Hist Trans EN 15 - Revision history

Yang Ye at 04:41, 15 December 2021

2021-12-15T04:41:27Z

Show changes

Wei Chuxuan: /* Translation theories of different schools were emerging one after another. */

2021-12-13T11:48:02Z

Translation theories of different schools were emerging one after another.

Wei Chuxuan: /* Recovery stage(1975—1989) */

2021-12-13T11:40:44Z

Recovery stage(1975—1989)

Wei Chuxuan: /* Low-tide stage (1966—1975) */

2021-12-13T11:39:33Z

Low-tide stage (1966—1975)

Wei Chuxuan: /* High-tide stage(1954—1966) */

2021-12-13T11:38:19Z

High-tide stage(1954—1966)

Wei Chuxuan: /* Initial stage (1946—1954) */

2021-12-13T11:37:23Z

Initial stage (1946—1954)

Wei Chuxuan: /* Machine translation developed. */

2021-12-13T11:36:12Z

Machine translation developed.

Wei Chuxuan: /* Translators’ associations were established and publications on translation studies were launched. */

2021-12-13T11:35:16Z

Translators’ associations were established and publications on translation studies were launched.

Wei Chuxuan: /* The scale of translation extended to the field of business, diplomacy, science and many other professional affairs. */

2021-12-13T11:32:39Z

The scale of translation extended to the field of business, diplomacy, science and many other professional affairs.

Wei Chuxuan: /* The creativity of translation and the language in translation were paid more attention. */

2021-12-13T11:28:49Z

The creativity of translation and the language in translation were paid more attention.

