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Madina Saitova: /* 卷四：7.让百姓做主 */

2023-06-26T13:55:29Z

卷四：7.让百姓做主

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Madina Saitova: /* 卷四：7.让百姓做主 */

2023-06-26T07:02:13Z

卷四：7.让百姓做主

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Madina Saitova: /* 卷四：7.让百姓做主 */

2023-06-26T06:40:36Z

卷四：7.让百姓做主

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Madina Saitova: /* 卷三：5.好梦将圆时 */

2023-06-26T05:38:46Z

卷三：5.好梦将圆时

Madina Saitova: /* 卷三：5.好梦将圆时 */

2023-06-26T05:36:07Z

卷三：5.好梦将圆时

Madina Saitova: /* 卷三：5.好梦将圆时 */

2023-06-25T07:34:01Z

卷三：5.好梦将圆时

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Madina Saitova: /* 卷三：5.好梦将圆时 */

2023-06-25T07:14:46Z

卷三：5.好梦将圆时

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Madina Saitova: /* 卷三：5.好梦将圆时 */

2023-06-25T06:31:16Z

卷三：5.好梦将圆时

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Madina Saitova: /* 卷三：5.好梦将圆时 */

2023-03-19T16:14:14Z

卷三：5.好梦将圆时

Chen Jing 1: /* Xia Linglong */

2023-03-16T04:07:13Z

Xia Linglong

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 好梦将圆时
 When Good Dreams Come True
 —90年代初三军现代化掠影
 - A Glimpse of the Modernization of the Three Armies in the Early 1990s
 江永红
 Jiang Yonghong
 现代化的军队,现代化的国防 个从晚清魏源等先觉那里便开始萌生的中国梦。“师夷长技以制夷”,其思想光芒如流星行空,在千年黑暗的苍穹中留下 ー线希望之光。然而,一次次播下希望的种,又一次次收获失望的泪。李鸿章办洋 务,建立起当时堪称现代化的北洋水师,可悲甲午ー战,舰沉军灭;袁世凯小站练 兵,开中国现代陆军之先,却练出ー批北洋军阀,窃国媚外,混战不已,令人不堪回首;一代先驱孙中山,辛亥革命驱皇室,倡共和,办黄埔,练新军,然而逸仙甫逝,兵权即归民贼,枪口遂向人民。呜呼! 一部中国近代史,亿万炎黄子孙泪。
 Modern army and national defense – this is the Chinese dream that began to sprout from Wei Yuan and other pioneers in the late Qing Dynasty. "Learning skills from barbarians to control barbarians" – this exact thought shines like shooting stars, leaving a ray of hope in the dark sky of thousands of years. However, the seeds of hope are sown again and again, and the tears of disappointment are continuously being reaped. Li Hongzhang was in charge of running foreign affairs and established what was then called a modern Beiyang Navy. Sadly, during the First Sino-Japanese War, the ship sank and the army was wiped out; Yuan Shikai's military training at a small station was the first of China's modern army, he also trained a group of Beiyang warlords, who took control over the country and flattered foreign countries with endless fights, what is quite unbearable to look back on. A pioneer of the Xinhai Revolution Sun Yat-sen, expelled the imperial family, advocated republicanism, ran Huangpu, and trained the new army. However, soon after his death, the military power was returned to enemies and the guns were aimed at people. This piece of modern Chinese history has brought tears to hundreds of millions of descendants of the Yan and Huang Dynasties.
 年,毛泽东登上天安门城楼,给国家带来了好梦成真的契机与希望。小 米加步枪可以得天下,而要自立于世界民族之林却不可没有现代化。20世纪50年 代初,毛泽东为三军题词,念念不忘建立强大的陆军、强大的海军、强大的空军。 “两弹一星”上天,核潜艇下水,无不倾注着他的心血。然而他亲手推动的现代化 进程又被他亲自发动的“文化大革命”拉向后退。阶级斗争为纲日,不是好梦成 真时。
 In 1949, Mao Zedong ascended the Tiananmen rostrum, bringing the opportunity and hope for the country to make it’s good dreams come true. Millet and rifles can assist in conquering the world, but modernization is necessary for standing independently in the “forest” of nations in the world. In the early 1950s, Mao Zedong wrote an inscription for the armed forces to never forget to build a strong army, a strong navy, and a strong air force. The "two bombs and one star" in the sky and the nuclear submarine were all his efforts. However, the modernization process that he promoted was pulled back by the "Cultural Revolution" that he launched himself. The day when the class struggle became the basis was not the perfect time for a good dream to come true.
 再次启动三军现代化发动机的人是我们的“总设计师”一邓小平。16年前 的!978年5月13日,他在召集总参谋部领导同志谈话时问道:
 The person who started the modernization engine of the armed forces again was our "Chief Architect" Deng Xiaoping. 16 years ago on May 13, 1978, when he convened a talk with leading comrades of the General Staff, he asked:

