20230630 final exam culture 07 - Revision history

Song Yifang: /* 结论 */

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结论

Song Yifang: /* Conclusion */

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Conclusion

Song Yifang: /* 4. 中国近现代 */

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4. 中国近现代

Song Yifang: /* 4. In Modern China */

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4. In Modern China

Song Yifang: /* 3. During Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties */

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3. During Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

Song Yifang: /* 3.宋元明清时期 */

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3.宋元明清时期

Song Yifang: /* 3.宋元明清时期 */

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3.宋元明清时期

Song Yifang: /* 3. During Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties */

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3. During Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

Song Yifang: /* 2. During Xia, Shang and Zhou to Sui and Tang Periods */

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2. During Xia, Shang and Zhou to Sui and Tang Periods

Song Yifang: /* 2.夏商周到隋唐时期 */

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2.夏商周到隋唐时期

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 ===结论===
-发型背后的文化博大精深，其历史源远流长。发型的演变不仅体现了国家的发展和人民的生活水平，还反映了人们思想的变化，从腐朽封建到开明包容，思想在解放，社会在进步。
+发型背后的文化博大精深，其历史源远流长。发型的演变不仅体现了国家的发展和人民的生活水平，还反映了人们思想的变化，从腐朽封建到开明包容，思想在解放，社会在进步。（从文化角度看发型的演变及其功能 李灏,蒋栋元 2005）
 ===Terms===
 发髻bun、冠帽/冠crown cap、接发hair extension、垂云髻the hanging cloud bun、九环髻nine ring bun、棰髻whipping shaped bun、堕马髻Duo ma bun、飞仙髻flying fairy bun、瑶台髻yodai bun、圆髻round bun、层叠髻laminated bun、簪笔ZanBi、簪珥ZanEr、簪花flower pin、凤冠phoenix crown、步摇Buyao、衬饰lining、飞于髻Feiyu bun、盘桓髻hovering bun、掠鹄髻swan shaped bun、云髻cloud bun(towering like a cloud)、双环望仙髻ring-shaped Wang Xian bun、半翻鬓half-turned bun、峨髻E bun、抛髻Pao bun with two sideburns holding face、朝天髻Chao tian bun、同心髻concentric bun、流苏髻fringe bun、头箍headband、钵盂头mantle-shaped hair、两把头Liang ba hair、旗头flag head、梳辫comb braid、板寸slab inch(Ban Cun)、中分medium parting、偏分partial parting、大背头big back hair(Da Beitou)、一撮式Yi Cuo Shi、一字式YI Zi Shi (short floppy ear hair and floppy bangs)、梨花式pear-liked style (partial parting floppy ear hair)、倒扇形inverted fan shape (short floppy ear hair and fan bangs)、解放头liberation head、折辫folded braid

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 ===Conclusion===
-The culture behind hairstyles is very profound and it has a long history. The evolution of hairstyles not only manifests the development of the country and the living standard of the people, but also reflects the change of people's thinking, from corrupted feudalism to enlightened inclusiveness, the thinking is liberating and the society is progressing.
+The culture behind hairstyles is very profound and it has a long history. The evolution of hairstyles not only manifests the development of the country and the living standard of the people, but also reflects the change of people's thinking, from corrupted feudalism to enlightened inclusiveness, the thinking is liberating and the society is progressing.（https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=3uoqIhG8C44YLTlOAiTRKgchrJ08w1e7F1IFNsBV5UuAtvgm1fM4pDba1835O4kDx2NXr0k4Nh1sXt0salep1SFjgM1DRKSh&uniplatform=NZKPT）
 ===结论===
 发型背后的文化博大精深，其历史源远流长。发型的演变不仅体现了国家的发展和人民的生活水平，还反映了人们思想的变化，从腐朽封建到开明包容，思想在解放，社会在进步。

