Terra Cotta Army - Revision history

Bill P: /* How they were made */

2013-04-12T20:46:16Z

How they were made

Bill P: /* Who were the Terra Cotta Warriors */

2013-04-12T20:39:24Z

Who were the Terra Cotta Warriors

Bill P: /* Who were the Terra Cotta Warriors */

2013-04-12T20:38:19Z

Who were the Terra Cotta Warriors

Bill P: /* What was discovered */

2013-04-12T20:35:50Z

What was discovered

Bill P: /* What was discovered */

2013-04-12T20:35:05Z

What was discovered

Bill P: /* What was discovered */

2013-04-12T20:33:51Z

What was discovered

Bill P: /* The Terra Cotta Army Pits */

2013-02-28T23:51:47Z

The Terra Cotta Army Pits

Bill P at 23:50, 28 February 2013

2013-02-28T23:50:14Z

Bill P at 23:49, 28 February 2013

2013-02-28T23:49:00Z

Bill P at 23:44, 28 February 2013

2013-02-28T23:44:20Z

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 The construction of the Terra Cotta Warriors is an interesting method that can date back to modern China. Because there were so many soldiers required for the protection of the emperor but not enough actual human lives to facilitate his army and the workers that were needed to build his palace, he couldn't use actual lives to take to the grave with him. So he had to create large human soldier replicas made out of clay. In order to create a large amount of soldiers, a production line method was required to get the job done in time. The soldiers were made separately in parts; the arms, legs, mid-body and head went through an assembly line where they were put together. The most interesting part as mentioned before was that of the making of the soldiers, each had a different face. The faces and dressing were added after assembly. Each one different from the rest to represent each member of the army individually. This same technique was also used to construct the rest of the retinue for the Emperor. This facilitated the building of the court and protectors in a timely manner not hundreds of years. It still took a very long time to assemble, finish, and paint each figure and position in their exact place within the pits.
 In addition to the terra-cotta figures are many animals, geese, birds, small animals and horses made out of bronze. These figures are finely crafted with minute and exacting details. Many other artifacts are also contained in the digs including tools, dishes and personal items for the figures found there. It seems that the Emperor had his entire court recreated, not just the army.[[User:Bill P|Bill P]] ([[User talk:Bill P|talk]]) 19:06, 27 February 2013 (CET)
 == Why the need of an army for protection ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:39, 12 April 2013
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	The middle-level officer has two kinds of dressing. The first kind includes a long jacket, a thigh protector, a boots with square opening tipping head, chest plate trimmed with colorful lace and a double long hat. The second kind includes a high collar gown clasped on the right side, a thigh protector, a boots with square opening tipping head and covered a piece of armor with smooth edge and colorful lace. The junior officer wears a long jacket, a piece of armor, a long hat, a pair of shallow shoes and a thigh protector. Also there are a few junior officers do not wear armors. They fight in light equipment.--[[User:Bill P\|Bill P]] ([[User talk:Bill P\|talk]]) 22:38, 12 April 2013 (CEST)		The middle-level officer has two kinds of dressing. The first kind includes a long jacket, a thigh protector, a boots with square opening tipping head, chest plate trimmed with colorful lace and a double long hat. The second kind includes a high collar gown clasped on the right side, a thigh protector, a boots with square opening tipping head and covered a piece of armor with smooth edge and colorful lace. The junior officer wears a long jacket, a piece of armor, a long hat, a pair of shallow shoes and a thigh protector. Also there are a few junior officers do not wear armors. They fight in light equipment.--[[User:Bill P\|Bill P]] ([[User talk:Bill P\|talk]]) 22:38, 12 April 2013 (CEST)
		+
		+
		+	Qin Soldier's Dressing
		+	The heavy infantries of the Qin terracotta warriors have three kinds of dressing. The first kind includes a long jacket, a pair of shorts, and a pair of shallow shoes, and combed a tight roll of hair at the right side of the head, assembled with leggings and has armor on the back. The second kind is similar to the first one except the soldiers have a red handkerchief on the head. The third kind of soldier's dressing is same to the second one, but the soldiers belong to this group combs flat bobs on the back of the heads instead of wearing handkerchiefs.
		+
		+	The cavalries wear Hu dress ("Hu" refers to the northern minorities living in the northwestern part of ancient China, unlike the loose clothes wore by the people living in the central China, Hu dress is tight which is easy for horse racing and archery), waist-length armors and round small hats. They hold the bow and arrow in one hand, with the reins in the other hand. The drivers of chariots dress in two ways. Some wear long jackets, armors, long hats, shallow shoes and armed with leggings. The other kind of dressing provides strict protection to the body which is reflected in the square plates protecting the neck, and the plates cover the two arms to connect with hand guards.--[[User:Bill P\|Bill P]] ([[User talk:Bill P\|talk]]) 22:39, 12 April 2013 (CEST)

