Comp Stud Trans EN 1 - Revision history

Luo Anyi: /* References */

2021-12-15T15:02:28Z

References

Shi Liqing: /* Bibliography */

2021-12-15T13:46:26Z

Bibliography

Shi Liqing: /* Conclusion */

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Conclusion

Shi Liqing: /* 4.2 The Application of Translation Principle of Hypotaxis and Parataxis in The Human Stain */

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4.2 The Application of Translation Principle of Hypotaxis and Parataxis in The Human Stain

Shi Liqing: /* 4.1 A Brief Introduction to The Human Stain */

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4.1 A Brief Introduction to The Human Stain

Shi Liqing: /* 3.2.3 Flowing-water and Contracted Sentences and Four-character Construction */

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3.2.3 Flowing-water and Contracted Sentences and Four-character Construction

Shi Liqing: /* 3.2.2 Word Order */

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3.2.2 Word Order

Shi Liqing: /* 3.2.1 Topic-comment Pattern */

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3.2.1 Topic-comment Pattern

Shi Liqing: /* 3.2 Parataxis-Prominence in Chinese */

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3.2 Parataxis-Prominence in Chinese

Shi Liqing: /* 3.1.3 Prepositions */

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3.1.3 Prepositions

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:02, 15 December 2021
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	*Zhao Yuanren 赵元任.(1968)汉语口语语法[M] ''Spoken Chinese Grammar''. 北京：商务印书馆. Beijing: The Commercial Press,46-48.		*Zhao Yuanren 赵元任.(1968)汉语口语语法[M] ''Spoken Chinese Grammar''. 北京：商务印书馆. Beijing: The Commercial Press,46-48.
	Written by--[[User:Shi Liqing\|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing\|talk]]) 04:50, 12 December 2021 (UTC)		Written by--[[User:Shi Liqing\|Shi Liqing]] ([[User talk:Shi Liqing\|talk]]) 04:50, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
		+	Corrected by--[[User:Luo Anyi\|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi\|talk]]) 15:02, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

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 In the process of English-Chinese translation, proper means can be put into practice to transform English hypotaxis into Chinese parataxis so as to render the translation work tend to be more perfect and meet the requirements of Chinese readers. However, it is necessary to be conscious of the relativity of English hypotaxis and Chinese parataxis. The style of the work and the writer, the cultural context, or the difference of pragmatic meaning all have an impact on the usage trend of hypotaxis and parataxis in the text. Nevertheless, having a a good master of the construction feature of English and Chinese is conducive to translating more authentic by using appropriate translation strategies, so as to promote cultural transmission.
-==Bibliography==
+==References==
 *Goodenough, W. H.(1981) ''Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics''[M]. California: Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company,3-6.
 *Halliday. M.A.K. & Hasan, Ruqaiya.(1976) ''Cohesion in English''[M]. London: Longman,22-25.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 15 December 2021
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	In the process of English-Chinese translation, proper means can be put into practice to transform English hypotaxis into Chinese parataxis so as to render the translation work tend to be more perfect and meet the requirements of Chinese readers. However, it is necessary to be conscious of the relativity of English hypotaxis and Chinese parataxis. The style of the work and the writer, the cultural context, or the difference of pragmatic meaning all have an impact on the usage trend of hypotaxis and parataxis in the text. Nevertheless, having a a good master of the construction feature of English and Chinese is conducive to translating more authentic by using appropriate translation strategies, so as to promote cultural transmission.		In the process of English-Chinese translation, proper means can be put into practice to transform English hypotaxis into Chinese parataxis so as to render the translation work tend to be more perfect and meet the requirements of Chinese readers. However, it is necessary to be conscious of the relativity of English hypotaxis and Chinese parataxis. The style of the work and the writer, the cultural context, or the difference of pragmatic meaning all have an impact on the usage trend of hypotaxis and parataxis in the text. Nevertheless, having a a good master of the construction feature of English and Chinese is conducive to translating more authentic by using appropriate translation strategies, so as to promote cultural transmission.
−
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−	By means of making a comparative study of hypotaxis and parataxis in English and Chinese, this paper elaborates on the translating principle of these two features with reference to the Chinese version of ''The Human Stain''(Philip Roth, 2000). The study is conducted from three aspects, namely, the reasons of the formation of the phenomenon of hypotaxis-prominence in English and parataxis-prominence in Chinese, the manifestation of these two characteristics and the application of the translating principles.
−
−	English is hypotaxis-prominent and connects phrases and clauses by using particles such as relatives, conjunctions and prepositions. English sentences are tree-like pattern and bases on the subject-predicate mechanism. Chinese, on the contrary, is characteristic by parataxis-prominence and connected by its inner logical relations. Chinese sentences follow a bamboo-like pattern and are established on the topic-comment mechanism, attaching great importance to the semantic relations between language elements.
−
−	In the process of English-Chinese translation, proper means can be put into practice to transform English hypotaxis into Chinese parataxis so as to render the translation work tend to be more perfect and meet the requirements of Chinese readers. However, it is necessary to be conscious of the relativity of English hypotaxis and Chinese parataxis. The style of the work and the writer, the cultural context, or the difference of pragmatic meaning all have an impact on the usage trend of hypotaxis and parataxis in the text. Nevertheless, having a a good master of the construction feature of English and Chinese is conducive to translating more authentic by using appropriate translation strategies, so as to promote cultural transmission.
−	~~--[[User:Luo Anyi\|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi\|talk]]) 14:47, 13 December 2021 (UTC)~~

