Cult Turn EN 1 - Revision history

Li Aixuan: /* Conclusion */

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Conclusion

Li Aixuan: /* Brief introduction: the schools, viewpoints and development of Cultural Turn in translation studies */

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Brief introduction: the schools, viewpoints and development of Cultural Turn in translation studies

Li Aixuan: /* Background of Cultural Turn */

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Background of Cultural Turn

Jin Xiaotong: /* References */

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References

Jin Xiaotong: /* References */

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References

Li Aixuan: /* Abstract */

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Abstract

Root: /* Chapter 1 ：An analysis of the causes and influences of "cultural turn" in translation history */

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Chapter 1 ：An analysis of the causes and influences of "cultural turn" in translation history

Root: /* References */

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References

Jin Xiaotong: /* 金晓童An analysis of the causes and influences of "cultural turn" in translation history */

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金晓童An analysis of the causes and influences of "cultural turn" in translation history

Jin Xiaotong: Created page with "=金晓童An analysis of the causes and influences of "cultural turn" in translation history = '''浅析翻译研究历史中“文化转向”的原因和影响''' 金晓童..."

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Created page with "=金晓童An analysis of the causes and influences of "cultural turn" in translation history = '''浅析翻译研究历史中“文化转向”的原因和影响''' 金晓童..."

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	Nowadays, translation plays an increasingly prominent role in cross-cultural communication as the field of international communication continues to expand. Translation should take the initiative to maintain the historical mission of linguistic diversity and cultural diversity, balance the subject culture and foreign culture, and keep the two cultures in a relatively reasonable range. But the problem lies in the lack of theoretical guidance in concrete practice, wo can only judge according to experience. The subject of translation is affected by many factors, so it is impossible to completely jump out of the subject culture, and the development of translation study is dynamic, with the development of translation theory and the development of The Times, many factors such as translation view and translation stand are constantly changing. Therefore, with the development of the times, we should study the problem dynamically and sum up the guiding ideology constantly, so as to achieve a balance between the subject culture and foreign culture. In the context of globalization, people should pay attention to the relationship between their own culture and foreign culture, and translators, as communicators of cultural exchange, should balance the relationship between the two. Only by treating the externalization objectively, taking its essence and discarding its dregs, making it mutually available with the national culture, innovating the national culture and enhancing the vitality of the national culture, can the Chinese culture endure long and have a long history.		Nowadays, translation plays an increasingly prominent role in cross-cultural communication as the field of international communication continues to expand. Translation should take the initiative to maintain the historical mission of linguistic diversity and cultural diversity, balance the subject culture and foreign culture, and keep the two cultures in a relatively reasonable range. But the problem lies in the lack of theoretical guidance in concrete practice, wo can only judge according to experience. The subject of translation is affected by many factors, so it is impossible to completely jump out of the subject culture, and the development of translation study is dynamic, with the development of translation theory and the development of The Times, many factors such as translation view and translation stand are constantly changing. Therefore, with the development of the times, we should study the problem dynamically and sum up the guiding ideology constantly, so as to achieve a balance between the subject culture and foreign culture. In the context of globalization, people should pay attention to the relationship between their own culture and foreign culture, and translators, as communicators of cultural exchange, should balance the relationship between the two. Only by treating the externalization objectively, taking its essence and discarding its dregs, making it mutually available with the national culture, innovating the national culture and enhancing the vitality of the national culture, can the Chinese culture endure long and have a long history.
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		+	Due to the development of translation itself and the influence of the polysystem theory, the cultural school, deconstructivism and other theories, the "Cultural Turn" emerged in the 1990s, breaking the model of translation studies that had lasted for thousands of years, breaking out of the rigid language level and placing translation in the dynamic history, culture and society.--[[User:Li Aixuan\|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan\|talk]]) 13:15, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

