Hist Trans Theo EN 4 - Revision history

Zeng Junlin: /* Introduction */

2022-01-02T12:48:13Z

Introduction

Zeng Junlin: /* Period of Pre-Modern translation theory */

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Period of Pre-Modern translation theory

Zeng Junlin: /* Period of ancient translation theory */

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Period of ancient translation theory

Zeng Junlin: /* Characteristics of the development of western translation theory */

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Characteristics of the development of western translation theory

Zeng Junlin: /* Period of Modern translation theory */

2021-12-29T08:30:36Z

Period of Modern translation theory

Zeng Junlin: /* Period of ancient translation theory */

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Period of ancient translation theory

Zeng Junlin: /* Period of ancient translation theory */

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Period of ancient translation theory

Zeng Junlin: /* Period of classical translation theory */

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Period of classical translation theory

Show changes

Zeng Junlin: /* Introduction */

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Introduction

Zeng Junlin: /* 摘要 */

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摘要

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 ===Introduction===
 From the overall historical development process, Chinese and western translation theories have an indissoluble bond with aesthetics from the beginning.
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 We can first analyze it from the historical development. Western translation theory can be roughly divided into four periods: classical translation theory period, ancient translation theory period, modern translation theory period and contemporary translation theory period.
-George Steiner divides Western translation theory into the following four periods in his famous book After Babel: The first period is from Cicero and Horace to Taitler, and the later book Essay on the Principles of Translation is published ( 1791) as a symbol; the second period is from the end of the 19th century to the 1940s, with Valery as a representative; the third period is marked by the advent and development of machine translation technology and theory in the 1940s; the fourth period Generally parallel to the third period, it is marked by hermeneutic and metaphysical inquiries (hermeneutic and metaphysical inquiries). Steiner's periodization has been criticized by Western translation theory circles.Corrected by--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 14:38, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
+George Steiner divides Western translation theory into the following four periods in his famous book After Babel: The first period is from Cicero and Horace to Taitler, and the later book Essay on the Principles of Translation is published (1791) as a symbol; the second period is from the end of the 19th century to the 1940s, with Valery as a representative; the third period is marked by the advent and development of machine translation technology and theory in the 1940s; the fourth period Generally parallel to the third period, it is marked by hermeneutic and metaphysical inquiries (hermeneutic and metaphysical inquiries). Steiner's periodization has been criticized by Western translation theory circles.
 === Period of classical translation theory ===