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:38, 12 April 2013
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	What the emperor did was he created an army of clay. Every clay soldier was constructed in exactness, complete with clothes, armor, hair, real life weapons and even facial expressions. Every soldier even had a different face. The artizans used molds for the various body parts and assembled them. Then they were individualized by the finish coats, facial features, dress and weapons were finished to represent every individual in the Emperor's army. Every one different from the others. Then they found even more, animals, acrobats, priests, concubines, servants, everyone in the court had been populated in terra cotta for the Emperor's service and comfort in the after life. Arranged row after row as they would have been in real life court.[[User:Bill P\|Bill P]] ([[User talk:Bill P\|talk]]) 18:38, 27 February 2013 (CET)		What the emperor did was he created an army of clay. Every clay soldier was constructed in exactness, complete with clothes, armor, hair, real life weapons and even facial expressions. Every soldier even had a different face. The artizans used molds for the various body parts and assembled them. Then they were individualized by the finish coats, facial features, dress and weapons were finished to represent every individual in the Emperor's army. Every one different from the others. Then they found even more, animals, acrobats, priests, concubines, servants, everyone in the court had been populated in terra cotta for the Emperor's service and comfort in the after life. Arranged row after row as they would have been in real life court.[[User:Bill P\|Bill P]] ([[User talk:Bill P\|talk]]) 18:38, 27 February 2013 (CET)
		+
		+
		+	The Qin Terracotta Warriors were molded by adopting the realistic methods of expression. Therefore, the armors wore by them should be the most common styles in the Qin Dynasty, and Qin soldiers probably wore this kind of dress to fight.
		+
		+	Qin Officer's Dressing
		+	In the Qin Dynasty, the ranks of officers can be recognized by their dressings. The terracotta general wears a dual long jacket, a dark purple crest hat, a long pant, a thigh protector, a pair of boots with square opening tipping and uniform head, and covered with a colorful armor, looking grand and awe-inspiring.
		+
		+	The middle-level officer has two kinds of dressing. The first kind includes a long jacket, a thigh protector, a boots with square opening tipping head, chest plate trimmed with colorful lace and a double long hat. The second kind includes a high collar gown clasped on the right side, a thigh protector, a boots with square opening tipping head and covered a piece of armor with smooth edge and colorful lace. The junior officer wears a long jacket, a piece of armor, a long hat, a pair of shallow shoes and a thigh protector. Also there are a few junior officers do not wear armors. They fight in light equipment.--[[User:Bill P\|Bill P]] ([[User talk:Bill P\|talk]]) 22:38, 12 April 2013 (CEST)
		+

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:35, 12 April 2013
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	Dagger-Axe: Known as Ge in Chinese, the dagger-axe is a pointed weapon commonly used in combat during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It has long styles and short styles which are divided by the length of the handle. There was only one dagger-axe unearthed in Pit 1, which means that the importance of Ge was not as significant during the Qin Dynasty as in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.		Dagger-Axe: Known as Ge in Chinese, the dagger-axe is a pointed weapon commonly used in combat during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It has long styles and short styles which are divided by the length of the handle. There was only one dagger-axe unearthed in Pit 1, which means that the importance of Ge was not as significant during the Qin Dynasty as in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

−	Other weaponry discovered in the Terra Cotta Pits include Pi which look like short swords, and Shu which are cylindrically shaped and used only in ceremonies.	+	Other weaponry discovered in the Terra Cotta Pits include Pi which look like short swords, and Shu which are cylindrically shaped and used only in ceremonies.--[[User:Bill P\|Bill P]] ([[User talk:Bill P\|talk]]) 22:35, 12 April 2013 (CEST)

