Hist Trans Theo EN 5 - Revision history

Zhang Yiran: /* Introduction */

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Introduction

Zhang Yiran: /* Abstract */

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Abstract

Zhang Yiran: /* 5.References */

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5.References

Zhang Yiran: /* 5.References */

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5.References

Zhang Yiran: /* 5.References */

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5.References

Zhang Yiran: /* 3.1. Pushkin 's ideas on translation. */

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3.1. Pushkin 's ideas on translation.

Zhang Yiran: /* 3.1. Belinsky's ideas on translation. */

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3.1. Belinsky's ideas on translation.

Zhang Yiran: /* 4.Conclusion */

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4.Conclusion

Zhang Yiran: /* 3.1. Pushkin 's ideas on translation. */

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3.1. Pushkin 's ideas on translation.

Zhang Yiran: /* 2.3 Second half of the19th century Russian translation. */

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2.3 Second half of the19th century Russian translation.

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 ===Introduction===
-This essay provides a comprehensive and concise overview of the history of translation in Russia: Russian written translations began in the Kievan Rus' era, when religious subjects were the main focus of translations, especially the Bible, which was translated from Greek. Religious translations continued to flourish under the Moscow principality, represented by Maksim Gleick (МаксимГрек). At the same time, the national character of Russian translations began to emerge, and the languages of translation expanded from Greek to Latin, German and West Slavic, and the subjects covered included Western chivalric fiction, geographical literature, alchemy and medicine. In the eighteenth century, Peter the Great introduced a number of measures to focus on translation, making this period a turning point in the history of Russian translation. The proliferation of specialised translations (e.g. of legal texts) was the main feature of translation activity in the early eighteenth century. After this period Russian translators began to translate literary works.The main translators were Lomonosov (М.В. Ломоносов) and Tretyakovsky (V.K. Тредьяковский). In the second half of the eighteenth century, translation was given greater importance in Russia, and the Society for the Translation of Foreign Books was founded by Ekaterina II, in which a large number of outstanding translators emerged. The nineteenth century was a golden period in the history of Russian translation. Karamzin (Н.М.Карамзин) and Zhukovsky (В.А.Жуковский) both produced many excellent translations. Pushkin (A.С.Пушкин) and Lermontov (M.Ю.Лермонтов) contributed greatly to the development of Russian literature in translation, while Fetter concentrated on love poetry. In the twentieth century, the Russian translation community made significant achievements in theoretical translation studies. In particular, the rapid development of the philological school and the debate between the literary and philological schools made Soviet translation theory one of the leading theories of translation in the world.(Guo Lin,2006:5)Written by--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 12:57, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
+This paper provides a comprehensive and concise overview of the history of translation in Russia: Russian written translations began in the Kievan Rus' era, when religious subjects were the main focus of translations, especially the Bible, which was translated from Greek. Religious translations continued to flourish under the Moscow principality, represented by Maksim Gleick (МаксимГрек). At the same time, the national character of Russian translations began to emerge, and the languages of translation expanded from Greek to Latin, German and West Slavic, and the subjects covered included Western chivalric fiction, geographical literature, alchemy and medicine. In the eighteenth century, Peter the Great introduced a number of measures to focus on translation, making this period a turning point in the history of Russian translation. The proliferation of specialised translations (e.g. of legal texts) was the main feature of translation activity in the early eighteenth century. After this period Russian translators began to translate literary works.The main translators were Lomonosov (М.В. Ломоносов) and Tretyakovsky (V.K. Тредьяковский). In the second half of the eighteenth century, translation was given greater importance in Russia, and the Society for the Translation of Foreign Books was founded by Ekaterina II, in which a large number of outstanding translators emerged. The nineteenth century was a golden period in the history of Russian translation. Karamzin (Н.М.Карамзин) and Zhukovsky (В.А.Жуковский) both produced many excellent translations. Pushkin (A.С.Пушкин) and Lermontov (M.Ю.Лермонтов) contributed greatly to the development of Russian literature in translation, while Fetter concentrated on love poetry. In the twentieth century, the Russian translation community made significant achievements in theoretical translation studies. In particular, the rapid development of the philological school and the debate between the literary and philological schools made Soviet translation theory one of the leading theories of translation in the world.(Guo Lin,2006:5)Written by--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 12:57, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 ===1.The history of Russian translation and the period of enlightenment of its translation theory. ===