	=== References ===		=== References ===

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	Of course, the above is only a review of the viewpoints of the representative figures and literary schools of "Cultural Turn". In fact, since the 1980s, "Cultural Turn" has become a fact, which also includes the development of "post-modern" translation theories such as deconstruction, feminism and post-colonialism. After the "Cultural Turn" theorie of translation was put forward, many scholars believed that translation has stepped out of the limitations of the traditional linguistic school, entered the wave of cultural studies and stepped onto a broader research space. Translation studies increasingly involved more fields such as ideology, ethnicity, race, feminism and so on. For example, Basnett published The theory and practice of Postcolonial Translation in 1999. Nida, the head of the linguistics school, also began to pay attention to cultural issues in his works in the 1990s. Louise von Flotow published Translation and Gender: Translating in the 'Era of Feminism' (1997), and Spivak (G. C. Spivak) has made a discussion on translation, the politics of translation, feminism and post-colonialism. American scholar L. Venuti proposed some such as "foreignization" and "domestication" and so on. Venuti believes that works translated into English since the 17th century are basically "domesticating translation", while most English translations into other languages are "foreignizing translation", which actually reflects the inequality between cultures. As a result, he thinks the "foreignizing translation" should be taken when translating the world affairs into English, it is a wise cultural interference, which contribute to change the language hegemony of English countries and the unequal status of culture in the global exchanges. This is a rejection of ethnocentrism, racism, cultural narcissism and cultural imperialism, and is conducive to the promotion of democracy in global geopolitical relations. The above views can be regarded as either the influence or the continuation of the "Cultural Turn" in translation studies. (Wang 2009:50)		Of course, the above is only a review of the viewpoints of the representative figures and literary schools of "Cultural Turn". In fact, since the 1980s, "Cultural Turn" has become a fact, which also includes the development of "post-modern" translation theories such as deconstruction, feminism and post-colonialism. After the "Cultural Turn" theorie of translation was put forward, many scholars believed that translation has stepped out of the limitations of the traditional linguistic school, entered the wave of cultural studies and stepped onto a broader research space. Translation studies increasingly involved more fields such as ideology, ethnicity, race, feminism and so on. For example, Basnett published The theory and practice of Postcolonial Translation in 1999. Nida, the head of the linguistics school, also began to pay attention to cultural issues in his works in the 1990s. Louise von Flotow published Translation and Gender: Translating in the 'Era of Feminism' (1997), and Spivak (G. C. Spivak) has made a discussion on translation, the politics of translation, feminism and post-colonialism. American scholar L. Venuti proposed some such as "foreignization" and "domestication" and so on. Venuti believes that works translated into English since the 17th century are basically "domesticating translation", while most English translations into other languages are "foreignizing translation", which actually reflects the inequality between cultures. As a result, he thinks the "foreignizing translation" should be taken when translating the world affairs into English, it is a wise cultural interference, which contribute to change the language hegemony of English countries and the unequal status of culture in the global exchanges. This is a rejection of ethnocentrism, racism, cultural narcissism and cultural imperialism, and is conducive to the promotion of democracy in global geopolitical relations. The above views can be regarded as either the influence or the continuation of the "Cultural Turn" in translation studies. (Wang 2009:50)
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		+	标题首字母注意大写~Brief Introduction: the Schools, Viewpoints and Development of Cultural Turn in Translation Studies--[[User:Li Aixuan\|Li Aixuan]] ([[User talk:Li Aixuan\|talk]]) 13:10, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

	=== The causes of “Cultural Turn”in translation history ===		=== The causes of “Cultural Turn”in translation history ===