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 === Period of Pre-Modern translation theory  ===
-This is the third period of western translation theory, or "pre modern period", that is, from the religious reform (1517-1648) of wilcliff and Martin Luther in the mid-17th century to the end of the 19th century, the argument began to gradually turn to classical philology and language philosophy. The major historical events during this period were the European Industrial Revolution (1750's – 1830's) and the French Revolution (1788-1799), as well as the germination and evolution of European middle-class economy and its ideology before and after this period. The most important phenomenon affecting translation theory in culture is the development of ancient philology and Hermeneutics in the enlightenment. After the Renaissance, the focus of European language research was still Latin and Greek, which had been in a secondary position. The social and economic development since the enlightenment and the industrial revolution obviously put forward many problems for multilingual communication. The first ones are etymology, semantics and historical comparative linguistics. In fact, historical comparative linguistics is the result of the development and exploration of the first two. Ancient Chinese literature originated in Italy in the 15th century, and its development was also promoted by many factors such as the Renaissance, the spread of Christianity, and the expansion of colonialism that stimulated language contact. The heyday representatives of historical comparative linguistics are the Danish linguist Rask (R. C. Rask, 1787–1832) and the German linguist Bopp (F. Bopp, 1791–1867). Especially after wilcliff and Martin Luther, translators increasingly doubt the interpretation of language by the Holy See, the church and scholastic philosophy in the long middle ages, and doubt the "Deviation", misunderstanding and even intentional distortion of "translation" to the "signified". Rousseau's democratic thought had a strong and profound impact on European conservatism.(V. Thomsen,1960,43）
+This is the third period of western translation theory, or "pre modern period", that is, from the religious reform (1517-1648) of Wyclif and Martin Luther in the mid-17th century to the end of the 19th century, the argument began to gradually turn to classical philology and language philosophy. The major historical events during this period were the European Industrial Revolution (1750's – 1830's) and the French Revolution (1788-1799), as well as the germination and evolution of European middle-class economy and its ideology before and after this period. The most important phenomenon affecting translation theory in culture is the development of ancient philology and Hermeneutics in the enlightenment. After the Renaissance, the focus of European language research was still Latin and Greek, which had been in a secondary position. The social and economic development since the enlightenment and the industrial revolution obviously put forward many problems for multilingual communication. The first ones are etymology, semantics and historical comparative linguistics. In fact, historical comparative linguistics is the result of the development and exploration of the first two. Ancient Chinese literature originated in Italy in the 15th century, and its development was also promoted by many factors such as the Renaissance, the spread of Christianity, and the expansion of colonialism that stimulated language contact. The heyday representatives of historical comparative linguistics are the Danish linguist Rask (R. C. Rask, 1787–1832) and the German linguist Bopp (F. Bopp, 1791–1867). Especially after wilcliff and Martin Luther, translators increasingly doubt the interpretation of language by the Holy See, the church and scholastic philosophy in the long middle ages, and doubt the "Deviation", misunderstanding and even intentional distortion of "translation" to the "signified". Rousseau's democratic thought had a strong and profound impact on European conservatism.(V. Thomsen,1960,43）
 Understanding this historical background, we can clearly understand why when Taylor put forward the famous "three principles of translation" at the end of the 18th century (1791), he first pointed out that "translation should completely convey the idea of the original text, supplemented by the natural fluency of the expression and style of the translation". Almost at the same time, tattler and George Campbell, who proposed that "the beauty of the translation can be discussed only if we are loyal to the original meaning", marked the end of the era when the western traditional translation theory mainly relied on classical aesthetics and literature and art. On the other hand, although the Chinese School represented by Goethe is fully mature, it can not solve many major problems raised by the spread of Christian civilization and the unprecedented development of translation practice in breadth and depth since the Renaissance and the industrial revolution. Among these problems, the first and most important is the problem of meaning, that is, the so-called "transfer of the truth value of meaning" in translation. Johann W. von Goethe (Johann W. von Goethe) is known as "the last embodiment of the Renaissance ideal", and his basic translation theory advocates "the perfect identity between the SL and the TL" . To this end, the translator must have ingenuity and creativity, and adopt a unique way of expression. This is the best translation, and the next thing is imitation and prose.

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 The prelude to the European Renaissance (which began in the 14th century, peaked in the 15th and 16th centuries and ended in the mid-17th century) is the flourishing of Christian civilization, marked by the so-called "edict of Milan" issued by Constantine I. The imperial edict authorized Christianity to obtain legal status in the Roman Empire. Since then, Christianity has become more and more popular through the influence of the Holy See. The Scriptures have been proofread and translated by Jerome and Augustine. Christian civilization has flourished all over Europe in the early Middle Ages.
-At the same time, European social economy also appeared commercialization and handicrafts under the framework of medieval Christian civilization, leading to the emergence of city-state politics and urban landscape, which was the initial light of the Renaissance. By the 13th century, there were many European literary and artistic masters, including Dante (1265 – 1321, the author of Divine Comedy), Boccaccio (1313 – 1375, the author of Decameron), Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) and raffaelo Sanzio rapheal (1483 – 1520), who awakened European national consciousness and the so-called "all talent ideal"（ The worship and pursuit of "the well-sound personality" had a profound impact. What went hand in hand with the prosperity of literature and art and the development of city-state politics was the popularity of social and political theories and new social trends of thought at that time. Europeans scrambled to study the famous works discoveries on Livy (1531) by Nicolo Machiavelli (1569 – 1527). Someone described the grand translation of the time and said: "The entire city of Rome became a translation factory, specializing in the production of translations from Greek to Latin". In fact, the grand translation at the time was far more than just in Rome, and not only between Greek and Latin. Florence is not inferior to Rome. From the 14th to the 16th century, the city of Buddhism was the center of Italian literature and art. The grand translation of Europe at the time was very much in line with Bruno's (Giordano Bruno, c1548–1600) prediction. He said: "All science can only bear fruit with the help of translation."  (Steiner,1975, 259)
+At the same time, European social economy also appeared commercialization and handicrafts under the framework of medieval Christian civilization, leading to the emergence of city-state politics and urban landscape, which was the initial light of the Renaissance. By the 13th century, there were many European literary and artistic masters, including Dante (1265 – 1321, the author of Divine Comedy), Boccaccio (1313 – 1375, the author of Decameron), Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) and raffaelo Sanzio rapheal (1483 – 1520), who awakened European national consciousness and the worship and pursuit of "the well-sounded personality" had a profound impact. What went hand in hand with the prosperity of literature and art and the development of city-state politics was the popularity of social and political theories and new social trends of thought at that time. Europeans scrambled to study the famous works discoveries on Livy (1531) by Nicolo Machiavelli (1569 – 1527). Someone described the grand translation of the time and said: "The entire city of Rome became a translation factory, specializing in the production of translations from Greek to Latin". In fact, the grand translation at the time was far more than just in Rome, and not only between Greek and Latin. Florence is not inferior to Rome. From the 14th to the 16th century, the city of Buddhism was the center of Italian literature and art. The grand translation of Europe at the time was very much in line with Bruno's (Giordano Bruno, c1548–1600) prediction. He said: "All science can only bear fruit with the help of translation."  (Steiner,1975, 259)
 All this made The "translation industry" has developed unprecedentedly. Translation practice has promoted translation research. At this time, there are different translation theories, and the scope of discussion has gone beyond the vision of classical translation theorists, with a strong color of verification. One of the best, which can be said to be the first Western philosopher to comprehensively attack translation, is Roger Bacon. Bacon was a pioneer in the field of Natural Science in the 13th century. He condemned the translation between Greek, Hebrew and Latin as full of semantic distortion "with the philosophical insight of natural scientists", which reduced the translation to a "hodgepodge of errors and misunderstandings". (L. G. Kelly,1979, 9)

