20221231 LangCult 2 - Revision history

Huang Anan: /* = = Answers = = */

2023-01-01T16:00:27Z

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Huang Anan: /* = = Questions = = */

2023-01-01T15:57:20Z

= = Questions = =

Huang Anan: /* = = Terms and Expressions = = */

2023-01-01T15:56:52Z

= = Terms and Expressions = =

Huang Anan: /* = = References = = */

2023-01-01T15:55:37Z

= = References = =

Huang Anan: /* = = Conclusion = = */

2023-01-01T15:50:59Z

= = Conclusion = =

Huang Anan: /* = = The importance that the Chinese attach to their clans= = */

2023-01-01T15:48:07Z

= = The importance that the Chinese attach to their clans= =

Huang Anan: /* = = Ancestral Halls in China = = */

2023-01-01T15:46:07Z

= = Ancestral Halls in China = =

Huang Anan: /* = = The Origin of the Clan = = */

2023-01-01T10:03:23Z

= = The Origin of the Clan = =

Huang Anan: /* = = Introduction = = */

2023-01-01T09:24:05Z

= = Introduction = =

Huang Anan: /* = = 关键词= = */

2023-01-01T09:07:35Z

= = 关键词= =

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+.
-= = = Answers = = =
+===Answers===
 Correct answers are:
 .A 2.C 3.ABCD 4.D

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 诸侯国Vassal State
-= = = Questions = = =
+===Questions===
 .The origins of our family name can be traced back to which period?
+.
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 C.Given name. D.Family name.
+.
 = = = Answers = = =
 Correct answers are:

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 [5][1]卢品文.祠堂文化特色及其保护研究——以长汀为例[J].中小企业管理与科技(中旬刊),2018(12):118-119.
-= = = Terms and Expressions = = =
+===Terms and Expressions===
 宗族Clan
 祠堂Ancestral Hall
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 客家Hakka
 诸侯国Vassal State
 = = = Questions = = =
 .The origins of our family name can be traced back to which period?

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 The clan culture is the cultural root of a family name, and the Hundred Family Name is one of the cultures of the Chinese nation. To build a clan house in order not to interrupt one's own culture means not to let the culture be uninterrupted, as well as to value one's own culture. From the origins of the clan to the formation of the clan culture, this is part of the long history of Chinese civilization. From a world perspective, Chinese culture is brilliant and unique, and clan culture is a long-standing part of Chinese culture.
-= = = References = = =
+===References===
 [1]陶勤.乡土社会与宗族文化——浅谈中国农村宗族文化的乡土根源[J].文化产业研究,2016(03):29-39.
 [2]常建华.明清南方宗族研究的新探索(2015—2019)[J].中国区域文化研究,2021(01):3-21.
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 [4]钟嘉妍.社会形态与宗族文化——略论中国宋代以来的宗族变化与发展[J].黑河学刊,2011(11):185-189.
 [5][1]卢品文.祠堂文化特色及其保护研究——以长汀为例[J].中小企业管理与科技(中旬刊),2018(12):118-119.
 = = = Terms and Expressions = = =
 宗族Clan

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 As a country with a long heritage of civilization, it also attaches great importance to the transmission of its own culture. Compared to other countries, Chinese culture is unique in the world. The clan culture is also part of Chinese culture and the importance attached to the clan is also a way of identifying with the culture. In the minds of the Chinese, it is the glorious wonders created by our ancestors that are remembered by our descendants, and this has led many people to respect their forefathers. And the construction of a clan temple is a way of honoring our ancestors and reminding future generations of the hard work of their ancestors. In the south, a clan name, the building of a clan shrine, is very necessary. In the Chinese clan culture, the words "glorify the ancestors" are still occasionally uttered by successful people who believe that working hard to move forward is the way to "make a name for oneself and glorify the ancestors". The emperor and the local government would also award a plaque to a person for his or her performance or righteous deeds, and the family would hang it in the ancestral hall as an honor. It was a great honor for the family to become a legally recognized and distinguished clan.（Zhong Jiayan,2011,185）
-= = = Conclusion = = =
+===Conclusion===
 The clan culture is the cultural root of a family name, and the Hundred Family Name is one of the cultures of the Chinese nation. To build a clan house in order not to interrupt one's own culture means not to let the culture be uninterrupted, as well as to value one's own culture. From the origins of the clan to the formation of the clan culture, this is part of the long history of Chinese civilization. From a world perspective, Chinese culture is brilliant and unique, and clan culture is a long-standing part of Chinese culture.
 = = = References = = =
 [1]陶勤.乡土社会与宗族文化——浅谈中国农村宗族文化的乡土根源[J].文化产业研究,2016(03):29-39.

