Hist Trans Theo EN 8 - Revision history

Li Shuang: /* 5 The development of Nida's translation theory */

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5 The development of Nida's translation theory

Yin Yuan: /* Chapter 7 A Brief Introduction of Contemporary American Translation Theory——Examplified mainly by Nida */

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Chapter 7 A Brief Introduction of Contemporary American Translation Theory——Examplified mainly by Nida

Yin Yuan: /* 2 Key words */

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2 Key words

Yin Yuan: /* 1 Abstract */

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1 Abstract

Li Shuang: /* 4 The Characteristics of American translation theory */

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4 The Characteristics of American translation theory

Li Shuang: /* 3 Introduction */

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3 Introduction

Li Shuang: /* 2 Key words */

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2 Key words

Li Shuang: /* 1 Abstract */

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1 Abstract

Li Shuang: /* 1 Abstract */

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1 Abstract

Yin Yuan: /* 7 References */

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7 References

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 From Nida’s point of view, the first problem that should be considered about to measure a translation version is to predict the readers’ reactions, and then to compare the responses of the readers and the original readers. In the Language, Translation and Culture, “functional equivalence” is defined as: the target language readers should be able to understand the translation in the same way as the source language readers. In this definition, it underlines the fairly similar feelings of the target language readers and the source language readers. The translators can find equivalence, restructuring forms and semantic deconstruction to achieve it, which involves “closeness”, “naturalness” and “equivalence”.(Nida, 2002:157)
 ====1）Early period—translation theory in a linguistic stage with distinct structural overtones====
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 ====2) Middle period—Translation Science Theory and Translation Communication Theory====
 The formative period of Nida's translation theory is the second stage of his theoretical development -- the stage of translation communication theory. At this stage, Nida's translation thoughts experienced a change of cognition and attitude from the tendency to regarding translation as science to regarding translation as art. Nida's early efforts to apply linguistics to translation studies can also be seen in his many monographs and papers. Linguistics is a systematic subject with fixed rules, so Nida's early view of translation as a science is clearly expressed in the titles of monographs and papers such as --''Explorations in the Science of Translation'' and ''The Science of Translation''. Nida believes that the scientific study of translation is an important branch of comparative linguistics, which should focus on semantics and include all aspects involved in translation. At the same time, he felt that linguistic theory was of great help to the scientific analysis of translation. Therefore, the thought of translation studies based on linguistic theories is a thought that regards translation as a science. Similarly, the scientific analysis of translation will also provide new insights into linguistic theories. But even at this stage Nida acknowledges that the description of translation can be carried out on three functional levels: scientific, technical and artistic. As Nida's translation thoughts developed into communication theory and social symbol theory, Nida's definition and classification of translation gradually tended to be that translation belongs to a kind of art, and he believed that translators are all born, just like gifted artists.
 In 1969, Nida wrote the book ''Translation Theory and Practice'', which shows Nida's translation theory and thought during this period. In the stage of translation communication theory, Nida's translation ideas can be summarized as the following four points: First, it clearly puts forward the scientific concept of translation, and makes clear that translation is not only an art and a skill, but also a science. Nida's view that "translation is science" has had a profound influence on the western linguistics and translation theory world. However, Nida himself revised his view later, believing that translating is not a science, but translatology is a science. Secondly, the main development mark of Nida's second stage translation thought is to apply the research results of modern communication theory and information theory to the study of translation problems, and put forward the communicative theory of translation, which holds that translation is communication. Specifically, Nida believes that translation is a social communication activity across languages and cultures, and the primary task of translation is to make the translation clear to readers. Thirdly, Nida put forward the dynamic equivalence translation theory, which is the most famous aspect of Nida's translation theory. In the next chapter, we will explain and analyze the development and content of this theory in depth.
 Fourthly, Nida proposed a four-step translation process: analysis, transfer, restructuring and test. The object of analysis is the surface structure of the original text, so as to clarify the content and style, functional intention, pragmatic intention and other aspects of the original text. The result of analysis is the deep structure of the original text. The so-called surface structure is actually spoken, written words. A deep structure is a word or text containing all omitted elements and implied relations. For example, He is difficult to please. Its deep structure is "For others to please him is difficult". It analyzes whether the translation is correct or not and determines whether the translation is trustworthy (narrow sense) or faithful. Transferring is the process of transforming the analyzed corpus (source deep structure) from A language to B language (deep structure of the target language) in the translator's brain. The transfer takes place near the core sentence level, that is, at the level of the putative "basic structural elements" of a particular language. Reconstruction refers to the rearrangement, connection or deletion of a series of simple sentences that have been converted into the deep structure of the target language. In the reconstruction, the reconstruction methods adopted by English-Chinese translation and Chinese-English translation are completely different. In the process of E-C translation, the goal of reconstruction is to form sentences into a "bamboo structure" as far as possible, with few layers, and each part is mainly related through meaning. In the process of English translation, the common method is to rearrange each simple sentence according to the time or logical order of the semantic relationship of translation, and use appropriate reference means to carry out inter-clause reference and remove unnecessary connecting words. In the process of C-E translation, the goal of reconstruction is to connect the "bamboo structure" into the "grape structure" as much as possible. It requires proper grammatical means to link simple sentences together. The use of conjunctions, relations, or modifiers as unqualified elements to change a subordinate clause into a surrogate logical subject.(Tan,2002,34)

