20221231 LangCult 4 - Revision history

Root: /* 202270081693 刘雅琴 Liu Yaqin 英语口译(English interpretation) */

2023-03-08T09:22:19Z

202270081693 刘雅琴 Liu Yaqin 英语口译(English interpretation)

Liu Jiayu: /* Calabash Brothers */

2022-12-31T15:55:15Z

Calabash Brothers

Liu Jiayu: /* Chinese Traditional Cultural Elements */

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Chinese Traditional Cultural Elements

Liu Tingting: /* 202270081644 刘婷婷 Liu Tingting 英语笔译(English translation) */

2022-12-31T15:44:26Z

202270081644 刘婷婷 Liu Tingting 英语笔译(English translation)

Qing Ziye: /* The Imperial Examination System in Ancient China */

2022-12-31T15:40:15Z

The Imperial Examination System in Ancient China

Ma Mingyu: /* References */

2022-12-31T15:10:12Z

References

Ma Mingyu: /* References */

2022-12-31T14:55:13Z

References

Ma Mingyu: /* References */

2022-12-31T11:26:32Z

References

Ma Mingyu: /* References */

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References

Lu Si: /* Evolution of Ancient Currency */

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Evolution of Ancient Currency

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 ==202270081693 刘雅琴 Liu Yaqin 英语口译(English interpretation)==
-      Topic: Translation strategies of English animal idioms
+Abstract: Idioms are an indispensable part of language, which is the crystallization of languages, carrying a lot of cultural factors and concentrating in the culture factors, with plenty of idiomatic expression. Throughout the history, animals plays an important role in our life, bringing joys and company to us and become part of family. Therefore, especially in western cultures, there are many English animal idioms, which containing specific cultural meanings. People use different animals to express their feelings and ideas. This paper will first analyze the definition of English animal idioms. Also, the author will talks about some English idioms with classified animals. What’s more, the author will provide some translation strategies in translating those animal idioms.
-      Abstract: Idioms are an indispensable part of language, which is the crystallization of languages, carrying a lot of cultural factors and concentrating in the culture factors, with plenty of idiomatic expression. Throughout the history, animals plays an important role in our life, bringing joys and company to us and become part of family. Therefore, especially in western cultures, there are many English animal idioms, which containing specific cultural meanings. People use different animals to express their feelings and ideas. This paper will first analyze the definition of English animal idioms. Also, the author will talks about some English idioms with classified animals. What’s more, the author will provide some translation strategies in translating those animal idioms.
+The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) defines an idiom as a group of words that have been established through usage as having a meaning that cannot be inferred from the meanings of the individual terms. Chinese idioms generally fall into one of four categories: colloquialisms, slang, common sayings, proverbs, and character phrases. The categories of English idioms, which can typically be broken down into "proverbs, sayings, allusions, slang, etc." are not fixed.
 ==202270081645 刘映辰 Liu Yingchen 英语笔译(English translation)==

