Hist Trans EN 2 - Revision history

Li Xichang at 04:41, 14 December 2021

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Rouabah Soumaya at 19:40, 13 December 2021

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Rouabah Soumaya: /* Introduction */

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Introduction

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Rouabah Soumaya at 19:37, 13 December 2021

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Rouabah Soumaya: /* Rouabah Soumaya: History of Translation in the Middle Ages */

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Rouabah Soumaya: History of Translation in the Middle Ages

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 medieval translation, medieval translator, translation and culture.
-    ==Abstrac==
+==Abstrac==
     The history of translation is seen variously as examining the role of

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 ==Introduction ==
+  This paper aims at a general review of the history of translation studies and the prevalent approaches from antiquity to the present in the west, in the form of a historical survey in which key theoretical developments are taken into account, focusing on approaches that have been developed during the twentieth century. Without a doubt, It is James Holme's seminal paper "the name and nature of translation studies"
 that draws up a disciplinary map for translation studies and serves as a springboard for researchers with its binary division of Translation Studies into two branches: "pure" and "applied." Its growth as a discipline goes back to the 1980s. As time elapses, translation studies, by achieving a certain institutional authority and coalescing with many a resurging disciplines and trends as cultural studies, linguistics, literary theory and criticism, brings a renewed aspect to translation theory.
      In addition, this paper argues that English medieval translation can be considered as part of a cultural project in that the medieval translator is concerned more with the role and the function of translation in the target culture. Medieval translation theory derives from the classical theories of translation, however, prefaces to translations indicate that medieval translator appropriates the classical translation theory and uses it to serve the cultural and ideological objectives of translation in the middle Ages.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:38, 13 December 2021
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−	This paper aims at a general review of the history of translation studies and the prevalent approaches from antiquity to the present in the west, in the form of a historical survey in which key theoretical developments are taken into account, focusing on approaches that have been developed during the twentieth century. Without a doubt, It is James Holme's seminal paper "the name and nature of translation studies"	+
		+	This paper aims at a general review of the history of translation studies and the prevalent approaches from antiquity to the present in the west, in the form of a historical survey in which key theoretical developments are taken into account, focusing on approaches that have been developed during the twentieth century. Without a doubt, It is James Holme's seminal paper "the name and nature of translation studies"
	that draws up a disciplinary map for translation studies and serves as a springboard for researchers with its binary division of Translation Studies into two branches: "pure" and "applied." Its growth as a discipline goes back to the 1980s. As time elapses, translation studies, by achieving a certain institutional authority and coalescing with many a resurging disciplines and trends as cultural studies, linguistics, literary theory and criticism, brings a renewed aspect to translation theory.		that draws up a disciplinary map for translation studies and serves as a springboard for researchers with its binary division of Translation Studies into two branches: "pure" and "applied." Its growth as a discipline goes back to the 1980s. As time elapses, translation studies, by achieving a certain institutional authority and coalescing with many a resurging disciplines and trends as cultural studies, linguistics, literary theory and criticism, brings a renewed aspect to translation theory.

