20230630 final exam culture 05 - Revision history

Shu Jinyu: /* Different attitudes towards puppies in the West and China */

2023-07-10T12:58:44Z

Different attitudes towards puppies in the West and China

Shu Jinyu: /* The Image of Dogs in Literature */

2023-07-10T12:58:00Z

The Image of Dogs in Literature

Shu Jinyu: /* The Image of Dogs in Daily Life */

2023-07-10T12:57:05Z

The Image of Dogs in Daily Life

Wu Ting: /* References: */

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References:

Wu Ting: /* Wu Ting 吴婷 Nightlife in Ancient and Modern China */

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Wu Ting 吴婷 Nightlife in Ancient and Modern China

Wu Ting: /* Wu Ting 吴婷 Nightlife in Ancient and Modern China */

2023-07-10T12:06:52Z

Wu Ting 吴婷 Nightlife in Ancient and Modern China

Shu Jinyu: /* References */

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References

Shu Jinyu: /* 参考文献 */

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参考文献

Shu Jinyu: /* 3.西方和中国对狗的不同态度 */

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3.西方和中国对狗的不同态度

Shu Jinyu: /* 2.文学中的狗的形象 */

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2.文学中的狗的形象

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 ===Different attitudes towards puppies in the West and China===
 It is well known that in Western cultures people value dogs. They do not see dogs as an ingredient, but rather care about them and see them as companions. In Western families, the dog is often treated as a very important family member and is an integral part of the family. However, in China, although many people see puppies as pets, there are still some people who fail to accept them.
-There are many reasons for this difference, and one important factor is the difference in cultural core values. In the West, people are "individualistic" and have a weak sense of family. When children reach adulthood, they leave their parents to start their own families and become less close to them. At this time, an elderly parent may feel lonely and isolated, so they choose a puppy to keep him or her company. The Chinese value is focus on family, reunion and filial piety. When the children grow up, the relationship between them and their parents remains close, and the elderly have the joy of having four generations together and do not feel lonely, so naturally they do not need the company of a puppy.
+There are many reasons for this difference, and one important factor is the difference in cultural core values. In the West, people are "individualistic" and have a weak sense of family. When children reach adulthood, they leave their parents to start their own families and become less close to them. At this time, an elderly parent may feel lonely and isolated, so they choose a puppy to keep him or her company. The Chinese value is focus on family, reunion and filial piety. When the children grow up, the relationship between them and their parents remains close, and the elderly have the joy of having four generations together and do not feel lonely, so naturally they do not need the company of a puppy. （ East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya：595-596）
 ===Conclude===
 The culture of the dog is a very important part of Chinese culture. In China, there are many linguistic expressions, myths and historical stories related to dogs. Similarly, with the development of the times, Chinese people have come to regard dogs as their friends. A growing number of dog lovers have emerged in society, criticizing cruel dog abuse and taking in stray, homeless puppies.

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 Firstly, It can be tracing back to the earliest ideology of dog culture, there is a legend about the God Dog. The God Dog is an ancient Chinese mythological beast who can swallow the moon and plunge heaven and earth into darkness. In Chinese culture, this is a bad omen. Therefore, there is the custom of "banging gongs and drums, catching the God Dog to save the moon".
 The second reason is geographical. Since ancient times, China is a large agricultural country. Agriculture has a huge impact on people's lives. In ancient times, people made their living by farming. In order to make a living, they had to find things that could help with agricultural production and value them. Unfortunately, the dog does not seem to be that useful for agricultural production. Because he does not have a lot of strength and hard work like cows and horses.
-The third reason is the religious sacrificial factor. Although the dog was also used as a tribute, it was not used nearly as much as animals such as cows, sheep and pigs. And there is also a hierarchy in Chinese sacrifices. As a sacrifice, cattle, sheep and pigs all three are called 太牢 or 大牢. In the past only the emperor can be eligible to use. Only sheep and pigs are called 少牢 for the use of vassals and scholars, and only one pig is called 特豕 for the use of the lower nobility during the sacrifice. This shows that the status of the dog in ancient times was very low, which also has some impact on the image of the dog in literature and culture.
+The third reason is the religious sacrificial factor. Although the dog was also used as a tribute, it was not used nearly as much as animals such as cows, sheep and pigs. And there is also a hierarchy in Chinese sacrifices. As a sacrifice, cattle, sheep and pigs all three are called 太牢 or 大牢. In the past only the emperor can be eligible to use. Only sheep and pigs are called 少牢 for the use of vassals and scholars, and only one pig is called 特豕 for the use of the lower nobility during the sacrifice. This shows that the status of the dog in ancient times was very low, which also has some impact on the image of the dog in literature and culture. （East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya：593-594）
 ===Different attitudes towards puppies in the West and China===
 It is well known that in Western cultures people value dogs. They do not see dogs as an ingredient, but rather care about them and see them as companions. In Western families, the dog is often treated as a very important family member and is an integral part of the family. However, in China, although many people see puppies as pets, there are still some people who fail to accept them.

