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Zeng Chen: /* A Study of Imperial Jewelry in Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum */

2023-01-08T03:53:36Z

A Study of Imperial Jewelry in Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum

Zeng Chen: /* A Study of Imperial Jewelry in Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum */

2023-01-08T03:05:50Z

A Study of Imperial Jewelry in Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum

Zeng Chen: /* A Study of Imperial Jewelry in Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum */

2023-01-07T16:10:39Z

A Study of Imperial Jewelry in Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum

Zeng Chen: /* A Study of Imperial Jewelry in Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum */

2023-01-07T16:04:28Z

A Study of Imperial Jewelry in Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum

Yang Siyin: /* 202270081673 杨思吟 Yang Siyin 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-01-07T08:35:03Z

202270081673 杨思吟 Yang Siyin 英语笔译(English translation)

Yang Siyin: /* 202270081673 杨思吟 Yang Siyin 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-01-06T16:31:14Z

202270081673 杨思吟 Yang Siyin 英语笔译(English translation)

Zeng Chen: /* A Study of Imperial Jewelry in Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum */

2023-01-06T15:12:42Z

A Study of Imperial Jewelry in Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum

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Zeng Chen: /* 202270081626 曾晨 Zeng Chen 英语笔译(English translation) */

2022-12-31T12:30:57Z

202270081626 曾晨 Zeng Chen 英语笔译(English translation)

Xu Siyu: /* = = Answers = = */

2022-12-31T10:25:08Z

= = Answers = =

Xu Siyu: /* = = Questions = = */

2022-12-31T10:23:35Z

= = Questions = =

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 =202270081626 曾晨 Zeng Chen 英语笔译(English translation)=
-==A Study of Imperial Jewelry in Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum==
+==A Study of Imperial Jewelry of Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum==
 <center>Zeng Chen曾晨202270081626</center>
 ===Abstract===
 The Palace Museum is a collection of cultural relics of the past dynasties’ royal treasures. The particularity of the Qing Dynasty imperial products in the Palace Museum can be said to be the most comprehensive. Imperial jewelry in Qing dynasty inherited style and skills from the past dynasties. This essay will focus on the types, skills and design of imperial jewelry collections and will introduce the ranking system in Qing dynasty.
 ===Key words===
-the Palace Museum, the Qing Dynasty Royal Jewelry, Kingfisher, Filigree mosaic
+the Palace Museum, the Qing Dynasty Imperial Jewelry, Kingfisher, Filigree mosaic
 ===题目===
 故宫藏清代皇家首饰的研究
@@ Line 536: / Line 536: @@
 The Qing dynasty is the last dynasty in China's long feudal history, its unique history and culture all have a profound influence on the jewelry at that time. With a more conservative culture, jewelry style at that time was more and more royal and courtly, and its design and production were extremely neat and gorgeous. The delicacy and fine workmanship of gold and silver products far exceeded that of previous dynasties. Under its unique cultural background and etiquette system, it can be found that the Qing Dynasty imperial jewelry has more class nature, and people of different levels strictly follow different wearing standards.
 ===Various Kinds of Imperial Jewelry===
-The Palace Museum has a wide variety of cultural relics in its collection. “Jewelry, in the traditional sense, only refers to the headdress of men and women. Now it generally refers to all kinds of jewelry made of precious metals and gems.”(Qiu Taige,2019,p. 177) This paper mainly discusses the imperial jewelry collection of the Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum and divides them into different kinds of ornaments and accessories. The head ornaments include: coronet(Chaoguan), hairpin(Zanzi) and rectangular hair ornament(Bianfang); ear ornaments include earrings and pendants; neck ornaments include: beads and collars; hand accessories include: bracelets, rings, nail covers, strings, etc.
+The Palace Museum has a wide variety of cultural relics in its collection. Jewelry, in the traditional sense, only refers to the headdress of men and women. Now it generally refers to all kinds of jewelry made of precious metals and gems.(Qiu Taige,2019) This paper mainly discusses the imperial jewelry collection of the Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum and divides them into different kinds of ornaments and accessories. The head ornaments include: coronet(Chaoguan), hairpin(Zanzi) and rectangular hair ornament(Bianfang); ear ornaments include earrings and pendants; neck ornaments include: beads and collars; hand accessories include: bracelets, rings, nail covers, strings, etc.
-The representative jewelry is the coronet and Bianfang, both of which designed for popular Manchu hair style. “With great changes in the status of Manchu women, and because of their increasingly gorgeous clothing, headdresses also derived new different styles, such as the ‘Yizi hairstyle’ and ‘Liangba hairstyle’.”(Chi Jiaxuan,2020,p. 21)The coronet is an informal crown for imperial ladies including empresses and high-ranking concubines. It generally has a rattan frame or a black-silk-thread frame wound on a paperboard or iron wire in various designs, such as trellis pattern, cask pattern, and endless knot pattern. On its surface, all sorts of jewels and pearls can be sewn into auspicious patterns. “The coronet was worn for decoration and as an expression of status among the royalty.”(Zhou Jiapei,2020,p. 11)
+The representative jewelry is the coronet and Bianfang, both of which designed for popular Manchu hair style. With great changes in the status of Manchu women, and because of their increasingly gorgeous clothing, headdresses also derived new different styles, such as the “Yizi hairstyle” and “Liangba hairstyle”.(Chi Jiaxuan,2020)The coronet is an informal crown for imperial ladies including empresses and high-ranking concubines. It generally has a rattan frame or a black-silk-thread frame wound on a paperboard or iron wire in various designs, such as trellis pattern, cask pattern, and endless knot pattern. On its surface, all sorts of jewels and pearls can be sewn into auspicious patterns. “The coronet was worn for decoration and as an expression of status among the royalty.”(Zhou Jiapei,2020,p. 11)
 “Bianfang was a headdress often used by royal and noble women in the Qing Dynasty when updoing their hair.”(Zhou Jiapei,2020,p. 15) It was popular among the women at the Qing court, which was made of precious materials and employed many artistic techniques.
 ===The Exquisite Skills of Imperial Jewelry===