@@ Line 116: / Line 116: @@
 The most important feature of modern western translation is the rapid development of translation theory. After the Second World War, with the vigorous development of science and technology, modern linguistics, translation activities and the rise of machine translation, people gradually changed the traditional view of translation studies, believing that translation is not only an art or skill, but also a science with rules to follow.
-On the whole, the development of contemporary translation theory has two characteristics :(1) theoretical research has been brought into the scope of linguistics, under the influence of modern linguistics and information theory; (2) the traditional situation of non-communication between theorists has been broken. Translation theorists fully express their views through various channels, such as published works.
+On the whole, the development of contemporary translation theory has two characteristics :(1) theoretical research has been brought into the scope of linguistics, under the influence of modern linguistics and information theory; (2) the traditional situation of non-communication between theorists has been broken. Translation theorists fully express their views through various channels, such as published works.(Xie Tianzhen, 2009:32)
 After the Second World War, with the modernization and integration of western social and economic development, western translation theories also began to enter a new period that transcends national boundaries. Therefore, it is difficult to classify some translation thoughts and some translation theorists in a narrow sense as belonging to a certain country or a certain place. It is acceptable to divide contemporary western translation theories into different schools according to their basic approaches and methods of translation studies or the basic characteristics of thought. Here is a brief introduction to some influential schools classified by Zhao Jiajin.
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 ====American Translation Training School====
 First established in 1964 at the University of Iowa, this school focused on translation practice, emphasized the literary taste and value of works, and adopted the methods of L. A. Richards and Williard V. Quine of Harvard University. Representative figures included poet and translator Ezra Pound, who translated Tang poetry and advocated the accurate restoration of details, words, fragments and the whole image description. Frederic Will of the University of Iowa, drawing on his training experience, regarded translation as a form of naming, fiction writing and cognition. Yale’s Jonas Zdnys argued that translation is an activity of subjective thought designed to explain literature. This school explores the role of the human mind in translation and raises the question of the nature of translation, but translation theory was limited to aesthetic experience and prescriptive translation rules.
-Translation Science School: it was also known as “linguistic school”. According to this school, translation is the process of reproducing language as a whole, and it aims to correctly convey the original information to readers. The school was founded by Eugene Nida, whose masterpieces include Message and Mission (1960) and Toward Science of Translation (1946). Nida proposed functional equivalence theory according to Noam Chomsky’s transformational generative grammar and his experience in Bible translation, that is, to digest the original text and understand its basic structure and meaning; convey meaning based on basic structure; obtain semantic and stylistic equivalence with the original text. Thus the translation process can be summarized as: analyze—transfer—restructure, these three steps. The school of Translation science adopted linguistic theory and the more objective description method in translation theory. In the late 1970s, emphasis was placed on the cultural background of the information age, but the research was still limited to prescriptive research and translation criteria, ignoring the role of translators’thinking.
 ====Translation school====
-It is the so-called “literary school”. This school held that the original work is the unity of sentence series and article structure, and the translator is influenced by the original view and the future model of translation in the process of translation. The founder of this school was James Holmes, an American poet, who taught translation at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands before his death. His representative work is The Name and Nature of Translation Studies (1972).
+It is the so-called “literary school”. This school held that the original work is the unity of sentence series and article structure, and the translator is influenced by the original view and the future model of translation in the process of translation. The founder of this school was James Holmes, an American poet, who taught translation at the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands before his death. His representative work is ''The Name and Nature of Translation Studies'' (1972).（Zhao Jiajin,1996: 46）
 ====Polysystem School====
-Its founders are Itammar Even-Zohar and Gideon Toury of Tel Aviv University in Israel. Even coined the term Polysystem to explore the relationship between translated works and literary systems, and explained that the oriented culture of translation not only determines whether a work can be translated, but also regulates the wording. Toury held that translation belongs to the second system of multiple systems, and its role depends on the strength and development stage of the oriented culture of translation. He held that translation has no fixed identity and has multiple identities due to its social, literary and historical background. This school integrates translation studies with literary studies, social and economic factors, endows translation studies with historical significance, but it is still limited to the acceptability of translation and does not get rid of the fetters of cultural equivalence.
+Its founders are Itammar Even-Zohar and Gideon Toury of Tel Aviv University in Israel. Even coined the term Polysystem to explore the relationship between translated works and literary systems, and explained that the oriented culture of translation not only determines whether a work can be translated, but also regulates the wording. Toury held that translation belongs to the second system of multiple systems, and its role depends on the strength and development stage of the oriented culture of translation. He held that translation has no fixed identity and has multiple identities due to its social, literary and historical background. This school integrates translation studies with literary studies, social and economic factors, endows translation studies with historical significance, but it is still limited to the acceptability of translation and does not get rid of the fetters of cultural equivalence.（Zhao Jiajin,1996: 46）
 ====Deconstruction School====

@@ Line 106: / Line 106: @@
 ====Recovery stage(1975—1989)====
-In the middle of 1970s, with the emergence of new theories and ideas in the field of linguistics and the further development of computational linguistics, the research of machine translation was aroused in the world again. After ten years of silence, machine translation research stepped on the road of recovery. The recovery period of machine translation research and development is generally considered to date from the installation of the SYSTRAN system by EURATOM and the completion of the TAUM-METEO system by the University of Montreal in Canada.
+In the middle of 1970s, with the emergence of new theories and ideas in the field of linguistics and the further development of computational linguistics, the research of machine translation was aroused in the world again. After ten years of silence, machine translation research stepped on the road of recovery. The recovery period of machine translation research and development is generally considered to date from the installation of the SYSTRAN system by EURATOM and the completion of the TAUM-METEO system by the University of Montreal in Canada.（Tan Zaixi，2004:171-174）
 ====Vigorous stage（1989—）====
 Since the late 1980s, some new developments had changed the field of machine translation, marking machine translation research enter a new period. This is the emergence of the third generation of machine translation method that is corpus-based. Corpus-based machine translation systems include statistic-based translation and example-based translation, both of which are based on large-scale real text. （Tan Zaixi，2004:167-175）

