Cult Ov 2 Fin Exam 2024 - Revision history

Duan Siya: /* Introduction */

2024-06-19T08:42:54Z

Introduction

Jiang Rui: /* Jiang Rui |Architecture: Chinese Memorial Archway (Paifang) */

2024-06-18T15:14:48Z

Jiang Rui |Architecture: Chinese Memorial Archway (Paifang)

Jiang Rui: /* Overview of Paifang */

2024-06-18T15:06:56Z

Overview of Paifang

Duan Siya: /* 具体流程 */

2024-06-15T00:41:34Z

具体流程

Duan Siya: /* Current situation of the Inheritance */

2024-06-15T00:40:19Z

Current situation of the Inheritance

Duan Siya: /* The risks behind the brilliance */

2024-06-15T00:39:27Z

The risks behind the brilliance

Mou Yihong: /* References */

2024-06-14T17:44:28Z

References

Mou Yihong: /* Questions */

2024-06-14T17:25:57Z

Questions

Li Yanran: /* Cultural and Religious Significance */

2024-06-14T17:12:18Z

Cultural and Religious Significance

Li Yanran: /* Li Yanran | */

2024-06-14T17:11:48Z

Li Yanran |

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 ==Introduction==
 Striking Iron Flowers , also known as iron trees , is a traditional folk firework popular in the Henan and Shanxi regions and is one of China's national intangible cultural heritages. It is mostly popular in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, with Henan and Shanxi being the most. In the 1000-year-old folk art of "Striking Iron Flowers" , molten iron is struck with wooden rods to create sparks cascading through the sky like blossoming flowers.
 ==Origin and development==

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 Culturally, paifangs represent a distinctive traditional Chinese architectural style, serving as iconic structures in Chinese culture with profound historical and cultural significance. The evolution of paifangs shows the development of traditional Chinese architectural craftsmanship, holding significant value for the study of Chinese architectural art and social history and culture. (Baidu Encyclopedia)
-[[File:IMG_5430(20240618-225520).JPG]]
+[[File:Tangyue archway .JPG]]                  [[File:Friendship Archway in Chinatown.jpg]]
 ==The Origin of Paifang==

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:06, 18 June 2024
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	Culturally, paifangs represent a distinctive traditional Chinese architectural style, serving as iconic structures in Chinese culture with profound historical and cultural significance. The evolution of paifangs shows the development of traditional Chinese architectural craftsmanship, holding significant value for the study of Chinese architectural art and social history and culture. (Baidu Encyclopedia)		Culturally, paifangs represent a distinctive traditional Chinese architectural style, serving as iconic structures in Chinese culture with profound historical and cultural significance. The evolution of paifangs shows the development of traditional Chinese architectural craftsmanship, holding significant value for the study of Chinese architectural art and social history and culture. (Baidu Encyclopedia)
		+
		+	[[File:IMG_5430(20240618-225520).JPG]]

	==The Origin of Paifang==		==The Origin of Paifang==

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 (河南省确山“打铁花”民俗文化研究19-20,28-29)
 在光鲜亮丽的背后，风险并不为人所知。铁水需要加热到 1600 摄氏度以上。力度不够或敲击位置不准确，都有可能导致自身烧伤，因此工匠们的身上留下了无数伤疤。
 为了减少对铁匠的伤害，表演者需要非常注意力度和角度。首先，打铁花师傅们会把铁水打高打散，这样铁水在空中散开后掉落下来的铁火星可以与空气接触冷却，使得温度没那么高。打得越散，铁星与空气的接触面积越大，越容易充分冷却，越不容易将人烫伤。
 其次，打铁多在冬季进行，天气寒冷，散落的铁花冷却较快，更能保证打铁人的安全。在打铁花的过程中，铁匠会穿上一些特定的防护服。传统的主要有太极图案的头盔、道教风格的带披肩的棉布防护帽、防护鞋、红色或黄色的棉布腰带等。防护鞋包括护腿、护膝、护足，三者必须是一体式的，这样才能达到最佳的防护效果。不过，也有一些铁匠选择赤膊上阵，以增加现场的震撼力。所以这项艺术也被称为勇敢者的艺术。
 ==传承现状==

