Cult Load Words EN 11 - Revision history

Gao Mi: /* Previous Studies on Cultural Schema Theory */

2021-12-29T11:29:41Z

Previous Studies on Cultural Schema Theory

Gao Mi: /* Previous Studies on the Translation of Cultural Schema theory */

2021-12-29T11:28:12Z

Previous Studies on the Translation of Cultural Schema theory

Gao Mi: /* Previous Studies on the Translation of Culture-loaded words */

2021-12-29T11:27:39Z

Previous Studies on the Translation of Culture-loaded words

Gao Mi: /* Key words */

2021-12-29T11:24:56Z

Key words

Gao Mi at 15:29, 13 December 2021

2021-12-13T15:29:05Z

Gao Mi at 15:25, 13 December 2021

2021-12-13T15:25:33Z

Gao Mi: /* Previous Studies on the Translation of Culture-loaded words */

2021-12-13T15:19:38Z

Previous Studies on the Translation of Culture-loaded words

Gao Mi: /* Introduction to Lao Can You Ji and its Translated Versions */

2021-12-13T15:17:26Z

Introduction to Lao Can You Ji and its Translated Versions

Gao Mi at 15:15, 13 December 2021

2021-12-13T15:15:01Z

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Gao Mi at 15:02, 13 December 2021

2021-12-13T15:02:47Z

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 As far as translation is concerned, both foreign and domestic researchers have proposed their opinions. In his Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, Bell (1991) highlights the role played by the schema in cognition and introduces schema into translation studies. Researchers in China share a common belief that the focus of studies in the cultural schema is analyzing the comprehension process of language learners, especially in receptive language skills. In recent years, there have been frequent attempts to explore cultural schema theory from the perspective of translation studies. Peng Jianwu (2000) first touched upon the issue of schema theory in translation, with translation comprehension as the main focus of his research. He also noted the phenomenon of culture-related concepts and their impact on translation, which inspires more discussion about the inner working mechanism of the human mind during translation and reading comprehension. Liu Mingdong (2002) linked the two by examining schema theory in text comprehension and proposed strategies to cope with problems caused by the lack of cultural background knowledge. Later in his research, the concept of cultural schema was presented with a thorough discussion of its translatability. His three models of translating cultural schema including A-A, A-B, and A-Zero (Liu,2003:30), namely cultural schema correspondence, cultural schema conflict, and cultural schema default, serve as a guidance for culture-specific translation. he also concluded that in translation, one has to translate schema by decoding the ST schema and encoding the TT schema. He went a step further with Liang Wei by illustrating the strategies in both English and Chinese translation of cultural schema conflict through comparing cultural schema in the two languages. What’s more, he worked with Chen Xibei (2008) and gave a detailed analysis of the domestication and foreignization approach to the translation of cultural schema and brought the discussion of translation strategy up to the level of culture, poetry, and politics. They continued to give a summarized account of cultural schema theory and the research that had been done before, which greatly contributed to the full understanding of the theory(Liu, 2003:30).
-==== Previous Studies on Cultural Schema Theory====
+==== Previous Studies on the Translation of Cultural-loaded Words====
 With the aim of promoting cross-culture communication, much attention has been paid to the task of interpreting culture-loaded words since the cultural turn in translation studies. Throughout previous studies, quite a number of scholars mainly concentrate on the translation principles and approaches of translating culture-loaded terms. Besides, applying various translation theories into the translation of culture-loaded words in different sorts of text is also highlighted.
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 In recent years, in response to the national strategy of “going out”, some scholars take the introduction of Chinese culture as the first priority, especially in translating culture-loaded words in literary works. Wu Wenyan summarized the translation principles of culture-loaded words in her paper, which are retaining the cultural information of the original text, making the expressive pattern of translated text conform to the target language, and ensuring the targeted text closing to the readers’ thinking mode (Wu Wenyan, 2014:166).In order to promote Chinese culture to the world, Zheng Dehu argued that “translators should try to adopt a method based on alienation when translating Chinese culture-loaded words. in his opinion, the diversification of translations may hinder the spread of Chinese culture and weaken the international influence of Chinese culture” (Zheng, 2016: 55).
 Moreover, some different theories are applied to analyze the translation of culture-loaded terms, including eco-translatology theory, skopos theory, register theory, and so on. Still, much room has been left to the study of the translation of culture-loaded words based on culture schema theory. Therefore, in this thesis, the translation of culture-loaded terms will be expounded from the perspective of cultural schema theory.
 ===Theoretical Framework===