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 ===Abstract===
-Translation as a means of intercultural communication, each country has a distinctive translation ideology. This article focuses on the history of translation in pre-Soviet Russia. Through analyzing the history of translation, can find that Russia has formed a literary tradition of translation studies in the late 18th century. In the 19th century, Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev and other outstanding poets and literary scholars were keen on translation, especially in the middle of the century when Belinsky and other famous literary critics published a series of comments on literary translation, which emphasized the literary tradition of Russian translation to an unparalleled extent, which is rare in the history of translation in the world. The general principles of Russian literary translation thought were also formed during this period: namely, to insist on commenting on the merits of a translation in terms of the overall effect of the work, to emphasize the ideological content and literary value of the translation, and that the translation should serve the reader and be people-oriented. The above ideas influenced the formation of translation theory in the Soviet period. Therefore, a study of the history of translation theory in pre-Soviet Russia will help learners of Russian to better understand the characteristics of their translations and to improve the accuracy and peopleliness of their translations.Written by--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 12:57, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
+Translation as a means of intercultural communication, each country has a distinctive translation ideology. This paper focuses on the history of translation in pre-Soviet Russia. Through analyzing the history of translation, can find that Russia has formed a literary tradition of translation studies in the late 18th century. In the 19th century, Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev and other outstanding poets and literary scholars were keen on translation, especially in the middle of the century when Belinsky and other famous literary critics published a series of comments on literary translation, which emphasized the literary tradition of Russian translation to an unparalleled extent, which is rare in the history of translation in the world. The general principles of Russian literary translation thought were also formed during this period: namely, to insist on commenting on the merits of a translation in terms of the overall effect of the work, to emphasize the ideological content and literary value of the translation, and that the translation should serve the reader and be people-oriented. The above ideas influenced the formation of translation theory in the Soviet period. Therefore, a study of the history of translation theory in pre-Soviet Russia will help learners of Russian to better understand the characteristics of their translations and to improve the accuracy and peopleliness of their translations.Written by--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 12:57, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 ===Key words===

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 Gaczilaser Гачечиладзе Г.Р.(1959).  Вопросы теории художественного перевода Problems of Literary Theory.Тбилиси: Литература да хлебовнеба
-Gotsiridze；Khukhuni Гоциридзе Д.З.,Хухуни Г.Т(1984). Очерки по истории западно-европейского перевода и русского переводов.A summary of the history of Western European and Russian translations.-Тбилиси.
+Gotsiridze，Khukhuni Гоциридзе Д.З.,Хухуни Г.Т(1984). Очерки по истории западно-европейского перевода и русского переводов.A summary of the history of Western European and Russian translations.-Тбилиси.
 Guo Lin 郭琳（2006）.俄罗斯语言学派翻译理论若干问题研究[D] A Study of Some Problems of Translation Theory of the Russian School of Philology.首都师范大学 Capital Normal University.
-Levin；Fedorov Левин Ю.Д.,Федоров А.В(1960). Русские писатели о переводе Russian writers on translation .- Ленииград.
+Levin，Fedorov Левин Ю.Д.,Федоров А.В(1960). Русские писатели о переводе Russian writers on translation .- Ленииград.
 Li Zheng, Fan Min 李铮,范敏（2010）. 普希金与翻译[J] Pushkin and Translation. 现代交际 Modern Intercourse Journal,(05):69.

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	Wu, Keli 吴克礼（2006）.俄苏翻译理论流派综述 The Translation Methods and Studies in USSR. 上海外语教育出版社 Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.		Wu, Keli 吴克礼（2006）.俄苏翻译理论流派综述 The Translation Methods and Studies in USSR. 上海外语教育出版社 Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
		+
		+	Written by--[[User:Zhang Yiran\|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran\|talk]]) 06:38, 14 December 2021 (UTC)