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 ==== Background of Cultural Turn ====
 As a concept, culture first appeared in the Middle Ages of Europe and it becomes an eternal theme in the development of human beings, because culture involves all aspects of human life. However, as a discipline to study and form a systematic "cultural study" began in the 1950s. In fact, the rise and development of post-colonialism, feminism and the emergence and rapid spread of the Internet have made cultural studies necessary. In 1957, Hoggart published The Uses of Literacy, and Williams published Culture and Society 1780 － 1950 in 1958.Moreover, in 1964 The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) was founded at the University of Birmingham. All these marked the beginning of cultural studies. Since the early 1980s, "cultural studies" has been developed rapidly in many countries, and its research scope has also been expanded, showing a multi-disciplinary development trend. The study of Western culture has gone through more than half a century，Easthope classified the study of Western culture into three stages: (1)in the 1960s，we were devoted to expanding the concept of culture and making it cover mass culture, which was called the "Culturalist Phase"; (2)in the 1970s，we paid attention to the exploration of textualism and hegemonism, which was called the "Structuralist Phase"; (3)  the "post-structuralist Phase" was characterized by the establishment of cultural pluralism. It can be seen that "cultural studies" is a kind of interdisciplinary and cross-field research with a very broad content. Therefore, the "cultural turn" proposed by Basnett appeared in the 1990s. In fact, with the rise of "cultural studies", translation as a cultural activity is inevitable and has been combined with cultural studies, the real "cultural turn" in translation studies began much earlier than the 1990s. (Wang 2009:50-51)
 With the development of translation studies in China, culture has gradually received attention. There are some translation theories and opinions scattered in Chinese Buddhist scriptures during the Han and Tang dynasties. Later, Lin Yutang, although Yan Fu and Zhao Yuanren have not made a systematic exposition of cultural translation, their views on translation studies are also consistent with cultural translation theory. In the contemporary time, Liu Shan is the first person to study the relationship between translation and culture as the subject. He pointed out that the accuracy and fidelity of translation depends on the reproduction of thoughts and culture reflected in another language, and stated the fact that the society at that time required translators to expand their cultural horizon. Moreover, Wang Zuoliang also realized the mutual influence between translation and culture, he emphasized that translators must understand both their own national culture and foreign culture. In the 1990s, the Cultural Turn theorie was introduced into China, and more domestic scholars stepped into the wave of cultural research. For example, Wang Bingqin's Cultural Translation studies is regarded as the beginning of China's cultural translation research, and this book laid an important foundation for the subsequent research. Liu Miqing's work of the same period, Outline of Cultural Translation, also exerted a profound influence on later studies. Yang Shizhang (2001) demonstrated in detail the interactive relationship between translation and culture from two aspects of the role of translation in cultural development and the promotion and restriction of culture on translation. Xu Jun (2002) pointed out that there were problems in Chinese translation studies, such as stressing technology over meaning, language over culture, etc. So he proposed to promote the establishment of cultural translation view. These scholars' active discussion on the relationship between translation and culture and its extension undoubtedly laid a solid foundation for the subsequent translation studies from the cultural perspective. In recent years, although it has been widely acknowledged that the western cultural turn is of great significance to translation studies, the theory of cultural turn tends to be far away from ontological studies, so that some scholars call for translation studies to return to ontology. The debate on cultural turn in translation studies has aroused the constant thinking and exploration of domestic scholars. (Peng 2016:141-142)

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 Wang Ning 王宁 (2003). 全球化、文化研究和文学研究[M] Globalization, cultural studies and Literary Studies.桂林:广西师范大学出版社 Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press.
-Wang Ning 王宁 (2005). 翻译的文化建构和文化研究的翻译学转向[J] The cultural construction of translation and the translatological turn of Cultural Studies.中国翻译 Chinese Translators Journal, 6:#####page numbers missing.
+Wang Ning 王宁 (2005). 翻译的文化建构和文化研究的翻译学转向[J] The cultural construction of translation and the translatological turn of Cultural Studies.中国翻译 Chinese Translators Journal, 6:16.
 Wang Ning 王宁 (2009). 翻译研究的文化转向[M] The Cultural Turn in translation studies.北京：清华大学出版社 Beijing: Tsinghua University publishing house.

