20230630 final exam culture 06 - Revision history

Wang Jiaqi: /* The Image of Cattle in Traditional Chines Culture */

2023-07-10T12:40:06Z

The Image of Cattle in Traditional Chines Culture

Wang Jiaqi: /* Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 The Image of Cattle in Chinese Culture */

2023-07-10T12:32:59Z

Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 The Image of Cattle in Chinese Culture

Wang Jiaqi: /* Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 The Image of Cattle in Chinese Culture */

2023-07-10T12:22:25Z

Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 The Image of Cattle in Chinese Culture

Wang Jiaqi: /* Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 The Image of Cattle in Chinese Culture */

2023-07-10T12:16:20Z

Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 The Image of Cattle in Chinese Culture

Wang Jiaqi: /* Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 The Image of Cattle in Chinese Culture */

2023-07-10T12:10:03Z

Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 The Image of Cattle in Chinese Culture

Wang Jiaqi: /* Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 the image of cattle in Chinese culture */

2023-07-10T11:56:36Z

Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 the image of cattle in Chinese culture

Cao Wen: /* Answers */

2023-06-04T09:12:12Z

Answers

Cao Wen: /* Questions */

2023-06-04T09:11:37Z

Questions

Cao Wen: /* Cao Wen 曹文 traditional crafts：raw lacquer */

2023-06-04T09:10:17Z

Cao Wen 曹文 traditional crafts：raw lacquer

Wang Jiaqi: /* Reference */

2023-06-04T07:50:52Z

Reference

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 在古代中国，祭祀与保疆卫土同等重要。古人在年终岁尾，都要举行比较隆重的祭祀先祖和神灵的活动，由于牛是较早为人类所驯化的家畜，且在社会生活中具有重要作用，象征着财富和地位，而且牛在古代中国人的心目中是具有灵性的动物，可以通神，所以重大的祭祀仪式上，人们一般都要选用牛作为主要的祭品，以示祭祀活动的庄重肃穆。(陈萍 2005:58)
-===The Image of Cattle in Traditional Chines Culture===
+===The Image of Cattle in Traditional Chinese Culture===
 According to the traditional Chinese sexagenary cycle, the “Ten Heavenly Stems and the Twelve Earthly Branches”, the cattle is used instead of the 2nd of the twelve Earthly Branches. In the Chinese classic "Yijing", the cattle is the symbol of the hexagram Kun. The cattle symbolizes the Earth and the Mother. It represents the suppleness and gentleness, the ability to contain and store everything like a gentle and kind mother.(Guo Kongxiu 1998:313)

