20230630 final exam 05 - Revision history

Root at 18:57, 16 July 2023

2023-07-16T18:57:27Z

Liang Xinlu: /* Reference */

2023-06-14T18:14:58Z

Reference

Liang Xinlu: /* An Overview of Metaphor and TCM */

2023-06-14T18:13:37Z

An Overview of Metaphor and TCM

Liang Xinlu: /* 202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpreting) */

2023-06-14T18:12:20Z

202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpreting)

Liang Xinlu: /* 202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpreting) */

2023-06-14T18:10:30Z

202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpreting)

Show changes

Zhang Wenqi: /* Conclusion */

2023-06-06T10:38:23Z

Conclusion

Zhang Wenqi: /* 2. The Characteristics of English Translation in Different Periods */

2023-06-06T10:35:00Z

2. The Characteristics of English Translation in Different Periods

Zhang Wenqi: /* 1. Three Periods of the English Translation of Shi Jing */

2023-06-06T10:14:58Z

1. Three Periods of the English Translation of Shi Jing

Show changes

Zhang Wenqi: /* 诗经在英语世界的翻译与传播 */

2023-06-06T05:37:44Z

诗经在英语世界的翻译与传播

Zhang Wenqi: /* 202270081680 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi 英语笔译(English translation) */

2023-06-05T17:38:45Z

202270081680 张文琦 Zhang Wenqi 英语笔译(English translation)

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:57, 16 July 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	*Shortlink back to Homepage: [[Chinese_Classics_Translation_Spring_2023]]
		+	*Shortlink to Final Exam Paper website [[20230630_Classics]]
	=202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpreting)=		=202270081692 梁昕璐 Liang Xinlu 英语口译(English interpreting)=
	== A Literature Review of Traditional Chinese Medicine Translation==		== A Literature Review of Traditional Chinese Medicine Translation==

@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 [1]蔡梦圆,杨丽,陈骥.中医英译在中医药国际传播中的作用与思考——以3个新型冠状病毒肺炎中医诊疗方案英译为例[J].中国中医药图书情报杂志,2021,45(06):35-38+42.
 [2]丁立福,郭智莉,张健.论中医药国际化进程中的译介成果、挑战及对策[J].安徽理工大学学报(社会科学版),2021,23(04):74-79.
 [3]武永胜,赵玉华.中医语言的特点及其翻译研究[J].兰州职业技术学院学报,2023,39(02):63-65.
 [4]李成华,孔冉冉,孙慧明.中医翻译理论与话语权构建[J].中国医药导报,2023,20(06):194-197.DOI:10.20047/j.issn1673-7210.2023.06.45.
 [5]徐伟,刘盼盼.隐喻视角下的中医语言特点及《黄帝内经》翻译研究[J].英语广场,2022(20):40-42.DOI:10.16723/j.cnki.yygc.2022.20.032.
 [6]张琳琳.中医英语翻译的问题和对策探析[J].国医论坛,2022,37(04):68-70.DOI:10.13913/j.cnki.41-1110/r.2022.04.018.

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 .Meaning of exploring metaphor
- Every aspect of human life is influenced and shaped by culture. Culture determines people's ways of existence, self-expression, behavior, and thinking. Analogical thinking is a unique cognitive method deeply rooted in Chinese culture. The strong metaphorical nature of TCM requires the translation of TCM terminology from a metaphorical perspective. In general, human language and thinking are inherently metaphorical, which is a shared experience among all human beings. This provides the possibility for readers of other languages to understand foreign metaphors and embrace new thought patterns.
+Every aspect of human life is influenced and shaped by culture. Culture determines people's ways of existence, self-expression, behavior, and thinking. Analogical thinking is a unique cognitive method deeply rooted in Chinese culture. The strong metaphorical nature of TCM requires the translation of TCM terminology from a metaphorical perspective. In general, human language and thinking are inherently metaphorical, which is a shared experience among all human beings. This provides the possibility for readers of other languages to understand foreign metaphors and embrace new thought patterns.
 Therefore, in the long run, if target language readers can comprehend the metaphors in TCM, they will be better able to embrace TCM thinking. This will serve as a more effective approach to promote the acceptance and dissemination of TCM.

