20221231 LangCult 3 - Revision history

Li Weiyao: /* 202270081709 李玮瑶 Li Weiyao 朝鲜语笔译(Korean translation) */

2023-01-10T14:57:33Z

202270081709 李玮瑶 Li Weiyao 朝鲜语笔译(Korean translation)

Li Weiyao: /* 202270081709 李玮瑶 Li Weiyao 朝鲜语笔译(Korean translation) */

2023-01-10T14:55:34Z

202270081709 李玮瑶 Li Weiyao 朝鲜语笔译(Korean translation)

Li Ziyu: /* 202270081640 李梓玉 Li Ziyu 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-01-07T15:43:54Z

202270081640 李梓玉 Li Ziyu 英语笔译(English translation)

Li Ziyu: /* Questions */

2023-01-01T15:53:19Z

Questions

Li Ziyu: /* 202270081640 李梓玉 Li Ziyu 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-01-01T15:52:11Z

202270081640 李梓玉 Li Ziyu 英语笔译(English translation)

Li Ziyu: /* Terms and Expressions */

2023-01-01T15:46:59Z

Terms and Expressions

Liang Xinlu: /* 202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpretation) */

2022-12-31T16:08:11Z

202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpretation)

Li Keyi: /* Conclusion */

2022-12-31T15:52:56Z

Conclusion

Li Keyi: /* Characteristics of Buddha statues in the Yungang Grottoes in different periods */

