Machine Trans EN 1 - Revision history

Xiao Yiyao: /* 6. Conclusion */

2021-12-15T12:04:35Z

6. Conclusion

Xiao Yiyao: /* 4.The Comparison of Machine Translation and Human Translators */

2021-12-15T11:56:59Z

4.The Comparison of Machine Translation and Human Translators

Xiao Yiyao: /* 4.The Comparison of Machine Translation and Human Translators */

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4.The Comparison of Machine Translation and Human Translators

Wei Yiwen: /* 4.2 Vocabulary Translation */

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4.2 Vocabulary Translation

Wei Yiwen: /* 3.The Current Situation of Human Translators and Machine Translation in sports */

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3.The Current Situation of Human Translators and Machine Translation in sports

Wei Yiwen at 03:58, 14 December 2021

2021-12-14T03:58:06Z

Wei Yiwen at 03:56, 14 December 2021

2021-12-14T03:56:36Z

Wei Yiwen at 03:52, 14 December 2021

2021-12-14T03:52:55Z

Wei Yiwen at 04:08, 11 December 2021

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Wei Yiwen at 04:02, 11 December 2021

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 ===6. Conclusion===
 Above all, the appearance and development of machine translation is not a challenge but an opportunity for making up for the lack of human translators if we human beings can make good use of it. Machine translation and human translators are complementary. Machine translation can only convey general meaning up to now. But it sometimes didn’t use proper words. If there are only pure machine translations, we can't expect them to capture the nuances and context of language conversation. Human translators can modify the details. In the future, we hope that large-scale sports events like the Olympic Games will make greater use of AI language manipulation platforms, allowing humans to participate in the process, making translation simplified and more efficient as well as provide better translation service for people.
 ===References===

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 In the following essay will first illustrate the general advantages and disadvantages of both two, and analyze it in three details respectively: vocabulary, sentence and paragraph.
-In my opinion, this sentence is not really necessary to be here. It's only to put the subtitle beneath directly.--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 11:55, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
+In my opinion, this sentence is not really necessary to be here. It's only to put the subtitle beneath directly. corrected by--[[User:Xiao Yiyao|Xiao Yiyao]] ([[User talk:Xiao Yiyao|talk]]) 11:55, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 ==4.1 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Human Translators and Machine Translation==

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 ===4.The Comparison of Machine Translation and Human Translators===
 In the following essay will first illustrate the general advantages and disadvantages of both two, and analyze it in three details respectively: vocabulary, sentence and paragraph.
 ==4.1 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Human Translators and Machine Translation==

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 But electronic dictionary has still been improved by incorporating the corpora, “罚球”is “free throw” which has the same version of both machine translation and human translators.
-Second, the same word has different meanings in different sports. Machine Translation sometimes cannot distinguish the certain language environment. For example, “position” means “姿势，姿态” in daily translation, but in shooting, “line of position” is translated into “高低线”，and in tennis and badminton“home position” represents the center of the site (Zhang Xiaofei, Zhang Yanqiu, Yang Chunhui 2018:207-208).
+Second, the same word has different meanings in different sports. Machine Translation sometimes cannot distinguish the certain language environment. For example, “position” means “姿势，姿态” in daily translation, but in shooting, “line of position” is translated into “高低线”，and in tennis and badminton“home position” represents the center of the site.
-All in all, machine translation can only record the phrase collocations right now.
+All in all, machine translation can only record the phrase collocations right now. (Zhang Xiaofei, Zhang Yanqiu, Yang Chunhui 2018:207-208)
 ==4.3 Sentence Translation==

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 Youdao electronic dictionary has a complete corpus, with a collection of Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the 21st Century English-Chinese Dictionary and other authoritative dictionary data. The interpretation is also based on powerful search engine and mass information storage such as popular words, names and abbreviations in foreign languages, including film and television titles, celebrity name, brand name, place name, dish name, technical terms, etc (Wang Yun 2019:240-241).
-===3.The Current Situation of Human Translators and Machine Translation in sports===
+===3.The Current Situation of Human Translators and Machine Translation in Sports===
 ==3.1 The shortage of Human Translators==
 News discourse is a text or discourse on radio, on TV or in the newspaper, in which new information is given about recent events. One of the traits of sports translation is real-time. Lagging message is invaluable. Simultaneous interpretation of sports commentators is the most common way in the race. Translators need to bring the first-hand information to the athletes, coaches, referee and audience. Athletes and coach need to adjust strategies to win the game after getting the indication of referee. Audience can feel immerged in the intense situation and experience the nervous atmosphere. The translator must convey the instructor’s both content and content during the competition or when the athletes face the media, the translation should show a determined, persistent and devoted image the same as the player himself presents to the public and cannot distort the image intentionally or unintentionally.(Van Dijk 1980:226-238)