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 Cattle are the first livestock to be tamed by human beings, and the Chinese call them "the first of the six domestic animals". According to historical records, cattle were domesticated and  used as early as 7000 years ago in the Neolithic Age. And it was discovered that cattle were larger and stronger than other animals, which improved the efficiency of farming and made them more suitable as laborers for ploughing. Chinese civilization is a typical farming civilization, and the development of agriculture is an important manifestation of the progress of Chinese society. Cattle provides a great contribution to it, and the combination of farm cattle and iron farming tools is also a great technological innovation in Chinese society.(Zhang Meimei&Li Yanfang 2017:407)
-牛是人类最早驯服的牲畜，中国人称其为“六畜之首”。根据史料记载，早在 7000 多年前新石器时代人类就把牛驯化进行役用，人们发现牛相比其他动物而言，体型更大，力气更大，提高了耕作的效率，更适合作为拉犁耕地的劳动力。中国是典型的农耕文明国家，农业的发展是中国社会进步的一个重要表现，而牛为农业发展提供了极大的贡献，耕牛与铁器相结合也是中国社会的一次伟大技术变革。
+牛是人类最早驯服的牲畜，中国人称其为“六畜之首”。根据史料记载，早在 7000 多年前新石器时代人类就把牛驯化进行役用，人们发现牛相比其他动物而言，体型更大，力气更大，提高了耕作的效率，更适合作为拉犁耕地的劳动力。中国是典型的农耕文明国家，农业的发展是中国社会进步的一个重要表现，而牛为农业发展提供了极大的贡献，耕牛与铁器相结合也是中国社会的一次伟大技术变革。(张美美&李彦芳 2017:407)
 The cattle have played an important role in Chinese culture as they have enabled the Chinese farmers to increase their productivity, to expand their living space, to provide the basis for population reproduction, and to lay the foundation for the development of Chinese civilization.
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 In ancient China, sacrifices is as important as defending the land. In ancient times, at the end of the year, people hold more solemn sacrifices than ususal to their ancestors and gods. People generally chose cattle as the main sacrifice in major rituals to show the solemn because cattle were domesticated by humans earlier and played an important role in social life. It also symbolizes wealth and high status. Also, in ancient Chinese’s minds, cattle were spiritual animals and could communicate with the gods.(Chen Ping 2005:58)
-在古代中国，祭祀与保疆卫土同等重要。古人在年终岁尾，都要举行比较隆重的祭祀先祖和神灵的活动，由于牛是较早为人类所驯化的家畜，且在社会生活中具有重要作用，象征着财富和地位，而且牛在古代中国人的心目中是具有灵性的动物，可以通神，所以重大的祭祀仪式上，人们一般都要选用牛作为主要的祭品，以示祭祀活动的庄重肃穆。
+在古代中国，祭祀与保疆卫土同等重要。古人在年终岁尾，都要举行比较隆重的祭祀先祖和神灵的活动，由于牛是较早为人类所驯化的家畜，且在社会生活中具有重要作用，象征着财富和地位，而且牛在古代中国人的心目中是具有灵性的动物，可以通神，所以重大的祭祀仪式上，人们一般都要选用牛作为主要的祭品，以示祭祀活动的庄重肃穆。(陈萍 2005:58)
 ===The Image of Cattle in Traditional Chines Culture===
-According to the traditional Chinese sexagenary cycle, the “Ten Heavenly Stems and the Twelve Earthly Branches”, the cattle is used instead of the 2nd of the twelve Earthly Branches. In the Chinese classic "Yijing", the cattle is the symbol of the hexagram Kun. The cattle symbolizes the Earth and the Mother. It represents the suppleness and gentleness, the ability to contain and store everything like a gentle and kind mother.（Guo Kongxiu 1998:313）
+According to the traditional Chinese sexagenary cycle, the “Ten Heavenly Stems and the Twelve Earthly Branches”, the cattle is used instead of the 2nd of the twelve Earthly Branches. In the Chinese classic "Yijing", the cattle is the symbol of the hexagram Kun. The cattle symbolizes the Earth and the Mother. It represents the suppleness and gentleness, the ability to contain and store everything like a gentle and kind mother.(Guo Kongxiu 1998:313)
-在中国传统纪年法“天干地支”中，以牛代丑。中国古代的《易经》中，则以牛为坤卦的象征。牛象征地，象征母。表示柔顺和温和，能包藏储存万物，像温顺慈祥的母亲。
+在中国传统纪年法“天干地支”中，以牛代丑。中国古代的《易经》中，则以牛为坤卦的象征。牛象征地，象征母。表示柔顺和温和，能包藏储存万物，像温顺慈祥的母亲。（郭孔秀 1998:313）
 The cattle represents farming. Agricultural activities can only be carried out normally in times of peace. So cattle are also messengers of peace, reflecting Chinese people's aversion to war. Also, because of their influence on farming culture, cattle often represents great strength. The words "old ox" and "old yellow ox" refer to an old cattle, but they are also a metaphor for those who serve the people in a down-to-earth manner and with dedication. The image of the cattle is also often found in traditional Chinese artworks, usually representing the noble qualities of selflessness, hard-working and being enterprising. The Chinese people also have a fine tradition of praising the qualities of kindness, simplicity, hard-work and bravery. Chinese people have always been known for their stout attitude, straightforwardness, righteousness and loyalty, so the image of the cattle has been given special attention.(Chen Ping 2005:58)
-牛代表农事，在和平年代农业活动才得以正常进行，因此牛也是和平的使者，体现着中国人民对战争的厌恶。同时因为牛对农耕文化的影响很大，牛也常代表极大的力量。“老牛”、“老黄牛”虽指年老的牛，但同时亦比喻那些踏踏实实、任劳任怨地为人民服务的人。牛的形象也经常出现在中国传统艺术作品中，通常代表着无私风险、勤劳进取的高尚品质，中国人民也有赞扬善良朴实、勤劳勇敢品质的优良传统，一直以姿态敦厚、质直好义和忠厚淳朴的性格而著称，因此牛的形象受到了格外的重视。
+牛代表农事，在和平年代农业活动才得以正常进行，因此牛也是和平的使者，体现着中国人民对战争的厌恶。同时因为牛对农耕文化的影响很大，牛也常代表极大的力量。“老牛”、“老黄牛”虽指年老的牛，但同时亦比喻那些踏踏实实、任劳任怨地为人民服务的人。牛的形象也经常出现在中国传统艺术作品中，通常代表着无私风险、勤劳进取的高尚品质，中国人民也有赞扬善良朴实、勤劳勇敢品质的优良传统，一直以姿态敦厚、质直好义和忠厚淳朴的性格而著称，因此牛的形象受到了格外的重视。(陈萍 2005:58)
 The cattle also has a negative connotation. The cattle is a representative of  being industrious and simplicity, but also a typical example of stupidity and stubbornness. The cattle is also used as a metaphor for living in poverty or heavy burdens since the ancient Chinese people are mainly agriculturalists and need to work very hard to survive. (Chen Ping 2005:59)
-牛也有负面的含义。牛是勤劳憨厚的代表，同时也是愚笨、倔强的典型。由于中国古代人民以农业为主，为生存需要极大的劳动付出，因此牛也用于比喻生活贫苦或负担沉重。
+牛也有负面的含义。牛是勤劳憨厚的代表，同时也是愚笨、倔强的典型。由于中国古代人民以农业为主，为生存需要极大的劳动付出，因此牛也用于比喻生活贫苦或负担沉重。(陈萍 2005:59)
