Culture 2022 2 - Revision history

Wang Yihan: /* Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella */

2023-06-01T10:32:09Z

Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella

Wang Yihan: /* Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella */

2023-06-01T10:30:55Z

Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella

Wang Yihan at 10:29, 1 June 2023

2023-06-01T10:29:27Z

Wang Yihan: /* Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella */

2023-06-01T10:27:45Z

Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella

Li Siwen: /* Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama */

2022-07-08T03:53:49Z

Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama

Li Linyu: /* Terms and Expressions */

2022-07-07T11:38:38Z

Terms and Expressions

Li Linyu: /* Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella */

2022-07-07T11:36:48Z

Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella

Root at 11:30, 7 July 2022

2022-07-07T11:30:42Z

Root: /* Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship */

2022-07-07T10:43:18Z

Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship

Ou Xinyu: /* Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas */

2022-06-30T16:36:50Z

Ou Xinyu 欧欣榆 - Opera: Chinese Local Operas

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:32, 1 June 2023
Line 21:		Line 21:

	In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. "纸" (Paper) is a homonym for "子" (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character "傘" (umbrella), contains five "人" (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes "fullness" connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as 芹菜, 大蒜, 香葱, 韭菜 that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family.		In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. "纸" (Paper) is a homonym for "子" (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character "傘" (umbrella), contains five "人" (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes "fullness" connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as 芹菜, 大蒜, 香葱, 韭菜 that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family.
		+
		+	====Hakka second burial funerals====
		+
		+	Since many of the Hakka populations are in the mountainous areas of China, most corpses are buried on the mountains. Initially, Hakka people do not put up a gravestone, however, after the second time the corpse is buried (usually 3–5 years later), the additional grander ceremony is added. When buying, usually in the eighth month of the Chinese calendar, an experienced burial master is hired to dig the old burial and enter the clean bones for an official and permanent burial at the exact spot. The oil-paper umbrella is used to cover the bones while they are being cleaned.
		+
		+	====Hakka dance ceremony====
		+
		+	"Umbrella Dance" is one of the traditional dances of the Hakka culture, during the ceremony, the dancer must be holding a paper umbrella and wearing a blue shirt (traditional Hakka Clothing). Hakka Dance Ceremony is an important part of the Hakka Culture along with "tea leaf drama" and "mountain song".
		+
		+	====Engagement present of the Yao people====
		+
		+	In the population of Yao located in Longhui County of Hunan, oil-paper umbrella is used as an engagement present by the men side. When a consensus is built between the two families, the family of the man's side would hire an experienced man to propose a marriage in the woman's house. The first propose does not require any gift but only the permission of the parents of the bride. During the day of engagement, the man's side needs to bring an oil-paper umbrella to the woman's house and place it on the sacred table located in the house; the bride must take the umbrella from the table personally and close the umbrella that is stitched with 12 triangles. Then the experienced man must bring the oil-paper umbrella back to the husband's house for the proof of a successful engagement. On the way back, the experienced man must not open the umbrella himself. If a divorce is made later, the husband must return the string on the stitch back to the bride.
		+
		+	====Funerals of the Dai people====
		+
		+	Dai people located in Yunnan use a special type of paper called "嘎拉沙" (Garcia) to make oil-paper umbrella, which is brushed with sesame oil. The Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven. This type of umbrella is still available in a village today.
		+
		+	===Oil-paper umbrellas in China===
		+