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 Today many of China's traditional activities are generally in a state of extinction. With the development of society, the iron smelting industry in Queshan County has completely disappeared, and the material basis for the survival of the Queshan "Iron Flower" rituals no longer exists.
 However, the state has given special funds to the contemporary inheritors of the  "Iron Flower"  every year to support the inheritance and development of it.
- Yang Jianjun, as a contemporary inheritor, compiles books on the ritual performances of the "Iron Flower". At his own expense, he recruiting apprentices and organizes performances. He has led the team of "Tiehua" in Queshan to perform many times in Beijing, Mongolia, Guangzhou, Yunnan and other places, which has greatly increased the popularity in the world.
+Yang Jianjun, as a contemporary inheritor, compiles books on the ritual performances of the "Iron Flower". At his own expense, he recruiting apprentices and organizes performances. He has led the team of "Tiehua" in Queshan to perform many times in Beijing, Mongolia, Guangzhou, Yunnan and other places, which has greatly increased the popularity in the world.
 ==Existing problems==

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 Behind the brilliance, the risks are not known to all. The molten iron needs to be heated to more than 1600 degrees Celsius. Insufficient force or an inaccurate strike position may result in burns to oneself, so artisans bear countless scars across their bodies.
 In order to minimize injuries to the smiths, performers need to be very careful in the strength and angle. Firstly, the masters of the iron flower will beat the iron high and loose, so that the iron sparks falling down after the iron in the air can be cooled in contact with the air, making the temperature not so high. The more scattered, the larger the contact area between the iron star and the air, the easier it is to fully cool, the less likely to burn people.
- Secondly, the ironwork is mostly performed in winter, when the weather is cold and the scattered ironwork can cool down more quickly, thus better guaranteeing the safety of the smiths. In the process of beating iron flowers, smiths will wear some specific protective clothing. Traditionally, there are mainly Taiji pattern helmet, Taoist style cotton protective cap with shawl, protective shoes, red or yellow cotton belt, etc. The protective shoes include legs, knee pads, foot pads, all three must be a one-piece type, so as to achieve the best protective effect. However, some smiths choose to go bare-chested to increase the shock of the scene. It is also called “An art for the brave”.
+Secondly, the ironwork is mostly performed in winter, when the weather is cold and the scattered ironwork can cool down more quickly, thus better guaranteeing the safety of the smiths. In the process of beating iron flowers, smiths will wear some specific protective clothing. Traditionally, there are mainly Taiji pattern helmet, Taoist style cotton protective cap with shawl, protective shoes, red or yellow cotton belt, etc. The protective shoes include legs, knee pads, foot pads, all three must be a one-piece type, so as to achieve the best protective effect. However, some smiths choose to go bare-chested to increase the shock of the scene. It is also called “An art for the brave”.
 (Study on the Folk Culture of "Playing Tiehua" in Queshan, Henan Province, 31)

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 ==References==
-.百度百科.五声音阶
+.百度百科.五声音阶Baidu Baike. Pentatonic Scale
-.百度百科.五声调式
-.冯文慈.中国音乐.1984(01)
+.百度百科.五声调式Baidu Baike. Pentatonic Mode
-.黄中.武汉音乐学院学报.1996(04)
-.杨莉.兰台世界.2014(22)
+.冯文慈Feng Wenci.(1984).释“宫商角徵羽”阶名由来[Explanation of the origin of the scale names "Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, and Yu"].中国音乐[Chinese music].
-.Edward Yadzinaky.The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Volume 64 , Issue S1 . 2005. PP S151
-.Day O’Connell Jeremy.Music Theory Spectrum. Volume 31 , Issue 2 . 2009. PP 225-261
+.黄中Huang Zhong.(1996).释宫商角徵羽五声阶名的由来[The Origin of the Names of the Five Musical Notes: Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, and Yu].武汉音乐学院学报[Journal of Wuhan Conservatory of Music].
 =Yu Xinzhong | Social Phenomenon: Mobile Population=