	==Bibliography==		==Bibliography==

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:39, 15 December 2021
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	Through the comparisons of the English version of this sentence and its counterpart in the Chinese version, subject-predicate mechanism is the universal form of English sentences. Several clauses arise from the main stem to explain, to define, to expand, to modify and to strengthen. The whole sentence is so complex and bulky that it looks like a tree with luxuriant branches and leaves. The frequent use of connectives and relatives as well as prepositions such as “and, with, what, as, in and on, etc.” in English is an important embodiment of completeness and rigor of English grammar form. On the contrary, the Chinese version of the sentence is laden with many flowing-water sentences, contracted sentences as well as four-character phrases such as “国会里，报纸上，网络中，满腔正义，哗众取宠，四处游说，唇枪舌战，大肆说教，处心积虑, etc.(Philip Roth, 2000:6)”. And there is an evident tendency to construct sentences with phrases as sentence segments, which are neatly arranged, with varying length and laden with music and rhythm. Chinese sentences tend to explain the events one by one in chronological order and way of reasoning progression through the use of multiple verbs and short sentences. It is just like a bamboo structure. In addition, Chinese sentences, short and pithy, are built on the “thought-pivot”, emphasizing the meaning and the whole artistic conception of the text.		Through the comparisons of the English version of this sentence and its counterpart in the Chinese version, subject-predicate mechanism is the universal form of English sentences. Several clauses arise from the main stem to explain, to define, to expand, to modify and to strengthen. The whole sentence is so complex and bulky that it looks like a tree with luxuriant branches and leaves. The frequent use of connectives and relatives as well as prepositions such as “and, with, what, as, in and on, etc.” in English is an important embodiment of completeness and rigor of English grammar form. On the contrary, the Chinese version of the sentence is laden with many flowing-water sentences, contracted sentences as well as four-character phrases such as “国会里，报纸上，网络中，满腔正义，哗众取宠，四处游说，唇枪舌战，大肆说教，处心积虑, etc.(Philip Roth, 2000:6)”. And there is an evident tendency to construct sentences with phrases as sentence segments, which are neatly arranged, with varying length and laden with music and rhythm. Chinese sentences tend to explain the events one by one in chronological order and way of reasoning progression through the use of multiple verbs and short sentences. It is just like a bamboo structure. In addition, Chinese sentences, short and pithy, are built on the “thought-pivot”, emphasizing the meaning and the whole artistic conception of the text.
−
−
−
−
−
−
−	Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Hypotaxis and parataxis are the recognizable text strategies in English and Chinese. Moreover, literary translation from Chinese to English or vice versa is frequently engaged in the transfer of parataxis into hypotaxis or that of hypotaxis into parataxis. Take the comparison of the two translations of The Human Stain for example. The following part will analyze the translating process from the perspective of hypotaxis-prominence in English and parataxis-prominence in Chinese to be clear of the differences between them.
