Hist Trans Theo EN 13 - Revision history

Wu Jingyue: /* 4.1 History of translation theory development before World War II */

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4.1 History of translation theory development before World War II

Wu Jingyue: /* 4.2 History of translation theory development after World War II */

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4.2 History of translation theory development after World War II

Wu Jingyue: /* 4.2 History of translation theory development after World War II */

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4.2 History of translation theory development after World War II

Wu Jingyue: /* 4.1 History of translation theory development before World War II */

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4.1 History of translation theory development before World War II

Wu Jingyue: /* 4.1 History of translation theory development before World War II */

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4.1 History of translation theory development before World War II

Wu Jingyue: /* Chapter 13 History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union */

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Chapter 13 History of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union

Wu Jingyue: /* 2. Key words */

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2. Key words

Wu Jingyue: /* 1. Abstract */

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1. Abstract

Wu Jingyue: /* 7. Conclusion */

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7. Conclusion

Wu Jingyue: /* 5.1 Realistic Translation pioneered by E.A.Kashkin */

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5.1 Realistic Translation pioneered by E.A.Kashkin

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 In 1936, Loginski (М.Л.Лозинский) reported at the first National Conference of Translators, "The Art of the Translation of Poetry" ("Искусство стихотворного перевода"), and pointed out that poetry translation should be the same in aesthetics as the original poetry works, highlighting the equivalent aesthetic function of literary and artistic translation.
-'''(In 1936, Loginski (М.Л.Лозинский) delivered a report at the first National Conference of Translators, "The Art of the Translation of Poetry" ("Искусство стихотворного перевода"), and pointed out that poetry translation should be the same in aesthetics as the original poem, highlighting the equivalent aesthetic function of literary and artistic translation. Corrected by--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 17:16, 13 December 2021 (UTC))'''
+Also in 1936, Kashkin (И.А.Кашкин) proposed the theory and became the founder of the Soviet theory of realism. His translation method is: translators should try their best to reproduce the objective reality expressed in the original text, rather than words; they should see, experience, and perfectly reproduce the reality in the eyes of the author from behind the original text. He equated the realistic method of translation with the socialist realism in literary creation.In the Soviet Union, he was hailed as "a theorist representing a entire era in the history of Russian translation". He believes that translators should be loyal to the original, to their readers, to reality, and that the three are inseparable. Kashkin believes that without a theory, translators are just a craftsman, and can never become a translator or artist.
 ( Kashkin, 1977)
 (Cai & Duan, 2000: 25)
 ===4.2 History of translation theory development after World War II===

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	In 1974 Lezkel (Я.И.Рецкер) has published the book "Translation Theory and Translation Practice (An Introduction to the Theory of Linguistics of Translation)" ("Теория перевода и переводическая практика - Очерки лингвистическои теории перевода"), which discusses some key issues in the linguistics theory of translation, which are directly related to the translation practice.The book compares the lexical grammar and rhetorical characteristics of English with its functional counterpart in Russian, and reveals the logical semantic basis of using various translation techniques and methods in the translation process.		In 1974 Lezkel (Я.И.Рецкер) has published the book "Translation Theory and Translation Practice (An Introduction to the Theory of Linguistics of Translation)" ("Теория перевода и переводическая практика - Очерки лингвистическои теории перевода"), which discusses some key issues in the linguistics theory of translation, which are directly related to the translation practice.The book compares the lexical grammar and rhetorical characteristics of English with its functional counterpart in Russian, and reveals the logical semantic basis of using various translation techniques and methods in the translation process.
−
−	~~'''(In 1974 Lezkel (Я.И.Рецкер) published the book "Translation Theory and Translation Practice (An Introduction to the Theory of Linguistics of Translation)"~~