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 .Development stages
- The English translation of TCM classics has gone through four significant historical stages.
 The first stage took place from the mid-18th century to the late 19th century when Western knowledge gradually reached the East and Chinese knowledge spread to the West. During this period, foreign missionaries and sinologists translated some TCM classics, introducing TCM materia medica, pulse diagnosis, and organ systems. However, the translation results were to some extent constrained by the translators' understanding of TCM theories and influenced by Western culture.
@@ Line 64: / Line 65: @@
 When interpreting TCM, the ancient people were not only influenced by the natural world but also by the political hierarchy of their time. In ancient society, with "ritual" as its core, a strict political hierarchy was established, and a series of metaphors related to politics emerged in TCM. For example, mappings were made between official positions (yuan yu) and the study of TCM. The "Huangdi Neijing" states, "The main disease is called 'jun' (ruler), and assisting the 'jun' is called 'chen' (minister), and corresponding to the 'chen' is called 'shi' (envoy), not referring to the three classes of garments for upper, middle, and lower ranks" (Li Zhaoguo, 2008:1228). In this sentence, "the main disease is called 'jun'" refers to the "jun" in herbal formulations, which represents the main medicinal ingredient used to treat the disease. "Zuo" refers to assistance. "Assisting the 'jun' is called 'chen'" refers to the "chen" in herbal formulations, which represents the medicinal ingredients that assist the main ingredient in exerting its effects. "Ying chen" refers to the response or interaction with the "chen" ingredients. "Corresponding to the 'chen' is called 'shi'" refers to the "shi" in herbal formulations, which represents the medicinal ingredients that assist the "chen" ingredients in exerting their effects. TCM uses the hierarchical relationship of rulers and ministers to metaphorically represent the importance of medicinal substances in treating diseases.
 .Meaning of exploring metaphor
@@ Line 151: / Line 150: @@
 ===Reference===
 [1]蔡梦圆,杨丽,陈骥.中医英译在中医药国际传播中的作用与思考——以3个新型冠状病毒肺炎中医诊疗方案英译为例[J].中国中医药图书情报杂志,2021,45(06):35-38+42.
 [2]丁立福,郭智莉,张健.论中医药国际化进程中的译介成果、挑战及对策[J].安徽理工大学学报(社会科学版),2021,23(04):74-79.

@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 ===Conclusion===
-This article is mainly based on the English translation practice of Shi Jing both domestically and internationally, attempting to outline the historical development trajectory of the English translation of Shi Jing. The turn of the 18th and 19th centuries was the translation period of Shi Jing, and the 1870s to 1980s were the complete translation period of Shi Jing. The 1980s have been the new era of the English translation of Shi Jing. In addition, the author summarizes the characteristics of English translation of Shi Jing in different periods. In short, during the more than 200 year historical process of translating Shi Jing into English, with the tireless efforts of overseas sinologists and local Chinese scholars, there have been numerous English translations of Shi Jing, including excerpts, selective translations, and complete translations. These translations with different styles have laid the foundation for the study of the translation of Shi Jing, and have made great contributions to the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures, Chinese literature, and the internationalization of Chinese culture.
+This article is mainly based on the English translation practice of ''Shi Jing'' both domestically and internationally, attempting to outline the historical development trajectory of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. The turn of the 18th and 19th centuries was the indirect translation period of ''Shi Jing'', and the 1870s to 1980s were the complete translation period of ''Shi Jing''. The 1980s have been the new era of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. In addition, the author summarizes the characteristics of English translation of ''Shi Jing'' in different periods. In short, during the more than 200 year historical process of translating ''Shi Jing'' into English, with the tireless efforts of overseas sinologists and local Chinese scholars, there have been numerous English translations of ''Shi Jing'', including excerpts, selective translations, and complete translations. These translations with different styles have laid the foundation for the study of the translation of ''Shi Jing'', and have made great contributions to the exchange of Chinese and Western cultures, Chinese literature, and the internationalization of Chinese culture.
 ===References===