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 Machine translation means to process a natural language by artificial intelligence. Since 1949, the 'father' of machine translation Warren Weaver put forward the concept, that there were three periods in the development of machine translation.
 The first period is rule-based machine translation. Linguists at that time believed that there could be rules to follow in a language, so they summarized the rules of different natural languages and used computers to transfer them.
-The second period is statistical machine translation. It is a data-driven approach by establishing of probability model to calculate the translation(SUTSKEVER I,VINYALS O, LE Q V  2014:3104-3112;) (BAHDANAU D, CHO K, BENGIO Y 2014:1409.0473).
+The second period is statistical machine translation. It is a data-driven approach by establishing of probability model to calculate the translation(SUTSKEVER I,VINYALS O, LE Q V  2014:3104-3112) (BAHDANAU D, CHO K, BENGIO Y 2014:1409.0473).
 And nowadays, neural machine translation has been applied in machine translation since 2014, which is the third period. It adopts the continuous space representation to represent words, phrases and sentences. In translation model, it doesn’t need word alignment, phrase extraction, phrase probability calculation and other statistical machine translation processing steps, instead, it only converts source language to target language by neutral network. It can imitate the human brain’s simple information processing, through self-learning of pre-translated materials, constantly improve the quality of translation (Gao Minghu, Yu Zhiqiang 2019: 72-76)（Du Xue 2019:2） .