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- Sword: Jian in Chinese. The sword is the king of short weapons. In fighting, the sword is used to stab the enemy. The over 20 pieces of bronze swords unearthed in Pit 1 and Pit 2 are smooth and sharp in the color of yellow gray. The body parts were finely filed and polished, making the swords as bright as new. Comparatively, Qin swords were molded longer than the ones in other states. It is because the longer the sword is, the easier it is to stab the enemy.
+Sword: Jian in Chinese. The sword is the king of short weapons. In fighting, the sword is used to stab the enemy. The over 20 pieces of bronze swords unearthed in Pit 1 and Pit 2 are smooth and sharp in the color of yellow gray. The body parts were finely filed and polished, making the swords as bright as new. Comparatively, Qin swords were molded longer than the ones in other states. It is because the longer the sword is, the easier it is to stab the enemy.
 But the bronze swords unearthed in the Qin terracotta warriors pit were not the best precious swords in the Qin Dynasty. The bronze sword hung on the officer warrior in the bronze chariot measures 60 cm, but if enlarged to the actual size, it measures as long as 120 cm, not to mention the length of the precious sword wore by the Emperor Qin Shi Huang.
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 Bronze Shield
 Head of Bronze Halberd
- Spear: Mao in Chinese. The bronze spears unearthed in the Terra Cotta Pits are sharp and exquisite. Unlike the bronze spears of the Wu and Yue States which have gorgeous decoration, Qin spears focus on actual combat performance, which reflect on the spears' simple and fluent lines, strong body, wide and flat shape as well as on its sharp blade.
+Spear: Mao in Chinese. The bronze spears unearthed in the Terra Cotta Pits are sharp and exquisite. Unlike the bronze spears of the Wu and Yue States which have gorgeous decoration, Qin spears focus on actual combat performance, which reflect on the spears' simple and fluent lines, strong body, wide and flat shape as well as on its sharp blade.
- Crossbow: Nu in Chinese. Compared to the bow, the crossbow takes more tension and has a long effective range. It was used to shoot at long-range targets. Qin Crossbows had a standard shape and structure. The bow back, bow belly, upper and lower bow-limb of different crossbows were created to the same standard. The Qin bronze mechanical devices on the bows were so standardized that even the small components were interchangeable.
+Crossbow: Nu in Chinese. Compared to the bow, the crossbow takes more tension and has a long effective range. It was used to shoot at long-range targets. Qin Crossbows had a standard shape and structure. The bow back, bow belly, upper and lower bow-limb of different crossbows were created to the same standard. The Qin bronze mechanical devices on the bows were so standardized that even the small components were interchangeable.
- Arrowhead: Jiancu in Chinese. It is used with the crossbow. There were 40,000 arrowheads unearthed in the terra cotta pits, including two iron arrowheads. The bronze heads are prismatic and made up of head, shaft and vane.
+Arrowhead: Jiancu in Chinese. It is used with the crossbow. There were 40,000 arrowheads unearthed in the terra cotta pits, including two iron arrowheads. The bronze heads are prismatic and made up of head, shaft and vane.
- Dagger-Axe: Known as Ge in Chinese, the dagger-axe is a pointed weapon commonly used in combat during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It has long styles and short styles which are divided by the length of the handle. There was only one dagger-axe unearthed in Pit 1, which means that the importance of Ge was not as significant during the Qin Dynasty as in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
+Dagger-Axe: Known as Ge in Chinese, the dagger-axe is a pointed weapon commonly used in combat during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It has long styles and short styles which are divided by the length of the handle. There was only one dagger-axe unearthed in Pit 1, which means that the importance of Ge was not as significant during the Qin Dynasty as in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
 Other weaponry discovered in the Terra Cotta Pits include Pi which look like short swords, and Shu which are cylindrically shaped and used only in ceremonies.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:33, 12 April 2013