2022-12-31T15:51:38Z

Characteristics of Buddha statues in the Yungang Grottoes in different periods

Li Keyi: /* The cultural background of the Yungang Grottoes */

2022-12-31T15:49:37Z

The cultural background of the Yungang Grottoes

@@ Line 277: / Line 277: @@
 Gu long is not only a generation of master of Hong Kong and Taiwan's new martial arts novels, but also a prolific writer. He has created more than 70 martial arts novels in his life, totaling more than 10 million words, which has to surprise people with his strong creative power. He was influenced by foreign detective and reasoning novel techniques, combined with the "classical" foundation of traditional martial arts novels, created a characteristic martial arts reasoning novel, and established his own unique style in narrative, language, plot construction and so on. It opens up a new situation for the modern transformation of martial arts novels.
 ===Handsome Siblings===
-Handsome Siblings is a long martial arts novel created by modern writer and novelist Gu Long. It was first published in Taiwan, China in 1966. The book consists of 127 chapters. It tells the story of the twin brothers Jiang Xiaoyu and Hua Wuque, who were separated by their enemies, the mistresses of the Yi Hua Palace(移花宫), and then grew up to be legendary warriors. Finally, they went through difficulties and solved the mystery. The novel delicately depicts various complex feelings of human beings, tries to dig out the good and evil in the depths of human nature, and praises the true and sincere love, friendship and human feelings of human beings. The whole novel has a grand vision, with up to 100 people appearing, shaping a group of growing and changing character models headed by Jiang Xiaoyu, who are from immature to mature; Even the villains are changing and becoming reasonable. At the same time, the story set in the novel is complicated and confusing. After reading the above, it is very readable to know the following. Handsome Siblings is the first milestone in Gu Long's creation of martial arts novels, and it is also an important work in the history of Chinese martial arts novels.(Ning Zongyi,1992,429-430)
+Handsome Siblings is a long martial arts novel created by modern writer and novelist Gu Long. It was first published in Taiwan, China in 1966. The book consists of 127 chapters. It tells the story of the twin brothers Jiang Xiaoyu and Hua Wuque, who were separated by their enemies, the mistresses of the Yi Hua Palace(移花宫), and then grew up to be legendary warriors. Finally, they went through difficulties and solved the mystery. The novel delicately depicts various complex feelings of human beings, tries to dig out the good and evil in the depths of human nature, and praises the true and sincere love, friendship and human feelings of human beings. The whole novel has a grand vision, with up to 100 people appearing, shaping a group of growing and changing character models headed by Jiang Xiaoyu, who are from immature to mature; Even the villains are changing and becoming reasonable. At the same time, the story set in the novel is complicated and confusing. After reading the above, it is very readable to know the following. Handsome Siblings is the first milestone in Gu Long's creation of martial arts novels, and it is also an important work in the history of Chinese martial arts novels.(Ning Zongyi, 1992, 429-430)
 ===The Legend of Chu Liuxiang===
-This book mainly tells the legendary story of Chu Liuxiang and his friends. Through the depiction of "Chu Liuxiang" at different levels, Gu Long expressed his deep exploration of human nature. This pursuit of the essence of human nature is reflected in Chu Liuxiang's elegance, which is a kind of "elegance" that can see through the world after layers of setbacks, tests, struggles, and excitement. It is reflected in Chu Liuxiang's " You can't control everything in a traits' world." but always adhere to the light face of human nature. It is also reflected in Chu Liuxiang's elegant manner of living in the world with lingering fragrance. Gu Long once said in the foreword of New Biography of Chu Liuxiang: Chu Liuxiang's life is really colorful and full of legend. As long as it is about him, it must be full of extraordinary excitement.