@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 ====Low-tide stage (1966—1975)====
-The advent of machine translation had opened up a new way for traditional translation research and practice. However, the complexity of machine translation was underestimated at that time and the design of machine translation system was often too rough and simple. In this case, the first generation of machine translation systems in the initial stage could not achieve ideal results, the quality of translation is often poor, so that some people gradually lost confidence in machine translation research, and some scholars also became pessimistic and disappointed.
+The advent of machine translation had opened up a new way for traditional translation research and practice. However, the complexity of machine translation was underestimated at that time and the design of machine translation system was often too rough and simple. In this case, the first generation of machine translation systems in the initial stage could not achieve ideal results, the quality of translation is often poor, so that some people gradually lost confidence in machine translation research, and some scholars also became pessimistic and disappointed. （Tan Zaixi，2004:170）
 ====Recovery stage(1975—1989)====
 In the middle of 1970s, with the emergence of new theories and ideas in the field of linguistics and the further development of computational linguistics, the research of machine translation was aroused in the world again. After ten years of silence, machine translation research stepped on the road of recovery. The recovery period of machine translation research and development is generally considered to date from the installation of the SYSTRAN system by EURATOM and the completion of the TAUM-METEO system by the University of Montreal in Canada.

@@ Line 98: / Line 98: @@
 ====High-tide stage(1954—1966)====
-The successful demonstration of the world’s first machine translation system, the Georgetown-IBM system of United States, marked the first development climax of machine translation. The upsurge began in 1954 and lasted for 12 years. In the mid-1950s, inspired by successful demonstration of machine translation system, dozens of universities, companies, and government agencies in the United States began machine translation research programs. On the one hand, due to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union at that time, the United States military, the National Science Foundation, the Central Intelligence Agency and so on needed to acquire a large amount of scientific and technological information of the Soviet Union, so that they invested a lot in machine translation, especially Russian-English translation. On the other hand, advanced computers in the United States provided good equipment for the development of the first generation of machine translation system. At the same time, many universities and institutions in most European countries had also carried out machine translation research.
+The successful demonstration of the world’s first machine translation system, the Georgetown-IBM system of United States, marked the first development climax of machine translation. The upsurge began in 1954 and lasted for 12 years. In the mid-1950s, inspired by successful demonstration of machine translation system, dozens of universities, companies, and government agencies in the United States began machine translation research programs. On the one hand, due to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union at that time, the United States military, the National Science Foundation, the Central Intelligence Agency and so on needed to acquire a large amount of scientific and technological information of the Soviet Union, so that they invested a lot in machine translation, especially Russian-English translation. On the other hand, advanced computers in the United States provided good equipment for the development of the first generation of machine translation system. At the same time, many universities and institutions in most European countries had also carried out machine translation research.（Tan Zaixi，2004:168-170）
 ====Low-tide stage (1966—1975)====
 The advent of machine translation had opened up a new way for traditional translation research and practice. However, the complexity of machine translation was underestimated at that time and the design of machine translation system was often too rough and simple. In this case, the first generation of machine translation systems in the initial stage could not achieve ideal results, the quality of translation is often poor, so that some people gradually lost confidence in machine translation research, and some scholars also became pessimistic and disappointed.