	1975 Balhudarov (Л.С.Бархударов) published the book "Language and Translation" ("Язык и перевод"), which aroused widespread response in the Soviet translation community and was considered the representative work of the Soviet language school translation theory in the 1970s. The biggest characteristic of the book is to link the translation theory with the latest achievements in linguistics in the world, and put forward the linguistics theory of translation is comparing discourse linguistics, more specifically, is the semantic discourse in different languages, and the actual segmentation of the sentence is an essential condition of equivalent translation and a series of new arguments. Balhuduff makes it clear that translation changes the speech product of one language to another while keeping the content unchanged, that is, the translator does not deal with the language system, but with the language product.In addition, he discussed translationability, the nature of translation theory, semantics and translation, translation units, and translation methods.		1975 Balhudarov (Л.С.Бархударов) published the book "Language and Translation" ("Язык и перевод"), which aroused widespread response in the Soviet translation community and was considered the representative work of the Soviet language school translation theory in the 1970s. The biggest characteristic of the book is to link the translation theory with the latest achievements in linguistics in the world, and put forward the linguistics theory of translation is comparing discourse linguistics, more specifically, is the semantic discourse in different languages, and the actual segmentation of the sentence is an essential condition of equivalent translation and a series of new arguments. Balhuduff makes it clear that translation changes the speech product of one language to another while keeping the content unchanged, that is, the translator does not deal with the language system, but with the language product.In addition, he discussed translationability, the nature of translation theory, semantics and translation, translation units, and translation methods.

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 Feodorov (А.В.Фёдоров) 's book "An Introduction to the Translation Theory" ("Введение в теорию перевода") was published.The book discusses the translation theory from the perspective of the linguistics theory, and proposes that the translation theory is a branch of the linguistics, and the translation problem can only be solved in the field of linguistics. In addition, the book stipulates the content of the concept of "translation", the object of theoretical research, the content, etc., and discusses the vocabulary issues, grammar issues and stylistic issues of translation, respectively.The book made Feyodorov the founder of the language school of translation theory. In addition, the book received wide attention in the Soviet translation circle, especially the translation teaching circle, but it also caused a heated controversy in the literary and art school of translation theory.
 However, translators from the school of literature and art believe that Feodorov studied translation problems almost completely from a linguistic perspective,  ignoring that the first thing of literary translation should be involved in the problem of literature and art.
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 The same year, Shvzel (В.Н.Комиссаров) published the book "Translation and Linguistics" ("Перевод и лингвистика"), suggesting that translation is not only the contact between two language systems, but also between two different cultures, and sometimes between two different civilizations.In addition, he raises questions about the invariant values of the translation function.Shvzel believes that translation functional invariant values include both semantic and grammatical aspects.
 In 1974 Lezkel (Я.И.Рецкер) has published the book "Translation Theory and Translation Practice (An Introduction to the Theory of Linguistics of Translation)" ("Теория перевода и переводическая практика - Очерки лингвистическои теории перевода"), which discusses some key issues in the linguistics theory of translation, which are directly related to the translation practice.The book compares the lexical grammar and rhetorical characteristics of English with its functional counterpart in Russian, and reveals the logical semantic basis of using various translation techniques and methods in the translation process.
-'''(In 1974 Lezkel (Я.И.Рецкер)  published the book "Translation Theory and Translation Practice (An Introduction to the Theory of Linguistics of Translation)" ("Теория перевода и переводическая практика - Очерки лингвистическои теории перевода"), which discusses some key issues in the linguistics theory of translation, which are directly related to the translation practice. Corrected by--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 02:11, 14 December 2021 (UTC))'''
+'''(In 1974 Lezkel (Я.И.Рецкер)  published the book "Translation Theory and Translation Practice (An Introduction to the Theory of Linguistics of Translation)"
 Balhudarov (Л.С.Бархударов) published the book "Language and Translation" ("Язык и перевод"), which aroused widespread response in the Soviet translation community and was considered the representative work of the Soviet language school translation theory in the 1970s. The biggest characteristic of the book is to link the translation theory with the latest achievements in linguistics in the world, and put forward the linguistics theory of translation is comparing discourse linguistics, more specifically, is the semantic discourse in different languages, and the actual segmentation of the sentence is an essential condition of equivalent translation and a series of new arguments. Balhuduff makes it clear that translation changes the speech product of one language to another while keeping the content unchanged, that is, the translator does not deal with the language system, but with the language product.In addition, he discussed translationability, the nature of translation theory, semantics and translation, translation units, and translation methods.
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 In the same year, the Minyal. Bellolluchev (Р.К.Миньяр - Белоручев) published the book "Translation" ("Общая теория перевода и устныи перевод").The book regards translational science as an independent subject on the grounds that it has its own subjects, content and a complete set of terms; thinks that translation research is beyond the scope of linguistics. It written by --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 13:12, 19 December 2021 (UTC)is a subject of linguistics, psychology, semiotics, sociology intersection, mainly applicable to translation between any two languages; proposes the discourse information theory, the main method of translation and the classification of language means in translation and so on.The book first used the interpretation as a research subject.
 In 1981, Ratshev (Л.К.Латышев) published the "Translation Tutorial —— Translation equivalent and achieve the equivalent Method" ("Курс перевода: Эквивалентность перевода и способы ее достижения"), which divided the translation equivalent into formal and functional equivalent two types, and proposed the specific methods to achieve the translation equivalent.

