20230630 final exam culture 01 - Revision history

Shu Sijing: /* Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture */

2023-07-10T13:01:01Z

Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture

Root at 09:57, 10 July 2023

2023-07-10T09:57:36Z

Root: /* The Four Mythological Symbols of China */

2023-07-10T09:53:27Z

The Four Mythological Symbols of China

Root: /* Tang Yingzi 唐英姿 - Science and Technology: We-Media in China */

2023-07-10T09:45:59Z

Tang Yingzi 唐英姿 - Science and Technology: We-Media in China

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Shu Sijing: /* Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture */

2023-06-05T10:08:23Z

Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture

Shu Sijing: /* The Good Image Side */

2023-06-05T09:51:17Z

The Good Image Side

Shu Sijing: /* Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture */

2023-06-05T09:47:24Z

Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture

Shu Sijing: /* Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture */

2023-06-05T09:42:27Z

Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture

Shu Sijing: /* Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture */

2023-06-05T09:39:40Z

Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture

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Shu Sijing: /* Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture */

2023-06-05T09:35:51Z

Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture

@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 ===The Image of Cat in Chinese Culture===
 ====The Good Image Side====
-China was dominated by agriculture in ancient times, and people were helpless against rats stealing food. Then, cats appeared like gods and drove away rats to guard crops. Therefore, people regarded cats as gods, believing that cats represented harmony and good fortune, indicated bumper harvest and prosperity, and even made demons and ghosts afraid to invade. There is also a popular saying among the people that "cats enter the blessed land". They believe that it is a good thing for them that  stray cats enter their house. It also produces related two-part allegorical sayings: “Mouse meets cat--be doomed”, “Cat catches mouse--ancestral craft”, “Mouse in cat's mouth--can not run away” and so on. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economy was prosperous and the people's material living conditions were rich, so they began to pursue spiritual enjoyment. The main function of the cat also changed from catching mice to being a pet for the dignitaries to enjoy. It was even invited into the palace as a pet for concubines, becoming a noble class. People loved cats and hoped that they could accompany them all their lives, so there was a folk saying that "cats have nine lives". And cats are regarded as a symbol of longevity. The cat's homonym is "mào," which also means longevity.  Ancient literati loved to paint with red peonies and cats playing with colorful butterflies. "Cat Butterfly" stands for "mào dié", which is also a prayer for longevity.
+China was dominated by agriculture in ancient times, and people were helpless against rats stealing food. Then, cats appeared like gods and drove away rats to guard crops. Therefore, people regarded cats as gods, believing that cats represented harmony and good fortune, indicated bumper harvest and prosperity, and even made demons and ghosts afraid to invade. There is also a popular saying among the people that "cats enter the blessed land". They believe that it is a good thing for them that  stray cats enter their house. It also produces related two-part allegorical sayings: “Mouse meets cat--be doomed”, “Cat catches mouse--ancestral craft”, “Mouse in cat's mouth--can not run away” and so on. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economy was prosperous and the people's material living conditions were rich, so they began to pursue spiritual enjoyment. The main function of the cat also changed from catching mice to being a pet for the dignitaries to enjoy. It was even invited into the palace as a pet for concubines, becoming a noble class. People loved cats and hoped that they could accompany them all their lives, so there was a folk saying that "cats have nine lives". And cats are regarded as a symbol of longevity. The cat's homonym is "mào," which also means longevity.  Ancient literati loved to paint with red peonies and cats playing with colorful butterflies. "Cat Butterfly" stands for "mào dié", which is also a prayer for longevity.(高文艳，宁丽萍.试论中外文化中的猫形象.太原大学教育学院030001:第三段)
 中国古时以农业为主，百姓一直对老鼠偷食无计可施，而猫的出现犹如天神降临，驱除了老鼠，守护了庄稼。所以百姓把猫奉若神明，认为猫代表着和乐与吉祥，兆示着丰收与富足，甚至使妖魔鬼怪不敢入侵。民间也流传着“猫入福地”等说法，认为流浪猫进宅是大吉大利的事，更是因运而生了相关的歇后语：“老鼠碰上猫——在劫难逃”、“猫儿抓老鼠——祖传手艺”、“猫嘴里的老鼠——跑不了”等等。
 到了唐宋时期，经济繁荣发达，人民的物质生活条件富足，开始追求精神层面的享受。猫的主要功能也从捕鼠变成了宠物猫，以供权贵们赏玩，甚至被请入宫廷作为嫔妃们的宠物，一跃成为了贵族阶级。人类爱猫，希望猫可以陪伴自己的一生，所以民间有“猫有九命”的说法，将猫作为长寿的象征。猫的谐音同“耄（mào）”，也意寓着长寿。古代的文人爱以红牡丹配猫戏彩蝶的图案作画，“猫蝶”代表“耄耋（mào dié）”，亦是对长寿的祈盼。