@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 ====Initial stage (1946—1954)====
-The pioneering period begins with Booth and Weaver’s idea of translating natural language by computer in 1954, and ends with the birth of the first machine translation system. After the idea of using computers to translate was put forward, although there was great resistance in the United States at first, the voice supporting it was mainstream. In particular, Weaver published a memorandum on machine translation in 1949, which not only opened up a series of research topics on machine translation in the United States, but also had a wide influence in western countries. The memo makes four basic points: the problem of polysemy can be solved by context; there is a logical basis in language; there are basic probabilities in language application; there are common elements in different languages. These are still the fundamental of the development of machine translation. In the following years, machine translation research had been actively carried out in some universities and organizations in the United States and Britain. In Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the first full-time machine translation researcher Bar-Hillel arrived, he made a great contribution to the early development of machine translation and put forward the main problems and basic strategies needed to be solved in machine translation research. The first machine translation conference was held at MIT in June 1952, after which machine translation research in the United States began to accelerate. In 1954, a machine translation system for computer was developed and demonstrated. Although the machine translation system was small, consisting of only 250 Russian words, six grammar rules, and a few translation examples, it first showed the public and the scientific community the feasibility of machine translation, inspiring substantial funding from U.S. government for machine translation research over the next decade.
+The pioneering period begins with Booth and Weaver’s idea of translating natural language by computer in 1954, and ends with the birth of the first machine translation system. After the idea of using computers to translate was put forward, although there was great resistance in the United States at first, the voice supporting it was mainstream. In particular, Weaver published a memorandum on machine translation in 1949, which not only opened up a series of research topics on machine translation in the United States, but also had a wide influence in western countries. The memo makes four basic points: the problem of polysemy can be solved by context; there is a logical basis in language; there are basic probabilities in language application; there are common elements in different languages. These are still the fundamental of the development of machine translation. In the following years, machine translation research had been actively carried out in some universities and organizations in the United States and Britain. In Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the first full-time machine translation researcher Bar-Hillel arrived, he made a great contribution to the early development of machine translation and put forward the main problems and basic strategies needed to be solved in machine translation research. The first machine translation conference was held at MIT in June 1952, after which machine translation research in the United States began to accelerate. In 1954, a machine translation system for computer was developed and demonstrated. Although the machine translation system was small, consisting of only 250 Russian words, six grammar rules, and a few translation examples, it first showed the public and the scientific community the feasibility of machine translation, inspiring substantial funding from U.S. government for machine translation research over the next decade.（Tan Zaixi，2004:167-168）
 ====High-tide stage(1954—1966)====

@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 In the process of more than two thousand years of development, the traditional translation method had not undergone substantial changes in technology, and the translation between the two languages still had to be carried out by hand. However, due to the increasingly frequent international scientific and cultural exchanges, manual translation could no longer timely meet the needs. Therefore, when the traditional manual translation was facing the challenge of the times, machine translation should be born.
-In 1946, under the auspices of the United States Army headquarters, J.P. Eckert and J.W. Mauchly who were both from the University of Pennsylvania developed the world’s first electronic computer named: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, or ENIAC for short. Computer’s astonishing speed inspired people to consider the innovation of translation technology. Therefore, in the same year, Andrew Booth and Warren Weaver first proposed the use of computers in the machine translation system. Since then, machine translation and machine translation research, driven by modern electronic computing technology officially began.
+In 1946, under the auspices of the United States Army headquarters, J.P. Eckert and J.W. Mauchly who were both from the University of Pennsylvania developed the world’s first electronic computer named: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, or ENIAC for short. Computer’s astonishing speed inspired people to consider the innovation of translation technology. Therefore, in the same year, Andrew Booth and Warren Weaver first proposed the use of computers in the machine translation system. Since then, machine translation and machine translation research, driven by modern electronic computing technology officially began.American science, especially the development of computer science, to a large extent affected the development of computer science in the whole West and even the world. Therefore, especially in the pioneering period, the development history and model of Machine translation in America can almost be regarded as those in the whole West. In this sense,  the development of machine translation in the west (and even the world) can be roughly divided into the following five major periods, just like the development of Machine translation in the United States: initial stage; high stage; low stage; recovery stage; vigorous stage. The following is a further overview of the five development periods of machine translation in the West (mainly in the United States) made by Tan Zaixi who referred to the books of Yang Muyun, Li Zhisheng，Yu Hao, Zhao Tiejun and so on.
 ====Initial stage (1946—1954)====
 The pioneering period begins with Booth and Weaver’s idea of translating natural language by computer in 1954, and ends with the birth of the first machine translation system. After the idea of using computers to translate was put forward, although there was great resistance in the United States at first, the voice supporting it was mainstream. In particular, Weaver published a memorandum on machine translation in 1949, which not only opened up a series of research topics on machine translation in the United States, but also had a wide influence in western countries. The memo makes four basic points: the problem of polysemy can be solved by context; there is a logical basis in language; there are basic probabilities in language application; there are common elements in different languages. These are still the fundamental of the development of machine translation. In the following years, machine translation research had been actively carried out in some universities and organizations in the United States and Britain. In Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the first full-time machine translation researcher Bar-Hillel arrived, he made a great contribution to the early development of machine translation and put forward the main problems and basic strategies needed to be solved in machine translation research. The first machine translation conference was held at MIT in June 1952, after which machine translation research in the United States began to accelerate. In 1954, a machine translation system for computer was developed and demonstrated. Although the machine translation system was small, consisting of only 250 Russian words, six grammar rules, and a few translation examples, it first showed the public and the scientific community the feasibility of machine translation, inspiring substantial funding from U.S. government for machine translation research over the next decade.
@@ Line 109: / Line 108: @@
 Since the late 1980s, some new developments had changed the field of machine translation, marking machine translation research enter a new period. This is the emergence of the third generation of machine translation method that is corpus-based. Corpus-based machine translation systems include statistic-based translation and example-based translation, both of which are based on large-scale real text. （Tan Zaixi，2004:167-175）
 Practice has proved that machine translation has great vitality. It is a new science, and its research and translation have entered a new stage of development. No matter whether it can replace the human brain and hands eventually and completely liberate human from the heavy artificial translation, it will develop and exist for a long time. Both in theory and practice, machine translation and its research will exert more and more influence on traditional translation and its research.
 ===Translation theories of different schools were emerging one after another.===