+This book mainly tells the legendary story of Chu Liuxiang and his friends. Through the depiction of "Chu Liuxiang" at different levels, Gu Long expressed his deep exploration of human nature. This pursuit of the essence of human nature is reflected in Chu Liuxiang's elegance, which is a kind of "elegance" that can see through the world after layers of setbacks, tests, struggles, and excitement. It is reflected in Chu Liuxiang's " You can't control everything in a traits' world." but always adhere to the light face of human nature. It is also reflected in Chu Liuxiang's elegant manner of living in the world with lingering fragrance. Gu Long once said in the foreword of New Biography of Chu Liuxiang: Chu Liuxiang's life is really colorful and full of legend. As long as it is about him, it must be full of extraordinary excitement.(Jin Jiaxin, 2015)
 ===The Legend of Lu Xiaofeng===
-In the early 1970s, Gu Long pursued short and straightforward reasoning and suspense stories in his novel creation. Lu Xiaofeng Series is the epitome of Gu Long's mystery style martial arts novels. In addition to continuing the prodigal characteristics of the hero in Gulong's works, such as drinking and flirtatiousness, in order to distinguish Chu Liuxiang, Gulong makes Lu Xiaofeng's character more humorous, free and unfettered. Although Lu Xiaofeng encounters many dangers in the book, his martial arts are by no means the best in the book, and his enemies are more insidious and vicious than each other, Lu Xiaofeng can always escape all day by virtue of his wit, courage, popularity, charm and even super good luck. He has a bad reputation, but he is very popular. He is dissolute and amorous, but he is popular with women. He seems unconcerned about being afraid of trouble, but in fact, he is nosy and values feelings and justice. This is a wonderful character loved by friends, hated by enemies, and loved and hated by women. "The Legend of Lu Xiaofeng" and "The Legend of Chu Liuxiang" are two famous martial arts masterpieces of Gulong's "Suspense Detective" series.(Jin Jiaxin,2015)
+In the early 1970s, Gu Long pursued short and straightforward reasoning and suspense stories in his novel creation. Lu Xiaofeng Series is the epitome of Gu Long's mystery style martial arts novels. In addition to continuing the prodigal characteristics of the hero in Gulong's works, such as drinking and flirtatiousness, in order to distinguish Chu Liuxiang, Gulong makes Lu Xiaofeng's character more humorous, free and unfettered. Although Lu Xiaofeng encounters many dangers in the book, his martial arts are by no means the best in the book, and his enemies are more insidious and vicious than each other, Lu Xiaofeng can always escape all day by virtue of his wit, courage, popularity, charm and even super good luck. He has a bad reputation, but he is very popular. He is dissolute and amorous, but he is popular with women. He seems unconcerned about being afraid of trouble, but in fact, he is nosy and values feelings and justice. This is a wonderful character loved by friends, hated by enemies, and loved and hated by women. "The Legend of Lu Xiaofeng" and "The Legend of Chu Liuxiang" are two famous martial arts masterpieces of Gulong's "Suspense Detective" series.
 ===Conclusion===
 The modernity of Gu long's martial arts novels is so distinctive, strong and dazzling that it covers up the luster of traditional factors. Gu Long's novels are far away from China's history, geography, culture and folk customs, and increasingly lose the unique classical charm of Chinese martial arts novels, but they are closer to modern people's life, mood, soul and hobbies. It shows that any type of literature, no matter how long its origin is, will change its appearance with the changes of society. Perhaps, the reflection and reflection of modern culture is the special cultural value of this new school of martial arts novels. Although many of these reflections and reflections are one-sided and distorted, even Gu Long's efforts to cater to modern readers' recreation psychology of seeking novelty, change and speed with the richness and flexibility of content and form, as well as the readers' rush to this new school of martial arts novels, can be seen as a reflection of a cultural phenomenon in the era of mass consumption.