 ===The Three Ox Spirit in Modern Chinese Dream===
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 改革开放让中国飞速发展，如今中国经济得到了持续、稳定、快速的发展，人民生活文化水平得到了前所未有的提高。在全国政协2021新年茶话会上，习近平总书记强调要发扬“三牛精神”，在全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程上奋勇前进，具体内容为：
-面对人民群众日益增长的美好生活需要，争当为民服务、无私奉献的“孺子牛”；面对新发展阶段的新挑战新任务，争当创新发展、攻坚克难的“拓荒牛”；面对民族复兴伟大梦想，争当艰苦奋斗、吃苦耐劳的“老黄牛”。
+面对人民群众日益增长的美好生活需要，争当为民服务、无私奉献的“孺子牛”；面对新发展阶段的新挑战新任务，争当创新发展、攻坚克难的“拓荒牛”；面对民族复兴伟大梦想，争当艰苦奋斗、吃苦耐劳的“老黄牛”。（百度百科 三牛精神）
 The spirit of the ox demands that every Chinese sons and daughters should carry forward the "three ox spirit", work hard and perseveringly, be practical to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
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 In British history, cattle were used to help farming at first, but gradually horse farming took the place of cattle farming. So in Britain, a country dominated by animal husbandry, cattle were only used to provide meat and dairy products. In 1986, the first case of mad cow disease was discovered in England, and the damage of mad cow disease was almost fatal to the cattle storage industry in England, which also hit the British economy hard. In British culture, cattle mostly represent savagery, violence, ferocity, recklessness, stupidity, cowardice, incompetence and so on. In their eyes, cattle, especially bulls, are often associated with intimidation, rudeness and other obnoxious things.(Niu Yvlin 2021:14)
-英国历史中，一开始也选用牛帮助耕作，但逐渐马耕代替牛耕，于是在英国这样一个以畜牧业为主的国家，牛只是用来提供肉类和乳制品的动物。1986年在英国第一次发现了疯牛病病例，疯牛病对英国的牛蓄产业的伤害几乎是致命的，这也沉重打击了英国的经济。在英国文化中，牛大都代表着野蛮、暴力、凶猛、鲁莽、愚蠢、懦弱、无能等。在西方人眼中，牛尤其是公牛往往与恐吓、粗暴等令人讨厌的事物相关。
+英国历史中，一开始也选用牛帮助耕作，但逐渐马耕代替牛耕，于是在英国这样一个以畜牧业为主的国家，牛只是用来提供肉类和乳制品的动物。1986年在英国第一次发现了疯牛病病例，疯牛病对英国的牛蓄产业的伤害几乎是致命的，这也沉重打击了英国的经济。在英国文化中，牛大都代表着野蛮、暴力、凶猛、鲁莽、愚蠢、懦弱、无能等。在西方人眼中，牛尤其是公牛往往与恐吓、粗暴等令人讨厌的事物相关。(牛玉琳 2021:14)
 Japan is an island country with the culture of fishing people. The culture of farming people was introduced to Japan in the middle of Jomon Period, and it was mainly in the inland areas, while the coastal areas were still mainly fishing. So farming culture does not have an important position in Japan, and the relationship between cattle and Japanese people is not so vital like in China. The Japanese word for cattle is mostly derogatory, referring to stupidity and inferiority, but also to "many," "great," and “to a great extent”. Japanese culture does not give cattle human nature or divinity as Chinese culture does.(Li Fei 2010:22-23)
-日本是一个岛国，固有的是渔民文化，绳文中期耕民文化才传入日本，而且主要是在内陆地区，沿海则主要还是捕鱼，所以农耕文化在日本并不占有重要地位，牛与日本人民的关系并不像在中国是关乎生计。日语中关于牛的词汇多为贬义，比喻愚笨、卑贱，也表示“多”“大”、程度之甚。日本文化中也不会像中国文化一样，赋予牛人性或神性。
+日本是一个岛国，固有的是渔民文化，绳文中期耕民文化才传入日本，而且主要是在内陆地区，沿海则主要还是捕鱼，所以农耕文化在日本并不占有重要地位，牛与日本人民的关系并不像在中国是关乎生计。日语中关于牛的词汇多为贬义，比喻愚笨、卑贱，也表示“多”“大”、程度之甚。日本文化中也不会像中国文化一样，赋予牛人性或神性。（李斐 2010:22-23）
-In India, the cow is considered sacred and inviolable. The sanctity of the cow derives from its economic value and ritual function, as well as being a product of religious struggle. According to ancient Indian mythology, Brahma gave life to priests as well as to cows. Cows were also used as ritual sacrifices and beef was served as a dish for distinguished guests, and the concept of not killing cows was gradually made sacrosanct. From an environmental and sustainability perspective, the ban on cow slaughter, though a religious mandate, has helped the entire Indian agricultural system to recover from frequent drought seasons, and the ban on beef has served as an insurance policy against natural disasters.(Wang Qingfeng 2017:67)
+In India, the cow is considered sacred and inviolable. The sanctity of the cow derives from its economic value and ritual function, as well as being a product of religious struggle. According to ancient Indian mythology, Brahma gave life to priests as well as to cows. Cows were also used as ritual sacrifices and beef was served as a dish for distinguished guests, and the concept of not killing cows was gradually made sacrosanct. From an environmental and sustainability perspective, the ban on cow slaughter, though a religious mandate, has helped the entire Indian agricultural system to recover from frequent drought seasons, and the ban on beef has served as an insurance policy against natural disasters.(Wang Qingfeng 2017:66-67)
-在印度，母牛被认为是神圣不可侵犯的。母牛的神圣性源自其经济价值和仪式功能，也是宗教斗争的产物。根据印度古神话，梵天在赋予祭司生命同时也赋予母牛生命；母牛也曾是仪式性祭品，牛肉也曾是招待贵宾的菜品，不杀生观念逐渐使母牛被尊为神圣不可侵犯。在环保和可持续发展角度来看，禁止宰牛虽是宗教律令，却有助于印度整个农业体系在频繁遭遇旱灾的季节里恢复生产，禁食牛肉相当于抗御自然灾害的一道保险。
+在印度，母牛被认为是神圣不可侵犯的。母牛的神圣性源自其经济价值和仪式功能，也是宗教斗争的产物。根据印度古神话，梵天在赋予祭司生命同时也赋予母牛生命；母牛也曾是仪式性祭品，牛肉也曾是招待贵宾的菜品，不杀生观念逐渐使母牛被尊为神圣不可侵犯。在环保和可持续发展角度来看，禁止宰牛虽是宗教律令，却有助于印度整个农业体系在频繁遭遇旱灾的季节里恢复生产，禁食牛肉相当于抗御自然灾害的一道保险。（王晴锋 2017:66-67)
 ===Conclusion===
-China's long history and rich cultural heritage are the prerequisites for the richness of the Chinese cattle culture. Modern China has also taken the best out of traditional culture according to its development needs and innovated the "three ox spirit" to further guide China's development.(Wang Qingfeng 2017:66-67)
+China's long history and rich cultural heritage are the prerequisites for the richness of the Chinese cattle culture. Modern China has also taken the best out of traditional culture according to its development needs and innovated the "three ox spirit" to further guide China's development.
 中国悠久的历史和丰厚的文化底蕴，中国牛文化如此丰富多彩的前提条件，同时现代中国也根据发展需要，对传统文化去其糟粕取其精华，创新提出了“三牛精神”，进一步指导中国发展。