-Modern literati were also obsessed with cats, and celebrity cat slaves are too numerous to mention: Feng Zikai, Qian Zhongshu, Liang Shiqiu, Ji Xianlin, Lin Huiyin, Hu Shi, Bing Xin... They created many excellent literary works :''Cat'', ''Old Cat'', ''Lion'', ''Ami'', ''The White Elephant''.etc. These works all express the authors 'love and indulgence for cats, and cats images are mostly docile, brave and just.
+Modern literati were also obsessed with cats, and celebrity cat slaves are too numerous to mention: Feng Zikai, Qian Zhongshu, Liang Shiqiu, Ji Xianlin, Lin Huiyin, Hu Shi, Bing Xin... They created many excellent literary works :''Cat'', ''Old Cat'', ''Lion'', ''Ami'', ''The White Elephant''.etc. These works all express the authors 'love and indulgence for cats, and cats images are mostly docile, brave and just.(https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1747577490827065334&wfr=spider&for=pc)
 近代的文人对猫更是痴迷，名人猫奴不胜枚举：丰子恺、钱钟书、梁实秋、季羡林、林徽因、胡适、冰心……更是创作了众多优秀的文学作品：《猫》、《老猫》、《狮子》、《阿咪》、《白象》等等。这些作品都表达着作者们对猫咪的喜爱和宠溺，猫大多也为温顺、勇敢、正义的形象。
@@ Line 166: / Line 167: @@
 事物都有两面性，渐渐地，中国古代民间也出现了猫嫌贫爱富，不忠诚的说法，“媚态”“狡猾”“奸臣”等词也慢慢与猫的形象挂钩，更是出现了“猫改不了偷腥”、“小猫眼睛——一会儿一变”、“猫儿念经——假充善人”等语句。
-Some modern writers even use the bad image of cats to criticize and satirize people. One of the most famous is Lu Xun. In ''Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk'', he depicts the cat's four crimes, pointedly satirized the tyrant of those who cheat and flatter the people; In ''Dog·Cat·Mouse'', the cat has become the despicable image; Lao She's ''Cat City'' also uses cat as a symbol of flattery, selfishness, ignorance and numbness, and uses cat city to allude to the dark China under the rule of the Kuomintang.
+Some modern writers even use the bad image of cats to criticize and satirize people. One of the most famous is Lu Xun. In ''Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk'', he depicts the cat's four crimes, pointedly satirized the tyrant of those who cheat and flatter the people; In ''Dog·Cat·Mouse'', the cat has become the despicable image; Lao She's ''Cat City'' also uses cat as a symbol of flattery, selfishness, ignorance and numbness, and uses cat city to allude to the dark China under the rule of the Kuomintang. （https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1679818752087016047&wfr=spider&for=pc）
 近代一些文学家更是用猫的坏形象来批判和讽刺人。其中最著名的就是鲁迅。在《朝花夕拾》中，他刻画了猫的四大罪行，尖锐地讽刺了生活中那些欺上媚下的暴虐者；在《狗•猫•鼠》中，猫更是变成了卑劣的形象；老舍的《猫城记》也用猫象征着谄媚自私、愚昧麻木的人，用猫城影射国民党统治下的黑暗中国。
@@ Line 179: / Line 180: @@
 在中国传统文化中，黑猫能辟邪、镇宅、招财，寓意着吉祥。所以古时的富贵人家都有养黑猫，或摆放黑猫饰品的习惯，如在门口挂坠有黑猫的风铃。同样对黑猫有着好形象刻画的便是以猫为神的埃及，黑猫死后会被做成木乃伊给死去的人，被称为“坟墓守护神”。
-On the contrary, black cats are not so positive in many countries. In the famous Japanese legend of the "cat woman," an old woman's black cat turned into a monster, ate the old woman and transformed into a human form to harm others. From this we can see that black cats are ungrateful, cruel and evil image. Therefore, there is a custom in Japan: it is unlucky to meet a black cat on the road. To break this curse, you must first take three steps back and then go forward. In Britain and America, people also very fear black cats and think they will bring bad luck. In the Middle Ages, many people believed that black cats were pets or incarnations of witches and messengers of Satan. For example, in ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'', the witch who lives in Privet Drive is often accompanied by a scary black cat. In American writer Washington Irving's short story ''Black Cat'', the black cat is also the image of misfortune and bad luck.
+On the contrary, black cats are not so positive in many countries. In the famous Japanese legend of the "cat woman," an old woman's black cat turned into a monster, ate the old woman and transformed into a human form to harm others. From this we can see that black cats are ungrateful, cruel and evil image. Therefore, there is a custom in Japan: it is unlucky to meet a black cat on the road. To break this curse, you must first take three steps back and then go forward. In Britain and America, people also very fear black cats and think they will bring bad luck. In the Middle Ages, many people believed that black cats were pets or incarnations of witches and messengers of Satan. For example, in ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'', the witch who lives in Privet Drive is often accompanied by a scary black cat. In American writer Washington Irving's short story ''Black Cat'', the black cat is also the image of misfortune and bad luck. (赵玉柱.日本的“猫文化”.日语知识,1998:12)
 而相反的，在很多国家黑猫都是不那么正面的形象。日本著名的“猫婆”传说中，老太婆的宠物黑猫吸取灵气精华变成了妖怪，将老太婆吃掉，并幻化成人形害人。从这里可以看出黑猫是忘恩负义、残忍邪恶的形象。所以在日本有一个习俗：在路上偶遇一只黑猫是不吉样的，要想破除这种魔咒，要先退三步，再往前走。在英美国家，人们也对黑猫颇为忌讳，认为黑猫会带来厄运。在中世纪时,许多人认为黑猫是女巫的宠物或化身，是撒旦的使者。比如《哈利·波特与魔法石》中，住在女贞路的巫婆身边就经常跟着一只恐怖的黑猫。美国作家华盛顿•欧文的短篇小说《黑猫》中的黑猫也是不幸和厄运的形象。