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 medieval translation, medieval translator, translation and culture.
-     =Abstrac=
+     ==Abstrac==
     The history of translation is seen variously as examining the role of
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      In addition, this paper argues that English medieval translation can be considered as part of a cultural project in that the medieval translator is concerned more with the role and the function of translation in the target culture. Medieval translation theory derives from the classical theories of translation, however, prefaces to translations indicate that medieval translator appropriates the classical translation theory and uses it to serve the cultural and ideological objectives of translation in the middle Ages.
-==2_ 4- Early History of Translation ==
+== Early History of Translation ==
    The word ‘translation’ comes from a Latin term which means, “To bring or carry across”. Another relevant term comes from the Ancient Greek word of ‘metaphrasis’ which means, “To speak across” and from this, the term ‘metaphrase’ was born, which means a “word-for-word translation”. These terms have been at the heart of theories relating to translation throughout history and have given insight into when and where translation have been used throughout the ages.
            It is known that translation was carried out as early as the Mesopotamian era when the Sumerian poem, Gilgamesh, was translated into Asian languages. This dates back to around the second millennium BC. Other ancient translated works include those carried out by Buddhist monks who translated Indian documents into Chinese. In later periods, Ancient Greek texts were also translated by Roman poets and were adapted to create developed literary works for entertainment. It is known that translation services were utilised in Rome by Cicero and Horace and that these uses were continued through to the 17th century, where newer practices were developed.
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      When we talk about the history of translation, we should think of the theories and names   that e merged at its different periods. In fact, each era is  characterized by specific changes in translation history, but these changes differ from one place to another. For example, the developments of translation in the western world are not the same as those in the Arab world, as each nation knew particular incidents that led to the birth of particular theories. So, what marked the western translation?  .By Marouane Zakhir English translator University of Soultan Moulay Slimane, Morocco
-==2_ 5 -Translation in the western world ==
+==Translation in the western world ==
    For centuries, people believed in the relation between translation and the story of the tower of Babel in the Book of Genesis. According to the Bible, the descendants of Noah decided, after the great flood, to settle down in a plain in the land of Shinar.
   There, they committed a great sin. Instead of setting up a society that fits God's will, they  decided to challenge His authority and build a tower that could reach Heaven. However,
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      The first great English translation was the Wycliffe   (CA 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an under developed English prose  . only at the end of the "15th century did the great age to English prose translation begin with  Thomas Malory ‘s "le Morte D arthur”-  Ban adaptation of  Arthurian romances so free that it can, in fact, hardly be called a true translation . The first great  Tudor translations are, accordingly, the Tyndale  new  Testament   ( 1525), which influenced the  Authorized Version  (1611), and Lord Berners version of jean Froissart’s Chronicles ( 1523- 25) .   - Wikipedia .org/wiki/
-==2_ 6_History of Translation in the Middle ages==
+==History of Translation in the Middle ages==
 In the history of Europe, the middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the
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-==2_ 6-1 Translation in The middle ages (philosophical perspective)==
+==Translation in The middle ages (philosophical perspective)==
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    Middle Ages epoch roughly represents the time between late fifth century and the fifteenth century A.D.in Europe. Middle Ages, however, continue until the advent of European Colonialism (about eighteenth century) in the 'Oriental' and African countries. With the spread of Christianity, translation takes a new role of disseminating the word of God. How to translate the divine words faithfully was a serious issue because of dogmatic and political concerns. “St. Jerome claims that he follows sense for sense approach rather than word for word approach when translating the New Testament in AD 384.”18 Since the aim of the divine text is to provide understanding and guidance, it seems logical to follow sense for sense approach. Thence, there is a possibility of intentional or unintentional change of meaning and the context; for these reasons, some scholars emphasize on the word for word translation approach. The first translation of the complete Bible into English was the Wycliffe Bible is which was produced between 1380 and 1384; “Wycliffe believes man should have direct contact with God and thus the Bible should be translated into language that man can understand, i.e. in the vernacular. Purvey believes translator should translate “after sentence (meaning),” not only after words. Martin Luther says, “... the meaning and subject matter must be considered, not the grammar, for the grammar should not rule over the meaning;”19 Criticism on sense for sense was widespread because it minimized the power of the church authorities, “while literal translation was bound up with the Bible and other religious and philosophical works, says Jeremy Monday; non-literal or non-accepted translation came to be seen and used as a weapon against the Church.”20“In the Western Europe this word-for-word versus sense-for-sense debate continued in one form or another until the twentieth century. The centrality of Bible to translation also explains the enduring theoretical questions about accuracy and fidelity to fixed source.”21 In the eighth and ninth century A.D., a large number of translations from Greek into Arabic gave rise to Arabic learning. “Scholars from Syria, a part of the Roman Empire (during 64B.C.-636A.D) came to Baghdad and translated Greek works of Physician Hippocrates (460-360 B.C.), philosophers Plato (427-327 B.C.) and Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) into Arabic during the eighth and ninth century A.D. Baghdad continued to --[[User:Rouabah Soumaya|Rouabah Soumaya]] ([[User talk:Rouabah Soumaya|talk]]) 22:04, 5 December 2021 (UTC)be a centre of translations of Greek classics into Arabic even in the twentieth century A.D.”22 The dominance of religion is prominent in the Translation Era of Middle Ages. In this era, both the trends of Antiquity period can be seen in action, yet emphasis is again on the sense for sense approach.
-==2-6-2 Translation   In the middle Ages between the 12th and the 15th centuries.==
+== Translation   In the middle Ages between the 12th and the 15th centuries.==
 In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Toledo School of Translators (Escuela de Traductores de Toledo) became a meeting point for European scholars who — attracted by the high wages they were offered — came and settled down in Toledo, Spain, to translate major philosophical, religious, scientific and medical works from Arabic, Greek and Hebrew into Latin and Castilian. Toledo was a city of libraries offering a number of manuscripts, and one of the few places in medieval Europe where a Christian could be exposed to Arabic language and culture.
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    The great age of English prose translation began in the late 15th century with Thomas Malory’s “Le Morte d’Arthur” (1485), a free translation/adaptation of Arthurian romances about the legendary King Arthur, as well as Guinevere, Lancelot, Merlin and the Knights of the Round Table. Thomas Malory “interpreted” existing French and English stories about these figures while adding original material, e.g. the “Gareth” story about one of the Knights of the Round Table.4
-==2_7  Bible translations in the middle Ages: ==
+==Bible translations in the middle Ages: ==
    The most significant turn in the history of translation came with the Bible translations. The efforts of translating the Bible from its original languages into over 2,000
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   The Bible was translated into various languages in late antiquity; the most important of these translations are those in Syriac dialect of Aramaic (including the Peshitta and the Diatessaron gospel harmony), the Ge'ez language of Ethiopia, and, in Western Europe, Latin. The earliest Latin translations are collectively known as the Vetus Latina, but in the late fourth century, Jerome re-translated the Hebrew and Greek texts into the normal vernacular Latin of his day, in a version known as the Vulgate (Biblia vulgata) (meaning "common version", in the sense of "popular"). Jerome's translation gradually replaced most of the older Latin texts, and gradually ceased to be a vernacular version as the Latin language developed and divided. The earliest surviving complete manuscript of the entire Latin Bible is the Codex Amiatinus, produced in eighth century England at the double monastery of Wearmouth-Jarrow. By the end of late, antiquity the Bible was therefore available and used in all the major written languages then spoken by Christians. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia
-==2- 8 Conclusion ==
+==Conclusion ==
    The history of translation studies and the resurgence and genesis of
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 © 2012 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/tpls.2.1.77-85
-==2- 9 Refrences ==
+==Refrences ==
 - https//www.tandfonline.com//

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 medieval translation, medieval translator, translation and culture.
-= Abstrac==
+    =Abstrac=
     The history of translation is seen variously as examining the role of
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 -  SSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 77-85, January 2012 © 2012 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/tpls.2.1.77-85

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 [[Hist_Trans_EN_2]]  Hunan Normal University China
-== 1 key Words==
+==  key Words==
 History of Translation , Bible Translation, Translation in the Middle Ages

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 =Rouabah Soumaya: History of Translation in the Middle Ages=
-[[Hist_Trans_EN_2]]
+[[Hist_Trans_EN_2]]  Hunan Normal University China
 == 2-1 key Words==