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 英国历史中，一开始也选用牛帮助耕作，但逐渐马耕代替牛耕，于是在英国这样一个以畜牧业为主的国家，牛只是用来提供肉类和乳制品的动物。1986年在英国第一次发现了疯牛病病例，疯牛病对英国的牛蓄产业的伤害几乎是致命的，这也沉重打击了英国的经济。在英国文化中，牛大都代表着野蛮、暴力、凶猛、鲁莽、愚蠢、懦弱、无能等。在西方人眼中，牛尤其是公牛往往与恐吓、粗暴等令人讨厌的事物相关。
-Japan is an island country with the culture of fishing people. The culture of farming people was introduced to Japan in the middle of Jomon Period, and it was mainly in the inland areas, while the coastal areas were still mainly fishing. So farming culture does not have an important position in Japan, and the relationship between cattle and Japanese people is not so vital like in China. The Japanese word for cattle is mostly derogatory, referring to stupidity and inferiority, but also to "many," "great," and “to a great extent”. Japanese culture does not give cattle human nature or divinity as Chinese culture does.
+Japan is an island country with the culture of fishing people. The culture of farming people was introduced to Japan in the middle of Jomon Period, and it was mainly in the inland areas, while the coastal areas were still mainly fishing. So farming culture does not have an important position in Japan, and the relationship between cattle and Japanese people is not so vital like in China. The Japanese word for cattle is mostly derogatory, referring to stupidity and inferiority, but also to "many," "great," and “to a great extent”. Japanese culture does not give cattle human nature or divinity as Chinese culture does.(Li Fei 2010:22-23)
 日本是一个岛国，固有的是渔民文化，绳文中期耕民文化才传入日本，而且主要是在内陆地区，沿海则主要还是捕鱼，所以农耕文化在日本并不占有重要地位，牛与日本人民的关系并不像在中国是关乎生计。日语中关于牛的词汇多为贬义，比喻愚笨、卑贱，也表示“多”“大”、程度之甚。日本文化中也不会像中国文化一样，赋予牛人性或神性。
@@ Line 357: / Line 357: @@
 [5]牛玉琳.文化相对论视域下的中英牛文化差异[J].文学教育(下),2021(11):13-15.DOI:10.16692/j.cnki.wxjyx.2021.11.004.
-[6]王晴锋.印度圣牛观解析——基于宗教、历史、理性选择与文化唯物主义[J].北方民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2017,No.134(02):63-67.
+[6]李斐.中日两国关于“牛”的文化涵义[J].文教资料,2010,No.497(09):22-23.
 ===Terms and Expressions===