@@ Line 277: / Line 277: @@
 Gu long is not only a generation of master of Hong Kong and Taiwan's new martial arts novels, but also a prolific writer. He has created more than 70 martial arts novels in his life, totaling more than 10 million words, which has to surprise people with his strong creative power. He was influenced by foreign detective and reasoning novel techniques, combined with the "classical" foundation of traditional martial arts novels, created a characteristic martial arts reasoning novel, and established his own unique style in narrative, language, plot construction and so on. It opens up a new situation for the modern transformation of martial arts novels.
 ===Handsome Siblings===
-Handsome Siblings is a long martial arts novel created by modern writer and novelist Gu Long. It was first published in Taiwan, China in 1966. The book consists of 127 chapters. It tells the story of the twin brothers Jiang Xiaoyu and Hua Wuque, who were separated by their enemies, the mistresses of the Yi Hua Palace(移花宫), and then grew up to be legendary warriors. Finally, they went through difficulties and solved the mystery. The novel delicately depicts various complex feelings of human beings, tries to dig out the good and evil in the depths of human nature, and praises the true and sincere love, friendship and human feelings of human beings. The whole novel has a grand vision, with up to 100 people appearing, shaping a group of growing and changing character models headed by Jiang Xiaoyu, who are from immature to mature; Even the villains are changing and becoming reasonable. At the same time, the story set in the novel is complicated and confusing. After reading the above, it is very readable to know the following. Handsome Siblings is the first milestone in Gu Long's creation of martial arts novels, and it is also an important work in the history of Chinese martial arts novels.
+Handsome Siblings is a long martial arts novel created by modern writer and novelist Gu Long. It was first published in Taiwan, China in 1966. The book consists of 127 chapters. It tells the story of the twin brothers Jiang Xiaoyu and Hua Wuque, who were separated by their enemies, the mistresses of the Yi Hua Palace(移花宫), and then grew up to be legendary warriors. Finally, they went through difficulties and solved the mystery. The novel delicately depicts various complex feelings of human beings, tries to dig out the good and evil in the depths of human nature, and praises the true and sincere love, friendship and human feelings of human beings. The whole novel has a grand vision, with up to 100 people appearing, shaping a group of growing and changing character models headed by Jiang Xiaoyu, who are from immature to mature; Even the villains are changing and becoming reasonable. At the same time, the story set in the novel is complicated and confusing. After reading the above, it is very readable to know the following. Handsome Siblings is the first milestone in Gu Long's creation of martial arts novels, and it is also an important work in the history of Chinese martial arts novels.(Ning Zongyi,1992,429-430)
 ===The Legend of Chu Liuxiang===
 This book mainly tells the legendary story of Chu Liuxiang and his friends. Through the depiction of "Chu Liuxiang" at different levels, Gu Long expressed his deep exploration of human nature. This pursuit of the essence of human nature is reflected in Chu Liuxiang's elegance, which is a kind of "elegance" that can see through the world after layers of setbacks, tests, struggles, and excitement. It is reflected in Chu Liuxiang's " You can't control everything in a traits' world." but always adhere to the light face of human nature. It is also reflected in Chu Liuxiang's elegant manner of living in the world with lingering fragrance. Gu Long once said in the foreword of New Biography of Chu Liuxiang: Chu Liuxiang's life is really colorful and full of legend. As long as it is about him, it must be full of extraordinary excitement.
 ===The Legend of Lu Xiaofeng===
-In the early 1970s, Gu Long pursued short and straightforward reasoning and suspense stories in his novel creation. Lu Xiaofeng Series is the epitome of Gu Long's mystery style martial arts novels. In addition to continuing the prodigal characteristics of the hero in Gulong's works, such as drinking and flirtatiousness, in order to distinguish Chu Liuxiang, Gulong makes Lu Xiaofeng's character more humorous, free and unfettered. Although Lu Xiaofeng encounters many dangers in the book, his martial arts are by no means the best in the book, and his enemies are more insidious and vicious than each other, Lu Xiaofeng can always escape all day by virtue of his wit, courage, popularity, charm and even super good luck. He has a bad reputation, but he is very popular. He is dissolute and amorous, but he is popular with women. He seems unconcerned about being afraid of trouble, but in fact, he is nosy and values feelings and justice. This is a wonderful character loved by friends, hated by enemies, and loved and hated by women. "The Legend of Lu Xiaofeng" and "The Legend of Chu Liuxiang" are two famous martial arts masterpieces of Gulong's "Suspense Detective" series.
+In the early 1970s, Gu Long pursued short and straightforward reasoning and suspense stories in his novel creation. Lu Xiaofeng Series is the epitome of Gu Long's mystery style martial arts novels. In addition to continuing the prodigal characteristics of the hero in Gulong's works, such as drinking and flirtatiousness, in order to distinguish Chu Liuxiang, Gulong makes Lu Xiaofeng's character more humorous, free and unfettered. Although Lu Xiaofeng encounters many dangers in the book, his martial arts are by no means the best in the book, and his enemies are more insidious and vicious than each other, Lu Xiaofeng can always escape all day by virtue of his wit, courage, popularity, charm and even super good luck. He has a bad reputation, but he is very popular. He is dissolute and amorous, but he is popular with women. He seems unconcerned about being afraid of trouble, but in fact, he is nosy and values feelings and justice. This is a wonderful character loved by friends, hated by enemies, and loved and hated by women. "The Legend of Lu Xiaofeng" and "The Legend of Chu Liuxiang" are two famous martial arts masterpieces of Gulong's "Suspense Detective" series.(Jin Jiaxin,2015)
 ===Conclusion===
 The modernity of Gu long's martial arts novels is so distinctive, strong and dazzling that it covers up the luster of traditional factors. Gu Long's novels are far away from China's history, geography, culture and folk customs, and increasingly lose the unique classical charm of Chinese martial arts novels, but they are closer to modern people's life, mood, soul and hobbies. It shows that any type of literature, no matter how long its origin is, will change its appearance with the changes of society. Perhaps, the reflection and reflection of modern culture is the special cultural value of this new school of martial arts novels. Although many of these reflections and reflections are one-sided and distorted, even Gu Long's efforts to cater to modern readers' recreation psychology of seeking novelty, change and speed with the richness and flexibility of content and form, as well as the readers' rush to this new school of martial arts novels, can be seen as a reflection of a cultural phenomenon in the era of mass consumption.