@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 ===Questions===
 . What does Tencent Penguin Intelligence predict one of the trends of the Internet in China?
 . As of June 2022, the number of users of short videos in China has increased by hundreds of millions. How many thousands more than in December 2021? What is the overall percentage of netizens?
 . What are the bad phenomena in the rapid development of self-media at the same time?
 . "Hot Pen Small Ball" who posted illegal remarks on Sina Weibo was criminally detained by the police for what crime
 ===References===
 Huang Chuxin黄楚新. 网络意识形态的新动向及应对策略[New Trends and coping Strategies of Network ideology]. 前线[Frontier]. 2020(3).
 Tang Xujun, Huang Chuxin, Wang Dan唐绪军、黄楚新、王丹. 中国新媒体发展现状与趋势——2019年新媒体蓝皮书主报告[the present situation and trend of the Development of China's New Media-- the main report of the New Media Blue Book in 2019]. 中国报业[China's newspaper Industry]. 2019(13).
 Nie Dan聂丹. 自媒体的生存现状与发展之道[the present situation and Development of self-Media]. 新媒体研究[New Media Research]. 2018(4).
 Lai Wuhui赖武慧. 新媒体与自媒体的发展现状及未来趋势[the present situation and Future trend of New Media and self-Media]. 传播力研究[Communication Power Research]. 2018(2).
 第50次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告[The 50th Statistical report on the Development of China's Internet]. 中国互联网络信息中心网[China Internet Network Information Center Network]. 2022,8,31.
 年全国未成年人互联网使用情况研究报告[Research report on the Internet use of minors in 2020]. 中国互联网络信息中心网[China Internet Network Information Center Network]. 2021,7,20.
@@ Line 138: / Line 146: @@
 自古以来，猫在中国历史上就无处不在，它们不单是人类日常生活中的常客，更是有着很多传说、象征、诗句、歇后语、文章以及书籍等文化现象。人们通过猫的各类文化寄予自己对自然、对自我、对所处时代的复杂的情感。猫的形象更是随着人类文明的发展而不断改变。
-===The Image of Cat in China Culture===
+===The Image of Cat in Chinese Culture===
 ====The Good Image Side====
 China was dominated by agriculture in ancient times, and people were helpless against rats stealing food. Then, cats appeared like gods and drove away rats to guard crops. Therefore, people regarded cats as gods, believing that cats represented harmony and good fortune, indicated bumper harvest and prosperity, and even made demons and ghosts afraid to invade. There is also a popular saying among the people that "cats enter the blessed land". They believe that it is a good thing for them that  stray cats enter their house. It also produces related two-part allegorical sayings: “Mouse meets cat--be doomed”, “Cat catches mouse--ancestral craft”, “Mouse in cat's mouth--can not run away” and so on. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economy was prosperous and the people's material living conditions were rich, so they began to pursue spiritual enjoyment. The main function of the cat also changed from catching mice to being a pet for the dignitaries to enjoy. It was even invited into the palace as a pet for concubines, becoming a noble class. People loved cats and hoped that they could accompany them all their lives, so there was a folk saying that "cats have nine lives". And cats are regarded as a symbol of longevity. The cat's homonym is "mào," which also means longevity.  Ancient literati loved to paint with red peonies and cats playing with colorful butterflies. "Cat Butterfly" stands for "mào dié", which is also a prayer for longevity.

