History of Translation Studies 5 - Revision history

Root: /* The Influence of Translator's Invisibility and Visibility on Translator's Subjectivity */

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The Influence of Translator's Invisibility and Visibility on Translator's Subjectivity

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1.Introduction

Root: /* On Xu Yuanchong’s Translation of Tang Poems from the Perspective of the Creative Treason-李玉 Li Yu 202020080615 英美文学 */

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On Xu Yuanchong’s Translation of Tang Poems from the Perspective of the Creative Treason-李玉 Li Yu 202020080615 英美文学

Root: /* The brief introduction */

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The brief introduction

Root: /* Book Analysis: The Way of Translation: Theories and Application 周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing */

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Book Analysis: The Way of Translation: Theories and Application 周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing

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Root: /* Book Analysis: The Way of Transaltion: Theories and Application 周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing */

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Book Analysis: The Way of Transaltion: Theories and Application 周诗卿 Zhou Shiqing

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Root: /* Introduction */

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Introduction

Root: /* Key Words */

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Key Words

Root: /* Abstract */

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Abstract

Hu Jin: /* Translation of Business Contracts from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory 胡瑾 Hu Jin 202070080591 英语笔译 */

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Translation of Business Contracts from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory 胡瑾 Hu Jin 202070080591 英语笔译

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 The traditional translation theory focuses on the issue of language, focusing on how the ideal translator should do and what kind of requirements a perfect translation should achieve. It tries its best to eliminate the translator's traces in language and cultural transformation, and faithfully and completely convey all the information of the original work.
-According to the traditional translation theory, the translator should be invisible, that is, to achieve "transparency" and "invisibility". The "transparency" of the translation requires the translator to strive to achieve fluenct, while the "invisibility" refers to that the target readers should not see the trace and influence of the translator when reading the translation text. "The translator's invisibility depends on the following three conditions, which are often emphasized in the traditional translation theory: first, the translator should not incorporate his own subjective idea into the translation; second, the translator should not show his own personality in the translation; third, the translator should take the original text as the basis." (Xu Jun, 2003).
+According to the traditional translation theory, the translator should be invisible, that is, to achieve "transparency" and "invisibility". The "transparency" of the translation requires the translator to strive to achieve fluency, while the "invisibility" refers to that the target readers should not see the trace and influence of the translator when reading the translation text. "The translator's invisibility depends on the following three conditions, which are often emphasized in the traditional translation theory: first, the translator should not incorporate his own subjective idea into the translation; second, the translator should not show his own personality in the translation; third, the translator should take the original text as the basis." (Xu Jun, 2003).
 In a word, "faithfulness" and "equivalence" should be achieved in translation. The criterion of "faithfulness" also contributes to the tendency of traditional translation theories to neglect the translator's subjectivity. The traditional translation theories would emphasize to eliminate the differences in language, even some extreme domestication translation, even cultural differences. In domestication, the translator seems to be invisible. But the fact is that in order to meet the requirements of the target language and cultural norms, and get the recognition of the target language readers, the translator will spare no effort to exert his subjective initiative, which is the process of subject intervention. In this process, the translator should give full play to his subjectivity and bring his subjective idea into play. Therefore, on the surface, the translator seems to be "invisible", but in essence, this "invisibility" is also the result of the translator's subjective initiative, which is the translator's conscious choice and abandonment. (Li Zheng, Yang Xianyu 2011, 72)

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 俄语谚语；分类；汉译方法；翻译策略
-===1.Introduction===
+===1. Introduction===
 Proverbs are a genre of folk literature（Wang Yanrong 2013,114) , and they are simple, popular and meaningful fixed sentences commonly used by the people. Generally speaking, proverbs are rhythmic in form, including various life phenomena in content, rich in educational significance, vividly reflecting the cultural connotations and characteristics of a nation, and are the result of wisdom of the broad masses of people and the essence of a national language（Zhou Changyu 2006,5). Therefore, understanding proverbs is an effective way to understand a nation. Proverbs of different nationalities have their own characteristics. The translation of proverbs among different nationalities has become an important issue in translation studies. This chapter attempts to explore the translation methods and principles of Russian proverbs.
 ===2.Classification of Russian proverbs===