@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 According to the study of Tan Zaixi, the most prominent schools are the High School of Translation at the Third University of Paris and the School of Translation at the University of Ottawa. What’s more, many universities in Europe and the United States also offer translation classes or courses in senior grades.（Tan Zaixi, 2004:161-162）
-===Translators’ associations were established and publications on translation studies were launched.===
+===Translators’associations were established and publications on translation studies were launched.===
 Translators in different countries set up various translation associations and publications. These associations played an important role in the development of translation through their activities and publications.
-According to Tan Zaixi, translation associations or federations in European and American capitalist countries, in particular, generally emphasize the following principles: to clarify the legal status of translators through legislative means; to take effective measures to protect the legal rights of translators (especially the copyright that translators should enjoy); to improve their social status and increase their economic income; to improve the learning and working conditions of translators to provide them with opportunities to constantly improve their translation skills and a good working environment.
+According to Tan Zaixi, translation associations or federations in European and American capitalist countries, in particular, generally emphasize the following principles: to clarify the legal status of translators through legislative means; to take effective measures to protect the legal rights of translators (especially the copyright that translators should enjoy); to improve their social status and increase their economic income; to improve the learning and working conditions of translators to provide them with opportunities to constantly improve their translation skills and a good working environment.（Tan Zaixi，2004:162）
-There were more translators’ organizations in the United States than in other western countries, with a total of 30, among which the most influential were the American Society of Translators, the American Federation of Linguists and the Literary Society of America. The journal of the American Society of Translators was ATA Chronicle. The journal of the Literary Society of America was Translation Review.
+There were more translators’ organizations in the United States than in other western countries, with a total of 30, among which the most influential were the American Society of Translators, the American Federation of Linguists and the Literary Society of America. The journal of the American Society of Translators was ATA Chronicle. The journal of the Literary Society of America was Translation Review.（Tan Zaixi，2004:162-163）
-In Canada, major translation associations included the Canadian Council of Translators and Interpreters, the Ontario Association of Translators and Interpreters, the Business Language Centre, and the Quebec Translation Association. The Ontario Association of Translators and Interpreters founded the journal of Inform ATIO. The most influential professional translation magazine in Canada was Meta: Journal des Traducteurs.
+In Canada, major translation associations included the Canadian Council of Translators and Interpreters, the Ontario Association of Translators and Interpreters, the Business Language Centre, and the Quebec Translation Association. The Ontario Association of Translators and Interpreters founded the journal of Inform ATIO. The most influential professional translation magazine in Canada was Meta: Journal des Traducteurs.（Tan Zaixi，2004:164）
-In Britain, major translation associations included the Association of Translation Companies of Great Britain, the Association of Translators and the Guild of Translators, of which the Guild of Translators was the most famous. The official publication of the guild is The Incorporated Linguist, which was published in 1962 and enjoyed high reputation in Britain.
+In Britain, major translation associations included the Association of Translation Companies of Great Britain, the Association of Translators and the Guild of Translators, of which the Guild of Translators was the most famous. The official publication of the guild is The Incorporated Linguist, which was published in 1962 and enjoyed high reputation in Britain.（Tan Zaixi，2004:164)
 ===Machine translation developed.===
 In the process of more than two thousand years of development, the traditional translation method had not undergone substantial changes in technology, and the translation between the two languages still had to be carried out by hand. However, due to the increasingly frequent international scientific and cultural exchanges, manual translation could no longer timely meet the needs. Therefore, when the traditional manual translation was facing the challenge of the times, machine translation should be born.