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 The separation of Western Aesthetics from philosophy coincides with the rise of historical comparative philology. This major historical development and change is to promote the transformation of western translation theory from aesthetics to literature (including modern and postmodern literary theory) and linguistics, which is also a remarkable feature of the development track of western translation theory different from Chinese translation theory. It is no accident that western translation theory is separated from aesthetics and appeals to linguistics.
 From what has been discussed above, we can deduce the development track of translation theory in the West for more than 2000 years. Its characteristics are as follows.
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 Western languages generally belong to Indo European languages. Indo European languages are divided into eastern Indo European languages (mainly Baltic Slavic language group) and Western Indo European languages (mainly Germanic, Latin, Celtic and ancient Greek). As far as translation is concerned, since the source language and the target language belong to the same language family or even the same language family and language branch, and the language origins are the same or similar, translation theory has long paid attention to etymology, historical morphology and semantics, and since the 1950s and 1960s, it has paid great attention to modern linguistics The development of various disciplines, especially the transformational generative school, is one of the outstanding characteristics of western translation theory.
-Third, traditionally, especially compared with Chinese traditional aesthetics, western aesthetics does not pay attention to language aesthetics, The rhetorical aesthetic propositions in Chinese aesthetic thought (wishful thinking and image, spirit and form, literature and quality, emptiness and reality, elegance and vulgarity, artistic conception theory, style theory, composition theory, rhetoric theory, etc.) are all absent in western aesthetics. This is largely due to the fact that western language is not a very perceptual language and emphasizes "grammatical logic" , which is quite different from Chinese. Western aesthetics has always paid attention to the essence of beauty and discussed the beauty of literature and art only as the expression of the essence of beauty. The early western aesthetic thought originated from the Pythagoras School (c580 – c500bc) and flourished in Plato and Aristotle. Ancient Greek and Roman Aesthetics focused on the "essence of beauty". At first, aesthetics was regarded as an integral part of philosophy. Until sugraty began to pay attention to the humanism of beauty and put forward that the standard of beauty lies in "utility to people" 。 Later western aesthetics was deeply influenced by classical aesthetics, and discussed the essence, emergence and expression of beauty. Western medieval aesthetics has a strong theological color. It holds that "the beauty of perceptual things is limited and the beauty of God is infinite". The former is intuitive and non purposeful, while the latter is "the highest beauty" and "the beauty of divinity". The scholastic philosophy aesthetics in the late Middle Ages, represented by the famous philosopher Thomas Aquinas, put forward "three factors of beauty", namely "integrity", "harmony" and "distinctiveness" Claritas basically doesn't talk about language aesthetics. Modern western aesthetics still focuses on the nature and form of beauty, which is deeply influenced by Aquinas. In the 18th century, the British Scholastics aesthetics believed that "beauty is a psychological activity produced by the form of objective foreign objects in line with people's subjective psychological structure". Kant (I. Kant, 1724 – 1804) under the influence of scholastic philosophy aesthetics, he combined the "psychological structure theory" with the "subjective talent theory" of German rationalists to launch the subjectivist "state of mind theory". After the mid-19th century, western modern aesthetics inherited Kant's influence, mostly from human subjectivity From the perspective of subjectivity, this paper discusses the essence of beauty and focuses on the attribute of beauty. The speculative color is very strong, which is basically "metaphysical", and language is the communication tool of "metaphysical". Since the 19th century, the general trend of western aesthetics has been to separate from the philosophical system and develop in the direction of specialization, diversification and multidisciplinary, from the speculative deduction of "top-down" to "top-down" Although the empirical evidence of "bottom-up" still adheres to the discussion of the definition and essential attributes of beauty, the aesthetic subject has gradually expanded to the broader field of the relationship between aesthetic subject and objective, and the methodology has shifted from simple induction or deduction to scientific experimental verification. Scientific empiricism and traditional humanistic aesthetics are the mainstream of Western Aesthetics in the 20th century.(Kant,1972, 103)
+Third, traditionally, especially compared with Chinese traditional aesthetics, western aesthetics does not pay attention to language aesthetics, The rhetorical aesthetic propositions in Chinese aesthetic thought (wishful thinking and image, spirit and form, literature and quality, emptiness and reality, elegance and vulgarity, artistic conception theory, style theory, composition theory, rhetoric theory, etc.) are all absent in western aesthetics. This is largely due to the fact that western language is not a very perceptual language and emphasizes "grammatical logic" , which is quite different from Chinese. Western aesthetics has always paid attention to the essence of beauty and discussed the beauty of literature and art only as the expression of the essence of beauty. The early western aesthetic thought originated from the Pythagoras School and flourished in Plato and Aristotle. Ancient Greek and Roman Aesthetics focused on the "essence of beauty". At first, aesthetics was regarded as an integral part of philosophy. Until sugraty began to pay attention to the humanism of beauty and put forward that the standard of beauty lies in "utility to people". Later western aesthetics was deeply influenced by classical aesthetics, and discussed the essence, emergence and expression of beauty. Western medieval aesthetics has a strong theological color. It holds that "the beauty of perceptual things is limited and the beauty of God is infinite". The former is intuitive and non purposeful, while the latter is "the highest beauty" and "the beauty of divinity". The scholastic philosophy aesthetics in the late Middle Ages, represented by the famous philosopher Thomas Aquinas, put forward "three factors of beauty", namely "integrity", "harmony" and "distinctiveness" Claritas basically doesn't talk about language aesthetics. Modern western aesthetics still focuses on the nature and form of beauty, which is deeply influenced by Aquinas. In the 18th century, the British Scholastics aesthetics believed that "beauty is a psychological activity produced by the form of objective foreign objects in line with people's subjective psychological structure". Kant (I. Kant, 1724 – 1804) under the influence of scholastic philosophy aesthetics, he combined the "psychological structure theory" with the "subjective talent theory" of German rationalists to launch the subjectivist "state of mind theory". After the mid-19th century, western modern aesthetics inherited Kant's influence, mostly from human subjectivity From the perspective of subjectivity, this paper discusses the essence of beauty and focuses on the attribute of beauty. The speculative color is very strong, which is basically "metaphysical", and language is the communication tool of "metaphysical". Since the 19th century, the general trend of western aesthetics has been to separate from the philosophical system and develop in the direction of specialization, diversification and multidisciplinary, from the speculative deduction of "top-down" to "top-down" Although the empirical evidence of "bottom-up" still adheres to the discussion of the definition and essential attributes of beauty, the aesthetic subject has gradually expanded to the broader field of the relationship between aesthetic subject and objective, and the methodology has shifted from simple induction or deduction to scientific experimental verification. Scientific empiricism and traditional humanistic aesthetics are the mainstream of Western Aesthetics in the 20th century.(Kant,1972, 103)
 The separation of Western Aesthetics from philosophy coincides with the rise of historical comparative philology. This major historical development and change is to promote the transformation of western translation theory from aesthetics to literature (including modern and postmodern literary theory) and linguistics, which is also a remarkable feature of the development track of western translation theory different from Chinese translation theory. It is no accident that western translation theory is separated from aesthetics and appeals to linguistics.corrected by--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 03:41, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