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 日本是一个岛国，固有的是渔民文化，绳文中期耕民文化才传入日本，而且主要是在内陆地区，沿海则主要还是捕鱼，所以农耕文化在日本并不占有重要地位，牛与日本人民的关系并不像在中国是关乎生计。日语中关于牛的词汇多为贬义，比喻愚笨、卑贱，也表示“多”“大”、程度之甚。日本文化中也不会像中国文化一样，赋予牛人性或神性。
-In India, the cow is considered sacred and inviolable. The sanctity of the cow derives from its economic value and ritual function, as well as being a product of religious struggle. According to ancient Indian mythology, Brahma gave life to priests as well as to cows. Cows were also used as ritual sacrifices and beef was served as a dish for distinguished guests, and the concept of not killing cows was gradually made sacrosanct. From an environmental and sustainability perspective, the ban on cow slaughter, though a religious mandate, has helped the entire Indian agricultural system to recover from frequent drought seasons, and the ban on beef has served as an insurance policy against natural disasters.
+In India, the cow is considered sacred and inviolable. The sanctity of the cow derives from its economic value and ritual function, as well as being a product of religious struggle. According to ancient Indian mythology, Brahma gave life to priests as well as to cows. Cows were also used as ritual sacrifices and beef was served as a dish for distinguished guests, and the concept of not killing cows was gradually made sacrosanct. From an environmental and sustainability perspective, the ban on cow slaughter, though a religious mandate, has helped the entire Indian agricultural system to recover from frequent drought seasons, and the ban on beef has served as an insurance policy against natural disasters.(Wang Qingfeng 2017:67)
 在印度，母牛被认为是神圣不可侵犯的。母牛的神圣性源自其经济价值和仪式功能，也是宗教斗争的产物。根据印度古神话，梵天在赋予祭司生命同时也赋予母牛生命；母牛也曾是仪式性祭品，牛肉也曾是招待贵宾的菜品，不杀生观念逐渐使母牛被尊为神圣不可侵犯。在环保和可持续发展角度来看，禁止宰牛虽是宗教律令，却有助于印度整个农业体系在频繁遭遇旱灾的季节里恢复生产，禁食牛肉相当于抗御自然灾害的一道保险。

