals'', descendants whose ancestor received a posthumous name can be considered a family. ''The Songs of Chu'' documented that clans like Zhao(昭), Qu(屈) and Jing(景) used the posthumous names of their ancestors as their surnames.
+.The titles of family. According to ''The Spring and Autumn Annals'', descendants whose ancestor received a posthumous name can be considered as a family. ''The Songs of Chu'' documented that clans like Zhao(昭), Qu(屈) and Jing(景) used the posthumous names of their ancestors as their surnames.
 .Official positions or the titles of nobility. Officials used their positions as surnames such as Taishi(太史), Taishi(太师), Sima(司马), Sikong(司空), etc. And the nobility were surnamed by their titles like Huang(皇), Wang(王) and Gong(公).
@@ Line 345: / Line 345: @@
 === Questions ===
-.Which surname is from maternal lineage?
+.Which is from the maternal line?
-A.Shennong(神农)    B.Ji(姬)    C.Fuxi(伏羲)
+A.Surname    B.Clan name    C.First name
 .When did all Chinese surnames and clan names were treated as last names?
@@ Line 363: / Line 363: @@
 === Answers ===
-.B
+.A
 .C