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 The Monkey King, created in 1961—1964, is our first color animated feature film. The role modeling, scene setting, color expression and other aspects of The Monkey King are borrowed from Chinese temple murals, temple art, ancient paintings, folk New Year pictures, opera masks and other traditional forms of artistic expression with Chinese characteristics. Take the image of Sun Wukong in The Monkey King as an example. The image of Sun Wukong in The Monkey King is loyal to the image description of Sun Wukong in the literary original Journey to the West, and many excellent traditional elements are added. On the whole, Sun Wukong in the film is long-limbed and lean, but still clever and vigorous. His has a slender waist, and his limbs are beautifully curved. He can carry himself lightly. The lines of the image are refined like fine brush painting, which makes Sun Wukong look like the Buddha image in Dunhuang fresco. The facial shape of Sun Wukong is morphed from the elements of Chinese opera facial makeup. Among the types of Peking Opera facial makeup, Sun Wukong’s facial makeup belongs to the animal shape of pictographic face, that is, the facial pattern evolved from the pictographic pattern of monkey to represent the character’s own attributes before incarnation.
 ====Calabash Brothers====
-Calabash Brothers is actually a paper-cut animation, which is a form of art film combining traditional techniques such as Chinese folk paper-cut and shadow puppetry. Chinese paper-cut has appeared since the early Tang Dynasty. By hollowing out the paper, it can give people a sense of visual penetration and artistic enjoyment. Shadow play is mainly showed by the leather products which are made by folk artists with hand, knife carving and painted. Behind a white curtain, artists manipulate the puppets while telling stories with popular local tunes, which is called “shadow play”. Paper-cut animation involves folk paper-cut and absorbs the characteristics of shadow play in movement and shape. It uses flat paper to create animated characters, props, backgrounds, etc. A character is often a combination of multiple parts. The movement of each part of the static picture was slowly adjusted by hand, and the various movements of the characters were shot one by one. Such a method is what we call “stop-motion animation”. One by one, the flexible calabash brothers are put out various actions on the painted background pattern, and then photos are taken respectively, and each grid is connected into a cartoon. Although each episode is only a few minutes long, it took two years to shoot thousands of scenes.
+Calabash Brothers is actually a paper-cut animation, which is a form of art film combining traditional techniques such as Chinese folk paper-cut and shadow puppetry. Chinese paper-cut has appeared since the early Tang Dynasty. By hollowing out the paper, it can give people a sense of visual penetration and artistic enjoyment. Shadow play is mainly showed by the leather products which are made by folk artists with hand, knife carving and painted. Behind a white curtain, artists manipulate the puppets while telling stories with popular local tunes, which is called “shadow play”. Paper-cut animation involves folk paper-cut and absorbs the characteristics of shadow play in movement and shape. It uses flat paper to create animated characters, props, backgrounds, etc. A character is often a combination of multiple parts. The movement of each part of the static picture was slowly adjusted by hand, and the various movements of the characters were shot one by one. Such a method is what we call “stop-motion animation”. One by one, the flexible calabash brothers are put out various actions on the painted background pattern, and then photos are taken respectively, and each grid is connected into an animation. Although each episode is only a few minutes long, it took two years to shoot thousands of scenes.
-Chinese paper-cut cartoons also include Monk Pig Eats Watermelon, Fisherboy, Ginseng Baby, Golden Conch, etc. They are all very excellent animated works.
+Chinese paper-cut animations also include Monk Pig Eats Watermelon, Fishboy, Ginseng Baby, Golden Conch, etc. They are all very excellent animations in China, and they are the classic representatives of Chinese paper-cut animation.
 ====Big Fish & Begonia====
 The character design of Big Fish & Begonia has a strong Oriental classical charm. There are more than 100 characters in the animation. The creativity and characters’ names refer to a large number of ancient books and allusions. Each character has its own source of creation, such as Chi Songzi, Bai Ze, etc., many of which are inspired by the Classic of Mountains and Seas, the Search of the Gods, the Book of Songs, etc. In the image and costume design of the protagonist Chun, this animation uses the school uniforms, short hair with straight bangs, clothing style of the Republic of China period. Chun as the heir of the birth family, masters the growth of begonia flowers. He is strong and persistent. Although he looks cold and serious in appearance, he is delicate, grateful, responsible and compassionate inside. The image of the character Kun, when he turns into a big fish, is also designed according to the description in A Happy Excursion by Chuang Tzu.

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 ===关键词===
 中国传统文化，中国动画
-===Chinese Traditional Cultural Elements===
+===Chinese Elements===
 “Chinese elements” can be roughly divided into three parts. The first is the inherent elements of China, such as China’s territory, China’s race, China’s climate and so on. The second is the elements of traditional Chinese culture, such as Chinese calligraphy, Chinese knot, Beijing Opera, shadow play, martial arts, etc. The third is China’s modern cultural elements, such as the Beijing Olympic spirit, the culture of China’s famous enterprises and so on. Chinese traditional cultural elements are a very important part of Chinese elements, which are treasures handed down from five thousand years in China.
 ===Chinese Traditional Cultural Elements in Animation===
 In its early development process, Chinese animation actively studied foreign advanced animation technology and art, and greatly improved its animation skills. Chinese animation style, therefore, was inevitably influenced by other countries. In order to explore the national style construction of Chinese animation, Chinese animation artists have drawn nourishment from Chinese traditional culture. The culture of the Chinese nation has a long history and profound cultural heritage, which is an inexhaustible treasure for artists of all artistic categories. The classic elements of traditional Chinese culture, such as traditional Chinese painting, paper cutting, shadow play, calligraphy, Peking opera and so on, not only represent the traditional spirit of the Chinese nation, but also represent a cultural symbol of the Chinese nation in the world. It is the core of the construction of national animation with Chinese characteristics.