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 ===The Four Mythological Symbols of China===
 In ancient China, people divided the sky into four parts, which are represented by the four Mythological symbols: the Azure Dragon, the White Tiger, the Vermilion Bird, and the Black Tortoise. As Chinese people, we have been familiar with these four angel beasts since we were a child. For my part, I heard these four creatures so many times in the games with my classmates, in the chats of adults around, and in cartoons on TV. They are four animals I think holy in my ignorant eyes. There is no doubt that these four mythological symbols play an important part in Chinese culture and people’s daily life.
 在中国古代，人们将天域分为四个部分，分别对应四只神兽：青龙、白虎、朱雀、神武。作为中国人，我们自小就对着四只神兽再熟悉不过了。对我而言，无论是从玩伴口中，在身边大人的交谈中，还是在电视上的动画节目上，我都听闻了这四只神兽无数次。在我懵懂的眼中，它们是如此神圣。毫无疑问，这四只神兽在中国的文化和人们的日常生活中有着举足轻重的地位。
 According to the records of Classic of Mountains and Rivers (a famous encyclopedia of ancient Chinese social life), each one of the four symbols represents a direction and a season, and they all have their own extraordinary prowess.
 据山海经记载，每只神兽都代表着一个方位和季节，并具备非凡的能力。
 The Azure Dragon, Qinglong in Chinese, is the head of the four symbols. Its appearance was described in an ancient book of Han Dynasty: the shape of the Azure Dragon is just like snakes, with an imperatorial crown on its head, like the Kylin (Chinese unicorn), and a tail like a carp. It has long whiskers and claws of five fingers, which all show the super power and extraordinary strength. Because of its holy power to suppress evil spirits, the Azure Dragon always appears in palaces and tombs. In graves, its role and duty are to ensure the peace of the occupant of the tomb. Besides, the Azure Dragon represents the spring. Just as the saying in Chinese folklore: “On February 2nd is the Dragon Heads-raising Day.” The existence of the Azure Dragon portends nature wakes in spring. Moreover, the Azure Dragon represents and protects the east, but is different from Chinese traditional dragons. The Azure Dragon is the god beast of remote antiquity. It is unique in the world, with no gender and reproductive capacity.
 青龙，是四兽之首。它的外形在汉代有所记载：青龙外形如蛇，头戴麒麟般尊严皇冠，尾呈鲤鱼状。青龙代表着东方。它有着长长的胡须，爪分五指，这一切都展示出它的非凡能力。由于它能够镇压邪灵的神力，青龙总出现在宫殿墓穴当中。在墓穴中，它的职责便是确保墓主的安宁。此外青龙对应着春天。正如中国民间的一句俗语所道：“二月二龙抬头。”青龙预示着春天万物复苏。青龙还代表东方并保护着东方，但却不同于中国传统的龙。青龙是中国远古时期的神兽。它世间仅有一只，无雌雄之分，也无繁殖能力。
 The White Tiger, Baihu in Chinese, is the same holy beast good at fighting. Just from the name, white tiger, we can know this mythological symbol’s fierceness. A commonplace saying “The Azure Dragon is on the left, and the White Tiger right”, tells us these two beasts’ special duty and ability different from the remaining two. Just like the Azure Dragon, the White Tiger is also the god beast of fighting, with the prowess to surpass evilness. As a result, its totems are in many catacombs as well, on the right side of the Azure Dragon. In addition to this, the White Tiger is also the god beast of army and victory, the reason of which is obvious. The legend of the White Tiger is closely connected with Chinese ancient history. We call many gallant generals “Tiger Generals” to praise their courage and outstanding achievement. Besides, it also represents autumn and the west, showing its importance in the southwest and the harvest in autumn. The image of the White Tiger enriches Chinese legend stories and at the same time, becomes people’s motivation to pursue a better life.
 白虎，一只同样擅于作战的神兽。但从这个名字，白虎，我们便足以知晓这只神兽的凶猛。一句老生常谈的话“左青龙，右白虎。”就足以向我们说明这两只神兽与剩下两只神兽不同的职责和能力。与青龙一样，白虎同为战斗神兽，有着镇压邪灵的神力。因此，它的图腾也同样出现在许多的墓穴当中，位于青龙的右侧。此外，白虎也象征着军队和胜利，原因显而易见。白虎的传说与中国的古代历史紧密相连。我们称呼许多英勇的将领为“猛虎将领”正是赞扬他们的英勇和佳绩。同时，白虎还对应着秋天，代表着西方，展示出其在西南地区和秋日丰收的重要地位。白虎的形象丰富了中国的传说故事，是人们追求美好生活的动力。