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 民国时期，社会文化和个体观念的改变对发型的改变有着巨大的影响。受各种新思想的影响，人们纷纷剪掉辫子，梳起了干净利落的短发。这时的男女发式非常多样。男性有板寸、中分、偏分、大背头等。女性有一撮式、一字式（齐耳短发和齐刘海）、梨花式（偏分齐耳短发）、倒扇形（齐耳短发和扇形刘海）等等。
 新中国成立初期，正式建设国家的时候，人们都追求简朴适合工作的发型。这一时期农村男子的发型以板寸为主，知识分子和干部们则大多剪背头和分头，十分方便打理，节省时间。女性们大多剪中长发（跟梨花式比较像），自然垂下，俗称“解放头”，闺中的少女们则喜欢扎两个长辫子，充满了青春的活力。长辫子弯折上去就成了折辫，好看又方便。
-改革开放后，各种国外的新鲜事物映入国人眼帘，且人们生活水平提高，在打扮上有了更多的心思。各种卷发烫发染发，五颜六色、各式各样的造型涌现，一直持续到今天。除此之外，人们在发饰上也会精挑细选，精心搭配。
+改革开放后，各种国外的新鲜事物映入国人眼帘，且人们生活水平提高，在打扮上有了更多的心思。各种卷发烫发染发，五颜六色、各式各样的造型涌现，一直持续到今天。除此之外，人们在发饰上也会精挑细选，精心搭配。（中国人头上那些事儿：发型的演变史 https://www.jianshu.com/p/344a1b06a2d4）
 ===Conclusion===
 The culture behind hairstyles is very profound and it has a long history. The evolution of hairstyles not only manifests the development of the country and the living standard of the people, but also reflects the change of people's thinking, from corrupted feudalism to enlightened inclusiveness, the thinking is liberating and the society is progressing.

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 During the Republican period, the change of social culture and individual concepts had a great impact on the change of hairstyles. Influenced by various new ideas, people cut off their braids and wore short, clean hair. The hair styles of men and women at this time were very diverse. For men, there were the slab inch(Ban Cun), medium parting, partial parting, big back hair(Da Beitou), etc. Women had Yi Cuo Shi, YI Zi Shi (short floppy ear hair and floppy bangs), pear-liked style (partial parting floppy ear hair), inverted fan shape (short floppy ear hair and fan bangs) and so on.
 At the beginning of the founding of New China, it’s time to build the country. People were pursuing simple hairstyles which were suitable for work. During this period, rural men's hairstyles were mainly slab inch(Ban Cun), while intellectuals and cadres mostly cut back and parted heads, which were very convenient to comb and time-saving. Women mostly cut medium-length hair (more like the pear-liked style), natural hanging, commonly known as "liberation head", the girls who were unmarried usually tied two long braids, full of youthful energy. The long braid could be bent and folded up to become a folded braid, good-looking and convenient.
-After the reform and opening up, a variety of foreign new things came into the eyes of the people, and with people's living standards improved, there was more thought in dressing. A variety of curly hair, perm and dyed hair, colorful and various shapes emerged, and continues to today. In addition, people also choose their hair accessories carefully and match them carefully.
+After the reform and opening up, a variety of foreign new things came into the eyes of the people, and with people's living standards improved, there was more thought in dressing. A variety of curly hair, perm and dyed hair, colorful and various shapes emerged, and continues to today. In addition, people also choose their hair accessories carefully and match them carefully.（https://www.jianshu.com/p/344a1b06a2d4）
 ===4. 中国近现代===
 民国时期，社会文化和个体观念的改变对发型的改变有着巨大的影响。受各种新思想的影响，人们纷纷剪掉辫子，梳起了干净利落的短发。这时的男女发式非常多样。男性有板寸、中分、偏分、大背头等。女性有一撮式、一字式（齐耳短发和齐刘海）、梨花式（偏分齐耳短发）、倒扇形（齐耳短发和扇形刘海）等等。