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 === Introduction ===
-Dream, a common physiological phenomenon, happens during our sleep. It is a mixture of real and unreal, attracting many scholars through all ages to make researches on it. In China, The Book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams and Huangdi Neijing are two famous books in dream’s interpretation. “Dating back to the Zhou Dynasty, dream officers gave a great push to dream classification. In Zhouli Chunguan, dream officers divided dreams into six types by observing the positions of the sun, the moon and the stars.” (王健 2012，217) As for Huangdi Neijing in the pre-Qin period, it related dreams to people’s the five internal organs and Yi Yang, etc.
+Dream, a common physiological phenomenon, happens during our sleep. It is a mixture of reality and fantasy, attracting many scholars through all ages to make researches on it. In China, The Book Duke of Zhou Interprets Dreams and Huangdi Neijing are two famous books in dream’s interpretation. “Dating back to the Zhou Dynasty, dream officers gave a great push to dream classification. In Zhouli Chunguan, dream officers divided dreams into six types by observing the positions of the sun, the moon and the stars.” (王健 2012，217) As for Huangdi Neijing in the pre-Qin period, it related dreams to people’s the five internal organs and Yi Yang, etc.
 For the West, the most famous book of dream interpretation is The Interpretation of Dreams, which was written by Sigmund Freud. This book is based on Artemidorus’ book—Interpretation of dreams, and combines with Freud’s clinical experience. Whereafter, many masters in psychoanalysis like Carl Gustav Jung and Alfred Adler have shown up, starting to study dreams from different perspectives.
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 In this book, “Freud argues that dreams contain meaningful information about the dreamer’s unfulfilled, unconscious wishes.” (William J. Jenkins 2017, 10) That is to say that in Freud’s perspective, dream represents a wish-fulfilment. And he also uses an example to explain it: “If, in the evening, I eat anchovies, olives, or other strongly salted foods, I am thirsty at night, and therefore I wake. The waking, however, is preceded by a dream, which has always the same content, namely, that I am drinking.” And he draws a conclusion on it: “From this sensation arises the wish to drink, and the dream shows me this wish as fulfilled.” (Sigmund Freud 1999, 25-26)
 Therefore, Freud mainly uses psychoanalysis to interpret dreams, which is quite different from Chinese dream interpretation methods. And what is the most different point is that he uses sex to interpret dreams from a perspective of a psychologist, so he presents the famous Oedipus complex and Electra complex in this book.
 === References ===