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 ==Questions==
-.What is the order of tones in the Five-Tone Scale?
+.What is the order of ancient Chinese pentatonic scale?
-What is the Five-Tone Scale and how is it unique to Chinese culture?
-.What qualities and emotions are associated with each tone of the Five-Tone Scale?
+.What are the corresponding notes in the seven-note scale for ancient Chinese pentatonic scale?
-.How has the Five-Tone Scale evolved throughout history?
-.
+.What qualities and emotions are associated with each note of ancient Chinese pentatonic scale?
 .Where does the term "wu sheng" first appear in ancient Chinese documents?
 .中国传统五音的音阶顺序是什么？
 .中国传统五音分别对应七音阶的哪几个音？
 .中国传统五音的每个音阶与哪些品质和情感相关联？
 .中国传统五音的特点是什么？
 .“五声”这一术语最早出现在哪部古代中文文献中？

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 ===Historical and Mythological Scenes===
 Tangka paintings also narrate stories from the life of the Buddha, the exploits of various saints and yogis, and mythological tales. These narrative paintings serve an educational purpose, conveying moral and spiritual lessons.
-==Cultural and Religious Significance==
+===Cultural and Religious Significance===
 Thangka paintings have become a staple of Himalayan art and Buddhist artistry and are valuable works of art. The paintings are highly sought after by devotees, art enthusiasts, and collectors worldwide. The industry of thangka painting has broadened, and recently, with the rise of global and e-markets, the thangka paintings are garnering significant interest. With newer techniques like embroidery and appliqué techniques and the corporation of newer materials like synthetic fiber paintbrushes or acrylic colors instead of historically used animal hair or natural mineral pigments, the world of thangka paintings is expanding.
 Thangkas also play an essential role in the ceremonial aspect of Buddhist practice that is very prominent in Tibetan Buddhism. Considered sacred, they are treated with great respect and revered during many daily rituals, festivals, and other religious ceremonies. They have the power to invoke the blessings of the deities depicted in the paintings. It also teaches Buddhist philosophy and history, as the paintings are filled with Buddhist iconographies and symbolisms that convey specific ideas and concepts. The deities depicted in Thangka paintings are not meant to be worshipped as external beings but as manifestations of the enlightened mind within us.(Enlightment Thangka)
 ==Conclusion==
   Tangka painting is a testament to the rich artistic and spiritual heritage of Tibetan Buddhism. Through its intricate techniques, profound symbolism, and enduring cultural significance, Tangka painting continues to inspire and educate practitioners and art enthusiasts alike. The meticulous craftsmanship and devotion embodied in each Tangka painting highlight the deep connection between art and spirituality in Tibetan culture. As both a religious artifact and a work of art, Tangka painting remains a vital link to the past and a source of inspiration for future generations.