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 Machine translation means to process a natural language by artificial intelligence. Since 1949, the 'father' of machine translation Warren Weaver put forward the concept, that there were three periods in the development of machine translation.
 The first period is rule-based machine translation. Linguists at that time believed that there could be rules to follow in a language, so they summarized the rules of different natural languages and used computers to transfer them.
-The second period is statistical machine translation. It is a data-driven approach by establishing of probability model to calculate the translation.
+The second period is statistical machine translation. It is a data-driven approach by establishing of probability model to calculate the translation(SUTSKEVER I,VINYALS O, LE Q V  2014:3104-3112;) (BAHDANAU D, CHO K, BENGIO Y 2014:1409.0473).
 And nowadays, neural machine translation has been applied in machine translation since 2014, which is the third period. It adopts the continuous space representation to represent words, phrases and sentences. In translation model, it doesn’t need word alignment, phrase extraction, phrase probability calculation and other statistical machine translation processing steps, instead, it only converts source language to target language by neutral network. It can imitate the human brain’s simple information processing, through self-learning of pre-translated materials, constantly improve the quality of translation (Gao Minghu, Yu Zhiqiang 2019: 72-76)（Du Xue 2019:2） .
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 Machine: 你说得对，但这个很好，这证明了每个人都知道这个品牌。实际上很多著名的体育俱乐部，在美国、欧洲，他们都使用这个牌子。
-Above all, the requirements of sports translators are strict. Therefore, in current time, the demand and supply of sports translation talents are unbalanced. There is in badly-need of sports translators in both quantity and quality. (Sheng Mengmeng 2019) It is necessary to introduce the machine translation to it in order to alleviate human translators’ shortage.
+Above all, the requirements of sports translators are strict. Therefore, in current time, the demand and supply of sports translation talents are unbalanced. There is in badly-need of sports translators in both quantity and quality. It is necessary to introduce the machine translation to it in order to alleviate human translators’ shortage.(Sheng Mengmeng 2019)
 ==3.2 The development in Machine Translation==
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 The advantage of machine translation is: First, during the current pandemic period, it can reduce the human communication face to face, let people keep distance from each other. To some extent, it can block the spread of virus so that makes the organizers easier to guarantee the athletes, staff and volunteers’ health. Meanwhile, the pandemic will also promote the development of machine translation. Second, it can be more effective. If people carry a device in the bag, they will not be anxious if there is no translator around them. They can translate by only inputting the unknown words or audio recognition. Third, it can attract more audience from all over the world to watch the game without language barrier, which can increase economic income.
-However, machine translation online has some problems. First, it was over-reliance on the internet. Once people are in a poor signal, they cannot translate it fluently. Second, the noise reduction ability of many electronic device is ordinary, but many sports events were held in open ground with exuberance of race atmosphere. When they do some outdoor translation, speech recognition ability is poor. In addition, at present, the main AI translation products in China can only achieve the conversion between Chinese and English. （Du Xue 2019:2）It is not enough. At last, according to the previous example of national gymnastics, machine translation attaches less importance to grammar. Sometimes it is just the stack of words. These disadvantages are now existing, but they can be improved by technology in the future.
+However, machine translation online has some problems. First, it was over-reliance on the internet. Once people are in a poor signal, they cannot translate it fluently. Second, the noise reduction ability of many electronic device is ordinary, but many sports events were held in open ground with exuberance of race atmosphere. When they do some outdoor translation, speech recognition ability is poor. In addition, at present, the main AI translation products in China can only achieve the conversion between Chinese and English.It is not enough. At last, according to the previous example of national gymnastics, machine translation attaches less importance to grammar. Sometimes it is just the stack of words. These disadvantages are now existing, but they can be improved by technology in the future.  （Du Xue 2019:2）
 Here is an incomparable advantage of human translators. In Tokyo Olympic Games, there were many translators involving in the voluntary service. As described by those translators, we know that not only can translators provide translation service, but also, they can offer warm care to the athletes compared to the cold machine. During half time interval, the translators would be busy handing out water and food to the players to replenish their energy as well as pass towels, help wipe the tablet. They also cheered to motivate the player when they won the game.
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 ===5.The Future of Translation in Sports Field===
-Newmark claimed that the apparent triumph of either side was illusory, “the conflict of loyalties, the gap between emphasis on source and target language will always remain as the overriding problem in theory and practice. (Newmark, 1981:38) Machine translation still has a long way to go, not only in theory but also in practice to improve.
+Newmark claimed that the apparent triumph of either side was illusory, “the conflict of loyalties, the gap between emphasis on source and target language will always remain as the overriding problem in theory and practice. Machine translation still has a long way to go, not only in theory but also in practice to improve.(Newmark, 1981:38)
 In 2022, China will host several important sports events, which is good opportunities to show China to the world. There is an extreme shortage of language service talents in sports, especially in winter sports. The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics Games is coming soon, language service will play an important role in showing country’s great power and diplomacy. The development and service of winter ice and snow sports culture industry are more oriented to the international market. However, there is a shortage of translation in Winter sports, because it is as not popular as other sports in China.