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 ===Key Words===
-Creative Treason, Tang Poems, Xu Yuanchong.
+Creative Treason, Tang Poems, Xu Yuanchong
 ===题目===
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 ===1.Introduction===
-Translation is a process during which the translator will consciously or unconsciously betrayed the source text due to the differences of culture between the target language and source language, especially in literary translation. French sociologist of literature Robert Escarpit proposed the concept of creative treason in his Sociology of Literature by saying that ”Translation is always a kind of creative treason”(Robert Escarpit,1987,137). And he further developed his argument by saying that “If we are willing to accept the view that translation is always a kind of creative treason, then the stimulating problem of translation may be solved. The reason why translation is treason is that it put the works into a completely unexpected reference system(refers to the language); the reason why translation is creative is that it not only endows the works with brand-new appearances so as to enable them to have a new literary communication with a wider range of readers but also give the works second lives while at the same time lengthens their lives”(Robert Escarpit,1987,139).
+Translation is a process during which the translator will consciously or unconsciously betrayed the source text due to the differences of culture between the target language and source language, especially in literary translation. French sociologist of literature Robert Escarpit proposed the concept of creative treason in his Sociology of Literature by saying that ”Translation is always a kind of creative treason” (Escarpit 1987:137). Here "treason" it is understood also in its connotation of "revolt" (叛逆). And he further developed his argument by saying that “If we are willing to accept the view that translation is always a kind of creative treason, then the stimulating problem of translation may be solved. The reason why translation is treason is that it put the works into a completely unexpected reference system (refers to the language); the reason why translation is creative is that it not only endows the works with brand-new appearances so as to enable them to have a new literary communication with a wider range of readers but also gives the works second lives while at the same time lengthens their lives” (Escarpit 1987:139).
-After that, renowned Chinese professor of comparative literature, Xie Tianzhen, have introduced creative treason into China and have profoundly pointed out the connotation of creative treason in his ''Media-Translatology'' by saying that “if creativity in literary translation indicates a kind of subjective endeavor of the translator to approach to and represent the original works, then the treacherousness in literary translation reflects an objective betrayal of the translated text to the original text that is caused by the translator’s trying to achieve some subjective goal in the process of translation”(Xie Tianzhen,106).
+After that, renowned Chinese professor of comparative literature, Xie Tianzhen, has introduced creative treason to China and has profoundly pointed out the connotation of creative treason in his ''Media-Translatology'' by saying that “if creativity in literary translation indicates a kind of subjective endeavor of the translator to approach to and represent the original works, then the treacherousness in literary translation reflects an objective betrayal of the translated text to the original text that is caused by the translator’s trying to achieve some subjective goal in the process of translation” (Xie Tianzhen # 106).
-This chapter choose to analyze the English translation of Tang poems not only for that they are an important part of Chinese classical literature, but also for that the English translation of Tang poems are important for the transmission of Chinese culture around the world. The research of it is necessary. And the reason why I choose Xu Yuanchong’s translation of Tang poems is not only that his translation is a good example of how to balance truthfulness and beauty in literary translation, which I will verify in the fourth part of this chapter, but also that he is a translator with mature translation theories.
+This chapter chooses to analyze the English translation of Tang poems not only for that they are an important part of Chinese classical literature, but also for that the English translation of Tang poems is important for the transmission of Chinese culture around the world. The research of it is necessary. And the reason why I choose Xu Yuanchong’s translation of Tang poems is not only that his translation is a good example of how to balance truthfulness and beauty in literary translation, which I will verify in the fourth part of this chapter, but also that he is a translator with mature translation theories.
 ===2.Faithfulness and creative treason===
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 ===5.Conclusion===
-Xu Yuanchong uses plain and natural language and gives new life to Tang poetry.Read his translation, you can temporarily put aside the original fixed mode of reading poetry, found in the translation a novel, strange feeling. Some of the cultural connotation, the original is not expressed, but Xu uses his profound literary understanding and solid language foundation of basic skills, to make up for the defects. He resorts to creative treason, and presents to us the originality and uniqueness of his translation, which is worthwhile to learn and do some researches.
+Xu Yuanchong uses plain and natural language and gives new life to Tang poetry. Read his translation, you can temporarily put aside the original fixed mode of reading poetry, and find in the translation a new, strange feeling. Some of the cultural connotation of the original is not expressed, but Xu uses his profound literary understanding and solid language foundation of basic skills, to make up for the defects. He resorts to creative treason, and presents to us the originality and uniqueness of his translation, which is worthwhile to learn and to conduct some research upon.
-Moreover, we can see from his applying to creative treason the accessible way to translate classical poetry. And his translation is also a proof that poetry can be translated.
+Moreover, we can see from his applying of creative treason an accessible way to translate classical poetry. His translations are also a proof that poetry can be translated.
 ===References===
 Guo Zhuzhang.郭著章(1997).''翻译名家研究''[A Study of famous translators in Translation].湖北教育出版社[Hubei Education Press]
 He Junhua.何俊华(2017).哲罗姆模式和贺拉斯模式对比研究 ——解读翻译的忠实标准[A Comparative Study of The Jerome Model and Horace Model -- The Criteria of Faithfulness for Translation].''英语广场''[The Square of English],10-12.
-Peter Newmark(1988):''A Textbook of Translation''. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
+Newmark, Peter (1988):''A Textbook of Translation''. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
-Robert Escarpit.罗伯特·埃斯卡皮(1987).''文学社会学''[Sociology of Literature].安徽文艺出版社[Anhui Literature and Art Publishing Company].
+Qian Zhongshu钱钟书 (1981).''林纤的翻译''[The Translation of Lin Shu].商务印书馆[Commercial Press]
 Xie Tianzhen.谢天振(2013).''译介学''[Media-Translatology].译林出版社[Yilin Publishing Company]