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 Why did the Chinese build ancestral halls? In ancient times, feudalism prevailed in China, in an authoritarian system divided into several parts, 1: the regime, 2: the divine power and 3: the clan power. Regime was the business of the court, divine power was the power of the gods and ghosts of heaven and earth, mostly derived from religion, and clan power was the power of the patriarch of a clan. In believing in ghosts and gods, the Chinese invented a number of rituals to worship them in respect. There is a set way of speaking about the heaven and the ghosts and gods. In the vast rural areas, when an old man dies, a master comes to overtake him, which is inherited and proves that the Chinese respect their ancestors.（Lu Pinwen,2018,118）
-= = = The importance that the Chinese attach to their clans= = =
+===The importance that the Chinese attach to their clans===
 As a country with a long heritage of civilization, it also attaches great importance to the transmission of its own culture. Compared to other countries, Chinese culture is unique in the world. The clan culture is also part of Chinese culture and the importance attached to the clan is also a way of identifying with the culture. In the minds of the Chinese, it is the glorious wonders created by our ancestors that are remembered by our descendants, and this has led many people to respect their forefathers. And the construction of a clan temple is a way of honoring our ancestors and reminding future generations of the hard work of their ancestors. In the south, a clan name, the building of a clan shrine, is very necessary. In the Chinese clan culture, the words "glorify the ancestors" are still occasionally uttered by successful people who believe that working hard to move forward is the way to "make a name for oneself and glorify the ancestors". The emperor and the local government would also award a plaque to a person for his or her performance or righteous deeds, and the family would hang it in the ancestral hall as an honor. It was a great honor for the family to become a legally recognized and distinguished clan.（Zhong Jiayan,2011,185）
 = = = Conclusion = = =
 The clan culture is the cultural root of a family name, and the Hundred Family Name is one of the cultures of the Chinese nation. To build a clan house in order not to interrupt one's own culture means not to let the culture be uninterrupted, as well as to value one's own culture. From the origins of the clan to the formation of the clan culture, this is part of the long history of Chinese civilization. From a world perspective, Chinese culture is brilliant and unique, and clan culture is a long-standing part of Chinese culture.

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 There is a difference between a clan and a family. A clan can be a family, but a clan is a family with the same surname and consists of several families with a very large number of members and a long history, and of course there was a family first and then gradually developed into a clan, which is an evolutionary process. And the clan is predominantly male, after all, in Chinese society it is the male who inherits the clan. From ancient times, when humans lived in groups, families began to appear, while in a clan, it was all the same surname. The origins of surnames in China are very early, dating back to the Xia, Shang and Zhou periods, while during the Spring and Autumn periods, the Hundred Chinese Family Names gradually took shape, with many surnames representing a vassal state, and this was all due to the formation of the feudal system.（Qian Zongfan,1987,117）
-= = = Ancestral Halls in China = = =
+===Ancestral Halls in China===
 Each family name has its own ancestral hall in different places, built in memory of its ancestors, and this becomes a place for future generations to remember their ancestors. Ancestors who have made a name for themselves are also listed on the tablets. The construction of ancestral halls or clan halls differs according to the place. Ancestral halls are built by a single family name, such as the Li Ancestral Hall and the Chen Ancestral Hall. Whereas in the north there are relatively few ancestral halls and many clans rely on genealogical records, in the south they are relatively numerous and flourishing, all due to various historical reasons.
 Among the famous ancestral halls in the south are those of the Hakka culture, which is relatively unique and belongs to the Han culture. As a result, its ancestral hall culture is relatively strong, and the Hakka people also attach importance to their own clan culture. In order to highlight the grandness and clan culture of the ancestral hall, excellence was pursued in the construction. The architecture is rational and the craftsmanship is exquisite, highlighting the strong clan culture. Ancestral halls are generally two, three or five halls. The unique architecture built in Chinese style has high requirements for murals, carvings and calligraphy. As the ancestral hall is a sacred place for the Hakka people, it is one of the more glorious of the township buildings, ornately decorated and magnificent in scale, making it instantly recognizable.（Chang Jianhua，2021）
 Why did the Chinese build ancestral halls? In ancient times, feudalism prevailed in China, in an authoritarian system divided into several parts, 1: the regime, 2: the divine power and 3: the clan power. Regime was the business of the court, divine power was the power of the gods and ghosts of heaven and earth, mostly derived from religion, and clan power was the power of the patriarch of a clan. In believing in ghosts and gods, the Chinese invented a number of rituals to worship them in respect. There is a set way of speaking about the heaven and the ghosts and gods. In the vast rural areas, when an old man dies, a master comes to overtake him, which is inherited and proves that the Chinese respect their ancestors.（Lu Pinwen,2018,118）
 = = = The importance that the Chinese attach to their clans= = =
 As a country with a long heritage of civilization, it also attaches great importance to the transmission of its own culture. Compared to other countries, Chinese culture is unique in the world. The clan culture is also part of Chinese culture and the importance attached to the clan is also a way of identifying with the culture. In the minds of the Chinese, it is the glorious wonders created by our ancestors that are remembered by our descendants, and this has led many people to respect their forefathers. And the construction of a clan temple is a way of honoring our ancestors and reminding future generations of the hard work of their ancestors. In the south, a clan name, the building of a clan shrine, is very necessary. In the Chinese clan culture, the words "glorify the ancestors" are still occasionally uttered by successful people who believe that working hard to move forward is the way to "make a name for oneself and glorify the ancestors". The emperor and the local government would also award a plaque to a person for his or her performance or righteous deeds, and the family would hang it in the ancestral hall as an honor. It was a great honor for the family to become a legally recognized and distinguished clan.（Zhong Jiayan,2011,185）