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 After the Tang and Song dynasties, the status of dog meat declined and was replaced by other meats. The reason is that compared with pigs, sheep and other livestock, dog is small and not easy to grow up. So people think it's not economical to eat dog meat.
 When the dog ceased to serve as an ingredient, its function as a watchman and hunting gradually dominated. Because of their territoriality and loyalty, dogs is able to finish these mission perfectly. What’ s more, gradually the dog evolved into a pet, and the boundary with people gradually blurred.
-Today, more and more Chinese people are becoming dog lovers and consider puppies as their friends.
+Today, more and more Chinese people are becoming dog lovers and consider puppies as their friends.（界面新闻：从食狗到宠狗：中国文化中的狗狗演变史）
 ===The Image of Dogs in Literature===
 In Chinese literature, dogs are portrayed in both positive and negative ways. But the negative image dominates.

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 ===References:===
-[1]杨文秀.北宋东京市民的夜生活〔J〕.唐都学刊, 1997, (02)：132.
+[1]杨文秀.(1997).北宋东京市民的夜生活.唐都学刊(02),132.
-[2]赵雪峰.(2021).中国古代的夜市. 文史春秋(02),49-51.
+[2]赵雪峰.(2021).中国古代的夜市.文史春秋(02),49-51.
 [3]宋朝人的夜生活. 搜狐网. (2018-11-13). https://www.sohu.com/a/275031770_120012326
 [4]古代人有没有夜生活？有，而且很丰富. 历史百小生. 百度网. (2021-01-20). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1689394355714618551

@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 [1]杨文秀.北宋东京市民的夜生活〔J〕.唐都学刊, 1997, (02)：132.
 [2]赵雪峰.(2021).中国古代的夜市. 文史春秋(02),49-51.
-[3]宋朝人的夜生活. 搜狐网. (2018-11-13).
+[3]宋朝人的夜生活. 搜狐网. (2018-11-13). https://www.sohu.com/a/275031770_120012326
-[4]古代人有没有夜生活？有，而且很丰富. 历史百小生. 百度网. (2021-01-20).
+[4]古代人有没有夜生活？有，而且很丰富. 历史百小生. 百度网. (2021-01-20). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1689394355714618551
-[5]宵禁. 百度百科
+[5]宵禁. 百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%B5%E7%A6%81/5954139
-[6]古代人的夜生活是什么样的？浅谈夜市的发展. 巴巴说历史. 百度网. (2019-12-30).
+[6]古代人的夜生活是什么样的？浅谈夜市的发展. 巴巴说历史. 百度网. (2019-12-30). https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1654305956389719779
-[7]夜上海. 百度百科
+[7]夜上海. 百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%A4%9C%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7/6732609
-[8]这届年轻人，“玩”出了超30万亿的夜间经济. 朵朵. 微信公众号“连线Insight”. (2021-10-08).
+[8]这届年轻人，“玩”出了超30万亿的夜间经济. 朵朵. 微信公众号“连线Insight”. (2021-10-08). https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=Mzg2MTc4Nzg5MQ==&mid=2247529409&idx=1&sn=c59aee013396a9fe8a36dee20fd51826&source=41#wechat_redirect
 ===Terms and Expressions:===