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 ===5.References ===
-.Wu, Keli 吴克礼（2006）.俄苏翻译理论流派综述 The Translation Methods and Studies in USSR. 上海外语教育出版社 Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
+Feng Xin 冯欣（2009）. 俄罗斯翻译理论史及其影响研究[D] A study of the history of Russian translation theory and its influence.上海外国语大学 Shanghai International Studies University.
-.Guo Lin 郭琳（2006）.俄罗斯语言学派翻译理论若干问题研究[D] A Study of Some Problems of Translation Theory of the Russian School of Philology.首都师范大学 Capital Normal University.
+Gaczilaser Гачечиладзе Г.Р.(1959).  Вопросы теории художественного перевода Problems of Literary Theory.Тбилиси: Литература да хлебовнеба
-.Feng Xin 冯欣（2009）. 俄罗斯翻译理论史及其影响研究[D] A study of the history of Russian translation theory and its influence.上海外国语大学 Shanghai International Studies University.
+Gotsiridze；Khukhuni Гоциридзе Д.З.,Хухуни Г.Т(1984). Очерки по истории западно-европейского перевода и русского переводов.A summary of the history of Western European and Russian translations.-Тбилиси.
-.Wang，Yulun；Jiang,Wanzhu 王育伦,姜万砫（1989).别林斯基论文学翻译[J] Belinsky on Literary Translation .中国翻译 Chinese translators Journal ,(03):53-55.
+Guo Lin 郭琳（2006）.俄罗斯语言学派翻译理论若干问题研究[D] A Study of Some Problems of Translation Theory of the Russian School of Philology.首都师范大学 Capital Normal University.
-.Li Zheng, Fan Min 李铮,范敏（2010）. 普希金与翻译[J] Pushkin and Translation. 现代交际 Modern Intercourse Journal,(05):69.
+Levin；Fedorov Левин Ю.Д.,Федоров А.В(1960). Русские писатели о переводе Russian writers on translation .- Ленииград.

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 ===3.Translation ideas of famous writers of the 18-19th centuries. ===
 ===3.1. Pushkin 's ideas on translation. ===
-Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (Александр Сергеевич Пушкин, 1977-1837), a famous Russian poet and writer of the nineteenth century, was also very much a translator. Although he left behind few works on translation, his ideas on translation are worth studying. Pushkin's translations of poetry were associated with classicism in the early stages of his work and later with romanticism. Although these translations are far removed from the original in a literal sense, they are almost close to composition. Pushkin's significance as a translator, however, lies in 1) the reproduction of foreign originals in the standard Russian language he established in his translations and 2) the full expression of the realist artistic method in the heyday of his compositions: the focus on typical features and the technique of outlining the historical and individual characteristics that reflect the original.(Wu,2006:37-41)(Li Zheng & Fan Min,2010:69）
+Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (Александр Сергеевич Пушкин, 1977-1837), a famous Russian poet and writer of the nineteenth century, was also very much a translator. Although he left behind few works on translation, his ideas on translation are worth studying. Pushkin's translations of poetry were associated with classicism in the early stages of his work and later with romanticism. Although these translations are far removed from the original in a literal sense, they are almost close to composition. Pushkin's significance as a translator, however, lies in 1) the reproduction of foreign originals in the standard Russian language he established in his translations and 2) the full expression of the realist artistic method in the heyday of his compositions: the focus on typical features and the technique of outlining the historical and individual characteristics that reflect the original.(Wu,2006:37-41)(Li Zheng＆Fan Min,2010:69）
 Pushkin's translations have their own characteristics and style. He did not translate all of his works word for word from the original, and in some places he deleted what he considered to be redundant sentences in order to avoid the verbosity of the original, occasionally replacing the translation with a general paraphrase. He advocates respect for the characteristics of foreign readers, while at the same time opposing word-for-word translations, which can lead to the trampling of the mother tongue. He therefore advocated translations which, on the one hand, required fidelity to the original in terms of meaning and, on the other, should preserve the original's distinctive features.
-As he says in his unfinished 'On Milton and Chateaubriand's translation of Paradise Lost', commenting on Chateaubriand's translation: 'There is no doubt that Chateaubriand, while striving to translate Milton word for word (слов в слова), has failed to achieve correctness of meaning and expression in his own translation. A word-for-word translation can never be correct. Each language has its own terminology, its own conventional rhetorical devices, its own habitual expressions, and it is impossible to translate all this into another language using the corresponding vocabulary." Pushkin's rejection of word-for-word translation can be seen.(Li Zheng & Fan Min,2010:69）
+As he says in his unfinished 'On Milton and Chateaubriand's translation of Paradise Lost', commenting on Chateaubriand's translation: 'There is no doubt that Chateaubriand, while striving to translate Milton word for word (слов в слова), has failed to achieve correctness of meaning and expression in his own translation. A word-for-word translation can never be correct. Each language has its own terminology, its own conventional rhetorical devices, its own habitual expressions, and it is impossible to translate all this into another language using the corresponding vocabulary." Pushkin's rejection of word-for-word translation can be seen.(Li＆Fan,2010:69）
-Pushkin's influence on the cause of translation in Russia was immense, and this influence refers neither to his few translations nor to his theoretical views, but to the fact that Pushkin pioneered the translation of Russian literature. Although his ideas on translation cannot be called a theory, they do provide certain translation ideas for later generations of literary translators.(Li Zheng & Fan Min,2010:69）Written by--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 14:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
+Pushkin's influence on the cause of translation in Russia was immense, and this influence refers neither to his few translations nor to his theoretical views, but to the fact that Pushkin pioneered the translation of Russian literature. Although his ideas on translation cannot be called a theory, they do provide certain translation ideas for later generations of literary translators.(Li＆Fan,2010:69）Written by--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 14:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