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	In the period of modern translation theory, the development of language science is very closely related to Western translation theory. Roman Jacobson (Roman Jacobson, 1896–1982), a translation theorist at the early stage of modern translation theory, is one of the founders of the Prague School and a well-known phonetician. Obviously, Jacobson's discourse on translated poems is based on phoneme analysis. Jacobson believes that poetry is "untranslatable" strictly speaking, because poetry is subject to the constraints of the arrangement relationship between phonemes and sememes, that is, units of meaning. To get rid of this constraint, translation The family can only resort to "transplantation" and it is "no less than creative transplantation of different language symbols (phonetic arrangements) created". Two prominent translation theorists in the 1950s, Jean Paul Vinay and Jean Darbenet, mainly relied on scientific linguistics to discuss translation rhetoric from the perspectives of functional stylistics and contrastive linguistics. After entering the 1960s, JC Catford clearly quoted the founder of the London School Firth (JR Firth, 1890–1960) and Firth's successor MAK Halliday's basic linguistic theories to solve the bilingual conversion. problem. E. Nida and G. Mounin mainly analyze the translation process from the perspective of structural linguistics. Among them, Nida's research results are the most eye-catching. During the 1970s and 1980s, Nida began to notice the weakness of linguistics that emphasized formal transformation and insufficient semantic research. Around the issue of "meaning" and cultural issues, many more books came out, and proposed "dynamic equivalence" (dynamic equivalence). , 1984), emphasizing the meaning view of social semiotics. In the second half of the 20th century, Western postmodern thoughts spread throughout Europe and the United States. Deconstructionism, in particular, has the deepest influence on cultural thoughts and academic thoughts. Western translation theories have also turned to "postmodernism" (especially comparative literary theory) to absorb theoretical ideas, and the great limitations of "postmodernism" have also emerged. Contemporary Western translation theory can be said to have entered a comprehensive use of various disciplines of linguistics, postmodern literary theory, semiotics, rhetoric, philosophy of language (including semantics), logic, aesthetics and other social sciences, as well as information theory, computer science, etc. The "comprehensive development period of translation theories" is a period of full bloom to solve translation problems. It seems that this is also the general trend of Western translation theory in the 21st century.		In the period of modern translation theory, the development of language science is very closely related to Western translation theory. Roman Jacobson (Roman Jacobson, 1896–1982), a translation theorist at the early stage of modern translation theory, is one of the founders of the Prague School and a well-known phonetician. Obviously, Jacobson's discourse on translated poems is based on phoneme analysis. Jacobson believes that poetry is "untranslatable" strictly speaking, because poetry is subject to the constraints of the arrangement relationship between phonemes and sememes, that is, units of meaning. To get rid of this constraint, translation The family can only resort to "transplantation" and it is "no less than creative transplantation of different language symbols (phonetic arrangements) created". Two prominent translation theorists in the 1950s, Jean Paul Vinay and Jean Darbenet, mainly relied on scientific linguistics to discuss translation rhetoric from the perspectives of functional stylistics and contrastive linguistics. After entering the 1960s, JC Catford clearly quoted the founder of the London School Firth (JR Firth, 1890–1960) and Firth's successor MAK Halliday's basic linguistic theories to solve the bilingual conversion. problem. E. Nida and G. Mounin mainly analyze the translation process from the perspective of structural linguistics. Among them, Nida's research results are the most eye-catching. During the 1970s and 1980s, Nida began to notice the weakness of linguistics that emphasized formal transformation and insufficient semantic research. Around the issue of "meaning" and cultural issues, many more books came out, and proposed "dynamic equivalence" (dynamic equivalence). , 1984), emphasizing the meaning view of social semiotics. In the second half of the 20th century, Western postmodern thoughts spread throughout Europe and the United States. Deconstructionism, in particular, has the deepest influence on cultural thoughts and academic thoughts. Western translation theories have also turned to "postmodernism" (especially comparative literary theory) to absorb theoretical ideas, and the great limitations of "postmodernism" have also emerged. Contemporary Western translation theory can be said to have entered a comprehensive use of various disciplines of linguistics, postmodern literary theory, semiotics, rhetoric, philosophy of language (including semantics), logic, aesthetics and other social sciences, as well as information theory, computer science, etc. The "comprehensive development period of translation theories" is a period of full bloom to solve translation problems. It seems that this is also the general trend of Western translation theory in the 21st century.
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	The fourth period is The contemporary Period. This period can actually be divided into two stages. The first stage is from the end of the 19th century to the 1950s. It can also be called the "Pre-Modern Linguistic Period". Parallel to it is The Pre-Modern Linguistic Period. The Swiss linguist Saussure The study of modern linguistics was the starting point (1891), which marked the publication of the first scientific linguistics book "Cours de Linguistique Generale" (Cours de Linguistique Generale, 1916). Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) is the founder of modern linguistics and a pioneer of structural linguistics. His main contribution is to point out the arbitrariness of linguistic signs and the linearity of the signifier; language has internal and external distinctions, diachronic and synchronic distinctions. The value of language signs is constantly evolving, so a descriptive attitude should be taken to language instead of It is prescribed. Saussure's scientific linguistics has a profound influence on western modern linguistics and translation theories.		The fourth period is The contemporary Period. This period can actually be divided into two stages. The first stage is from the end of the 19th century to the 1950s. It can also be called the "Pre-Modern Linguistic Period". Parallel to it is The Pre-Modern Linguistic Period. The Swiss linguist Saussure The study of modern linguistics was the starting point (1891), which marked the publication of the first scientific linguistics book "Cours de Linguistique Generale" (Cours de Linguistique Generale, 1916). Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) is the founder of modern linguistics and a pioneer of structural linguistics. His main contribution is to point out the arbitrariness of linguistic signs and the linearity of the signifier; language has internal and external distinctions, diachronic and synchronic distinctions. The value of language signs is constantly evolving, so a descriptive attitude should be taken to language instead of It is prescribed. Saussure's scientific linguistics has a profound influence on western modern linguistics and translation theories.