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 ===1.Introduction===
 Nightlife is becoming more popular among young people in China as the economy develops and entertainment options diversify. At night, under the neon lights of the city, the night markets, bistros, barbecue stalls, and KTV are especially crowded. Song and dance shows and street performances emerge one after another. When the evening lights are lit, for many young people, it signals the beginning of "nightlife". Many cities, such as Changsha, are well known for their colorful nightlife.
-Then we can't help wondering how the nightlife has developed into such a colorful scene. Did the ancient people have nightlife? Of course they had, and enjoyed rich and colorful nightlife. Although life in ancient times was far less prosperous than it is today, ancient people had different arrangements for their nights in different periods and regions, enjoying themselves.
+Then we can't help wondering how the nightlife has developed into such a colorful scene. Did the ancient people have nightlife? Of course they had, and enjoyed rich and colorful nightlife. Although life in ancient times was far less prosperous than it is today, ancient people had different arrangements for their nights in different periods and regions, enjoying themselves.--(Baidu 2021)
 ===2.Nightlife before the Song Dynasty===
-Before the Song Dynasty, China had strict curfews, that is, at certain times, soldiers would patrol the streets. And if anyone was found strolling in the streets, it was a felony. This system was particularly strict in the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an (today's Xi 'an) practiced the square city system. The central axis and symmetrical division of the city formed a checkerboard layout of streets. At dusk, people stroke gongs or beat drums in the streets to remind pedestrians to go home quickly, and the gates of Chang 'an and each fang would be closed. Therefore, before the Song Dynasty, people did not have a rich nightlife. Only three days before and after the Lantern Festival would the curfew be lifted and all the citizens were allowed to go on the street for fun.
+Before the Song Dynasty, China had strict curfews, that is, at certain times, soldiers would patrol the streets. And if anyone was found strolling in the streets, it was a felony. This system was particularly strict in the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an (today's Xi 'an) practiced the square city system. The central axis and symmetrical division of the city formed a checkerboard layout of streets. At dusk, people stroke gongs or beat drums in the streets to remind pedestrians to go home quickly, and the gates of Chang 'an and each fang would be closed. Therefore, before the Song Dynasty, people did not have a rich nightlife. Only three days before and after the Lantern Festival would the curfew be lifted and all the citizens were allowed to go on the street for fun.--(Baidu 2021)
-Curfews were good for the rulers to control the people, but bad for business. By the Mid-tang Dynasty, Chang 'an was densely populated and bustling with commerce, already in conflict with the curfew system. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, although the rulers still emphasized curfews, they were no longer able to tell the people what to do with their nightlife, which paved the way for the breaking of the curfew system in the later Song Dynasty.
+Curfews were good for the rulers to control the people, but bad for business. By the Mid-tang Dynasty, Chang 'an was densely populated and bustling with commerce, already in conflict with the curfew system. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, although the rulers still emphasized curfews, they were no longer able to tell the people what to do with their nightlife, which paved the way for the breaking of the curfew system in the later Song Dynasty.--(Baidu Baike Curfew)
 ===3.Nightlife in the Song Dynasty===
-In the Northern Song Dynasty, the curfew system was broken. At that time, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianliang (today's Kaifeng in Henan Province), was the most prosperous commercial city in China. It was natural to extend business hours in order to accommodate consumers' feelings and satisfy their needs, and the "night market" reached its peak during this period. There were numerous restaurants in the capital Bianliang, of which Fan Lou was the leader. It is said that its base was so high that it overlooked the imperial palace. Only in this period did people dare to construct such a building in the capital. From the night market in the Northern Song Dynasty to that in the Southern Song Dynasty, people's nightlife was greatly enriched.