		+	The art of the Chinese style of oil-paper umbrellas are mostly focused on traditional black and white Chinese painting such as flowers, birds, and scenery. Others include scenes from famous Chinese literature, such as Dream of the Red Chamber and Romance of the Western Chamber. Yet, some have Chinese calligraphy instead of paintings. However, traditional colors are kept on the sticks and the scaffold of the umbrella to maintain the antiquity.
		+
		+	====Yuhang, Zhejiang====
		+
		+	In Yuhang District, Zhejiang, oil-paper umbrellas have been produced since the era of the Qianlong Emperor (1769), by Dong Wenyuan, who owned an umbrella shop. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are made with high mechanical skills and top materials, which provide their endurance. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and rain does no damage, thus their popularity among common people. Many travelers who passed through Yuan would buy umbrellas from Dong Wenyuan's umbrella shop as souvenirs for friends and relatives. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are available in a variety of different types and purposes, including those used for fishing or as collectibles.
		+
		+	In 1951, Zhejiang province has chosen Yuhang as the focused point of the industrial artifact for oil-paper umbrellas and initiated a group for this establishment in 1952. The later established "Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations" was the first industry of artifacts in Zhejiang province. This establishment was once in the spotlight of the Chinese media, however, as the popular metallic umbrella appeared on the market and oil-paper umbrellas have faced extinction.
		+
		+	On December 5, 2006, artisan Liu Youquan met a government official of the Yuhang district and proposed to recover the oil-paper umbrella in Yuhan, with the intention of starting a new pop culture trend and increase local wealth. Liu spent a few hundred RMB and bought some dozens of the bamboo umbrella from a bamboo umbrella factory. But Liu did not have the skills, only to keep these as a "canvas" for 30 some years. A local media reported for a search of an oil-paper umbrella artisan and increased local awareness. Four days later, four artisans: Fang Jinquan, Chen Yue Xiang, Shen Lihua, and Sun Shuigen prompted and have intentions to recover the art (drawing oil paintings on the bamboo umbrella). They have passed their skills and technique to some local bamboo farmers and brought income to them. The governmental officials of Yuhang have listed this art for major protection and important antique artifact (Antiquities Act[1]).
		+
		+	Production requires skilled hands and technique as well as personal experience. Training to become a master in oil-paper umbrella manufacture requires an apprenticeship and a great deal of practice. Apprentices must practice the skills for three years to officially master this technique. Tools are made by professional blacksmiths. The material of the umbrellas is chosen with care. The umbrella scaffold is made from either bamboo or wood, tied with hair strings. The best umbrellas are made from peach flowers, as the umbrella surface is soaked in persimmon pigment. The persimmon pigment is made from fermenting the juice of green persimmons,[2] which provides a suitable stickiness. The soaked flower petals are stuck to the umbrella scaffold one by one. Paintings or pictures are drawn on the peach flower petals prior to painting tung oil on top. The finalized umbrella is left to dry in a dry dark room. It requires at least 70 steps to produce a well-crafted oil-paper umbrella.
		+
		+	====Hunan====
		+
		+	Oil-paper umbrellas in Changsha, Hunan province date back to about 100 years, the earliest oil-paper umbrella shop is 陶恒泰纸伞店, Which is named after Tao Jiqiao, who established the shop during the Qing dynasty.
		+
		+	In 1900, Liang Jingting, who worked in an umbrella shop in Changsha opened his own umbrella shop called the Lianghongfa San. It produces the old type of oil, black ink umbrella. The beautiful name Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San is attributed to its fine features and endurance. In 1921, the Pan Kuiqing (潘馈清) brothers started a factory called Feifei San (菲菲伞) that mass-produces umbrella skin paper. The umbrella skin it produced included traditional flowered ones and many other pictures, these umbrellas were exported to Hong Kong, Macau and South East Asia. The umbrella was awarded in a Chinese exhibition in 1929. The highest production rate was thirty thousand per year, until February 1975 when Jing Gang Yusan She(靖港雨伞社; jìng gǎng yǔsǎn shè) was abolished, and Taohengmao (陶恒茂) oil-paper umbrella production was terminated.
		+