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 ===3. During Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties===
-The Song Dynasty advocated the high bun, which was similar to the late Tang Dynasty. People like to wear high buns. And if the hair was not enough, women would go to make wigs, some even directly weaved with wigs into various buns. At that time, Chao tian bun, concentric bun, fringe bun were more popular. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, women liked to tie in the forehead, called the headband, and men wore a crown cap, not much different from the previous dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, the mantle-shaped hair, Liang ba hair were fashionable. Manchu women's hair style was mainly "flag head" (that is what we see in the court drama), unmarried women were braided hair, and men were shaved into the comb braid.（https://www.sohu.com/a/323726242_120192833）
+The Song Dynasty advocated the high bun, which was similar to the late Tang Dynasty. People like to wear high buns. And if the hair was not enough, women would go to make wigs, some even directly weaved with wigs into various buns. At that time, Chao tian bun, concentric bun, fringe bun were more popular. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, women liked to tie in the forehead, called the headband, and men wore a crown cap, not much different from the previous dynasties. （https://www.sohu.com/a/323726242_120192833）In the Qing Dynasty, the mantle-shaped hair, Liang ba hair were fashionable. Manchu women's hair style was mainly "flag head" (that is what we see in the court drama), unmarried women were braided hair, and men were shaved into the comb braid.（https://www.jianshu.com/p/344a1b06a2d4）
 ===3.宋元明清时期===

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 ===3.宋元明清时期===
-宋代崇尚高髻，与晚唐相似。人们纷纷梳高高的发髻，发量不够的女子会去接假发，有的甚至直接用假发编成各式发髻。当时多流行朝天髻，同心髻，流苏髻。明清时的妇女喜欢在额间系扎，称为头箍，男子则束发戴冠，与前面的朝代区别不大。到了清朝，则时兴钵盂头，两把头等发型，满族女子的发式主要为“旗头”（也就是我们在宫廷剧中看到的那种），未婚女子则是梳辫发，男子则剃成梳辫。（中国发型发式的发展史 https://www.sohu.com/a/323726242_120192833）
+宋代崇尚高髻，与晚唐相似。人们纷纷梳高高的发髻，发量不够的女子会去接假发，有的甚至直接用假发编成各式发髻。当时多流行朝天髻，同心髻，流苏髻。明清时的妇女喜欢在额间系扎，称为头箍，男子则束发戴冠，与前面的朝代区别不大。（中国发型发式的发展史 https://www.sohu.com/a/323726242_120192833）
 ===4. In Modern China===

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 ===2. During Xia, Shang and Zhou to Sui and Tang Periods===
-From the Xia and Shang dynasties to the Western Zhou period, the political, economic and cultural level of human society developed.The ruling class paid more and more attention to their own appearance, and began to pay attention to clothing hair style.There was a difference between male and female hairstyles. The minor women mostly set their hair in two bundles on the top of their heads, the folk women mostly kept long hair to waist, combing double braids.And even some women made hair extension in order to catch up with the trend of long hair and have their braids thick and long.
+From the Xia and Shang dynasties to the Western Zhou period, the political, economic and cultural level of human society developed.The ruling class paid more and more attention to their own appearance, and began to pay attention to clothing hair style.There was a difference between male and female hairstyles. The minor women mostly set their hair in two bundles on the top of their heads, the folk women mostly kept long hair to waist, combing double braids.And even some women made hair extension in order to catch up with the trend of long hair and have their braids thick and long.(https://www.jianshu.com/p/344a1b06a2d4)
 During the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, the hair style changed a lot again. Double braids were no longer popular, and buns became popular. Noblewomen began to wear fake buns. Men also wore buns, but they were bound by the Zhou rites to wear caps when they became adults. Too fancy a bun would make it difficult to wear a cap scarf neatly, so men's buns were mostly simple, but they could make up for the lack of bun styles with a variety of crown caps.
 During the Qin and Han dynasties, hair bun styles were extremely rich and varied. The common women's bun styles included the hanging cloud bun, nine ring bun, whipping shaped bun, Duo ma bun, flying fairy bun, yodai bun and various other high buns. Among them, the whipping shaped bun and the Duo ma bun were most popular among women. Men also had round bun, laminated bun and so on. Besides,there were many kinds of head ornaments, such as ZanBi, ZanEr, flower pin, phoenix crown, Buyao, lining and so on.
-During the Jin Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, the dynamic Feiyu bun, solemn and generous hovering bun, as well as the swan shaped bun were fashionable. To the Sui and Tang dynasties with the cultural prosperity and affluence of life, the development of various hair styles reached the peak. Especially in the southern dynasty period, the hair style was more brilliant, such as cloud bun(towering like a cloud), ring-shaped Wang Xian bun, knife-shaped half-turned bun, towering steep E bun, Pao bun with two sideburns holding face.(https://www.jianshu.com/p/344a1b06a2d4)
+During the Jin Dynasty and the North and South Dynasties, the dynamic Feiyu bun, solemn and generous hovering bun, as well as the swan shaped bun were fashionable. To the Sui and Tang dynasties with the cultural prosperity and affluence of life, the development of various hair styles reached the peak. Especially in the southern dynasty period, the hair style was more brilliant, such as cloud bun(towering like a cloud), ring-shaped Wang Xian bun, knife-shaped half-turned bun, towering steep E bun, Pao bun with two sideburns holding face.（https://www.sohu.com/a/323726242_120192833）
 ===2.夏商周到隋唐时期===