@@ Line 304: / Line 304: @@
 ===The Image of Cattle in Traditional Chines Culture===
-According to the traditional Chinese sexagenary cycle, the “Ten Heavenly Stems and the Twelve Earthly Branches”, the cattle is used instead of the 2nd of the twelve Earthly Branches. In the Chinese classic "Yijing", the cattle is the symbol of the hexagram Kun. The cattle symbolizes the Earth and the Mother. It represents the suppleness and gentleness, the ability to contain and store everything like a gentle and kind mother.
+According to the traditional Chinese sexagenary cycle, the “Ten Heavenly Stems and the Twelve Earthly Branches”, the cattle is used instead of the 2nd of the twelve Earthly Branches. In the Chinese classic "Yijing", the cattle is the symbol of the hexagram Kun. The cattle symbolizes the Earth and the Mother. It represents the suppleness and gentleness, the ability to contain and store everything like a gentle and kind mother.（Guo Kongxiu 1998:313）
 在中国传统纪年法“天干地支”中，以牛代丑。中国古代的《易经》中，则以牛为坤卦的象征。牛象征地，象征母。表示柔顺和温和，能包藏储存万物，像温顺慈祥的母亲。
@@ Line 349: / Line 349: @@
 [1]张美美,李彦芳. 中国牛文化[C]//中国畜牧业协会.第十二届中国牛业发展大会论文集.[出版者不详],2017:363-365.DOI:10.26914/c.cnkihy.2017.011487.
-[2]陈萍.“牛”的文化解析[J].重庆三峡学院学报,2005(06):57-59.
+[2]郭孔秀.中国古代牛文化试探[J].农业考古,1998(03):313-320+329.
-[3]Baidu baike the three ox spirit 百度百科 “三牛精神” https://baike.quark.cn/c/lemma/78229922928108#/index
+[3]陈萍.“牛”的文化解析[J].重庆三峡学院学报,2005(06):57-59.
-[4]牛玉琳.文化相对论视域下的中英牛文化差异[J].文学教育(下),2021(11):13-15.DOI:10.16692/j.cnki.wxjyx.2021.11.004.
+[4]Baidu baike the three ox spirit 百度百科 “三牛精神” https://baike.quark.cn/c/lemma/78229922928108#/index
-[5]王晴锋.印度圣牛观解析——基于宗教、历史、理性选择与文化唯物主义[J].北方民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2017,No.134(02):63-67.
+[5]牛玉琳.文化相对论视域下的中英牛文化差异[J].文学教育(下),2021(11):13-15.DOI:10.16692/j.cnki.wxjyx.2021.11.004.
 ===Terms and Expressions===