@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 ===2. The Characteristics of English Translation in Different Periods===
-From 1735 to 1829 underwent the indirect and selective translation period of the English translation of Shi Jing,whose the most conspicuous feature is that it mainly focused on the indirect translation. At this stage, most translators did not understand or were not proficient in Chinese. Hence they mainly relyed on the interlanguage translation, which will inevitably lead to the translations imprinted with the language and culture in interlanguage, as well as translator’s style. Also, in terms of language, culture, and style, they failed to be faithful to the original text, and problems such as mistranslation, addition, and omission would occur frequently. At this stage, there was no complete English translation yet, nor a specialized selective translation of Shi Jing. The number of excerpts is small, and most of them only selected a few poems or some chapters of the poems. Moreover, the selective translations of Shi Jing only served as auxiliary functions in the original book, rather than being used for specialized translation and introduction of Shi Jing. Small though the number of English translations of Shi Jing during this stage was small, they initiated the dissemination of English translations of Shi Jing, marking the embryonic stage of its English translation.
+From 1735 to 1829 underwent the indirect and selective translation period of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'',whose the most conspicuous feature is that it mainly focused on the indirect translation. At this stage, most translators did not understand or were not proficient in Chinese. Hence they mainly relyed on the interlanguage translation, which will inevitably lead to the translations imprinted with the language and culture in interlanguage, as well as translator’s style. Also, in terms of language, culture, and style, they failed to be faithful to the original text, and problems such as mistranslation, addition, and omission would occur frequently. At this stage, there was no complete English translation yet, nor a specialized selective translation of ''Shi Jing''. The number of excerpts is small, and most of them only selected a few poems or some chapters of the poems. Moreover, the selective translations of ''Shi Jing'' only served as auxiliary functions in the original book, rather than being used for specialized translation and introduction of ''Shi Jing''. Small though the number of English translations of ''Shi Jing'' during this stage was small, they initiated the dissemination of English translations of Shi Jing, marking the embryonic stage of its English translation.
-From the 1870s to the 1980s, the English translation of Shi Jing was in its heyday. In the past 100 years, there were not only several selected versions, most of which appeared in special collections of English translations of Chinese poetry, but also a number of full English versions of Shi Jing, such as James Legge’s porse version and rhymed version, Waley’s version, Pound’s version, etc. At this stage, the identities of translators are more diverse, including missionaries, diplomats, sinologists, poets, translators, etc. Most of them are proficient in Chinese and have in-depth research on Chinese language and Chinese culture. Therefore, there is a decrease in translation at this stage, and most of them translated directly. From the perspective of the ethnics of the translators, there are English and American translators, Swedish translators, Irish translators, Chinese American translators, and cooperative translation between English and American translators and Chinese scholars at this stage. In terms of translation style, there are translators for rhyme and against rhyme, and translators attempting to translate. At this stage, Western translators took the English translation and research of Shi Jing to a new platform, both in terms of breadth and depth, which greatly promotes its dissemination in the English world.
+From the 1870s to the 1980s, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' was in its heyday. In the past 100 years, there were not only several selected versions, most of which appeared in special collections of English translations of Chinese poetry, but also a number of full English versions of ''Shi Jing'', such as James Legge’s porse version and rhymed version, Waley’s version, Pound’s version, etc. At this stage, the identities of translators are more diverse, including missionaries, diplomats, sinologists, poets, translators, etc. Most of them are proficient in Chinese and have in-depth research on Chinese language and Chinese culture. Therefore, there is a decrease in translation at this stage, and most of them translated directly. From the perspective of the ethnics of the translators, there are English and American translators, Swedish translators, Irish translators, Chinese American translators, and cooperative translation between English and American translators and Chinese scholars at this stage. In terms of translation style, there are translators for rhyme and against rhyme, and translators attempting to translate. At this stage, Western translators took the English translation and research of ''Shi Jing'' to a new platform, both in terms of breadth and depth, which greatly promotes its dissemination in the English world.
-Since the 1980s, a group of excellent local Chinese translators have joined the English translation of Shi Jing, promoting the gradual expansion of the English translation of Shi Jing. Over the past twenty years, multiple complete translations came to the world. Most of these translators are both translators and translation theorists. The translation practice of Shi Jing and the formation of translation theory mutually reinforced. Translation strategies presented a coexistence of domestication and foreignization. Many Chinese translators have begun to continuously try to promote the internationalization of Chinese classical culture, forming a new era of English translation of Shi Jing.
+Since the 1980s, a group of excellent local Chinese translators have joined the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', promoting the gradual expansion of the English translation of ''Shi Jing''. Over the past twenty years, multiple complete translations came to the world. Most of these translators are both translators and translation theorists. The translation practice of ''Shi Jing'' and the formation of translation theory mutually reinforced. Translation strategies presented a coexistence of domestication and foreignization. Many Chinese translators have begun to continuously try to promote the internationalization of Chinese classical culture, forming a new era of English translation of ''Shi Jing''.
 ===Conclusion===