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 ===Main body===
 ====The brief introduction====
-  From the point of view of Professor Cao, the interrelationship between translation practice and theory can be summed up with six characters, which are “mutual construction, mutual supplementation and mutual manifestation”. Centering on the relationship between translation theories and practice, the book The way of Translation Studies explained effectively how to analysis properly this kind of relationship. This book is divides into eight chapters; each of them clearly focuses on how to manifest the relationship based on different perspectives.
 First of all, in the first chapter, it made a vivid review about both the eastern and western translation history which highlights the fact that the two are closely interrelated with each other since the beginning of the translation activity. Second, in the second chapter, the book targeted on the contemporary situation of translation theory and practice and pointed out the essential matters. The author then made a thorough research about “the Cultural Turn” and the origin of the discipline of Translation Studies. He pointed out the urgent problem of the focus of translation research and the imbalanced relationship between translation theory and practice. Thirdly, the author reaffirmed respectively about the concept of translation, its aim as well as the tasks of translation studies in a logical manner. In his strong belief, the content of translation will not lose with the diversification of scientific researches.
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 Above all, the whole book followed by severe and strict scientific demonstration of the relationship between translation theory and practice, providing us with effective approach to combine both the practice and theory together during which process, the systematically theoretical guidance was constructed. This all contributed to an excellent academic book rich in content and vivid in demonstration.--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 12:11, 20 December 2020 (UTC)
-−
 ====The Specific Exposition====
   To be more specific, in the second chapter, Professor Cao made a description about both the east and west contemporary translation study. Since many scholars have previously contributed the reasons of the imbalanced relationship between translation theory and practice to the phenomenon called “cultural turn”, Professor Cao had done a great program in the study of “cultural turn”. For example, to discover why the imbalanced situation between translation study and theory appeared, Professor Cao did quite a lot of comparative study of the previous scholars’ work.