		+	The raw materials of the Changsha oil-paper umbrella are skin paper, bamboo, cotton silk, rope, tung oil, persimmon water, pigment, cow horn, and wood. The umbrellas produced by Taohengmao are especially fine-featured and commit to abide by the traditional production methods with strict materials.
		+
		+	====Taiwan====
		+
		+	Oil-paper umbrella production in Meinong initiation has two rumors.One was that it started during the Japanese rule, during which, Lin Agui and Wu Zhenxing invited oil-paper umbrella artisans from mainland China to Taiwan for the purpose of passing the skills to the locals.The other was that oil-paper umbrella artisan Guo (郭玉琴) have arrived in Taiwan from Guangdong province. Since then, he had permanently stayed in the Meinong district and spread the skills locally. Early Meinong oil-paper umbrella factor was called "廣" (pronounced "Young") for connotations of wealth, wide and progression. In 1960, oil-paper umbrella, tobacco leaves, and rice were Meinong district's major income sources. At that time, it was the renaissance of oil-paper umbrella. It was estimated that there were at least twenty factories producing twenty thousand oil-paper umbrellas annually. However, with the rapid industrialization in Taiwan, mechanically produced Western umbrellas have replaced them in attribute to low cost, longevity, and portability. Taiwan has become the key country of Western umbrella production and forced many traditional handmade oil-paper umbrella factories out of business.
		+
		+	In 1970, an English journal used the Goung (广进胜) oil-paper umbrella pioneer, Lin Xianglin and his umbrella as the magazine cover, along with a detailed article on the culture and production of oil-paper umbrella. BBC have also included a series of recording of the oil-paper umbrella called the "Long Search". In addition, 1983, famous Hakka movie producer, Lin Fu-De, have incorporated the oil-paper umbrella into his drama, Star Knows My Heart. When the drama was played in the Japanese television, Taiwanese oil-paper umbrella gained impression in the Japanese, who have ordered a large quantity for imports. After 1980, with the increase of Taiwan overall financial status, Meinong's increased tourism, oil-paper umbrella have recovered its utility in the daily life along with its value as a local culture and travel souvenir.
		+
		+	===Oil-paper umbrellas in foreign countries===
		+
		+	====Japan====
		+
		+	Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa, and these with a bull's-eye design are called janomegasa. The handle and scaffold are often colored black, however, sometimes other colors are applied as well. The surface paintings include traditional Japanese culture, gained popularity from the Azuchi–Momoyama period to Edo period.
		+
		+	====Tailand====
		+
		+	Oil-paper umbrella art in the Northern Thailand, or Chiang Mai dates back to around two hundred years. The umbrella scaffold is made from green bamboo sticks, the colors and images are abundant including pictures of scenery, animals, people and flowers. The umbrella surfaces can have a square shape in addition to the traditional circular one. Oil-paper umbrellas in Thailand have unique features, which often entice tourists to buy them. Of the several types, the most famous are the ones made in the Bo Sang village. Most farmers produce oil-paper umbrellas during their free time in specialized factories.
		+
		+	===References===
		+
		+	1. The Antiquities Act of 1906 (Pub.L. 59–209, 34 Stat. 225, 54 U.S.C. §§ 320301–320303), is an act that was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906.
		+
		+	2."Hiromi Paper International". hiromipaper.com.
		+
		+	===Terms and Expressions===
		+
		+	1.Yun 云氏
		+
		+	2.Lu Ban 鲁班
		+
		+	3.Washi 和纸
		+
		+	4.Hakka 客家人
		+
		+	5."Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations" 雨伞手工业合作社
		+
		+	6.Lianghongfa San 梁宏发伞
		+
		+	7.Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San 湘潭木屐靖港油伞
		+
		+	8.wagasa (Japanese)和伞, "Japanese umbrella"
		+
		+	9.janomegasa (Japanese)蛇の目伞, "snake-eye umbrella"
		+
		+	===Questions===
		+
		+	1.What did people in Song Dynasty commonly call the oil-paper umbrella?
		+
		+	2.What are the general production procedures of oil-paper umbrellas?
		+
		+	3.Why do Dai People use oil-paper umbrellas in funerals?
		+
		+	4.What is wagasa?
		+
		+	===Answers===
		+
		+	1.It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella".
		+
		+	2.First, bamboo is selected.Then, the bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton. Next, Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight. Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.
		+
		+	3.Because the Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven.
		+
		+	4.Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa.

	==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==		==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:30, 1 June 2023
Line 2:		Line 2:

	==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==		==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==
		+
		+	===History===
		+
		+	The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Lu Ban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.
		+
		+	===Basic production process===
		+
		+	The production process and required procedures are different in each region. However, in general, they can be divided into four main steps:
		+	1.Bamboo is selected.
		+	2.The bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton.
		+	3.Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight.
		+	4.Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.
		+
		+	===Oil-paper umbrella in customs and cultural ceremonies===
		+
		+	====Hakka marriage and bride dowry====
		+
		+
		+	In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. "纸" (Paper) is a homonym for "子" (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character "傘" (umbrella), contains five "人" (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes "fullness" connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as 芹菜, 大蒜, 香葱, 韭菜 that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family.

	==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==		==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:29, 1 June 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022\|course homepage]]. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Culture2022_final_exam_papers#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]		Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022\|course homepage]]. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Culture2022_final_exam_papers#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]
		+
		+	==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==

	==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==		==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:27, 1 June 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022\|course homepage]]. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Culture2022_final_exam_papers#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]		Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022\|course homepage]]. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Culture2022_final_exam_papers#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]
−
−	~~==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==~~
−
−	~~===History===~~
−
−	The spread of oil-paper umbrellas was started by the invention of Yun, wife of Lu Ban. "Chop bamboo sticks to thin strips, covered in animal fur, closed to become a cane, opened as a cone." Early umbrella materials were mostly feathers or silks, later replaced by paper. When oil-paper umbrellas first appeared is unknown. Some estimate that they spread across to Korea and Japan during the Tang dynasty. It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella" during the Song dynasty. The popularity grew and the oil-paper umbrella became commonplace during the Ming dynasty. They are often mentioned in popular Chinese literature. By the 19th century, oil-paper umbrellas were a common item in international trade under the name kittisols.
−
−	~~===Basic production process===~~
−
−	~~The production process and required procedures are different in each region. However, in general, they can be divided into four main steps:~~
−	~~1.Bamboo is selected.~~
−	~~2.The bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton.~~
−	~~3.Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight.~~
−	~~4.Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.~~
−
−	~~===Oil-paper umbrella in customs and cultural ceremonies===~~
−
−	~~====Hakka marriage and bride dowry====~~
−
−	In traditional Hakka marriages, the bride's parents must pay dowry to the husband's family, in which oil-paper umbrella is one of the required dowries. "纸" (Paper) is a homonym for "子" (sons) in Chinese, for the connotation of having sons early. The character "傘" (umbrella), contains five "人" (man) with the connotation of many sons and grandsons. Oil-paper umbrella is straight up, with the symbol to eradicate evil spirits. The circular appearance symbolizes "fullness" connotation of a beautiful marriage. And since the umbrella itself can shield rain and the wind, thus prohibiting evil spirits from entering in. Other dowries that come with the oil-paper umbrella include five colored pants, make up the table, door curtain, and boxes. In wealthier families, dowries could include god and jewelry or high-quality cloth or blankets. In addition, bride family would give vegetables that have homonym with positive words such as 芹菜, 大蒜, 香葱, 韭菜 that are then tied with red rope given as gifts to the husband's family.
−
−	~~====Hakka second burial funerals====~~
−
−	Since many of the Hakka populations are in the mountainous areas of China, most corpses are buried on the mountains. Initially, Hakka people do not put up a gravestone, however, after the second time the corpse is buried (usually 3–5 years later), the additional grander ceremony is added. When buying, usually in the eighth month of the Chinese calendar, an experienced burial master is hired to dig the old burial and enter the clean bones for an official and permanent burial at the exact spot. The oil-paper umbrella is used to cover the bones while they are being cleaned.
−
−	~~====Hakka dance ceremony====~~
−
−	"Umbrella Dance" is one of the traditional dances of the Hakka culture, during the ceremony, the dancer must be holding a paper umbrella and wearing a blue shirt (traditional Hakka Clothing). Hakka Dance Ceremony is an important part of the Hakka Culture along with "tea leaf drama" and "mountain song".
−
−	~~====Engagement present of the Yao people====~~
−
−	In the population of Yao located in Longhui County of Hunan, oil-paper umbrella is used as an engagement present by the men side. When a consensus is built between the two families, the family of the man's side would hire an experienced man to propose a marriage in the woman's house. The first propose does not require any gift but only the permission of the parents of the bride. During the day of engagement, the man's side needs to bring an oil-paper umbrella to the woman's house and place it on the sacred table located in the house; the bride must take the umbrella from the table personally and close the umbrella that is stitched with 12 triangles. Then the experienced man must bring the oil-paper umbrella back to the husband's house for the proof of a successful engagement. On the way back, the experienced man must not open the umbrella himself. If a divorce is made later, the husband must return the string on the stitch back to the bride.
−
−	~~====Funerals of the Dai people====~~
−
−	Dai people located in Yunnan use a special type of paper called "嘎拉沙" (Garcia) to make oil-paper umbrella, which is brushed with sesame oil. The Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven. This type of umbrella is still available in a village today.
−
−	~~===Oil-paper umbrellas in China===~~
−
−	The art of the Chinese style of oil-paper umbrellas are mostly focused on traditional black and white Chinese painting such as flowers, birds, and scenery. Others include scenes from famous Chinese literature, such as Dream of the Red Chamber and Romance of the Western Chamber. Yet, some have Chinese calligraphy instead of paintings. However, traditional colors are kept on the sticks and the scaffold of the umbrella to maintain the antiquity.
−
−	~~====Yuhang, Zhejiang====~~
−
−	In Yuhang District, Zhejiang, oil-paper umbrellas have been produced since the era of the Qianlong Emperor (1769), by Dong Wenyuan, who owned an umbrella shop. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are made with high mechanical skills and top materials, which provide their endurance. Prolonged exposure to sunlight and rain does no damage, thus their popularity among common people. Many travelers who passed through Yuan would buy umbrellas from Dong Wenyuan's umbrella shop as souvenirs for friends and relatives. Oil-paper umbrellas in Yuhang are available in a variety of different types and purposes, including those used for fishing or as collectibles.
−
−	In 1951, Zhejiang province has chosen Yuhang as the focused point of the industrial artifact for oil-paper umbrellas and initiated a group for this establishment in 1952. The later established "Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations" was the first industry of artifacts in Zhejiang province. This establishment was once in the spotlight of the Chinese media, however, as the popular metallic umbrella appeared on the market and oil-paper umbrellas have faced extinction.
−
−	On December 5, 2006, artisan Liu Youquan met a government official of the Yuhang district and proposed to recover the oil-paper umbrella in Yuhan, with the intention of starting a new pop culture trend and increase local wealth. Liu spent a few hundred RMB and bought some dozens of the bamboo umbrella from a bamboo umbrella factory. But Liu did not have the skills, only to keep these as a "canvas" for 30 some years. A local media reported for a search of an oil-paper umbrella artisan and increased local awareness. Four days later, four artisans: Fang Jinquan, Chen Yue Xiang, Shen Lihua, and Sun Shuigen prompted and have intentions to recover the art (drawing oil paintings on the bamboo umbrella). They have passed their skills and technique to some local bamboo farmers and brought income to them. The governmental officials of Yuhang have listed this art for major protection and important antique artifact (Antiquities Act[1]).
−
−	Production requires skilled hands and technique as well as personal experience. Training to become a master in oil-paper umbrella manufacture requires an apprenticeship and a great deal of practice. Apprentices must practice the skills for three years to officially master this technique. Tools are made by professional blacksmiths. The material of the umbrellas is chosen with care. The umbrella scaffold is made from either bamboo or wood, tied with hair strings. The best umbrellas are made from peach flowers, as the umbrella surface is soaked in persimmon pigment. The persimmon pigment is made from fermenting the juice of green persimmons,[2] which provides a suitable stickiness. The soaked flower petals are stuck to the umbrella scaffold one by one. Paintings or pictures are drawn on the peach flower petals prior to painting tung oil on top. The finalized umbrella is left to dry in a dry dark room. It requires at least 70 steps to produce a well-crafted oil-paper umbrella.
−
−	~~====Hunan====~~
−
−	Oil-paper umbrellas in Changsha, Hunan province date back to about 100 years, the earliest oil-paper umbrella shop is 陶恒泰纸伞店, Which is named after Tao Jiqiao, who established the shop during the Qing dynasty.
−