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	swords, spears, battle-axe, scimitars, shields, crossbows, arrowheads, hoes, bows, knives		swords, spears, battle-axe, scimitars, shields, crossbows, arrowheads, hoes, bows, knives
		+
		+
		+	Sword: Jian in Chinese. The sword is the king of short weapons. In fighting, the sword is used to stab the enemy. The over 20 pieces of bronze swords unearthed in Pit 1 and Pit 2 are smooth and sharp in the color of yellow gray. The body parts were finely filed and polished, making the swords as bright as new. Comparatively, Qin swords were molded longer than the ones in other states. It is because the longer the sword is, the easier it is to stab the enemy.
		+
		+	But the bronze swords unearthed in the Qin terracotta warriors pit were not the best precious swords in the Qin Dynasty. The bronze sword hung on the officer warrior in the bronze chariot measures 60 cm, but if enlarged to the actual size, it measures as long as 120 cm, not to mention the length of the precious sword wore by the Emperor Qin Shi Huang.
		+
		+	Bronze Shield
		+	Head of Bronze Halberd
		+	Spear: Mao in Chinese. The bronze spears unearthed in the Terra Cotta Pits are sharp and exquisite. Unlike the bronze spears of the Wu and Yue States which have gorgeous decoration, Qin spears focus on actual combat performance, which reflect on the spears' simple and fluent lines, strong body, wide and flat shape as well as on its sharp blade.
		+
		+	Crossbow: Nu in Chinese. Compared to the bow, the crossbow takes more tension and has a long effective range. It was used to shoot at long-range targets. Qin Crossbows had a standard shape and structure. The bow back, bow belly, upper and lower bow-limb of different crossbows were created to the same standard. The Qin bronze mechanical devices on the bows were so standardized that even the small components were interchangeable.
		+
		+	Arrowhead: Jiancu in Chinese. It is used with the crossbow. There were 40,000 arrowheads unearthed in the terra cotta pits, including two iron arrowheads. The bronze heads are prismatic and made up of head, shaft and vane.
		+
		+	Dagger-Axe: Known as Ge in Chinese, the dagger-axe is a pointed weapon commonly used in combat during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It has long styles and short styles which are divided by the length of the handle. There was only one dagger-axe unearthed in Pit 1, which means that the importance of Ge was not as significant during the Qin Dynasty as in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
		+
		+	Other weaponry discovered in the Terra Cotta Pits include Pi which look like short swords, and Shu which are cylindrically shaped and used only in ceremonies.
		+
		+
		+	Victory or defeat on a battlefield depends on a well-organized military formation together with a well thought out strategy. Ancient military strategists advocated an agile vanguard preceding a formidable main echelon, which consists of chariots, infantrymen and cavalrymen. The formation was adaptable to changing conditions on the field.
		+
		+	The terra cotta warriors armed with different weapons played supportive roles in a variety of scenarios so that the combined strength of the army was brought into full play. The soldiers are divided into infantry armed with swords and spears, archers, crossbow archers, cavalry, chariot drivers and officers. Among the infantrymen there are some with armor and others without. Chariots are respectively designed for commanders, aide officers as well as for a squad of three or four soldiers. In the Art of War, it illustrates that more horses rather than chariots should be used when the battle is going to be a difficult one and vice versa. When the danger is at its greatest archers should be deployed.
		+
		+	Excavations indicate that the cavalry functioned as an independent force in battle, with chariots playing a vital strategic role. It oppugned the opinion that use of chariots in battle had ceased with the end of the Warring States Period. During the Battle of Changping between the Qin and Zhao states in 260 BC, this well-designed military disposition enabled the Qin defeat the enemy troops and thereby slaughtered 400,000 Zhao soldiers.--[[User:Bill P\|Bill P]] ([[User talk:Bill P\|talk]]) 22:33, 12 April 2013 (CEST)