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 Also in 1936, Kashkin (И.А.Кашкин) proposed the theory and became the founder of the Soviet theory of realism. His translation method is: translators should try their best to reproduce the objective reality expressed in the original text, rather than words; they should see, experience, and perfectly reproduce the reality in the eyes of the author from behind the original text. He equated the realistic method of translation with the socialist realism in literary creation.In the Soviet Union, he was hailed as "a theorist representing a entire era in the history of Russian translation". He believes that translators should be loyal to the original, to their readers, to reality, and that the three are inseparable. Kashkin believes that without a theory, translators are just a craftsman, and can never become a translator or artist.
 (Cai & Duan, 2000: 120)
 ===4.2 History of translation theory development after World War II===

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:36, 19 December 2021
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	Also in 1936, Kashkin (И.А.Кашкин) proposed the theory and became the founder of the Soviet theory of realism. His translation method is: translators should try their best to reproduce the objective reality expressed in the original text, rather than words; they should see, experience, and perfectly reproduce the reality in the eyes of the author from behind the original text. He equated the realistic method of translation with the socialist realism in literary creation.In the Soviet Union, he was hailed as "a theorist representing a entire era in the history of Russian translation". He believes that translators should be loyal to the original, to their readers, to reality, and that the three are inseparable. Kashkin believes that without a theory, translators are just a craftsman, and can never become a translator or artist.		Also in 1936, Kashkin (И.А.Кашкин) proposed the theory and became the founder of the Soviet theory of realism. His translation method is: translators should try their best to reproduce the objective reality expressed in the original text, rather than words; they should see, experience, and perfectly reproduce the reality in the eyes of the author from behind the original text. He equated the realistic method of translation with the socialist realism in literary creation.In the Soviet Union, he was hailed as "a theorist representing a entire era in the history of Russian translation". He believes that translators should be loyal to the original, to their readers, to reality, and that the three are inseparable. Kashkin believes that without a theory, translators are just a craftsman, and can never become a translator or artist.
−
−	'''( His translation methods are: translators should try their best to show the objective reality expressed in the original text, instead of focuing on translating words by words; they should see, experience, and perfectly reproduce the reality in the eyes of the author of the original text.Corrected by--[[User:Yang Aijiang\|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang\|talk]]) 17:16, 13 December 2021 (UTC))'''

	It was worth mentioning that at the beginning of World War II, the discussion of translation theories did not form systematic and comprehensive theory, and they were all carried out from a literary point of view. Only translation of textbooks and translation instructional references were exceptional and were conducted from a linguistic perspective. written by --[[User:Wu Jingyue\|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue\|talk]]) 13:07, 19 December 2021 (UTC)		It was worth mentioning that at the beginning of World War II, the discussion of translation theories did not form systematic and comprehensive theory, and they were all carried out from a literary point of view. Only translation of textbooks and translation instructional references were exceptional and were conducted from a linguistic perspective. written by --[[User:Wu Jingyue\|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue\|talk]]) 13:07, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