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 ===Introduction===
 During the Wei, Jin dynasties, the emperor adopted the method of "Nine-rank system" to select talents. However, the system was controlled by powerful families, and only their offspring could be officials, which led to the solidification of the class and the inability to appoint talented people. Whereas, in order to consolidate their rule, the rulers also gradually changed their talent selection. The book ''Datang Xinyu'' said:“Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up the Ming and Jin two subjects”(周 奇 金滢坤, 2022). It was Emperors of the Sui Dynasty who changed the examination to regular, held it every year, further carried forward, and finally it became the beginning of the sysytem.
-Emperor Yang Jian of Sui dynasty understood the danger of nine-rank system, and abolished it gradually. He carried out the system of selecting scholars by subjects, and set up state and county schools to test students. The state could also send talents to the central government for the examination. Emperor Yang Guang set up Jinshi branch, where students can directly apply for the central school instead of passing the examination of the county(李亚彬, 2020). Sui Dynasty broke through the old rules of the previous dynasties and created a considerable number of new subjects, which started the system of the Tang Dynasty.
+Emperor Yang Jian of Sui dynasty understood the danger of nine-rank system, and abolished it gradually. He carried out the system of selecting scholars by subjects, and set up state and county schools to test students. The state could also send talents to the central government for the examination. Emperor Yang Guang set up Jinshi branch, where students could directly apply for the central school instead of passing the examination of the county(李亚彬, 2020). Sui Dynasty broke through the old rules of the previous dynasties and created a considerable number of new subjects, which started the system of the Tang Dynasty.
 ===Development===
-However, Sui dynasty lasted only thirty-seven years, which meant that the imperial examination system had been introduced in the Sui dynasty but could not be further developed. Therefore, the important task was carried out by the rulers of the Tang dynasty. Tang dynasty attached great importance to the cultivation and selection of talents. The first emperor of Tang put forward a regular date of“every october”to go to the court for examination, and clarified the local pre-examination of the county, which is equivalent to the "Provincial Examination" method of later generations. Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, greatly expanded the scale of the school cottages and increased the number of students. Wu Zetian set up a military examination which held by the Ministry of War examiners, mainly to assess students 'military strength. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, poetry and Fu became the main examination content of Jinshi, which admitted many talented people. The method of selecting scholars by poetry and Fu also greatly promoted the prosperity of Tang poetry(王一汕, 2010).
+However, Sui dynasty lasted only thirty-seven years, which meant that the imperial examination system had been introduced in the Sui dynasty but could not be further developed. Therefore, the important task was carried out by the rulers of the Tang dynasty. Tang dynasty attached great importance to the cultivation and selection of talents. The first emperor of Tang put forward a regular date of“every october”to go to the court for examination, and clarified the local pre-examination of the county, which was equivalent to the "Provincial Examination" method of later generations. Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, greatly expanded the scale of the school cottages and increased the number of students. Wu Zetian set up a military examination which held by the Ministry of War examiners, mainly to assess students 'military strength. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, poetry and Fu became the main examination content of Jinshi, which admitted many talented people.The method of selecting scholars by poetry and Fu also greatly promoted the prosperity of Tang poetry(王一汕, 2010).
-After the development of Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system of Song Dynasty became mature(邓叶倩, 2019). And in Song dynasty, the emperor's personal visit to the palace examination turned into a custom. Meanwhile, reform measures such as sealing and transcription were taken. Sealing(Mi Feng), that is, the examinee's information on the examination paper sealed up. Transcription is that the palace examination papers will be sent to copy by other people before review. These measures greatly increased the fairness of the examination, so that more learned people can enter the officialdom. However, these measures required a large amount of manpower and material resources, so by the reign of Emperor Yingzong of the Song dynasty, the imperial examination was officially held every three years. As for the content, Song dynasty emphasized importance of Ce Lun in the imperial examination. With the rise of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty, the ability of thinking also became an important standard for assessment.
+After the development of Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system of Song Dynasty became mature(邓叶倩, 2019). And in Song dynasty, the emperor's personal visit to the palace examination turned into a custom. Meanwhile, reform measures such as sealing and transcription were taken. Sealing(Mi Feng), that was, the examinee's information on the examination paper sealed up. Transcription was that the palace examination papers would be sent to copy by other people before review. These measures greatly increased the fairness of the examination, so that more learned people can enter the officialdom. However, these measures required a large amount of manpower and material resources, so by the reign of Emperor Yingzong of the Song dynasty, the imperial examination was officially held every three years. As for the content, Song dynasty emphasized importance of Ce Lun in the imperial examination. With the rise of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty, the ability of thinking also became an important standard for assessment.
-Since then, the basic forms and contents of the imperial examination system tend to be fixed. The imperial examination was held every three years, mainly divided into the provincial examination(in autumn), the metropolitan examination(in spring) and the palace examination(after metropolitan examination). The first name of provincial examination was Jieyuan, metropolitan examination Huiyuan, palace examination Zhuangyuan. Through the layer upon layer selection of examinations, outstanding talents are called “jinshi”. Such elites were conferred different ranks official positions according to their performance. Because of this, the imperial examination system (keju) had become the main way for all civilians to start their official careers (Ho, 1962).
+Since then, the basic forms and contents of the imperial examination system tend to be fixed. The imperial examination was held every three years, mainly divided into the provincial examination(in autumn), the metropolitan examination(in spring) and the palace examination(after metropolitan examination). The first name of provincial examination was Jieyuan, metropolitan examination Huiyuan, palace examination Zhuangyuan. Through the layer upon layer selection of examinations, outstanding talents were called “jinshi”. Such elites were conferred different ranks official positions according to their performance. Because of this, the imperial examination system (keju) had become the main way for all civilians to start their official careers (Ho, 1962).
 ===Completion===
 In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial power gradually reached its peak. In order to consolidate the imperial power, the rulers took the imperial examination system as the most important tool to absorb talents. Many scholars took passing imperial examination as their lifelong goal, and "To be a scholar is to be the top of society." became the motto of most scholars at that time.