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 并非尾声
 三朵报春花捎来ー份“索礼单”
-曾经以为现代化是那样遥远,想不到她正一步紧ー步地走近我们,以至于她已 经投入我们的怀抱,而我们还不知晓。上述陆、海、空三支部队的报告,恰如三朵报 春花。春天既然到了,好梦将要圆了,我们何苦被动地“为伊消得人憔悴”?何不 做好准备主动向她奔去?
+曾经以为现代化是那样遥远,想不到她正一步紧一步地走近我们,以至于她已经投入我们的怀抱,而我们还不知晓。上述陆、海、空三支部队的报告,恰如三朵报 春花。春天既然到了,好梦将要圆了,我们何苦被动地“为伊消得人憔悴”?何不 做好准备主动向她奔去?
-她不欢迎两手空空、腹中空空的求爱者,因而我们必须准备一份起码的见面 ネL。三朵报春花为她捎来ー份“索礼单”,就像一位执拗的未婚妻所开的索礼单ー 样,你要不照单行事,她就要与你“拜拜”。与恋爱不同的是,我们有许多挑选对 象,ー个不成可以再来第二个,而现代化只有一个,非娶她不可以强军强国。因此, 我们只有老老实实地研究这份“索礼单”,并抓紧准备齐全。这份“索礼单”目前有 以下内容（军官类）：
+Once thought modernization was so far away, I didn't expect it to be getting closer and closer to us, to the point where it has already embraced us and we are still unaware. The reports of the three branches of the army, land, sea, and air, are like three spring flowers. Since spring has arrived, good dreams are about to come true. Why should we passively "waste away for her"? Why not prepare ourselves and actively run towards her?
-身体素质:强健。海军、空军与陆军特种兵中的某些专业如飞行员等,必须 达到“甲A”（千万不可把カ气与身体素质等同起来。装备愈先进,操纵它愈省力 气,但对身体综合素质的要求更高,尤其是脑カ消耗成倍增加,疲劳程度更甚）〇
+她不欢迎两手空空、腹中空空的求爱者,因而我们必须准备一份起码的见面礼。三朵报春花为她捎来一份“索礼单”,就像一位执拗的未婚妻所开的索礼单一样,你要不照单行事,她就要与你“拜拜”。与恋爱不同的是,我们有许多挑选对 象,一个不成可以再来第二个,而现代化只有一个,非娶她不可以强军强国。因此, 我们只有老老实实地研究这份“索礼单”,并抓紧准备齐全。这份“索礼单”目前有 以下内容（军官类）：
-D・精神、心理素质:在“硬”打击尤其是在“软”打击面前意志坚定,镇定自若;
+She does not welcome love seekers who come empty-handed and empty-stomached, so we must prepare at least a small gift for the first meeting. Three primroses brought her a "dowry list", just like a stubborn fiancée's dowry list. If you don't follow it, she will say goodbye to you. Unlike love, we have many choices for objects, if one doesn't work, we can try another, but modernization only has one, we must marry her to strengthen the military and the country. Therefore, we can only study this 'gift list' honestly and prepare it thoroughly. This 'gift list' currently contains the following items (officer category):
-既有群胆,又有孤胆,具有单车、单舰、单机作战能力（武器愈先进,其自身合成程度 愈高,独当一面、单独执行任务的机会愈多,其成败对全局的关系愈大）〇拿破仑关 于“在战争中,精神之于物质是三比ー”的名言并未过时。
+A. 身体素质:强健。海军、空军与陆军特种兵中的某些专业如飞行员等,必须达到“甲A”（千万不可把力气与身体素质等同起来。装备愈先进,操纵它愈省力气,但对身体综合素质的要求更高,尤其是脑力消耗成倍增加,疲劳程度更甚）。
-如果我们能达到这份“索礼单”的要求,人与武器的结合就将是ー对“恩爱夫 妻”;否则充其量不过是ー对“捆绑夫妻”,她将处处与我们闹别扭。上述三支部队 的实践已经从正反两方面证明了这一点。但是,仅靠换装的部队来备齐这份“索礼 单”显然是不现实的。正像某坦克团副团长林国民所担忧的:“如果新装备成批地 来,我到哪里去挑人?”因此,与其说新装备是对使用她的人的挑战,不如说是对军 队建设的宏观挑战更为确切。
 挑战之ー:军官培训标准。自粉碎“四人帮”之后,我军恢复院校培训军官的 制度,形成了高、中、初三级院校培训体制,院校数量远远超过“文革”之前,可谓门 类齐全,首尾衔接,但许多院校毕业生对新装备几乎ー无所知。三军之中,军官文 化程度最高的当数海军。一艘驱逐舰上的军官几乎100%为大专以上文凭,其中 本科又占60%以上。如此高的文化程度,照说使用新装备不成问题,但为什么开 始还不行呢?因为在学校压根儿没见过新装备,教员也没有教过新装备。那种“一 本教材讲一生”的陈旧教育,如桃花源中人,“乃不知有汉,无论魏晋”,已经远远不 适应现代化的要求。令人十分欣慰的是,海军不少院校已采取教员参加新装备的 制造、接装、试训的全过程,然后现场教学的方法,从而整舰、整艇地输送人才,学员 ー毕业即能驾驭新装备。陆军ー些院校也已采取与使用新装备的部队对ロ教学的 方式,培养出合格人才。但是,那种“基层军官不需要多少文化”的说法仍然时不 时地干扰着院校教育,影响着新生入学的文化水准。持这种观点的人,实在是ー种 可悲的目光短浅者。