@@ Line 536: / Line 536: @@
 The Qing dynasty is the last dynasty in China's long feudal history, its unique history and culture all have a profound influence on the jewelry at that time. With a more conservative culture, jewelry style at that time was more and more royal and courtly, and its design and production were extremely neat and gorgeous. The delicacy and fine workmanship of gold and silver products far exceeded that of previous dynasties. Under its unique cultural background and etiquette system, it can be found that the Qing Dynasty imperial jewelry has more class nature, and people of different levels strictly follow different wearing standards.
 ===Various Kinds of Imperial Jewelry===
-The Palace Museum has a wide variety of cultural relics in its collection. Jewelry, in the traditional sense, only refers to the headdress of men and women. Now it generally refers to all kinds of jewelry made of precious metals and gems.(Qiu Taige,2019) This paper mainly discusses the imperial jewelry collection of the Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum and divides them into different kinds of ornaments and accessories. The head ornaments include: coronet(Chaoguan), hairpin(Zanzi) and rectangular hair ornament(Bianfang); ear ornaments include earrings and pendants; neck ornaments include: beads and collars; hand accessories include: bracelets, rings, nail covers, strings, etc.
+The Palace Museum has a wide variety of cultural relics in its collection. “Jewelry, in the traditional sense, only refers to the headdress of men and women. Now it generally refers to all kinds of jewelry made of precious metals and gems.”(Qiu Taige,2019,p. 177) This paper mainly discusses the imperial jewelry collection of the Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum and divides them into different kinds of ornaments and accessories. The head ornaments include: coronet(Chaoguan), hairpin(Zanzi) and rectangular hair ornament(Bianfang); ear ornaments include earrings and pendants; neck ornaments include: beads and collars; hand accessories include: bracelets, rings, nail covers, strings, etc.
 The representative jewelry is the coronet and Bianfang, both of which designed for popular Manchu hair style. “With great changes in the status of Manchu women, and because of their increasingly gorgeous clothing, headdresses also derived new different styles, such as the ‘Yizi hairstyle’ and ‘Liangba hairstyle’.”(Chi Jiaxuan,2020,p. 21)The coronet is an informal crown for imperial ladies including empresses and high-ranking concubines. It generally has a rattan frame or a black-silk-thread frame wound on a paperboard or iron wire in various designs, such as trellis pattern, cask pattern, and endless knot pattern. On its surface, all sorts of jewels and pearls can be sewn into auspicious patterns. “The coronet was worn for decoration and as an expression of status among the royalty.”(Zhou Jiapei,2020,p. 11)
 “Bianfang was a headdress often used by royal and noble women in the Qing Dynasty when updoing their hair.”(Zhou Jiapei,2020,p. 15) It was popular among the women at the Qing court, which was made of precious materials and employed many artistic techniques.