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 ===3.1. Belinsky's ideas on translation. ===
 Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky (Виссарион Григорьевич Белинский, 1811-1848) was a famous literary critic of the nineteenth century and one of the most involved in the world of translation among Russian literary activists of his time. Belinsky was fluent in French and as a young man translated for two magazines, Miscellany and Telescope. Later, after a career in literary criticism, he published numerous articles on translation and criticism of translated works.
-Belinsky's and Pushkin's views on translation were very similar, both advocating that translations should not be word-for-word. Belinsky first introduced the term 'theory' of translation, and in his 1838 review of Polevoy's translation of Hamlet, he first proposed the need for a theory of translation. He considered the role of theory: "Any object that man perceives has a theory of its own, and a theory is the knowledge of the laws by which the object exists."
+Belinsky's and Pushkin's views on translation were very similar, both advocating that translations should not be word-for-word. Belinsky first introduced the term 'theory' of translation, and in his 1838 review of Polevoy's translation of Hamlet, he first proposed the need for a theory of translation. He considered the role of theory: "Any object that man perceives has a theory of its own, and a theory is the knowledge of the laws by which the object exists."（Wu，2006：51-53）
 Belinsky argues that in translation: "Closeness to the original is not a matter of conveying the literal meaning of the original, but of conveying the spirit of the original. Each
-language has its own distinctive expressions, characteristics and qualities; these are so distinctive that to correctly convey a certain image or sentence, it is sometimes necessary to change them completely in the translation. The corresponding image, like the corresponding sentence, does not necessarily lie in a superficial agreement of words: the inner life of the translation should be made to correspond to the inner life of the original". It can be seen that Belinsky, like Pushkin, was also opposed to word-for-word rigid translations, his view being that the task of translating a language lies in reproducing the spirit of the original. He believed that the preservation of the national character of the original is the crux of the vitality of a translation, so the question of the interrelationship between national character and translatability has always troubled Belinsky. He pointed out that 'there is only one rule for translating a literary work - to convey the spirit of the work being translated, and this can only be done by translating it into Russian as the author himself would have written it in Russian, if he had been Russian' (The Complete Works of Belinsky Volume 2).
+language has its own distinctive expressions, characteristics and qualities; these are so distinctive that to correctly convey a certain image or sentence, it is sometimes necessary to change them completely in the translation. The corresponding image, like the corresponding sentence, does not necessarily lie in a superficial agreement of words: the inner life of the translation should be made to correspond to the inner life of the original". It can be seen that Belinsky, like Pushkin, was also opposed to word-for-word rigid translations, his view being that the task of translating a language lies in reproducing the spirit of the original. He believed that the preservation of the national character of the original is the crux of the vitality of a translation, so the question of the interrelationship between national character and translatability has always troubled Belinsky. He pointed out that 'there is only one rule for translating a literary work - to convey the spirit of the work being translated, and this can only be done by translating it into Russian as the author himself would have written it in Russian, if he had been Russian' (The Complete Works of Belinsky Volume 2).（Wang，Yulun＆Jiang,Wanzhu，1989：53-55）
-Belinsky's career as a translator was marked by a number of achievements, and his view of translation as a whole is a complete and rigorous system. His view of translation was developed gradually, and in the process it was dominated by an increasingly firm recognition of the possibility of a successful solution to the task of translation, that is, of translatability. Belinsky believed that a translation must be discerning in its content and form in relation to the original. He has pointed out that "approaching the original is not the same as conveying the letters, but rather the spirit of the original." It is also suggested that the translator and the original author are two different kinds of people. But in order to convey the 'spirit' of the original in the translation, the translator's genius needs to reach a certain tacit understanding with this 'spirit'. He advocates the preservation of exoticism in translation, opposes naturalisation, the arbitrary distortion of the face of the original work, the overwhelming of the original author with the personality of the translator's style, the emphasis on both likeness and likeness, etc. However, while recognising the importance of reproducing the poetic form of the original work in translation, Belinsky also took into account the state of development of Russian literature in translation. This also led him to look favourably on translating good poetry in prose, seeing such translations as a form of transition for Russian readers to the treasures of world literature.
+Belinsky's career as a translator was marked by a number of achievements, and his view of translation as a whole is a complete and rigorous system. His view of translation was developed gradually, and in the process it was dominated by an increasingly firm recognition of the possibility of a successful solution to the task of translation, that is, of translatability. Belinsky believed that a translation must be discerning in its content and form in relation to the original. He has pointed out that "approaching the original is not the same as conveying the letters, but rather the spirit of the original." It is also suggested that the translator and the original author are two different kinds of people. But in order to convey the 'spirit' of the original in the translation, the translator's genius needs to reach a certain tacit understanding with this 'spirit'. He advocates the preservation of exoticism in translation, opposes naturalisation, the arbitrary distortion of the face of the original work, the overwhelming of the original author with the personality of the translator's style, the emphasis on both likeness and likeness, etc. However, while recognising the importance of reproducing the poetic form of the original work in translation, Belinsky also took into account the state of development of Russian literature in translation. This also led him to look favourably on translating good poetry in prose, seeing such translations as a form of transition for Russian readers to the treasures of world literature.（Wang＆Jiang，1989：53-55）
-Although Belinsky wrote little about literary translation, his theoretical views contain the kernel of the realist principles of translation proposed by contemporary Soviet literary translators. His ideas on translation had a very profound influence on the formation of translation theory in the Soviet period.--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 14:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
+Although Belinsky wrote little about literary translation, his theoretical views contain the kernel of the realist principles of translation proposed by contemporary Soviet literary translators. His ideas on translation had a very profound influence on the formation of translation theory in the Soviet period.Written by--[[User:Zhang Yiran|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran|talk]]) 14:42, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