-挑战之ニ:征兵文化标准。现行征兵标准除部分专业要求高中学历外,大部分 为初中学历。无论陆军、海军、空军,都已证明初中生无法在服役期掌握新装备。 一位曾到部队教新装备使用的女工程师说,很简单的问题,有的战士却怎么也弄不 懂。没办法,我得为他们补习高中数理化。奇怪的是补课也听不懂,ー问才知,他 的初中文凭也有水分。很难设想将高技术的新装备交给那些名曰初中实际只有小 学水平的人去掌握。且不说研制者会心疼,就是算经济账也是一种巨大浪费。某 驱逐舰舰长对所属士兵进行了一次文化摸底考试,竟发现其中有两个文盲。要他 们来操纵计算机,那不是天方夜谭吗?再怎么教他也教不会时,也不能怪他,他是 满腔热情来为国家尽义务的。问题的根子在于,ー是征兵标准对文化要求过低,二 是把关不严。使用新装备的三军部队无不建议,至少是在换了新装备的部队,征兵 文化标准应定为高中学历,并经过文化考试的。否则,将严重影响部队现代化 进程。
+First challenge: Officer training standards. After the smashing of the 'Gang of Four', our army restored the system of training officers in colleges and universities, forming a three-level college training system of high, middle and primary levels. The number of colleges and universities far exceeded that before the 'Cultural Revolution', which can be said to be complete in all categories and well-connected, but many graduates of colleges and universities knew almost nothing about new equipment. Among the three services, the navy has the highest level of officer culture. Almost 100% of the officers on a destroyer have a diploma of associate degree or above, of which more than 60% have a bachelor's degree. With such a high level of cultural education, it should not be a problem to use new equipment, but why is it not possible to start? Because they have never seen new equipment in school, and teachers have not taught new equipment. The outdated education that 'one textbook teaches for a lifetime', like the people in the Peach Blossom Spring, 'does not know about Han, regardless of Wei and Jin', has long been unable to meet the requirements of modernization. It is very gratifying that many naval colleges have adopted the method of having teachers participate in the entire process of manufacturing, installation, and trial training of new equipment, and then teaching on site, so as to deliver talents to the whole ship and boat, and students can master new equipment immediately after graduation. Some military colleges have also adopted the method of teaching with the troops using new equipment to cultivate qualified personnel. However, the statement that 'grassroots officers do not need much culture' still occasionally interferes with college education and affects the cultural level of new students. People who hold such views are truly pitiful and short-sighted.
 挑战之三:保障体制。首先是“硬”保障。装备愈现代化,其保障比使用更为 复杂。诚如电视机人人会开,但修理电视机非专业人才不可。新装备的磨合期长, 除了部队的人员素质之外,保障滞后至少是同等重要的原因,甚至是更重要的原 因。新装备所缺零部件无处请领,经费远远不够,甚至无经费保障,且现有的修理 人员根本不懂。在坦克某师,就出现了修理分队将新坦克拆开了装不上去的笑话。 新装备一旦出现故障,部队就得找厂家,而一台新装备涉及百余个厂家,部队的困 难可想而知。要新装备尽快形成战斗カ,工程技术保障不跟上是绝对不行的。其 次是“软”保障,新装备到装时,应同时下发相应的操作规程、训练大纲,可惜往往 只有一份厂家的使用说明书……
 好梦的确将圆了,春天的气息已经十分浓烈了。年争时,春争分。我们焉能春 眠不觉晓?好梦最后成真的钥匙,毕竟是握在我们自己手里了呵!
 （原载《解放军文艺》1995年第3期）
 ==卷四：7.让百姓做主==