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 The second period of western translation theory, the ancient period, lasted a long time, from the "post Augustine" period at the end of the 5th century to the eve of the European industrial revolution, that is, the late 18th century, covering the whole Middle Ages and about 300 years later (500-1795). Translation theory in this period was accompanied by two great historical achievements: the Renaissance and the religious reform. Therefore, the translation theory in this period is characterized by cultural literary translation and religious (Scripture) translation.
 The prelude to the European Renaissance (which began in the 14th century, peaked in the 15th and 16th centuries and ended in the mid-17th century) is the flourishing of Christian civilization, marked by the so-called "edict of Milan" issued by Constantine I. The imperial edict authorized Christianity to obtain legal status in the Roman Empire. Since then, Christianity has become more and more popular through the influence of the Holy See. The Scriptures have been proofread and translated by Jerome and Augustine. Christian civilization has flourished all over Europe in the early Middle Ages.
 At the same time, European social economy also appeared commercialization and handicrafts under the framework of medieval Christian civilization, leading to the emergence of city-state politics and urban landscape, which was the initial light of the Renaissance. By the 13th century, there were many European literary and artistic masters, including Dante (1265 – 1321, the author of Divine Comedy), Boccaccio (1313 – 1375, the author of Decameron), Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) and raffaelo Sanzio rapheal (1483 – 1520), who awakened European national consciousness and the so-called "all talent ideal"（ The worship and pursuit of "the well-sound personality" had a profound impact. What went hand in hand with the prosperity of literature and art and the development of city-state politics was the popularity of social and political theories and new social trends of thought at that time. Europeans scrambled to study the famous works discoveries on Livy (1531) by Nicolo Machiavelli (1569 – 1527). Someone described the grand translation of the time and said: "The entire city of Rome became a translation factory, specializing in the production of translations from Greek to Latin". In fact, the grand translation at the time was far more than just in Rome, and not only between Greek and Latin. Florence is not inferior to Rome. From the 14th to the 16th century, the city of Buddhism was the center of Italian literature and art. The grand translation of Europe at the time was very much in line with Bruno's (Giordano Bruno, c1548–1600) prediction. He said: "All science can only bear fruit with the help of translation."  (Steiner,1975, 259)
 All this made The "translation industry" has developed unprecedentedly. Translation practice has promoted translation research. At this time, there are different translation theories, and the scope of discussion has gone beyond the vision of classical translation theorists, with a strong color of verification. One of the best, which can be said to be the first Western philosopher to comprehensively attack translation, is Roger Bacon. Bacon was a pioneer in the field of Natural Science in the 13th century. He condemned the translation between Greek, Hebrew and Latin as full of semantic distortion "with the philosophical insight of natural scientists", which reduced the translation to a "hodgepodge of errors and misunderstandings". (L. G. Kelly,1979, 9)
-It was driven by Bacon's call to put things right that the Bible appeared John Wycliffe (c1330 – 1384), a religious reformer, translated the first English translation of the Bible of Wycliffe. His influential translation of the Bible of Wycliffe reflects the spirit of verification of Bacon's later progressive translation theory, which was invaluable in the ignorant middle ages. Wycliffe believed that Christ was the master of mankind and opposed the church's "orthodox doctrine" (the orthodox church doctrine) arbitrarily interpreted the meaning of the Bible, denounced the "papal infallibility", refused to accept the Vatican's arbitrary interpretation of the Scriptures and adhered to the semantics of the original language, thus posing strong doubts and challenges to the translation. In fact, this is a religious reform movement advocated by Martin Luther on the European continent has a far-reaching impact on the history of translation in Britain and even Europe. Social criticism and scholars' verification have greatly improved the level of translation. Following Roger Bacon, many people in Europe have successively raised challenges to translation, pointing out that there were three major criticisms of translation at that time: one was to know what it said but not what it meant; the other was to know what it meant but not what it meant. ; The third is that they are both ignorant and ignorant. Although this attack is mainly aimed at the translation of the Bible, it is actually very common. This period is a productive period in the history of European translation.(L. G. Kelly,1979, 10)
