20221231 LangCult 5 - Revision history

Qing Ziye: /* The History of Children's Literature in China in 1917-2000 */

2022-12-31T15:32:47Z

The History of Children's Literature in China in 1917-2000

Liu Jiayu: /* Diagnosis and Treatment */

2022-12-31T15:31:09Z

Diagnosis and Treatment

Liu Jiayu: /* The Basic Concepts of Yin-yang Theory */

2022-12-31T15:30:04Z

The Basic Concepts of Yin-yang Theory

Liu Jiayu: /* Diagnosis and Treatment */

2022-12-31T15:28:53Z

Diagnosis and Treatment

Liu Jiayu: /* Key Words */

2022-12-31T15:27:18Z

Key Words

Wang Fangling: /* Problems Facing Street Vendor Economy */

2022-12-31T12:25:01Z

Problems Facing Street Vendor Economy

Wang Fangling: /* The Development Status of the Current Street Vendor Economy */

2022-12-31T12:20:13Z

The Development Status of the Current Street Vendor Economy

Wang Fangling: /* The Development Status of the Current Street Vendor Economy */

2022-12-31T12:19:22Z

The Development Status of the Current Street Vendor Economy

Wang Fangling: /* Inconsistent Street Vending Policies */

2022-12-31T12:15:16Z

Inconsistent Street Vending Policies

Wang Fangling: /* References */

2022-12-31T12:13:39Z

References

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 The word “children's literature” (in China) appeared in the period of the May Fourth Movement.(Maodun, 1988). The children's literature during the May 4th Movement was mainly created from the translation of foreign works, or they were adapted from oral folktales and traditional works.During this period, Chinese children's literature started in the form of reference, imitation and translation. There was no group of specialized writers to create children's literature and no construction related to children's literature, such as children's literature publisher, organization, and courses, so the development of children’s literature was still weak.
 ===1927-1937===
-In 1930, the Chinese Left-wing Writers’ Union was established. The left-wing writers were enthusiastically concerned about children's literature and wished to make it thrive in a surging society. Left-wing children's literature featured with a strong fighting spirit. The left-wing writers revealed the reality of society to teenagers, but also promote anti-imperialist patriotism.From 1927 to 1937, the translation of children's literature was booming, and the translation of scientific literature and art works helped children to learn knowledge.The increase in the number of works has led to the growth of the children's literature team. Various children's publications such as Er Tong Shi Jie (Children's World) have been established and the editing group of professional writers related to children's literature has gradually formed.
+In 1930, the Chinese Left-wing Writers’ Union was established. The left-wing writers were enthusiastically concerned about children's literature and wished to make it thrive in a surging society. Left-wing children's literature featured with a strong fighting spirit. The left-wing writers revealed the reality of society to teenagers, but also promoted anti-imperialist patriotism.From 1927 to 1937, the translation of children's literature was booming, and the translation of scientific literature and art works helped children to learn knowledge.The increase in the number of works has led to the growth of the children's literature team. Various children's publications such as Er Tong Shi Jie (Children's World) have been established and the editing group of professional writers related to children's literature has gradually formed.
 ===1937-1949===
 The period from 1937 to 1949 was haunted by wars. The Chinese people and their lives were seriously affected, let alone the children. Chinese children's literature opened up a new situation in this period. By praising heroes and calling for national liberation, Chinese children’s literature spread a positive and brave fighting spirit to children. At this time, children's literature was divided into two sections: the one in Kuomintang-controlled areas and the other one in liberated areas. In Kuomintang-controlled areas, many magazines for children continued to spread great articles for children, including Shao Nian Xian Feng (Young Pioneers) and Kang Zhan Er Tong (Children during the Anti-Japanese War). The children's literature works were related to the Anti-Japanese War, including He Yi’s Zhu Lin Li De Qi Yu (Adventures in the Bamboo Forest).
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 [3]叶圣陶:《叶圣陶童话选·后记》，《叶圣陶童话选》,中国少年儿童出版社,1956年,第94页。
 ===Terms and Expressions===
 May Fourth Movement 五四运动