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 In this chapter, an overview is to be given to previous studies on cultural schema theory and on culture-loaded words respectively.
-==== Previous Studies on the Translation of Cultural Schema theory ====
+==== Previous Studies on Cultural Schema theory ====
 Cultural schema theory is the knowledge structure about culture existing in people’s minds. Throughout the researches on cultural schema theory, it has found application in a number of fields including philosophy, cognitive psychology, intercultural communication and reading comprehension, etc.

@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 In this chapter, an overview is to be given to previous studies on cultural schema theory and on culture-loaded words respectively.
-==== Previous Studies on the Translation of Culture-loaded words ====
+==== Previous Studies on the Translation of Cultural Schema theory ====
 Cultural schema theory is the knowledge structure about culture existing in people’s minds. Throughout the researches on cultural schema theory, it has found application in a number of fields including philosophy, cognitive psychology, intercultural communication and reading comprehension, etc.

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 ''Lao Can You Ji'' is one of the four major satire novels of the late Qing Dynasty. It exposes the dark reality of society in the late Qing Dynasty from the perspective of Lao Can and contains various culture-loaded words. Of several translation versions, The Travels of Lao Ts’an translated by Harold stands out as the most popular one in English-speaking countries. The preface to Harold's translation mentions his intention to spread Chinese culture, and his translation is a predominantly literal translation with extensive notes to facilitate the understanding of Chinese culture by target readers, which is conducive to the spread of Chinese culture. This paper will take Harold's translation as the object of study and explore the translation strategies adopted by him in translating various types of culture-loaded words from cultural schema theory, namely, words with corresponding cultural schema, divergent cultural schema, and vacant cultural schema. These translations either activate the cultural schemas they have acquired in their own culture, or adapt the original cultural schemas to some extent, or create new schemas in order to make the translation better understood by the readers of the source language. It’s worth noting that the cultural information provided in these newly created schemas always activates some cultural schema information in the target readers so that they could successfully come into play.
-===Key words===
+===Keywords===
 ''Lao Can You Ji''; Cultural Schema Theory; Culture-loaded Words;