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 ===The scale of translation extended to the field of business, diplomacy, science and many other professional affairs.===
-Since the end of the Second World War, due to practical needs, commercial, diplomatic, scientific and technological translation had flourished, and its momentum even exceeded literary translation, thus forming a major content of the development of modern western translation.
+Since the end of the Second World War, due to practical needs, commercial, diplomatic, scientific and technological translation had flourished, and its momentum even exceeded literary translation, thus forming a major content of the development of modern western translation.Here is the research of Tan Zaixi about the scale of translation.
-In 1945, the United Nations was established with English, French, Russian, Chinese and Spanish as the five official and working languages. In 1957, the European Community was founded, consisting of six countries at that time. In 1993, the European Community developed into the European Union. By 2004, it had 25 member states, using nine languages including English, French, German, Italy, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Spain and Portugal. That is to say, translation had become an indispensable part of daily work, both for communicating with countries in other regions and among western countries. According to UNESCO, the number of translations in the world increased four-and-a-half times from 1948 to 1970. The institutions of the European Common Market employed more than 1,300 employees to deal with translation, of whom 450 were full-time interpreters, 550 translators and others were freelance employees on short-term contracts.
+In 1945, the United Nations was established with English, French, Russian, Chinese and Spanish as the five official and working languages. In 1957, the European Community was founded, consisting of six countries at that time. In 1993, the European Community developed into the European Union. By 2004, it had 25 member states, using nine languages including English, French, German, Italy, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Spain and Portugal. That is to say, translation had become an indispensable part of daily work, both for communicating with countries in other regions and among western countries. According to UNESCO, the number of translations in the world increased four-and-a-half times from 1948 to 1970. The institutions of the European Common Market employed more than 1,300 employees to deal with translation, of whom 450 were full-time interpreters, 550 translators and others were freelance employees on short-term contracts. (Tan Zaixi,2004:160-161)
 ===Translation teaching was widespread.===