+In the Northern Song Dynasty, the curfew system was broken. At that time, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianliang (today's Kaifeng in Henan Province), was the most prosperous commercial city in China. It was natural to extend business hours in order to accommodate consumers' feelings and satisfy their needs, and the "night market" reached its peak during this period. There were numerous restaurants in the capital Bianliang, of which Fan Lou was the leader. It is said that its base was so high that it overlooked the imperial palace. Only in this period did people dare to construct such a building in the capital. From the night market in the Northern Song Dynasty to that in the Southern Song Dynasty, people's nightlife was greatly enriched.--(Yang 1997:132)
-The nightlife of the Song people was not only about wandering, shopping, eating and drinking, but also formed a unique and vivid night market culture. Various entertainment activities emerged in endless stream: watching lanterns, watching Zaju, kicking Cuju, listening to music, enjoying dance, getting drunk and so on. If the literati get together, they would talk about the court and their aspirations. When their spirits rose, they would also recite a poem.
+The nightlife of the Song people was not only about wandering, shopping, eating and drinking, but also formed a unique and vivid night market culture. Various entertainment activities emerged in endless stream: watching lanterns, watching Zaju, kicking Cuju, listening to music, enjoying dance, getting drunk and so on. If the literati get together, they would talk about the court and their aspirations. When their spirits rose, they would also recite a poem.--(Yang 1997:132)
-Of course, the flourishing nightlife of the Song Dynasty was only limited to the "super cities" such as Bianjing and Lin’an, while the night in ordinary cities was still very quiet.
+Of course, the flourishing nightlife of the Song Dynasty was only limited to the "super cities" such as Bianjing and Lin’an, while the night in ordinary cities was still very quiet.--(Sohu 2018)
 ===4.Nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties===
-During the Yuan Dynasty, the night market culture once ceased and faded. The Yuan Dynasty lasted less than one hundred years and implemented the curfew system. After the canal transportation between the north and the south was constructed, the night market flourished, which was suppressed to a certain extent later. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the unprecedented development of industry and commerce as well as the prevalence of the idea of enjoyment and luxury, that the night market culture was restored. Different from the Song Dynasty, nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties broke through the restrictions of regions, and was not limited to the prosperous areas. Food, laughter and fireworks were everywhere in the city, and strangers from all over the country could gather together even if they had never met.
+During the Yuan Dynasty, the night market culture once ceased and faded. The Yuan Dynasty lasted less than one hundred years and implemented the curfew system. After the canal transportation between the north and the south was constructed, the night market flourished, which was suppressed to a certain extent later. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the unprecedented development of industry and commerce as well as the prevalence of the idea of enjoyment and luxury, that the night market culture was restored. Different from the Song Dynasty, nightlife in the Ming and Qing Dynasties broke through the restrictions of regions, and was not limited to the prosperous areas. Food, laughter and fireworks were everywhere in the city, and strangers from all over the country could gather together even if they had never met.--(Zhao 2021:49-51)
-For example, the Dutch mission to China during the reign of Kangxi clearly recorded the nightlife of Linqing in Shandong Province at that time. As an important town along the canal, Linqing was famous for its prosperity. Every night, all the local inns and teahouses were open all night, with lively performances. What’s more, the guests only needed to pay a few bucks to enjoy the nightlife there.
+For example, the Dutch mission to China during the reign of Kangxi clearly recorded the nightlife of Linqing in Shandong Province at that time. As an important town along the canal, Linqing was famous for its prosperity. Every night, all the local inns and teahouses were open all night, with lively performances. What’s more, the guests only needed to pay a few bucks to enjoy the nightlife there.--(Baidu 2019)
 ===5.Nightlife during the Republican Period===
-Although the Republic of China only existed for thirty-eight years, it left precious reminiscences for the later generations. If we analyze the nightlife of the Republic of China from the historical point of view, it is not difficult to find that the culture and customs at that time contained a combination of China and Western elements. When it comes to nightlife in the Republic of China, we can't help but think of nights in Shanghai, the so-called "city that never sleeps". The decadent music of the "Ten Miles of foreign land" filled the atmosphere, and the prosperity of old Shanghai was vividly displayed in the city of lights. With the lingering music and romantic fox trot, this was the unforgettable old Shanghai. It is obvious that the nightlife in big cities like Shanghai and Beijing at that time, due to the influence of foreign culture, has been very close to the popular nightlife nowadays.