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 === Introduction===
 ====Introduction to ''Lao Can You Ji'' and its Translated Versions====
-''Lao Can You Ji'' is one of the masterpieces of fiction produced at the turn of the 20th century, during the closing years of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), the last imperial period in Chinese history. Like other important novels written in that era of national crisis and cataclysmic transition from the old empire to the new republic, ''Lao Can You Ji'' is characterized by a grave concern with the perilous condition of the China of that day and its future fate and captures
+''Lao Can You Ji'' is one of the masterpieces of fiction produced at the turn of the 20th century, during the closing years of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), the last imperial period in Chinese history. Like other important novels written in that era of national crisis and cataclysmic transition from the old empire to the new republic, ''Lao Can You Ji'' is characterized by a grave concern with the perilous condition of the China of that day and its future fate and captures “the emerging modern society of China in all its complexity, diversity and uncertainty.”
 As one of the masterpieces in Chinese classics, ''Lao Can You Ji'' enjoys a high position in the domestic and overseas academic circle. It was introduced to western readers as early as 1929 when the famous sinologist Arthur Waley first translated two of this novel into English and gave the title The Singing Girl. In 1936, Lin Yutang translated the sixth chapter of the novel into English with the title A Nun of Taishan and it was published by Commercial Printing Press. In 1947, the Yangs translated it into English with the initial tile Mr. Derelict first published at home and soon published in London in 1948. Later this title was changed into The Travels of Lao Can that was chosen as one of Panda Books aiming to introduce Chinese culture to the western world in the1980s. In 1939, Harold Shadick finished the translation of ''Lao Can You Ji'', and his version is entitled ''The Travels of Lao Ts’an''. In 1952, this version was published in New York and was the most integrated version. (Shadick, 2005:3)
@@ Line 38: / Line 37: @@
 Besides, cultural schema theory is also applied to the field of intercultural communication. Ningbo and Tang Degen (2008) reveals that related cultural schemata can be created. Meanwhile, host and guest cultural schemata can be organically integrated during intercultural communication. Peng yunpeng (2011) elaborates the relationship between cultural schemata and intercultural communication and states that the adjustment and creation of cultural schema are conducive to intercultural communication. Nishida explicates the function of cultural schema. At the same time, nine crucial axioms are generated when cultural schema theory is applied to cross-cultural adaption (Nishida, 2014:403).
-As far as translation is concerned, both foreign and domestic researchers have proposed their opinions. In his Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, Bell (1991) highlights the role played by the schema in cognition and introduces schema into translation studies. Researchers in China share a common belief that the focus of studies in the cultural schema is analyzing the comprehension process of language learners, especially in receptive language skills. In recent years, there have been frequent attempts to explore cultural schema theory from the perspective of translation studies. Peng Jianwu (2000) first touched upon the issue of schema theory in translation, with translation comprehension as the main focus of his research. He also noted the phenomenon of culture-related concepts and their impact on translation, which inspires more discussion about the inner working mechanism of the human mind during translation and reading comprehension. Liu Mingdong (2002) linked the two by examining schema theory in text comprehension and proposed strategies to cope with problems caused by the lack of cultural background knowledge. Later in his research, the concept of cultural schema was presented with a thorough discussion of its translatability. His three models of translating cultural schema including A-A, A-B, and A-Zero (Liu Mingdong,2003:30), namely cultural schema correspondence, cultural schema conflict, and cultural schema default, serve as a guidance for culture-specific translation. he also concluded that in translation, one has to translate schema by decoding the ST schema and encoding the TT schema. He went a step further with Liang Wei by illustrating the strategies in both English and Chinese translation of cultural schema conflict through comparing cultural schema in the two languages. What’s more, he worked with Chen Xibei (2008) and gave a detailed analysis of the domestication and foreignization approach to the translation of cultural schema and brought the discussion of translation strategy up to the level of culture, poetry, and politics. They continued to give a summarized account of cultural schema theory and the research that had been done before, which greatly contributed to the full understanding of the theory(Liu, 2003:30).