−	~~Example 1:~~
−	SL: In the Congress, in the press, and on the networks, the righteous grandstanding creeps, crazy to blame, deplore, and punish, were everywhere out moralizing to beat the band: all of them in a calculated frenzy with what Hawthorne (who, in the 1860s, lived not many miles from my door) identified in the incipient country of long ago as “the persecuting spirit” (Philip Roth, 2000: 3).
−	TL: 国会里、报纸上、网络中，所处可见满腔正义、哗众取宠、渴望指责、哀叹和惩罚的小爬虫，四处游说、唇枪舌剑、大肆说教：全都处于霍桑（十八世纪六十年代他住在离我家门口没有几英里的地方）早在建国初期就指认为“迫害精神”的处心积虑的狂热之中。
−	~~Example 2:~~
−	SL: Only rarely, at the end of our century, does life offer up a vision as pure and peaceful as this one: a solitary man on a bucket, fishing through eighteen inches of ice in a lake that’s constantly turning over its water atop an arcadian mountain in America (Philip Roth, 2000: 382)
−	TL：只有在极为稀有的场合，在我们这个世纪的末尾，生活会呈现出诸如这幅画面般纯洁宁静的景象：一个孤独的人，坐在桶上，通过十八英寸的冰层垂钓，这位于美国的一座田园牧歌似的山峦顶部的湖泊有着长流不绝的水源。
−	~~Example 3:~~
−	SL: It was in the summer of 1998 that my neighbor Coleman Silk—who, before retiring two years earlier, had been a classics professor at nearby Athena College for some twenty-odd years as well as serving for sixteen more as the dean of faculty—confided to me that, at the age of seventy-one, he was having an affair with a thirty-four year-old cleaning woman who worked down at the college (Philip Roth, 2000: 2).
−	TL: 一九九八年的夏天，我的邻居科尔曼·西尔克—他直到退休前两年在附近的雅典娜学院担任了二十多年的古典文学教授，并兼任负责教务的院长超过十六年之久—悄悄对我说，他七十一岁，正和学院里一个三十四岁的清洁女工私通。
−
−	Through the comparisons of the English version of this sentence and its counterpart in the Chinese version, subject-predicate mechanism is the universal form of English sentences. Several clauses arise from the main stem to explain, to define, to expand, to modify and to strengthen. The whole sentence is so complex and bulky that it looks like a tree with luxuriant branches and leaves. The frequent use of connectives and relatives as well as prepositions such as “and, with, what, as, in and on, etc.” in English is an important embodiment of completeness and rigor of English grammar form. On the contrary, the Chinese version of the sentence is laden with many flowing-water sentences, contracted sentences as well as four-character phrases such as “国会里，报纸上，网络中，满腔正义，哗众取宠，四处游说，唇枪舌战，大肆说教，处心积虑, etc.(Philip Roth, 2000:6)”. And there is an evident tendency to construct sentences with phrases as sentence segments, which are neatly arranged, with varying length and laden with music and rhythm. Chinese sentences tend to explain the events one by one in chronological order and way of reasoning progression through the use of multiple verbs and short sentences. It is just like a bamboo structure. In addition, Chinese sentences, short and pithy, are built on the “thought-pivot”, emphasizing the meaning and the whole artistic conception of the text.
−
−	~~--[[User:Luo Anyi\|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi\|talk]]) 14:52, 13 December 2021 (UTC)~~