@@ Line 518: / Line 518: @@
 === Introduction ===
-The Lantingji Xu, also known as the Lanting Xu, is written in Chinese characters as "兰亭集序 / 兰亭序". The character "Lanting" or "兰亭" refers to a pavilion called "Orchid", "ji" or "集" means "collection of poems", and "Xu" or "序" means "preface". It is a work of both calligraphy and literature by Wang Xizhi, a famous calligrapher and writer during the Eastern Jin Dynasty of China. The Lantingji Xu is of great importance in Chinese literature, and its manuscript is widely regarded as "the best work in running script in the history of Chinese calligraphy". Although its original manuscript has long been lost, the study of it has gone far beyond the field of calligraphy and has gradually developed into an independent discipline "lantingology" over the past 1,600 plus years; it has long been an important part of China's traditional history and culture. (He Laisheng 2015, 3)
+The Lantingji Xu, also known as the Lanting Xu, is written in Chinese characters as "兰亭集序 / 兰亭序". The character "Lanting" or "兰亭" refers to a pavilion called "Orchid", "ji" or "集" means "collection of poems", and "Xu" or "序" means "preface". It is a work of both calligraphy and literature by Wang Xizhi, a famous calligrapher and writer during the Eastern Jin Dynasty of China. The Lantingji Xu is of great importance in Chinese literature, and its manuscript is widely regarded as "the best work in running script in the history of Chinese calligraphy". Although its original manuscript has long been lost, the study of it has gone far beyond the field of calligraphy and has gradually developed into an independent discipline "lantingology" over the past 1,600-plus years; it has long been an important part of China's traditional history and culture. (He Laisheng 2015, 3)
 === the Origin of the Lantingji Xu ===
-The Lantingji Xu, meaning "a preface to the poems collected from the Orchid Pavilion", was composed by Wang Xizhi at a gathering known as the "winding stream party" or the "Liushang Qushui (Chinese: 流觞曲水)". According to Wikipedia, "a winding stream party is an old Chinese custom in which the participants wait by a winding stream and compose poems before their cups full of rice wine float down to reach them." ("Winding stream party" 2022, para. 1) It was first popularised and recorded in Wang's Langtingji Xu.
+The Lantingji Xu, meaning "a preface to the poems collected from the Orchid Pavilion", was composed by Wang Xizhi at a gathering known as the "winding stream party" or the "Liushang Qushui (Chinese: 流觞曲水)". According to Wikipedia, "a winding stream party is an old Chinese custom in which the participants wait by a winding stream and compose poems before their cups full of rice wine float down to reach them." ("Winding stream party" 2022, para. 1) It was first popularised and recorded in Wang’s Langtingji Xu.
-On the 3rd of March in the ninth year of the period Yonghe of the Emperor Mu's reign (353 AD), Wang Xizhi and 42 celebrities and scholars gathered at the Orchid Pavilion on Lanzhu Mountain to celebrate the Festival of Xi (Chinese: 修禊). They drank wine and wrote poems as they enjoyed the view, expressing their feelings. 11 of them, including Wang Xizhi and Xie An, wrote two poems each, and 15 of them, including Xi Tan, wrote one poem each, making 37 poems in total. (Chen Bi 2009, (03) 127-130) These poems were compiled into the Lanting Collection, which is also known as the "Lantingji (Chinese: 兰亭集)". Wang was so pleased that he wrote a preface to this collection with a weasel-whisker brush pen, that is, the Lantingji Xu, to recount the story and to express what he had though about his life after this hard-won and transitory happiness.
+On the 3rd of March, in the ninth year of Yonghe of Emperor Mu's reign (353 AD), Wang Xizhi and 42 celebrities and scholars gathered at the Orchid Pavilion on Lanzhu Mountain to celebrate the Festival of Xi (Chinese: 修禊). They drank wine and wrote poems as they enjoyed the view, expressing their feelings. 11 of them, including Wang Xizhi and Xie An, wrote two poems each, and 15 of them, including Xi Tan, wrote one poem each, making 37 poems in total. (Chen Bi 2009, (03) 127-130) These poems were compiled into the Lanting Collection, also known as the "Lantingji (Chinese: 兰亭集)". Wang was so pleased that he wrote a preface to this collection with a weasel-whisker brush pen, that is, the Lantingji Xu, to recount the story and to express what he had thought about his life after this hard-won and transitory happiness.
 === Calligraphic Study of the Lantingji Xu ===
-It is generally believed that the original manuscript of the Lantingji Xu was written by Wang Xizhi in the state of inebriation. Although Wang has long been acclaimed as the "Sage of Calligraphy" in China, when he tried to rewrite the it after he had sobered up, he was no longer able to duplicate it or to create a new one that could match its sublime beauty. (Lai Tianchang 1973, 57) Nevertheless, as mentioned earlier, the Lantingji Xu is widely regarded as "the best work in running script in the history of Chinese calligraphy".