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 诗经;英译;三个时期
 ===Introduction===
-Shi Jing, also named Book of Poetry or Book of Songs, is the first collection of poems in China. It consists of 305 poems that vividly show ancient Chinese people’s life from the early Western Zhou Dynasty (the 11th century BC) to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period (the 6th century BC). There are three parts in the book: Feng (160 poems), Ya (74 poems in Xiao Ya and 31 poems in Da Ya), and Song (40 poems). Poems in Feng are mainly folk poems about people’s stories or emotions. Xiao Ya contains some folk poems and nobles’ works, and its most notable works are about fcasts and wars. Most of the poems in Da Ya are produced by imperial nobles. Poems in Song are mainly the song and poetry about the imperial family’s sacrifice to ancestors.
+''Shi Jing'', also named ''Book of Poetry'' or ''Book of Songs'', is the first collection of poems in China. It consists of 305 poems that vividly show ancient Chinese people’s life from the early Western Zhou Dynasty (the 11th century BC) to the middle of the Spring and Autumn period (the 6th century BC). There are three parts in the book: ''Feng'' (160 poems), ''Ya'' (74 poems in Xiao Ya and 31 poems in Da Ya), and ''Song'' (40 poems). Poems in ''Feng'' are mainly folk poems about people’s stories or emotions. ''Xiao Ya'' contains some folk poems and nobles’ works, and its most notable works are about fcasts and wars. Most of the poems in ''Da Ya'' are produced by imperial nobles. Poems in ''Song'' are mainly the song and poetry about the imperial family’s sacrifice to ancestors.
-The language of Shi Jing conveys the beauty of music, with a sentence structure mainly composed of four words, but also flexible and varied. The four sentences independently form a poetic chapter, occasionally mixed with sentence structures of two, three, five, seven, or eight words. Reduplicated chapters, sentences, and characters are common expressive techniques in Shi Jing, and rhythm between spaced sentences, between neighbouring sentences, cross rhyming, and rhyming through the same initial consonants and Chinese vowels are the basic methods in Shi Jing for metric. Shi Jing has unique characteristics in terms of meaning and rhetoric. Commonly used rhetorical devices such as exaggeration, contrast, and duality can be found in this classic. Its creative techniques have had a huge impact on the genre structure, language art, and other aspects of Chinese literature.
+The language of ''Shi Jing'' conveys the beauty of music, with a sentence structure mainly composed of four words, but also flexible and varied. The four sentences independently form a poetic chapter, occasionally mixed with sentence structures of two, three, five, seven, or eight words. Reduplicated chapters, sentences, and characters are common expressive techniques in ''Shi Jing'', and rhythm between spaced sentences, between neighbouring sentences, cross rhyming, and rhyming through the same initial consonants and Chinese vowels are the basic methods in ''Shi Jing'' for metric. ''Shi Jing'' has unique characteristics in terms of meaning and rhetoric. Commonly used rhetorical devices such as exaggeration, contrast, and duality can be found in this classic. Its creative techniques have had a huge impact on the genre structure, language art, and other aspects of Chinese literature.
-The translation and dissenmination of the Shi Jing to foreign countries can be said to have a long history. The work has attracted many readers and scholars and conscquently been translated into many different languages. According to research, Shi Jing was first passed down through the Silk Road and initially spread to China’s neighboring countries such as today’s Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and so on. In the 16th century, Shi Jing began its journey in Europe. The earliest English translation can be traced back to the 18th century. So far, Shi Jing has been translated into dozens of languages and widely disseminated worldwide. Throughout the research on the English translation of Shi Jing both domestically and internationally, it generally includes two aspects: the English translation of Shi Jing and the research of it. In order to comprehensively understand the research on the English translation of Shi Jing, the author consulted a large number of literature, adopted historical analysis methods to examine the history of the English translation of Shi Jing, and then summarized the characteristics of English translation activities in different periods. The author hopes that this article can not only help us understand the dissemination of Shi Jing in the English speaking world, but also provide some reference for future research on related translation.