@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 好梦将圆时
 —90年代初三军现代化掠影
 江永红
 现代化的军队,现代化的国防 个从晚清魏源等先觉那里便开始萌生的 中国梦。“师夷长技以制夷”,其思想光芒如流星行空,在千年黑暗的苍穹中留下 ー线希望之光。然而,一次次播下希望的种,又一次次收获失望的泪。李鸿章办洋 务,建立起当时堪称现代化的北洋水师,可悲甲午ー战,舰沉军灭;袁世凯小站练 兵,开中国现代陆军之先,却练出ー批北洋军阀,窃国媚外,混战不已,令人不堪回 首;一代先驱孙中山,辛亥革命驱皇室,倡共和,办黄埔,练新军,然而逸仙甫逝,兵 权即归民贼,枪ロ遂向人民。呜呼! 一部中国近代史,亿万炎黄子孙泪。
 年,毛泽东登上天安门城楼,给国家带来了好梦成真的契机与希望。小 米加步枪可以得天下,而要自立于世界民族之林却不可没有现代化。20世纪50年 代初,毛泽东为三军题词,念念不忘建立强大的陆军、强大的海军、强大的空军。 “两弹一星”上天,核潜艇下水,无不倾注着他的心血。然而他亲手推动的现代化 进程又被他亲自发动的“文化大革命”拉向后退。阶级斗争为纲日,不是好梦成 真时。
 再次启动三军现代化发动机的人是我们的“总设计师”一邓小平。16年前 的!978年5月13日,他在召集总参谋部领导同志谈话时问道:
 “打起仗来和过去ー样光靠电话吗?”
 这ー问,在当时的中国可谓惊世骇俗,即使在今天,也不失为一声警笛。那时, 我军的大多数指挥员还被禁锢在“左”的模式中,对现代化指挥系统几乎ー无所 知。时任副总长的杨成武上将刚从法国访问归来,法军以计算机为中心的自动化 指挥系统让他大开眼界:其信息传递之快捷之准确,其情况掌握之及时之全面,虽 神话亦不能及也,指挥员甚至可以在屏幕上清楚地看到分队行动和单兵战斗动作。