+It is generally believed that the original manuscript of the Lantingji Xu was written by Wang Xizhi in the state of inebriation. Although Wang has long been acclaimed as the "Sage of Calligraphy" in China, when he tried to rewrite it after he had sobered up, he was no longer able to duplicate it or create a new one that could match its sublime beauty. (Lai Tianchang 1973, 57) Nevertheless, as mentioned earlier, the Lantingji Xu is widely regarded as "the best work in running script in the history of Chinese calligraphy".
-Unfortunately, its original manuscript has been lost, and most manuscripts studied today are produced by famous calligraphers of the Tang dynasty who have tried to copy it. Among these works there are still some great ones, such as the version by Feng Chengsu, known as the "Shenlong version (Chinese: 神龙本)". It is said to be the closet to the original one, because it was done by imitating the original one in a stroke-by-stroke manner, and is considered to be a more suitable version for calligraphy research and learning. However, some calligraphers, such as Huang Tingjian, did not agree with the opinion that people should write the Lantingji Xu exactly as the original work and treat it as an absolute standard of beauty. Therefore, they preferred the version by Ouyang Xun, known as the "Dingwu Version (Chinese: 定武本)". (Ma Yiheng 2020, (15) 126-127) In addition to these two, the "Yellow Silk Version (Chinese: 黄绢本)" by Chu Suiliang and the "Yu Lin Version (Chinese: 虞临本)" by Yu Shinan are also among the most widely praised manuscripts of the Lantingji Xu.
+Unfortunately, its original manuscript has been lost, and most manuscripts studied today are produced by famous calligraphers of the Tang dynasty who have tried to copy it. Among these works, there are still some great ones, such as the version by Feng Chengsu, known as the "Shenlong version (Chinese: 神龙本)". It is said to be the closest to the original one because it was done by imitating the original one in a stroke-by-stroke manner. It is therefore considered a more suitable version for calligraphy research and learning. However, some calligraphers, such as Huang Tingjian, did not agree that people should write the Lantingji Xu exactly as the original work and treat it as an absolute standard of beauty. Therefore, they preferred the version by Ouyang Xun, known as the "Dingwu Version (Chinese: 定武本)". (Ma Yiheng 2020, (15) 126-127) In addition to these two, the "Yellow Silk Version (Chinese: 黄绢本)" by Chu Suiliang and the "Yu Lin Version (Chinese: 虞临本)" by Yu Shinan are also among the most widely praised manuscripts of the Lantingji Xu.
 === Literary Study of the Lantingji Xu ===
-Owing to the frequent use of regular lines arranged in couplets, the Lantingji Xu is regarded as a piece of parallel prose (Chinese: 骈文), but one that is very special compared to other prose of this text type. Most parallel prose are generally criticised for being overly ornate at the expense of content and prioritised flowery diction over its clarity and precision. (Martin 2022, 167) However, the wording of the Lantingji Xu is considered to be simple and natural, the way the author narrates this unique cultural event and expresses his emotions is straightforward, and his views on life and death are expressed clearly. This was a rarity in China during the Eastern Jin Dynasty when parallel prose were prevalent. (Jiang Cun 2017, (09) 38) At that time parallel prose was prevalent, whereas Wang Xizhi attempted to combine it with the argumentative essay and the narrative essay.
+Owing to the frequent use of regular lines arranged in couplets, the Lantingji Xu is regarded as a piece of parallel prose (Chinese: 骈文), but one that is very special compared to other prose of this text type. Most parallel prose is generally criticised for being overly ornate at the expense of content and prioritised flowery diction over its clarity and precision. (Martin 2022, 167) However, the wording of the Lantingji Xu is considered simple and natural, the way the author narrates this unique cultural event and expresses his emotions is straightforward, and his views on life and death are expressed clearly. This was a rarity in China during the Eastern Jin Dynasty when parallel prose was prevalent. (Jiang Cun 2017, (09) 38) At that time, parallel prose was prevalent, whereas Wang attempted to combine it with the argumentative text and the narrative text.
 The full text of the Lantingji Xu contains 324 words. Due to the word limit, I will only present it in the appendix of this paper, with a translation by Luo Jingguo, a renowned professor and translator at Peking University.
@@ Line 587: / Line 587: @@
 The Winding Stream Party 流觞曲水
-The Period of Yonghe 永和年间
+Emperor Mu of the Jin Dynasty 晋穆帝
-Emperor Mu of the Jin Dynasty 晋穆帝
+Yonghe 永和（晋穆帝的年号）
 Feng Chengsu 冯承素