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	Zhu Huichao 朱慧超 (2017). 简析翻译学中的文化转向[J] A brief analysis of the cultural turn in Translation Studies. 文化学研究 Cultural Studies, 9:86-88.		Zhu Huichao 朱慧超 (2017). 简析翻译学中的文化转向[J] A brief analysis of the cultural turn in Translation Studies. 文化学研究 Cultural Studies, 9:86-88.
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		+	Written by --[[User:Jin Xiaotong\|Jin Xiaotong]] ([[User talk:Jin Xiaotong\|talk]]) 12:59, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

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 === Abstract ===
 The Culture Turn theorie of translation studies was initially put forword by Bassnett Susan and Andre Lefevre in 1990 in the book Translation, History and Culture: A Source book in which they affirmed that translation is not the simple transform between two languages, it goses in special cultural environment. Since then, the history of translation as a simple tool for the conversion of languages is fading away and gradually transformed into a carrier of culture. There is no doubt that there are differences among different cultures. As a “bridge”, translation plays an intermediary role in the communication between different cultures. However, in the context of globalization becoming the mainstream, the most important problem for translation in the face of cultural differences is how to deal with different cultures. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the causes of cultural turn, seek the positive and negative effects of cultural turn, and further elaborate on the enlightenment of cultural turn to all countries, especially to China, from the perspective of globalization.
 === Key Words ===

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 金晓童 Jin Xiao, Hunan Normal University, China
 [[Cult_Turn_EN_1]]
 === Abstract ===