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 ===References===
-.Qu Huili and Su Jianing 曲慧丽,宿佳宁. (2008). 浅谈中国动漫的历史与发展 [Talking about the History and Development of Chinese Animation]. 今日科苑 Modern Science (24) 182.
+.Feng Guiyun. (2021). The history of Chinese animation, from groundbreaking "Havoc in Heaven" to crappy-looking "Kung Fu Mulan". Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University.
-. Li Junda, On the Development of China's Animation Industry[J], CPC Qingdao Municipal Party School, Journal of Qingdao Administration Institute, 2012(05):100-104.
+.Li Junda 李俊达. (2012). 试论中国动漫产业的发展 [On the Development of China's Animation Industry]. 中共青岛市委党校 CPC Qingdao Municipal Party School, 青岛行政学院学报 Journal of Qingdao Administration Institute (05) 100-104.
-. Wen Ting Fang, Po-Hsien Lin and Rungtai Lin, Western vs. Eastern: A Reflective Research on the Development of Chinese Animation, Graduate School of Creative Industry Design, National Taiwan University of Arts, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 2017, 25-36.
+.Qu Huili and Su Jianing 曲慧丽,宿佳宁. (2008). 浅谈中国动漫的历史与发展 [Talking about the History and Development of Chinese Animation]. 今日科苑 Modern Science (24) 182.
-. Feng Guiyun, The history of Chinese animation, from groundbreaking "Havoc in Heaven" to crappy-looking "Kung Fu Mulan", Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 2021.
+.Rolf Giesen. (2014). Chinese Animation, A History and Filmography, 1922-2012. Jefferson: McFarland.
-−
-. Rolf Giesen，Chinese Animation, A History and Filmography, 1922-2012, Jefferson: McFarland, 2014.
+.Wen Ting Fang, Po-Hsien Lin and Rungtai Lin. (2017). Western vs. Eastern: A Reflective Research on the Development of Chinese Animation. Graduate School of Creative Industry Design, National Taiwan University of Arts, New Taipei City, Taiwan 25-36.
 ===Terms and Expressions===

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 ===References===
-. 曲慧丽,宿佳宁.浅谈中国动漫的历史与发展[J].今日科苑,2008(24):182.
+. Qu Huili, Su Jianing, Talking about the History and Development of Chinese Animation[J], Jin Ri Ke Yuan, 2008(24):182.
-. 李俊达.试论中国动漫产业的发展[J].中共青岛市委党校.青岛行政学院学报,2012(05):100-104.
+. Li Junda, On the Development of China's Animation Industry[J], CPC Qingdao Municipal Party School, Journal of Qingdao Administration Institute, 2012(05):100-104.
 . Wen Ting Fang, Po-Hsien Lin & Rungtai Lin, Western vs. Eastern: A Reflective Research on the Development of Chinese Animation, Graduate School of Creative Industry Design, National Taiwan University of Arts, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 2017, 25-36.