 The second period of western translation theory - the ancient period, lasted a long time, from the "post Augustine" period at the end of the 5th century to the eve of the European industrial revolution, that is, the late 18th century, covering the whole Middle Ages and about 300 years later (500-1795). Translation theory in this period was accompanied by two great historical achievements: the Renaissance and the religious reform. Therefore, the translation theory in this period is characterized by cultural literary translation and religious (Scripture) translation.
 The prelude to the European Renaissance (which began in the 14th century, peaked in the 15th and 16th centuries and ended in the mid-17th century) is the flourishing of Christian civilization, marked by the so-called "edict of Milan" issued by Constantine I. The imperial edict authorized Christianity to obtain legal status in the Roman Empire. Since then, Christianity has become more and more popular through the influence of the Holy See. The Scriptures have been proofread and translated by Jerome and Augustine. Christian civilization has flourished all over Europe in the early Middle Ages.
 At the same time, European social economy also appeared commercialization and handicrafts under the framework of medieval Christian civilization, leading to the emergence of city-state politics and urban landscape, which was the initial light of the Renaissance. By the 13th century, there were many European literary and artistic masters, including Dante (1265 – 1321, the author of Divine Comedy), Boccaccio (1313 – 1375, the author of Decameron), Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) and raffaelo Sanzio rapheal (1483 – 1520), who awakened European national consciousness and the so-called "all talent ideal"（ The worship and pursuit of "the well-sound personality" had a profound impact. What went hand in hand with the prosperity of literature and art and the development of city-state politics was the popularity of social and political theories and new social trends of thought at that time. Europeans scrambled to study the famous works discoveries on Livy (1531) by Nicolo Machiavelli (1569 – 1527). Someone described the grand translation of the time and said: "The entire city of Rome became a translation factory, specializing in the production of translations from Greek to Latin". In fact, the grand translation at the time was far more than just in Rome, and not only between Greek and Latin. Florence is not inferior to Rome. From the 14th to the 16th century, the city of Buddhism was the center of Italian literature and art. The grand translation of Europe at the time was very much in line with Bruno's prediction. He said: "All science can only bear fruit with the help of translation."  (Steiner,1975, 259)
 All this made The "translation industry" has developed unprecedentedly. Translation practice has promoted translation research. At this time, there are different translation theories, and the scope of discussion has gone beyond the vision of classical translation theorists, with a strong color of verification. One of the best, which can be said to be the first Western philosopher to comprehensively attack translation, is Roger Bacon Bacon was a pioneer in the field of Natural Science in the 13th century. He condemned the translation between Greek, Hebrew and Latin as full of semantic distortion "with the philosophical insight of natural scientists", which reduced the translation to a "hodgepodge of errors and misunderstandings". (L. G. Kelly,1979, 9)
 It was driven by Bacon's call to put things right that the Bible appeared John Wycliffe, a religious reformer, translated the first English translation of the Bible of Wycliffe. His influential translation of the Bible of Wycliffe reflects the spirit of verification of Bacon's later progressive translation theory, which was invaluable in the ignorant middle ages. Wycliffe believed that Christ was the master of mankind and opposed the church's "orthodox doctrine" (the orthodox church doctrine) arbitrarily interpreted the meaning of the Bible, denounced the "papal infallibility", refused to accept the Vatican's arbitrary interpretation of the Scriptures and adhered to the semantics of the original language, thus posing strong doubts and challenges to the translation. In fact, this is a religious reform movement advocated by Martin Luther on the European continent (the reform, C1520 – c1525) has a far-reaching impact on the history of translation in Britain and even Europe. Social criticism and scholars' verification have greatly improved the level of translation. Following Roger Bacon, many people in Europe have successively raised challenges to translation, pointing out that there were three major criticisms of translation at that time: one was to know what it said but not what it meant; the other was to know what it meant but not what it meant. ; The third is that they are both ignorant and ignorant. Although this attack is mainly aimed at the translation of the Bible, it is actually very common. This period is a productive period in the history of European translation.(L. G. Kelly,1979, 10)Corrected by--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 14:59, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