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 ===2.夏商周到隋唐时期===
-自夏、商起至西周时期，人类社会的政治、经济、文化水平有所发展，统治阶级日益注重自身的仪容，开始讲究服饰发式，男女发型有了区别。未成年的女子多是将头发分两束集于头顶，民间妇女多长发及腰，梳双辫,甚至有的女性追赶长发及腰的潮流去接发，让自己的辫子又粗又长。
+自夏、商起至西周时期，人类社会的政治、经济、文化水平有所发展，统治阶级日益注重自身的仪容，开始讲究服饰发式，男女发型有了区别。未成年的女子多是将头发分两束集于头顶，民间妇女多长发及腰，梳双辫,甚至有的女性追赶长发及腰的潮流去接发，让自己的辫子又粗又长。（中国人头上的那些事儿：发型的演变史 https://www.jianshu.com/p/344a1b06a2d4）
 春秋战国时期，发式又有了很大的变化。双辫不再流行，发髻开始受人们欢迎。贵妇开始饰戴假髻。男性也会梳髻，但受到周礼的约束，男性成年后要戴冠。然而过于花哨的发髻会导致冠巾难以戴整齐，所以男式发髻大多比较简朴，但他们可以通过各式各样的冠帽来弥补发髻样式少的遗憾。
 秦汉时期，发髻样式极其丰富多变。常见的女子发髻款式有垂云髻、九环髻、棰髻、堕马髻、飞仙髻、瑶台髻以及其他各种高髻。其中棰髻和堕马髻最受女性欢迎。男子有圆髻、层叠髻等。头饰也繁多，有簪笔、簪珥、簪花、凤冠、步摇、衬饰等。
-晋和南北朝时，流行动感很强的飞于髻，庄重大方的盘桓髻，以及掠鹄髻。到文化繁荣、生活富裕的隋唐时期, 各类发式发展达到了顶峰。特别是南朝时期，发髻样式更加繁多辉煌，高耸如云的云髻，弯曲成环状的双环望仙髻，形状似刀的半翻鬓，耸立陡峭的峨髻，两鬓抱面的抛髻等。（中国人头上的那些事儿：发型的演变史 https://www.jianshu.com/p/344a1b06a2d4）
+晋和南北朝时，流行动感很强的飞于髻，庄重大方的盘桓髻，以及掠鹄髻。到文化繁荣、生活富裕的隋唐时期, 各类发式发展达到了顶峰。特别是南朝时期，发髻样式更加繁多辉煌，高耸如云的云髻，弯曲成环状的双环望仙髻，形状似刀的半翻鬓，耸立陡峭的峨髻，两鬓抱面的抛髻等。（中国发型发式的发展史 https://www.sohu.com/a/323726242_120192833）
 ===3. During Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties===