Hist Trans EN 12 - Revision history

Zhong Yulu: /* References */

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References

Zhong Yulu: /* Chapter1: Western Translation History in the Old Ages */

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Chapter1: Western Translation History in the Old Ages

Zhong Yulu: /* Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65 BC—8 BC) */

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Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65 BC—8 BC)

Zhong Yulu: /* Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65 BC—8 BC) */

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Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65 BC—8 BC)

Zhong Yulu: /* Chapter1: Western Translation History in the Old Ages */

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Chapter1: Western Translation History in the Old Ages

Zhong Yulu: /* References */

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References

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References

Zhong Yulu: /* References */

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References

Zhong Yulu: /* Conclusion */

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Conclusion

Zhong Yulu: /* Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (35?– 95?) */

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Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (35?– 95?)

@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 Luo Niansheng 罗念生(2007)，论古典文学[M] ''On Classical Literature''，上海人民出版社 Shanghai People’s Publishing House，p.279。
-Liao Qiyi 廖七一(2000)，当代西方翻译理论探索[M] Exploration of Contemporary Western Translation Theory，译林出版社 Yilin Press, p. 2.
+Liao Qiyi 廖七一(2000)，当代西方翻译理论探索[M] ''Exploration of Contemporary Western Translation Theory''，译林出版社 Yilin Press, p. 2.
 Lefevere, André(2006). ''Translation/ History/ Culture: A Sourcebook''[M]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, p.15.
@@ Line 138: / Line 138: @@
 Xu Haishan 许海山(2006)，古罗马简史[M] ''A Short History of Ancient Rome''，中国言实出版社 Yanshi Press, p.363。
-Xie Tianzheng 谢天振(2009)．中西翻译简史［M］A brief history of Chinese and Western Translation．北京:外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press.
+Xie Tianzheng 谢天振(2009)．中西翻译简史［M］''A brief history of Chinese and Western Translation''．北京:外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press.
 Written by --[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 01:38, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

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 [[Book_projects|Back to translation project overview]] [[DCG-To-Do|Zur To-Do-Liste]]
-=Chapter1: Western Translation History in the Old Ages=
+=Chapter12: Western Translation History in the Old Ages=
 西方古代翻译史
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 ==Abstract ==
 Many translation historians believe that translation is an extremely ancient activity, no matter in the West or the East. However, the history of translation has long been neglected in the field of research. Translation researchers tend to focus on the study of translation techniques and theories while neglecting the study of the history of translation. The western translation history has a long history of more than two thousand years from ancient times, which has experienced the Old Ages, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Modern times. As we all know, when we know something, we often need to go back to its origin. Western translation history can be traced back to the third century BC, which opened the prelude of the history of western translation. This paper will study the western translation history in the Old Ages to help readers have a deep understanding of the history of translation and translation itself.
 ==Key words==
@@ Line 37: / Line 35: @@
 Rome and Greece are geographically adjacent to each other. Some Greeks had long been immigrated to the territory of Rome. Later, Rome conquered the Greece, so it was able to contact with the Greek culture directly. Since Greece had a splendid culture heritage, the Romans began to translate the Greek books on a large scale from the third century BC. And also in this time, the written records of translation appeared. Livius Andronicus, Gnaeus Naevius, and Quintus Ennius, considered the three founders of Roman literature, all translated or adapted Homer's epics and the Greek plays of Aischulos, Sophokles, and Euripides in Latin. The Romans inherited the Greek culture through translation and imitation. They did not inherit it simply, but carried it forward, and formed their own unique culture. Roman culture was formed by absorbing the cultural achievements of different regions on the basis of the economic and political relations of that time. This is the first large-scale translation activity in Europe and the whole Western history. Some translation activities in Europe probably existed long before that. However, from the existing written records, the history of western translation has just opened its first chapter. (Xu, 2006: 363)
 ==The Latin Translation of the Ancient Greek Classics==
@@ Line 117: / Line 109: @@
 The earliest studies on translation theories and methods in the West can also be traced back to this period. Although some translation theories are sporadic, scattered and not systematic, they have a lot of insights on translation and have influenced subsequent translation theories. For example, Cicero explicitly put forward the problem of literal translation and free translation. Writers and translators began to discuss about this problem, and later formed the school of free translation represented by Cicero and Horace as well as the school of literal translation represented by Augustine and the school of both free translation and literal translation represented by Jerome. With the decline of the Roman Empire, western translation gradually turned into a low tide and transferred to the Middle Ages.
-In addition to the historical study of ancient western translation, this thesis also aims to make readers understand the importance of translation history. Translation itself is a cross-cultural communication activity, reducing or even dredging communication barriers between different languages and regions. The development of translation activities can accelerate and promote the development of human civilization. Translation history is indispensable in translation studies. It is the testimony of the origin of translation activities and the record of their development. People should pay attention to the study of the history of translation and constantly explore its implications. The research results of translation history can provide a clear direction for translation studies and promote the further development of translation activities.
+In addition to the historical study of ancient western translation, this thesis also aims to make readers understand the importance of translation history. Translation itself is a cross-cultural communication activity, reducing or even dredging communication barriers between different languages and regions. The development of translation activities can accelerate and promote the development of human civilization. Translation history is indispensable in translation studies. It is the testimony of the origin of translation activities and the record of their development. People should pay attention to the study of the history of translation and constantly explore its implications. The research results of translation history can provide a clear direction for translation studies and promote the further development of translation activities
 ==References==

@@ Line 82: / Line 82: @@
 Firstly, Horace believed that translators should adopt flexible translation method and reject literal translation method. He put forward the concept of “fidusinterpres” (it means faithful translation). However, the object of Horace's “fidusinterpres” is not the text, but the “customer”, and of course only the customer or reader of Horace's time. “A faithful translator/interpreter should be trusted by others. He needs to finish the task on time and achieve the satisfaction of both parties. To do this, he, as an interpreter, negotiates between clients by using two different languages. In the case of a translator, he negotiates between the customer and the two languages. Negotiation is the key, it is opposed to traditional reciprocal loyalty.” That is to say, translators and interpreters sometimes have to be “not very” faithful in order to avoid failure in negotiations if they want to do business. Horace proposed flexible translation and emphasized loyalty to the “customer”, the ultimate guide to translation. The “customer” in Horace's translation model is actually what we called “context” later, and the translation principle of "faithful translation for customers" has been developed into "translation according to context" for later generations. Secondly, Horace also proposed the concept of “privileged language”. In Horace's time, Latin was the privileged language. He asked translators to prefer the privileged language, Latin, which meant that foreign languages would be assimilated in translation. This was also a reflection of Horace's translation thought that tended to be “naturalized”, but his concept was also controversial and opposed by Schleiermacher. He emphasized that “faithful translation” should retain the national characteristics of the source culture, and his translation thought tended to be close to "foreignization". The two translation thoughts are opposite, and their respective focuses are also the topic of the early discussion of “domestication” and “foreignization”. Thirdly, he thinks the native language can be enriched by translation of loanwords. If the thing you want to express is very profound and must be expressed by new words, you can create new words to some degree. It not only can meet the needs of writing and translating, but also can enrich the language of the motherland.  (Horace, 1981:79)
-Horace's view on translation has exerted a great influence on later generations. His statement in ''Ars Poetica'' “a translator who is faithful to the original text will not translate word by word” is often quoted by later generations and used by free translators to criticize dead and direct translators. His idea of “enriching Latin through translation” is of great significance and influences many translators after the Renaissance.
+Horace's view on translation has exerted a great influence on later generations. His statement in ''Ars Poetica'' “a translator who is faithful to the original text will not translate word by word” is often quoted by later generations and used by free translators to criticize dead and direct translators. His idea of “enriching Latin through translation” is of great significance and influences many translators after the Renaissance.(Tan, 2004:97)
 === Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (35?– 95?)===

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 === Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65 BC—8 BC)===
-Horace became another representative translation thinker after Cicero. Horace was a famous poet, critic and translator in the early Roman Empire. Influenced by Cicero, he also believed that literal translation must be avoided and flexible translation method should be adopted. His treatise on translation theory was mainly seen in ''Ars Poetica''. This was a letter to a Roman nobleman and his son. Combined with the status of Roman literature and art at that time, the principles of poetry and drama were put forward in this letter. His translation thoughts are as follows: Firstly, Horace believed that translators should adopt flexible translation method and reject literal translation method. He put forward the concept of “fidusinterpres” (it means faithful translation). However, the object of Horace's “fidusinterpres” is not the text, but the “customer”, and of course only the customer or reader of Horace's time. “A faithful translator/interpreter should be trusted by others. He needs to finish the task on time and achieve the satisfaction of both parties. To do this, he, as an interpreter, negotiates between clients by using two different languages. In the case of a translator, he negotiates between the customer and the two languages. Negotiation is the key, it is opposed to traditional reciprocal loyalty.” That is to say, translators and interpreters sometimes have to be “not very” faithful in order to avoid failure in negotiations if they want to do business. Horace proposed flexible translation and emphasized loyalty to the “customer”, the ultimate guide to translation. The “customer” in Horace's translation model is actually what we called “context” later, and the translation principle of "faithful translation for customers" has been developed into "translation according to context" for later generations. Secondly, Horace also proposed the concept of “privileged language”. In Horace's time, Latin was the privileged language. He asked translators to prefer the privileged language, Latin, which meant that foreign languages would be assimilated in translation. This was also a reflection of Horace's translation thought that tended to be “naturalized”, but his concept was also controversial and opposed by Schleiermacher. He emphasized that “faithful translation” should retain the national characteristics of the source culture, and his translation thought tended to be close to "foreignization". The two translation thoughts are opposite, and their respective focuses are also the topic of the early discussion of “domestication” and “foreignization”. Thirdly, he thinks the native language can be enriched by translation of loanwords. If the thing you want to express is very profound and must be expressed by new words, you can create new words to some degree. It not only can meet the needs of writing and translating, but also can enrich the language of the motherland.  (Horace, 1981:79)
+Horace became another representative translation thinker after Cicero. Horace was a famous poet, critic and translator in the early Roman Empire. Influenced by Cicero, he also believed that literal translation must be avoided and flexible translation method should be adopted. His treatise on translation theory was mainly seen in ''Ars Poetica''. This was a letter to a Roman nobleman and his son. Combined with the status of Roman literature and art at that time, the principles of poetry and drama were put forward in this letter. His translation thoughts are as follows:
 Horace's view on translation has exerted a great influence on later generations. His statement in ''Ars Poetica'' “a translator who is faithful to the original text will not translate word by word” is often quoted by later generations and used by free translators to criticize dead and direct translators. His idea of “enriching Latin through translation” is of great significance and influences many translators after the Renaissance.

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	西方古代翻译史		西方古代翻译史
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	钟雨露 Zhong Yulu, Hunan Normal University, China		钟雨露 Zhong Yulu, Hunan Normal University, China

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 ==References==
-Augustine 奥古斯丁, 论基督教教义[M] ''De doctrina christiana'', 石敏敏译 translated by Shi Minmin，中国社会科学出版社 China Social Sciences Press，2004，p.47。
+Augustine 奥古斯丁(2004), 论基督教教义[M] ''De doctrina christiana'', 石敏敏译 translated by Shi Minmin，中国社会科学出版社 China Social Sciences Press, p.47。
-Bassnett, Susan. ''Translation Studies'' [M]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004, p. 57.
+Bassnett, Susan(2004). ''Translation Studies'' [M]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, p. 57.
-Cicero. 2007. The best kind of orator[C]//D. Robinson. ''Western Translation Theory: from Herodotus to Nietzsche'', Beijing: FLTRP: 7-10.
+Cicero (2007). The best kind of orator[C]//D. Robinson. ''Western Translation Theory: from Herodotus to Nietzsche'', Beijing: FLTRP: 7-10.
-Delisle, Jean, & Judith Woodsworth. Eds. ''Translators Through History''[M]. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 1995, p. 101.
+Delisle, Jean, & Judith Woodsworth(1995). Eds. ''Translators Through History''[M]. John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 101.
-Editorial committee of ''A Journey to World’s Civilization''《世界文明之旅》编委会，古罗马文明读本[M] ''On Ancient Rome’s Civilization''，中国档案出版社 China Archives Press，2006，p.108。
+Editorial committee of ''A Journey to World’s Civilization''《世界文明之旅》编委会(2006)，古罗马文明读本[M] ''On Ancient Rome’s Civilization''，中国档案出版社 China Archives Press, p.108。
-Horace. ''English Literary Studies'' [M]. University of Victoria, 1981, p.79.
+Horace(1981). ''English Literary Studies'' [M]. University of Victoria, p.79.
-Jerome. ''Letter to Pammachius''. In Robinson, Douglas. ''Western Translation Theory: from Herodotus to Nietzsche''. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2007, p.25.
+Jerome(2007). ''Letter to Pammachius''. In Robinson, Douglas. ''Western Translation Theory: from Herodotus to Nietzsche''. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, p.25.
-Luo Niansheng 罗念生，论古典文学[M] ''On Classical Literature''，上海人民出版社 Shanghai People’s Publishing House，2007，p.279。
+Luo Niansheng 罗念生(2007)，论古典文学[M] ''On Classical Literature''，上海人民出版社 Shanghai People’s Publishing House，p.279。
-Liao Qiyi 廖七一，当代西方翻译理论探索[M] Exploration of Contemporary Western Translation Theory，译林出版社 Yilin Press，2000，p. 2.
+Liao Qiyi 廖七一(2000)，当代西方翻译理论探索[M] Exploration of Contemporary Western Translation Theory，译林出版社 Yilin Press, p. 2.
-Lefevere, André. ''Translation/ History/ Culture: A Sourcebook''[M]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006, p.15.
+Lefevere, André(2006). ''Translation/ History/ Culture: A Sourcebook''[M]. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, p.15.
-Robinson, Douglas. ''Western Translation Theory from Herodotus to Nietzsche''[M]. Manchester: St. Jerome, 1997, p.20.
+Robinson, Douglas(1997). ''Western Translation Theory from Herodotus to Nietzsche''[M]. Manchester: St. Jerome, p.20.
-Tan Zaixi 谭载喜，西方翻译简史[M] ''A Short History of Translation in the West''，商务印书馆 Beijing: The Commercial Press，2004.
+Tan Zaixi 谭载喜(2004)，西方翻译简史[M] ''A Short History of Translation in the West''，商务印书馆 Beijing: The Commercial Press.
-Xu Haishan 许海山，古罗马简史[M] ''A Short History of Ancient Rome''，中国言实出版社 Yanshi Press，2006，p.363。
+Xu Haishan 许海山(2006)，古罗马简史[M] ''A Short History of Ancient Rome''，中国言实出版社 Yanshi Press, p.363。
-Xie Tianzheng 谢天振．中西翻译简史［M］A brief history of Chinese and Western Translation．北京:外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press, 2009.
+Xie Tianzheng 谢天振(2009)．中西翻译简史［M］A brief history of Chinese and Western Translation．北京:外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press.
 Written by --[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 01:38, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:38, 14 December 2021
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	Xu Haishan 许海山，古罗马简史[M] ''A Short History of Ancient Rome''，中国言实出版社 Yanshi Press，2006，p.363。		Xu Haishan 许海山，古罗马简史[M] ''A Short History of Ancient Rome''，中国言实出版社 Yanshi Press，2006，p.363。

−	Xie Tianzheng 谢天振．中西翻译简史［M］A brief history of Chinese and Western Translation．北京:外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press, 2009.--[[User:Zhong Yulu\|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu\|talk]]) 01:32, 14 December 2021 (UTC)	+	Xie Tianzheng 谢天振．中西翻译简史［M］A brief history of Chinese and Western Translation．北京:外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press, 2009.
		+	Written by --[[User:Zhong Yulu\|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu\|talk]]) 01:38, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:32, 14 December 2021
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	Xu Haishan 许海山，古罗马简史[M] ''A Short History of Ancient Rome''，中国言实出版社 Yanshi Press，2006，p.363。		Xu Haishan 许海山，古罗马简史[M] ''A Short History of Ancient Rome''，中国言实出版社 Yanshi Press，2006，p.363。

−	Xie Tianzheng 谢天振．中西翻译简史［M］A brief history of Chinese and Western Translation．北京:外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press, 2009.	+	Xie Tianzheng 谢天振．中西翻译简史［M］A brief history of Chinese and Western Translation．北京:外语教学与研究出版社 Beijing: foreign language teaching and Research Press, 2009.--[[User:Zhong Yulu\|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu\|talk]]) 01:32, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

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 The earliest studies on translation theories and methods in the West can also be traced back to this period. Although some translation theories are sporadic, scattered and not systematic, they have a lot of insights on translation and have influenced subsequent translation theories. For example, Cicero explicitly put forward the problem of literal translation and free translation. Writers and translators began to discuss about this problem, and later formed the school of free translation represented by Cicero and Horace as well as the school of literal translation represented by Augustine and the school of both free translation and literal translation represented by Jerome. With the decline of the Roman Empire, western translation gradually turned into a low tide and transferred to the Middle Ages.
-In addition to the historical study of ancient western translation, this thesis also aims to make readers understand the importance of translation history. Translation itself is a cross-cultural communication activity, reducing or even dredging communication barriers between different languages and regions. The development of translation activities can accelerate and promote the development of human civilization. Translation history is indispensable in translation studies. It is the testimony of the origin of translation activities and the record of their development. People should pay attention to the study of the history of translation and constantly explore its implications. The research results of translation history can provide a clear direction for translation studies and promote the further development of translation activities.--[[User:Zhong Yulu|Zhong Yulu]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yulu|talk]]) 13:25, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
+In addition to the historical study of ancient western translation, this thesis also aims to make readers understand the importance of translation history. Translation itself is a cross-cultural communication activity, reducing or even dredging communication barriers between different languages and regions. The development of translation activities can accelerate and promote the development of human civilization. Translation history is indispensable in translation studies. It is the testimony of the origin of translation activities and the record of their development. People should pay attention to the study of the history of translation and constantly explore its implications. The research results of translation history can provide a clear direction for translation studies and promote the further development of translation activities.
 From the heyday of the Roman Empire to the fall of the Roman Empire, translation had gone through more than 700 years, during which there had been two major stages of the development of translation. In the first stage, it was mainly the Romans who translated Greek classics on a large scale, especially Homer's epics and plays. Translation activities in this stage promoted the emergence and development of Roman literature and played an important role as a bridge for later European countries to inherit ancient Greek culture. The second stage was the large-scale religious translation stage, which was the translation of the Bible and other theological works. At this stage, religious translation surpassed secular literary translation and gradually became the mainstream of western translation. The earliest studies on translation theories and methods in the West can also be traced back to this period. Although some translation theories are sporadic, scattered and not systematic, they have a lot of insights on translation and have influenced subsequent translation theories. For example, Cicero explicitly put forward the problem of literal translation and free translation. Writers and translators began to discuss about this problem, and later formed the school of free translation represented by Cicero and Horace as well as the school of literal translation represented by Augustine and the school of both free translation and literal translation represented by Jerome. With the decline of the Roman Empire, western translation gradually turned into a low tide and transferred to the Middle Ages. In addition to the historical study of ancient western translation, this thesis also aims to make readers understand the importance of translation history. Translation itself is a cross-cultural communication activity, reducing or even dredging communication barriers between different languages and regions. The development of translation activities can accelerate and promote the development of human civilization. Translation history is indispensable in translation studies. It is the testimony of the origin of translation activities and the record of their development. People should pay attention to the study of the history of translation and constantly explore its implications. The research results of translation history can provide a clear direction for translation studies and promote the further development of translation activities. Corrected by--[[User:Zhong Yifei|Zhong Yifei]] ([[User talk:Zhong Yifei|talk]]) 12:20, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

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 Quintilian was another famous figure who advocated flexible translation after Cicero and Horace. Quintilian was born in 35 AD in a small town of Galaguris in the upper reaches of the Ebro River in northern Spain. He was an orator and educator during the Roman Empire. His thoughts on translation were concentrated in his book ''De institutione oratoria''. Although this book primarily concerned with Quintilian's educational ideas, it made important observations on the subject of translation. He noted differences in vocabulary, rhetoric between Greek and Latin, but he did not think such differences would lead to untranslatability. In his opinion, no matter how different languages and cultures are, there are various ways to express the same thought and emotion. Although translation cannot achieve the same effect as the original work, it can approach the original work through various means. In addition, he also proposed that translation should struggle with the original work. He said: “As for translation, I mean not only free translation, but also the struggle and competition with the original text in expressing the same meaning.” That is to say, translation is also a kind of creation, which must be comparable with the original work and even strive to surpass it. (Robinson, 1997:20)
-It is not hard to find that the above three ancient scholars’ translation views have some similarities. They all oppose literal translation and advocate creative free translation. To talk about the early western translation theories, we should first clarify a fact— in the special context of ancient Rome, individual translators or translation theorists represented by Cicero did not talk about translation exclusively, but instead regarded translation as an exercise in rhetoric education and literary creation. Translation serves speech and literary creation and does not have the value of independent existence. In spite of this, their translation thoughts are of great significance, which create the first literary school in the history of western translation and form a distinctive tradition in the later development of translation theory.
+It is not hard to find that the above three ancient scholars’ translation views have some similarities. They all oppose literal translation and advocate creative free translation. To talk about the early western translation theories, we should first clarify a fact— in the special context of ancient Rome, individual translators or translation theorists represented by Cicero did not talk about translation exclusively, but instead regarded translation as an exercise in rhetoric education and literary creation. Translation serves speech and literary creation and does not have the value of independent existence. In spite of this, their translation thoughts are of great significance, which create the first literary school in the history of western translation and form a distinctive tradition in the later development of translation theory. (Xie, 2009: 13)
 == Early Bible Translation And St. Jerome As Well As St. Augustine==