+As far as translation is concerned, both foreign and domestic researchers have proposed their opinions. In his Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, Bell (1991) highlights the role played by the schema in cognition and introduces schema into translation studies. Researchers in China share a common belief that the focus of studies in the cultural schema is analyzing the comprehension process of language learners, especially in receptive language skills. In recent years, there have been frequent attempts to explore cultural schema theory from the perspective of translation studies. Peng Jianwu (2000) first touched upon the issue of schema theory in translation, with translation comprehension as the main focus of his research. He also noted the phenomenon of culture-related concepts and their impact on translation, which inspires more discussion about the inner working mechanism of the human mind during translation and reading comprehension. Liu Mingdong (2002) linked the two by examining schema theory in text comprehension and proposed strategies to cope with problems caused by the lack of cultural background knowledge. Later in his research, the concept of cultural schema was presented with a thorough discussion of its translatability. His three models of translating cultural schema including A-A, A-B, and A-Zero (Liu,2003:30), namely cultural schema correspondence, cultural schema conflict, and cultural schema default, serve as a guidance for culture-specific translation. he also concluded that in translation, one has to translate schema by decoding the ST schema and encoding the TT schema. He went a step further with Liang Wei by illustrating the strategies in both English and Chinese translation of cultural schema conflict through comparing cultural schema in the two languages. What’s more, he worked with Chen Xibei (2008) and gave a detailed analysis of the domestication and foreignization approach to the translation of cultural schema and brought the discussion of translation strategy up to the level of culture, poetry, and politics. They continued to give a summarized account of cultural schema theory and the research that had been done before, which greatly contributed to the full understanding of the theory(Liu, 2003:30).
 ==== Previous Studies on Cultural Schema Theory====
@@ Line 75: / Line 74: @@
 ===== Divergent cultural schema=====
-Divergent cultural schema refers to inconsistent or opposite cultural schemata between the SL and the TL. “Schemata can represent knowledge about the meaning of a particular word and it is some configuration of these schemata that ultimately forms the basis of our understanding” (Rumelhart, 1980: 41). Cultural schemata abstracted from specific culturally salient words can supply consistent and correct comprehension among different nations.
+Divergent cultural schema refers to inconsistent or opposite cultural schemata between the SL and the TL. “Schemata can represent knowledge about the meaning of a particular word and it is some configuration of these schemata that ultimately forms the basis of our understanding” (Rumelhart, 1980: 41). Cultural schemata abstracted from specific culturally salient words can supply consistent and correct comprehension among different nations.(Rumelhart, 1980: 41)
 As a matter of fact, “Schemata not only contribute toward the development of an accurate perception habit. In particular, people in different cultures hold divergent cultural schemata towards the same thing. For instance, “dragon” in Chinese culture is highly regarded as the auspicious and magnificent symbol of the Chinese nation that we Chinese call ourselves the descendants of the dragon. In western culture, however, “dragon” is a symbol of viciousness. In Bible, it’s an alternative to Satan.
 ===== Vacant cultural schema=====
-The cultural schema in the SL absent in the TL leads to the default of cultural schema. As Carrell and Eisterhold point out, “one of the most obvious reasons why a particular content schema may fail to exist for a reader is that the schema is culturally specific and is not part of a particular reader’s cultural background” (Scott, 2001: 2). It shows that culturally specific schema sometimes is unavailable to people in different cultures. According to cultural schema theory, texts will appear disjointed and incomprehensible when readers fail to motivate the related cultural schema, for there is an important role assigned to the schema in comprehension and perception.
+The cultural schema in the SL absent in the TL leads to the default of cultural schema. As Carrell and Eisterhold point out, “one of the most obvious reasons why a particular content schema may fail to exist for a reader is that the schema is culturally specific and is not part of a particular reader’s cultural background” (Scott, 2001: 2). It shows that culturally specific schema sometimes is unavailable to people in different cultures. According to cultural schema theory, texts will appear disjointed and incomprehensible when readers fail to motivate the related cultural schema, for there is an important role assigned to the schema in comprehension and perception. (Scott, 2001: 2)
 Vacant cultural schema can be easily found in two distinct cultures. Chinese culture and western culture are both full of cultural schemata absent from each other. For example, in Chinese culture “鸿门宴” or Feast at Hongmen is historically specific. Deriving from the Chinese literary canon Shiji, it is related to Chinese historical heroes Xiangyu and Liu Bang and refers to an ill-disposed trap. “完璧归赵”, whose literal meaning is to return the jade intact to the State of Zhao, is endowed with the implication “to return something to its owner in perfect condition”. These terms fail to arouse corresponding schemata in western readers. Similarly, “Hippies” and “The judgment of Solomon”, being peculiar to western culture, are unfamiliar to Chinese people.