 The Vermilion Bird, Zhuque in Chinese, is the god beast usually endowed with feminine color, and I love this symbol the most because I think it is beautiful, florid, and gorgeous. It is the southern god in Taoism, representing summer, and fire attribute. People get Yandi’s blessing by admiring the Vermilion Bird. Here’s a point we should pay attention to, that the Vermilion Bird is not a phoenix. According to Chinese ancient legend, phoenix is a divine bird reborn in the fire. By contrast, the Vermillion Bird is only one in the world, with no gender. It is immortal and more respectable than phoenixes. The Vermilion Bird symbolizes enthusiasm and strength, just like the summer and fire, carrying people’s yearn for south, hope and passion. Besides, according to the Book of Songs, the Vermillion Bird is the ancestor of Shang people (an early dynasty in China).
 朱雀，一只总被赋予女性色彩的神兽。我也最为喜欢这是神兽，因为我认为其美丽，光彩而华丽。它是道经中的南方神，对应着夏天和火属性，人们通过信仰朱雀来获得炎帝的祝福，有一点我们需要注意，朱雀并非凤凰。根据中国古代传说，凤凰是浴火重生的神圣之鸟。相反，朱雀世间仅有一只，无性别之分。它是不死的，并且比凤凰更尊贵。朱雀象征着热情和力量，正如同似火的夏天，承载着人们对南方，希望和热情的渴求。此外，据圣经记载，朱雀还是商朝人民的祖先。
 The Black Tortoise, Xuanwu in Chinese, is the last mythological symbol. It is combined by the tortoise and the snake, regarded as the god of water, living in the North Sea, so there is no doubt that it is the symbol of the north. The Black Tortoise has the ability to divine and telepathize, which are distinct from the other three beasts. Besides, it has super defense, so it is also regarded as Guardian god. The Black Tortoise represents winter with its water attribute. It protects the peace of the world and the balance of the universe. People searches wisdom and peace by admiring the Black Tortoise. As a result, the Black Tortoise, different from the Azure Dragon and the White Tiger, who are adept in fighting, is the god of protection, with philosophical connotation, leading Chinese people to think about philosophy, morality and the balance of everything in the world.
 神武，最后一只神兽。相传它是龟与蛇的结合体，被视作为水神，生活在南海。因此毋庸置疑，它代表着北方。神武有着占卜和通灵的能力，这尤为能与另外三只神兽区分开。同时，它还有着超强的防御力，故被称为守护神。神武对应着冬天和水属性。它保护着世间的安宁和宇宙的平衡。人们通过信仰神武来获取智慧和安宁。因此，与青龙和白虎不同，神武并不善于战斗，而是保护之神，有着哲学内涵，领导人们思索哲学、道德和世间万物的平衡。
 The Four Mythological Symbols make so profound influence to people that we can almost see them everywhere. In ancient time, we can see these four beasts in many areas such as architecture, martial arts, dress, and even medicine. As mentioned above, the four holy beasts represent four directions, so it is natural that the rich would pay attention to it when they build a house. Meanwhile, we can see many costumes with the element of four holy beasts not only in ancient but also in modern times. They are beautiful and have a strong Chinese style. Besides, many traditional Chinese medicine were named in terms of four holy beasts’ various characters, such as: “Baihu Soup”, “Qinglong Soup” “ Zhenwu Soup” and so on.
 四只神兽对人们有着如此之深的影响以至于我们几乎对其处处可见。在古代，我们能在许多领域看到四神兽的影子，诸如建筑、武术、服饰甚至医学等领域。上文已提到，四只神兽对应着四个方位，故而自然而然富人在建房子时会将四神兽考虑其中。同时，无论在古代还是现代，我们也能在许多服装上看到四只神兽的元素，它们精美无比，是浓郁的中国风。此外，许多的中药也依据这四只神兽各自的特性来取名，如“白虎汤”、“青龙”汤和“真武汤”等等。
 As we can see, these Four Mythological Symbols have a profound influence on Chinese people. With the development of eras, we could surely know that they don’t exist totally, but the faith to them, especially when we didn’t really understand the nature clearly, the Four Mythological Symbols made us face the nature reverentially and improve our nature and moral character. To some extent, they became one part of ourselves.
 正如我们所能看到的，这四只神兽对中国人民有着深远的影响。伴随着时代的发展，我们能够知晓四只神兽并不存在，但对它们的信仰，尤其是在我们还对大自然懵懂的时候，这四只神兽令我们虔诚地看待大自然，并提升我们的品性。在一定程度上，四只神兽成为了我们的一部分。