−	In 1900, Liang Jingting, who worked in an umbrella shop in Changsha opened his own umbrella shop called the Lianghongfa San. It produces the old type of oil, black ink umbrella. The beautiful name Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San is attributed to its fine features and endurance. In 1921, the Pan Kuiqing (潘馈清) brothers started a factory called Feifei San (菲菲伞) that mass-produces umbrella skin paper. The umbrella skin it produced included traditional flowered ones and many other pictures, these umbrellas were exported to Hong Kong, Macau and South East Asia. The umbrella was awarded in a Chinese exhibition in 1929. The highest production rate was thirty thousand per year, until February 1975 when Jing Gang Yusan She(靖港雨伞社; jìng gǎng yǔsǎn shè) was abolished, and Taohengmao (陶恒茂) oil-paper umbrella production was terminated.
−
−	The raw materials of the Changsha oil-paper umbrella are skin paper, bamboo, cotton silk, rope, tung oil, persimmon water, pigment, cow horn, and wood. The umbrellas produced by Taohengmao are especially fine-featured and commit to abide by the traditional production methods with strict materials.
−
−	~~====Taiwan====~~
−
−	Oil-paper umbrella production in Meinong initiation has two rumors.One was that it started during the Japanese rule, during which, Lin Agui and Wu Zhenxing invited oil-paper umbrella artisans from mainland China to Taiwan for the purpose of passing the skills to the locals.The other was that oil-paper umbrella artisan Guo (郭玉琴) have arrived in Taiwan from Guangdong province. Since then, he had permanently stayed in the Meinong district and spread the skills locally. Early Meinong oil-paper umbrella factor was called "廣" (pronounced "Young") for connotations of wealth, wide and progression. In 1960, oil-paper umbrella, tobacco leaves, and rice were Meinong district's major income sources. At that time, it was the renaissance of oil-paper umbrella. It was estimated that there were at least twenty factories producing twenty thousand oil-paper umbrellas annually. However, with the rapid industrialization in Taiwan, mechanically produced Western umbrellas have replaced them in attribute to low cost, longevity, and portability. Taiwan has become the key country of Western umbrella production and forced many traditional handmade oil-paper umbrella factories out of business.
−
−	In 1970, an English journal used the Goung (广进胜) oil-paper umbrella pioneer, Lin Xianglin and his umbrella as the magazine cover, along with a detailed article on the culture and production of oil-paper umbrella. BBC have also included a series of recording of the oil-paper umbrella called the "Long Search". In addition, 1983, famous Hakka movie producer, Lin Fu-De, have incorporated the oil-paper umbrella into his drama, Star Knows My Heart. When the drama was played in the Japanese television, Taiwanese oil-paper umbrella gained impression in the Japanese, who have ordered a large quantity for imports. After 1980, with the increase of Taiwan overall financial status, Meinong's increased tourism, oil-paper umbrella have recovered its utility in the daily life along with its value as a local culture and travel souvenir.
−
−	~~===Oil-paper umbrellas in foreign countries===~~
−
−	~~====Japan====~~
−
−	Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa, and these with a bull's-eye design are called janomegasa. The handle and scaffold are often colored black, however, sometimes other colors are applied as well. The surface paintings include traditional Japanese culture, gained popularity from the Azuchi–Momoyama period to Edo period.
−
−	~~====Tailand====~~
−
−	Oil-paper umbrella art in the Northern Thailand, or Chiang Mai dates back to around two hundred years. The umbrella scaffold is made from green bamboo sticks, the colors and images are abundant including pictures of scenery, animals, people and flowers. The umbrella surfaces can have a square shape in addition to the traditional circular one. Oil-paper umbrellas in Thailand have unique features, which often entice tourists to buy them. Of the several types, the most famous are the ones made in the Bo Sang village. Most farmers produce oil-paper umbrellas during their free time in specialized factories.
−
−	~~===References===~~
−
−	1. The Antiquities Act of 1906 (Pub.L. 59–209, 34 Stat. 225, 54 U.S.C. §§ 320301–320303), is an act that was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906.
−
−	~~2."Hiromi Paper International". hiromipaper.com.~~
−
−	~~===Terms and Expressions===~~
−
−	~~1.Yun 云氏~~
−
−	~~2.Lu Ban 鲁班~~
−
−	~~3.Washi 和纸~~
−
−	~~4.Hakka 客家人~~
−
−	~~5."Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations" 雨伞手工业合作社~~
−
−	~~6.Lianghongfa San 梁宏发伞~~
−
−	~~7.Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San 湘潭木屐靖港油伞~~
−
−	~~8.wagasa (Japanese)和伞, "Japanese umbrella"~~
−
−	~~9.janomegasa (Japanese)蛇の目伞, "snake-eye umbrella"~~
−
−	~~===Questions===~~
−
−	~~1.What did people in Song Dynasty commonly call the oil-paper umbrella?~~
−
−	~~2.What are the general production procedures of oil-paper umbrellas?~~
−
−	~~3.Why do Dai People use oil-paper umbrellas in funerals?~~
−
−	~~4.What is wagasa?~~
−
−	~~===Answers===~~
−
−	~~1.It was commonly called the "green oil-paper umbrella".~~
−
−	2.First, bamboo is selected.Then, the bamboo is crafted and soaked in water. It is then dried in the sun, drilled, threaded and assembled into a skeleton. Next, Washi paper is cut and glued onto the skeleton. It is trimmed, oiled, and exposed to sunlight. Lastly, patterns are painted onto the umbrella.
−
−	~~3.Because the Dai believe that the umbrella could lead the dead to heaven.~~
−
−	~~4.Oil-paper umbrellas are often known in Japanese as wagasa.~~