+Although the Republic of China only existed for thirty-eight years, it left precious reminiscences for the later generations. If we analyze the nightlife of the Republic of China from the historical point of view, it is not difficult to find that the culture and customs at that time contained a combination of China and Western elements. When it comes to nightlife in the Republic of China, we can't help but think of nights in Shanghai, the so-called "city that never sleeps". The decadent music of the "Ten Miles of foreign land" filled the atmosphere, and the prosperity of old Shanghai was vividly displayed in the city of lights. With the lingering music and romantic fox trot, this was the unforgettable old Shanghai. It is obvious that the nightlife in big cities like Shanghai and Beijing at that time, due to the influence of foreign culture, has been very close to the popular nightlife nowadays.--(Baidu Baike Nightlife in Shanghai)
 ===6.Nightlife in Modern China===
-When night falls, people can say goodbye to the fast pace of city life during the daytime, and let off steam at night. Young people are becoming the protagonists of nightlife. Nightlife culture has developed so far that many of the old night-time businesses are gradually being abandoned by the young. For example, KTV, Internet bar and dance floor, which were very popular 10 years ago, have become less welcomed now. Nowadays, the young consumer groups’ extensive demands in leisure, social and other aspects, have stimulated the rise of more new forms of entertainment at night. Free and diversified social spaces are popular among the young. The popularity of script kill, Secret Room escape, small concert, electric sound and bistro industry is just a microcosm of the rapid development of the current night economy. From first-tier cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen to Hangzhou, Chengdu, Changsha, etc., nightlife culture is gradually expanding to all parts of the country.
+When night falls, people can say goodbye to the fast pace of city life during the daytime, and let off steam at night. Young people are becoming the protagonists of nightlife. Nightlife culture has developed so far that many of the old night-time businesses are gradually being abandoned by the young. For example, KTV, Internet bar and dance floor, which were very popular 10 years ago, have become less welcomed now. Nowadays, the young consumer groups’ extensive demands in leisure, social and other aspects, have stimulated the rise of more new forms of entertainment at night. Free and diversified social spaces are popular among the young. The popularity of script kill, Secret Room escape, small concert, electric sound and bistro industry is just a microcosm of the rapid development of the current night economy. From first-tier cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen to Hangzhou, Chengdu, Changsha, etc., nightlife culture is gradually expanding to all parts of the country.--(Duoduo 2021)
 ===7.Conclusion===
 The night is not heavy, and this moment breeds a different kind of flavor and imagination. The story of night has never been broken since ancient times. In the future, China's night will continue to export wonderful cultural stories.
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 宵禁制度有利于统治者对民众的管理，却不利于商业的发展。唐朝中期，长安城人口稠密，商业繁华，已经与宵禁制度产生了矛盾。唐朝末期，统治者虽然一再强调宵禁，但他们已经没有能力对老百姓的夜生活指手画脚了，为之后宋朝宵禁制度被打破作了铺垫。--（百度百科 宵禁）
 ===3.宋朝时期的夜生活===
-从北宋开始，宵禁制度就被打破了。当时北宋的都城东京汴梁（今河南开封），是全国商业最繁华的城市。为了照顾消费者的情绪和满足他们的需要，延长营业时间是很自然的事情，“夜市”也是在这个时期走向了巅峰。东京汴梁的酒楼数不胜数，而“樊楼”是头牌，类似现代版夜总会，据载它的基座很高，在它上面能俯瞰皇宫，在首都敢造这样的建筑，也只有宋朝。从北宋的东京夜市到南宋的临安夜市，老百姓的夜生活得到了极大的丰富。--（孟元老 1982）
+从北宋开始，宵禁制度就被打破了。当时北宋的都城东京汴梁（今河南开封），是全国商业最繁华的城市。为了照顾消费者的情绪和满足他们的需要，延长营业时间是很自然的事情，“夜市”也是在这个时期走向了巅峰。东京汴梁的酒楼数不胜数，而“樊楼”是头牌，类似现代版夜总会，据载它的基座很高，在它上面能俯瞰皇宫，在首都敢造这样的建筑，也只有宋朝。从北宋的东京夜市到南宋的临安夜市，老百姓的夜生活得到了极大的丰富。--（杨文秀 1997:132）
-宋人的夜生活不仅仅是逛街、购物与吃喝，还形成了一种独特而生动的夜市文化，各种娱乐活动层出不穷：看花灯、看杂剧、踢蹴鞠、听曲、赏舞、买醉等等。若是文人墨客相聚，还会谈朝廷、聊志向，兴致来时，便吟诗一首。--（孟元老 1982）
+宋人的夜生活不仅仅是逛街、购物与吃喝，还形成了一种独特而生动的夜市文化，各种娱乐活动层出不穷：看花灯、看杂剧、踢蹴鞠、听曲、赏舞、买醉等等。若是文人墨客相聚，还会谈朝廷、聊志向，兴致来时，便吟诗一首。--（杨文秀 1997：132）
 当然，大宋这“耍闹去处，通宵不绝”的繁华夜生活，其实也只局限在汴京临安大名等“超级城市”里，普通城市的夜晚还是非常冷清。（搜狐网 2018）
 ===4.明清时期的夜生活===
-元朝时期，夜市文化曾经一度中断消退。元朝立国不足百年，并实行宵禁制度，南北漕运开通后夜市逐兴，后受到一定抑制。直到明清时期，适逢工商业的空前发展和享乐崇奢思想的盛行，夜市文化才得以恢复。与宋朝不同的是，明清时期的夜生活突破了地域的限制，不仅局限于经济繁荣的地区，美食、欢笑、烟火气息遍布城市每个角落，来自五湖四海的陌生人，即使素不相识也能汇聚一堂。--（赵雪峰2021）
+元朝时期，夜市文化曾经一度中断消退。元朝立国不足百年，并实行宵禁制度，南北漕运开通后夜市逐兴，后受到一定抑制。直到明清时期，适逢工商业的空前发展和享乐崇奢思想的盛行，夜市文化才得以恢复。与宋朝不同的是，明清时期的夜生活突破了地域的限制，不仅局限于经济繁荣的地区，美食、欢笑、烟火气息遍布城市每个角落，来自五湖四海的陌生人，即使素不相识也能汇聚一堂。--（赵雪峰 2021:49-51）
 比如康熙年间出使中国的荷兰使团，就清楚记录了当时山东临清的“夜生活”。作为当时运河沿线的重镇，临清以富庶繁华著称。每天晚上，当地所有的客栈茶馆都通宵营业，戏曲弹唱演出热热闹闹，甚至客人们只需付几文钱，就可以愉快享受这里的“夜生活”。--（百度 巴巴说历史 2019）
 ===5.民国时期的夜生活===
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 ===References:===
-[1]孟元老. (1982). 东京梦华录注. 中华书局.
+[1]杨文秀.北宋东京市民的夜生活〔J〕.唐都学刊, 1997, (02)：132.
 [2]赵雪峰.(2021).中国古代的夜市. 文史春秋(02),49-51.
 [3]宋朝人的夜生活. 搜狐网. (2018-11-13).