@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 ===The Image of Cat in China Culture===
 ====The Good Image Side====
-China was dominated by agriculture in ancient times, and people were helpless against rats stealing food. Then, cats appeared like gods and drove away rats to guard crops. Therefore, people regarded cats as gods, believing that cats represented harmony and good fortune, indicated bumper harvest and prosperity, and even made demons and ghosts afraid to invade. There is also a popular saying among the people that "cats enter the blessed land". They believe that it is a good thing for them that  stray cats enter their house. It also produces related two-part allegorical sayings: “Mouse meets cat--be doomed”, “Cat catches mouse--ancestral craft”, “Mouse in cat's mouth--can not run away” and so on. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economy was prosperous and the people's material living conditions were rich, so they began to pursue spiritual enjoyment. The main function of the cat also changed from catching mice to being a pet for the dignitaries to enjoy. It was even invited into the palace as a pet for concubines, becoming a noble class. People loved cats and hoped that they could accompany them all their lives, so there was a folk saying that "cats have nine lives". And cats are regarded as a symbol of longevity. The cat's homonym is "mào," which also means longevity.  Ancient literati loved to paint with red peonies and cats playing with colorful butterflies. "Cat Butterfly" stands for "mào dié", which is also a prayer for longevity. ''sad''
+China was dominated by agriculture in ancient times, and people were helpless against rats stealing food. Then, cats appeared like gods and drove away rats to guard crops. Therefore, people regarded cats as gods, believing that cats represented harmony and good fortune, indicated bumper harvest and prosperity, and even made demons and ghosts afraid to invade. There is also a popular saying among the people that "cats enter the blessed land". They believe that it is a good thing for them that  stray cats enter their house. It also produces related two-part allegorical sayings: “Mouse meets cat--be doomed”, “Cat catches mouse--ancestral craft”, “Mouse in cat's mouth--can not run away” and so on. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economy was prosperous and the people's material living conditions were rich, so they began to pursue spiritual enjoyment. The main function of the cat also changed from catching mice to being a pet for the dignitaries to enjoy. It was even invited into the palace as a pet for concubines, becoming a noble class. People loved cats and hoped that they could accompany them all their lives, so there was a folk saying that "cats have nine lives". And cats are regarded as a symbol of longevity. The cat's homonym is "mào," which also means longevity.  Ancient literati loved to paint with red peonies and cats playing with colorful butterflies. "Cat Butterfly" stands for "mào dié", which is also a prayer for longevity.
 中国古时以农业为主，百姓一直对老鼠偷食无计可施，而猫的出现犹如天神降临，驱除了老鼠，守护了庄稼。所以百姓把猫奉若神明，认为猫代表着和乐与吉祥，兆示着丰收与富足，甚至使妖魔鬼怪不敢入侵。民间也流传着“猫入福地”等说法，认为流浪猫进宅是大吉大利的事，更是因运而生了相关的歇后语：“老鼠碰上猫——在劫难逃”、“猫儿抓老鼠——祖传手艺”、“猫嘴里的老鼠——跑不了”等等。
 到了唐宋时期，经济繁荣发达，人民的物质生活条件富足，开始追求精神层面的享受。猫的主要功能也从捕鼠变成了宠物猫，以供权贵们赏玩，甚至被请入宫廷作为嫔妃们的宠物，一跃成为了贵族阶级。人类爱猫，希望猫可以陪伴自己的一生，所以民间有“猫有九命”的说法，将猫作为长寿的象征。猫的谐音同“耄（mào）”，也意寓着长寿。古代的文人爱以红牡丹配猫戏彩蝶的图案作画，“猫蝶”代表“耄耋（mào dié）”，亦是对长寿的祈盼。
-Modern literati were also obsessed with cats, and celebrity cat slaves are too numerous to mention: Feng Zikai, Qian Zhongshu, Liang Shiqiu, Ji Xianlin, Lin Huiyin, Hu Shi, Bing Xin... They created many excellent literary works :Cat, Old Cat, Lion, Ami, The White Elephant.etc. These works all express the authors 'love and indulgence for cats, and cats images are mostly docile, brave and just.
+Modern literati were also obsessed with cats, and celebrity cat slaves are too numerous to mention: Feng Zikai, Qian Zhongshu, Liang Shiqiu, Ji Xianlin, Lin Huiyin, Hu Shi, Bing Xin... They created many excellent literary works :''Cat'', ''Old Cat'', ''Lion'', ''Ami'', ''The White Elephant''.etc. These works all express the authors 'love and indulgence for cats, and cats images are mostly docile, brave and just.
 近代的文人对猫更是痴迷，名人猫奴不胜枚举：丰子恺、钱钟书、梁实秋、季羡林、林徽因、胡适、冰心……更是创作了众多优秀的文学作品：《猫》、《老猫》、《狮子》、《阿咪》、《白象》等等。这些作品都表达着作者们对猫咪的喜爱和宠溺，猫大多也为温顺、勇敢、正义的形象。
-Even today, cats still permeate every aspect of people's life and art. They are not only indispensable pets in people's lives, but also have countless paintings, songs, stories, film and television works and literary creations. For example, hide and seek game, cartoon Black Cat Sheriff and so on.
+Even today, cats still permeate every aspect of people's life and art. They are not only indispensable pets in people's lives, but also have countless paintings, songs, stories, film and television works and literary creations. For example, hide and seek game, cartoon ''Black Cat Sheriff'' and so on.
 即使是今天，猫依旧渗透在人们生活与艺术的各个方面，不仅是人们生活中不可缺少的萌宠，而且有数不胜数的绘画、歌曲、故事、影视作品以及文创。如藏猫猫游戏，动画片黑猫警长等等。
@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 事物都有两面性，渐渐地，中国古代民间也出现了猫嫌贫爱富，不忠诚的说法，“媚态”“狡猾”“奸臣”等词也慢慢与猫的形象挂钩，更是出现了“猫改不了偷腥”、“小猫眼睛——一会儿一变”、“猫儿念经——假充善人”等语句。