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 ===3.The Current Situation of Human Translators and Machine Translation in sports===
 ==3.1 The shortage of Human Translators==
-One of the traits of sports translation is real-time. Lagging message is invaluable. Simultaneous interpretation of sports commentators is the most common way in the race. Translators need to bring the first-hand information to the athletes, coaches, referee and audience. Athletes and coach need to adjust strategies to win the game after getting the indication of referee. Audience can feel immerged in the intense situation and experience the nervous atmosphere. The translator must convey the instructor’s both content and content during the competition or when the athletes face the media, the translation should show a determined, persistent and devoted image the same as the player himself presents to the public and cannot distort the image intentionally or unintentionally.
+News discourse is a text or discourse on radio, on TV or in the newspaper, in which new information is given about recent events. One of the traits of sports translation is real-time. Lagging message is invaluable. Simultaneous interpretation of sports commentators is the most common way in the race. Translators need to bring the first-hand information to the athletes, coaches, referee and audience. Athletes and coach need to adjust strategies to win the game after getting the indication of referee. Audience can feel immerged in the intense situation and experience the nervous atmosphere. The translator must convey the instructor’s both content and content during the competition or when the athletes face the media, the translation should show a determined, persistent and devoted image the same as the player himself presents to the public and cannot distort the image intentionally or unintentionally.(Van Dijk 1980:226-238)
-Second, sports translators should equip with many professional knowledge. Sports English vocabulary is based on daily English vocabulary in combination of professional terms, which has a strong particularity. If the words of referee are mistranslated by translators, the players may lose the game due to one small detail. If the words of players are mistranslated in the interview, the players may be misunderstood by the public, which may exert bad influence on plays’ psychological status.
+Second, sports translators should equip with many professional knowledge. Sports English vocabulary is based on daily English vocabulary in combination of professional terms, which has a strong particularity. If the words of referee are mistranslated by translators, the players may lose the game due to one small detail. If the words of players are mistranslated in the interview, the players may be misunderstood by the public, which may exert bad influence on plays’ psychological status.(Huang Yanling, 2017:248)
 Another trait is that sports translation involves in many languages. Sports players from all over the world will attend the competition. But nowadays, the translation is limit on English.
-Finally, sports translation is usually colloquial, it appears in players’ interview, daily communication. Here is an example: staff of the national gymnastics team communicated with each other about muscle stickers via an IFlytek machine translation: Here is the dialogue:
+Finally, sports translation is usually colloquial, it appears in players’ interview, daily communication. (Huang Yanling, 2017:248)
 Chinese Staff: xxx的贴布它有很多种等级，有那个练习款，它是不同款的，是哪一种等级你觉得它的品质特别好？
 Machine: This xxx cloth has many grades if there is an exercise it is different, what kind of grade do you have you think its quality is very good.
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 In China Open of 2018 in National Stadium, Sogou’s AI simultaneous transmission first appeared in Chinese sports events. The whole competition from the pre-match media conference to the final the champion interview used it. The Grand Slam champion Simona Halep and 2017 ATP final champion Grigor Dimitrov showed up before the competition talking to the reporters along with AI technology. The journalists asked questions in Chinese and the players answered in their languages or English. Sogou’s AI technology transmitted the real-time translation of the dialogue on courtside screen so that both sides can understand each other clearly. Compared with the past, it required both the interviewers and interviewees with a great command of oral English.
-In 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, Japanese government had done research and development on many machine translation devices, ranging from portable translation devices to multilingual speakers. Many Olympic logo posted in stadiums with QR codes, which athletes and staff can scan to select a language for inquiring information. When the athletes arrived at Japanese airport for the first time, they were greeted by robots from Haneda Robotics Lab. The robots acted as multilingual guides to guide international travelers. They also scanned for suspicious luggage or other potential hazards and alert human guards. In addition, stadiums and other venues also had AI communication robots that can provide more information about traffic schedules, directions.
+In 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, Japanese government had done research and development on many machine translation devices, ranging from portable translation devices to multilingual speakers. Many Olympic logo posted in stadiums with QR codes, which athletes and staff can scan to select a language for inquiring information. When the athletes arrived at Japanese airport for the first time, they were greeted by robots from Haneda Robotics Lab. The robots acted as multilingual guides to guide international travelers. They also scanned for suspicious luggage or other potential hazards and alert human guards. In addition, stadiums and other venues also had AI communication robots that can provide more information about traffic schedules, directions (Bo Yanqiu, 2018:6-11).