@@ Line 536: / Line 536: @@
 The Qing dynasty is the last dynasty in China's long feudal history, its unique history and culture all have a profound influence on the jewelry at that time. With a more conservative culture, jewelry style at that time was more and more royal and courtly, and its design and production were extremely neat and gorgeous. The delicacy and fine workmanship of gold and silver products far exceeded that of previous dynasties. Under its unique cultural background and etiquette system, it can be found that the Qing Dynasty imperial jewelry has more class nature, and people of different levels strictly follow different wearing standards.
 ===Various Kinds of Imperial Jewelry===
-The Palace Museum has a wide variety of cultural relics in its collection. “Jewelry, in the traditional sense, only refers to the headdress of men and women. Now it generally refers to all kinds of jewelry made of precious metals and gems.”(Qiu Taige,2019,p. 177) This paper mainly discusses the imperial jewelry collection of the Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum and divides them into different kinds of ornaments and accessories. The head ornaments include: coronet(Chaoguan), hairpin(Zanzi) and rectangular hair ornament(Bianfang); ear ornaments include earrings and pendants; neck ornaments include: beads and collars; hand accessories include: bracelets, rings, nail covers, strings, etc.
+The Palace Museum has a wide variety of cultural relics in its collection. Jewelry, in the traditional sense, only refers to the headdress of men and women. Now it generally refers to all kinds of jewelry made of precious metals and gems.(Qiu Taige,2019) This paper mainly discusses the imperial jewelry collection of the Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum and divides them into different kinds of ornaments and accessories. The head ornaments include: coronet(Chaoguan), hairpin(Zanzi) and rectangular hair ornament(Bianfang); ear ornaments include earrings and pendants; neck ornaments include: beads and collars; hand accessories include: bracelets, rings, nail covers, strings, etc.
 The representative jewelry is the coronet and Bianfang, both of which designed for popular Manchu hair style. “With great changes in the status of Manchu women, and because of their increasingly gorgeous clothing, headdresses also derived new different styles, such as the ‘Yizi hairstyle’ and ‘Liangba hairstyle’.”(Chi Jiaxuan,2020,p. 21)The coronet is an informal crown for imperial ladies including empresses and high-ranking concubines. It generally has a rattan frame or a black-silk-thread frame wound on a paperboard or iron wire in various designs, such as trellis pattern, cask pattern, and endless knot pattern. On its surface, all sorts of jewels and pearls can be sewn into auspicious patterns. “The coronet was worn for decoration and as an expression of status among the royalty.”(Zhou Jiapei,2020,p. 11)
 “Bianfang was a headdress often used by royal and noble women in the Qing Dynasty when updoing their hair.”(Zhou Jiapei,2020,p. 15) It was popular among the women at the Qing court, which was made of precious materials and employed many artistic techniques.
@@ Line 550: / Line 550: @@
 ===References===
 [1] 仇泰格.(2019).珠玉以饰 琳琅满目 乾隆时期皇室成员的婚嫁首饰. 紫禁城(04),116-131.
 [2] 池佳璇.(2020).满族女性头饰艺术在当代的传承与转化.中央民族大学,MA thesis.
 [3] 周嘉佩.(2020).清朝皇室女性头饰研究.中国地质大学(北京),MA thesis.
 [4] 孔艳菊.(2016).从修复的几件首饰谈清代宫廷首饰工艺. 紫禁城(07),144-151.
 ===Terms and Expressions===
 头饰：headdress
 朝冠：coronet(chaoguan)
 簪子：hairpin(zanzi)
 扁方：rectangular hair ornament( bianfang)
 耳坠：pendants
 朝珠：beads
 领约：collars
 指甲套：nail covers
 手串：strings
 一字头：Yizi hairstyle
 两把头：Liangba hairstyle
 皇后：empresses
 嫔妃：concubines
 方格纹：trellis pattern
 钱纹：cask pattern
 盘肠：endless knot pattern
 造办处：the Qing imperial workshops(Zaoban chu)
 广储司：the Imperial Household Department’s Storage Office (Guangchu si)
 花丝镶嵌：filigree mosaic
 镶嵌：inlay
 点翠：Tian-tsui；dotting with kingfishers；Kingfisher
 东珠：eastern pearls
 蓝宝石：sapphire
 翡翠：jadeite
 玛瑙：onyx
 沉香木：sunken wood
 玳瑁：tortoiseshell, sea-turtle shell
 甄嬛传：Empresses in the Palace
 满族：Manchu
 ===Questions===
 .When did the Filigree inlay process begin?
 A.during the Spring and Autumn Period
 B.during the Qin Dynasty
 C.during the Tang Dynasty
 .What do hand accessories of imperial jewelry include?
 A.bracelets
 B.rings
 C.nail covers
 D.strings
 . Which two crafts reached the pinnacle of techniques of Qing dynasty in all kinds of jewelry?
 A. engraved design
 B. filigree inlay
 C. Kingfisher
 .What is mostly reflected hierarchical status in Qing Dynasty Royal Jewelry?
 A. by the number of inlaid eastern pearls and the type of gemstones on the jewelry.
 B. By the designs and skills used in the jewelry
@@ Line 603: / Line 641: @@
 ===Answers===
 Correct answers are:
 .A
 .ABCD
 .BC
 .A