-Some modern writers even use the bad image of cats to criticize and satirize people. One of the most famous is Lu Xun. In Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk, he depicts the cat's four crimes, pointedly satirized the tyrant of those who cheat and flatter the people; In Dog·Cat·Mouse, the cat has become the despicable image; Lao She's Cat City also uses cat as a symbol of flattery, selfishness, ignorance and numbness, and uses cat city to allude to the dark China under the rule of the Kuomintang.
+Some modern writers even use the bad image of cats to criticize and satirize people. One of the most famous is Lu Xun. In ''Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk'', he depicts the cat's four crimes, pointedly satirized the tyrant of those who cheat and flatter the people; In ''Dog·Cat·Mouse'', the cat has become the despicable image; Lao She's ''Cat City'' also uses cat as a symbol of flattery, selfishness, ignorance and numbness, and uses cat city to allude to the dark China under the rule of the Kuomintang.
 近代一些文学家更是用猫的坏形象来批判和讽刺人。其中最著名的就是鲁迅。在《朝花夕拾》中，他刻画了猫的四大罪行，尖锐地讽刺了生活中那些欺上媚下的暴虐者；在《狗•猫•鼠》中，猫更是变成了卑劣的形象；老舍的《猫城记》也用猫象征着谄媚自私、愚昧麻木的人，用猫城影射国民党统治下的黑暗中国。
@@ Line 116: / Line 116: @@
 在中国传统文化中，黑猫能辟邪、镇宅、招财，寓意着吉祥。所以古时的富贵人家都有养黑猫，或摆放黑猫饰品的习惯，如在门口挂坠有黑猫的风铃。同样对黑猫有着好形象刻画的便是以猫为神的埃及，黑猫死后会被做成木乃伊给死去的人，被称为“坟墓守护神”。
-On the contrary, black cats are not so positive in many countries. In the famous Japanese legend of the "cat woman," an old woman's black cat turned into a monster, ate the old woman and transformed into a human form to harm others. From this we can see that black cats are ungrateful, cruel and evil image. Therefore, there is a custom in Japan: it is unlucky to meet a black cat on the road. To break this curse, you must first take three steps back and then go forward. In Britain and America, people also very fear black cats and think they will bring bad luck. In the Middle Ages, many people believed that black cats were pets or incarnations of witches and messengers of Satan. For example, in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, the witch who lives in Privet Drive is often accompanied by a scary black cat. In American writer Washington Irving's short story Black Cat, the black cat is also the image of misfortune and bad luck.
+On the contrary, black cats are not so positive in many countries. In the famous Japanese legend of the "cat woman," an old woman's black cat turned into a monster, ate the old woman and transformed into a human form to harm others. From this we can see that black cats are ungrateful, cruel and evil image. Therefore, there is a custom in Japan: it is unlucky to meet a black cat on the road. To break this curse, you must first take three steps back and then go forward. In Britain and America, people also very fear black cats and think they will bring bad luck. In the Middle Ages, many people believed that black cats were pets or incarnations of witches and messengers of Satan. For example, in ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'', the witch who lives in Privet Drive is often accompanied by a scary black cat. In American writer Washington Irving's short story ''Black Cat'', the black cat is also the image of misfortune and bad luck.
 而相反的，在很多国家黑猫都是不那么正面的形象。日本著名的“猫婆”传说中，老太婆的宠物黑猫吸取灵气精华变成了妖怪，将老太婆吃掉，并幻化成人形害人。从这里可以看出黑猫是忘恩负义、残忍邪恶的形象。所以在日本有一个习俗：在路上偶遇一只黑猫是不吉样的，要想破除这种魔咒，要先退三步，再往前走。在英美国家，人们也对黑猫颇为忌讳，认为黑猫会带来厄运。在中世纪时,许多人认为黑猫是女巫的宠物或化身，是撒旦的使者。比如《哈利·波特与魔法石》中，住在女贞路的巫婆身边就经常跟着一只恐怖的黑猫。美国作家华盛顿•欧文的短篇小说《黑猫》中的黑猫也是不幸和厄运的形象。
@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 Hide and seek game 藏猫猫游戏
-Black Cat Sheriff 《黑猫警长》
+''Black Cat Sheriff'' 《黑猫警长》
 Cats can't change their ways of stealing fish 猫改不了偷腥
@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 Cats recite scriptures--pretend to be good 猫儿念经——假充善人
-Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk 《朝花夕拾》
+''Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk'' 《朝花夕拾》
 Satan 撒旦
@@ Line 166: / Line 166: @@
 .Why did Chinese people regard cats as gods in ancient times?
-.What is the image of the cat in the Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk？
+.What is the image of the cat in ''Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk''？
 . Can you list some modern Chinese cat slaves and their works?
@@ Line 175: / Line 175: @@
 .Because China was dominated by agriculture in ancient times, and people were helpless against rats stealing food. Then, cats appeared like gods and drove away rats to guard crops.
-.In Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk, he depicts the cat's four crimes, pointedly satirized the tyrant of those who cheat and flatter the people.
+.In ''Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk'', he depicts the cat's four crimes, pointedly satirized the tyrant of those who cheat and flatter the people.
-.Cat slaves: Feng Zikai, Qian Zhongshu, Liang Shiqiu, Ji Xianlin, Lin Huiyin, Hu Shi, Bing Xin... Works :Cat, Old Cat, Lion, Ami, The White Elephant.etc.
+.Cat slaves: Feng Zikai, Qian Zhongshu, Liang Shiqiu, Ji Xianlin, Lin Huiyin, Hu Shi, Bing Xin...
 .In traditional Chinese culture, the black cat can ward off evil spirits, guard house, attract wealth, which means good luck.