@@ Line 261: / Line 261: @@
 ===Answers===
 . Raw lacquer industry lacks perfect production system; the defects of raw lacquer itself hinder its development; the industrial management of raw lacquer is extensive.
 . Sumac is mainly distributed in east and central Asia.
 . April to August is a good time to cut each year, particularly in the dog days of summer. Additionally, the time before sunrise is the best time to cut.
 . Only 10 kilos of raw paint can be cut in a lifetime of a wild sumac.

@@ Line 252: / Line 252: @@
 ===Questions===
 . What limits does the development of lacquer industry have?
 . Where is the sumac mainly distributed?
 . When is the best time to cut the sumac?
 . How much raw paint can a wild sumac cut in its lifetime?

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:10, 4 June 2023
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	==Cao Wen 曹文 traditional crafts：raw lacquer==		==Cao Wen 曹文 traditional crafts：raw lacquer==
		+	Traditional crafts: raw lacquer
		+	传统工艺:生漆
		+
		+	===Abstract===
		+	Known as the king of paint, China's national lacquer—— raw lacquer, can make coffins more than two thousand years ago bright and complete. It is hard to come by and that’s what makes it so valuable.
		+
		+	梗概：
		+	素有“油漆之王”之称的中国国漆——生漆，能使两千多年前的棺木光洁完整。它的珍贵主要在于生漆的难得。
		+
		+	===Key words===
		+	raw lacquer, a particular type of paint, different degrees of allergies, a long history, durability, bottleneck of development, synthetic coatings
		+
		+	关键词：
		+	生漆；一种特殊类型的涂料；不同程度的过敏；历史悠久；经久耐用；合成涂料；发展瓶颈
		+
		+	===Introduction===
		+	Raw lacquer is a milky natural liquid paint cut from sumac. After being cutting, the paint gradually turns brown due to contact with air. After about four hours, the surface of the liquid dries and hardens to form a paint film. Raw lacquer is a particular type of paint with high economic value and also one of the important materials traditionally exported by China. It is famous for its quantity and quality.
		+
		+	引言：
		+	生漆是一种乳白色的天然液体涂料，从漆树中切割而成。油漆切割后，由于与空气接触，逐渐变成褐色。大约四个小时后，液体表面变干变硬，形成一层漆膜。生漆是一种特殊的具有较高经济价值的涂料，也是中国传统出口的重要原料之一，以量多质好著称于世。
		+
		+	===Text===
		+	Raw paint can produce different degrees of allergies. The cause of human skin allergy caused by it is not fully understood. Not only does touching the raw lacquer and sumac will cause sores, but some people are allergic to the smell of it. People with mild allergy to raw paint only show in the exposed part of the skin, such as the face, the back of the hand, the fingers and so on, and then develop to the neck, pubic region and other parts. People will initially feel the area swollen and itchy, and after scratching, it will appear red mounds. Severe cases show chickenpox size blisters, if the skin is scratched, it is easy to be infected and ulcerated. But after treatment, it can heal without leaving any trace. Only 10 kilos of raw paint can be cut in a lifetime of a wild sumac. The farmer makes a shallow cut in the sumac and collects the sap. A dozen sumac trees produce only a shallow layer of liquid. The craftsman will mix the filtered sand and ash to fill the gap, brush it carefully for the first time, and leave it to dry, then cover it with gauze for polishing. This process has to be done three times, and finally the varnish. The whole operation is done by hand. They apply it with the palm , and press it again and again to firm up.
		+
		+	正文：
		+	生漆会产生不同程度的过敏。它引起人体皮肤过敏的原因尚不清楚。不仅触摸了生漆和漆树会生漆疮，有的人嗅了生漆味，也会过敏生疮。对生漆轻度过敏的人只表现在皮肤裸露部位，如脸部、手背、手指等，然后发展到颈部、阴部等部位。人们最初会感到该区域肿胀发痒，抓挠后会出现红色小丘斑。严重者皮肤局部呈现水痘大小的水泡，若皮肤被抓破，则很容易受感染而溃烂。但经过治疗后，它可以愈合而不留任何痕迹。一棵野生漆树一生只能割下10公斤的原漆。漆农会在漆树上割一浅口，再收集流出的汁液。十几棵漆树只能集浅浅一层。工匠将过滤后的沙子和灰混合在一起填补空缺，第一次仔细刷，待其干燥后，再用纱布盖上进行抛光。这样的工序要做三次，最后上亮漆。整个操作都是手工完成的。他们用手掌涂抹，一遍又一遍地按压紧实。
		+
		+	In traditional Chinese furniture, the use of raw lacquer has a long history. As early as in ancient times, there are records about sumac. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, raw lacquer was once exported to Southeast Asia as a royal tribute.
		+
		+	在中国传统家具中，生漆的使用有着悠久的历史。早在远古时代，就有关于漆树的记载。明清时期，生漆曾作为皇家贡品远销东南亚各国。
		+
		+	The durability of raw lacquer has been confirmed by unearthed cultural relics. For example, the coffin and lacquerware of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan Province in 1972 have been dating back to more than 2,000 years ago. The paint film is so bright and complete, which fully proves that the raw lacquer is resistant to water and moisture.
		+
		+	生漆的漆膜耐久性，早已从出土的文物证实。如1972年在湖南长沙马王堆出土的西汉棺椁和漆器，其历史可追溯到2000多年前。其漆膜仍如此光亮完整，充分证明了生漆的耐水、防潮性。
		+
		+	Sumac is mainly distributed in east and central Asia. There are raw lacquer too in other countries such as Vietnam, Korea, Japan, Myanmar, but the output and quality are not as good as in China. Chinese sumac grows in the southern region from Gansu to Shandong. The humid temperature and environment in these regions are very suitable for the growth of sumac. April to August is a good time to cut each year. Particularly in the dog days of summer, the quality of paint is the best, because of the fast moisture volatilization and the full of sunshine. Additionally, the time before sunrise is the best time to cut.
		+