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 ===1 Abstract===
 The contemporary American translation theory mainly consists of American structural school of translation theory, communicative theory school, and social semiotics translation school. American structural school of translation theory is based on the thoughts of American structuralist school; Nida, as the representative of Communicative theory school, thinks that translating is the a manner of communication and must regard the readers as the service object from the view of Social linguistics and communicative function of language; social semiotics translation school views language as a symbol phenomenon that cannot be ignored when it is explained and translated. Nida is the theorist who experienced these three periods and its theory and ideas saturate with a strong sense of their influence, therefore, this paper gives a brief introduction of the history of the contemporary American translation theory as exemplified by Nida's theory. Written by --[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 13:42, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
 '''correction''': The contemporary American translation theory mainly consists of American structural school, communicative theory school, and social semiotics translation school.
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 '''correction''': Nida is the theorist who experienced these three periods and his theory and ideas saturate with a strong sense of their influence,--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 10:35, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
-===2 Key words===
+===摘要===
-History of American Translation Theories, Nida, American structural school of translation theory, communicative theory school, a social semiotics translation school
+当代美国翻译理论主要包括美国翻译理论的结构学派、交际理论学派和社会符号学翻译学派。美国结构主义翻译理论是以美国结构主义翻译理论为基础的;作为交际理论学派的代表人物，奈达认为，从社会语言学和语言的交际功能的角度看，翻译是一种交际方式，必须把读者作为服务对象；社会符号学翻译学派将语言视为一种解释和翻译时不可忽视的符号现象。奈达是经历了这三个时期的翻译理论家，其理论和思想受到了强烈的影响，因此，本文以奈达的理论为例，简要介绍了美国当代翻译理论的发展历史。--[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 13:03, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 美国翻译理论史，奈达、美国结构学派翻译学派、交际理论学派、社会符号学翻译学派
 Written by --[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 13:45, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
 '''correction''': Chinese abstract and key words are missing.--[[User:Li Shuang|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang|talk]]) 10:38, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:05, 15 December 2021
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	History of American Translation Theories, Nida, American structural school of translation theory, communicative theory school, a social semiotics translation school		History of American Translation Theories, Nida, American structural school of translation theory, communicative theory school, a social semiotics translation school

		+	美国翻译理论史，奈达、美国结构学派翻译学派、交际理论学派、社会符号学翻译学派
	Written by --[[User:Yin Yuan\|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan\|talk]]) 13:45, 8 December 2021 (UTC)		Written by --[[User:Yin Yuan\|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan\|talk]]) 13:45, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