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 ===References===
 .Hongping Chen & Yu Zhang; Scholars J Edu Humanit Lit; (Vol-2, Iss-10 -Sept, 2019): 593-596
-. 蔡智斌. (2013).中西“狗”的文化差异探究及高校 外语教学启示[J].南昌 教育学院学报， 12, 159-160.
+. 界面新闻：从食狗到宠狗：中国文化中的狗狗演变史
-. 樊斌. 英汉文化中“狗”的文化内涵再探[J]. 太原 城市职业技术学 院学报，2007(2): 97-98.
 ===Questions===
 .What the main functions of dogs in ancient China?

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 ===3.西方和中国对狗的不同态度===
 众所周知，在西方文化中，人们重视狗。他们不把狗看作是一种食材，而是关心它们，使他们为伙伴。在西方家庭中，狗通常被当做非常重要的家庭成员，是家庭中不可或缺的一部分。然而，在中国，尽管已经有很多人爱护小狗，但仍有一些人不接受它们。
-造成这种差异的原因有很多，其中一个重要因素是价值观的差异。在西方，人们崇尚“个人主义”，家庭意识薄弱。当孩子们成年后，他们离开父母，建立自己的家庭，与父母的关系变得不那么密切。这时，年迈的父母可能会感到孤独和寂寞，于是选择一只小狗来陪伴自己。中国人重视家庭、讲究团圆和孝道。当孩子们长大后，他们与父母之间的关系仍然密切，老人享受着四世同堂的喜悦，不会感到孤独，自然不需要小狗的陪伴。
+造成这种差异的原因有很多，其中一个重要因素是价值观的差异。在西方，人们崇尚“个人主义”，家庭意识薄弱。当孩子们成年后，他们离开父母，建立自己的家庭，与父母的关系变得不那么密切。这时，年迈的父母可能会感到孤独和寂寞，于是选择一只小狗来陪伴自己。中国人重视家庭、讲究团圆和孝道。当孩子们长大后，他们与父母之间的关系仍然密切，老人享受着四世同堂的喜悦，不会感到孤独，自然不需要小狗的陪伴。（ East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya：595-596）
 ===4.总结===
 有关狗的文化是中国文化的一个非常重要的组成部分。在中国，有许多与狗有关的语言表达、神话和历史故事。同样，随着时代的发展，中国人也开始把狗当作自己的朋友。社会上出现了越来越多的爱狗人士，他们批判残忍的虐狗行为，并收留流浪的无家可归的小狗。