 ===4.The Comparison of Machine Translation and Human Translators===
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 ===5.The Future of Translation in Sports Field===
 In 2022, China will host several important sports events, which is good opportunities to show China to the world. There is an extreme shortage of language service talents in sports, especially in winter sports. The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics Games is coming soon, language service will play an important role in showing country’s great power and diplomacy. The development and service of winter ice and snow sports culture industry are more oriented to the international market. However, there is a shortage of translation in Winter sports, because it is as not popular as other sports in China.
 iFLYTEK Company has become the exclusive supplier of automatic voice conversion and machine translation for Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. The company tries to create a good communication environment, reduce repetitive work, improve the efficiency of games support services, and achieve barrier-free voice and language interaction between people, and between people and machines both inside and outside the Olympics. The company will also use voice change technology to reproduce the voice of a specific person in order to adapt to multiple needs.
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 Here are some solutions. First, there is an urgent need to establish standardized parallel corpora for specific sports. International Olympic Committee and other world official organizations should publish English or other versions of sports items to let people from all countries to use.
-In order to improve of the weakness of machine translation and human translation, there is now a type of translation machine that can provide service to communicate directly with a human translator if a customer make a request. Translators can select specific translation products and determine the proportion of AI machine translation in the actual translation process in order to provide better translation service by the combination.
+In order to improve of the weakness of machine translation and human translation, there is now a type of translation machine that can provide service to communicate directly with a human translator if a customer make a request. Translators can select specific translation products and determine the proportion of AI machine translation in the actual translation process in order to provide better translation service by the combination（Du Xue 2019:2）.
 Guo Weisheng is a professional basketball translator for fifteen years. He is a role model for sports translator. He was once interviewed by a program called Small World, Big Stories, in which he told his stories about himself as a professional sports translator. He is mainly responsible for the translations while daily team training and live game to ensure that the coach’s idea can be carried out clearly and accurately to help the communication between foreign aid and Chinese player. As Guo Weisheng said that to be a good sports translator, it’s better to forget your identity and treat yourself as a coach. “You must have a clear idea of the both sides tactics and preparation situation. So, in the game, what the coach wants to express at a certain time, how his mood will change, I will behave exactly the same, It was a very natural expression at that time.” He was interviewed.
 He said, “Take ownership”, which means “你要有主人翁意识。” That’s a principle that every sports translator should follow.
 ===6. Conclusion===
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 ===References===
-[1]杜雪. 浅析人工智能翻译在国际体育赛事中的应用[A]. 中国体育科学学会.第十一届全国体育科学大会论文摘要汇编[C].中国体育科学学会:中国体育科学学会,2019:2.
+BAHDANAU D, CHO K, BENGIO Y. Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate [J].arXiv:1409.0473,2014
-[2]高明虎,于志强.神经机器翻译综述[J].云南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2019,28(01):72-76.
+Liu Yuanyuan刘园园(2016). 人工智能，能否助人类重建“巴比伦塔”[N] Can artificial intelligence help humans rebuild the Tower of Babylon. 科技日报Science and Technology Daily.000283
-[3]刘园园. 人工智能，能否助人类重建“巴比伦塔”[N]. 科技日报,2016-12-19(006).DOI:10.28502/n.cnki.nkjrb.2016.000283.
+Sheng Mengmeng盛蒙蒙(2019). 国际体育赛事需求视域下体育翻译人才培养路径研究[D]Research on the training path of sports translation talents from the perspective of international sports competition demand.湖南科技大学Hunan University of Science and Technology.
-[4]盛蒙蒙. 国际体育赛事需求视域下体育翻译人才培养路径研究[D].湖南科技大学,2019.
+Song Ziyin宋梓寅(2021). 我国篮球术语翻译发展及策略研究[D] Research on development and Strategies of Basketball terminology translation in China.成都体育学院ChengDu Sport University.000154.
-[5]王允.有道词典、必应词典和金山词霸对比研究——以《匆匆》英译为例[J].校园英语,2019(40):240-241.
+Wang Yun王允(2019).有道词典、必应词典和金山词霸对比研究——以《匆匆》英译为例[J] A Comparative Study of Youdao Dictionary, Bing Dictionary and Kingsoft Iciba -- A Case Study of The English Translation of Rush.校园英语 English on Campus,(40):240-241.
-[6]张晓菲,张彦秋,杨春慧.北京冬奥会与体育英语翻译[J].文教资料,2018(11):207-208.
+Zhang Xiaofei&Zhang Yanqiu& Yang Chunhui张晓菲,张彦秋,杨春慧(2018）.北京冬奥会与体育英语翻译[J] Beijing Winter Olympics and Sports English translation.文教资料 WenJiaoZiLiao, (11):207-208.

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-=Chapter 1:A Comparison Between the Quality of Machine Translation and Human Translation——A Case Study of the Application of artificial intelligence in Sports Events
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-'''1 卫怡雯(A Comparison Between the Quality of Machine Translation and Human Translation——A Case Study of the Application of artificial intelligence in Sports Events)'''
+=Chapter 1:A Comparison Between the Quality of Machine Translation and Human Translation——A Case Study of the Application of artificial intelligence in Sports Events
 [[Machine_Trans_EN_1]]
 ===Abstract===
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 ===Key words===
 Machine Translation; Human Translation; International Sports Events；Artificial Intelligence
 ===摘要===