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 ===1 Abstract===
-The contemporary American translation theory mainly consists of American structural school of translation theory, communicative theory school, and social semiotics translation school. American structural school of translation theory is based on the thoughts of American structuralist school; Nida, as the representative of Communicative theory school, thinks that translating is the a manner of communication and must regard the readers as the service object from the view of Social linguistics and communicative function of language; social semiotics translation school views language as a symbol phenomenon that cannot be ignored when it is explained and translated. Nida is the theorist who experienced these three periods and its theory and ideas saturate with a strong sense of their influence, therefore, this paper gives a brief introduction of the history of the contemporary American translation theory as exemplified by Nida's theory and other translators' theory. Written by --[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 13:42, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
+The contemporary American translation theory mainly consists of American structural school of translation theory, communicative theory school, and social semiotics translation school. American structural school of translation theory is based on the thoughts of American structuralist school; Nida, as the representative of Communicative theory school, thinks that translating is the a manner of communication and must regard the readers as the service object from the view of Social linguistics and communicative function of language; social semiotics translation school views language as a symbol phenomenon that cannot be ignored when it is explained and translated. Nida is the theorist who experienced these three periods and its theory and ideas saturate with a strong sense of their influence, therefore, this paper gives a brief introduction of the history of the contemporary American translation theory as exemplified by Nida's theory. Written by --[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 13:42, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
 '''correction''': The contemporary American translation theory mainly consists of American structural school, communicative theory school, and social semiotics translation school.

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:53, 15 December 2021
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	There are some mainly characteristics in the contemporary American translation theory. First of all, serialization and systematization of literary translation is the distinct feature of theory. After the World War II, lots of books of translation emerged in many countries. In terms of the whole western translation industry, the scope, forms, scale and achievements of translation after the Second World War are unmatched in any period in the history of western translation. German translation theorist P. W. Jumpelt called the 20th century "The Age of Translation". Research institutions and publishing houses vigorously made full use of human and material resources to translate, edit and publish various series of books, so as to compile and systematize the translation and publishing of western classics. Secondly, the scale of professional translation is unprecedented. Although western literary translation continued to flourish in the decades after the second World War, the 20th century has come to be known as the "Age of Translation" mainly because of its expansion into other fields. Thirdly, the translation organizations are everywhere. After the end of world War II, translators in western countries had mushroomed to establish various translation associations and set up various translation publications. Each association had its own purpose and purpose to carry out its work effectively. There were more translators' organizations in the United States than in any other western country. There were thirty organizations of translators of all sizes, among which the most well-known are the American Society of Translators, the American Federation of Linguists and the American Association of Literary Translators. Besides, machine translation developed rapidly during these years. The advent and development of machine translation is a remarkable event in the field of modern translation. The last one is that the translation works appeared one by one endlessly. As mentioned above, one of the major features of modern western translation studies is to bring translation issues into the field of linguistic research. Translation theorists, under the influence of the structural theory, transformation theory, function theory, discourse theory and information theory of modern linguistics, from the perspectives of comparative linguistics, applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, semantics, semiotics, logic, anthropology and philosophy, this paper tries to give new meanings and new contents to the ancient subject of translation studies, to propose new research methods, theoretical models and translation skills.(Tan Zaixi,2004:113) Written by --[[User:Yin Yuan\|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan\|talk]]) 13:48, 8 December 2021 (UTC)		There are some mainly characteristics in the contemporary American translation theory. First of all, serialization and systematization of literary translation is the distinct feature of theory. After the World War II, lots of books of translation emerged in many countries. In terms of the whole western translation industry, the scope, forms, scale and achievements of translation after the Second World War are unmatched in any period in the history of western translation. German translation theorist P. W. Jumpelt called the 20th century "The Age of Translation". Research institutions and publishing houses vigorously made full use of human and material resources to translate, edit and publish various series of books, so as to compile and systematize the translation and publishing of western classics. Secondly, the scale of professional translation is unprecedented. Although western literary translation continued to flourish in the decades after the second World War, the 20th century has come to be known as the "Age of Translation" mainly because of its expansion into other fields. Thirdly, the translation organizations are everywhere. After the end of world War II, translators in western countries had mushroomed to establish various translation associations and set up various translation publications. Each association had its own purpose and purpose to carry out its work effectively. There were more translators' organizations in the United States than in any other western country. There were thirty organizations of translators of all sizes, among which the most well-known are the American Society of Translators, the American Federation of Linguists and the American Association of Literary Translators. Besides, machine translation developed rapidly during these years. The advent and development of machine translation is a remarkable event in the field of modern translation. The last one is that the translation works appeared one by one endlessly. As mentioned above, one of the major features of modern western translation studies is to bring translation issues into the field of linguistic research. Translation theorists, under the influence of the structural theory, transformation theory, function theory, discourse theory and information theory of modern linguistics, from the perspectives of comparative linguistics, applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, semantics, semiotics, logic, anthropology and philosophy, this paper tries to give new meanings and new contents to the ancient subject of translation studies, to propose new research methods, theoretical models and translation skills.(Tan Zaixi,2004:113) Written by --[[User:Yin Yuan\|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan\|talk]]) 13:48, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
		+
		+	'''correction'''; there are some terms whose first letters aren't capitalized.--[[User:Li Shuang\|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang\|talk]]) 10:53, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