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 ===Diagnosis and Treatment ===
-What is most fascinating is that traditional Chinese doctors could cure patients without any medical instruments but only a physical examination. Su Wen states: “Proper diagnosis involves inspecting the complexion and feeling the pulse and first differentiating yin and yang.”(Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen 2011, 436) Disease occurs because of a disturbance in yin-yang or flow of qi or blood. There are four phrases of diseases: when yin prevails, there is cold; when yang prevails, there is heat. When yang is deficient, there is cold; when yin is deficient, there is heat. The primary cause of any disease is imbalance - surfeits and deficits - of yin and yang. Accordingly, treatment must involve restoring the balance by reducing superabundance and supplying insufficiency. Therefore, in diagnosis and treatment, it is necessary to identify yin-yang surfeits and deficits among the complex set of symptoms and determine the nature of the treatment. The application of Chinese medicinal herbs also plays an important role in disease-curing. According to yin and yang, the nature and effect of Chinese medicinal herbs can also be categorized. For example, cold, cool and moist agents are yin, whereas warm, hot and fierce agents are yang. Bitter herbs cool in nature and can be used to treat heat-ridden diseases. Diseases stemming from a yin deficit manifest themselves as deficiency-heat， and are treated with yin supplementing agents to nourish blood and fluids.
+What is most fascinating is that traditional Chinese doctors could cure patients without any medical instruments but only a physical examination. Su Wen states: “Proper diagnosis involves inspecting the complexion and feeling the pulse and first differentiating yin and yang.”(Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen 2011, 436) Disease occurs because of a disturbance in yin-yang or flow of qi or blood. There are four phrases of diseases: when yin prevails, there is cold; when yang prevails, there is heat. When yang is deficient, there is cold; when yin is deficient, there is heat. The primary cause of any disease is imbalance -- surfeits and deficits -- of yin and yang. Accordingly, treatment must involve restoring the balance by reducing superabundance and supplying insufficiency. Therefore, in diagnosis and treatment, it is necessary to identify yin-yang surfeits and deficits among the complex set of symptoms and determine the nature of the treatment. The application of Chinese medicinal herbs also plays an important role in disease-curing. According to yin and yang, the nature and effect of Chinese medicinal herbs can also be categorized. For example, cold, cool and moist agents are yin, whereas warm, hot and fierce agents are yang. Bitter herbs cool in nature and can be used to treat heat-ridden diseases. Diseases stemming from a yin deficit manifest themselves as deficiency-heat， and are treated with yin supplementing agents to nourish blood and fluids.
 === Conclusion ===

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 === The Basic Concepts of Yin-yang Theory ===
 What is yin and yang? The direct meanings of yin and yang in Chinese are bright and dark sides of an object. The theory of yin and yang, derived from long observation of nature, represents a wide range of opposite properties in the universe: heaven and earth, cold and hot, winter and summer, still and moving, up and down, etc. These pairs of opposites are also mutual complements. Chapter 5 of Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen states: “Yin and yang are the law of heaven and earth.”(Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen 2011, 254)
-In traditional Chinese medicine, yin and yang are natural complements, since they depend upon and counterbalance each other. Besides, they are convertible in the sense that either may change into its complement. The following graphic is the basic yin-young symbol, which represents the opposing but complementary forces found in all things in the universe. Yin is the black side with the white dot in it, and yang, the white side with the black dot in it. In TCM, theory of yin and yang is applied to the human body as well. Good health is directly related to the balance between yin and yang qualities. Treatment aims to expel pathogens and restore balance of yin and yang.
+In traditional Chinese medicine, yin and yang are natural complements, since they depend upon and counterbalance each other. Besides, they are convertible in the sense that either may change into its complement. The following graphic is the basic yin-yang symbol, which represents the opposing but complementary forces found in all things in the universe. Yin is the black side with the white dot in it, and yang, the white side with the black dot in it. In TCM, theory of yin and yang is applied to the human body as well. Good health is directly related to the balance between yin and yang qualities. Treatment aims to expel pathogens and restore balance of yin and yang.
 Click [ https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/zh/%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%96]for original source.

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 ===Diagnosis and Treatment ===
-What is most fascinating is that traditional Chinese doctors could cure patients without any medical instruments but only a physical examination. Su Wen states: “Proper diagnosis involves inspecting the complexion and feeling the pulse and first differentiating yin and yang. ”(Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen 2011, 436) Disease occurs because of a disturbance in yin-yang or flow of qi or blood. There are four phrases of diseases: when yin prevails, there is cold; when yang prevails, there is heat. When yang is deficient, there is cold; when yin is deficient, there is heat. The primary cause of any disease is imbalance - surfeits and deficits - of yin and yang. Accordingly, treatment must involve restoring the balance by reducing superabundance and supplying insufficiency. Therefore, in diagnosis and treatment, it is necessary to identify yin-yang surfeits and deficits among the complex set of symptoms and determine the nature of the treatment. The application of Chinese medicinal herbs also plays an important role in disease-curing. According to yin and yang, the nature and effect of Chinese medicinal herbs can also be categorized. For example, cold, cool and moist agents are yin, whereas warm, hot and fierce agents are yang. Bitter herbs cool in nature and can be used to treat heat-ridden diseases. Diseases stemming from a yin deficit manifest themselves as deficiency-heat， and are treated with yin supplementing agents to nourish blood and fluids.
+What is most fascinating is that traditional Chinese doctors could cure patients without any medical instruments but only a physical examination. Su Wen states: “Proper diagnosis involves inspecting the complexion and feeling the pulse and first differentiating yin and yang.”(Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen 2011, 436) Disease occurs because of a disturbance in yin-yang or flow of qi or blood. There are four phrases of diseases: when yin prevails, there is cold; when yang prevails, there is heat. When yang is deficient, there is cold; when yin is deficient, there is heat. The primary cause of any disease is imbalance - surfeits and deficits - of yin and yang. Accordingly, treatment must involve restoring the balance by reducing superabundance and supplying insufficiency. Therefore, in diagnosis and treatment, it is necessary to identify yin-yang surfeits and deficits among the complex set of symptoms and determine the nature of the treatment. The application of Chinese medicinal herbs also plays an important role in disease-curing. According to yin and yang, the nature and effect of Chinese medicinal herbs can also be categorized. For example, cold, cool and moist agents are yin, whereas warm, hot and fierce agents are yang. Bitter herbs cool in nature and can be used to treat heat-ridden diseases. Diseases stemming from a yin deficit manifest themselves as deficiency-heat， and are treated with yin supplementing agents to nourish blood and fluids.
 === Conclusion ===