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 ===摘要===
 众所周知，苏联的翻译理论在世界翻译理论中占有十分突出的地位。本文首先从苏联时期翻译理论发展的整体状况出发，对苏联时期翻译发展史进行梳理；探讨了苏联翻译理论发展的特色；最后向读者介绍了著名翻译理论家S. G. Barkhudarov (С. Г. Бархуда́ров) 以及I. A. Kashkin (И. А. Кашки́н) 等人的翻译理论。written by --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 13:18, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
 ===2. Key words===
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 The Soviet translation theory play a pivotal role in the world translation theory. written by --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 13:04, 19 December 2021 (UTC)This paper firstly introduces the historical evolution of the development of the Soviet translation theory, which divides the Soviet Union into two periods: the development history of translation theory before World War II and the development history of translation theory after World War II. In introducing the history of translation theory before World War II, the source of the history of Soviet translation theory, the development of Soviet translation theory, namely linguistics and the contribution of Kamisarov, Liubimov and others.Secondly, the representatives of the translation literature and art school and the translation language school are introduced specifically.When introducing the school of translation literature, the views of translator Kashkin and Gachzzeraz are introduced; in introducing the language school of translation, they are mainly introduced.
 ===4. The evolution of Translation Theories in the Soviet Union.===
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 (Cai & Duan, 2000: 5)
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 ===4.2 History of translation theory development after World War II===
 Since the 1950s, a new period of studying translation theory from the perspective of linguistics began. Its main characteristic is to link translation theory with comparative linguistics, and to reveal the law of the two languages based on the comparison of the phenomenon of the two languages.written by --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 13:12, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
 In 1950, "Theory and Methods of Translation Teaching" ("Вопросы теории и методики учебного перевода"), which played a considerable role in the development of translation theory. For example, in Gary Palin(И.Р. Гпльперии) 's article, "Translation and Rhetoric" ("Перевод и стилистика"), shares Shakespeare's original Othello with Morosov’s (М.М.Морозов) translation,  noting the similarities and differences between English and Russian in terms of meaning and aesthetic functions. Meanwhile, the book Lezkel(Я.И.Рецкер) ’s article, "On the regularity and correspondence in Russia" ("О закономерных соответствиях при переводе на роднои язык"), divides the language regularity correspondence into three categories: equivalent, approximation and equivalent substitution.These three methods are applied to scientific and technological translation, the translation of political articles, and literary translation.
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 (Wu, 2006: 354)
 In 1954, Kashkin put forward in "Methods and Genres of Soviet Literary Translation" ("О методе и школе советского художественного перевода") that the theory of literary translation should be a broad language discipline. That is to say, written by --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 13:12, 19 December 2021 (UTC)the study of translation and literary problems should be combined.
 In 1955 the collection of "Literary Translation" ("Вопросы художественного перевода") questions Feydorov's views, believing that studying translation theory from a linguistic perspective may lead to formalism and word-by-word dead translation in translation practice.
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 (Wu, 2006: 366)
 In 1962, the collection of "Translation Theory and Review" ("Теория и критика перевода"), including two groups of translation theorists.Linguist Larin (Б.А.Ларии) In the preface to the collection, "Our Mission" ("Наши задачи"), proposed that the theory of literary translation must be established on the basis of linguistics and literature.He believes that it is impossible not to  combine linguistics and literary methods organically, whether in linguistics, rhetoric, or translation theory. Any translation should begin with analysis, and finally finish with literary creation.
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 (Wu, 2006: 430)
 In 1968, Feodorov made a new revision and supplement to the new situation, publishing the third edition of the book and renamed "Basic Translation" ("Основы общеи тоерии перевода").The rationale is that this can highlight the basic principles of translation theory —— studies various translation phenomena and various kinds of translation, revealing their commonalities and respective characteristics, comparing from a linguistic perspective.In the book, Feodorov makes it clear that it should never be forgotten that the ultimate task is to establish a common theory of philology.It is now outdated to insist that literary translation is studied only through literature and art, or only through linguistics. Contemporary era is an era of close cooperation between different disciplines. In philology, the distance between the two branches of literature and linguistics is not very large, and its differences are inevitable, but can be overcome, that is to say, the two can be combined all together.
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 (Balhudarov, 1975: 255)
 ===7. Conclusion ===

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 ===2. Key words===
 Translation theories, Western translation theories, Soviet Translation theories
 ===3. Introduction===

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 ===1. Abstract===
 As is well known, the history of the Soviet period and discusse the characteristics of the Soviet translation theory. written by --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 13:02, 19 December 2021 (UTC) Firstly, we discuss about the overall situation of the development of the Soviet period, the history of the Soviet period and discusses the characteristics of the Soviet translation theory. Finally, we introduce the famous translation theorist like: S. G. Barkhudarov (С. Г. Бархуда́ров) and I. A. Kashkin (И. А. Кашки́н) and so on.
 '''(As is well known, the history of the Soviet period and discusse the characteristics of the Soviet translation theory.corrected by--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 14:29, 13 December 2021 (UTC))'''