		+	漆树主要分布在东亚和中亚。越南、韩国、日本、缅甸等其他国家也有生漆，但产量和质量都不如中国。中国的漆树生长于甘肃南部至山东一线的南方地区，这些地区潮湿的温度和环境非常适合漆树的生长。每年的4月到8月是割漆的好时机。三伏天所割的漆质最佳，因为盛夏时水分挥发快，阳光充足。此外，每天日出之前也是割漆的最好时机。
		+
		+	Raw lacquer can be used as an excellent preservative, the ideal coating for textile printing and dyeing industry. It can also be used as a good insulating material for electrical equipment, and is a good coating for lacquer craft products. The Temple of Heaven in Beijing, the capital of China, has been around for hundreds of years. Its beams and columns are not rotten, mainly because they are coated with raw lacquer. The crude oil from the oil well contains a certain amount of sulfur and the equipment is easy to break down. If it is coated with raw lacquer or raw lacquer modified coating, the utilization rate of the equipment can be significantly improved.
		+
		+	生漆可作为优良的防腐剂，是纺织印染行业的理想涂料，也可作为电气设备的良好绝缘材料，是漆工艺制品的良好涂料。中国首都北京的天坛迄今已有数百年之久。它的梁柱不腐，主要是因为涂了生漆。油井的原油中含有一定量的硫，设备容易发生故障。如涂生漆或生漆改性涂料，可显著提高设备的利用率。
		+
		+	In addition, dry lacquer is an important traditional Chinese medicine, which can be used to treat diseases and stop bleeding after brewing. Because of its many excellent properties, raw lacquer is widely used. With the development of modified coatings, the need of raw lacquer in national economic construction will increase day by day. It is of great significance to develop the production of raw lacquer to support the construction of the Four Modernizations of socialism and to develop the economy of mountainous areas.
		+
		+	此外，干漆是一种重要的中药，冲泡后可用于治疗疾病和止血。由于生漆具有许多优良的性能，因此被广泛使用。随着改性涂料的发展，国民经济建设对生漆的需求将日益增加。发展生漆生产，对支持社会主义四个现代化建设和发展山区经济具有重要意义。
		+
		+	However, in recent years, our country lacquer industry faces bottleneck of development.
		+
		+	然而近年来，我国生漆产业面临发展瓶颈。
		+
		+	====1.Raw lacquer industry lacks perfect production system.====
		+	With the rise of modern chemical industry, the variety and properties of paint coatings have changed fundamentally. In many fields, synthetic coatings have replaced raw paint and developed into a huge modern industrial system. This will undoubtedly give a ruthless blow to the development of raw paint industry, so that its survival space is increasingly narrow.
		+
		+	1.生漆行业缺乏完善的生产体系。
		+	随着现代化学工业的崛起，油漆涂料的品种和性能发生了根本性的变化。在许多领域，合成涂料已经取代了原漆，发展成为一个庞大的现代工业体系。这无疑会给生漆行业的发展予以无情打击，使其生存的空间日益狭小。
		+
		+	====2.The defects of raw lacquer itself hinder its development.====
		+	The quality of raw paint is uneven and the quality control is difficult. Secondly, the production process of raw paint is demanding, and certain temperature and humidity conditions need to be controlled. It can only be operated by hand and is difficult to operate in a mechanized way. At the same time, raw lacquer is also easy to cause skin allergic reaction, so far there is no cure raw lacquer allergy prescription. The defects of raw paint itself make people turn to other substitutes, develop new kinds of paint and coatings, and divide up the market share of raw paint.
		+
		+	2.生漆本身存在的缺陷阻碍了生漆的发展。
		+	生漆品质参差不齐，质量控制困难。其次，原漆的生产过程要求很高，需要控制一定的温度和湿度条件。它只能手工操作，难以采用机械化方式作业。同时，生漆也容易引起皮肤过敏反应，到目前为止还没有治愈生漆过敏的处方。原漆本身存在的这些缺陷使人们转而寻找其它替代品，开发新的油漆和涂料种类，瓜分原漆的市场份额。
		+
		+	====3.The industrial management of raw lacquer is extensive.====
		+	Due to the insufficient understanding of the significance of scientific management of sumac resources, the state has not formulated the policy based on sustainable development and sustainable utilization. Secondly, there is no directional cultivation of sumac superior plant, which results in inferior varieties of sumac and low paint production. It seriously reduces the ecological function and productivity of lacquer forest and restricts the development of raw lacquer industry.
		+
		+	3.漆产业经营管理粗放。
		+	由于对漆树资源科学管理的重要性认识不足，国家没有制定以持续发展、持续利用为基础的方针、政策。其次，没有定向培育漆树优株，导致漆树品种低劣，油漆产量低。严重降低了漆林的生态功能和生产力，制约了生漆工业的发展。
		+
		+	Our country's lacquer industry development has a good market prospect, but to break through the existing bottleneck, we need to improve production level and ability, perfect production system, and achieve large-scale and intensive development. The development of lacquer industry promotes economic development, beautify environment and protect cultural heritage.
		+
		+	我国的生漆产业发展具有良好的市场前景，但要突破现有瓶颈，还需要提高生产水平和能力，完善生产体系，实现规模化、集约化发展。生漆行业的发展促进了我国的经济发展，环境美化、文化遗产的保护。
		+
		+	===Questions===
		+	1. What limits does the development of lacquer industry have?
		+	2. Where is the sumac mainly distributed?
		+	3. When is the best time to cut the sumac?
		+	4. How much raw paint can a wild sumac cut in its lifetime?
		+
		+	===Answers===
		+	1. Raw lacquer industry lacks perfect production system; the defects of raw lacquer itself hinder its development; the industrial management of raw lacquer is extensive.
		+	2. Sumac is mainly distributed in east and central Asia.
		+	3. April to August is a good time to cut each year, particularly in the dog days of summer. Additionally, the time before sunrise is the best time to cut.
		+	4. Only 10 kilos of raw paint can be cut in a lifetime of a wild sumac.
		+
	==Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 the image of cattle in Chinese culture==		==Wang Jiaqi 王佳绮 the image of cattle in Chinese culture==