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 “the emerging modern society of China in all its complexity, diversity and uncertainty.”
-As one of the masterpieces in Chinese classics, ''Lao Can You Ji'' enjoys a high position in the domestic and overseas academic circle. It was introduced to western readers as early as 1929 when the famous sinologist Arthur Waley first translated two of this novel into English and gave the title The Singing Girl. In 1936, Lin Yutang translated the sixth chapter of the novel into English with the title A Nun of Taishan and it was published by Commercial Printing Press. In 1947, the Yangs translated it into English with the initial tile Mr. Derelict first published at home and soon published in London in 1948. Later this title was changed into The Travels of Lao Can that was chosen as one of Panda Books aiming to introduce Chinese culture to the western world in the1980s. in 1939, Harold Shadick finished the translation of ''Lao Can You Ji'', and his version is entitled ''The Travels of Lao Ts’an''. In 1952, this version was published in New York and was the most integrated version. (Shadick, 2005:3)
+As one of the masterpieces in Chinese classics, ''Lao Can You Ji'' enjoys a high position in the domestic and overseas academic circle. It was introduced to western readers as early as 1929 when the famous sinologist Arthur Waley first translated two of this novel into English and gave the title The Singing Girl. In 1936, Lin Yutang translated the sixth chapter of the novel into English with the title A Nun of Taishan and it was published by Commercial Printing Press. In 1947, the Yangs translated it into English with the initial tile Mr. Derelict first published at home and soon published in London in 1948. Later this title was changed into The Travels of Lao Can that was chosen as one of Panda Books aiming to introduce Chinese culture to the western world in the1980s. In 1939, Harold Shadick finished the translation of ''Lao Can You Ji'', and his version is entitled ''The Travels of Lao Ts’an''. In 1952, this version was published in New York and was the most integrated version. (Shadick, 2005:3)
 ====Research Significance and Objectives====
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 Besides, cultural schema theory is also applied to the field of intercultural communication. Ningbo and Tang Degen (2008) reveals that related cultural schemata can be created. Meanwhile, host and guest cultural schemata can be organically integrated during intercultural communication. Peng yunpeng (2011) elaborates the relationship between cultural schemata and intercultural communication and states that the adjustment and creation of cultural schema are conducive to intercultural communication. Nishida explicates the function of cultural schema. At the same time, nine crucial axioms are generated when cultural schema theory is applied to cross-cultural adaption (Nishida, 2014:403).
-As far as translation is concerned, both foreign and domestic researchers have proposed their opinions. In his Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, Bell (1991) highlights the role played by the schema in cognition and introduces schema into translation studies. Researchers in China share a common belief that the focus of studies in the cultural schema is analyzing the comprehension process of language learners, especially in receptive language skills. In recent years, there have been frequent attempts to explore cultural schema theory from the perspective of translation studies. Peng Jianwu (2000) first touched upon the issue of schema theory in translation, with translation comprehension as the main focus of his research. He also noted the phenomenon of culture-related concepts and their impact on translation, which inspires more discussion about the inner working mechanism of the human mind during translation and reading comprehension. Liu Mingdong (2002) linked the two by examining schema theory in text comprehension and proposed strategies to cope with problems caused by the lack of cultural background knowledge. Later in his research, the concept of cultural schema was presented with a thorough discussion of its translatability. His three models of translating cultural schema including A-A, A-B, and A-Zero (Liu Mingdong,2003:30), namely cultural schema correspondence, cultural schema conflict, and cultural schema default, serve as a guidance for culture-specific translation. he also concluded that in translation, one has to translate schema by decoding the ST schema and encoding the TT schema. He went a step further with Liang Wei by illustrating the strategies in both English and Chinese translation of cultural schema conflict through comparing cultural schema in the two languages. What’s more, he worked with Chen Xibei (2008) and gave a detailed analysis of the domestication and foreignization approach to the translation of cultural schema and brought the discussion of translation strategy up to the level of culture, poetry, and politics. They continued to give a summarized account of cultural schema theory and the research that had been done before, which greatly contributed to the full understanding of the theory(Liu Mingdong, 2003:30).