@@ Line 615: / Line 615: @@
+. At a winding stream party, people should write a poem when which of the following conditions are met?
 A.When they have finished one cup of rice wine
@@ Line 625: / Line 624: @@
 D.When the host placed the cup in front of them
@@ Line 637: / Line 635: @@
 D.Small seal script

@@ Line 598: / Line 598: @@
 Yu Shinan 虞世南
 Parallel Prose 骈文
@@ Line 614: / Line 616: @@
-. Which of the following conditions should be met when people are required to write a poem at a winding stream party?
+. At a winding stream party, people should write a poem which of the following conditions are met?
 A.When they have finished one cup of rice wine

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:46, 1 January 2023
Line 586:		Line 586:

	The Winding Stream Party 流觞曲水		The Winding Stream Party 流觞曲水
		+
		+	The Period of Yonghe 永和年间
		+
		+	Emperor Mu of the Jin Dynasty 晋穆帝
		+
		+	Feng Chengsu 冯承素
		+
		+	Ouyang Xun 欧阳询
		+
		+	Chu Suiliang 褚遂良
		+
		+	Yu Shinan 虞世南

	Parallel Prose 骈文		Parallel Prose 骈文

@@ Line 685: / Line 685: @@
 ===Conclusion===
 The idea of Yi Studies runs through ancient and modern times, and both ancient and modern people have learned and practiced Yi Studies ideas in a subtle way. This is undoubtedly the essence of Chinese culture and has full significance in guiding practice.
 ===Terms and Expressions===

@@ Line 196: / Line 196: @@
 ===Conclusion===
 The Yungang Grottoes of the Northern Wei Dynasty were a period of "introduction and breakthrough" in the entire history of the development of statuary.
-The introduction of Indian and Western Buddhist art, the breakthrough is a foreign cultural pattern, it gradually integrated the Buddhist art from India and the traditional culture from the Central Plains under the influence of Han and Jin Chinese art, slowly revealed their own unique characteristics of local art, strengthening their own national style, not only to achieve a cross between Chinese and Western ideas, but also highlight the main features of their own, for the subsequent Sui and Tang dynasties grottoes carving The prosperity and flourishing of the Sui and Tang dynasties laid the foundation for a deep cultural and artistic heritage. (Zhou Linli, 2007)
+The introduction of Indian and Western Buddhist art, the breakthrough is a foreign cultural pattern, it gradually integrated the Buddhist art from India and the traditional culture from the Central Plains under the influence of Han and Jin Chinese art, slowly revealed their own unique characteristics of local art, strengthening their own national style, not only to achieve a cross between Chinese and Western ideas, but also highlight the main features of their own, for the subsequent Sui and Tang dynasties grottoes carving. The prosperity and flourishing of the Sui and Tang dynasties laid the foundation for a deep cultural and artistic heritage. (Zhou Linli, 2007)
 ===References===