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 To sum up, by introducing the historical evolution of the development of translation theory in the Soviet Union, we and the representatives of the school of translation literature and art and the translation language school can draw the following conclusions:
-First of all, the developmental foundation of the Soviet translation theory was weak. By the beginning of World War II, the discussion of translation theory had formed no systematic and complete theories and they were all carried out from the perspective of literature and art. Only translation textbooks and translation instructional references are exceptional and are conducted from a linguistic perspective .After World War II, the Soviet Union began a new period of studying the translation theory from the perspective of linguistics. Its main feature was to connect the translation theory with the comparative linguistics, and to reveal the correspondence of the two languages on the basis of comparing the two languages. In 1954, translator Kaskin proposed that translation should not be separated from literature and art. Since then, the Soviet theory of translation has gradually formed two major schools, namely, the school of literature and art and the linguistic school. The two factions had long debated, culminating after the late 1950s and 1960s, with numerous papers and monographs each published.
+First of all, the developmental foundation of the Soviet translation theory was weak. At the beginning of World War II, the discussion of translation theory wasn’t systematic and comprehensive and they were all carried out from the perspective of literature and art. Only translation textbooks and translation instructional references are exceptional and are conducted from a linguistic perspective .After World War II, the Soviet Union began a new period of studying the translation theory from the perspective of linguistics. Its main feature was to connect  translation theory with comparative linguistics, and to reveal the correspondence of the two languages on the basis of comparing the two languages.written by --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 13:15, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
 (Cai & Duan, 2000: 168)
 (Wu, 2006: 325)
 Secondly, from the perspective of the literary school of translation, Kashkin, the theorist of translation, founded the realistic concept of translation, believing that the translation should pay attention to understanding the feelings of the original author, and believing that we must strictly distinguish the artistic image that should be conveyed and the occasional language image in the translation. Translation theorist Gaczirze believes that the principles of literary translation have been swinging between the two extremes. One is word-by-word translation, and the other is artistically equivalent but written away from the original text. He thought it would be easy to combine the two principles, but it was impossible in practice.

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 Kashkin Ivan Alexandrovich - literary critic, translator and critic. He brought up a significant group of translators from the English language. He translated J. Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales (1946, with O. Rumer). Promoter of the best achievements of modern English and American poetry (R. Frost, K. Sandberg) and prose (E. Hemingway, E. Caldwell, J. Wayne, etc.). Aslo, he is the author of historical and literary studies about J. Conrad, L. Stevenson, W. Faulkner, E. Hemingway and others.
-Some translators believe that they must obey the "absolute authority" of the original text and pursue the following word by word. Other translators advocate for loyalty to the original text.  And Kashkin believes that realism in art is a complex and diverse phenomenon, which is restricted by history. Realism in art is real and poetic. Exactly, to feel and reflect world —— realism through inspiration is reflected in artistic life itself.
+Some translators believe that they must obey the "absolute authority" of the original text and translate the original text word by word in order to be completely faithful. Other translators advocate for loyalty to the original text.  And Kashkin believes that realism in art is a complex and diverse phenomenon, which is restricted by history. Realism in art is real and poetic. Exactly, to feel and reflect world
 ( Kashkin, 1977: 177)
-'''(Some translators believe that they must obey the "absolute authority" of the original text and translate the original text word by word in order to be completely faithful. Other translators advocate for loyalty to the original text.  And Kashkin believes that realism in art is a complex and diverse phenomenon, which is restricted by history. Realism in art is real and poetic. Exactly, to feel and reflect world —— realism through inspiration is reflected in artistic life itself. Corrected by--[[User:Yang Aijiang|Yang Aijiang]] ([[User talk:Yang Aijiang|talk]]) 02:38, 14 December 2021 (UTC))'''
+In order to accurately convey the ideological content of the original work and creatively reproduce the artistic characteristics and national characteristics of the original work, it must adopt the realistic translation method. The translator must respect the reality of the text and strive to reproduce the objective reality expressed by the text and give it life, not simply copying the text symbols of the original text.
 Translators should understand the author of the original text's direct feelings of reality through the barrier of the syntactic structure of a foreign language. Only in this way could he reproduce the original in the same powerful and clear language, as did the original author did. The translator should see the phenomena, thoughts, things, behaviors and conditions through the words of the original work, and specifically reproduce this reality in the eyes of the original author.
-Reality in art is the image to reflect the essential characteristics in reality.
+Reality in art is the image to reflect the essential characteristics in reality. written by --[[User:Wu Jingyue|Wu Jingyue]] ([[User talk:Wu Jingyue|talk]]) 13:14, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
 ( Kashkin, 1977: 185)