	==Conclusion==		==Conclusion==

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:38, 15 December 2021
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	Published in the year of 2000, this novel was first translated into Chinese by Liu Zhuhuan, a renowned Chinese professor. Withe the publication of its Chinese translation, ''The Human Stain'' has aroused great responses among Chinese readers. Besides, many Chinese scholars have carried out various studies on it from diversifying perspectives.		Published in the year of 2000, this novel was first translated into Chinese by Liu Zhuhuan, a renowned Chinese professor. Withe the publication of its Chinese translation, ''The Human Stain'' has aroused great responses among Chinese readers. Besides, many Chinese scholars have carried out various studies on it from diversifying perspectives.
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−	''The Human Stain'', the last book of Philip Roth’s famous “American Trilogy” [the other two are ''American Pastoral'' (Philip Roth, 1997) and ''I Married a Communist'' (Philip Roth, 1998)] and published in the beginning of 21st century, shifts the writing perspective from the Jewish people to the white people and their black counterparts or toward American society as a whole. In the next year of its publication, The Human Stain won PEN/ Faulkner Award in the United States and WH Smith Literary Award in the same year in the United Kingdom. In 2002, Roth received the award of Prix Médicis Etranger in France. Set in the historical background of Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky scandal in 1998, Coleman, the protagonist, is a college professor of black descent who has lived an almost glorious life as an anonymously Jew in American society until he is framed as a racist in an “Spooks” accident in his later years. He then develops a romantic relationship with a young cleaning woman and the two are killed in a deliberate car crash. The novel unfolds in a series of retrospective lives, joined by other characters whose secrets and filthiness gradually come to the surface.
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−	Published in the year of 2000, this novel was first translated into Chinese by Liu Zhuhuan, a renowned Chinese professor. Withe the publication of its Chinese translation, ''The Human Stain'' has aroused great responses among Chinese readers. Besides, many Chinese scholars have carried out various studies on it from diversifying perspectives.
−	~~--[[User:Luo Anyi\|Luo Anyi]] ([[User talk:Luo Anyi\|talk]]) 14:52, 13 December 2021 (UTC)~~

	===4.2 The Application of Translation Principle of Hypotaxis and Parataxis in The Human Stain===		===4.2 The Application of Translation Principle of Hypotaxis and Parataxis in The Human Stain===

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 ===3.2.3 Flowing-water and Contracted Sentences and Four-character Construction===
 The flowing-water construction, first proposed by Lu Shuxiang, boasts the most distinctive paratactic expression in Chinese. Chinese sentences can be classified into full and minor sentences. A full sentence is any sentence that contains a subject and a predicate, from which elliptical sentences may be derived by grammatical transformations. A minor sentence is a word, phrase or clause functioning as a sentence and having in speech an intonation characteristic of a sentence but lacking the grammatical completeness and independence of a full sentence. From the perspective of Lu Shuxiang, in one flowing-water sentence there are several minor sentences which flow one after another and can stop or flow on in many places (Lv Shuxiang, 1979: 125). The following is an example of parataxis.
@@ Line 137: / Line 128: @@
 Apart from flowing-water sentences, parataxis-prominent Chinese is characterized by the contracted sentences, which are formed after the disappearance of phonetic pause and the implicit conjunctions in spoken Chinese. The predicate part of the contracted sentence has complex semantic relations, including two relatively independent statements with logical relations such as condition, hypothesis, cause and effect. Four-character construction, abundant in Chinese as well, presents a flexible syntactic function. In Chinese writing, especially in narrative and descriptive texts, there is an obvious tendency to construct sentences with phrases as sentence segments, which are neatly arranged, with varying length and laden with music and rhythm.
 From, the above analysis, the parataxis feature of Chinese is evident in bamboo structure, word order ideographical feature and sentence patterns such as flowing-water sentences, contacted sentences and four-character phrases.
 ==Implications for Translation Practice of Hypotaxis and Parataxis in ''The Human Stain''==