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	===4.Conclusion ===		===4.Conclusion ===
−	Translation has demonstrated its importance in social activity since antiquity, yet it was only in the twentieth century that it became a widely followed professional discipline. This article reviews Russian translation activity and translation thought in pre-Soviet Russia, exploring its development before the formation of a theoretical system. Throughout the history of translation, Russian scholars have contributed greatly to the development of translation literature in the world. Through combing through the history of Russian translation, we learn that the translation ideas of a number of outstanding writers, though not theoretical, have had an unmistakable impact on later generations. When discussing the translation ideas of 19th-century writers, we are inspired to insist on the principle that "closeness to the original is not a matter of conveying the literal meaning of the original, but of conveying the spirit of the original", emphasizing the ideological content and literary value of the translation, that the translation should serve the readers, and that the translation should be people-oriented. These ideas influenced, to a greater or lesser extent, the formation of translation theory in the Soviet period. Therefore, the study of the history of translation in pre-Soviet Russia is not only conducive to sorting out Russian translation ideas Russian learners can better understand the characteristics of their translations when translating and improve the accuracy of their translations.--[[User:Zhang Yiran\|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran\|talk]]) 14:44, 13 December 2021 (UTC)	+	Translation has demonstrated its importance in social activity since antiquity, yet it was only in the twentieth century that it became a widely followed professional discipline. This article reviews Russian translation activity and translation thought in pre-Soviet Russia, exploring its development before the formation of a theoretical system. Throughout the history of translation, Russian scholars have contributed greatly to the development of translation literature in the world. Through combing through the history of Russian translation, we learn that the translation ideas of a number of outstanding writers, though not theoretical, have had an unmistakable impact on later generations. When discussing the translation ideas of 19th-century writers, we are inspired to insist on the principle that "closeness to the original is not a matter of conveying the literal meaning of the original, but of conveying the spirit of the original", emphasizing the ideological content and literary value of the translation, that the translation should serve the readers, and that the translation should be people-oriented. These ideas influenced, to a greater or lesser extent, the formation of translation theory in the Soviet period. Therefore, the study of the history of translation in pre-Soviet Russia is not only conducive to sorting out Russian translation ideas Russian learners can better understand the characteristics of their translations when translating and improve the accuracy of their translations.Written by--[[User:Zhang Yiran\|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran\|talk]]) 14:44, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