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 A thangka（"thing that one unrolls" or "something that can be rolled up"）is a Tibetan Buddhist painting on cotton, silk appliqué, usually depicting a Buddhist deity, scene, or mandala. Thangkas are traditionally kept unframed and rolled up when not on display, mounted on a textile backing somewhat in the style of Chinese scroll paintings, with a further silk cover on the front. So treated, thangkas can last a long time, but because of their delicate nature, they have to be kept in dry places where moisture will not affect the quality of the silk. Most thangkas are relatively small, comparable in size to a Western half-length portrait, but some are extremely large, several metres in each dimension; these were designed to be displayed, typically for very brief periods on a monastery wall, as part of religious festivals. Most thangkas were intended for personal meditation or instruction of monastic students. They often have elaborate compositions including many very small figures. A central deity is often surrounded by other identified figures in a symmetrical composition. Narrative scenes are less common, but do appear.(Wikipedia)
-==Main Part==
-===History and Origins===
+==History and Origins==
 The history of Thangka painting is deeply intertwined with the spread of Buddhism in Tibet. The earliest Thangka paintings date back to the reign of King Songtsen Gampo (618-650 AD), who played a pivotal role in establishing Buddhism in Tibet. Over the centuries, Thangka painting evolved, influenced by Indian, Nepalese, and Chinese artistic traditions. The creation of Thangka paintings flourished particularly during the Tibetan Renaissance in the 11th century, a period marked by the revival of Buddhist scholarship and artistic endeavors.(Britannica)
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 The preservation and continuity of Thangka painting faced challenges in the 20th century due to political changes and cultural upheavals. However, efforts by Tibetan communities in exile and international interest in Tibetan culture have helped sustain and revive this ancient art form. Today, Tangka painting continues to thrive as both a spiritual practice and an art form, preserving the rich heritage of Tibetan Buddhism.（David Jackson:A History of Tibetan Painting: The Great Painters and their Traditions）
-===Symbolism and Themes===
+==Symbolism and Themes==
 Thangka paintings carry rich Buddhist symbolisms and depict various aspects of Tibetan Buddhism. These paintings, unlike regular paintings, have a specific meaning and are used to aid practitioners in visualizing Buddha's teachings. Meditating on a thangka is believed to connect with the divine and help gain a deeper understanding of the teachings of Buddhism. The deities, mandalas, or scenes from the life of Buddha are some of the frequent subjects of thangka paintings. (Enlightment Thangka)
-====Deities and Bodhisattvas====
+===Deities and Bodhisattvas===
 Tangka paintings frequently portray Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and protective deities. These figures are depicted with specific hand gestures (mudras), postures (asanas), and attributes that symbolize various aspects of Buddhist teachings. For example, Avalokiteshvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion, is often shown with multiple arms, each holding different objects representing his compassionate activities.
-====Mandalas====
+===Mandalas===
 Mandalas are intricate geometric designs that represent the universe and serve as tools for meditation. They are often used in Tangka paintings to depict sacred spaces and cosmological concepts. The central figure in a mandala is usually a deity, surrounded by concentric circles and squares filled with symbolic elements.
-====Historical and Mythological Scenes====
+===Historical and Mythological Scenes===
 Tangka paintings also narrate stories from the life of the Buddha, the exploits of various saints and yogis, and mythological tales. These narrative paintings serve an educational purpose, conveying moral and spiritual lessons.
-===Cultural and Religious Significance===
+==Cultural and Religious Significance==
 Thangka paintings have become a staple of Himalayan art and Buddhist artistry and are valuable works of art. The paintings are highly sought after by devotees, art enthusiasts, and collectors worldwide. The industry of thangka painting has broadened, and recently, with the rise of global and e-markets, the thangka paintings are garnering significant interest. With newer techniques like embroidery and appliqué techniques and the corporation of newer materials like synthetic fiber paintbrushes or acrylic colors instead of historically used animal hair or natural mineral pigments, the world of thangka paintings is expanding.
 Thangkas also play an essential role in the ceremonial aspect of Buddhist practice that is very prominent in Tibetan Buddhism. Considered sacred, they are treated with great respect and revered during many daily rituals, festivals, and other religious ceremonies. They have the power to invoke the blessings of the deities depicted in the paintings. It also teaches Buddhist philosophy and history, as the paintings are filled with Buddhist iconographies and symbolisms that convey specific ideas and concepts. The deities depicted in Thangka paintings are not meant to be worshipped as external beings but as manifestations of the enlightened mind within us.(Enlightment Thangka)
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 *List some of the significance of Thangka in Tibetan culture.
 ==References==
 *https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangka#CITEREFRhieThurman1991
 *https://www.britannica.com/topic/thang-ka