+The translation and dissenmination of ''Shi Jing'' to foreign countries can be said to have a long history. The work has attracted many readers and scholars and conscquently been translated into many different languages. According to research, ''Shi Jing'' was first passed down through the Silk Road and initially spread to China’s neighboring countries such as today’s Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and so on. In the 16th century, ''Shi Jing'' began its journey in Europe. The earliest English translation can be traced back to the 18th century. So far, ''Shi Jing'' has been translated into dozens of languages and widely disseminated worldwide. Throughout the research on the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' both domestically and internationally, it generally includes two aspects: the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' and the research of it. In order to comprehensively understand the research on the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', the author consulted a large number of literature, adopted historical analysis methods to examine the history of the English translation of ''Shi Jing'', and then summarized the characteristics of English translation activities in different periods. The author hopes that this article can not only help us understand the dissemination of ''Shi Jing'' in the English speaking world, but also provide some reference for future research on related translation.
-===1. Three Periods of the English Translation of Shi Jing===
+===1. Three Periods of the English Translation of ''Shi Jing''===
 ====1.1 The Indirect Translation and Slective Translation Period (1735-1829)====
-According to the available materials, the English translation of Shi Jing began with the indirect translation of Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de L’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise written in French. It was edited by the French Jesuit Jean-Baptiste Du Halde and it has four volumes. In the second volume, he introduced and examined the literariness of Shi Jing, with a collection of eight poems translated by the France Jesuit Joseph Henry de Prémare. The publication of the book in France immediately attracted the attention of the UK publishers. In 1736 and 1738, the Britain Richard Brooks, the London publisher Edward Cave and the translators he organized translated and published the English version of the book the respectively. It was the first time that some of poems of Shi Jing was translated into English.
+According to the available materials, the English translation of ''Shi Jing'' began with the indirect translation of ''Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de L’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise'' written in French. It was edited by the French Jesuit Jean-Baptiste Du Halde and it has four volumes. In the second volume, he introduced and examined the literariness of Shi Jing, with a collection of eight poems translated by the France Jesuit Joseph Henry de Prémare. The publication of the book in France immediately attracted the attention of the UK publishers. In 1736 and 1738, the Britain Richard Brooks, the London publisher Edward Cave and the translators he organized translated and published the English version of the book the respectively. It was the first time that some of poems of ''Shi Jing'' was translated into English.
-In 1761, several excerpts from Shi Jing were contained in the final appendix of the novel Hau Kiou Choaan or The Pleasing History compiled by Thomas Percy. Knowing little about Chinese, Percy translated all those poems indirectly based on the reference to others’ translations. According to Yang Zhiyi (2005), there are seven excerpts respectively translated indirectly from the version in Latin translation of Confucius Sinarum philosophus by Philippe Couplet and others, and cited from the version in the Latin work Musaem Sinicum by German Bayer and the Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de L’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise by Du Halde.
+In 1761, several excerpts from ''Shi Jing'' were contained in the final appendix of the novel ''Hau Kiou Choaan'' or ''The Pleasing History'' compiled by Thomas Percy. Knowing little about Chinese, Percy translated all those poems indirectly based on the reference to others’ translations. According to Yang Zhiyi (2005), there are seven excerpts respectively translated indirectly from the version in Latin translation of ''Confucius Sinarum philosophus'' by Philippe Couplet and others, and cited from the version in the Latin work ''Musaem Sinicum'' by German Bayer and ''the Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de L’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise'' by Du Halde.

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 ===Key Words===
 Shijing; English translation; three periods
-===诗经在英语世界的翻译与传播===
+==诗经在英语世界的翻译与传播==
 ===摘要===
 两个多世纪以来，《诗经》英译本不断涌现，在英语世界广泛传播。繁多的译本为《诗经》的英译传播和研究提供了可行的途径。本文运用历史分析方法梳理、考辩《诗经》的英译历史，尝试描绘出《诗经》英译的历史演进并将其分为转译及摘译期、全译期和新时期，每一时期均简要评述了代表性翻译家及译作。最后，作者分别总结了上述三个阶段英译活动的特征。通过详实考察，本文展现了《诗经》对世界的影响，以及对中国文学走向世界的巨大推动作用。