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 === References ===
-[1] Bassnett，S．The Translation Turn in Cultural Studies［A］．in Bassnett ＆ Lefevere( ed)，Constructing Cultures Essays on Literary Translation［C］．Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2001．
+Bassnett，S．＆ Lefevere，A．(1990) Translation，History and Culture［C］．London ＆ New York: Pinter Publishers．
-[2] Lefevere, A. Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame [M]. London and New York: Routledge, 1992, 26-27.
+Bassnett，S．(2001). The Translation Turn in Cultural Studies［A］．in Bassnett ＆ Lefevere( ed)，Constructing Cultures Essays on Literary Translation［C］．Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2001．
-[3] Bassnett，S．＆ Lefevere，A．Translation，History and Culture［C］．London ＆ New York: Pinter Publishers，1990．
+Feng Yawu, Liu Quanfu 冯亚武，刘全福 (2008). “文化转向”与文化翻译范式[J] "Cultural turn" and cultural translation paradigm.西安外国语大学学报 Journal of Xi'an Foreign Studies University，4:48.
-[4] 王宁.翻译研究的文化转向[M] The Cultural Turn in translation studies.北京：清华大学出版社 Beijing:Tsinghua University publishing house，2009.
+Hu Mu 胡牧 (2011). 翻译研究:回归现实世界-对“文化转向”的再思考[J] Translation studies: returning to the real world -- Rethinking the "cultural turn".中国翻译 Chinese Translators Journal, 5:5-10.
-[5] 曾文雄.对翻译研究“文化转向”的反思[J] Reflections on the "cultural turn" in Translation Studies.外语研究 Foreign Language Studies，2006（3）: 62-66.
+Lefevere, A. (1992). Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame [M]. London and New York: Routledge, 26-27.
-[6] 谭载喜.西方翻译简史[M] 西方翻译简史 A brief history of Western Translation.北京：商务印书馆 Beijing:The Commercial Press，2004.
+Peng Ping 彭萍 (2016). 当代西方翻译研究的“文化转向”和“社会转向”综述[J] A summary of "cultural turn" and "social turn" in Contemporary Western Translation Studies.江西师范大学学报(哲学社会科版,2016(3) Journal of Jiangxi Normal University (Philosophy and social sciences edition), 3:141-142.
-[7] 彭萍.当代西方翻译研究的“文化转向”和“社会转向”综述[J] A summary of "cultural turn" and "social turn" in Contemporary Western Translation Studies.江西师范大学学报(哲学社会科版,2016(3) Journal of Jiangxi Normal University (Philosophy and social sciences edition), 2016 (3): 141-142.
+Sun Yifeng 孙艺风 (2008). 文化翻译与全球本土化[J] Cultural translation and global localization.中国翻译 Chinese Translators Journal, 1:5-11.
-[8] 谢天振. 正确理解“文化转向”的实质[J] Correctly understand the essence of "cultural turn". 外国语 foreign language, 2014(5) : 45-46.
+Tan Zaixi 谭载喜 (2004). 西方翻译简史[M] 西方翻译简史 A brief history of Western Translation.北京：商务印书馆 Beijing:The Commercial Press.
-[9] 朱慧超. 简析翻译学中的文化转向[J] A brief analysis of the cultural turn in Translation Studies. 文化学研究 Cultural Studies, 2017(9) : 86-88.
+Wang Ning 王宁 (2003). 全球化、文化研究和文学研究[M] Globalization, cultural studies and Literary Studies.桂林:广西师范大学出版社 Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press.
-[10] 王宁. 翻译的文化建构和文化研究的翻译学转向[J] The cultural construction of translation and the translatological turn of Cultural Studies.中国翻译 Chinese Translators Journal,2005,(6).
+Wang Ning 王宁 (2005). 翻译的文化建构和文化研究的翻译学转向[J] The cultural construction of translation and the translatological turn of Cultural Studies.中国翻译 Chinese Translators Journal, 6:#####page numbers missing.
-[11] 伍小君. 翻译研究中的文化转向:批判与反思[J] Cultural turn in translation studies: Criticism and reflection. 外语学刊 Foreign language journal, 2009（4）:103-105.
+Wang Ning 王宁 (2009). 翻译研究的文化转向[M] The Cultural Turn in translation studies.北京：清华大学出版社 Beijing: Tsinghua University publishing house.
-[12] 冯亚武，刘全福.“文化转向”与文化翻译范式[J] "Cultural turn" and cultural translation paradigm.西安外国语大学学报 Journal of Xi'an Foreign Studies University，2008（4）：48.
+Wu Xiaojun 伍小君 (2009). 翻译研究中的文化转向:批判与反思[J] Cultural turn in translation studies: Criticism and reflection. 外语学刊 Foreign language journal, 4:103-105.
-[13] 谢天振．中西翻译简史［M］A brief history of Chinese and Western Translation．北京:外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press，2009.
+Xie Tianzheng 谢天振 (2009)．中西翻译简史［M］A brief history of Chinese and Western Translation．北京:外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press.
-[14] 王宁，翻译的文化建构和文化研究的翻译学转向[J] The cultural construction of translation and the translatological turn of Cultural Studies, 中国翻译 Chinese Translators Journal，2005，第6期.
+Xie Tianzhen 谢天振 (2014). 正确理解“文化转向”的实质[J] Correctly understand the essence of "cultural turn". 外国语 foreign language, 5:45-46.
-[15] 胡牧. 翻译研究:回归现实世界-对“文化转向”的再思考[J] Translation studies: returning to the real world -- Rethinking the "cultural turn".中国翻译 Chinese Translators Journal,2011(5): 5-10.
+Zeng Wenxiong 曾文雄 (2006).对翻译研究“文化转向”的反思[J] Reflections on the "cultural turn" in Translation Studies.外语研究 Foreign Language Studies 3:62-66.
-[16] 孙艺风.文化翻译与全球本土化[J] Cultural translation and global localization.中国翻译 Chinese Translators Journal,2008(1):5-11.
+Zhu Huichao 朱慧超 (2017). 简析翻译学中的文化转向[J] A brief analysis of the cultural turn in Translation Studies. 文化学研究 Cultural Studies, 9:86-88.

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−	=~~金晓童An~~ analysis of the causes and influences of "cultural turn" in translation history =	+	=Chapter 1 ：An analysis of the causes and influences of "cultural turn" in translation history =
	'''浅析翻译研究历史中“文化转向”的原因和影响'''		'''浅析翻译研究历史中“文化转向”的原因和影响'''