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 ===Introduction===
-About the Background
+====About the Background====
-  As we all know, the theory and practice are interrelated with each other closely. Since the beginning of the social practice and people began to work, human beings know exactly how to use their wisdom to accumulate their experience. So did translation activities. Translation activities began from the fact that human beings used language to communicate. At the early stage, it was mainly serving to the purpose of ideology. With the development of formal translation activity, translation activities diversified.   Since the contemporary and modern times, translation studies have been prospered across the world. In the west, the representatives were scientific linguistics, philological school. In China, we mainly focused on the study of literature translation at that time.
-  After the May 4th Movement as well as the contemporary event called reform and opening up, we Chinese citizens appealed to learn the advanced western approaches and theories. As western advanced theories were introduced into China, different areas of scientific studies like theory of literature and art, psychology, philosophy and sociology provided rich contends and materials for the study of translation, which helped the later became an independent and disciplinary subject.
+As we all know, the theory and practice are interrelated with each other closely. Since the beginning of the social practice and people began to work, human beings know exactly how to use their wisdom to accumulate their experience. So did translation activities. Translation activities began from the fact that human beings used language to communicate. At the early stage, it was mainly serving to the purpose of ideology. With the development of formal translation activity, translation activities diversified.   Since the contemporary and modern times, translation studies have been prospered across the world. In the west, the representatives were scientific linguistics, philological school. In China, we mainly focused on the study of literature translation at that time.
-  However, after Cultural Turn, translation studies followed this trend. They no longer solely targeted at the translation activities and theories, but also included other spheres which concerned about various aspects of human activities (Cao Minglun, 2003). This made translation studies lose their defined focus on translation research itself. Since the translation studies were transitioned into other spheres while the translation activities kept its own sphere, the relationship between the two was no longer closely interrelated with each other.
-  Therefore translation teaching jobs and translation and interpretation activities have become worse. Because of this, it turned to be an urgent need to establish a systematic and cohesive guiding system about translation theories and practice.
+After the May 4th Movement as well as the contemporary event called reform and opening up, we Chinese citizens appealed to learn the advanced western approaches and theories. As western advanced theories were introduced into China, different areas of scientific studies like theory of literature and art, psychology, philosophy and sociology provided rich contends and materials for the study of translation, which helped the later became an independent and disciplinary subject.
-  Thus, the publishment of the book The Way of Translation: Theories and Applications quickly won the praise and good comments from translators and students majoring in translation. At the same time, this book provided a systematic and scientific study for translation teaching practice and researches.
-About the Author
+====About the Author====
-  Cao Minglun, professor as well as doctoral supervisor of Sichuan University, received his doctor degree at Peking University. He majored in the studying of British and American literature, translation studies, literature translation and the study of comparative culture. During his three years at Peking University, Professor Cao systematically studied the present translation researches and the realistic problems. Combined with his decades of translation experience, he dived into the study translation books and monographs. Through the combination of logical researches and provision of living samples, the combining approach of diachronic review and synchronic research, Professor Cao built up a systematic academic system about translation practice and theory by transcending various subjects, providing research direction for our researchers.
    The book The Way of Translation: Theories and Applications published in 2007 and revised in 2013, was the most famous representation of him. The author would like to introduce this book in the following and make some analytical comments about it based on his understanding and facts.
-====About the Background====
+====Background====
 As we all know, the theory and practice are interrelated with each other closely. Since the beginning of the social practice and people began to work, human beings know exactly how to use their wisdom to accumulate experience. So did translation activities. Translation activities began from the fact that human beings used language to communicate. At the early stage, it was mainly serving to the purpose of ideology. With the development of formal translation activity, translation activities diversified.   Since the contemporary and modern times, translation studies have been prospered across the world. In the west, the representatives were scientific linguistics, philological school. In China, we mainly focused on the study of literature translation at that time.

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 ===Key Words===
 translation theory and practice; “cultural turn”; medio-translotology; translation study; textual purpose
-Translation theory and practice; “cultural turn”; medio-translotology; translation study; textual purpose--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 11:49, 20 December 2020 (UTC)
+--[[User:Liu Jinxingqi|Liu Jinxingqi]] ([[User talk:Liu Jinxingqi|talk]]) 11:49, 20 December 2020 (UTC)
 ===摘要===

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 ===Abstract===
-The Way of Translation:Theories and Applications closely circled around the mutual relationship between translation theory and practice to make explanation about translation studies. This article aims to make a summary about the original text, which includes a brief translation history, the present situation about the translation study, the detailed analysis about the “cultural turn” as well as some important redefined concept about translation studies and the deep reflection about the translation studies. The author would like to make some analysis about the book from different perspectives, includes the introduction, major contend, academic contributions, strength and weakness etc.
+The Way of Translation: Theories and Applications closely circled around the mutual relationship between translation theory and practice to explain translation studies. This paper summarizes the original text, which includes a brief translation history, the present situation of translation study, a detailed analysis of the “cultural turn” as well as some important redefined concepts about translation studies and some deep reflection about translation studies. The author analyzes the book from different perspectives, including the introduction, major contents, academic contributions, strength and weakness etc.
 ===Key Words===

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 To sum up, according to the requirements of functional equivalence theory on translation quality, commercial contract translation should meet the following standards:
 In terms of content, first, the translation language should be natural and fluent and conform to Chinese expression habits. Second, pay attention to the professionalism of the language expression in the translation, avoid using colloquial expressions, and achieve the meaning equivalence emphasized by functional equivalence theory. (JIn Di 1998, 298)
 In terms of format, we should pay attention to the linear characteristics of the commercial contract text and try our best to achieve the formal equivalence emphasized by functional equivalence theory. (JIn Di 1998, 298)
 In terms of language style, the translation should retain the original language style as much as possible. The business contract language is professional and solemn, so the translation should reproduce the strict and formal legal style of the original text on the premise of ensuring accurate content and natural language. (JIn Di 1998, 298)
 Under the guidance of functional equivalence theory, this paper analyzes and summarizes specific contract terms and puts forward countermeasures. Although the translation strategies given in this paper have certain universality, the research text is slightly narrower than that of the whole commercial contract text research. Due to the space limitation, the cases provided are limited. Therefore, the scope of the research text should be broadened and analyzed from a broader research perspective in future research. (JIn Di 1998, 310)
 ===Reference===