@@ Line 534: / Line 534: @@
 故宫，清代皇家首饰，点翠，花丝镶嵌
 ===Introduction===
-The Qing dynasty is the last one in China's long feudal history, its unique history and culture all have a profound influence on the jewelry at that time. In the late feudal society of China, the culture of the Qing Dynasty was more conservative. Jewelry style was more and more royal and courtly, and its design and production was extremely neat and gorgeous. The delicacy and fine workmanship of gold and silver products were far exceeded that of previous dynasties. Under its unique cultural background and etiquette system, it can be found that the Qing Dynasty royal court jewelry is very classy, and people of different levels strictly follow different wearing standards.
+The Qing dynasty is the last dynasty in China's long feudal history, its unique history and culture all have a profound influence on the jewelry at that time. With a more conservative culture, jewelry style at that time was more and more royal and courtly, and its design and production were extremely neat and gorgeous. The delicacy and fine workmanship of gold and silver products far exceeded that of previous dynasties. Under its unique cultural background and etiquette system, it can be found that the Qing Dynasty imperial jewelry has more class nature, and people of different levels strictly follow different wearing standards.
 ===Various Kinds of Imperial Jewelry===
-The Palace Museum has a wide variety of cultural relics in its collection. Jewelry, in the traditional sense, only refers to the headdress of men and women. Now it generally refers to all kinds of jewelry made of precious metals and gems.(Qiu Taige, 177) This paper mainly discusses the imperial jewelry collection of the Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum, and divides them into different ornaments and accessories. The head ornaments includes: coronet(chaoguan), hairpin(zanzi), rectangular hair ornament(bianfang); ear ornaments include earrings and pendants; neck ornaments include: beads, collars; hand accessories include: bracelets, rings, nail covers, strings, etc.
+The Palace Museum has a wide variety of cultural relics in its collection. “Jewelry, in the traditional sense, only refers to the headdress of men and women. Now it generally refers to all kinds of jewelry made of precious metals and gems.”(Qiu Taige,2019,p. 177) This paper mainly discusses the imperial jewelry collection of the Qing Dynasty in the Palace Museum and divides them into different kinds of ornaments and accessories. The head ornaments include: coronet(Chaoguan), hairpin(Zanzi) and rectangular hair ornament(Bianfang); ear ornaments include earrings and pendants; neck ornaments include: beads and collars; hand accessories include: bracelets, rings, nail covers, strings, etc.
-The representative jewelry is the coronet and bianfang, both designed for the Manchu popular hair style. With great changes in the status of Manchu women, and because of their increasingly gorgeous clothing, headdress also derived new different styles, such as “Yizi hairstyle” and “Liangba hairstyle”.(Chi Jiaxuan, 21)The coronet is an informal crown for imperial ladies including empresses and high-ranking concubines. It generally has a rattan frame or a black-silk-thread frame wound on a paperboard or iron wire in various designs, such as trellis pattern, cask pattern, endless knot pattern. On the surface, all sorts of jewels and pearls can be sewn into auspicious patterns.The coronet was worn for decoration and as an expression of status among the royalty.(Zhou Jiapei,11)
+The representative jewelry is the coronet and Bianfang, both of which designed for popular Manchu hair style. “With great changes in the status of Manchu women, and because of their increasingly gorgeous clothing, headdresses also derived new different styles, such as the ‘Yizi hairstyle’ and ‘Liangba hairstyle’.”(Chi Jiaxuan,2020,p. 21)The coronet is an informal crown for imperial ladies including empresses and high-ranking concubines. It generally has a rattan frame or a black-silk-thread frame wound on a paperboard or iron wire in various designs, such as trellis pattern, cask pattern, and endless knot pattern. On its surface, all sorts of jewels and pearls can be sewn into auspicious patterns. “The coronet was worn for decoration and as an expression of status among the royalty.”(Zhou Jiapei,2020,p. 11)
-Bianfang was a headdress often used by royal and noble women in the Qing Dynasty when updoing their hair.(Zhou Jiapei,15) It were popular among the women at the Qing court, which were made of precious materials and employed many artistic techniques.
+“Bianfang was a headdress often used by royal and noble women in the Qing Dynasty when updoing their hair.”(Zhou Jiapei,2020,p. 15) It was popular among the women at the Qing court, which was made of precious materials and employed many artistic techniques.
 ===The Exquisite Skills of Imperial Jewelry===
-The Palace Museum collection of jewelry consists of articles personally owned and worn by Qing empresses and concubines. These pieces were originally crafted by the Qing imperial workshops (Zaoban chu) and preserved by the Imperial Household Department’s Storage Office (Guangchu si). The elegant articles were all finely crafted with precious metals and countless gems.The craft of jewelry in the Qing Dynasty reached the peak in history, especially with the two crafts of filigree mosaic and Kingfisher.
+The Palace Museum collection of jewelry consists of articles personally owned and worn by Qing empresses and concubines. These pieces were originally crafted by the Qing imperial workshops (Zaoban chu) and preserved by the Imperial Household Department’s Storage Office (Guangchu si). The elegant articles were all finely crafted with precious metals and countless gems.The craft of jewelry in the Qing Dynasty reached its peak in history, especially with the two crafts of filigree mosaic and Kingfisher.
-Filigree inlaid metal art(花丝镶嵌) is one of the eight traditional arts and crafts of Beijing. Use of the filigree-inlay process began during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476BC), and the process flourished during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).The craftsmen create metal art works from thin strips of gold or silver through piling and weaving. Then the gold and silver strips are hammered into already crafted metal ware. The metal ware is then decorated with carved patterns and inlaid with precious materials such as gems, pearls and woven patterns.