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 === Key Words ===
-The Theory of Yin and Yang. Traditional Chinese Medicine. Balance of Yin and Yang. Qi. Chinese medicinal herbs.
+The Theory of Yin and Yang; Traditional Chinese Medicine; Balance of Yin and Yang; Qi; Chinese medicinal herbs
 === Introduction ===

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 ===Problems Facing Street Vendor Economy===
-The significance and value of the street stall economy is self-evident, but if not properly managed, it can easily lead to environmental, food safety and social security problems. For example, the streets are prone to dirty streets due to littering by vendors, causing serious health problems, and traffic jams due to the occupation of roads, affecting the overall order of the city; the uneven level of products operated by street vendors, coupled with the lack of supervision by the market management, makes it easy for sub-standard products, counterfeit products, and missing catties to appear.
+The significance and value of the street stall economy is self-evident, but if not properly managed, it can easily lead to environmental, food safety and social security problems. For example, the streets are prone to dirty streets due to littering by vendors, causing serious health problems, and traffic jams due to the occupation of roads, affecting the overall order of the city; the uneven level of products operated by street vendors, coupled with the lack of supervision by the market management, makes it easy for sub-standard products, counterfeit products, and missing catties to appear.(Liu,2021,2)
 ===Conclusion===

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 Fixed vendors generally rent a fixed business stall, mostly in the core of the busy urban areas. The business model is relatively stable, easy to manage. While mobile vendors do not have fixed business premises, and generally use "cargo tricycles + removable umbrella canopy" to operate in areas with high pedestrian flow, such as parks, subway entrances, stations, tourist attractions, etc. The simple business premises are more flexible and convenient, and can change their stalls at any time to chase the flow of people and business opportunities.
 There are three main sources of street vendor operators in China. One is the intergenerational inheritors. In China's urbanization process, some of the low-income people who make their living by farming and stalls have become new urban citizens, and their children generally also inherit their fathers' livelihood occupations and skills, becoming one of the main sources of street vendor operators. The second is the middle-aged unemployed. Middle-aged employed people who originally had stable jobs and income are unemployed due to socio-economic recession, business difficulties and severe employment situation, but their age disadvantage and lack of new skills make them take the path of street vendor operators as a last resort in order to earn a living. Third, those who earn little from formal jobs. In areas where wages are low, the income from formal jobs is not enough to meet all living expenses, so they need to earn money from side jobs to supplement their families.
-At present, the hottest commodity categories of our street vendors are daily necessities, toys, souvenirs, screen protector, snacks, breakfast, fruit and other physical products.(Pan,2022,20)
+At present, the hottest commodity categories of our street vendors are daily necessities, toys, souvenirs, screen protector, snacks, breakfast, fruit and other physical products.(Pan,2021,20)
 ===Benefits Brought by Street Vendor Economy===

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 ===Inconsistent Street Vending Policies===
 Street vendor economy, is a form of economy formed by obtaining a source of income through stalls. China's street vending policies had undergone several changes in the past few decades.
-Between 1949 and 1977, the Chinese government utilized street vending for economic growth at first but gradually took a stricter approach in the control of street vending alongside the process of socialist transformation. Later, the government's attitude towards street vending became more tolerant after China's economy started opening up in 1978. Street vending served to meet the needs of daily life and to expand employment.In 2003, the central government rolled out the plan to select National Civilized Cities. Street vending was defined as a sign of dirtiness, disorder and backwardness.Since 2020, to alleviate unemployment caused by Covid-19, policies have been promulgated to support street vending again. Street vending now is considered an important way to increase employment.
+Between 1949 and 1977, the Chinese government utilized street vending for economic growth at first but gradually took a stricter approach in the control of street vending alongside the process of socialist transformation. Later, the government's attitude towards street vending became more tolerant after China's economy started opening up in 1978. Street vending served to meet the needs of daily life and to expand employment.In 2003, the central government rolled out the plan to select National Civilized Cities. Street vending was defined as a sign of dirtiness, disorder and backwardness.Since 2020, to alleviate unemployment caused by Covid-19, policies have been promulgated to support street vending again. Street vending now is considered an important way to increase employment.(Li,2022,19)
 ===The Development Status of the Current Street Vendor Economy===

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 [2].潘悦,王誉霖,田韬禹.地摊经济3.0发展现状、问题及对策分析[J].中国商论,2021(21):16-19.DOI:10.19699/j.cnki.issn2096-0298.2021.21.016.
 [3].刘一霏.地摊经济的发展现状及对策建议[J].中国市场,2021(19):46-47.DOI:10.13939/j.cnki.zgsc.2021.19.046.
 =202270081652 王纪龙 Wang Jilong 英语笔译(English translation)=