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 === Evolution of Ancient Currency ===
 '''(1)Evolution from natural currency to artificial currency'''
 Shell is the earliest currency in China. It was used as currency in Shang Dynasty. In all the China characters were related to value are mostly from "shell." With the development of commodity exchange, the demand for money was increasing, and seashell could not meet people's demand. People began to imitate seashell with copper in Shang Dynasty.The appearance of copper coin is an important evolution from natural currency to artificial currency in the history of ancient currency in China. With the extensive use of artificial coins, seashells, a natural currency, gradually withdrew from the monetary stage of China.
 '''(2)Evolution from disordered shape to unified shape'''
 From the appearance of copper coins in Shang Dynasty to the Warring States Period, there were many shapes of currency in our country. During the Warring States Period, not only countries made their own money, but also all regions within a vassal country made their own money. It is famous for the spade-shaped coin of Zhao, the sword-shaped coin Qi, the round square hole coins of Qin and the Each within Zhu（commonly known ant nose money） of Chu各内朱俗称蚁鼻钱. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, also the currency. the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty promulgated the earliest currency law in China in 210 B.C., which stipulated that ‘banliang’, at first called ring money and later ‘fang kong yuan qian’(Circular Coin with a Square Hole).After the unification of Qin, ‘banliang’ coin was spread around the whole country. The unification of currency ended the disorder state of different shapes and weights of ancient currency in China, and was an important evolution from disordered shape to standardized shape in the history of ancient currency in China. The shape of this round square hole, which was determined by Qin Banliang coin, continued until the early period of the Republic of China.
 '''(3)Evolution from local coinage to central coinage'''
 In the early days of the Han Dynasty, the county was allowed to freely cast money. According to the records of Han Shu·Monograph on Food and Currency , Emperor Wen "except for the order of stealing and casting money, the people let the casting go," so "stealing and casting rose like clouds." This not only caused the chaos of the currency, but also made the rich merchants manipulate the right to coin, rich than the emperor. In 118 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered new coins of five baht to be cast because banliang of coins were stolen and cast continuously, and allowed all prefectures to cast them, commonly known as "five baht of prefectures." In 113 B. C., Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took back the right of coining coins in the county state, and the three officials of Shanglin unified the coinage of five baht coins, which became the only legal currency at that time. From then on, the unified management of coin minting and issuing by the central government was determined, which was an important evolution from local coinage to central coinage in the history of ancient China currency. Since then, the coins of the past dynasties have been directly managed by the central government. The centralization of the coinage right played an important role in stabilizing the political situation and economic development of each dynasty.
 '''(4)From the weight of documents to the evolution of Tongbao（通宝） and Yuanbao（元宝）'''
 Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, coins usually have a clear indication of the weight of the money, such as "banliang,""wuzhu coin" and so on (twenty-four baht for one liang). In the fourth year of Emperor Gaozu 's reign (621), Li Yuan decided to reform the currency system, abolish the ancient coins of different weights, take the meaning of "opening up a new era," and uniformly cast "Kaiyuan Tongbao" coins. "Kaiyuan Tongbao" is an anti-Qin and Han Dynasty old system, money does not write weight, is China 's ancient currency from the weight of documents to Tongbao, Yuan Bao evolution. "Kaiyuan Tongbao" money is the earliest Tongbao money in China. Since then, China 's copper coins no longer use money to mark the weight, are to Tongbao, Yuanbao commensurate, it has been used until the Revolution of 1911 "Republic of China Tongbao."
 '''(5)The evolution of metal currency to paper money "Jiaozi"'''
 In the Northern Song Dynasty, with the development of exchange, the amount of currency in circulation increased. When Taizong of the Northern Song Dynasty, the annual coin was 800,000 Guan, which gradually increased later. Because of the shortage of copper material for casting coins, the government made up for the shortage of copper coins by casting iron coins in large quantities in some areas. According to the records of Song History, the iron coins cast in Sichuan at that time always weighed 25 catties and eight liang. To buy a piece of silk in Sichuan, you have to pay 130 jin of iron money. Iron money is so heavy and inconvenient that the paper money "Jiaozi" printed by the Northern Song Dynasty came into being in Sichuan. Song Zhenzong, under the permission of the government, by Chengdu 16 rich households jointly operated. The appearance of "Jiaozi" is an important evolution from metal currency to paper currency in the ancient monetary history of our country. "Jiaozi" is not only the earliest paper money in China, but also the earliest paper money in the world.
 '''(6)Evolution from Manual Coining to Mechanized Paper Money'''
 In the late Qing Dynasty, with the gradual introduction of foreign advanced science and technology, Guangxu years began to buy coin-making machines abroad for making silver yuan and copper yuan. Later, Guangdong began to machine non-porous when ten copper dollars. As manufacturers made huge profits, provinces followed suit. The appearance of mechanism currency in the late Qing Dynasty is the evolution from manual coinage to mechanism currency in the ancient currency history of our country. From then on, not only the craft of casting money has undergone major changes, but also the circulation of more than 2,000 years of round square hole money died.