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	Translation in Russia developed in the second half of the 19th century. From the 1960s onwards, the Russian readership of non-language speakers began to expand, and these readers were keen to see the translation 'replace' the original. This demand led to an unprecedented expansion in the choice of subjects and translations of Russian literature. Interest in foreign theatrical works was particularly high at this stage, and a strong interest in European classical literature also developed. Dickens, Saclay, Victor Hugo, Dumas, Balzac, Flaubert, Tudor, Maupassant and Zola, as well as lesser-known writers of today, were successively brought to the attention of a wide range of Russian readers in the form of translations. At that time, European theatre classics like Shakespeare's plays were translated into Russia in large numbers. Many professional translators were involved, the most successful being the translator P.N.V. Weinberg. He translated foreign literature from the standpoint of progressive Russian literature of the time. His translation of Othello, for example, is notable for its vividness in the Russian language, and has always been recognised as the best translation in terms of conveying the totality of scenes, plots and long dialogues, even though the translation is wordy compared to the original.(Feng,2009:15-16)		Translation in Russia developed in the second half of the 19th century. From the 1960s onwards, the Russian readership of non-language speakers began to expand, and these readers were keen to see the translation 'replace' the original. This demand led to an unprecedented expansion in the choice of subjects and translations of Russian literature. Interest in foreign theatrical works was particularly high at this stage, and a strong interest in European classical literature also developed. Dickens, Saclay, Victor Hugo, Dumas, Balzac, Flaubert, Tudor, Maupassant and Zola, as well as lesser-known writers of today, were successively brought to the attention of a wide range of Russian readers in the form of translations. At that time, European theatre classics like Shakespeare's plays were translated into Russia in large numbers. Many professional translators were involved, the most successful being the translator P.N.V. Weinberg. He translated foreign literature from the standpoint of progressive Russian literature of the time. His translation of Othello, for example, is notable for its vividness in the Russian language, and has always been recognised as the best translation in terms of conveying the totality of scenes, plots and long dialogues, even though the translation is wordy compared to the original.(Feng,2009:15-16)

−	Although there has been a quantitative surge in translations of Russian literature during this period, the quality has generally been poor, manifesting itself in word-for-word translations, redundant sentences and poor vocabulary, not to mention inventiveness. In addition, the language of the characters in the translation is heavily Russified, with Russian proverbs, sayings and idioms that the foreign characters could never have known, and the introduction of Russian-specific life circumstances that cause contradictions with the plot and details of the original work. For example, В Тулу со своим самоваром ехать (Bring your own samovar to Tula - it's superfluous). The reason for this is that the literary world did not attach much importance to the translation of fiction and prose, and there were no specialists working on this task. Another point is that at this stage there was little progress in the study of Russian translation theory, and no valuable theoretical insights emerged. The linguist A.A. Потебня (1835-1891) expressed his views on translation from a psychological standpoint in his essay "Language and Peopleliness ". In his view, it was impossible to express in another language what was originally intended to be expressed in a certain language. He, like many other literary scholars, denied the translatability of language.(Feng,2006:16)(Guo,2006:11)--[[User:Zhang Yiran\|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran\|talk]]) 14:41, 13 December 2021 (UTC)	+	Although there has been a quantitative surge in translations of Russian literature during this period, the quality has generally been poor, manifesting itself in word-for-word translations, redundant sentences and poor vocabulary, not to mention inventiveness. In addition, the language of the characters in the translation is heavily Russified, with Russian proverbs, sayings and idioms that the foreign characters could never have known, and the introduction of Russian-specific life circumstances that cause contradictions with the plot and details of the original work. For example, В Тулу со своим самоваром ехать (Bring your own samovar to Tula - it's superfluous). The reason for this is that the literary world did not attach much importance to the translation of fiction and prose, and there were no specialists working on this task. Another point is that at this stage there was little progress in the study of Russian translation theory, and no valuable theoretical insights emerged. The linguist A.A. Потебня (1835-1891) expressed his views on translation from a psychological standpoint in his essay "Language and Peopleliness ". In his view, it was impossible to express in another language what was originally intended to be expressed in a certain language. He, like many other literary scholars, denied the translatability of language.(Feng,2006:16)(Guo,2006:11)Written by--[[User:Zhang Yiran\|Zhang Yiran]] ([[User talk:Zhang Yiran\|talk]]) 14:41, 13 December 2021 (UTC)