	== The Terra Cotta Army Pits ==		== The Terra Cotta Army Pits ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:51, 28 February 2013
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−	Archaeologists have found the remains of an ancient imperial palace near the tomb of emperor Qin Shi Huang, home of the famous terracotta army~~, China's state media reported on Sunday~~.	+	Archaeologists have found the remains of an ancient imperial palace near the tomb of emperor Qin Shi Huang, home of the famous terracotta army. The palace is the largest complex discovered so far in the emperor's sprawling 22 square-mile (56 square-km) second-century BC mausoleum, which lies on the outskirts of Xi'an, an ancient capital city in central China, an associate researcher at the Shaanxi provincial institute of archaeology told China's official news wire Xinhua.
−
−
−	~~[[File:110.JPG07.JPG\|250px\|thumb\|right\|photo by Bill Peterson]]~~
−
−
−
−	The palace is the largest complex discovered so far in the emperor's sprawling 22 square-mile (56 square-km) second-century BC mausoleum, which lies on the outskirts of Xi'an, an ancient capital city in central China, an associate researcher at the Shaanxi provincial institute of archaeology told China's official news wire Xinhua.

	It is an estimated 690 metres long and 250 metres wide – about a quarter of the size of the Forbidden City in Beijing – and includes 18 courtyard-style houses with one main building at the centre, according to the researcher, Sun Weigang.		It is an estimated 690 metres long and 250 metres wide – about a quarter of the size of the Forbidden City in Beijing – and includes 18 courtyard-style houses with one main building at the centre, according to the researcher, Sun Weigang.

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:50, 28 February 2013
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−	~~[[Media:Terra_Cotta_Warriors.pptx]]~~[[File:097.jpg\|250px\|thumb\|left\|photo by Bill Peterson ]]'''The Terra Cotta Army''' was discovered in 1976, the province of Shaanxi (China) farmers were digging in the ground for water wells.--[[User:Bpete49\|Bpete49]] 17:51, 14 January 2013 (UTC)	+	[[File:097.jpg\|250px\|thumb\|left\|photo by Bill Peterson ]]'''The Terra Cotta Army''' was discovered in 1976, the province of Shaanxi (China) farmers were digging in the ground for water wells.--[[User:Bpete49\|Bpete49]] 17:51, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:49, 28 February 2013
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	When the terra cotta head of a warrior turned up in Shaanxi Province as some peasants were digging a well, no one knew the discovery would be treated any differently than that of other local fragments of pottery figures, which had, at best, merely been stored away at the nearby center for cultural affairs. This time, though, a report connecting the head with the first emperor's mausoleum, about three-quarters of a mile away, surfaced just as Mao Zedong was launching an anti-Confucian campaign to rid China of what he deemed vestiges of feudalism. His campaign also promoted the example of the first emperor, who had established a centralized state that allegedly had burned books and buried Confucian scholars alive. Mao had long compared himself with the first emperor. Reportedly realizing the potential for political propaganda, Jiang Qing, Mao's wife, instructed archaeologists to look into the find, and, as they say, the rest is history.		When the terra cotta head of a warrior turned up in Shaanxi Province as some peasants were digging a well, no one knew the discovery would be treated any differently than that of other local fragments of pottery figures, which had, at best, merely been stored away at the nearby center for cultural affairs. This time, though, a report connecting the head with the first emperor's mausoleum, about three-quarters of a mile away, surfaced just as Mao Zedong was launching an anti-Confucian campaign to rid China of what he deemed vestiges of feudalism. His campaign also promoted the example of the first emperor, who had established a centralized state that allegedly had burned books and buried Confucian scholars alive. Mao had long compared himself with the first emperor. Reportedly realizing the potential for political propaganda, Jiang Qing, Mao's wife, instructed archaeologists to look into the find, and, as they say, the rest is history.
		+
		+
		+	[[Media:Terra_Cotta_Warriors.pptx]][[File:097.jpg\|250px\|thumb\|left\|photo by Bill Peterson ]]'''The Terra Cotta Army''' was discovered in 1976, the province of Shaanxi (China) farmers were digging in the ground for water wells.--[[User:Bpete49\|Bpete49]] 17:51, 14 January 2013 (UTC)


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−	[[Media:Terra_Cotta_Warriors.pptx]][[File:097.jpg\|250px\|thumb\|right\|photo by Bill Peterson ]]'''The Terra Cotta Army''' was discovered in 1976, the province of Shaanxi (China) farmers were digging in the ground for water wells.--[[User:Bpete49\|Bpete49]] 17:51, 14 January 2013 (UTC)


−	[[File:Terracotta_Bernt_Rosard.jpg\|250px\|thumb\|~~right~~\|Terra Cotta Army, photo by Bernt Rosard, cc licence, Flickr.com.]]	+
		+	[[File:Terracotta_Bernt_Rosard.jpg\|250px\|thumb\|center\|Terra Cotta Army, photo by Bernt Rosard, cc licence, Flickr.com.]]