+Filigree inlaid metal art(花丝镶嵌) is one of the eight traditional arts and crafts of Beijing. Use of the filigree-inlay process began during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476BC) and flourished during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).The craftsmen create metal artworks from thin strips of gold or silver through piling and weaving. Then the gold and silver strips are hammered into already crafted metal ware. The metal ware is then decorated with carved patterns and inlaid with precious materials such as gems, pearls and woven patterns.
-Tian-tsui ( "dotting with kingfishers") is a style of Chinese art featuring kingfisher feathers. It appeared as early as the Han Dynasty on the headdress, and was widely used in the Ming and Qing dynasties.( Kong Yanju, 150) The Chinese have been using the iridescent blue feathers of kingfisher birds as an inlay for fine art objects and adornment. Kingfisher feathers are painstakingly cut and glued onto gilt silver.
+Tian-tsui ( "dotting with kingfishers") is a style of Chinese art featuring kingfisher feathers. “It appeared as early as the Han Dynasty on the headdress and was widely used in the Ming and Qing dynasties.”(Kong Yanju,2016,p. 150) The Chinese have been using the iridescent blue feathers of kingfisher birds as an inlay for fine art objects and adornment. Kingfisher feathers are painstakingly cut and glued onto gilt silver.
 ===The Strict Ranking System behind Imperial Jewelry===
-For ancient nobles, wearing jewelry is more functional. The manner of wearing, production techniques, types of jewelry all follow strict rules, which could not be too personalized, and should meet the requirements of identity and style of clothing.( Kong Yanju, 144)So various designs and styles represent a strictly defined ranking system among the palace women.
+For ancient nobles, wearing jewelry is more for functional purpose. “The manner of wearing, production techniques, and types of jewelry all follow strict rules, which could not be too personalized and should meet the requirements of identity and style of clothing.”(Kong Yanju, 2016,p. 144)So various designs and styles represent a strictly defined ranking system among the palace women.
-The jewelry in the marriage of members of the Qing dynasty royal family often reflects the hierarchical status of the user...this hierarchical status is mostly reflected by the number of inlaid eastern pearls and the type of gemstones on the jewelry.(Chou Taige, 130)For material, there are ruby, sapphire, jade, jadeite, crystal, pearl, onyx, gold and silver, sunken wood, tortoiseshell and so on. Jewelry for different levels of royal concubines should select material according to their noble degree. (Kong Yanju, 144)It is precisely this kind of ritual in the Qing Dynasty that is extremely complicated and attaches great importance to the etiquette and custom characteristics of the difference between ranks, thus giving rise to the very clear headdress wearing norms for the class division of concubines with different names and titles.(Zhou Jiapei,7)In the drama Empresses in the Palace, the differences in the makeup of different concubines are restored, which not only restores the headdress hierarchy of the concubines at that time, but also shows the characters and status of different concubines with various ornaments.
+“The jewelry in the marriage of members of the Qing dynasty royal family often reflects the hierarchical status of the user...this hierarchical status is mostly reflected by the number of inlaid eastern pearls and the type of gemstones on the jewelry.”(Qiu Taige,2019,p. 130)For material, there are ruby, sapphire, jade, jadeite, crystal, pearl, onyx, gold and silver, sunken wood, tortoiseshell and so on. “Jewelry for different levels of royal concubines should select material according to their noble degree.”(Kong Yanju,2016,p. 144) “It is precisely this kind of ritual in the Qing Dynasty that is extremely complicated and attaches great importance to the etiquette and custom characteristics of the difference between ranks, thus giving rise to the very clear headdress wearing norms for the class division of concubines with different names and titles.”(Zhou Jiapei,2020,p. 7)In the drama Empresses in the Palace, the differences in the makeup of concubines are restored, which not only restores the headdress hierarchy of the concubines at that time, but also shows the characters and status of different concubines with various ornaments.
 ===Conclusion===
-The craftsmanship of the Qing Dynasty developed to the highest level in the feudal society. The research on the jewelry craftsmanship at that time show the perfect combination of the spiritual pursuit of aesthetic appreciation and skills of the jewelry artisans. The exquisite and complex degree of the craftsmanship of the royal jewelry in the Palace Museum was impressive. Through the study of royal jewelry, the hierarchy reflected behind it is helpful for people to have a more real understanding of history and the characteristics of the Qing Dynasty.
+The craftsmanship of the Qing Dynasty developed to the highest level in feudal society.  Research on jewelry craftsmanship at that time show the perfect combination of the spiritual pursuit of aesthetic appreciation and the skills of the jewelry artisans. The exquisiteness and intricacy of the craftsmanship of the royal jewelry in the Palace Museum is impressive. The study of royal jewelry, and the hierarchy reflected behind it are helpful for people to have a deeper understanding of the history and characteristics of the Qing Dynasty.
 ===References===
 [1] 仇泰格.(2019).珠玉以饰 琳琅满目 乾隆时期皇室成员的婚嫁首饰. 紫禁城(04),116-131.
-[2] 池佳璇.满族女性头饰艺术在当代的传承与转化.2020.中央民族大学,MA thesis.
+[2] 池佳璇.(2020).满族女性头饰艺术在当代的传承与转化.中央民族大学,MA thesis.
-[3] 周嘉佩.清朝皇室女性头饰研究.2020.中国地质大学(北京),MA thesis.
+[3] 周嘉佩.(2020).清朝皇室女性头饰研究.中国地质大学(北京),MA thesis.
 [4] 孔艳菊.(2016).从修复的几件首饰谈清代宫廷首饰工艺. 紫禁城(07),144-151.
 ===Terms and Expressions===
@@ Line 566: / Line 566: @@
 两把头：Liangba hairstyle
 皇后：empresses
-嫔妃：empresses
+嫔妃：concubines
 方格纹：trellis pattern
 钱纹：cask pattern
@@ Line 577: / Line 577: @@
 东珠：eastern pearls
 蓝宝石：sapphire
-翡翠：onyx
+翡翠：jadeite
 玛瑙：onyx
 沉香木：sunken wood
@@ Line 606: / Line 606: @@
 .ABCD
 .BC
+.A
 =202270081675 张海珊 Zhang Haishan 英语笔译(English translation)=