	===5 The development of Nida's translation theory===		===5 The development of Nida's translation theory===

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 ===3 Introduction===
 The contemporary American translation theory mainly consists of American structural school of translation theory, communicative theory school, and social semiotics translation school. American structural school of translation theory is based on the thoughts of American structuralist school; Nida, as the representative of Communicative theory school, thinks that translating is the a manner of communication and must regard the readers as the service object from the view of Social linguistics and communicative function of language; social semiotics translation school views language as a symbol phenomenon that cannot be ignored when it is explained and translated. As is known to all, in China, Nida's translation theory is the most widely known and deeply impressed among contemporary Western translation theories. Professor Tan Jinxi rightly classifies Nida's translation thought into three different stages: first, descriptive linguistics. Second, the stage of communication theory. Third, the stage of social semiotics . Generally speaking, we can summarize Nida's linguistic thoughts and translation thoughts as follows :(1) Nida is a universalist of language, who insists that all languages are equally expressive. What is expressed in one language can be said in another. (2) Nida's translation theory has undergone a transition from the tendency that translation is science to that translation is art. (3) Nida's basic translation thoughts can be summed up in the following three sentences: Translation is a communicative activity. Translation is to translate connotation. In order to translate meaning, it is necessary to change the form of language expression. (4) When it coms to the nature of translation, Nida proposed the famous concept of "dynamic equivalence", which was later renamed as "functional equivalence". Nida is the theorist who experienced these three periods and its theory and ideas saturate with a strong sense of their influence, therefore, this paper gives a brief introduction of the history of the contemporary American translation theory as exemplified by Nida's theory and other translators' theory. (Tan,2004:132)Written by --[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 13:47, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
 ===4 The Characteristics of American translation theory===

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	Written by --[[User:Yin Yuan\|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan\|talk]]) 13:45, 8 December 2021 (UTC)		Written by --[[User:Yin Yuan\|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan\|talk]]) 13:45, 8 December 2021 (UTC)
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		+	'''correction''': Chinese abstract and key words are missing.--[[User:Li Shuang\|Li Shuang]] ([[User talk:Li Shuang\|talk]]) 10:38, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

	===3 Introduction===		===3 Introduction===

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 ===7 References===
 Guo Qianzhong.(2002).郭建中.[当代美国翻译理论].''Contemporary American Translation Theory''.Wu Han: Hu Bei Education Press.
 Xie Tianzhen.(2009).谢天振.[中西翻译简史].''A brief history of Chinese and Western translation''. Bei Jing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
-Tan Zaixi.(2004).谭载喜.[西方翻译简史].''A brief history of Western translation''. Bei Jing: The Commercial Press.
+Xie Tianzhen.(2009).谢天振.[中西翻译简史].''A brief history of Chinese and Western translation''. Bei Jing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
 Nida, E. (2002). ''Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating''. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
-Xu Jun, Mu Lei.(2009).许钧，穆雷.[翻译学概论].''Introduction to Translatology''. Nan Jing: Yilin Press.
+Tan Zaixi.(2004).谭载喜.[西方翻译简史].''A brief history of Western translation''. Bei Jing: The Commercial Press.
 Hu Zhuanglin.(2001).胡壮麟.走进巴赫金的符号王国.''Walking into Bakhtin's Symbolic kingdom''.Foreign Language Study.(2)10-15.
-Chen Hongwei.(1996).陈宏薇.社会符号学翻译法研究.''A Study of Translation Methods in Social Semiotics''.Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao.(3):88-93.
+Nida, E. (2002). ''Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating''. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
 Yang Liping.(2006).杨丽萍.从符号学视角探索语际翻译.''An Exploration of Interlingual Translation from the Perspective of Semiotics''.Lanzhou University.8.
 Written by --[[User:Yin Yuan|Yin Yuan]] ([[User talk:Yin Yuan|talk]]) 13:50, 8 December 2021 (UTC)