+As far as translation is concerned, both foreign and domestic researchers have proposed their opinions. In his Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, Bell (1991) highlights the role played by the schema in cognition and introduces schema into translation studies. Researchers in China share a common belief that the focus of studies in the cultural schema is analyzing the comprehension process of language learners, especially in receptive language skills. In recent years, there have been frequent attempts to explore cultural schema theory from the perspective of translation studies. Peng Jianwu (2000) first touched upon the issue of schema theory in translation, with translation comprehension as the main focus of his research. He also noted the phenomenon of culture-related concepts and their impact on translation, which inspires more discussion about the inner working mechanism of the human mind during translation and reading comprehension. Liu Mingdong (2002) linked the two by examining schema theory in text comprehension and proposed strategies to cope with problems caused by the lack of cultural background knowledge. Later in his research, the concept of cultural schema was presented with a thorough discussion of its translatability. His three models of translating cultural schema including A-A, A-B, and A-Zero (Liu Mingdong,2003:30), namely cultural schema correspondence, cultural schema conflict, and cultural schema default, serve as a guidance for culture-specific translation. he also concluded that in translation, one has to translate schema by decoding the ST schema and encoding the TT schema. He went a step further with Liang Wei by illustrating the strategies in both English and Chinese translation of cultural schema conflict through comparing cultural schema in the two languages. What’s more, he worked with Chen Xibei (2008) and gave a detailed analysis of the domestication and foreignization approach to the translation of cultural schema and brought the discussion of translation strategy up to the level of culture, poetry, and politics. They continued to give a summarized account of cultural schema theory and the research that had been done before, which greatly contributed to the full understanding of the theory(Liu, 2003:30).
 ==== Previous Studies on Cultural Schema Theory====
@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 Most scholars proposed translation methods or strategies for handling translation problems on the basis of their own translation practice. For example, in Mona Baker’s In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation, culture-specific concepts are defined and eight methods by professional translators are proposed. Those eight methods include “(1) translation by a more general word (superordinate); (2) translation by a more neutral/less expressive word, (3) translation by cultural substitution; (4) translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation; (5) translation by paraphrase using a related word; (6) translation by paraphrase using unrelated words; (7) translation by omission; (8) translation by illustration” (Mona, 2000:26-42).
-Chinese scholars also did a lot to explore appropriate support for the translation of culture-loaded words. On the one hand, some scholars concluded translation methods to solve specific problems or express their tendency to some translation strategies in translation practice. While Xu Jun (2001) believed that transliteration, literal translation, and literal translation plus denotation should be employed in the translation of culture-loaded terms. Wang Dongfeng summarized five methods to deal with the cultural default in the translation of culture-loaded words and expressions: “(1) annotation outside text; (2) contextual amplification; (3) adaptation; (4) omission; (5) literal translation without annotation” (Wang Dongfeng, 1997:58-59).
+Chinese scholars also did a lot to explore appropriate support for the translation of culture-loaded words. On the one hand, some scholars concluded translation methods to solve specific problems or express their tendency to some translation strategies in translation practice. While Xu Jun (2001) believed that transliteration, literal translation, and literal translation plus denotation should be employed in the translation of culture-loaded terms. Wang Dongfeng summarized five methods to deal with the cultural default in the translation of culture-loaded words and expressions: “(1) annotation outside text; (2) contextual amplification; (3) adaptation; (4) omission; (5) literal translation without annotation” (Wang, 1997:58-59).
-In recent years, in response to the national strategy of “going out”, some scholars take the introduction of Chinese culture as the first priority, especially in translating culture-loaded words in literary works. Wu Wenyan summarized the translation principles of culture-loaded words in her paper, which are retaining the cultural information of the original text, making the expressive pattern of translated text conform to the target language, and ensuring the targeted text closing to the readers’ thinking mode (Wu Wenyan, 2014:166).In order to promote Chinese culture to the world, Zheng Dehu argued that “translators should try to adopt a method based on alienation when translating Chinese culture-loaded words. in his opinion, the diversification of translations may hinder the spread of Chinese culture and weaken the international influence of Chinese culture” (Zheng Dehu, 2016: 55).
+In recent years, in response to the national strategy of “going out”, some scholars take the introduction of Chinese culture as the first priority, especially in translating culture-loaded words in literary works. Wu Wenyan summarized the translation principles of culture-loaded words in her paper, which are retaining the cultural information of the original text, making the expressive pattern of translated text conform to the target language, and ensuring the targeted text closing to the readers’ thinking mode (Wu Wenyan, 2014:166).In order to promote Chinese culture to the world, Zheng Dehu argued that “translators should try to adopt a method based on alienation when translating Chinese culture-loaded words. in his opinion, the diversification of translations may hinder the spread of Chinese culture and weaken the international influence of Chinese culture” (Zheng, 2016: 55).
 Moreover, some different theories are applied to analyze the translation of culture-loaded terms, including eco-translatology theory, skopos theory, register theory, and so on. Still, much room has been left to the study of the translation of culture-loaded words based on culture schema theory. Therefore, in this thesis, the translation of culture-loaded terms will be expounded from the perspective of cultural schema theory.