@@ Line 290: / Line 290: @@
 <center> Yang Siyin, 202270081673. </center>
 ===Abstract===
-Nowadays, as living with COVID has become the norm for people around the world. However, after patients recovering from the COVID, some symptoms caused by the Covid still maintain and affect their daily life. Traditional Chinese medicine has been passed down for more than one thousand years and has its own complete theoretical system and mature prescriptions. Due to its characteristics of multicomponent, multitarget and multipathway treatment, it can be used in combating COVID and can still be a treatment for Long COVID.
+Nowadays, as living with COVID has become the norm for people around the world. However, after patients recovering from the COVID, some symptoms caused by the Covid still maintain and affect their daily life, which is called Long covid. Traditional Chinese medicine has been passed down for more than one thousand years and has its own complete theoretical system and mature prescriptions. Due to its characteristics of multicomponent, multitarget and multipathway treatment, it can be used in combating COVID and can still be a treatment for Long COVID.
 ===Key Words===
 TCM; Long COVID; Lianhua Qingwen; Omicron
@@ Line 296: / Line 296: @@
 中医可作为新冠后遗症中的一种治疗方式
 ===摘要===
-如今，新冠已经成为人们生活的一种常态。然而，有些人在感染恢复后仍会出现不同程度的病症，影响着他们的生活。而中医有着悠久的历史，由于其多组分、多靶点、多途径治疗的特点，一直用于治疗新冠病毒，并且它也可作为治疗新冠后遗症的一种方式。
+如今，新冠已经成为人们生活的一种常态。然而，有些人在感染恢复后仍会出现不同程度的病症，影响着他们的生活,而这就叫新冠后遗症。而中医有着悠久的历史，由于其多组分、多靶点、多途径治疗的特点，一直用于治疗新冠病毒，并且它也可作为治疗新冠后遗症的一种方式。
 ===关键词===
 中医；新冠后遗症；连花清瘟；奥密克戎
 ===Introduction===
-Since the outbreak of COVID in 2019, the whole world has lived with it for 3 years. With the continuous evolvement of the virus, medical workers and professors strove to search for effective approaches and treatment. However, It is uncertain that how long we will live with COVID. More seriously, researchers found that some symptoms resulting from the COVID will linger even though patients recovered, and this is called the long COVID.
+Since the outbreak of COVID in 2019, the whole world has lived with it for 3 years. With the continuous evolvement of the virus, medical workers and professors strove to search for effective approaches and treatment. However, It is uncertain that how long we will live with COVID. More seriously, researchers found that some symptoms resulting from the COVID will linger even though patients recovered, and this is called the long COVID. Patients will still suffer from fatigue, cough, loss of taste, breathing difficulties, and different people will have different symptoms.
 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used in the treatment of infectious diseases in China for thousands of years, including SARS, influenza, and community-acquired pneumonia. Now, it has widely been used in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. COVID-19 is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). At present, no specific antiviral drug exists for the treatment of COVID-19. However, due to its unique characteristics of TCM, it can still be one effective method to combat the long COVID.
 ===What is the long covid?===