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 The clan culture, as a social phenomenon that is cognate with the feudal dictatorship, has continued to develop in the vast rural areas of China despite fundamental changes in the political and economic foundations. Apart from political and economic factors, this is also closely related to the logic of clan culture's own development, which is rooted in the characteristics of rural Chinese society, such as immobility, closed society, kinship and differential order.（Tao Qin，2016，29）.The clan system, in a broad sense, is a group of people linked by blood, who form an inseparable group through fixed rules, with institutions, possessions, ways of changing their heritage and rules of mutual assistance and is a miniature of a nation. This is why the phrase "the country is a big family, the family is a small country" is actually a description of the clan system.
-= = = The Origin of the Clan = = =
+===The Origin of the Clan===
 There is a difference between a clan and a family. A clan can be a family, but a clan is a family with the same surname and consists of several families with a very large number of members and a long history, and of course there was a family first and then gradually developed into a clan, which is an evolutionary process. And the clan is predominantly male, after all, in Chinese society it is the male who inherits the clan. From ancient times, when humans lived in groups, families began to appear, while in a clan, it was all the same surname. The origins of surnames in China are very early, dating back to the Xia, Shang and Zhou periods, while during the Spring and Autumn periods, the Hundred Chinese Family Names gradually took shape, with many surnames representing a vassal state, and this was all due to the formation of the feudal system.（Qian Zongfan,1987,117）
 = = = Ancestral Halls in China = = =
 Each family name has its own ancestral hall in different places, built in memory of its ancestors, and this becomes a place for future generations to remember their ancestors. Ancestors who have made a name for themselves are also listed on the tablets. The construction of ancestral halls or clan halls differs according to the place. Ancestral halls are built by a single family name, such as the Li Ancestral Hall and the Chen Ancestral Hall. Whereas in the north there are relatively few ancestral halls and many clans rely on genealogical records, in the south they are relatively numerous and flourishing, all due to various historical reasons.

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 宗族;宗族文化;宗族起源;祠堂;
-= = = Introduction = = =
+===Introduction===
 The clan culture, as a social phenomenon that is cognate with the feudal dictatorship, has continued to develop in the vast rural areas of China despite fundamental changes in the political and economic foundations. Apart from political and economic factors, this is also closely related to the logic of clan culture's own development, which is rooted in the characteristics of rural Chinese society, such as immobility, closed society, kinship and differential order.（Tao Qin，2016，29）.The clan system, in a broad sense, is a group of people linked by blood, who form an inseparable group through fixed rules, with institutions, possessions, ways of changing their heritage and rules of mutual assistance and is a miniature of a nation. This is why the phrase "the country is a big family, the family is a small country" is actually a description of the clan system.
 = = = The Origin of the Clan = = =
 There is a difference between a clan and a family. A clan can be a family, but a clan is a family with the same surname and consists of several families with a very large number of members and a long history, and of course there was a family first and then gradually developed into a clan, which is an evolutionary process. And the clan is predominantly male, after all, in Chinese society it is the male who inherits the clan. From ancient times, when humans lived in groups, families began to appear, while in a clan, it was all the same surname. The origins of surnames in China are very early, dating back to the Xia, Shang and Zhou periods, while during the Spring and Autumn periods, the Hundred Chinese Family Names gradually took shape, with many surnames representing a vassal state, and this was all due to the formation of the feudal system.（Qian Zongfan,1987,117）

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 宗族，是中国独有的标记，在一个家族中，为了繁衍后代，家族成员不断增长，渐渐地形成一个宗族。古代中，一个大家族，会有许多后代，我们常说祖宗十八代，也表现宗族的昌盛，同时也是宗族文化的发达与悠久。
-= = = 关键词= = =
+===关键词===
 宗族;宗族文化;宗族起源;祠堂;
 = = = Introduction = = =
 The clan culture, as a social phenomenon that is cognate with the feudal dictatorship, has continued to develop in the vast rural areas of China despite fundamental changes in the political and economic foundations. Apart from political and economic factors, this is also closely related to the logic of clan culture's own development, which is rooted in the characteristics of rural Chinese society, such as immobility, closed society, kinship and differential order.（Tao Qin，2016，29）.The clan system, in a broad sense, is a group of people linked by blood, who form an inseparable group through fixed rules, with institutions, possessions, ways of changing their heritage and rules of mutual assistance and is a miniature of a nation. This is why the phrase "the country is a big family, the family is a small country" is actually a description of the clan system.