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 We can first analyze it from the historical development. Western translation theory can be roughly divided into four periods: classical translation theory period, ancient translation theory period, modern translation theory period and modern translation theory period.
-George Steiner divides Western translation theory into the following four periods in his famous book After Babel: The first period is from Cicero and Horace to Taitler, and the later book Essay on the Principles of Translation is published ( 1791) as a symbol; the second period is from the end of the 19th century to the 1940s, with Valery as a representative; the third period is marked by the advent and development of machine translation technology and theory in the 1940s; the fourth period Generally parallel to the third period, it is marked by hermeneutic and metaphysical inquiries (hermeneutic and metaphysical inquiries). Steiner's periodization has been criticized by Western translation theory circles.
+George Steiner divides Western translation theory into the following four periods in his famous book After Babel: The first period is from Cicero and Horace to Taitler, and the later book Essay on the Principles of Translation is published as a symbol; the second period is from the end of the 19th century to the 1940s, with Valery as a representative; the third period is marked by the advent and development of machine translation technology and theory in the 1940s; the fourth period Generally parallel to the third period, it is marked by hermeneutic and metaphysical inquiries (hermeneutic and metaphysical inquiries). Steiner's periodization has been criticized by Western translation theory circles.
 From the overall historical development process, Chinese and western translation theories have an indissoluble bond with aesthetics from the beginning.