@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 In the aspect of translation theory, scholars had deeply reflected on the traditional translation theory, especially questioned the universality of language, and proposed that when the meaning of the original text becomes obscure and difficult to understand, translators must fill in the gaps of the text according to their own experience. Therefore, translation theories of this period paid more attention to the creativity of translation and the language problems in translation. Although they did not separate themselves from the discussion of translation techniques such as word selection and sentence construction, they laid a foundation for the linguistic turn of translation studies and provided theoretical thinking for the translation literature as an independent existence. And about the specific translation theories in different countries in this period, Xie Tianzhen made a brief summary.
-J. P. Postgate is a famous Translation theorist in Britain, and he put forward prospective translation and retrospective translation. Prospective translation means that the translator always keeps the reader in mind and adopts free methods and common expressions to ensure that the original ideas of the reader are not affected and their prediction is not interfered with. The purpose of translation is to show the translator’s mastery of the target language, focusing on the target language rather than the original one. Retrospective translation means that the translator always looks at the original author, because the purpose of translation is to impart knowledge of the original text, rather than to look ahead and consider the reader of the translation.
+J. P. Postgate is a famous Translation theorist in Britain, and he put forward prospective translation and retrospective translation. Prospective translation means that the translator always keeps the reader in mind and adopts free methods and common expressions to ensure that the original ideas of the reader are not affected and their prediction is not interfered with. The purpose of translation is to show the translator’s mastery of the target language, focusing on the target language rather than the original one. Retrospective translation means that the translator always looks at the original author, because the purpose of translation is to impart knowledge of the original text, rather than to look ahead and consider the reader of the translation.（Xie Tianzhen，2011:29）
-French scholar J. Marouzeau’s "On Translation of Latin" is an important translation literature in French. He believed that translation is a skill in which the translator should reveal to the reader the content of the original work, rather than its shell, using a living language.
+French scholar J. Marouzeau’s "On Translation of Latin" is an important translation literature in French. He believed that translation is a skill in which the translator should reveal to the reader the content of the original work, rather than its shell, using a living language.（Xie Tianzhen，2011:29）
-German thinker Walter Benjamin pointed out that although the translation is based on the original, it is the afterlife of the original work and the translation need not pursue the same meaning as the original work. Mediocre translators pay more attention to the meaning of the original work than to its literariness and language style and they only know that the translation exists to serve the original work and can only translate the non-essential content of the original work. (Xie Tianzhen，2008:319-332)  The translator’s task is to use his own language to release the pure language trapped by another language, that is, to liberate the imprisoned language in the re-creation of the original text. Edwin Gentzler, a contemporary American translation theorist, believed that the discussion of translation issues among Anglo-American deconstructionists mainly revolves around comments on Benjamin’s Translator’s Task. (Edwin Gentzler, 2004:173-174.) Therefore, Translator’s Task is regarded as the “Bible” of translation theory and the classic of deconstructive translation theory.
+German thinker Walter Benjamin pointed out that although the translation is based on the original, it is the afterlife of the original work and the translation need not pursue the same meaning as the original work. Mediocre translators pay more attention to the meaning of the original work than to its literariness and language style and they only know that the translation exists to serve the original work and can only translate the non-essential content of the original work. (Xie Tianzhen，2008:319-332)  The translator’s task is to use his own language to release the pure language trapped by another language, that is, to liberate the imprisoned language in the re-creation of the original text. Edwin Gentzler, a contemporary American translation theorist, believed that the discussion of translation issues among Anglo-American deconstructionists mainly revolves around comments on Benjamin’s Translator’s Task. (Edwin Gentzler, 2004:173-174.) Therefore, Translator’s Task is regarded as the “Bible” of translation theory and the classic of deconstructive translation theory.（Xie Tianzhen，2011:30）
-The Russian scholar Mikhail Vasilievich Lemonosov transformed the loanwords that entered the Russian language, russified them, and regarded translation as a creative activity. And this view of free translation lasted until the 19th century. Aleksandr Pushkin, the greatest Russian poet in the 19th century, based on his literary translation practice, proposed that translators should have their own opinions on the selection of materials and should have full freedom in dealing with the original work, but the uniqueness of the original work should be preserved as much as possible.（Xie Tianzhen，2011:29-30）
+The Russian scholar Mikhail Vasilievich Lemonosov transformed the loanwords that entered the Russian language, russified them, and regarded translation as a creative activity. And this view of free translation lasted until the 19th century. Aleksandr Pushkin, the greatest Russian poet in the 19th century, based on his literary translation practice, proposed that translators should have their own opinions on the selection of materials and should have full freedom in dealing with the original work, but the uniqueness of the original work should be preserved as much as possible.（Xie Tianzhen，2011:30）
 ==The General Situation of Translation in the Contemporary Age==