@@ Line 192: / Line 192: @@
 Second stage: During this period, Emperor Xiaowen implemented a policy of Sinicization, and the ruling class's strong support for Buddhism brought the art of Buddha-making in the Yungang Grottoes to its peak. With substantial contributions from officials and secularists, favorable conditions provided for the excavation of Buddha images. In addition to the large open-air Buddhas, the number of grettoes chambers and niches increased dramatically, and the finely carved Buddha statues were more gilded than the earlier atmospheric style of statuary. The costumes of Buddha statues in this period tended to be broadly clothed and large, which was influenced by the policy of Sinicization.
-Third stage: as Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, the focus of the grottoes moved to the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, and the work of the Yungang Grottoes in the north was gradually slowed down, only a portion of the officials and some people of devout faith in Buddhism to fund the project. The Buddha statues of this period are slightly cleaner and less full than before, with long necks and narrow shoulders, while appearing to be more generously dressed, with feet that do not leak out. With the changes in history, the grettoes Buddha statues have also changed a lot, and these statues not only reflect a historical culture, but also reflect the changes of the times.
+Third stage: As Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, the focus of the grottoes moved to the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, and the work of the Yungang Grottoes in the north was gradually slowed down, only a portion of the officials and some people of devout faith in Buddhism to fund the project. The Buddha statues of this period are slightly cleaner and less full than before, with long necks and narrow shoulders, while appearing to be more generously dressed, with feet that do not leak out. With the changes in history, the grettoes Buddha statues have also changed a lot, and these statues not only reflect a historical culture, but also reflect the changes of the times.
 ===Conclusion===

@@ Line 175: / Line 175: @@
 ===The cultural background of the Yungang Grottoes===
-The development of Yungang Grottoes art in the Northern Wei period is closely related to the special geo-cultural and specific historical stage of Pingcheng in the Northern Wei.
+The development of Yungang Grottoes art in the Northern Wei Dynasty is closely related to the special geo-cultural and specific historical stage of Pingcheng in the Northern Wei.
 .The geo-cultural environment of the Yungang Grottoes
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 "The six dynasties of the late Han, Wei and Jin dynasties were the most politically chaotic and socially painful times in China, yet they were an era of great spiritual freedom, liberation, wisdom and enthusiasm, and, therefore, the most artistic." Mr. Zong Baihua said. (Zong Baihua, 2000)
-The excavation of the Yungang Grottoes took place in the Northern Wei period. The Northern Wei period saw a great development of grettoes art. It fully inherited the traditional Chinese national art since the Qin and Han dynasties, and absorbed the Indian Gandhara method of statue making. The Northern Wei period in China represented the highest level of Chinese grettoes art at that time. In the Han Dynasty, with the spread of Buddhism to the east, as well as the ruler's promotion, Buddhism soon gained social and popular recognition, Buddhist art also flourished. This gave the sculpture of this period a new opportunity for development. The images in the grettoes statues of this period are based on the inheritance of traditional Chinese national art, absorbing foreign art and making it blend into new innovations in the form of the nation.
+The excavation of the Yungang Grottoes took place in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Northern Wei Dynasty saw a great development of grotto art. It fully inherited the traditional Chinese national art since the Qin and Han dynasties, and absorbed the Indian Gandhara method of statue making. The Northern Wei Dynasty represented the highest level of Chinese grotto art at that time. In the Han Dynasty, with the spread of Buddhism to the east, as well as the ruler's promotion, Buddhism soon gained social and popular recognition, Buddhist art also flourished. This gave the sculpture of this period a new opportunity for development. The images in the grettoes statues of this period are based on the inheritance of traditional Chinese national art, absorbing foreign art and making it blend into new innovations in the form of the nation.
 ===Characteristics of Buddha statues in the Yungang Grottoes in different periods===