@@ Line 247: / Line 247: @@
 首先，最早可以追溯到有一个关于天狗的传说。天狗是中国古代神话中的神兽，可以吞噬月亮，使天地陷入黑暗。在中国文化中，这是一个凶兆。因此，就有了 "敲锣打鼓，抓天狗救月亮 "的习俗。
 第二个原因是地理因素。自古以来，中国就是一个农业大国，农业对人们的生活有着巨大的影响。在古代，人们以农耕为生。为了谋生，他们必须找到能够帮助农业生产的动物，并保护珍惜他们。不幸的是，狗似乎对农业生产没有那么大的作用。因为他不像牛和马那样有很大的力量也不能辛勤的工作。
-第三个原因是宗教祭祀因素。虽然狗也被用作贡品，但它的使用量远不及牛、羊和猪等动物。在中国，祭祀也有等级之分。作为祭品，牛、羊、猪三者都有被称为太牢或大牢，在过去只有天子才有资格使用；只有羊和猪被称为 "少牢"，供诸侯和士大夫使用；只有一头猪被称为 "特豕"，供下层贵族在祭祀时使用。这说明狗在古代的地位是很低的，这也会对狗在文学和文化中的形象产生一定的影响。
+第三个原因是宗教祭祀因素。虽然狗也被用作贡品，但它的使用量远不及牛、羊和猪等动物。在中国，祭祀也有等级之分。作为祭品，牛、羊、猪三者都有被称为太牢或大牢，在过去只有天子才有资格使用；只有羊和猪被称为 "少牢"，供诸侯和士大夫使用；只有一头猪被称为 "特豕"，供下层贵族在祭祀时使用。这说明狗在古代的地位是很低的，这也会对狗在文学和文化中的形象产生一定的影响。（East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya：593-594）
 ===3.西方和中国对狗的不同态度===
 众所周知，在西方文化中，人们重视狗。他们不把狗看作是一种食材，而是关心它们，使他们为伙伴。在西方家庭中，狗通常被当做非常重要的家庭成员，是家庭中不可或缺的一部分。然而，在中国，尽管已经有很多人爱护小狗，但仍有一些人不接受它们。