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 === 摘要 ===
-西方译论可以大致分为古典译论期、古代译论期、近代译论期、现代译论期等四个时期。古典译论期的主要译论家是西塞罗、霍拉斯和杰罗姆，他们代表了西方译论长达2000年发展史的源头。古代译论期的译论伴随文艺复兴和宗教改革，以文艺翻译和宗教翻译为特征。前现代期在文化上影响译论的最重要的现象是启蒙中古代语文学和诠释学派的发展。当代西方译论可以说进入了一个综合利用语言学各学科、后现代文论、符号学、修辞学、语言哲学、逻辑学、美学等社会科学以及信息理论、计算机科学等翻译理论综合开发期。西方翻译发轫于古罗马对希腊文明的渴求，即所谓爱琴海文明的西进。西方译论的立论依据比较广，译论范围也比较宽，但始终围绕语言学展开。
+西方译论大致可以分为古典译论期、古代译论期、近代译论期、现代译论期四个时期。古典译论期的主要译论家是西塞罗、霍拉斯和杰罗姆，他们代表了西方译论长达2000年发展史的源头。古代译论期的译论伴随文艺复兴和宗教改革，以文艺翻译和宗教翻译为特征。前现代期在文化上影响译论的最重要的现象是启蒙中古代语文学和诠释学派的发展。当代西方译论进入了一个综合利用语言学各学科、后现代文论、符号学、修辞学、语言哲学、逻辑学、美学等社会科学以及信息理论、计算机科学等翻译理论综合开发期。西方翻译发轫于古罗马对希腊文明的渴求，即所谓爱琴海文明的西进。西方译论的立论依据比较广，译论范围也比较宽，但始终围绕语言学展开。
 ===关键词 ===