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 First of all, a large number of studies on the topic of cultural schema and teaching have been conducted. Rice (1980) explores the function of cultural schema in the process of stories comprehension. Yang Yang (2008) holds that “cultural schema affects students’ usage of reader-based processing and text-based processing in reading”. Xiang Qin (2017) discusses the application of cultural schema theory in listening teaching and reveals that the activation of students’ cultural schema can improve their listening comprehension.
-Besides, cultural schema theory is also applied to the field of intercultural communication. Ningbo and Tang Degen (2008) reveals that related cultural schemata can be created. Meanwhile, host and guest cultural schemata can be organically integrated during intercultural communication. Peng yunpeng (2011) elaborates the relationship between cultural schemata and intercultural communication and states that the adjustment and creation of cultural schema are conducive to intercultural communication. Nishida (2014) explicates the function of cultural schema. At the same time, nine crucial axioms are generated when cultural schema theory is applied to cross-cultural adaption.
+Besides, cultural schema theory is also applied to the field of intercultural communication. Ningbo and Tang Degen (2008) reveals that related cultural schemata can be created. Meanwhile, host and guest cultural schemata can be organically integrated during intercultural communication. Peng yunpeng (2011) elaborates the relationship between cultural schemata and intercultural communication and states that the adjustment and creation of cultural schema are conducive to intercultural communication. Nishida explicates the function of cultural schema. At the same time, nine crucial axioms are generated when cultural schema theory is applied to cross-cultural adaption (Nishida, 2014:403).
-As far as translation is concerned, both foreign and domestic researchers have proposed their opinions. In his Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, Bell (1991) highlights the role played by the schema in cognition and introduces schema into translation studies. Researchers in China share a common belief that the focus of studies in the cultural schema is analyzing the comprehension process of language learners, especially in receptive language skills. In recent years, there have been frequent attempts to explore cultural schema theory from the perspective of translation studies. Peng Jianwu (2000) first touched upon the issue of schema theory in translation, with translation comprehension as the main focus of his research. He also noted the phenomenon of culture-related concepts and their impact on translation, which inspires more discussion about the inner working mechanism of the human mind during translation and reading comprehension. Liu Mingdong (2002) linked the two by examining schema theory in text comprehension and proposed strategies to cope with problems caused by the lack of cultural background knowledge. Later in his research, the concept of cultural schema was presented with a thorough discussion of its translatability. His three models of translating cultural schema including A-A, A-B, and A-Zero (Liu Mingdong,2003:30), namely cultural schema correspondence, cultural schema conflict, and cultural schema default, serve as a guidance for culture-specific translation. he also concluded that in translation, one has to translate schema by decoding the ST schema and encoding the TT schema. He went a step further with Liang Wei by illustrating the strategies in both English and Chinese translation of cultural schema conflict through comparing cultural schema in the two languages. What’s more, he worked with Chen Xibei (2008) and gave a detailed analysis of the domestication and foreignization approach to the translation of cultural schema and brought the discussion of translation strategy up to the level of culture, poetry, and politics. They continued to give a summarized account of cultural schema theory and the research that had been done before, which greatly contributed to the full understanding of the theory(Liu Mingdong,2003:30).
+As far as translation is concerned, both foreign and domestic researchers have proposed their opinions. In his Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, Bell (1991) highlights the role played by the schema in cognition and introduces schema into translation studies. Researchers in China share a common belief that the focus of studies in the cultural schema is analyzing the comprehension process of language learners, especially in receptive language skills. In recent years, there have been frequent attempts to explore cultural schema theory from the perspective of translation studies. Peng Jianwu (2000) first touched upon the issue of schema theory in translation, with translation comprehension as the main focus of his research. He also noted the phenomenon of culture-related concepts and their impact on translation, which inspires more discussion about the inner working mechanism of the human mind during translation and reading comprehension. Liu Mingdong (2002) linked the two by examining schema theory in text comprehension and proposed strategies to cope with problems caused by the lack of cultural background knowledge. Later in his research, the concept of cultural schema was presented with a thorough discussion of its translatability. His three models of translating cultural schema including A-A, A-B, and A-Zero (Liu Mingdong,2003:30), namely cultural schema correspondence, cultural schema conflict, and cultural schema default, serve as a guidance for culture-specific translation. he also concluded that in translation, one has to translate schema by decoding the ST schema and encoding the TT schema. He went a step further with Liang Wei by illustrating the strategies in both English and Chinese translation of cultural schema conflict through comparing cultural schema in the two languages. What’s more, he worked with Chen Xibei (2008) and gave a detailed analysis of the domestication and foreignization approach to the translation of cultural schema and brought the discussion of translation strategy up to the level of culture, poetry, and politics. They continued to give a summarized account of cultural schema theory and the research that had been done before, which greatly contributed to the full understanding of the theory(Liu Mingdong, 2003:30).
 ==== Previous Studies on Cultural Schema Theory====

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	高蜜 Gao Mi Hunan Normal University, China		高蜜 Gao Mi Hunan Normal University, China