@@ Line 118: / Line 118: @@
 ===3.2.2 Word Order===
-Chinese sentences take word order as logical connection structure. “Word order refers to the arrangement of speech units in a combination, reflecting people’s language habits and logic” (Chen Hongwei, 2009: 168). Word order can be a reflection of the relationship between language symbols at all levels from word to text, which is a crucial means of language ideogram. Chinese frequently counts on a certain word order to express the relationship between the components of a sentence. Without taking the pragmatic meaning in specific situations, Chinese expressions usually follow relatively fixed logic, large to small, far to near, macro to micro, whole to individual, abstract to concrete, etc. Word order is one of the most pivotal factors in Chinese. “ All Chinese grammar is syntax, all Chinese syntax is word order and therefore all Chinese grammar is word order” (Zhao Yuanren, 1968: 260).
+Chinese sentences take word order as logical connection structure. “Word order refers to the arrangement of speech units in a combination, reflecting people’s language habits and logic.” (Chen Hongwei, 2009: 168). Word order can be a reflection of the relationship between language symbols at all levels from word to text, which is a crucial means of language ideogram. Chinese frequently counts on a certain word order to express the relationship between the components of a sentence. Without taking the pragmatic meaning in specific situations, Chinese expressions usually follow relatively fixed logic, large to small, far to near, macro to micro, whole to individual, abstract to concrete, etc. Word order is one of the most pivotal factors in Chinese. “ All Chinese grammars are syntax, all Chinese syntax is word order and therefore all Chinese grammar is word order” (Zhao Yuanren, 1968: 260).
 ===3.2.3 Flowing-water and Contracted Sentences and Four-character Construction===

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 ===3.2.1 Topic-comment Pattern===
 Zhao Yuanren upholds that “the grammatical meaning of subject and predicate in a Chinese sentence is topic and comment, rather than actor and action” and “the proportion of applicability of the actor-action meaning in Chinese is very low, perhaps not much higher than 50 percent” (Zhao Yuanren, 1968: 70). Chinese sentences are basically composed of subject and predicate. However, unlike English, Chinese sentences rarely derive other clauses or structures from the main sentence pattern. Instead, they tend to explain the events one by one in chronological order and way of reasoning progression through the use of multiple verbs and short sentences. It is called “bamboo structure”. Furthermore, Chinese sentences, short and pithy, are built on the “thought-pivot” (Chen Hongwei, 2009: 130), emphasizing the meaning and the whole artistic conception of the text.
 ===3.2.2 Word Order===

@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 ===3.2 Parataxis-Prominence in Chinese===
 Parataxis, opposed to hypotaxis, is called implicitness or covertness, which refers to the connection of words or sentences by inner logic and semantic relations between linguistic units. Chinese is a paratactic language. According to Jiang Jiansong (Jiang Jiansong , 2002: 9), Chinese sentence structure is loose but flexible, with implicit coherence, logical relations and the narrative order. The manifestation of parataxis-prominent in Chinese is as follows:
 ===3.2.1 Topic-comment Pattern===

@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 Prepositions play an important role in the formation of English sentences and are a form of hypotaxis. The basic function or prepositions and prepositional phrases is to show the relationship between words and sentences, usually followed by a noun, pronoun, phrase or clause as an object. Only the predicate or the parallel predicate of each clause of an English sentence is a finite verb. If other actions or behaviors occur, only its non-predicate form, namely infinitive, present participle, past participle, can be used in the sentence. Moreover, prepositions are crucial to connect nouns transformed from verbs to other components. From the above analysis, the use of prepositions in English is ubiquitous. The structure connected by prepositions renders English sentences overlapping and complicated, which is a typical hypotactic language.
-Hence, it can be concluded from the complex tree structure, the use of relative words and conjunctions as well as prepositions that the construction features of English are dominated by hypotaxis.
+Hence, it can be concluded from the tree structure, that the use of relative words and conjunctions as well as prepositions that the construction features of English are dominated by hypotaxis.
 ===3.2 Parataxis-Prominence in Chinese===