	==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==		==Li Siwen 李思文 - stage entertainment:Yuan drama==

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:53, 8 July 2022
Line 287:		Line 287:

	6.What are the four love dramas of Yuan drama?		6.What are the four love dramas of Yuan drama?
		+
		+
		+	===Answers===
		+
		+	1. Generally speaking, poetic drama(杂剧) and non-dramatic song(散曲) are collectively called Yuan drama.
		+
		+	2. 3/three
		+
		+	3. Temple,Qupai,Rhyme,level and oblique tones,Antithesis
		+
		+	4. Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guanzu, Bai Pu
		+
		+	5. "Snow in Summer", "Wu Tong Rain", "Han Gong Qiu", "Chinese Orphan"
		+
		+	6."Worshiping-the-moon Pavilion", "The West Chamber", "Pei Shaojun And Li Qianjun", "Qian-nu's Soul Fleeying with Her Lover"

	==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==		==Li Wanying 李婉莹 - Music and instruments: Erhu==

@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 ===Terms and Expressions===
-.Yun:云氏
+.Yun 云氏
-.Lu Ban:鲁班
+.Lu Ban 鲁班
-.Washi:和纸
+.Washi 和纸
-.Hakka:客家人
+.Hakka 客家人
-."Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations":雨伞手工业合作社
+."Artifact Rain Umbrella Industry Co-operations" 雨伞手工业合作社
-.Lianghongfa San:梁宏发伞
+.Lianghongfa San 梁宏发伞
-.Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San:湘潭木屐 靖港油伞
+.Xiangtan Muji Jing Gang You San 湘潭木屐 靖港油伞
-.wagasa:(Japanese)和伞, "Japanese umbrella"
+.wagasa (Japanese)和伞, "Japanese umbrella"
-.janomegasa:(Japanese)蛇の目伞, "snake-eye umbrella"
+.janomegasa (Japanese)蛇の目伞, "snake-eye umbrella"
 ===Questions===

@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 ."Hiromi Paper International". hiromipaper.com.
-===Terms===
+===Terms and Expressions===
 .Yun:云氏

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:30, 7 July 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	Back to [[Foundations_of_Chinese_Cultures_2022\|course homepage]]. Back to final exam paper overview: [https://bou.de/u/wiki/Culture2022_final_exam_papers#This_is_the_final_exam_paper_website_overview]
		+
	==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==		==Li LinYu 李琳玉 - Traditional Crafts: Handcraft - Oil-paper Umbrella==

@@ Line 853: / Line 853: @@
 [10]崔迪. 评剧现代戏剧本创作研究[D].中国艺术研究院,2017.
-==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of worship==
+==Wang Rou 汪柔 - The Chinese tradition of ancestor worship==
 ==Wei Jingting 魏静婷 - Opera: Huangmei opera ==

@@ Line 804: / Line 804: @@
 ===Questions===
 .What are the five major Chinese opera genres?
@@ Line 815: / Line 816: @@
 .What are the characteristics of Pingju Opera?
 ===References===