@@ Line 290: / Line 290: @@
 <center> Yang Siyin, 202270081673. </center>
 ===Abstract===
-Traditional Chinese medicine has been passed down for more than one thousand years and has its own complete theoretical system and mature prescriptions. Due to its characteristics of multicomponent, multitarget and multipathway treatment, it can be used in combating COVID. Nowadays, as living with COVID has become the norm for people around the world, TCM can still be a treatment for Long COVID.
+Nowadays, as living with COVID has become the norm for people around the world. However, after patients recovering from the COVID, some symptoms caused by the Covid still maintain and affect their daily life. Traditional Chinese medicine has been passed down for more than one thousand years and has its own complete theoretical system and mature prescriptions. Due to its characteristics of multicomponent, multitarget and multipathway treatment, it can be used in combating COVID and can still be a treatment for Long COVID.
 ===Key Words===
 TCM; Long COVID; Lianhua Qingwen; Omicron
 ===题目===
-中医可作为长期疫情中的一种治疗方式
+中医可作为新冠后遗症中的一种治疗方式
 ===摘要===
-中医有一千多年的历史，有自己完整的理论体系和成熟的药方。由于其多成分、多靶点、多途径治疗的特点，可用于抗击新冠肺炎。如今由于新冠病毒已渗透到世界各地人们的日常生活中，中医仍然可以作为治疗长冠病毒的一种方法。
+如今，新冠已经成为人们生活的一种常态。然而，有些人在感染恢复后仍会出现不同程度的病症，影响着他们的生活。而中医有着悠久的历史，由于其多组分、多靶点、多途径治疗的特点，一直用于治疗新冠病毒，并且它也可作为治疗新冠后遗症的一种方式。
 ===关键词===
-中医；长期疫情；连花清瘟；奥密克戎
+中医；新冠后遗症；连花清瘟；奥密克戎
 ===Introduction===
-Since the outbreak of COVID in 2019, the whole world has lived with it for 3 years. With the continuous evolvement of the virus, medical workers and professors strove to search for effective approaches and treatment. However, It is uncertain that how long we will live with COVID.
+Since the outbreak of COVID in 2019, the whole world has lived with it for 3 years. With the continuous evolvement of the virus, medical workers and professors strove to search for effective approaches and treatment. However, It is uncertain that how long we will live with COVID. More seriously, researchers found that some symptoms resulting from the COVID will linger even though patients recovered, and this is called the long COVID.
-Nowadays, China has launched new policies to combat COVID. In the consideration of residents’ livelihood and economic recovery, there will be no quarantine periods, periodic nucleic acid testing, QR code and so on in China. It seems that everything will restore in normalcy early in the future. However, the virus is still there and it evolves with the passing of time. Hence, individuals should be more vigilant and careful during the Long COVID period, as the possibility to get infected will mount.
+Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used in the treatment of infectious diseases in China for thousands of years, including SARS, influenza, and community-acquired pneumonia. Now, it has widely been used in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. COVID-19 is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). At present, no specific antiviral drug exists for the treatment of COVID-19. However, due to its unique characteristics of TCM, it can still be one effective method to combat the long COVID.
-Nowadays, Omicron strain has replaced Delta virus, becoming the main epidemic strain. The Omicron variant spreads much faster and causes less severe disease than the original virus, Beta, Delta variants, etc. Compared with Delta virus, Omicron strain has the characteristics of stronger infectivity and faster transmission, but patients infected by this strain may have little possibility to suffer severe and critical types. Effectively, if infected, there is no need to worry about your health as the effects of this variant are less severe and critical and TCM can be an option of treatment.
+===What is the long covid?===
-Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been widely used in the treatment of infectious diseases in China for thousands of years, including SARS, influenza, and community-acquired pneumonia. Now, it has widely been used in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. COVID-19 is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). At present, no specific antiviral drug exists for the treatment of COVID-19. But TCM has been proved to be one effective method to combat COVID.
+According to the WHO, the definition of the long covid is that within 3 months after the infection of COVID-19, symptoms other than those caused by other diseases appeared, which lasted for at least 2 months and affected daily life. There are three characteristics of the long covid. The first one is that it is widely-affected, as patients of all ages and with different symptoms may all experience post-covid conditions. The second one is that patients suffering post-covid conditions will have different symptoms, including fatigue, breathing difficulties, loss of taste and so on. The third one is that the period of long covid is long and sustainable.
 ===The advantages of TCM===
 The multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway treatment characteristics of TCM have great advantages in combatting COVID-19. [Chang-Liang Yao,Wen-Long Wei,Jian-Qing Zhang,Qi-Rui Bi,Jia-Yuan Li,Ikhlas Khan,Rudolf Bauer,De-An Guo, 2022, 14]