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-In China in the 1970's, one of the greatest discoveries of all time came about. In 1976, the province of Shaanxi (China) farmers were digging in the ground for water wells. Unfortunately not finding much success with water, farmers stumbled on something a little more solid then water.
+In China in the 1970's, one of the greatest discoveries of all time came about. In 1974, the province of Shaanxi (China) farmers were digging in the ground for water wells. Unfortunately not finding much success with water, farmers stumbled on something a little more solid then water.
-In fact, the farmers found small bits of terra cotta buried in the ground. The farmers continued to dig and to their astonishment the small bits of terra cotta turned out to be human-size, ancient Chinese soldiers. The initial discovery of one soldier turned out to be hundreds and then thousands. Eventually the farmers passed this discovery over into the hands of professional Archeologists. This marked a change in the manner that ancient artifacts were handled in China. Before this the artifacts were taken and places in the Government warehouse and forgotten. But this time was different, General Mao Tse-Tung had just ordered Chinese history to be rewritten and had publically likened himself to the First Emperor. Archaeologists were dispatched and digging started. What they found startled and amazed the world. They had discovereed the resting place of Qin Shi Huangdi, the legendary First Emperor of China. Lost for thousands of years and now held as fable and rumor, the tomb had been found.
+When the terra cotta head of a warrior turned up in Shaanxi Province as some peasants were digging a well, no one knew the discovery would be treated any differently than that of other local fragments of pottery figures, which had, at best, merely been stored away at the nearby center for cultural affairs. This time, though, a report connecting the head with the first emperor's mausoleum, about three-quarters of a mile away, surfaced just as Mao Zedong was launching an anti-Confucian campaign to rid China of what he deemed vestiges of feudalism. His campaign also promoted the example of the first emperor, who had established a centralized state that allegedly had burned books and buried Confucian scholars alive. Mao had long compared himself with the first emperor. Reportedly realizing the potential for political propaganda, Jiang Qing, Mao's wife, instructed archaeologists to look into the find, and, as they say, the rest is history.
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 == The Terra Cotta Army Pits ==
 As archaeologists continued excavating the soldiers they understood that the soldiers were located in pits. The current number of pits that are excavated at this time are four main pits. The pits are 7 meters deep and 62 meters wide. Each pit contained different items.
 Pit number 1
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 [[File:Emperors_tomb.jpg|350px|thumb|center|Qin Shihuangdi's Mausoleum by JennBerg.]]
 [[Media:Terra_Cotta_Warriors.pptx]][[File:097.jpg|250px|thumb|right|photo by Bill Peterson ]]'''The Terra Cotta Army''' was discovered in 1976, the province of Shaanxi (China) farmers were digging in the ground for water wells.--[[User:Bpete49|Bpete49]] 17:51, 14 January 2013 (UTC)
 [[File:Terracotta_Bernt_Rosard.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Terra Cotta Army, photo by Bernt Rosard, cc licence, Flickr.com.]]
-Back in 1974, when the terra cotta head of a warrior turned up in Shaanxi Province as some peasants were digging a well, no one knew the discovery would be treated any differently than that of other local fragments of pottery figures, which had, at best, merely been stored away at the nearby center for cultural affairs. This time, though, a report connecting the head with the first emperor's mausoleum, about three-quarters of a mile away, surfaced just as Mao Zedong was launching an anti-Confucian campaign to rid China of what he deemed vestiges of feudalism. His campaign also promoted the example of the first emperor, who had established a centralized state that allegedly had burned books and buried Confucian scholars alive. Mao had long compared himself with the first emperor. Reportedly realizing the potential for political propaganda, Jiang Qing, Mao's wife, instructed archaeologists to look into the find, and, as they say, the rest is history.
 References:
 Xian Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses Museum,