@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 ===The Image of Cat in China Culture===
 ====The Good Image Side====
-China was dominated by agriculture in ancient times, and people were helpless against rats stealing food. Then, cats appeared like gods and drove away rats to guard crops. Therefore, people regarded cats as gods, believing that cats represented harmony and good fortune, indicated bumper harvest and prosperity, and even made demons and ghosts afraid to invade. There is also a popular saying among the people that "cats enter the blessed land". They believe that it is a good thing for them that  stray cats enter their house. It also produces related two-part allegorical sayings: “Mouse meets cat--be doomed”, “Cat catches mouse--ancestral craft”, “Mouse in cat's mouth--can not run away” and so on. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economy was prosperous and the people's material living conditions were rich, so they began to pursue spiritual enjoyment. The main function of the cat also changed from catching mice to being a pet for the dignitaries to enjoy. It was even invited into the palace as a pet for concubines, becoming a noble class. People loved cats and hoped that they could accompany them all their lives, so there was a folk saying that "cats have nine lives". And cats are regarded as a symbol of longevity. The cat's homonym is "mào," which also means longevity.  Ancient literati loved to paint with red peonies and cats playing with colorful butterflies. "Cat Butterfly" stands for "mào dié", which is also a prayer for longevity.
+China was dominated by agriculture in ancient times, and people were helpless against rats stealing food. Then, cats appeared like gods and drove away rats to guard crops. Therefore, people regarded cats as gods, believing that cats represented harmony and good fortune, indicated bumper harvest and prosperity, and even made demons and ghosts afraid to invade. There is also a popular saying among the people that "cats enter the blessed land". They believe that it is a good thing for them that  stray cats enter their house. It also produces related two-part allegorical sayings: “Mouse meets cat--be doomed”, “Cat catches mouse--ancestral craft”, “Mouse in cat's mouth--can not run away” and so on. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economy was prosperous and the people's material living conditions were rich, so they began to pursue spiritual enjoyment. The main function of the cat also changed from catching mice to being a pet for the dignitaries to enjoy. It was even invited into the palace as a pet for concubines, becoming a noble class. People loved cats and hoped that they could accompany them all their lives, so there was a folk saying that "cats have nine lives". And cats are regarded as a symbol of longevity. The cat's homonym is "mào," which also means longevity.  Ancient literati loved to paint with red peonies and cats playing with colorful butterflies. "Cat Butterfly" stands for "mào dié", which is also a prayer for longevity. ''sad''
 中国古时以农业为主，百姓一直对老鼠偷食无计可施，而猫的出现犹如天神降临，驱除了老鼠，守护了庄稼。所以百姓把猫奉若神明，认为猫代表着和乐与吉祥，兆示着丰收与富足，甚至使妖魔鬼怪不敢入侵。民间也流传着“猫入福地”等说法，认为流浪猫进宅是大吉大利的事，更是因运而生了相关的歇后语：“老鼠碰上猫——在劫难逃”、“猫儿抓老鼠——祖传手艺”、“猫嘴里的老鼠——跑不了”等等。

@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 ==Shu Sijing 舒思靖 - Animals: The Phenomena of Chinese Cat Culture==
 ===Abstract===
@@ Line 72: / Line 74: @@
 ===Key Words===
-Chinese cat culture, The image of cat, black cat
+Chinese cat culture; The image of cat; black cat
-中国猫文化，猫的形象，黑猫
+中国猫文化；猫的形象；黑猫
 ===Brief Introduction===

@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 ===References===
 [1]赵玉柱.日本的“猫文化”.日语知识,1998,(1).12
 [2]高文艳，宁丽萍.试论中外文化中的猫形象.太原大学教育学院030001