 First of all, Traditional Chinese medicine can promote the interaction of various drugs to maximize the therapeutic effect and minimize the toxic and side effects at the same time.
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 Secondly, TCM has the advantage of flexibility, and the rich components in TCM formulas exert different synergistic effects for different variants. Nowadays, the virus changed over time and will proceed to change as it circulated. Due to the characteristics of the symptomatic treatment in TCM, they are still effective against the current variants.
 Thirdly, TCM are affordable, safe and effective. Normally, every pharmacies in China will contain these medicines. Hence, residents can buy these medicines in advance, preparing for the future challenge.
 ===TCM for the  treatment of Long COVID===
 According to researches, TCM can produce a reduced rate of progression to severe COVID-19 and it can shorten duration of fever, cough, and fatigue, help patients with inflammatory relieve their symptoms and help shorten the time between receiving treatment and inflammation absorption.
@@ Line 319: / Line 317: @@
 Moreover, in clinical treatment, the combination of TCM and other drugs can improve efficiency and fever, with good clinical safety. Normally, three medications (Lianhua Qingwen capsules, Jinhua Qinggan granules, and Xuebijing injection) and three prescriptions (Lung Clearing and Detoxifying decoction, Huashi Baidu Fang, and Xuanfei Baidu Fang) have been selected as the recommended Chinese medicines for the treatment of COVID-19.[Han-ting Wu,Cong-hua Ji,Rong-chen Dai,Pei-jie Hei,Juan Liang,Xia-qiu Wu,Qiu-shuang Li,Jun-chao Yang,Wei Mao,Qing Guo,2022,416.] These three medications are all herbal drugs approved for sale, and all three play an important role in the treatment of COVID-19 and have significant clinical effects in patients with COVID-19.
 ===Conclusion===
-TCM has always been used in the combat of COVID, and it will continue to serve as a treatment for the Long COVID. Due to its rich components and to the characteristics of the symptomatic treatment, it is still effective for evolved variants. Moreover, residents can use TCM for the prevention and treatment of COVID with less side effects and better safety. It can be used to relieve symptoms in a safe and effective way. In the future, the combination of TCM and western medicine can play a crucial role in combating Long COVID, especially for patients with severe symptoms.
+Nowadays, China has launched new policies to combat COVID. In the consideration of residents’ livelihood and economic recovery, there will be no quarantine periods, periodic nucleic acid testing, QR code and so on in China. It seems that everything will restore in normalcy early in the future. However, the virus is still there and it evolves with the passing of time. Hence, individuals should be more vigilant and careful during the Long COVID period, as the possibility to get infected will mount. Omicron strain has replaced Delta virus, becoming the main epidemic strain. The Omicron variant spreads much faster and causes less severe disease than the original virus, Beta, Delta variants, etc. Compared with Delta virus, Omicron strain has the characteristics of stronger infectivity and faster transmission, but patients infected by this strain may have little possibility to suffer severe and critical types. Effectively, if infected, there is no need to worry about your health as the effects of this variant are less severe and critical and TCM can be an option of treatment. TCM has always been used in the combat of COVID, and it will continue to serve as a treatment for the Long COVID. Due to its rich components and to the characteristics of the symptomatic treatment, it is still effective for evolved variants. Moreover, residents can use TCM for the prevention and treatment of COVID with less side effects and better safety. It can be used to relieve symptoms in a safe and effective way. In the future, the combination of TCM and western medicine can play a crucial role in combating Long COVID, especially for patients with severe symptoms.
 ===References===
 [1]天人合一的智慧——中医发展史概述[J].东方养生,1996(06):4-8.

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+.
-= = = Answers = = =
+===Answers===
 Correct answers are:
+.
-. C
+. B
+.
-. ...
+. A
+.
-. ...
+. B
+.
-. ...
+. B
 =202270081672 颜琦 Yan Qi 英语笔译(English translation)=

@@ Line 174: / Line 174: @@
 舞dancing
-= = = Questions = = =
+===Questions===
-. What was first, egg or hen? (preferrable are multi choice questions)
+. How many kinds of Errenzhuan are there?
+.
-A Egg. B Hen. C Eggs were already produced by animals before chicken occured. D This is a rhethorical question, there is no answer to it, I refuse to answer.
+. In which part of China is Errenzuan popular?
+.
-. ...
+. How many parts does Errenzhuan have?
+.
-. ...
+. How many angles are there in each handkerchief?
+A 4. B 8. C 12. D 16.
+.
 = = = Answers = = =
 Correct answers are: